Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 7817 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3372 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5496 COVID-19 2221 covid-19 1717 SARS 1343 patient 255 China 174 ACE2 155 CoV-2 137 health 119 ICU 106 pandemic 96 cell 94 case 94 PPE 84 PCR 80 model 79 India 78 figure 76 RNA 75 care 73 IL-6 72 MERS 72 Health 69 Wuhan 67 Fig 66 child 64 COVID 63 study 61 HCQ 59 clinical 57 risk 57 ARDS 56 Italy 56 Coronavirus 54 cancer 53 infection 51 disease 51 March 48 international 43 Africa 40 preprint 40 drug 40 April 39 HIV 38 treatment 38 country 36 virus 35 severe 33 datum 33 covid 32 surgery Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 210588 patient 117603 % 95764 study 81982 disease 81824 case 73370 infection 58593 pandemic 55534 risk 53603 health 52034 coronavirus 49416 datum 43403 time 40872 treatment 39673 care 39170 cell 39044 virus 36578 analysis 35750 day 35090 level 34494 model 34395 symptom 33262 number 30790 response 30692 result 29481 hospital 29401 author 29382 rate 29243 effect 28084 population 27818 country 27806 group 27691 factor 27360 system 26530 outbreak 26047 death 25007 mortality 24192 use 24150 outcome 23393 test 22570 pneumonia 22443 review 22178 people 22022 syndrome 21321 age 21072 preprint 21029 transmission 20477 lung 20474 p 19788 covid-19 19373 measure Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 171116 COVID-19 85680 SARS 59452 CoV-2 38931 al 31254 et 30419 China 25851 . 18321 Coronavirus 17593 Health 17345 de 17072 Wuhan 15587 CT 12953 ACE2 11597 March 10388 Disease 10287 CoV 10141 ICU 9716 la 9403 PCR 9186 Table 8666 April 8609 Fig 8230 y 7297 MERS 7193 RNA 7077 Italy 6786 United 6693 World 6657 • 6618 sha 6554 J 6509 May 6429 RT 6364 ARDS 6304 IL-6 6205 el 5928 PPE 5877 COVID 5856 States 5644 T 5641 CC 5542 DOI 5359 Covid-19 5356 Organization 5301 US 5125 New 4881 UK 4668 National 4580 medRxiv 4562 Clinical Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 81595 we 66394 it 26527 they 11504 i 9430 them 4777 he 4043 us 3159 you 2930 she 2067 themselves 1831 one 1628 itself 665 me 282 ourselves 279 him 244 her 140 yourself 132 oneself 105 himself 98 myself 75 ours 74 mg 59 's 58 em 56 herself 48 covid-19 45 s 30 his 25 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08 17 theirs 15 u 14 ya 12 mine 8 aptt 6 rrt 6 f 5 y 5 resnet-50 5 mrnas 5 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.05.20206805 4 β 4 yours 4 themself 4 nsp15 4 il-1β 4 il)-2r 3 ⍬ 3 ≥100 3 − 3 yor Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 784247 be 186731 have 65871 use 48213 include 40123 report 37660 show 33112 increase 31132 base 30711 do 29910 associate 24620 provide 21192 make 20946 find 20606 follow 20289 reduce 20227 compare 20077 consider 18752 require 18579 confirm 18166 relate 17712 develop 17527 identify 17201 suggest 16750 infect 16588 need 16108 perform 16073 cause 15164 present 14888 take 14787 give 14518 covid-19 14127 lead 12768 affect 12060 see 11910 treat 11882 indicate 11610 test 11573 observe 11540 receive 10919 remain 10731 know 10596 assess 10540 describe 10291 display 9872 hospitalize 9865 allow 9564 result 9177 improve 9111 grant 9101 support Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 81597 not 67334 covid-19 57434 high 54796 clinical 54626 - 49367 also 47416 severe 45515 more 43247 other 40877 respiratory 36124 such 30644 acute 27005 low 26274 however 26123 well 25797 viral 25034 first 23993 most 22969 social 22932 only 21647 available 20679 medical 20224 positive 19860 different 19778 early 19601 non 18575 novel 18358 new 18173 significant 17887 as 17068 many 17039 human 15855 public 15662 potential 15083 immune 14966 important 14766 large 14371 inflammatory 14070 further 14029 current 13736 possible 13623 specific 13225 negative 13169 old 12642 likely 12463 therefore 12436 long 12357 several 11815 mental 11704 critical Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8164 most 4303 good 4020 high 3714 least 2736 Most 1640 large 1042 low 949 late 886 great 767 bad 347 early 340 big 296 strong 232 near 184 close 135 small 130 old 128 long 116 young 98 short 83 poor 80 new 77 safe 76 simple 72 fast 62 common 56 Least 50 sick 44 tough 42 hard 38 strict 33 easy 32 weak 29 deadly 27 few 26 wide 23 deep 23 busy 18 rich 17 steep 17 quick 17 broad 16 wealthy 15 slow 14 nonsevere 14 frail 14 fit 13 fine 13 COVID-19 12 heavy Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15829 most 2841 least 512 well 187 hard 113 worst 62 highest 14 lowest 14 long 9 early 7 fast 5 youngest 3 latest 3 close 2 ® 2 strongest 2 shortest 2 furthest 2 fewest 2 farthest 2 cfdna 2 -test 2 -isorhamnetin-3 2 -fnomceo 1 first 1 ß1b 1 ~500 1 ~20 1 vol% 1 topmost 1 top-100 1 sickest 1 se=0.026 1 qcsi 1 near 1 nab 1 lumo)-highest 1 inhibitionofsars 1 ifn)-alpha 1 greatest 1 cov-2 1 8-fold 1 -social 1 -rigorous 1 -rapamycin 1 -q1 1 -particularly 1 -not 1 -more 1 -erenumab 1 -detect Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5307 doi.org 351 orcid.org 199 github.com 132 www.who.int 94 www 94 creativecommons.org 68 www.cdc.gov 61 creat 51 www.frontiersin.org 50 links.lww.com 49 clinicaltrials.gov 42 www.dovepress.com 41 twitter.com 36 www.worldometers.info 36 www.mdpi.com 31 coronavirus.jhu.edu 30 osf.io 28 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 27 bit.ly 25 www.fda.gov 22 www.researchregistry.com 19 www.kaggle.com 19 mc.manuscriptcentral.com 18 doi 15 www.theguardian.com 15 dx.doi.org 13 www.nature.com 12 www.covid19india.org 12 www.r-project.org 12 ourworldindata.org 12 creativecommons 11 www.rcsb.org 11 www.nytimes.com 11 www.epicentro.iss.it 10 www.nhc.gov.cn 10 www.mohfw.gov.in 10 www.medrxiv.org 10 www.gov.uk 10 www.ecdc.europa.eu 10 orcid 9 www.youtube.com 9 www.r-project.org 9 www.proteinatlas.org 9 www.gisaid.org 9 www.bbc.com 9 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 8 www.chictr.org.cn 8 www.bmj.com 8 journals.lww.com 8 apps.who.int Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 249 http://doi.org/10.1101 193 http://doi.org/10 139 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 93 http://www 72 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020 67 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03 61 http://creat 59 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 51 http://doi.org 32 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.03.20225581 29 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.02.20215657 28 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05 27 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.07.20187666 25 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08 24 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.31.20165720 23 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02 22 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.29.20164152 22 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.08.20149146 22 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.07.20148395 21 http://www.who.int/ 21 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.25.20216671 21 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.28.20203257 21 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.20161307 21 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07 20 http://www.researchregistry.com 20 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.01.20223958 20 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.31.20185082 20 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.06.20147082 20 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.07.20093831 19 http://www.dovepress.com/testimonials.php 19 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.07.20170258 19 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.28.20164012 19 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.13.20152694 19 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.04.20119594 19 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.14.20102491 19 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.06.20093419 19 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20054551 18 http://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ 18 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.02.20223560 18 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.30.20223149 18 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.10.20172189 18 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.07.20148361 18 http://doi 17 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.08.20209148 17 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.01.20186288 17 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.03.20145607 17 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.01.20029884 16 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.29.20203505 16 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.08.20189092 16 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.04.20188771 Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 7 support@bmj.com.visi 4 journals.permissions@oup.com 4 ewilson@gastro.org 3 research@f1000.com 3 mswolf@northwestern.edu 2 wang6@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn 2 support@bmj.com 2 research@lifelines.nl 2 reprints@medknow.com 2 ovidstudie@usz.ch 2 lung-network@humancellatlas.org 2 kayhan@ieee.org 2 josemariabarrioslopez@gmail.com 2 jassi2param@gmail.com 2 coverage-db@demogr.mpg.de 2 shivsarin@gmail.com 1 zlshi@wh.iov.cn 1 zachariahr@who.int 1 yushan.siriwardhana@oulu.fi 1 yue.zhou@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk 1 ylhena@163.com 1 yejian.chen@nokia-bell-labs.com 1 yaya_balde@yahoo.fr 1 yanqinqin699@163.com 1 yanqing.xu@utoledo.edu 1 xnkjiangwei@163.com 1 xiaoli_lan@hust.edu.cn 1 wmcdona@emory.edu 1 wenqiangyu@fudan.edu.cn 1 wangchaofu@126.com 1 w.van-denoever@elkerliek.nl 1 vjimenezy@salud.madrid.org 1 vishwa.dixit@yale.edu 1 usama.khalid@cs.uol.edu.pk 1 tosimartina@gmail.com 1 toshiiba@juntendo.ac.jp 1 thanh.nguyen@deakin.edu.au 1 testai@uic.edu 1 teresa.desoto@salud.madrid.org 1 teimamu@med.u-toyama.ac.jp 1 tariq.bugadeda@gmail.com 1 taco155485@hotmail.com 1 tabassome.simon@aphp.fr 1 surepadman@rediffmail.com 1 surepadman@gmail.com 1 sunxiaodong_scdc@163.com 1 stipe@uaeu.ac.ae 1 stephan.grabbe@unimedizin-mainz.de 1 stefano.greco@asst-valleolona.it 1 stacy-bailey@northwestern.edu Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 296 study did not 268 study has several 264 data are available 248 patients did not 190 study are available 186 covid-19 confirmed cases 166 covid-19 is not 144 patients were more 141 cov-2 infected patients 140 studies have also 136 patients were not 134 covid-19 is higher 121 studies did not 121 study was not 119 patient did not 114 covid-19 is still 110 patients are more 106 patients were male 96 patients are not 94 symptoms were fever 92 data are not 89 % did not 89 data were available 82 results are consistent 82 study does not 81 covid-19 does not 81 levels were significantly 81 patients were also 80 % were male 79 patients had higher 78 covid-19 has not 78 patients do not 77 patients is not 76 data were not 75 data do not 74 covid-19 was not 74 studies are necessary 73 covid-19 is highly 72 cov-2 is not 72 patients were significantly 71 covid-19 are not 71 patients requiring mechanical 69 pandemic is not 68 day follow up 67 patients were still 65 pandemic is over 64 pandemic has also 63 infection causes neuronal 62 covid-19 did not 62 model does not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 study had no role 26 data were not available 20 data are not available 16 analysis showed no evidence 15 covid-19 is not only 12 patient had no fever 11 data are not publicly 11 data are not yet 11 patient had no history 10 covid-19 did not significantly 10 data was not available 9 cov-2 is not yet 9 results were not statistically 9 study are not publicly 8 results showed no significant 8 study found no significant 7 analysis showed no significant 7 cov-2 has not yet 7 data are not sufficient 7 infection is not yet 7 levels were not significantly 7 pandemic has not only 7 pandemic is not over 7 patient had no significant 7 patients has not yet 6 % had no comorbidities 6 covid-19 are not fully 6 covid-19 are not yet 6 covid-19 has not yet 6 covid-19 is not clear 6 covid-19 is not fully 6 disease is not only 6 health was not good 6 pandemic is not only 6 patient is not contagious 6 patients are no longer 6 patients had no symptoms 6 patients have not yet 6 study reported no significant 6 virus is not yet 5 % reported no significant 5 % were not sure 5 cov-2 are not yet 5 cov-2 is not completely 5 cov-2 is not detectable 5 covid-19 are not well 5 infection does not significantly 5 infection has not yet 5 pandemic has not yet 5 patients are not only A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-355593-91bho7aw author = A Mohsen, Ahmed title = Global stability of COVID-19 model involving the quarantine strategy and media coverage effects date = 2020-08-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Global stability of COVID-19 model involving the quarantine strategy and media coverage effects In this paper, we build and analyze a mathematical model of COVID-19 transmission considering media coverage effects. [12] suggested a mathematical model involving the effects of intervention strategies on COVID-19 transmission dynamics. We propose a mathematical model for COVID-19 transmission dynamics with the quarantine strategy and media effects. Theorem 4.1 The COVID-19 equilibrium point P * of the model (3) is locally asymptotically if the following conditions are hold Clearly, from above figure for effect of contact rate Table 3 , We obtain that in case decrease the contact rate (social isolation) the reproduction number less than one and the dynamical behavior of model (1.1) still approaches to COVID-19 equilibrium point. Now, to investigate the effect of the quarantined strategy it is given by on the dynamical behavior of model (1.1) and to control to COVID-19 outbreak in Iraq. doi = 10.3934/publichealth.2020047 id = cord-308615-4fobikeh author = AKTAS, Busra title = Gut-lung axis and dysbiosis in COVID-19 date = 2020-06-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Although SARS-CoV-2 mainly causes lung infection, gastrointestinal symptoms described in COVID-19 patients and detection of the viral RNA in feces of infected patients drove attentions to a possible fecal-oral transmission route of SARS-CoV-2. This review points out the role of dysbiosis of the gut microbiota involving in sepsis, on the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Due to the common symptoms, indicating respiratory tract disease, of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, the main organ effected by the COVID-19 seems to be lung. In addition to the data detecting viral RNA in feces previously, these results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection does not remain with the respiratory tract only and the gastrointestinal system contribute to the course of the disease as well. However, with the limited data until today, it is hard to propose a fecal-oral transmission route to explain the enteric symptoms in COVID-19 patients and claim that SARS-CoV-2 pass through stomach and reach intestine to infect the intestinal cells as enteric viruses accomplish. doi = 10.3906/biy-2005-102 id = cord-306809-ugxuh7z4 author = AKÇAY, Şule title = Radiological approaches to COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The symptoms are undiagnostic, the results of viral nucleic acid detection method (PCR) can delay, so that chest computerized tomography is often key diagnostic test in patients with possible COVID-19 pneumonia. In another Chinese series, the authors emphasized that COVID-19 pneumonia manifested with chest CT imaging abnormalities, even in asymptomatic patients, with rapid evolution from focal unilateral to diffuse bilateral groundglass opacities that progressed to or coexisted with consolidations within 1-3 weeks. 1. Early stage (0-4 days after onset of the initial symptom): In this stage, ground-glass opacities (GGO) was the main radiological demonstration distributed subpleurally in the lower lobes unilaterally or bilaterally. 2. Progressive stage (5-8 days after the onset of the initial symptom): In this stage, the infection rapidly aggravated and extended to a bilateral multi-lobe distribution with diffuse GGO, crazy-paving pattern, and consolidation. doi = 10.3906/sag-2004-160 id = cord-319113-844o9nr2 author = AL-Rasheedi, Mabrouk title = Public and healthcare providers awareness of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia date = 2020-09-10 keywords = Arabia; COVID-19; Saudi summary = Objective The aim of this study is to analyze and evaluate the awareness of both the general public and healthcare providers in Qassim region in Saudi Arabia. Results showed significant positive correlation between the recognition of high-risk groups, reliable source of information, infection symptoms, disease prevention and available treatments. Results showed that there were significant differences of awareness levels among different groups of age and sex in response to the identification of COVID-19 treatment. Results showed significant positive correlation between high risk groups recognition, reliable source of information, infection symptoms, disease spread prevention and COVID-19 available treatments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the awareness of healthcare professionals and the general public regarding COVID-19 in Qassim region, kingdom Saudi Arabia with focusing on both general awareness and detailed information. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has sought to evaluate COVID-19 awareness in Saudi healthcare professionals and the general public in Qassim region. doi = 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.035 id = cord-279435-ffgd2ets author = ALBalawi, Hani B title = COVID-19: Precautionary Guidelines for Ophthalmologists date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Healthcare providers, particularly ophthalmologists, are at high risk of a COVID-19 infection through unprotected contact with eye secretions during routine ophthalmic examinations that involve the use of direct ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp examinations, which are usually performed in a setting that allows for close doctor-patient contact. In fact, ophthalmologists are at high risk of contracting the COVID-19 virus through unprotected eye contact with secretions during routine ophthalmic examinations with direct ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp examinations, which are usually performed in a setting that has close doctor-patient contact. A three-stage control measure to reduce the transmission of the virus in the ophthalmology department in Hong Kong was based on text messaging to reschedule refill visits [6] ; a triage to identify patients with fever, conjunctivitis, and respiratory symptoms; asking those who recently traveled to areas infected with the virus to postpone their ophthalmology visits for 14 days; and the avoidance of micro-aerosol generating procedures, nasal endoscopy, and operations under general anesthesia. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8815 id = cord-348963-1faxyx9x author = ALHAERY, M. title = A COVID-19 Reopening Readiness Index: The Key to Opening up the Economy date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; Readiness summary = Using various measures for each state including mortality, hospitalizations, testing capacity, number of infections and infection rate has allowed for the creation of a composite COVID -19 Reopening Readiness Index. Using various measures for each state including mortality, hospitalizations, testing capacity, number of infections and infection rate has allowed for the creation of a composite COVID -19 Reopening Readiness Index. First, a sub-index was created for each of the identified indicators related to COVID-19: the number of new daily cases, the number of hospitalized patients, death counts, tests given, and positive tests as a percent of total tests at a state level. These indexes are calculated based on the three-day rolling averages of the key metrics to minimize irregular fluctuation in the daily data and still provide easily identifiable trends over time. . https://doi.org/10.1101 The COVID-19 Reopening Readiness Index provides a universal and unbiased perspective of viewing each state''s progress towards containing the spread of the virus or regressing over time. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.22.20110577 id = cord-295703-no45mgyd author = ALTAY, O. title = Combined metabolic cofactor supplementation accelerates recovery in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 date = 2020-10-05 keywords = CMCS; COVID-19; day; patient summary = Combined metabolic cofactors supplementation (CMCS) consisting of L-serine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and L-carnitine tartrate is being studied for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS In patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, CMCS resulted in a significant reduction in recovery time and liver enzymes associated with hepatic function compared to placebo. Recently, we performed integrative analysis of multi-omics data on different metabolic conditions and found that combined metabolic cofactors supplementation (CMCS) consisting of L-serine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and Lcarnitine tartrate may be used for treatment of the patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (11, 12) . In this randomized, open-label, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial involving ambulatory COVID-19 patients, we found that the combination of CMCS and hydroxychloroquine significantly reduced the average recovery time compared with hydroxychloroquine and placebo (6.6 days vs 9.3 days, respectively). doi = 10.1101/2020.10.02.20202614 id = cord-302113-xqmvix1o author = Aacharya, Ramesh Prasad title = Ethical dimensions of stigma and discrimination in Nepal during COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; care summary = Quarantine of the potentially infected and isolation of positive patients is the standard management of COVID-19 but health care providers must be aware of the socio-cultural implications, and potential for stigmatisation which could inadvertently affect certain population [2] . Ethical issues in the national context of Nepal during the pandemic COVID-19 particularly after the public health measures in relation to stigma and discrimination to health care professionals and patients are discussed. As personal protective equipment (PPE) were inadequate and health care professionals were at risk while collecting swab samples and caring the suspected cases in isolation ward, the government decided to disburse 1 million rupees to 25 hospitals to help them run fever clinics. Immediately after the lockdown decision of the government, hospitals throughout the country stopped regular services and the public perception was that only the patients with COVID-19 will J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 5 | P a g e be taken care of. doi = 10.1016/j.jemep.2020.100536 id = cord-288922-1lry9wkn author = Aamir, Alifiya title = Effect of COVID-19 on Mental Health Rehabilitation Centers date = 2020-10-21 keywords = covid-19; health summary = In order to ensure that individuals on the road to recovery are not alone and forgotten during the times of coronavirus crisis they should be provided with adequate resources, such as online meetings and group therapy sessions, assessment, treatment and support by telephone and video consultation and getting the medications they need to recover. As social distancing is considered to be the key preventive measure for infection control, mental health rehabilitation day boarding and day care centers, being a non-emergency service have limited new admissions, cancelled programs and have been temporarily closed at some places which in turn is going to significantly deprive people with chronic mental illnesses and intellectual disabilities of these services [7] . In order to ensure that all individuals on the road to recovery and/or admitted to a rehabilitation center are not alone and forgotten during the times of coronavirus crisis they should be provided with adequate resources, such as online meetings and group therapy sessions, assessment, treatment and support by telephone and video consultation and getting the medications they need to recover. doi = 10.1007/s40737-020-00203-7 id = cord-334431-qn2c83in author = Aaronson, Emily Loving title = Emerging palliative care innovations in the ED: a qualitative analysis of programmatic elements during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-11-06 keywords = COVID summary = These included elements of fully embedded PC, the use of PC extenders, technology both within the electronic medical record (EMR) and outside of it, and innovations in training emergency clinicians in primary palliative care skills to support care delivery. Institutions that implemented these programs reported that they increased PC utilization in the ED, were well received by clinicians, and changed patient''s care trajectories. Before COVID-19, two predominant models of PC delivery existed at the study sites: 1) a traditional consult model in which PC was available to consult with minimal, or no education for ED staff related to PC skills and concepts; and 2) a model which provided extensive training to ED clinicians to cultivate primary PC skills. Although not reported in the literature as a model of PC-ED delivery before COVID, a fully embedded model emerged at several institutions during the pandemic where a PC provider was seated in the ED, and fully dedicated to this work. doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.10.035 id = cord-272494-du3y82pq author = Abbas, Abdul-Rahman title = Today''s actions shape tomorrow''s world: is the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) eroding our privacy? date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-272494-du3y82pq title: Today''s actions shape tomorrow''s world: is the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) eroding our privacy? cord_uid: du3y82pq In China, South Korea and Taiwan, cell phones are used to track individuals with suspected COVID-19 infections without their consent, a measure that they believe allowed them to "flatten the curve". 3 Technological titans Apple and Google are also collaborating to develop an "opt-in" platform to trace the contacts of COVID-19 patients. 5 Therefore, transparency around the type of data collected and its intended use are necessary to ensure personal liberties are not abused under the guise of the pandemic. Our personal data can be used, potentially, to mitigate the devastating effects of COVID-19; illustrated by the slower spread in countries adopting the aforementioned tracking strategies. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) Europe Turn to Phone-Tracking Strategies to Slow Spread of Coronavirus Apple and Google partner on COVID-19 contact tracing technology doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.021 id = cord-307207-xfu5d7dt author = Abbas, Ahmed M. title = COVID‐19 and maternal pre‐eclampsia; a synopsis date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In March 2020, the World health organization reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) as a pandemic.(1) Khan et al., 2020, in their systemic review about positive COVID‐19 pregnant women, showed a rate of 29.1% preterm birth and 16.4% low birth weight among their babies.(2) This increases the interest that hyper‐inflammatory state in COVID‐19 may be associated with hypoxic injury in the placenta and developing pre‐eclamptic state. 1 Khan et al., 2020, in their systemic review about positive COVID-19 pregnant women, showed a rate of 29.1% preterm birth and 16.4% low birth weight among their babies. Possible COVID-19 intrauterine infection may alter the expression of ACE2 and develop pre-eclamptic state via raised Angiotensin II level in the placental villi leading to vasoconstriction and restricted fetal blood flow. 7 Systematic review about maternal serum cytokines in pre-eclampsia revealed significant increase of maternal IL-6, IL-10 and TNFα compared with normotensive pregnant women. Further studies are recommended to show the association between COVID-19 and development of pre-eclampsia. doi = 10.1111/sji.12918 id = cord-307481-h7xvehvk author = Abbas, Ahmed M. title = A focused review on the genital and sexual affection of COVID-19 patients date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; sexual summary = The pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) could harm the reproductive and sexual health of both males and females. Currently, there is no enough data on the effect of COVID-19 on genitalia and sexual behavior. It is a systemic disease; thus, in turn, the affection of the female or male genitalia is not so far either directly or indirectly by attacking the spinal cord [12] . If a COVID-19 patient is admitted to the ICU and doctors decided to use the thiazide-type diuretics, the aldosterone receptor blockers, the β-adrenergic receptor blockers, or ACE inhibitors to control blood pressure, it can cause erectile dysfunction. Studies showed that testosterone level increases on the 7th day of abstinence, but this not affected significantly by intercourse in males [18] . Changes in sexual behaviors of young women and men during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak: a convenience sample from the epidemic area Does COVID-19 pandemic affect sexual behaviour? doi = 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101848 id = cord-288403-m6qe57he author = Abbas, K. M. title = Benefit-risk analysis of health benefits of routine childhood immunisation against the excess risk of SARS-CoV-2 infections during the Covid-19 pandemic in Africa date = 2020-05-26 keywords = Africa; SARS; covid-19 summary = First, we used previously reported country-specific child mortality impact estimates of childhood immunisation for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcal, rotavirus, measles, meningitis A, rubella, and yellow fever (DTP3, HepB3, Hib3, PCV3, RotaC, MCV1, MCV2, MenA, RCV, YFV) to approximate the future deaths averted before completing five years of age by routine childhood vaccination during a 6-month Covid-19 risk period without catch-up campaigns. Specifically, we conducted a benefit-risk analysis of vaccine-preventable deaths averted by sustaining routine childhood immunisation in comparison to excess Covid-19 deaths from SARS-CoV-2 infections acquired by visiting routine vaccination service delivery points. The central estimates for benefit-risk ratio at the household level show the child deaths averted by continuing the routine childhood immunisation programmes (1-dose MCV1, RCV1, MenA, YFV for 9-month-old children) per excess Covid-19 death caused by SARS-CoV2 infections acquired in the vaccination service delivery points. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.19.20106278 id = cord-322789-9elfpx0e author = Abbaspour Kasgari, Hamideh title = Evaluation of the efficacy of sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir in combination with ribavirin for hospitalized COVID-19 patients with moderate disease compared with standard care: a single-centre, randomized controlled trial date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; group summary = title: Evaluation of the efficacy of sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir in combination with ribavirin for hospitalized COVID-19 patients with moderate disease compared with standard care: a single-centre, randomized controlled trial 29 We therefore conducted a randomized controlled trial in adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Ghaem Shahr Razi Hospital to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir in combination with ribavirin compared with standard care. This study was a single-centre, randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of sofosbuvir/daclatasvir with ribavirin against controls who received standard of care for COVID-19 at the time of the study. This randomized trial found that the combination of sofosbuvir/ daclatasvir/ribavirin compared with standard care showed limited clinical improvement in moderate COVID-19 patients. To our knowledge, this is the first clinical trial of sofosbuvir/ daclatasvir/ribavirin in COVID-19 patients; however, there are limitations to our study. doi = 10.1093/jac/dkaa332 id = cord-305044-lrxzeysw author = Abbaszadeh-Kasbi, Ali title = An Invited commentary on ‘’ Transforming laparoendoscopic surgical protocols during COVID-19 pandemic; big data analytics, resource allocation and operational considerations; a review article’’ date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-305044-lrxzeysw title: An Invited commentary on '''' Transforming laparoendoscopic surgical protocols during COVID-19 pandemic; big data analytics, resource allocation and operational considerations; a review article'''' cord_uid: lrxzeysw To date more than 10 000 000 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19, due to SARS COV-2. Laparoscopic surgery should be offered to a small number of patients because of increased risk of SARS COV-2 transmission. In case of performing laparoscopic surgery, the following precautions should be applied: Trocar and instruments should be disposable; surgeons should use aspirator mask in addition to Standard personal protection equipment; pneumoperitoneum should be at low pressure; exsufflation and deflation of the peritoneum should be performed before trocar removal; energy devices should be set up at minimal level (3, 4) . Transforming laparoendoscopic surgical protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic big data analytics, resource allocation and operational considerations SAGES and EAES recommendations for minimally invasive surgery during COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.07.005 id = cord-316197-r2ctm5sl author = Abbaszadeh-Kasbi, Ali title = An Invited Commentary on Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on surgical practice- -Part 1 date = 2020-06-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: An Invited Commentary on Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on surgical practice-Part 1 I congratulate the authors on a very comprehensive systematic review on Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on surgical practice. Also, there are some intraoperative risks that should be decreased by placing a surgical mask on the patient, using single-use instruments, and operating suspected patient with COVID-19 at the end of the daily list. Post operatively, patient should be recovered in OR, should be given a single dose of 5-HT3 antagonist, surgical specimen should be labelled as suspected COVID-19 (3). Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2: a prospective cohort study. Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on surgical practice -Part 1 (Review Article). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical services: early experiences at a nominated COVID-19 centre doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.078 id = cord-290856-6de0mwg0 author = Abbo, Aharon (Ronnie) title = Technological Developments and Strategic Management for Overcoming the COVID-19 Challenge within the Hospital Setting in Israel date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; Israel; patient; system summary = A second key component of this challenge was the overwhelming surge in patient burden and the relative lack of trained staff and medical equipment which required rapid re-organization of large systems and augmenting health care efficiencies to unprecedented levels. This review article describes the early research and development response in Israel under the scope of in-hospital patient care, such as non-contact sensing of patients'' vital signs, and how it could potentially be weaved into a practical big picture at the hospital or national level using a strategic management system. This review article describes the early research and development response in Israel under the scope of in-hospital patient care, and how it could potentially be weaved into a practical strategic big picture that could help confront the next wave or any upcoming health crisis. The C 4 I™ system is a command and control tactical system integrating computing, communication, and intelligence information (for health care applications this applies for patient sensors), developed for military use by Elbit Systems. doi = 10.5041/rmmj.10417 id = cord-033356-ppn71yd0 author = Abbott, Frederick M title = Facilitating Access to Cross-Border Supplies of Patented Pharmaceuticals: The Case of the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-28 keywords = Agreement; Article; COVID-19; TRIPS; country summary = The authors finally address the problem created by the decision of various high-income countries to ''opt out'' as eligible importing countries under the World Trade Organization TRIPS Agreement Article 31bis amendment that addresses the predominant export of pharmaceutical products under compulsory licenses. 18 At the time of writing, a number of pharmaceutical companies that are receiving substantial government subsidies to develop vaccines and treatments to address COVID-19 have declared that they intend to provide them on a ''not-for-profit'' basis, although nothing in their grant arrangements appears to require specific pricing commitments, 19 and there is limited public transparency on this account. 70 For present purposes, we emphasize that a pooled procurement strategy along these lines would also greatly strengthen the inherent power of governments in developing countries to threaten and, when needed, to issue compulsory licenses for patented pharmaceuticals under Articles 31 and 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement. doi = 10.1093/jiel/jgaa022 id = cord-285486-99trkti1 author = Abd-Elsalam, Sherief title = Hydroxychloroquine in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Study date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; SARS summary = Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that HCQ treatment was not significantly associated with decreased mortality in COVID-19 patients. So, adding HCQ to standard care did not add significant benefit, did not decrease the need for ventilation, and did not reduce mortality rates in COVID-19 patients. 1. Hydroxychloroquine group: This group included 97 patients who received HCQ 400 mg twice daily (in day 1) followed by 200 mg tablets twice daily added to the standard of care treatment adopted by the Egyptian MOH for 15 days. 18 Although cardiac toxicity is a known adverse event requiring monitoring during treatment, HCQ showed promise in treating SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with multiple comorbidities including coronary artery disease. 12 studied the change in symptom severity over 14 days in nonhospitalized patients between HCQ and control groups and did not find any significant difference (P = 0.12). doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0873 id = cord-318892-1vyhsg5k author = AbdAllah, Mohamed title = Role of micronutrients in the management of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = Micronutrients play an important role in enhancing the immune system, therefore, proper nutritional support of micronutrients could have a positive impact on COVID-19 outcome. Micronutrients play an important role in the immune system and subsequently could have a positive impact on COVID-19 outcome [4] . It also reduces the risk of cytokine storm through decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines but unfortunately, poor sun exposure during hospital stay or home isolation may aggravates vitamin D deficiency [6] . Based on the fore-mentioned data, the nutritional state of COVID-19 patients may affects the progression and outcome of illness. According to the Egyptian guidelines for the management of COVID-19, daily supplementation of vitamin C (1gm) and zinc (50mg) is mandatory for all symptomatic cases. Proper nutrition can also play a role in prophylaxis against COVID19. More studies need to be done to improve the nutritional plans as a complementary factor for both prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. Nutritional recommendations for CoVID-19 quarantine doi = 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100782 id = cord-340738-2pufvc67 author = AbdAllah, Mohamed title = Herd-immunity against COVID-19: Is it enough to stop a second wave? date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Keywords: COVID-19; Second wave; Past-infection; immunity; Herd-immunity • This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. • The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest'' Herd-immunity is a defensive strategy against COVID-19. Many reports doubt the efficacy and durability of the "post-infection" immunity, therefore, countries should not rely on herd-immunity for protection against the further-coming wave of COVID-19. Many reports doubt the efficacy and durability of the "post-infection" immunity, therefore, countries should not rely on herd-immunity for protection against the further-coming wave of COVID-19. The neutralizing antibodies (Nab) that are produced by B cells after infection were successful in preventing reinfection in animal models and that was the concept of using convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19 [5] . Using herd-immunity as a defense strategy against COVID-19 has been adopted by many countries. Countries should not rely on herd-immunity for protection against the second wave of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100811 id = cord-279736-udsbcqfs author = Abdalkader, Mohamad title = Roadmap for Resuming Elective Neuroendovascular Procedures Following the First COVID-19 Surge date = 2020-07-27 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = As we emerge from the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic''s initial surge, we prepare for re-entry of elective neurointerventional procedures to optimize the care of patients and mitigate infectious risk, while concurrently preserving ongoing capacity to care for patients with COVID-19. Anticipated potential limitations in health care resources (personal protective equipment (PPE), ventilators, personnel, hospital space) resulted in triaged delays of non-emergent endovascular procedures and surgeries [1] [2] [3] . We discuss several aspects of care that should be considered during the neuroendovascular resumption of an elective phase including hospital bed capacity, PPE resources, pre-procedure testing and post-procedure care. While the re-introduction of neurointerventional elective procedures can expose an additional specific and related risk of infection and stress, advance preparation and the development of modified pre-procedure protocols, intra-procedural protocols (sharing similarities with acute neurological emergencies) [7] [8] [9] , and post-procedural protocols can help organize the care of the patient, optimize peri-procedural risk to both patient and health care provider, and accommodate for appropriate resource allocation. doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105177 id = cord-302319-61zcicvo author = Abdelaziz, Hesham K title = Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Insights from a British cardiac center date = 2020-05-11 keywords = STEMI; covid-19 summary = Abstract The current study aimed to examine the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on patient-related delay with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) at a tertiary center in the United Kingdom. The study demonstrated a significant delay in symptom-to-first medical contact and a higher cardiac troponin-I level on admission in patients with STEMI during the COVID-19 pandemic versus the pre-COVID era. 5 The current study represents the experience of a tertiary cardiac center in the United Kingdom in regard to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on patients with STEMI. This is a retrospective, observational study that included all patients, 18-90 years of age, who presented with STEMI via emergency medical service (EMS) or through the Accident and Emergency department at our tertiary cardiac center and in whom primary PCI was performed. The current study highlights the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on patient presenting with STEMI, especially in regard to patient-related delay, one of the key factors in the pre-hospital logistics of care. doi = 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.04.022 id = cord-293711-qgefn164 author = Abdelmaksoud, Ayman title = Comment on “COVID‐19 and psoriasis: Is it time to limit treatment with immunosuppressants? A call for action” date = 2020-04-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = apy their recommendations for treatment of patients with psoriasis at time of new COVID-19 pandemic. The authors pointed to the importance of therapeutic reassessment of all psoriatic patients, particularly those with moderate-to-severe disease, who are candidate to systemic, mostly immunosuppressive, therapies in the era of COVID-19. COVID-19 virus has neurotropic potential that partially explains the higher rate of acute respiratory distress in elderly patients. ultraviolet A1 (UVA1) phototherapy has a comparable efficacy in moderate-to-severe plaque-type psoriasis and could improve the clinical manifestations and quality of life more quickly than narrow band ultraviolet B therapy with no significant side effects, including lack of increased risk of cutaneous malignancies. COVID-19 and psoriasis: is it time to limit treatment with immunosuppressants? Older adults on systemic treatment for psoriasis and risk of infection:a propensity score matched population-based study Risk of serious infection in patients receiving systemic medications for the treatment of psoriasis Should patients stop their biologic treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1111/dth.13360 id = cord-295995-uabnyomr author = Abdelmaksoud, Ayman title = Sexually Transmitted COVID19 date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-295995-uabnyomr cord_uid: uabnyomr In their study on healthy women, Yuksel and Ozgor found a significant higher sexual desire and frequencies of sexual intercourse during COVID19 pandemic compared with 6-12 months prior. 4 on 10 severely infected women with COVID-19, no SARS-CoV-2 virus was noted in their vaginal fluids. They concluded that likelihood of transmitting SARS-Cov-2 to sexual partners through vaginal fluids may be low. 5 Genital contamination with genital fluids, even with low rate, is not unexpected. Due to risk of "genital" contamination with SARSThis article is protected by copyright. They are at risk of not only STDs, but also SARS-CoV2 through genital contamination. COVID19 patients presented with PR, or known STD, should be enquired about their sexual behavior/preference, and should undergo more than a nasopharyngeal swab before considering negativity of infection. Can Covid-19 Be a Sexually Transmitted Disease? Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Female Sexual Behavior SARS-CoV-2 Is Not Detectable in the Vaginal Fluid of Women With Severe COVID-19 Infection doi = 10.1111/dth.13982 id = cord-254497-8bhahzys author = Abdelnabi, Mahmoud title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 Myocarditis: Insights into Pathophysiology and Management date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The current European Society of Cardiology (ESC) position statement recommends treating patients with acute myocarditis complicated by cardiogenic shock with inotropes and/or vasopressors and mechanical ventilation. 6 Moreover, a systematic review of IV immunoglobulins as acute myocarditis therapy showed insufficient evidence to support their routine use. reported the successful treatment of a patient with COVID-19 presenting with fulminant myocarditis, ARDS and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome using ventilatory support, high-flow oxygen, lopinavir-ritonavir antiviral therapy, interferon alpha-1b, methylprednisolone, immunoglobulin and ECMO with gradual improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). described successful management of fulminant myocarditis using methylprednisolone, immunoglobulin, inotropes and diuretics with gradual improvement of LVEF and cardiac biomarkers over several weeks. In general, the use of corticosteroids and IV immunoglobulins are not supported by the guidelines for the management of acute myocarditis. Cardiac involvement in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) doi = 10.15420/ecr.2020.16 id = cord-309751-7elnvjk3 author = Abdelnasser, Mohammad Kamal title = COVID-19. An update for orthopedic surgeons date = 2020-07-01 keywords = PPE; covid-19; pandemic; patient; surgical summary = The resultant information was organized under 5 main headings; the impact of pandemic on the orthopedic practice, COVID-19 and the trauma patient, elective and emergency surgeries during the pandemic, peri-operative management of the patient with COVID-19, Miscellaneous effects of the pandemic such as those on training programs and the evolution of telemedicine. Relevant information was digested and organized under 5 main headings; the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the orthopedic practice, COVID-19 and the trauma patient, elective and emergency surgeries during the pandemic, perioperative management of the patient with COVID-19, Miscellaneous effects of the pandemic such as those on training programs and the evolution of telemedicine. Guidelines for ambulatory surgery centers for the care of surgically necessary/time-sensitive orthopaedic cases during the COVID-19 pandemic Perioperative considerations in urgent surgical care of suspected and confirmed COVID-19 orthopedic patients: Operating rooms protocols and recommendations in the current COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1051/sicotj/2020022 id = cord-335640-5qwoe4x6 author = Abdi, Seifollah title = COVID-19 sends STEMI to quarantine!? date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), termed "novel COVID-19", emerged in China and was considered a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020 [1] . In Iran, 24/7 primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as the standard treatment strategy for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] was launched in September 2015 to achieve a fair distribution of healthcare resources. Currently, 49 general and heart hospitals provide these services, with 48 915 patients having undergone primary PCI thus far. According to recent reports [8] [9] [10] , the number of patients undergoing primary PCI and acute coronary syndrome admissions have also dropped significantly in other countries. Relation of lowering door-to-balloon time and mortality in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention doi = 10.1007/s00392-020-01664-3 id = cord-337302-fpz2jfuj author = Abdihamid, Omar title = The Landscape of COVID-19 in Cancer Patients: Prevalence, Impacts, and Recommendations date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; cancer; patient summary = 21 Similar to cases seen during the MERS-outbreak where having cancer was identified as a risk factor for MERS-CoV mortality, the COVID-19 pandemic also poses threats to cancer patients. 23 In one of the early data by Yu et al published in JAMA Oncology, the infection rate of SARS-CoV-2 in cancer patients from Wuhan, China, was at 0.79% (12 of 1524 patients; 95% CI, 0.31.2%). 15 In a retrospective cohort study of 28 COVID-19infected cancer patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from three hospitals in China, a total of 15 (53.6%) patients had severe outcomes with a mortality rate of 28.6%. Patients'' age, tumor type, underlying comorbidities, stage of the disease, and treatment type all affect the risk and outcomes of contracting SARS-CoV-2 in cancer patients. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China doi = 10.2147/cmar.s272008 id = cord-315006-w2wsaan5 author = Abdoli, Amir title = Gossip, Rumors, and the COVID-19 Crisis date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Furthermore, strange methods, including the application of sesame oil into the body, granite baths, and smoking harmala have been recommended for the prevention of COVID-19. 4 Exaggerated information about the case fatality rate and pandemic estimates is another challenge of this crisis hinted at in social media. 5 Gossip and rumors are not only diminishing the mental health status, 6 but also may be interfering with the processes of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of COVID-19. Therefore, planning strategies for coping with fake news during this crisis should be considered by the government and the health authorities. Also, it is recommended that health authorities be more active in social media, especially during the outbreak of diseases to disseminate accurate information and factual news. COVID-19 rumors spread like a virus in Japan. Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak Gossip, Rumors, and the COVID-19 Crisis doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.272 id = cord-342580-re7yqm1c author = Abdou, Hossam title = A Cautionary Tale of an Emergency Cerebrovascular Procedure in the COVID-19 Era date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Fortunately, she did not have lasting deficits, but this highlights the potential of current policies to lead to complications and the need to improve policies to minimize harm. Hospitals all over the world have adopted intubation precautions 4 including minimizing staff in the room, donning appropriate personal protective equipment 5 (PPE) -typically powered air purifying respirators (PAPRs), using rapid sequence intubation 6 (RSI), and using video laryngoscopy [1] [2] [3] . Extubation protocol called for all staff to 12 leave the operating room except for the anesthetist who donned a PAPR during the procedure, 13 but this left the anesthetist without equipment or assistance when the emergency presented. Institutional policy 16 also required the use of PAPRs and video laryngoscopy during intubation and a limited supply of 17 this equipment meant that they were not immediately available. It is also important to highlight that this complication occurred in a patient that was not 14 suspected to be COVID-19 positive. doi = 10.1016/j.jvscit.2020.08.023 id = cord-300541-5wea9w32 author = Abdoul-Azize, Hamidou Taffa title = Social Protection as a Key Tool in Crisis Management: Learnt Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-01 keywords = SPP; covid-19; social summary = In this context, ILO (2020) and Hallegatte and Hammer (2020) mentioned that the SPP are executed new social protection schemes to support the poor and vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2020c) highlighted that over the world, around 195 countries implemented various SPP such as safety net, finance, social insurance, and labor market to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. To access to the primary literature related to SPP executed in managing the COVID-19 pandemic, search terms (social protection, social protection programs, COVID-19 pandemic, social assistance, pandemic crises, social insurance, cash & inkind transfers, vulnerable groups, mitigation, pandemic crisis, COVID-19 breakout/coping strategy, crisis management, middle and high-income countries) have been used through WOS, Google scholar, ILO, World Bank, and WHO web sites. These programs include employment protection measures, cash and in-kind transfers, social insurance to the poor, vulnerable groups, firms, and companies to enhance their resilience to cope with the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s40609-020-00190-4 id = cord-313518-8a6y1qsf author = Abdul-Baki, Mohammad-Nasan title = The substantial awareness role of web-based and social media platforms in developing countries during a pandemic scenario: the example of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: The substantial awareness role of web-based and social media platforms in developing countries during a pandemic scenario: the example of COVID-19 METHODS: We reviewed an example of an organization named Syrian Researchers, which publishes based-on-reliable-sources of scientific content and has massive reachability across Middle East and beyond. RESULTS: We strongly believe that this model is a simple and suitable approach that may be helpful for other low-income or war-torn countries in the context of health-related disasters. The role of non-governmental scientific initiatives in the Middle East was proven, as some of them showed their attractivity in societies which mostly lack public non-political unbiased scientific platforms that may fill the gap between original scientific sources and a non-English speaking population. We believe that the experience of Syrian Researchers is a simple and suitable approach that may be helpful for other low-income or war-torn countries in the context of healthrelated disasters. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa075 id = cord-034436-yhb8m1si author = Abdulah, Deldar Morad title = Relation of Dietary Factors with Infection and Mortality Rates of COVID-19 across the World date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; infection; rate summary = We aimed to explore the relation of dietary factors with global infection and mortality rates of COVID-19 in this study. DESIGN: In the current ecological study, the countries that had national dietary data from the Global Dietary Databases of the United Nations and Coronavirus disease statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO) were included. CONCLUSION: The present study showed the higher intake of fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages had a positive effect on infection and mortally rates by COVID-19, respectively. The present study showed that the crude infection rate by COVID-19 has been increased by raising consuming fruits, calcium and decreased with increasing consuming beans and legumes. Therefore, we can make the further hypothesis that the aged population of the countries with high infection rates has been the main factor in the low immune system. The present study showed the higher intake of fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages had a positive effect on infection and mortally rates by COVID-19, respectively. doi = 10.1007/s12603-020-1512-3 id = cord-258145-usr7b6dk author = Abdulah, Deldar Morad title = Relation of Dietary Factors with Infection and Mortality Rates of COVID-19 Across the World date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; infection; rate summary = We aimed to explore the relation of dietary factors with global infection and mortality rates of COVID-19 in this study. DESIGN: In the current ecological study, the countries that had national dietary data from the Global Dietary Databases of the United Nations and Coronavirus disease statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO) were included. CONCLUSION: The present study showed the higher intake of fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages had a positive effect on infection and mortally rates by COVID-19, respectively. The present study showed that the crude infection rate by COVID-19 has been increased by raising consuming fruits, calcium and decreased with increasing consuming beans and legumes. Therefore, we can make the further hypothesis that the aged population of the countries with high infection rates has been the main factor in the low immune system. The present study showed the higher intake of fruits and sugar-sweetened beverages had a positive effect on infection and mortally rates by COVID-19, respectively. doi = 10.1007/s12603-020-1434-0 id = cord-031061-48xwfr9i author = Abdullah, Abdullah title = Innate Immune-mediated Antiviral Response to SARS-CoV-2 and Convalescent sera a potential Prophylactic and Therapeutic Agent to Tackle COVID-19 date = 2020-08-16 keywords = SARS; convalescent; covid-19 summary = title: Innate Immune-mediated Antiviral Response to SARS-CoV-2 and Convalescent sera a potential Prophylactic and Therapeutic Agent to Tackle COVID-19 The convalescent sera of the recovered COVID-19 patients are containing antiviral neutralizing antibodies and is used therapeutically for infected individuals by SARS-CoV-2 and for the purpose of prophylaxis in exposed individuals. Three SARS-CoV-1 infected patients were treated with 500ml of convalescent sera, the reduction in viral titer and mortality were recorded (39) . Three MERS infected patients were also treated with Convalescent or Passive antibody therapy, two of them produce nAbs and remaining one not (40) , this study highlights the limitation in using of convalescent sera it means that the recovered individual may not have enough titer of nAbs (41) . The available information on the use of convalescent sera or passive immunization for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 suggests that early administration of convalescent serum reduces viral abundance and was found safe. doi = 10.1093/abt/tbaa019 id = cord-313237-ai39ny9y author = Abdullah, Jafri Malin title = A Critical Appraisal of COVID-19 in Malaysia and Beyond date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; China; Malaysia summary = As of 26 March 2020, 171 countries have been affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 or known as COVID-19 pandemic with 467,866 infected patients and 20,845 deaths, representing a 4.5% mortality rate (1) . Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, including Malaysia, have not been spared from COVID-19, although there have been fluctuations in the rate of infection demonstrated in the number of new cases and deaths reported in March 2020 (Table 1) (2). Movement restriction is critical to battle the pandemic within healthcare system capacity (15) Special Editorial | COVID-19 in Malaysia and beyond technology drivers of the present and the future to prevent and manage future epidemics and pandemics ( Figure 5 ). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China doi = 10.21315/mjms2020.27.2.1 id = cord-291724-bwiyp73e author = Abdulmajeed, Kabir title = ONLINE FORECASTING OF COVID-19 CASES IN NIGERIA USING LIMITED DATA date = 2020-05-08 keywords = Nigeria; covid-19 summary = Nonetheless, we propose an online forecasting mechanism that streams data from the Nigeria Center for Disease Control to update the parameters of an ensemble model which in turn provides updated COVID-19 forecasts every 24 hours. The ensemble algorithm presents lower and upper bounds for the total number of possible COVID-19 cases for the next day. Sample code to mine real-time COVID-19 cases in Nigeria as a Pandas data frame or Excel file has been provided in the repository. Table 4 highlights the relative strength and weaknesses of the models individually and finally; Fig. 5 presents a visual comparison of COVID-19 cases in Nigeria vs South Africa for analyzing policy impact. The objective is to establish the lower and upper bounds on the possible number of COVID-19 cases per day using a framework that automatically streams web data in real-time from reliable sources. doi = 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105683 id = cord-335425-0wga3ch2 author = Abdulsalam, Mohammad A. title = Generalized Status Epilepticus as a Possible Manifestation of COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = He had no past medical history (no chronic diseases or medication) or any symptoms of COVID‐19; however, his brother reported that his roomate was diagnosed with COVID‐19 one day prior and went to a protective isolation institution. He had no past medical history (no chronic diseases or medication) or any symptoms of COVID-19; however, his brother reported that his roomate was diagnosed with COVID-19 one day prior and went to a protective isolation institution. We report a case of generalized status epilepticus as a possible initial manifestation of COVID-19 infection. Even though status epilepticus without a prior history of seizure or epilepsy is rare, different neurological manifestations, including seizures, are increasingly being documented with COVID-19 infection [1, 2] . De Novo Status Epilepticus in patients with COVID-19 Non-lesional status epilepticus in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 Focal status epilepticus as unique clinical feature of COVID-19: A case report doi = 10.1111/ane.13321 id = cord-350498-jwweg06f author = Abebe, Ayele title = Awareness of Health Professionals on COVID-19 and Factors Affecting It Before and During Index Case in North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia, 2020 date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19; health; professional summary = OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the level of awareness on clinical and epidemiological spectrum of COVID-19 and factors affecting it in the North Shoa zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia, 2020. The types of profession (AOR=6.9, 95% CI=1.6–29.8) and level of a profession (AOR=2.3, 95% CI=1.4–4.4) of the profession, availability of television at home (AOR=2.1, 95% CI=1.1, 3.9) and hearing of the emerging diseases in the past (AOR=2.7, 95% CI=1.5–5) were factors that determine the awareness of health professionals on COVID-19 clinical and epidemiological spectrum. So, this study was aimed to assess the level of awareness (clinical and epidemiological spectrum) and factors related to it among health care professionals, North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. A facility-based cross-sectional study was carried out to identify the level of awareness (clinical and epidemiological spectrum) of COVID-19 and factors affecting it among health professionals at governmental public health hospitals in the North Shoa zone, Ethiopia. doi = 10.2147/idr.s268033 id = cord-336870-nirg3269 author = Abebe, Endeshaw Chekol title = The newly emerged COVID-19 disease: a systemic review date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS summary = The novel COVID-19 infection, caused by a beta coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, is a new outbreak that has been emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019. i. If a patient with a severe acute respiratory infection (fever, cough, and requiring admission to hospital), and with no other etiology that fully explains the clinical presentation and a history of travel to or residence in a country/area or territory reporting local transmission during the 14 days prior to symptom onset, OR ii. It is caused by a novel beta-coronavirus, resulting from genetic recombination, called SARS-CoV-2, The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, and dyspnea. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan doi = 10.1186/s12985-020-01363-5 id = cord-331273-1fixwxuo author = Abejón González, David title = How to restart the interventional activity in the COVID‐19 era. The experience of a private Pain Unit in Spain date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; immune; pain; patient summary = The objective of this review is to evaluate how to manage activity in pain units, considering the scenario generated by the pandemic and the implications of chronic pain on the immune system and proposed pharmacological and interventional therapies. The current crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic has forced the reorganization of the health systems and the cancellation of surgical procedures to facilitate the treatment of patients in the critical units (7, 8) . Meanwhile, we also seek to provide an orientation for pain physicians on how to effectively reestablish the activity in pain units, from restarting on-site appointments to more advanced treatments, with the aim of improving the attention dedicated to people affected by chronic disease and pain, while minimising the risk of COVID-19 exposure. In the crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, we must agree on the recommendations that guarantee the safety and maintains health care for chronic pain patients. doi = 10.1111/papr.12951 id = cord-324856-hf969tav author = Abir, Tanvir title = Factors Associated with the Perception of Risk and Knowledge of Contracting the SARS-Cov-2 among Adults in Bangladesh: Analysis of Online Surveys date = 2020-07-21 keywords = Bangladesh; COVID-19; Cov-2; SARS summary = title: Factors Associated with the Perception of Risk and Knowledge of Contracting the SARS-Cov-2 among Adults in Bangladesh: Analysis of Online Surveys Since the sheer illness of the whole country is sufficient to destroy the health care system, this current study is to examine changes of individual perception of risk for contracting SARS-Cov-2, and the awareness level in Bangladesh during the early and late lockdowns implemented by the government of Bangladesh. In this study, males who were worried about contracting SARS-Cov-2 were more likely to perceive themselves as being at high risk of contracting the infection, as well as those who did not quarantine themselves or only did so at the request of the public health officers. Moreover, in India, it was found that a higher level of knowledge on COVID-19 was associated with the high-risk perception of contracting the infection during the consistent lockdown period [28] . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17145252 id = cord-301530-l7homdjj author = Abobaker, Anis title = Reply: Iron chelation may harm patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = One of the possible explanations of this observation is inflammation induced by COVID-19 infection which increases the hepcidin level, the main regulator of tissue iron store, as discussed by Garrick and Ghio [2] . Moreover, the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein has hepcidin-like action, which means that the virus can directly increase ferritin level regardless of the inflammatory effect [1] . I agree with Garrick and Ghio that the release of free iron secondary to interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and haemoglobin molecule as an explanation of high ferritin level in COVID-19 remains a theoretical possibility, and it has not been practically confirmed as yet. Interestingly, it is stated that one of the additional pharmacological effects of deferoxamine is downregulation of hepcidin [1] Iron-containing enzymes are required for viral replication, including coronavirus [6] . High intracellular iron level increases expression and enzymatic activity of aconitase protein [7] . doi = 10.1007/s00228-020-02988-9 id = cord-326632-botshfa1 author = Abolfotouh, Mostafa A. title = Perception and attitude of healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia with regard to Covid-19 pandemic and potential associated predictors date = 2020-09-29 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; covid-19 summary = METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, HCWs at three tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia were surveyed via email with an anonymous link, by a concern scale about Covid-19 pandemic during 15–30 April, 2020. Predictors of high concern scores were; HCWs of Saudi nationality (p < 0.001), younger age (p = 0.003), undergraduate education (p = 0.044), living with others (p = 0.003) working in the western region (p = 0.003) and direct contact with patients (p = 0.018). In multiple regression analysis ( Table 4) , predictors of high concern scores were; HCWs of younger age (p = 0.003), Saudi nationality (p < 0.001), undergraduate education (p = 0.044), and those working in the western region (p = 0.003), living with others (p = 0.003) and in direct contact with patients (p = 0.018). doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05443-3 id = cord-312986-nz8uc7sl author = Abou-Abbas, Linda title = Knowledge and practice of physicians during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Lebanon date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; knowledge; practice summary = Data was collected through an online survey that included information on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, practice, physicians fear towards COVID-19 as well as their perceptions regarding actions/policies implemented by the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) and their health care facilities. RESULTS: Our survey revealed that the majority of Lebanese physicians had good knowledge about the disease (89.5%) while approximately half of the respondents adopted good preventive practices (49.7%). Core dimensions and items content of these two domains were identified through a review of the published literature on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-COV) [9] [10] [11] [12] in addition to the most recent available information on COVID-19 from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) websites up to 25th March 2020. However, a poor level of knowledge was clearly shown in response to the questions regarding the transmission of the disease (31.5%), similarly for the actions when dealing with COVID-19 cases (37.3%) and precautionary measures by health care providers (42.2%). doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-09585-6 id = cord-284398-rhfwbyav author = Aboubakr, Hamada A. title = Stability of SARS‐CoV‐2 and other coronaviruses in the environment and on common touch surfaces and the influence of climatic conditions: A review date = 2020-07-14 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = In another study, aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 retained its infectivity for a period of 16h at room temperature and the authors concluded that the virus can be considered as an airborne pathogen (Fears et al., 2020 and was infectious after 72 hr of aerosolization (Ijaz, Brunner, Sattar, Nair, & Johnson-Lussenburg, 1985) . In the first study, SARS-CoV-2 retained its infectivity for 4 days but was completely decayed after 7 days on plastic surface at room temperature and 65% RH (Chin et al., 2020) . Although this study reported longer virus survival, it has been shown that the survivability of SARS-CoV-1 on plastic surface is drastically affected by increases in temperature and RH as described below. In another study, a this virus with a higher initial load (5.5 log TCID 50 ) retained its infectivity for 4 days and was completely inactivated after 7 days on stainless steel at room temperature and RH of 65% (Chin et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1111/tbed.13707 id = cord-309571-a0xu1d56 author = Aboughdir, Maryam title = Prognostic Value of Cardiovascular Biomarkers in COVID-19: A Review date = 2020-05-11 keywords = CVD; covid-19 summary = With intensive care units operating at maximum capacity and such staggering mortality rates reported, it is imperative during this time-sensitive COVID-19 outbreak to identify patients with an increased risk of adverse outcomes and/or myocardial injury. found that myocardial injury, defined by raised serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels, in COVID-19 patients was associated with over 50% mortality rate [12] . In the study by Wang et al., 36 out of 138 (26.1%) COVID-19 patients were admitted to the ICU with severe symptoms, all of whom had significantly elevated serum cTnI and CK-MB levels (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001, respectively) compared to non-ICU patients [11] . cTnI provides remarkable prognostic value for patients at increased risk of worsening outcomes and in-hospital mortality, though studies have also shown the association of raised CK-MB and BNP levels with more severe symptoms of COVID-19. doi = 10.3390/v12050527 id = cord-340687-99ad1rwq author = Abourida, Yassamine title = Management of Severe COVID-19 in Pregnancy date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = The scarcity of data concerning pregnant patients gravely infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) makes their management difficult, as most of the reported cases in the literature present mild pneumonia symptoms. Herein, we outline a case of severe COVID-19 infection in a pregnant woman abruptly rupturing her membranes and undergoing cesarean delivery. Herein, we report the case of a healthy parturient infected with SARS-CoV-2 in her third trimester, whose condition deteriorated leading to premature rupture of membranes, a premature birth via a caesarian delivery, and neonatal death. It is noteworthy that recent reports highlighted elevated SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels (IgM and IgG) and abnormal cytokine test results 2 hours after birth in a neonate born to a mother with COVID-19 via a caesarian delivery, whereas RT-PCR tests on nasopharyngeal swabs taken were negative [20] . Possible vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from an infected mother to her newborn doi = 10.1155/2020/8852816 id = cord-257102-5i0zxhs1 author = Abraham, Leola A. title = How COVID-19’s Disruption of the U.S. Correctional System Provides an Opportunity for Decarceration date = 2020-06-19 keywords = BOP; COVID-19; DOJ; U.S. summary = The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) (U.S. Congress 2020), gave the DOJ and the federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) greater authority to release high-risk prisoners to home confinement; The First Step Act (Sullivan 2018) increased the availability of compassionate release; and the Bail Reform Act (BRA) (Adair Jr. 2006) , has a pretrial release provision. In addition, U.S. Attorney General William Barr issued memorandas to the BOP that provided guidance on how the department should implement its statutory authorities to respond to the crisis, including focusing on early release to home confinement for those who met certain conditions. In the April 3, 2020 memo, Attorney General Barr directed the BOP to prioritize early release of prisoners from at least three specific federal institutions fighting major coronavirus outbreaks, and to "immediately maximize" appropriate transfers to home confinement (Barr 2020b, 4/3) . doi = 10.1007/s12103-020-09537-1 id = cord-279529-m7c6270u author = Abrams, Hannah R. title = Characteristics of U.S. Nursing Homes with COVID‐19 Cases date = 2020-06-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = OBJECTIVE: To examine the characteristics of nursing homes with documented COVID‐19 cases in 30 states reporting individual facilities affected. Larger facility size, urban location, greater percentage of African American residents, non‐chain status, and state were significantly (p<0.05) related to increased probability of having a COVID‐19 case. CONCLUSIONS: COVID‐19 cases in nursing homes are related to facility location and size and not traditional quality metrics such as star rating and prior infection control citations. Larger facility size, urban location, greater percentage of African American residents, non-chain status, and state were significantly (p<0.05) related to probability of having a COVID-19 case. Our finding that facilities with a high percentage of African American residents are more likely to have COVID-19 cases echoes disparities in the pandemic at large and indicates a critical health disparity to be addressed in the response to COVID-19 nursing home outbreaks. State Reporting of Cases and Deaths Due to COVID-19 in Long-Term Care Facilities. doi = 10.1111/jgs.16661 id = cord-331790-0w0pjjg1 author = Abu Jawdeh, Bassam G. title = COVID-19 in Kidney Transplantation: Outcomes, Immunosuppression Management and Operational Challenges date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; KTR; SARS summary = This review summarizes the published COVID-19 literature as it relates to outcomes and immunosuppression management in kidney transplant recipients. These multiple studies have elucidated that COVID-19 is a systemic disease that often manifests with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, liver injury, cardiac involvement, encephalitis, atypical stroke, acute kidney injury (AKI) in addition to endothelial cell injury and coagulopathy -the likely mediators of multi-organ involvement (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) . In a 36-patient study, the median age was 60 years, 72% were male, 39% were African American and 75% received deceased-donor kidney transplants (DDKT)(9). Notably, the Columbia transplant program adopts an early steroid withdrawal strategy, however their sample was enriched with patients on prednisone maintenance (67%) which confirms the plausible role of enhanced immunosuppression as a susceptibility factor. doi = 10.1053/j.ackd.2020.07.004 id = cord-287459-k9x3z2h1 author = Abu-Farha, Mohamed title = The Role of Lipid Metabolism in COVID-19 Virus Infection and as a Drug Target date = 2020-05-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; lipid; viral summary = Since lipids play a crucial function in the viral life cycle, we asked whether drugs targeting lipid metabolism, such as statins, can be utilized against SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. Similarly, increased expression of age-dependent phospholipase A2 group IID (PLA2G2D), an enzyme that usually contributes to anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving lipid mediator expression, resulted in worsened outcomes in aged mice infected with SARS-CoV, suggesting that inhibition of such factor could represent a potential therapeutic option [36] . Of high relevance to this review and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is the role of lipid rafts in viral entry into the host cells. Taken together, these studies suggest a beneficial impact for statins and potentially other lipid-lowering drugs such as PCSK9 inhibitors for treatment of COVID-19, especially that of the most severely infected people which are suffering from cardiovascular disease and diabetes [55] . doi = 10.3390/ijms21103544 id = cord-307497-wtfvoifb author = Abu-Raya, Bahaa title = Predictors of refractory Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In addition, refractory COVID-19 patients were more likely to receive oxygen, mechanical ventilation, expectorant, adjunctive treatment including corticosteroids, antiviral drugs and immune enhancers when compared to general COVID-19 patients. The authors have further attempted to explore predictive factors for refractory COVID-19 using a multivariate analysis showing that male sex, anorexia on admission and being afebrile are independent risk factors for the development of a refractory disease. Furthermore, out of this analysis the authors have found that patients with refractory COVID-19 were more likely to receive oxygen, expectorant, corticosteroids, lopinavir/ritonavir and immune enhancer. In their paper, the authors compared categorical and continuous variables between the two groups of patients and these variables that differed significantly between the two groups were included in the multivariate regression analysis. In their paper, the authors included the treatment introduced at the time of patient admission and/or hospitalization in the multivariate analysis aiming to identify independent risk factors for refractory COVID-19. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa409 id = cord-338039-mxky1ai7 author = Abu-Rayash, Azzam title = Analysis of mobility trends during the COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic: Exploring the impacts on global aviation and travel in selected cities date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; GHG; transportation summary = title: Analysis of mobility trends during the COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic: Exploring the impacts on global aviation and travel in selected cities Given the impact of COVID-19, forecasted GHG emissions of the Canadian transportation sector for 2020is evaluated to be 93 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents. Therefore, any crisis-induced changes to this sector or the mobility behavior due to COVID-19 will result in significant global implications from an energy and greenhouse gas emissions'' (GHG) perspective.  Analyzing the impact of COVID-19 on the global transportation demand  Assessing the energy savings and GHG emission reductions due to conserved mobility  Forecasting the transportation demand considering behavioral changes stemming from COVID-19  Investigating any long-term shifts in transport preferences due to COVID-19 GHG emissions of the Canadian transportation sector has been modeled for 2020 to 2023 given historical data and COVID-19 impacts. doi = 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101693 id = cord-252903-pg0l92zb author = Abueg, M. title = Modeling the combined effect of digital exposure notification and non-pharmaceutical interventions on the COVID-19 epidemic in Washington state date = 2020-09-02 keywords = Washington; contact; covid-19; exposure; model summary = In this work, we use individual-based computational models to explore how digital exposure notifications can be used in conjunction with non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as traditional contact tracing and social distancing, to influence COVID-19 disease spread in a population. We use data at the county level to match the population, demographic, and occupational structure of the region, and calibrate the model with epidemiological data from Washington state and Google''s Community Mobility Reports for a time-varying infection rate ( 21 ) . Estimated total infected percentage, total deaths, and peak hospitalized under a 50% reopening scenario (an increase of 50% of the difference between pre-lockdown and post-lockdown network interactions) at various exposure notification adoption rates for King, Pierce, and Snohomish Counties, assuming no change to social distancing after the (t) β baseline and 15 manual contact tracers per 100k people. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.29.20184135 id = cord-330545-jrmott3i author = Abuzeineh, Mohammad title = Telemedicine in the Care of Kidney Transplant Recipients with COVID-19: Case Reports date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; telemedicine; transplant summary = Herein we present reports of three kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 that were managed using telemedicine via synchronous video visits integrated with an electronic medical records system, from home to inpatient settings. While there is limited information about the duration of viral shedding for immunosuppressed patients, our findings underscore the importance of using telemedicine in the follow-up care for kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 who have recovered from symptoms but might have persistently positive NAT tests. While there is limited information about the duration of viral shedding for immunosuppressed patients, our findings underscore the importance of using telemedicine in the follow-up care for kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 who have recovered from symptoms but might have persistently positive NAT tests. Given stable vital signs but increased work of breathing, the decision was made to arrange for direct hospital admission to a dedicated COVID-19 inpatient unit, avoiding the emergency room (ER) route to reduce risk of exposure to patients, health care workers, and the public. doi = 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.07.009 id = cord-280932-xhz5d4ty author = Acanfora, Domenico title = Sacubitril/valsartan in COVID-19 patients: the need for trials date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 6 Moreover, post-hoc analysis from the Comparison of Sacubitril-Valsartan versus Enalapril on Effect on NT-proBNP in Patients Stabilized from an Acute Heart Failure Episode (PIONEER-HF) trial revealed a 42% relative risk reduction in the composite endpoint of death from any cause, re-hospitalization for heart failure, left ventricular assist device implantation, or listing for cardiac transplant, a 42% relative risk reduction in the composite endpoint of cardiovascular death or re-hospitalization for heart failure, and a 39% relative risk reduction in re-hospitalization for heart failure after 8 weeks of treatment with sacubitril/valsartan administered early in patients stabilized during hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure. Response to: Neprilysin inhibitor-angiotensin II receptor blocker combination (sacubitril/valsartan) Neprilysin inhibitor-angiotensin II receptor blocker combination (sacubitril/valsartan): rationale for adoption in SARS-CoV-2 patients Association of inpatient use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers with mortality among patients with hypertension hospitalized with COVID-19 Clinical outcomes in patients with acute decompensated heart failure randomly assigned to sacubitril/valsartan or enalapril in the PIONEER-HF Trial doi = 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa044 id = cord-262090-nbxzyjvf author = Acharya, Arpan title = SARS-CoV-2 Infection Leads to Neurological Dysfunction date = 2020-05-23 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = A number of neurological disease complications have been seen following infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Such central nervous system (CNS) signs and symptoms linked to laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection is often life threatening. As cardio-respiratory impairments could reflect brainstem dysfunction it may, in part, be responsible for ARDS as frequently occurs as a cause of COVID-19 mortality among SARS-CoV-2 infected patients (Netland et al. As the impaired ability to smell and test are a common manifestation of respiratory neurotropic viral invasion of the olfactory system, we suspect there is a possibility that SARS-CoV-2 can infect the olfactory system and may enter the CNS using the olfactory pathway. A retrospective study substantiates this, wherein, 36.4% of patients out of 214 confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 have been documented to present with varying degree of neurological manifestations that include skeletal muscle injury, delirium and acute cerebrovascular disease (Fig. 2) . doi = 10.1007/s11481-020-09924-9 id = cord-347186-tbtmqmpr author = Acharya, Yogesh title = Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as a repurposed agent against COVID-19: a narrative review date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ summary = Non-specific combinations of the search strings included (Coronavirus OR Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome OR SARS OR Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as a repurposed agent against COVID-19: a narrative review CQ and HCQ share similar pharmacokinetics, with rapid absorption from the gastro-intestinal surfaces, and are renally and hepatically eliminated. conducted a prospective observational safety study to evaluate the effect of CQ, HCQ, and azithromycin in association with QT interval and risk of TdP and sudden cardiac death in COVID-19 patients. Apart from a general warning, the FDA has cautioned against the indiscriminate use of CQ/ HCQ, either alone or in combination with azithromycin, in COVID-19 patients due to the potential linkage to cardiac toxicities, including severe complications like rhythm disturbances. No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection doi = 10.1177/2049936120947517 id = cord-266307-w56rii2p author = Acheampong, Desmond Omane title = Male Predisposition to Severe COVID-19: Review of Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Prospects date = 2020-09-09 keywords = ACE2; ADT; SARS; covid-19; female summary = The sex hormones, estrogens and androgens which exist in varying functional levels respectively in females and males are cited as the underlying cause for the differential immune response to COVID-19. In this review efforts are made to expand understanding and explain the possible roles of the immune system, the sex hormones and the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) systems in male bias to severe COVID-19. Hence, females known for producing high-level estrogen will be better protected against infections including COVID-19 compared to their male counterparts. Hence, women are better protected against viral infections and for that matter the severe COVID-19 due to the over-expression of TLR7 in females compared to their male counterparts. This explains J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f why prolong inflammation is very common in males infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus compared to females, and could be one of the factors that promote severe COVID-19 in men. doi = 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110748 id = cord-280819-z6ucnwk0 author = Achilonu, Ikechukwu title = Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease using FDA-approved Isavuconazonium, a P2-P3 α-ketoamide derivative and Pentagastrin: an in-silico drug discovery approach date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; drug; ligand summary = title: Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease using FDA-approved Isavuconazonium, a P2-P3 α-ketoamide derivative and Pentagastrin: an in-silico drug discovery approach The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M(pro)) is an attractive target towards discovery of drugs to treat COVID-19 because of its key role in virus replication. Using 6Y2G and the prior knowledge that protease inhibitors could eradicate COVID-19, we designed a computational study aimed at identifying FDA-approved drugs that could interact with M(pro). We used HTVS, induced-fit ligand docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies to identify additional classes of plausible FDA-approved drugs as possible drug candidate to treat COVID-19. In conclusion, we have used a computational approach which includes HTVS, IFD, MM/GBSA free binding energy calculations and MD simulation to study potential drug candidates for COVID-19. Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease using FDA-approved Isavuconazonium, a P2-P3 α-ketoamide derivative and Pentagastrin: an in-silico drug discovery approach Ikechukwu Achilonu 1 * doi = 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107730 id = cord-349786-12lc3342 author = Acquah, Samuel title = Implications of COVID-19 Pandemic on Evolution of Diabetes in Malaria-Endemic African Region date = 2020-10-08 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; african summary = Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which is widely distributed in the human body is implicated in the pathogenesis of malaria, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and COVID-19. With the continent already responsible for over 93% of global malaria burden and associated deaths in 2018 [6] , the presence of the COVID-19 pandemic does not only increase the infectious disease burden of the African region but could serve as another risk factor to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the region. Just like other known coronaviruses [14, 15] , the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, requires a specific receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), for entry into host cells [16] [17] [18] [19] . To this end, the COVID-19 virus, which reduces ACE2 levels or activities, can potentiate infected individuals for future development of T2DM through low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance. doi = 10.1155/2020/8205261 id = cord-301424-nt35k3eg author = Ad, Niv title = Cardiac Surgery in North America and COVID-19: Regional Variability in Burden and Impact date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; low summary = The present study aims to report the regional variations of North American adult cardiac surgical case volume and case mix through the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the impact of COVID-19 on 183 cardiac surgical volumes and the potential regional and institutional differences in crisis 184 management may provide guidance on post-pandemic hospital operating capacity required to 185 treat deferred cases. The present study aims to report the collective North American adult cardiac surgical 189 experience with COVID-19 through the evaluation of changes in cardiac surgical case volume, 190 case mix and outcomes, as stratified by hospitals with high and low burden of hospitalized 191 patients with COVID-19. Institutions with high COVID-19 burden had significant decline in total case volume, 338 with change in case mix, that did not meet statistical significance, largely providing urgent or 339 emergent care for procedures, such as CABG, ECMO and heart transplantations, rather than 340 valvular and aortic surgical cases. doi = 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.06.077 id = cord-330388-lq6fsl9i author = Adam, E. J. title = COVID-19: could CT provide the best population level biomarker? Incidental COVID-19 in major trauma patients suggests higher than predicted rates of infection in London date = 2020-10-31 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Aim To evaluate incidental findings in major trauma patients, and to explore whether computed tomography (CT) could be used to assess prevalence and estimate disease spread in the general population. The proportion of patients with incidental COVID-19 changes was recorded over the study period, and the percentage of the population who had been affected by COVID-19 by the end of April 2020 estimated. The present study used retrospective information from patients who underwent CT for major trauma to evaluate the rates of disease in the general population, on the basis that these patients can be considered to represent an approximation to a random sample of the population. In summary, the present results suggest that imaging of major trauma patients has great potential to provide insight into the spread and population prevalence of COVID-19 using already available evidence, and by making a further assumption on duration of the CT signs, the incidence, cumulative incidence, and the percentage population who have had the disease can be estimated. doi = 10.1016/j.crad.2020.10.008 id = cord-301619-0ojayw16 author = Adamowicz, Jan title = May patients receiving 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors be in higher risk of COVID-19 complications ? date = 2020-04-22 keywords = covid-19 summary = Based on this observation, our proposed hypothesis is that 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, that are commonly used for BPH treatment, may be one of the factors contributing to poorer prognosis in males. Based on this observation, our proposed hypothesis is that 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, that are commonly used for BPH treatment, may be one of the factors contributing to poorer prognosis in males. Consequently, we introduce hypothesis that 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors may disrupt androgens metabolism in lungs, which in turn may have a negative impact on course of COVID-19 infection. Under this assumption, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors might increase androgen concentration in lungs hampering their regeneration. Due to high prevalence of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor in BPH treatment, its potential negative influence on recovery after COVID-19 infection, should be established. According to presented hypothesis, patients receiving 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, might be vulnerable to COVID-19 infection with poorer prognosis. May patients receiving 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors be in higher risk of COVID-19 complications doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109751 id = cord-282416-5x3lyuuf author = Adams, Hugo J.A. title = Chest CT imaging signature of COVID-19 infection: in pursuit of the scientific evidence date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; chest summary = Original studies which reported the prevalence of chest CT findings in patients with RT-PCR or gene sequencing proven COVID-19 were eligible for inclusion. For each included study, publication date, country of origin, study design (retrospective or prospective), number, gender and age of included patients, inclusion criteria, number of symptomatic patients, duration of symptoms before chest CT, disease severity (based on reported descriptive data), chest CT interpreters, and time interval between chest CT and RT-PCR/gene sequencing, were extracted. For each included study, the frequency of chest CT findings (i.e., normal findings and all individually reported lung abnormalities according to the glossary of terms for thoracic imaging of the Fleischner Society 12 on a patient level) were extracted. Because of the potential of chest CT in adjunct to clinical examination and RT-PCR for the diagnosis of COVID-19, and the rapid proliferation of studies on this topic, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the methodological quality of these studies and to determine the frequency of different chest CT findings that are found in this disease. doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.025 id = cord-316363-7eh9k442 author = Adams, Scott J title = Telerobotic ultrasound to provide obstetrical ultrasound services remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-20 keywords = covid-19; exam; telerobotic; ultrasound summary = [1] [2] [3] Challenges in accessing healthcare services, including diagnostic imaging services, have been exacerbated during the pandemic, particularly in rural and remote communities where limited availability of health-care services forces patients to travel to larger centres for the care they need, increasing the risk of severe acute respiratory virus coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposure and transmission. In this paper, we describe our experience using a telerobotic ultrasound system -a robotic system which allows a sonographer to perform a diagnostic ultrasound exam remotely 9 -to perform obstetrical ultrasound exams during a COVID-19 outbreak declared in La Loche, a northern village with a population of 2372 people in Saskatchewan, Canada. Our experience provides a model for how telerobotic ultrasound may improve access to diagnostic ultrasound imaging, increase patient safety and reduce health inequities during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1177/1357633x20965422 id = cord-296331-i4hyzqcv author = Adapa, Sreedhar title = COVID-19 Pandemic Causing Acute Kidney Injury and Impact on Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Renal Transplantation date = 2020-06-04 keywords = AKI; CRRT; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = COVID-19 infection causes acute kidney injury (AKI) and is an independent risk factor for mortality. The impact of COVID-19 infection on chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal transplant patients is also discussed in the manuscript. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was seen in 5-15% of the cases infected with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and had a higher mortality rate of 60-90% as per the literature [12] . We summarized the finding from multiple studies including patient characteristics, co-morbidities, incidence of AKI in general as well as ICU/severely ill patients, number of patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and mortality in Table 2 [9-11, 13, 19, 22-24, 26-32] . Human kidney is a target for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan doi = 10.14740/jocmr4200 id = cord-284946-3y16j3ts author = Addo, Isaac Yeboah title = Double Pandemic: Racial Discrimination amid Corona virus Disease 2019 date = 2020-10-20 keywords = chinese; covid-19; discrimination; racial summary = As the UN, human rights institutions, governments, and civil society groups and movements continue to promote greater acceptance of people from different racial categories and encourage greater respect for human rights across the globe, the numerous reports of racial discrimination against non-citizens and people of colour in the fight against the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) demonstrate that more work is needed to achieve the UN''s goal of eliminating all forms of racial discrimination. Factors associated with the racial discrimination against non-citizens and people of colour during this pandemic are complex and may include post-colonial perception of racial superiority, fear of COVID-19 infection, ''inflammatory'' comments by significant public figures, vengeance for fellow citizens who have experienced abuse elsewhere, and perception of differences in COVID-19 susceptibility due to differences in phenotypic physical features. The racial discrimination associated with the COVID-19 pandemic has intensified existing health vulnerabilities of non-citizens and people of colour [14, 38] . doi = 10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100074 id = cord-311086-i4e0rdxp author = Adekola, Hafeez Aderinsayo title = Mathematical modeling for infectious viral disease: The COVID‐19 perspective date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; mathematical; model summary = The SEIR model with suitable adaptations has been widely applied for various disease epidemics such as chickenpox and SARS, and its relevance has been advanced for the analysis of the dynamic transmission of COVID-19 in this context. This sixchambered model was used to study the transmission mechanism of COVID-19 and the implemented prevention and control measures, with the aid of time series and kinetic modal analysis, a basic reproductive number value of 4.01 was obtained (Li, Geng, et al., 2020) . Although the mathematical models for the COVID-19 have majorly forecast few areas relating to pathogen spread such as the basic reproductive number of the SARS-CoV-2, population control measures, percentage of asymptomatic people (Nandal, 2020) . Prediction of COVID-19 transmission dynamics using a mathematical model considering behavior changes Mathematical modeling of COVID-19 transmission dynamics with a case study of Wuhan doi = 10.1002/pa.2306 id = cord-253693-xdmgvj4p author = Adekoya, Oluwasegun B. title = How COVID-19 drives connectedness among commodity and financial markets: Evidence from TVP-VAR and causality-in-quantiles techniques date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; market; oil; spillover; stock summary = In essence, this paper examines the impact of the current COVID-19 pandemic on the volatility connectedness among oil, gold, and financial (stock, bitcoin and exchange rate) markets. Here, we examine the causal effect of the current COVID-19 pandemic (proxied by the equity market volatility due to infectious diseases and the growth rate of the U.S. COVID-19 reported cases) on the connectedness across the oil, gold, bitcoin, stock and USD (measured through the volatility spillover series). The data obtained for analysis in this study are the various financial and commodity markets series including dollar exchange rate, prices of gold, crude oil, S&P 500 stock and bitcoin, and the COVID-19 proxies which are the equity market volatility due to infectious diseases index and the U.S. COVID-19 reported cases. Thus, the thrust of this paper is to examine the causal effect of the current COVID-19 pandemic on the connectedness among the globally traded commodity and financial assets (oil, gold, stock, bitcoin and dollar-euro exchange rate). doi = 10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101898 id = cord-321240-f6qh4fva author = Adekunle, Ibrahim Ayoade title = Modelling spatial variations of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Africa date = 2020-08-10 keywords = Africa; covid-19 summary = We relied on the dynamic system generalised method of moment estimation procedure and found a ~0.045 Covid19 deaths as a result of confirmed cases in Africa. We proceed to estimate the dynamic panel data system generalised method of moment (GMM) (Arellano and Bover, 1995) and impose (and test) the common factor restrictions to account for the potential endogeneity of the number of COVID-19 attributable deaths and number of confirmed cases across 52 Africa states. System GMM, renowned for glowing outcomes with persistent data under trifling assumptions (Arellano and Bover, 1995; Blundell and Bond, 1998) , was used to estimate the model of attributable COVID-19 deaths as induced by confirmed cases. This study examined the spatial density of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) across 52 African states and leaned empirical credence to the relationship between confirmed cases and attributable deaths. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138998 id = cord-336585-19vwpjkt author = Adem, Şevki title = Caffeic acid derivatives (CAFDs) as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2: CAFDs-based functional foods as a potential alternative approach to combat COVID-19 date = 2020-08-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Based upon these results, we have screened a library of caffeic acid derivatives (CAFDs) (Figure 1 ) for the identification of novel natural anti-COVID-19 compounds against various SARS-CoV-2 drug targets including COVID-19 M pro (6LU7), SARS-CoV-2 S2 subunit (6LXT), Nsp15 endoribonuclease (6VWW), SARS-CoV-2 spike ectodomain open state structure (6VYB), and SARS-CoV-2 spike closed state glycoprotein structure (6VXX). Our results present in silico-based identification of khainaoside C, 6-O-Caffeoylarbutin, khainaoside B, khainaoside C and vitexfolin A as potent modulators of COVID-19 M pro , Nsp15, coronavirus fusion protein, spike open state and closed state structure respectively. Based on these in-silico results, khainaoside C, calceolarioside B, vitexfolin A, calceolarioside C and scrophuloside B exhibited best binding potential with COVID-19 virus Figure 2B represents residual wise van der Waals interactions, piNelfinavir which possess MolDock score of -148.413 The interactions of these compounds with amino acid residues of target protein are shown in Figure 3A . doi = 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153310 id = cord-344948-cve3mqd8 author = Adhikari, Jagannath title = COVID-19 impacts on agriculture and food systems in Nepal: Implications for SDGs date = 2020-11-07 keywords = COVID-19; India; Nepal; Province; food summary = Key Informants -Government policy makers (2) 1) Mid-April 2020 (10) 2) Mid-Oct 2020 (10) Government policies to deal with such crisis; what supports are provided, how and to whom; policy gaps in agricultural sector in general and food security in particular as exposed by the crisis; experience/idea with regard to resiliency of prevailing farming systems to cope with such crisis; role of indigenous food systems in such crisis; what new initiatives taken at different government levels to deal with the crisis and continue with food production, marketing, distribution through trade/transportation, supply of inputs, new incentive structures; effectiveness of these new initiatives and which seem to work effectively; what could be the policies options for the future to deal with the crisis. doi = 10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102990 id = cord-104486-syirijql author = Adiga, Aniruddha title = Data-driven modeling for different stages of pandemic response date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; datum; disease; model; pandemic summary = Governments have been forced to respond to the rapidly changing dynamics of the pandemic, and are becoming increasingly reliant on different modeling and analytical techniques to understand, forecast, plan and respond; this includes statistical methods and decision support methods using multi-agent models, such as: (i) forecasting epidemic outcomes (e.g., case counts, mortality and hospital demands), using a diverse set of data-driven methods e.g., ARIMA type time series forecasting, Bayesian techniques and deep learning, e.g., [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] , (ii) disease surveillance, e.g., [6, 7] , and (iii) counter-factual analysis of epidemics using multi-agent models, e.g., [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] ; indeed, the results of [11, 14] were very influential in the early decisions for lockdowns in a number of countries. doi = nan id = cord-312366-8qg1fn8f author = Adiga, Aniruddha title = Mathematical Models for COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Analysis date = 2020-10-30 keywords = COVID-19; Sweden; datum; disease; model; population summary = As the pandemic takes hold, researchers begin investigating: (i) various intervention and control strategies; usually pharmaceutical interventions do not work in the event of a pandemic and thus nonpharmaceutical interventions are most appropriate, (ii) forecasting the epidemic incidence rate, hospitalization rate and mortality rate, (iii) efficiently allocating scarce medical resources to treat the patients and (iv) understanding the change in individual and collective behavior and adherence to public policies. Like projection approaches, models for epidemic forecasting can be broadly classified into two broad groups: (i) statistical and machine learning-based data-driven models, (ii) causal or mechanistic models-see 29, 30, 2, 31, 32, 6, 33 and the references therein for the current state of the art in this rapidly evolving field. In the context of COVID-19 case count modeling and forecasting, a multitude of models have been developed based on different assumptions that capture specific aspects of the disease dynamics (reproduction number evolution, contact network construction, etc.). doi = 10.1007/s41745-020-00200-6 id = cord-252306-68eogdyc author = Adler, Hugh title = Low rate of bacterial co-infection in patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We reviewed all microbiology results for patients admitted to Whiston hospital (Prescot, UK) with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 between March 6, 2020, and April 7, 2020. Hospital policy for patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia, including suspected COVID-19 cases, recommends blood cultures and pneumococcal and Legionella urinary antigen tests based on clinical severity, in line with national guidelines. We recorded results for 7 days from the positive COVID-19 test because positive samples collected after this time period might represent hospital-acquired infections. Our findings suggest that bacterial co-infection is uncommon in patients with COVID-19 who are newly admitted to hospital. If superimposed bacterial communityacquired pneumonia is suspected, coverage for typical pathogens such as pneumococcus might suffice, unless there is specific clinical concern for infection with atypical agents. Future studies should implement standardised microbiological sampling for all COVID-19 admissions and prospectively correlate the prevalence of co-infection with mortality rates. Clinical management of persons admitted to hospital with suspected COVID-19 infection doi = 10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30036-7 id = cord-332577-2z5pchyq author = Adolph, C. title = Governor partisanship explains the adoption of statewide mandates to wear face coverings date = 2020-09-02 keywords = covid-19; mandate; mask; state summary = Controlling for the seven-day moving average of reported COVID-19 deaths and state citizen ideology, we find the governor''s party affiliation is the most important predictor of state differences in the timing of indoor public mask mandates. Figure 2 reports the results from our baseline model, which controls for the log of COVID-19 deaths per million population reported in the state as seven-day moving averages, the ideological orientation of each state''s citizenry, and the party of the governor (18; 19; 20) . Researchers and policy-makers use several metrics to track SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and governors have access to daily data on COVID-19 measures including confirmed cases, deaths, and positive test result rates. We therefore consider models adding controls for more timely indicators of the spread of SARS-CoV-2: the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases per million reported in each state each day and the rate of test positivity (in both cases, as sevenday moving averages). doi = 10.1101/2020.08.31.20185371 id = cord-293575-h3wc7j4v author = Adrish, Muhammad title = Association of smoking status with outcomes in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19; patient; smoker summary = Univariate Cox model for survival analysis by smoking status showed that among smokers only current smokers had higher risk of death compared with never smokers (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.12, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In our large single-centre retrospective database of patients hospitalised with COVID-19, smoking was associated with development of critical illness and higher likelihood of death. Our hospital is located in New York City where 13.1% of the Key Messages ► Does the smoking status affect outcomes of hospitalised patients with COVID-19. We included adult patients (aged 18 and above) with known smoking status who were hospitalised with COVID-19 for whom severity of illness could be established and had final disposition status at the time of the study. Use of tocilizumab was suggested in patients with evidence of disease progression (defined as worsening respiratory status or radiographic findings) and increasing inflammatory markers early in their acute COVID-19 illness. doi = 10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000716 id = cord-266234-lg866rnt author = Adrogué, A. H. title = A kidney transplant recipient with COVID-19: utility of a prognostication score date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We present our experience with the use of a diagnostic score, developed for rHLH, in a kidney transplant recipient hospitalized with COVID-19. Conclusion Since this is only a single case, we plan to retrospectively review a series of patients to validate our initial experience: that a low H-Score may correlate with a milder hospital course in kidney transplant patients with COVID-19. While a growing number of case reports have been published describing infections in solid organ transplant recipients, few have explored formulas to predict the hospital course of this high risk patient group. Since outcomes have ranged from mild infection 1 to death due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine release storm (CRS), in the severe COVID-19 cases 2 we explored the utility of a risk stratification score which could help predict outcomes in these patients. Standard admission laboratory tests and clinical features of patients suspected of COVID-19 provide the majority of variables needed to calculate the H-Score. doi = 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.08.041 id = cord-324993-hs66uf1u author = Adwibowo, A. title = Flattening the COVID 19 curve in susceptible forest indigenous tribes using SIR model date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID; SIR summary = Using the Susceptible Infectious Recovered (SIR) model, the spread of the COVID 19 under 3 intervention scenarios (low, moderate, high) is simulated and predicted in indigenous tribe populations. While, in the scenario of high intervention, the COVID 19 peaks can be reduced to values ranging from 53% to 15% .To conclude, the simulated interventions tested by SIR model have reduced the pandemic peak and flattened the COVID 19 curve in indigenous populations. The COVID 19 SIR model of indigenous tribe populations living in remote Yasuni rainforest enclaves with simulated 25% (low), 50% (moderate), and 75% (high) interventions (x axis: days, y axis: proportion of total population). 1101 The indigenous tribe populations and COVID 19 cases in Amazon rainforest enclaves including Lagartococha, Callarú, and Yasuni are presented in the Figure 2 . The proposed SIR model in this study simulates the widespread of COVID throughout indigenous tribe populations living in remote Lagartococha and Yasuni rainforests. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.22.20110254 id = cord-031726-ubt9wnf9 author = Ad’hiah, Ali H. title = Evaluating of the association between ABO blood groups and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Iraqi patients date = 2020-09-11 keywords = ABO; COVID-19 summary = title: Evaluating of the association between ABO blood groups and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Iraqi patients BACKGROUND: Susceptibility to the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has recently been associated with ABO blood groups in patients of different ethnicities. With respect to COVID-19, recent studies have associated ABO blood groups with susceptibility to disease. In line with these finding, the present preliminary study sought to understand the genetic association of ABO blood groups with susceptibility to COVID-19 in Iraqi patients. Logistic regression analysis (adjusted for age and gender) was employed to assess the genetic association of ABO blood group with COVID-19 infection. Frequencies of A, B, AB, and O blood group phenotypes showed significant variations between COVID-19 patients (all cases, recovered, and deceased) and controls (pc value = 8.8 × 10 −4 , 0.012 and 1.5 × 10 −6 , respectively) ( Table 2 ). doi = 10.1186/s43042-020-00097-x id = cord-307572-44503zbt author = Afolabi, Babalola I. title = Multimodality imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pictorial essay date = 2020-07-30 keywords = covid-19 summary = Imaging should be used to only answer definite clinical questions in symptomatic in-patients (e.g. suspected pulmonary embolism, distinguishing organising pneumonia from acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS], excluding stroke or encephalopathy in those with neurological symptoms, etc.) [2] [3] [4] . Radiologists and other physicians need to be well acquainted with the radiological features of COVID-19 infection because the disease may be encountered in patients imaged for other indications. The common findings on chest radiography (consolidation, ground-glass opacities) are usually bilateral and peripheral, with lower zone predominance [5] . Consolidation occurs when pathological fluids, tissues, or cells replace alveolar air, causing opacification due to the increase of pulmonary parenchymal density obscuring the underlying vessels ( Figure 9 ) [7, 8] Consolidation often becomes the second most predominant finding about 14 days after the onset of the disease [7] . doi = 10.5114/pjr.2020.97957 id = cord-308114-68cgub5o author = Afrin, Lawrence B. title = Covid-19 Hyperinflammation and Post-Covid-19 Illness May Be Rooted in Mast Cell Activation Syndrome date = 2020-09-10 keywords = MCAS; covid-19 summary = MCs, present in all vascularized tissues but dominantly at the environmental interfaces and in vessel walls (Akin and Metcalfe, 2004) , are activated by the SARS-Cov-2 coronavirus which causes Covid-19 infection (Kritas et al., 2020; Theoharides, 2020; Zhou et al., 2020) , leading to MC activation and resulting release of various subsets of the MC''s >1000 potent multi-action mediators (Ibelgaufts, 2020) (including biogenic amines (e.g., histamine), proteases (e.g., tryptase and chymase), cytokines (e.g., interleukins and TNF-α), eicosanoids (e.g., prostaglandins and leukotrienes), heparin, and growth factors) increasingly thought to play a key role in driving the hyperinflammation of severe Covid-19 illness (Kempuraj et al., 2020; Valent et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.016 id = cord-313286-nqvuas3p author = Afshar Jahanshahi, A. title = The distress of Iranian adults during the Covid-19 pandemic - More distressed than the Chinese and with different predictors date = 2020-04-07 keywords = Iran; covid-19 summary = Findings The distress level of Iranian adults (mean: 34.54; s.d.: 14.92) was significantly higher (mean difference: 10.9; t=22.7; p<0.0001; 95% CI: 10.0 to 11.8) than that of Chinese adults (mean: 23.65; s.d.: 5.45) as reported in a prior study with the same measure of Covid-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI). Interpretation Our findings that the predictors of distress in Iran vary from those in China suggest the need to study the predictors of mental health in individual countries during the Covid-19 pandemic to effectively identify and screen for those more susceptible to mental health issues. Participants answered the survey on their gender, age bracket, education level, number of children, whether they had Covid-19, exercise hours per day in the past week, working situation (work from home; work in office, etc.), employment status (employed, unemployed, studying, and retired) and the Covid-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI) 5 . doi = 10.1101/2020.04.03.20052571 id = cord-253777-h8wy0coq author = Afshar, Hale title = Evolution and resolution of brain involvement associated with SARS- CoV2 infection: A close Clinical – Paraclinical follow up study of a case date = 2020-05-21 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = We report a para-infectious encephalitis patient with clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings during evolution and convalescence phase of coronavirus infection. Herein we report a case with clinical (including respiratory and neurological), laboratory, chest Computed Tomography and Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (B-MRI) findings during evolution and convalescence phase which can illuminate the natural history of similar cases. These results led to the diagnosis of para-infectious encephalitis associated with COVID-19 and treatment with IVIg continued to a total dosage of 3g/kg of body weight (250g total) which resulted in considerable improvement in consciousness, but discontinued because of headaches (day 28). Our patient before diagnosis of neurologic involvement had received IVIg (25 g/day for three days) as a part of treatment for COVID-19 severe pulmonary involvement; and after the CNS lesions were established, it was reinstituted and due to very good clinical and radiological response, we decided to continue IVIg therapy until complete recovery, unless there is a complication. doi = 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102216 id = cord-336178-k8za0doe author = Afshar, Parnian title = COVID-CAPS: A Capsule Network-based Framework for Identification of COVID-19 cases from X-ray Images date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID; Capsule; cap summary = To potentially and further improve diagnosis capabilities of the COVID-CAPS, pre-training and transfer learning are utilized based on a new dataset constructed from an external dataset of X-ray images. In a study by Wang and Wong [9] , a CNN model is first pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset [10] , followed by finetuning using a dataset of X-ray images to classify subjects as normal, bacterial, non-COVID-19 viral, and COVID-19 viral infection, achieving an overall accuracy of 83.5%. In a similar study by Sethy and Behera [11] , different CNN models are trained on X-ray images, followed by a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier to identify positive COVID-19 cases, reaching an accuracy of 95.38%. In summary, pre-training with an external dataset of X-ray images further improved accuracy of COVID-CAPS to 98.3%, specificity to 98.6%, and AUC to 0.97, however, with a lower sensitivity of 80%. doi = 10.1016/j.patrec.2020.09.010 id = cord-177001-ron8oqrn author = Afshordi, Niayesh title = Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; States; United; density; figure; population summary = Compared to the linear model of the previous section (Table 1b) Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States individual''s probability of becoming infectious, and the distributions of incubation period and generation interval, all as a function of the median age of the population (see Supplementary Material). To obtain the simplest nontrivial incubation period, we assume that β(C) =β Θ(C − 1)where Θ(x) is the Heaviside step function -meaning Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States that an infected individual is only infectious once they reach stage C = 1, and the infection rate constant is otherwise unchanging. doi = nan id = cord-138965-pcmpc5sd author = Afzal, Shehzad title = A Visual Analytics Based Decision Making Environment for COVID-19 Modeling and Visualization date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19; decision summary = To this end, we have developed a visual analytics environment that enables public health officials to model, simulate, and explore the spread of COVID-19 by supplying county-level information such as population, demographics, and hospital beds. This environment facilitates users to explore spatiotemporal model simulation data relevant to COVID-19 through a geospatial map with linked statistical views, apply different decision measures at different points in time, and understand their potential impact. 1) COVID-19 modeling and simulation, extending our work on Pandemic Influenza [4, 19] , 2) A visual analytics environment where users can explore COVID-19 spread scenarios, apply different decision measures to create scenarios, adjust model parameters, and prepare plans to ensure availability of resources. Utilizing this visual analytics environment, public health officials can explore COVID-19 county-level simulation data generated by our model, apply different decision measures to reduce the pandemic''s impact, and modify model parameters and settings to create and analyze different spread scenarios. doi = nan id = cord-291253-5mzcvfm4 author = Afzal, Waseem title = What we can learn from information flows about COVID‐19: Implications for research and practice date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19; information summary = As a starting point, this research analyzes information about COVID‐19 from a selection of information sources, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China (NHCPRC), and three news outlets with vast global coverage. The purpose of this research is to examine information flows about COVID-19 and to identify the information-specific underpinnings that are shaping the information environment of this pandemic and contributing to understandings of and abilities to manage and control this crisis. Regarding the increased magnitude of information flow about COVID-19, events such as the following occurred: (a) the confirmation of infections outside China started to become more regular and the virus reached 20 countries by January 30 (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-31/coronavirus-map-tracks-spread-throughout-world/ 11912828), (b) concerns about the virus becoming a global crisis began to be voiced by researchers in scholarly communication and in mass media (e.g., Riou & Althaus, 2020 ; https://www.bbc.cm/news/world-asiachina-51249208), and (c) the WHO started issuing "situation reports" on January 21, providing daily updates on COVID-19, leading to the declaration of the novel coronavirus as a "public health emergency of international concern" on January 30, 2020. doi = 10.1002/pra2.245 id = cord-295767-92oxdmxq author = Aga, Syed Sameer title = Évaluation de la santé mentale et des diverses stratégies d''adaptation dans la population générale vivant sous l''emprise de la COVID à travers le monde : Une étude transversal date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; stress summary = Our study aimed to investigate the immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic enforced lockdown on mental health and quality of life among general population aged 18 years and to identify various coping strategies used under lockdown. This study identifies the need to provide the free professional and psychological services to help cope with stress during the disease enforced lockdown. Hence, to answer these burning questions we designed this study to attempt to evaluate the depression, anxiety and stress of the general people living under the COVID enforced lockdown in various cities of the world and also to understand how they are utilizing their lockdown time to cope with such an unprecedented isolation and quarantine. This is the first study that has evaluated the mental health of respondents during COVID lockdown using DASS-42 across general population. COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown 1 measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. doi = 10.1016/j.jemep.2020.100571 id = cord-128991-mb91j2zs author = Agapiou, Sergios title = Modeling of Covid-19 Pandemic in Cyprus date = 2020-10-05 keywords = Cyprus; covid-19; model; time summary = Here we report our work including results from statistical and mathematical models used to understand the epidemiology of COVID-19 in Cyprus, during the time period starting from the beginning of March till the end of May 2020. We use change-point detection, count time series methods and compartmental models for short and long term projections, respectively. Testing approaches in the Republic of Cyprus included: a) targeted testing of suspect cases and their contacts; of repatriates at the airport and during their 14-day quarantine; of teachers and students when schools re-opened in mid-May; of employees in essential services that continued their operation throughout the first pandemic wave (e.g., customer services, public domain); and of health-care workers in public hospitals, and b) population screenings following random sampling in the general population of most districts and in two municipalities with increased disease burden. doi = nan id = cord-273176-7z6e5jhh author = Agarwal, A. title = Convalescent plasma in the management of moderate COVID-19 in India: An open-label parallel-arm phase II multicentre randomized controlled trial (PLACID Trial) date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Patients aged at least 18 years who were confirmed to have COVID-19 based on a positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test and were admitted to the participating hospitals were screened for eligibility and included if they were moderately ill with either partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood/fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) ratio between 200-300 or respiratory rate >24/min with SpO2 < 93% on room air, 17 and if matched donor CP was available at the point of enrolment. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.03.20187252 doi: medRxiv preprint transfusing CP early in the disease, subgroup analysis for the composite outcome was conducted in participants who had symptoms for less than or equal to 3 days at enrolment. The PLACID trial results indicate that there was no difference in 28-day mortality or progression to severe disease among moderately ill COVID-19 patients treated with CP along with BSC All rights reserved. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.03.20187252 id = cord-253970-sbj869yy author = Agarwal, Amit title = Neurological emergencies associated with COVID-19: stroke and beyond date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = There is limited knowledge on the neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 at present, with a wide array of neurological complications reported, ranging from ischemic stroke to acute demyelination and encephalitis. The second subset of neurological presentation involves a response to the cytokine storm and multi-system inflammation including acute demyelination, vasculitis, necrotizing encephalopathy, and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Table 1 provides a summary of the most common (1) vascular complications with stroke secondary to arterial or venous thrombosis, related to the known hypercoagulable state seen in COVID [4, 5, 14] , and (2) much broader gamut including diffuse leukoencephalopathy, acute demyelination, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), necrotizing encephalopathy, and focal cytotoxic edema, primarily seen as a consequence of systemic inflammation and cytokine storm seen with COVID-19 [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . The most common neurological presentation reported has been ischemic stroke, secondary to arterial or venous thrombosis, because of the hypercoagulable state associated with COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s10140-020-01837-7 id = cord-280996-anq680a1 author = Agarwal, Arnav title = High-flow nasal cannula for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19: systematic reviews of effectiveness and its risks of aerosolization, dispersion, and infection transmission date = 2020-06-15 keywords = HFNC; SARS; covid-19; high; patient summary = title: High-flow nasal cannula for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19: systematic reviews of effectiveness and its risks of aerosolization, dispersion, and infection transmission Review 1: we synthesized results from randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) comparing HFNC to conventional oxygen therapy (COT) in critically ill patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Conclusions High-flow nasal cannula may reduce the need for invasive ventilation and escalation of therapy compared with COT in COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Conclusions High-flow nasal cannula may reduce the need for invasive ventilation and escalation of therapy compared with COT in COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. We conducted two rapid systematic reviews commissioned by the WHO to summarize the evidence for the efficacy, safety, and risk of aerosol generation and infection transmission during HFNC use among patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s12630-020-01740-2 id = cord-297013-0ykz2raz author = Agarwal, D. K. title = Alternative Approaches for Modelling COVID-19:High-Accuracy Low-Data Predictions date = 2020-07-25 keywords = India; July; covid-19 summary = Methods: Instead of relying on highly parameterized models, we design and train multiple neural networks with data on a national and state level, from 9 COVID-19 affected countries, including Indian and US states and territories. Further, we use an array of curve-fitting techniques on government-reported numbers of COVID-19 infections and deaths, separately projecting and collating curves from multiple regions across the globe, at multiple levels of granularity, combining heavily-localized extrapolations to create accurate national predictions. Further, we use an array of curve-fitting techniques on government-reported numbers of COVID-19 infections and deaths, separately projecting and collating curves from multiple regions across the globe, at multiple levels of granularity, combining heavily-localized extrapolations to create accurate national predictions. Therefore, we use curve-fitting and machine-learning models on national-and state-level data to predict government-reported numbers of total infections in multiple countries. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.22.20159731 id = cord-306465-7kevsl1z author = Agarwal, Krishna Mohan title = Study and Overview of the Novel Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) date = 2020-09-06 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS summary = In December 2019, a new disease with pneumonia-like symptoms was spreading throughout Wuhan in China which was entitled as novel coronavirus disease or COVID -19 caused by the virus SARS CoV-2. The current global pandemic is caused by the "novel coronavirus disease (2019-nCoV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) popularly known as COVID19 Hunan seafood market was sealed, on 7 th January roughly a week after China''s notification of a possible outbreak the disease was confirmed to be the novel coronavirus disease or COVID-19 which has more than 95% homology with bat coronavirus and almost 70% similarity to the SARS CoV-1 Flatten the curve is a statement used during healthcare emergencies, its basic concept is to limit the spread of the virus such that at any given time during a pandemic the total number of patients required to be hospitalized is less than the maximum capacity of the state''s health infrastructure. doi = 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100037 id = cord-283248-tdp9x821 author = Agarwal, Minu title = Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on emergency CT head utilization in Ontario—an observational study of tertiary academic hospitals date = 2020-10-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = PURPOSE: To determine the impact of the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the volume, indications, and results of CT heads performed in the emergency department (ED) at Canadian tertiary academic centers in Ontario. METHODS: A retrospective review of consecutive CT head examinations ordered through the ED during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada (March 12–April 8, 2020) was performed and compared with that during the pre-COVID-19 period (February 12–March 10, 2020). CONCLUSION: The decreased volume of emergency CT heads performed during the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a significant increase in the proportion of cases with acute findings. The purpose of our study was to determine the impact of the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the volume, indications, and results of CT heads ordered through the ED at our institution in comparable time periods before and after the first case of COVID-19 was diagnosed in Hamilton, Ontario. doi = 10.1007/s10140-020-01857-3 id = cord-336702-2qa4u8gv author = Agarwal, Sangya title = Harnessing CAR T-cell Insights to Develop Treatments for Hyperinflammatory Responses in Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Consistent with HLH, accumulations of macrophages are found in the lungs of patients with COVID-19 ( 9 ) , and HLH has previously been reported in patients with SARS, MERS, and other severe systemic viral infections. Drug treatments used for HLH/MAS and ARDS may also be effective in treating patients with COVID-19. Thus, an urgent need emerges to uncover therapies that may be effective for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, if properly timed in patients after exposure to virus, CSA could serve as a broad-spectrum inhibitor to control SARS-CoV-2 infection and decrease the magnitude of cytokine release. This shows not only the coincidence of treatments that modulate dysfunctional host immune responses, but also the potential complications with overlapping SARS-CoV-2 infections and cancer immunotherapies. This is important because comorbidities from CRS due to CAR T-cell therapy and HLH-like symptoms due to SARS-CoV 2 infection could be fatal. doi = 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0473 id = cord-337098-33yj5g5v author = Agarwal, Shivani title = Preadmission Diabetes-Specific Risk Factors for Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With Diabetes and Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-08-07 keywords = BMI; COVID-19; mortality summary = OBJECTIVE: To examine whether HbA(1c), outpatient diabetes treatment regimen, demographics, and clinical characteristics are associated with mortality in hospitalized patients with diabetes and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CONCLUSIONS: In this large U.S. cohort of hospitalized patients with diabetes and COVID-19, insulin treatment, as a possible proxy for diabetes duration, and obesity rather than long-term glycemic control were predictive of mortality. Few studies have specifically examined the effect of preadmission glycemic control in patients with diabetes and risk of in-hospital mortality from COVID-19, despite having great implications for outpatient glycemic management during the pandemic. The goal of this study was to use a U.S. cohort to examine the association of outpatient glycemic control, diabetes treatment, and other characteristics with mortality among hospitalized patients with diabetes and COVID-19. We investigated whether HbA 1c levels, outpatient diabetes treatment, and other characteristics were associated with in-hospital mortality among patients with COVID-19 and preexisting diabetes. doi = 10.2337/dc20-1543 id = cord-275506-3t5gf66c author = Agbuduwe, Charles title = Hematolological Manifestations of COVID‐19: From Cytopenia to Coagulopathy date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; severe summary = [45] A retrospective study of COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU identified DVT in 25% with advanced age, lower lymphocyte counts and elevated D-dimers being significant risk factors. [63] Currently, the evidence base for the clinical management of COVID-19 is mostly limited to case series and other relatively small observational studies of hospitalised patients. Similar to findings in SARS patients, [64] lymphopenia is the most commonly reported hematological abnormality in COVID-19 and recent data shows that it can be predictive of disease severity. The use of convalescent plasma may, in addition, provide neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and a small-scale clinical trial has reported modest but encouraging results in severely-ill but not in critical COVID-19 patients. In view of the increased thrombotic risk associated with COVID-19, prophylactic anticoagulation with low Accepted Article molecular weight heparin is recommended for all hospitalised patients with the disease and clinical trials are needed to investigate the role of more intensive anticoagulation and other experimental therapies. doi = 10.1111/ejh.13491 id = cord-300811-l4y7df2f author = Aggarwal, Gaurav title = Association of Cardiovascular Disease with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Severity: A Meta-Analysis date = 2020-04-28 keywords = CVD; covid-19; patient summary = We conducted a meta-analysis of recent studies that reported the association of CVD with worse prognosis and increased mortality in COVID-19 patients. Inclusion criteria were observational case-control or cohort studies on COVID-19 patients with a history of CVD included, which reported outcomes of COVID-19 infection severity, clearly outlined the definition of "severe disease" and with sample size >10. To this end, we carried out a pooled analysis of current studies and evaluate the association between underlying or previous history of CVD conditions and outcomes of infection severity in COVID-19 patients. Pooled analysis of these studies did not find a significant association between previous history of CVD and mortality in severe COVID-19 disease (OR=1.72; 95% CI: 0.97-3.06, I 2 =0%, Cochran''s Q=1.56, p=0.46). A total of 3 (n= 566) studies reported data on mortality in all hospitalized patients COVID-19 disease and pre-existing history of CVD. doi = 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100617 id = cord-326154-01es0zv4 author = Aggarwal, Gaurav title = Cardiovascular Safety of Potential Drugs for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ summary = Moreover, a decreased potassium level has also been reported in patients with COVID-19, which can cause electrocardiographic changes like prolonged QT interval and may increase the risk of adverse reactions with pharmacotherapies. The drugs of highest interest to-date include chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (CQ/HCQ) alone or in combination with azithromycin, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon alpha-2b 3 . A large meta-analysis of 33 randomized and observational studies found azithromycin use to be associated with higher risk of cardiovascular death but not with all-cause death 19 . If this drug does show therapeutic efficacy in treatment of COVID-19, then ongoing surveillance would be needed to study its potential cardiovascular adverse effects. The patients who have underlying cardiovascular disease or those who develop cardiac dysfunction during infection with COVID-19 are at higher risk of mortality. Though cumulative dose effects impact toxicity, conduction defects, prolongation of QTc interval, cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart disease have been shown to occur with use of hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, azithromycin, remdesivir, interferon-alpha and lopinavir/ritonavir therapies. doi = 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.04.054 id = cord-195929-cgabxs19 author = Aggarwal, Jai title = Exploration of Gender Differences in COVID-19 Discourse on Reddit date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID summary = Using a novel dataset of male and female linguistic productions collected from the Reddit discussion platform, we further confirm existing assumptions about gender-linked affective distinctions, and demonstrate that these distinctions are amplified in social media postings involving emotionally-charged discourse related to COVID-19. We use our COVID and baseline datasets for analysis of emotional differences as well as topical preferences in spontaneous productions by male and female authors on Reddit. First, Table 1 shows considerable differences between M and F authors in the baseline dataset for all three emotional dimensions (albeit a tiny effect size in valence), in line with established assumptions in this field (Burriss et al., 2007; Hoffman, 2008; Thelwall et al., 2010) : women score higher in use of positive language, while men score higher on arousal and dominance. Using a large dataset of COVID-related utterances by men and women on the Reddit discussion platforms, we show clear distinctions along emotional dimensions between the two genders, and demonstrate that these differences are amplified in emotionallyintensive discourse on the pandemic. doi = nan id = cord-277146-4a4vz36h author = Aggarwal, Mukul title = Hemostatic Abnormalities in COVID-19: An Update date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; VTE; patient summary = Multiple reports have reported the presence of deranged parameters of coagulation in patients of In this review, we will discuss the various pathophysiological mechanisms leading to COVID-19 associated coagulopathy (CAC), derangement in laboratory parameters, incidence, and risk factors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prevention and treatment of CAC. Pulmonary Intravascular Coagulation, its Histopathological Evidence and Contribution of Cytokine Storm COVID-19 patients have been shown to have high levels of D-dimer [8, 9] but unlike patients of sepsis, they only have a mild prolongation of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), mild thrombocytopenia [4, 9] . They recommend standard dose LMWH as most preferred agent followed by UFH then DOAC for acutely ill and critical hospitalized patients with COVID-19. High incidence of venous thromboembolic events in anticoagulated severe COVID-19 patients Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy doi = 10.1007/s12288-020-01328-2 id = cord-323314-y3k9dntf author = Aggarwal, Sandeep title = Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society of India (OSSI) Recommendations for Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-22 keywords = COVID-19; patient; surgery summary = title: Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society of India (OSSI) Recommendations for Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic Bariatric and metabolic surgery (BMS), the only effective option for patients with obesity with or without comorbidities, has been stopped temporarily due to the ongoing novel corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. In view of the possibility of resumption of BMS in near future, Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society of India (OSSI) constituted a committee of experienced surgeons to give recommendations about the requirements as well as precautions to be taken to restart BMS with emphasis on safe delivery and high-quality care. We produced this information sheet to provide patients undergoing bariatric surgical procedures with additional information on the risks of undergoing anaesthesia and surgery around the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Recommendations for metabolic and bariatric surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic from IFSO doi = 10.1007/s11695-020-04940-3 id = cord-332051-yw5zlucc author = Aghababaei, Soodabeh title = Perceived risk and protective behaviors regarding COVID-19 among Iranian pregnant women date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; risk; woman summary = RESULTS: 93.8% of pregnant women had a high level of knowledge, 97.3% had a high performance in protective behaviors, and 72.9% had a moderate level of risk perception related to COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women had a high level of knowledge, high performance in protective behaviors, and a moderate level of risk perception related to COVID-19. 97.3% of the participants had high performance in preventive behaviors, and 72.9% of pregnant women had a moderate level of risk perception related to the disease ( Table 2 ). Iranian pregnant women had a high level of knowledge, high performance in protective behaviors, and a moderate level of risk perception related to COVID-19. History of influenza in previous pregnancies, high economic level, and nulliparity were associated with higher levels of knowledge, protective behaviors, and risk perception, respectively. History of influenza in previous pregnancies, high economic level, and nulliparity were associated with higher levels of knowledge, protective behaviors, and risk perception, respectively. doi = 10.1186/s43043-020-00038-z id = cord-297132-lhfa9fl5 author = Aghagoli, Ghazal title = Neurological Involvement in COVID-19 and Potential Mechanisms: A Review date = 2020-07-13 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; patient summary = In this review, we synthesize a range of clinical observations and initial case series describing potential neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 and place these observations in the context of coronavirus neuro-pathophysiology as it may relate to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) results in a variety of symptoms including fever, cough, and fatigue [1] . The Kawasaki-like syndrome that is now described in young patients following COVID-19 infection and associated with a hyper-inflammatory state is further suggestive of a vascular inflammatory potential of SARS-CoV-2 [48, 49] . Once established in the CNS, SARS-CoV, the virus responsible for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), has been shown to be capable of inducing rapid transneuronal spread and death of infected neurons in transgenic mice models expressing human ACE2 receptors [63] . doi = 10.1007/s12028-020-01049-4 id = cord-345866-wy07gd17 author = Aghamohammadi, Mehdi title = Prophylactic anticoagulant therapy for reducing the risk of stroke and other thrombotic events in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Aghamohammadi, Mehdi; Alizargar, Javad; Hsieh, Nan-Chen; Wu, Shu-Fang Vivienne title: Prophylactic anticoagulant therapy for reducing the risk of stroke and other thrombotic events in COVID-19 patients Prophylactic anticoagulant therapy for reducing the risk of stroke and other thrombotic events in COVID-19 patients 3 on the effects of arterial and venous thromboembolic complications of COVID-19, including Venous Thromboembolism (VTE), Ischemic Stroke, Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), and MI, was performed in the affected patients in a hospital in Milan, Italy. 4 recently reported five cases of large-vessel stroke in patients which were positive for COVID-19. Based on the information provided from Iran''s Ministry of Health 5 , patients with COVID-19 are more likely to have thromboembolic events. The use of prophylaxis with Enoxaparin or Heparin in severe cases of COVID-19 or in patients with D-dimer level more than six times of normal levels has been reported to reduce mortality. doi = 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.05.005 id = cord-259327-6hessuhh author = Agius, Raymond title = Disease and death from work: RIDDOR and covid-19 date = 2020-09-14 keywords = HSE; covid-19 summary = A second technical summary by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) reports 8666 covid-19 notifications (including 125 deaths) in Great Britain where occupational exposure was suspected as the cause during the pandemic up to 8 August 2020 [1] . These notifications arise out of the statutory duty of employers (usually acting on a medical diagnosis) to notify such cases to the HSE (or local authorities) as specified in the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (2013) (RIDDOR). Out of the 8666 cases in the HSE technical summary, 6736 (78%) were workers in the industry sectors of health care, residential care and other social work activities including 102 (81%) of the deaths. The HSE guidance [3] allows doctors to highlight the significance of work-related factors when communicating a diagnosis of covid-19 such that these cases would also be reportable. doi = 10.1093/occmed/kqaa155 id = cord-353854-hbrk4tp5 author = Agosti, Edoardo title = Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on spinal pathology: single center first impression date = 2020-05-05 keywords = covid-19 summary = Hub Hospitals have been assigned to the treatment of time-dependent emergencies, in order to concentrate the management of COVID-19 patients in Spoke hospitals. As a Hub hospital, our Institution guarantees 24/7 acceptance of spinal and cranial emergencies. All scheduled surgical activities have been suspended, in order to concentrate resources in the treatment of time-dependent spinal and cranial neurosurgical and neurointerventional emergencies. Fifty days after the establishment of the new Hub and Spoke Lombard system, data relating to our centre showed an increase in the number of hospitalized and treated spinal trauma and spinal cord acute compression (Table 1) , while it was recorded a major drop in non-traumatological and degenerative spinal pathology. This explains the relative increase in the number of spinal trauma patients hospitalized and treated surgically in our center. Table 1 The number of hospitalized and surgical treated patients at our center for acute spinal cord compression and spinal trauma doi = 10.1038/s41393-020-0480-0 id = cord-322079-87iqc21s author = Agostiniani, Rino title = Providing pediatric well-care and sick visits in the COVID-19 pandemic era: the recommendations of the Italian pediatric society date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; Italy summary = title: Providing pediatric well-care and sick visits in the COVID-19 pandemic era: the recommendations of the Italian pediatric society The Italian Pediatric Society recommend to separate well visits from sick ones, to educate families and to promote hygienic strategies to provide an adequate pediatric assistance in case of a second pandemic wave. Although most pediatric cases are mild, pediatricians should maintain suspicion for SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, visit sick patients and monitor their clinical conditions for the risk of complications, in order to avoid the spread of the infection to other children, schoolmates caregivers, family members and physicians. Regarding healthcare providers, as COVID 19 is not yet over in Italy, the Italian Pediatric Society recommend to use strategies to separate well visits from sick ones. In case of sick children, the Italian Pediatric Society recommends to identify those with signs or symptoms compatible with COVID-19 and: doi = 10.1186/s13052-020-00899-0 id = cord-355271-zynnr776 author = Agrawal, Amit title = Letter to the editor– “Staying Home - Early Changes in Patterns of Neurotrauma in New York City during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Letter to the editor– "Staying Home Early Changes in Patterns of Neurotrauma in New York City during the COVID-19 Pandemic Additionally, our apparent impression is that there is decrease in the number cases who are requiring neurosurgical interventions for neurotrauma related conditions. 6, 7 Furthermore, comparative reduction in the number of surgeries may be due to overall decrease in neurotrauma cases and also due to DNR (do not resuscitate) strategies in terminally sick patients. We also observe that probably the reduction in the incidence in neurotrauma cases (needs more studies and objective to support) is due to restriction of nonessential activities, social distancing, less crowding and restricted public as well as private transportation. An epidemiological study of traumatic brain injury cases in a trauma centre of New Delhi (India) Staying Home" -Early Changes in Patterns of Neurotrauma in New York City during the COVID-19 Pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.035 id = cord-334495-7y1la856 author = Agricola, Eustachio title = Heart and Lung Multimodality Imaging in COVID-19 date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19; CXR; LUS; SARS; patient summary = From a clinical point of view, cardiac involvement during COVID-19 may present a wide spectrum of severity ranging from subclinical myocardial injury to well-defined clinical entities (myocarditis, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and heart failure), whose incidence and prognostic implications are currently largely unknown due to a significant lack of imaging data. The use of integrated heart and lung multimodality imaging plays a central role in different clinical settings and is essential in diagnosis, risk stratification and management of COVID-19 patients. In this context, the use of multiple diagnostic imaging techniques may apply to both heart and lung to provide an integrated assessment of cardiac and pulmonary function and to refine diagnosis, risk stratification and management of COVID-19 patients. patients not requiring ICU, when clinical presentation and biomarker alterations suggest acute-onset myocardial inflammation, if the diagnosis is likely to impact on management, CMR may be considered to confirm acute myocarditis, after exclusion of alternative relevant clinical conditions, including ACS and HF, by means of other rapidly available imaging modalities (i.e. cardiac CT scan or TTE). doi = 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.05.017 id = cord-028529-d1g33f1c author = Agrifoglio, Alexander title = COVID-19 and fungal co-infections: we must keep them in mind date = 2020-07-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = In recent months and following this same line of research, other articles have been published that refer to fungal co-infections developed in critically ill patients COVID-19. How the authors describe, there seems to be an association between COVID-19 and the presence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), which, of course, will require more research to support these preliminary results. With the data discussed above, we decided to perform a retrospective analysis from February 28th to June 28th of critically ill patients diagnosed with COVID-19 viral pneumonia admitted to our ICU and the association with fungal infections. Therefore, these findings logically need to be confirmed in future clinical trials and to determine the potential role of invasive candidiasis in patients with COVID-19 but according with the data that we currently have and to our series of patients, we share with the authors same recommendations and goals such as epidemiological vigilance, optimizing early diagnosis and the introduction of treatment protocols. doi = 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.101012 id = cord-307087-zsbmaieg author = Aguiar de Sousa, Diana title = The Curious Case of the Missing Strokes During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; stroke summary = In these articles, colleagues from China 3 and Spain 4 used data from stroke registries to compare the number of admissions during the pandemic surge and the corresponding period in the previous year, confirming a clear reduction in stroke admissions during this early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak. One study, based on data from a registry including 280 stroke centers throughout China, reported a 40% drop in stroke admissions during the pandemic surge. Unfortunately, although this registry includes a large network of certified stroke hospitals, the possibility that some missing patients with stroke were evaluated outside of these selected centers cannot be excluded. In addition, this theory is supported by data emerging from several countries suggesting a significant increase in mortality during the pandemic period that is unlikely to be explained by COVID-19 cases alone. doi = 10.1161/strokeaha.120.030792 id = cord-323582-7y8pt72r author = Ahamad, Martuza title = A Machine Learning Model to Identify Early Stage Symptoms of SARS-Cov-2 Infected Patients date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; age; algorithm; patient summary = We developed a model that employed supervised machine learning algorithms to identify the presentation features predicting COVID-19 disease diagnoses with high accuracy. We implemented and applied several machine learning algorithms to our collected data and found that the XGBoost algorithm performed with the highest accuracy (>85%) to predict and select features that correctly indicate COVID-19 status for all age groups. We extracted important features of basic information (age, gender), symptoms (fever, cough, muscle soreness), diagnostic results (lung infection, radiographic imaging), prior disease/symptom history (pneumonia, diarrhea, runny nose) and some trajectory information (isolation treatment status, travel history) that are directly or indirectly related to COVID-19 disease. In our study, we developed and tested a range of machine learning approaches and found the most significant clinical COVID-19 predictive features were (in descending order): lung infection, cough, pneumonia, runny nose, travel history, fever, isolation, age, muscle soreness, diarrhea, and gender. doi = 10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113661 id = cord-337599-dyxfsojh author = Ahamad, Shakir title = Primed for Global Coronavirus Pandemic: Emerging Research and Clinical Outcome date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; severe summary = Under such circumstances, drug repurposing has emerged as a realistic and effective strategy to counter the virus menace in the short run, and several antiviral and antimalarial medicines are currently in different stages of clinical trials. Researchers are also experimenting with nutrients, vitamins, monoclonal antibodies, and convalescent plasma as immunity boosters against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This report presents a critical analysis of the global clinical trial landscape for COVID-19 with an emphasis on the therapeutic agents and vaccines currently being tested at pandemic speed. 166 The Institute of Biotechnology, AMMS, China, registered a randomized, double-blind, 167 placebo-controlled Phase-II clinical trial of recombinant novel coronavirus (2019-nCOV) 168 vaccine (adenovirus vector) in healthy adults aged 18 and above on April 10, 2020, (Table1, 169 Entry 6). Clinical study for safety and efficacy of Favipiravir in the treatment of novel 924 coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) Genentech Announces FDA Approval of Clinical Trial for Actemra to Treat 1093 Hospitalized Patients with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia doi = 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112862 id = cord-266948-n7sltd1b author = Ahamed, Jasimuddin title = Severe aortic stenosis patient risk during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The patient risk assessment typically includes patient age and surgical risk; however, given the increased general risk of the procedure and that SARS-CoV-2 infection can be an additional and very dangerous comorbidity, suggesting the less invasive TAVR should be considered. 5 AS patients therefore may have increased risk for developing thromboembolic complications during the valve replacement procedure or during subsequent hospitalisation and recovery if they are infected with SARS-CoV-2. In fact, a recent study showed that a prosthetic aortic graft thrombosis patient died from COVID-19 and that anticoagulant and thrombectomy procedure were unsuccessful. 5 Therefore, direct thrombin inhibitors should be considered for AS patients who test positive for SARS-CoV-2, since both COVID-19 and AS procedure can increase the risk of thrombosis. Studies in animals have suggested that inhibitors of this system can upregulate ACE2 expression, which led some investigators to postulate that patients receiving those inhibitors may be at high risk of contracting a SARS-CoV-2 infection, which needs to be validated experimentally. doi = 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001355 id = cord-299407-wuug8jjv author = Ahlers-Schmidt, Carolyn R. title = Concerns of Women regarding Pregnancy and Childbirth during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19; change summary = OBJECTIVE: Better understand knowledge, attitudes and practices of pregnant women and mothers of infants around coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CONCLUSION: This study provides initial insight into the knowledge, attitudes and practices of pregnant and postpartum women during the COVID-19 pandemic. The 58-item survey included demographics, pandemic-related behaviors [16] , pregnancy, infant and self-care, access to healthcare, mental health, and financial stability [17] Participants reported changes in mental status related to the COVID-19 pandemic (n=94, 82.5%), including increased stress (n=72; 63.2%), increased anxious thoughts (n=57; 50.0%), changes in sleep patterns (n=54; 47.4%), reduced motivation (n=53; 46.5%), increased fearful thoughts (n=46; 40.4%), changes in appetite (n= 46; 40.4%), racing thoughts (n=41; 36.0%), difficulty in focus and concentration (n=42; 36.8%), depressed mood (n=33; 28.9%) and increased tearfulness (n=23; 20.2%). This exploratory study identified behavior changes of perinatal women specifically attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.pec.2020.09.031 id = cord-318831-hocenr09 author = Ahluwalia, Amrit S. title = Bilateral Pneumothoraces as Possible Atypical Presentation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = However, in this report, we describe a possible rare presentation of COVID-19 involving tension pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and pneumopericardium requiring emergent intervention in an otherwise healthy young adult. The first reported case was a 38-year-old man from Wuhan diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia who, while on high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), developed mediastinal emphysema, giant bulla, and pneumothorax with first appearance on HD eleven [2] . Another case involved a 38-year-old man from Wuhan admitted for COVID-19 pneumonia who developed exertional angina on HD eleven and imaging revealing spontaneous pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema [3] . Similarly, a 62-year-old man being treated for COVID-19 pneumonia had worsening dyspnea on HD twenty, and he was found to have right-sided pneumothorax in combination with pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema [4] . Individuals with as few as three days of symptoms may present with pneumomediastinum, bilateral pneumothorax, and subcutaneous emphysema related to COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101217 id = cord-269347-oc2pb00b author = Ahmad, I. title = Guillain Barr e syndrome in COVID-19:A scoping review date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; GBS; Guillain summary = The review aims to summarize the demographic features, clinical presentation, diagnostics workup, and management strategies of COVID-19 associated GBS reported in the literature. The reported neurological manifestations and complications of COVID-19 include anosmia, headaches, dizziness, delirium, stroke, epilepsy, encephalitis, encephalopathy, myalgias and Guillain-Barr é syndrome (GBS) 2 , 3, 4 At present, there are no reviews, full length research article or reports discussing a specific neurological complications in detail. The objective of this review is to summarize the important demographic features, clinical presentation, diagnostics, and management strategies of COVID-19 associated GBS reported in literature so far. 5 Although this relationship was mentioned by the famous Muslim physician Avicenna centuries ago and many other authors published their cases too, but the detailed description of the disease, including nerve conductions studies and cerebrospinal fluid analysis with albuminocytological disproportions was first documented by three French physicians Georges Guillain, Jean Alexandre Barr'', and Andr''e Strohl, who were working together at the Neurological Center of All rights reserved. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.13.20130062 id = cord-283915-yqj9gzan author = Ahmad, Naveed title = Impact of Covid19 on a tertiary care pediatric oncology and stem cell transplant unit in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date = 2020-07-12 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Impact of Covid19 on a tertiary care pediatric oncology and stem cell transplant unit in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 2 There is increasing evidence on the unintended consequences of pandemic-related lockdown restrictions such as delayed diagnosis and increased morbidity and mortality at the time of initial presentation. 3, 4 We retrospectively reviewed all of our outpatient activity and new patients admitted to the pediatric oncology and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) service from December 2019 to May 2020, the last 3-month period corresponding to coronavirus lockdown. Despite the concerns that chemotherapy-related immunosuppression is a risk factor to develop severe disease with Covid19, there is growing evidence that coronavirus-related mortality is extremely rare in pediatric cancer patients. Children with cancer in the time of COVID-19: an 8-week report from the six pediatric onco-hematology centres in Lombardi, Italy. COVID-19 pandemic and impact on hematopoietic stem cell transplantation doi = 10.1002/pbc.28560 id = cord-258624-041cf99j author = Ahmad, Sajjad title = Design of a Novel Multi Epitope-Based Vaccine for Pandemic Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) by Vaccinomics and Probable Prevention Strategy against Avenging Zoonotics date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; MEPVC; SARS; epitope; protein; vaccine summary = title: Design of a Novel Multi Epitope-Based Vaccine for Pandemic Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) by Vaccinomics and Probable Prevention Strategy against Avenging Zoonotics We identified non-structural protein 8 (Nsp8), 3C-like proteinase, and spike glycoprotein as potential targets for immune responses to COVID-19. In order to estimate the MMPBSA binding free energies for the receptors and multi-epitope peptide vaccine construct, the MMPBSA.py module [56] of AMBER16 was castoff. The B-cell epitopes predicted for the vaccine candidates were in the following order: nine for Nsp8 and 3C-like proteinase, five for Nsp9, eight for Nsp10, 34 for spike glycoprotein and surface glycoprotein, and four for ORF1ab polyprotein| partial. Molecular interactions and binding conformation of the designed MEPVC with TLR3 and TLR4 innate immune receptors were deciphered via a protein-peptide docking approach. The dynamic simulations of the human immune system in response to the designed vaccine construct were deciphered through C-immsim server [40] . doi = 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105387 id = cord-315952-gh002ldb author = Ahmadi, Khodabakhsh title = Iranian Emotional Experience and Expression During the COVID-19 Crisis date = 2020-07-07 keywords = covid-19 summary = In the COVID-19 pandemic, people''s mental health has been negatively affected due to the increase in morbidity and mortality, besides changes in living conditions and self-quarantine. Almost everyone is experiencing a type of mental health problem, such as anxiety, depression, 3 fear of death, anger, posttraumatic stress disorder, 4 and suicide. In this article, we tried to observe and report the Iranians'' emotional processing pattern since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Fear has been the most important and common emotion during the COVID-19 pandemic. There are numerous discussions and misconceptions about this disease in the cyberspace and social media, triggering maladaptive emotions, such as fear, among people. Due to the common purpose and unity of Iranian people in eradicating COVID-19, they have experienced shame adaptively; only some groups, who have lost their jobs due to the pandemic, feel worthless. Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic doi = 10.1177/1010539520937097 id = cord-318043-1x3dp1vv author = Ahmadi, Mohsen title = Investigation of effective climatology parameters on COVID-19 outbreak in Iran date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; Iran summary = In this study, the main parameters, including the number of infected people with COVID-19, population density, intra-provincial movement, and infection days to end of the study period, average temperature, average precipitation, humidity, wind speed, and average solar radiation investigated to understand how can these parameters effects on COVID-19 spreading in Iran? Organization," n.d.), population density, intra-provincial movement, infection days to end of the study period, average temperature( • C) (Yuan et al., 2006) , average precipitation (mm) (Araujo and Naimi, 2020) , humidity(%) (Wang et al., 2020) , wind speed (km/h) (Yuan et al., 2006) and average solar radiation (kWh/m 2 ) (Qu and Wickramasinghe, 2017) in the study period. In this study, the correlation of nine main variables includes the number of infected people, population density, intra-provincial movement, days of infection, average temperature, average rain, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation with infection rate analyzed. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138705 id = cord-295051-upyar7en author = Ahmadian, Elham title = Covid‐19 and kidney injury: Pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms date = 2020-10-06 keywords = ACE2; AKI; SARS; covid-19 summary = The SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced kidney damage is expected to be multifactorial; directly it can infect the kidney podocytes and proximal tubular cells and based on an angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) pathway it can lead to acute tubular necrosis, protein leakage in Bowman''s capsule, collapsing glomerulopathy and mitochondrial impairment. 6, 7 The initial impact might be the direct role of the virus on the renal parenchyma mediated by activating the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which functions as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor. 22 Altogether, these reports clarify that kidney cells are targeted by SARS-CoV-2 and new strategies are needed to treat Covid-19 to prevent organ infection and dysfunction. Human kidney is a target for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Coronavirus disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China Acute kidney injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection: direct effect of virus on kidney proximal tubule cells doi = 10.1002/rmv.2176 id = cord-264128-o3p92gx0 author = Ahmar, Ansari Saleh title = Will Covid-19 confirmed cases in the USA reach 3 million? A forecasting approach using SutteARIMA date = 2020-09-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = The aim of this study was to seen whether Covid-19 confirmed cases in the US would reach 3 million cases with the SutteARIMA method forecasting approach. The accuracy of SutteARIMA for the period 26 June 2020 – 2 July 2020 based on MAPE is 0.539% and forecasting results to obtain as many as 3 million confirmed cases, namely from from 05 – 06 June 2020: 1981299; 2005706; 2030283; 2055031. Conclusions The SutteARIMA method predicts that 2 million confirmed cases of Covid-19 will be obtained on the WHO situation report day 168-170 or 05 – 07 June 2020. According to table 2, SutteARIMA method predicts 3 million cases of COVID-19 in the USA will be obtained on 168-170 day from the WHO situation report or 05-07 July 2020. Based on the results of this study, the SutteARIMA method predicts 3 million cases will be obtained on 168-170 day from the WHO situation report or 05 -07 July 2020. doi = 10.1016/j.crbeha.2020.100002 id = cord-263968-v9sncm4l author = Ahmed, Anwar E. title = Incidence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and countries affected by malarial infections date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Incidence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and countries affected by malarial infections The author investigates whether the rapid spread of COVID-19 is related to the incidence of malaria cases in countries affected by COVID-19. As of March 22, 2020, results indicate world regions that are malaria free or recorded limited malarial infections reported a large number of COVID-19 cases ( The Poisson regression is used to assess whether the malarial incidence rate (per 1000 population at risk) is a predictor for increased cases of COVID-19. A ROC curve analysis (Fig. 3) indicated that the incidence of COVID-19 was a good classifier (AUC = 0.8115) for countries that were malaria free or recorded limited malarial infections (5 or less per 1000 population at risk). Future studies are needed to investigate whether a) the use of anti-malarial drugs, b) the environmental factors, and c) different strains of COVID-19 reduce the incidence of COVID-19 infection in countries affected by malaria. doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101693 id = cord-336499-5flknpp4 author = Ahmed, Aziza title = How the COVID-19 Response is Altering the Legal and Regulatory Landscape on Abortion date = 2020-04-29 keywords = abortion; covid-19 summary = First, in the application of the Hyde Amendment to the CARES Act, second, in the attempt by state legislators to classify abortion as an elective procedure that cannot be performed during a time of PPE and personnel shortages, and, finally, a move by state attorney generals (AGs) to seek greater access abortion via telehealth through changing the FDA rules on a necessary abortifacient. In a letter to Planned Parenthood of Ohio, for example, State Attorney General Dave Yost stated that all abortions should be delayed and if the organization did not respond accordingly the "Department of Health will take all appropriate measures." 10 The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the American Medical Association (AMA) have both issued statements criticizing state governors for preventing access to abortion. In addition to filing briefs against State attempts to ban elective abortions, AGs from 21 states also sent a letter to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Health and Human Services (HHS) to make it easier to access medication abortion during this time via telehealth. doi = 10.1093/jlb/lsaa012 id = cord-317794-kd9a0ron author = Ahmed, Hiwa Omer title = The impact of social distancing and self-isolation in the last corona COVID-19 outbreak on the body weight in Sulaimani governorate- Kurdistan/Iraq, a prospective case series study date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; gain; weight summary = title: The impact of social distancing and self-isolation in the last corona COVID-19 outbreak on the body weight in Sulaimani governorateKurdistan/Iraq, a prospective case series study OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to figure out whether social isolation during the COVID-19 quarantine is consistent and associated with emotional eating and gaining weight or not. Is social isolation during the corona COVID -19 quarantine consistent and equally associated with emotional eating and weight gain? The study did not include any patients who were quarantined for COVID-19, but it included all other patients who underwent social distancing (n=568, 82.48%) by the local law, did self-isolation (n=134, 17.51%) at home for reasons like having comorbidity or being prone to contamination due to their jobs (health, police, and media workers). The present study aimed to find the impact of social isolation during the COVID-19 quarantine on gaining weight. doi = 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.09.024 id = cord-350700-cmwy5we8 author = Ahmed, M. title = Optimizing breast cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; breast summary = These issues are best addressed through the application of currently available medical technology and enhanced training in advanced oncoplastic techniques, which extend the limits of breast conservation. However, the logistical issues of operating in a remote hub away from a surgeon''s base hospital in turn poses potential challenges-particularly to breast cancer surgery. There currently are 3 CE-marked radioisotope-independent seed localization technologies (Magseed-Endomag, Cambridge, UK; Localizer-Hologic, MA, USA; Savi Scout-Cianna Medical, Aliso Viejo, USA) and all could potentially be placed into any suspicious lesion at the time of core-biopsy and should the lesion be confirmed as requiring excision, the patient would not require a further localization procedure prior to definitive surgery. This has meant a situation has been created whereby more locally advanced cancers are potentially going to warrant more radical treatment in terms of mastectomy and less of an opportunity for breast conservation than if PST was available. doi = 10.1007/s12282-020-01160-6 id = cord-266145-xnu8pj24 author = Ahmed, Mohammed A. M. title = COVID-19 in Somalia: Adherence to Preventive Measures and Evolution of the Disease Burden date = 2020-09-06 keywords = Somalia; covid-19; survey summary = A composite adherence score was made based on the respondent''s self-reported observance of the following personal preventive measures: physical distancing, face mask use, hand hygiene, coughing hygiene, and the habit of touching one''s face (Table 1) . During the COVID-19 pandemic in Somalia, the participants reported low to moderate levels of worry/fear about their own health, with mean Likert scores on a five-point scale of 2.3 ± 1.6 and 1.9 ± 1.3 during the first and second survey, respectively (p < 0.001). This study shows an overall unsatisfactory level of adherence by Somali residents to the preventive measures put in place by the government to control COVID-19 transmission. The lower adherence scores during the second survey, compared to the first, indicates that compliance to government measures is decreasing as the COVID-19 epidemic evolves in Somalia. doi = 10.3390/pathogens9090735 id = cord-336049-n3swuykg author = Ahmed, Mubbasheer title = Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A systematic review date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; MIS; SARS summary = INTERPRETATION: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome is a new pediatric disease associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is dangerous and potentially lethal. However, in early May 2020, investigators from South Thames Retrieval Service in London, UK published a report describing eight severely ill pediatric patients presenting in hyperinflammatory shock with multiorgan involvement [6] Specifically, the children manifested with high fever, rash, conjunctivitis, peripheral edema, and gastrointestinal symptoms. We included patients with COVID-19 to reinforce to the healthcare community and public the differences in the clinical presentation, to highlight the degree of systemic inflammation in MIS-C, and to iterate the differences in treatment and outcome between the two diseases. Data collected from the studies included demographics, number of patients, signs and symptoms, laboratory markers, imaging results, medications, and outcomes. Cardiac MRI of children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19: case series doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100527 id = cord-341661-sokoghh1 author = Ahmed, Muhammad Adeel title = Fear and Practice Modifications among Dentists to Combat Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak date = 2020-04-19 keywords = COVID-19; dental; dentist summary = The current study was conducted to assess anxiety and fear of getting infected among dentists while working during the current novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) outbreak. Considering the current rapid spread of infection, the American Dental Association (ADA) highlighted key steps to be taken by dentists in addition to the standard universal precautions such as taking patients'' recent travel history; assessing signs and symptoms of RTI; recording patients'' body temperature; mouth rinsing with 1% hydrogen peroxide prior to commencement of any procedure; using a rubber dam and high volume suction during procedures; and frequently cleaning and disinfecting public contact areas including door handles, chairs and, washrooms [13] . The present cross-sectional study reported the anxiety and fear of getting infected among dentists while working during the current viral outbreak. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17082821 id = cord-253853-jocwiafy author = Ahmed, Naseer title = Knowledge, Awareness and Practice of Health care Professionals amid SARS-CoV-2, Corona Virus Disease Outbreak date = 2020-05-17 keywords = COVID-19; care; health summary = METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted by administering a well-structured questionnaire comprising of three sections including knowledge, attitude and practice amongst health care professionals in various hospitals and clinics, over a duration of two months ''Feb-March'' 2020. 11 Health care professionals (HCP) including nurses, doctors, intensivist, paramedics, dentist and other hospital staff are playing a critical role throughout the world in combating, preventing and managing patients affected by However multiple reports of infection and fatalities of HCPs have surfaced in the last few weeks, which are of grave concern. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, awareness and practice towards COVID-19 infection and disease among health care professionals (doctors, dentist, nurses, assistants, technicians and paramedics). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the trends in knowledge, awareness and practices amongst health care professionals towards COVID-19 disease control during the outbreak in 2020. doi = 10.12669/pjms.36.covid19-s4.2704 id = cord-312722-talu4geh author = Ahmed, Nausheen title = COVID-19 presenting as a viral exanthem and detected during admission prescreening in a hematopoietic cell transplant recipient date = 2020-06-13 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = title: COVID-19 presenting as a viral exanthem and detected during admission prescreening in a hematopoietic cell transplant recipient 3, 4 As a result of the high mortality in this population, the American Society of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (ASTCT) recently published guidelines on March 18, 2020, suggesting universal testing of patients before admission for cellular therapy or stem cell transplant to mitigate the risk of transmission and outbreaks in transplant wards. 5 Accordingly, at our institution a policy to screen all patients planned for HCT or cellular therapy the day prior to admission with a nasopharyngeal swab real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 infection was implemented. 8 The skin rash, such as livedo reticularis and petechial rash have been reported, but our patient''s positive SARS-CoV-2 test and biopsy suggest Covid-19 may also cause a more classic viral exanthem. doi = 10.1016/j.htct.2020.06.002 id = cord-335066-4xoo279v author = Ahmed, Oli title = Adaptation of the Bangla Version of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale date = 2020-06-27 keywords = Bangla; CAS; covid-19 summary = The CAS was translated into the Bangla language following the International Test Commission''s guidelines for this adaptation study and placed in an online survey (N = 737, with a mean age of 26.55 (SD = 7.166 years) to assess the psychometric properties of the Bangla version of the scale. This validation of a Bangla CAS scale would be helpful for mental health practitioners to assess pandemic anxiety among the Bangladeshi people. Thus, the present study aims to translate the CAS into the Bangla language so that its adaption can be used for the assessment of dysfunctional anxiety, due to the COVID-19 outbreak, for Bangladeshi people. As internal consistency reliabilities and composite reliability of the CAS Bangla version were higher than 0.80, this scale is suitable for screening COVID-19 anxiety among Bangladeshi people. Altogether, our findings support the CAS Bangla version as a valid tool that exhibits appropriate psychometric properties in assessing dysfunctional coronavirus anxiety among the people of Bangladesh. doi = 10.1007/s11469-020-00357-2 id = cord-298925-4wb7kayl author = Ahmed, Sakir title = Moving towards online rheumatology education in the era of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; education; online; rheumatology summary = Most rheumatology textbooks are now available in digital formats, and these are complemented with live updating educational hubs such as UpToDate and ClinicalKey. Emerging topics of COVID-19 on these proprietary platforms are now freely available to all specialists. Social media channels, particularly Twitter, are becoming major players in the era of COVID-19 by offering online journal clubs, enabling fast dissemination of influential articles, and facilitating interactive education. Indexed rheumatology journals, in turn, aid online education by opening access to recommendations and other materials that are rapidly changing research and practice worldwide. • Online rheumatology education is enriched by peer review and social media activities, which are becoming major players in the time of the COVID19 pandemic. The EMerging EULAR NETwork (EMEUNET) has an exemplary online programme for mentoring ongoing research fellows how to review for top journals, filling a void in rheumatology education [52] . doi = 10.1007/s10067-020-05405-9 id = cord-278145-3tfcxbfz author = Ahmed, Sibtain title = Challenges amid COVID-19 times - Review of the changing practices in a clinical chemistry laboratory from a developing country date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19; Pakistan; laboratory; staff summary = title: Challenges amid COVID-19 times Review of the changing practices in a clinical chemistry laboratory from a developing country To ensure such continuity of services, the aim of this review is to highlight the challenges faced by a Clinical https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.06.004 Received 6 May 2020; Received in revised form 1 June 2020; Accepted 1 June 2020 Chemistry laboratory in a developing country amid the COVID-19 crisis, the challenges, implementing changes and the lessons learnt. â�¢ Post pandemic world with the anticipated overwhelming financial crisis, will require major resource allocation decisions for inventory management and prioritizing needs for new developments and projects. With the current state of local spread in the country and amid the high chances of contracting COVID-19, it is inevitable that the clinical laboratories take drastic measures and succumb to acceptable alternate plans for ensuring the safety and interests of its valuable employs alongside continuousness of provision of diagnostic services for better health outcomes, in times of the pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.06.004 id = cord-300200-vcclz0bu author = Ahmed, Sibtain title = Trend analysis of lab tests requisitions of COVID-19 prognostic biomarkers at a clinical chemistry reference laboratory-an observational study date = 2020-11-06 keywords = July; March; covid-19 summary = On one end, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the delay of non-urgent health services and subsequent decline in the number of patients due to concern of contagion, is expected to lead to a significant drop in the overall routine biochemical test requisitions, while on the other, a rapid surge in the test requests for the COVID-19 prognostic biomarkers is projected. The aim of this study was to investigate the trend in COVID-19 prognostic biomarkers requisitions including C-RP, PCT, LDH and Ferritin, at a high-volume clinical chemistry laboratory in Pakistan during the peak pandemic months. A team consisting of two clinical chemistry consultants reviewed the COVID-19 prognostic biomarkers tests performance data from March to July, 2020 using the integrated laboratory information management system (ILMS). A team consisting of two clinical chemistry consultants reviewed the COVID-19 prognostic biomarkers tests performance data from March to July, 2020 using the integrated laboratory information management system (ILMS). doi = 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.10.067 id = cord-300183-z3fwtwqb author = Ahmed, Taha title = Community and healthcare system-related factors feeding the phenomenon of evading medical attention for time-dependent emergencies during COVID-19 crisis date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; STEMI; pandemic; patient summary = Moreover, a comprehensive review of literature is performed to illustrate the potential factors delaying and decreasing timely presentations and interventions for time-dependent medical emergencies like ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Moreover, a comprehensive review of literature is performed to illustrate the potential factors delaying and decreasing timely presentations and interventions for time-dependent medical emergencies like ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). There is a delay and decrease in presentations and timely interventions for medical emergencies like STEMI during the current era of COVID-19 crisis. ► Several community and healthcare-system-related factors delay and decrease the presentation and intervention for time-dependent non-communicable diseases such as STsegment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in the era of COVID-19 crisis. Delayed Presentation of Acute ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated with Heart Failure in the Period of COVID-19 Pandemic -Case Report Complication of late presenting STEMI due to avoidance of medical care during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-237817 id = cord-349973-7441gjda author = Ahmed, Y. N. title = Predictors of CPAP outcome in hospitalised COVID-19 patients date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; CPAP; SFR summary = Introduction: Throughout March April 2020, many patients with COVID-19 presented to Southend University Hospital with Acute Hypoxaemic Respiratory Failure (AHRF). Results: The 52 patients, prior to receiving CPAP had significant respiratory failure as evidenced by a low PaO2: FiO2 (PFR) (mean +/SD 123 +/60 mmHg) and mean SpO2:FiO2 (SFR) (mean +/SD: 140+/50). The main indicators of CPAP success were: higher SFR before and after CPAP, lower respiratory rate (RR) , lower Neutrophil to Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and higher PFR prior to CPAP. Adult COVID-19 patients (≥ 18 years old) admitted to Southend University Hospital (UK) between the 1st of March 2020 and the 30th of April 2020 that underwent CPAP treatment in the Acute Respiratory Care Unit (ARCU) were included in the study. (9) We conducted bivariate analysis using Independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney test based on quantitative variables distribution as well as Pearson''s Chi-square test to compare different demographic and clinical parameters between CPAP success and failure groups. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.14.20130880 id = cord-262673-j2ot35lt author = Ahmed-Hassan, Hanaa title = Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; IFN; MERS; SARS; cell; respiratory summary = Furthermore, respiratory epithelial cells and lung macrophages are capable of secreting a broad range of chemokines like IL-8, Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1), RANTES and cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β that influence the types of immune cells being recruited to the area in response to acute viral infections (177, 178) . Both Influenza and SARS virus can induce acute lung injury (ALI) which is accompanied by high levels of C5a, leading to the influx and activation of innate immune cells (199) (Figure 1) . Innate immune response of human alveolar type II cells infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus shows poor replication but significant induction of antiviral responses in human monocytederived macrophages and dendritic cells Dynamic innate immune responses of human bronchial epithelial cells to severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp1 suppresses host gene expression, including that of type I interferon, in infected cells doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979 id = cord-260921-9xgrthg7 author = Ahuja, Abhimanyu S. title = Artificial Intelligence and COVID-19: A Multidisciplinary Approach date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = There is now a growing amount of coronavirus related datasets as well as published papers that must be leveraged along with artificial intelligence (AI) to fight this pandemic by driving news approaches to drug discovery, vaccine development, and public awareness. We believe that AI can be harnessed to combat this deadly pandemic and spur innovation in four key areas: drug discovery, vaccine development, public communications, and integrative medicine. With the spread of showing no signs of slowing and its relatively high mortality rate when compared to other viral bases illnesses such as influenza, it is essential to develop vaccines and antiviral medications against SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, AI can aid in both screening currently available drugs and accelerating the process of antiviral development to help treat COVID-19. As more is learned about pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2, an AI based approach may provide great benefit in screening possible integrative medicine techniques for the risk reduction of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100434 id = cord-030730-ciatihn0 author = Ahuja, Sakshi title = Deep transfer learning-based automated detection of COVID-19 from lung CT scan slices date = 2020-08-21 keywords = covid-19; image; scan summary = In Phase 3, abnormality in chest CT-scan images of COVID-19 positive cases is localized using the feature map and activation layers of best performing pre-trained transfer learning model. The contribution of the proposed work can be summarized as i) the proposed methodology with the novel data augmentation on the limited dataset is used to classify the CT scan data into binary classes, i.e., COVID-19 and non-COVID, ii) The performance of four pre-trained transfer learning models are compared to address the issue of COVID-19 detection through CT scan with the limited dataset, iii) Further, the feature maps of the deeper layer (pooling layer) of the best performing transfer learning model are used to investigate the abnormality in COVID-19 positive patients. Deep learning-based model (composed of three components: a) backbone network, b) classification head, and c) anomaly detection head [30] X-ray 100 chest images of COVID-19 positive cases [18] and 1431 images of pneumonia [31] The sensitivity of 96.00% and specificity of 70.65% is achieved. doi = 10.1007/s10489-020-01826-w id = cord-343688-g6bevqxq author = Ahundjanov, B. B. title = Power Law in COVID-19 Cases in China date = 2020-07-27 keywords = Gibrat; covid-19 summary = We show that the upper tail of COVID-19 cases in Chinese cities is well described by a power law distribution, with exponent less than one, and that a random proportionate growth model predicated by Gibrat''s law is a plausible explanation for the emergence of the observed power law behavior. 4 The robust fit of power law to cross-sectional distribution of COVID-19 cases in Chinese cities potentially provides macro-level evidence for random proportionate growth posited by Gibrat''s law. In summary, our estimation results and diagnostic tests provide strong evidence that the COVID-19 cases in Chinese cities can be well characterized by the power law (Pareto) distribution. 1101 In light of the discussion in Section 4.1, the confirmation of Gibrat''s law for COVID-19 cases in Chinese cities provides a plausible explanation for the emergence of power law behavior shown for the data. We presented empirical evidence for a power law distribution for the upper tail of the number of COVID-19 cases in Chinese cities. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.25.20161984 id = cord-298991-5qae0ege author = Aiello, Francesco title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) and colonization of ocular tissues and secretions: a systematic review date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = SARS-CoV-2 may use ocular structure as an additional transmission route, as demonstrated by the COVID-19 patients'' conjunctival secretion and tears positivity to reverse transcriptase-PCR SARS-CoV-2-RNA assay. This systematic review will firstly attempt to analyse the current knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 colonization of ocular and periocular tissues and secretions (i.e., cornea, conjunctiva, lacrimal sac, and tears), in order elucidate if conjunctival transmission occurs, and secondarily aims to propose a potential diagnostic tool in the evaluation of suspected, infected patients. Due to the scant evidence, both original articles, editorials, letters, and reviews providing evidence (i.e., prevalence, anecdotal report) about SARS-CoV-2 colonization of ocular and periocular tissues and secretions were all included in the study. This systematic review analysed 252 SARS-CoV-2infected patients globally who underwent conjunctival swab, and demonstrates the prevalence of ocular conjunctivitis complicating the course of COVID-19 to be as high as 32% (12 patients out 38) , differently as what Lu et al. doi = 10.1038/s41433-020-0926-9 id = cord-261086-pwgsl32m author = Aigner, Clemens title = COVID-19 in a lung transplant Recipient date = 2020-04-13 keywords = covid-19 summary = In a report based on data collected in China from 1099 patients during the two first months of Covid-19 outbreaks, 5% of the patients were admitted to ICU, 2.3% underwent invasive mechanical ventilation and 1.4% died (2) . From these first very early experiences with Covid-19 in renal, heart and lung transplant recipients, disease presentation seemed to be similar as in the general population. Whether Covid-19 is more severe or probably mitigated due to the effects of the immunosuppression on virus replication in patient after solid organ transplantation is still unknown but recovery was so far possible in most reported cases, although some anecdotal unpublished reports from Italy suggest a higher morbidity in older transplant recipients. Based on this experience a higher clinical suspicion is warranted and early testing is recommended, since COVID-19 can be present even in relatively asymptomatic patients after lung transplantation. doi = 10.1016/j.healun.2020.04.004 id = cord-269593-ipxwf4pv author = Aisenberg, Gabriel M. title = A message from the trench: A day in the hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: A message from the trench: A day in the hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic The medical students are home: they are considered non-essentials, and the Dean decides that "School''s Out for summer", as Alice Cooper would say. Longing for the COVID-19 surge, the hospital teams reorganized to increase efficiency and avoid burnout. I meet with the third-year resident and the intern; a future dermatologist, who I have known since she was a student. My team has only volunteers; they want to see patients with COVID-19. At this moment of the pandemic, we have learned that asymptomatic transmission occurs and that with adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) no one in our hospital caught the virus [2, 3] . This combination makes us feel safe, as every one of our suspected COVID-19 patients is seen in full PPE, and our risk is thus low. COVID-19 transmissions through asymptomatic carriers is a challenge to containment. doi = 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2020.05.012 id = cord-285588-ug7upa3r author = Ajibade, Ayomikun title = Telemedicine in cardiovascular surgery during COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review and our experience date = 2020-08-16 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = [23] [24] [25] TM has already been adapted into primary care, with telephone consultations and home-monitoring systems already are in regular use in general practice, however, with the adjustments made to secondary and tertiary care services in the COVID-19 era, it is unclear as to whether TM can meet the needs of complex specialities such as cardiovascular surgery. 48 While some trials show that superiority of using TM over conventional management may be debatable, the majority of the research indicates that the monitoring of clinical parameters of cardiac patients during COVID-19 is likely to be useful in not only the overall management of the changing health status of patients, but also more specifically in facilitating effective remote presurgical triaging, detecting cardiac deterioration, and managing potential postsurgical complications. Combinations of regular virtual consultations and remote monitoring of clinical parameters are feasible for cardiac surgery patients and would be useful to assess and triage before surgery. doi = 10.1111/jocs.14933 id = cord-347058-kejcwlng author = Akbari, Hamed title = The role of cytokine profile and lymphocyte subsets in the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; patient; severe summary = AIMS: This study aimed to make a comparison between the clinical laboratory-related factors, complete blood count (CBC) indices, cytokines, and lymphocyte subsets in order to distinguish severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases from the non-severe ones. Our meta-analyses with random-effect models showed a significant decrease in lymphocytes, monocyte, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD3 cells, CD19 cells, and natural killer (NK) cells and an increase in the white blood cell (WBC), neutrophils, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), C-reactive protein (CRP)/hs-CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), ferritin, procalcitonin (PCT), and serum amyloid A (SAA), interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-2R, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) in the severe group compared to the non-severe group. In this new pandemic pneumonia, the levels of CRP and ESR significantly increased in severe cases compared to non-severe COVID-19 patients [31, 45] , which greatly coincides with those found in the present systematic review and meta-analysis. doi = 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118167 id = cord-311752-stqrf50k author = Akbariqomi, Mostafa title = Clinical characteristics and outcome of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes: A single-center, retrospective study in Iran date = 2020-09-24 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = title: Clinical characteristics and outcome of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes: A single-center, retrospective study in Iran Aim To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics along with outcomes of hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with and without diabetes. Hence, in this study it was aimed to evaluate and compare demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, treatment and outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without diabetes from a single medical center in Iran. The present research was a retrospective study of 595 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 which were analyzed in the cases of baseline demographic, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Iran to investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without diabetes. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality of COVID-19 patients with diabetes in Wuhan, China: a two-center, retrospective study doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108467 id = cord-353229-k3zerr83 author = Akca, Ummusen Kaya title = Kawasaki-like disease in children with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; Kawasaki; SARS summary = Herein, we report the characteristics of four patients with Kawasaki-like phenotype associated with COVID-19 from Turkey and analyze the features of similar published cases through a systematic literature review. Diagnosis of complete KD was based on the criteria of the American Heart Association (AHA): the presence of fever for at least 5 days accompanied by the presence of at least four of the following five findings: bilateral non-exudative conjunctival injection, unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy, changes in the lips and oral cavity, skin rash, and changes in extremities, including indurative angioedema and desquamation [18] . Children with persistent fever, inflammation (neutrophilia, high CRP, and lymphopenia), and single or multi-organ dysfunction have been identified in the UK as "Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in relation to SARSCoV-2 (PMIS-TS)" regardless of the SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results [73] . Pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 mimicking Kawasaki disease (Kawa-COVID-19): a multicentre cohort doi = 10.1007/s00296-020-04701-6 id = cord-286565-bmcsyfz9 author = Akdeniz, Gulsum title = A Survey of Attitudes, Anxiety Status, and Protective Behaviors of the University Students During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Turkey date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; outbreak; study summary = This study aims to assess the spread and frequency of protective behaviors, emotional and anxiety status among the Turkish population using a rapid survey during the COVID-19 outbreak. Respondents were asked about about (i) demographic and epidemiological information, (ii) protective behaviors to prevent catching the coronavirus, (iii) different emotions and thoughts caused by the COVID-19 outbreak, (iv) anxiety status during the COVID-19 outbreak, and (v) exposure to COVID-19 Outbreak on TV. So, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of anxiety and emotional status and protective behaviors among the young Turkish population and examine their associations with media exposure using a rapid assessment during the COVID-19 outbreak. So, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of anxiety and emotional status and protective behaviors among the young Turkish population and examine their associations with media exposure using a rapid assessment during the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00695 id = cord-325293-nwxtyrpl author = Akhtar, Hubba title = COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = INTRODUCTION: To review published studies related to the association of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections with pregnancy, foetal, and neonatal outcomes during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in a systematic manner. This study was done according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method identifying published literature on COVID-19 and its potential impact on pregnancy and neonates. The comprehensive literature search was carried out with PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Cochrane database, and Google Scholar, using key MeSH words, which include "COVID-19," "Pregnancy," "Coronavirus 2019," "Newborn," "Foetus," "Neonate," "vertical transmission," and "outcomes." All published articles have been reviewed, and the findings have been included in this study. [6] Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia 9 10 (2 twins) Fever (8) Intrauterine distress (6) Shortness of breath (6) Infections (4) (3) PROM (3) Fever (2) NRDS (2) Sore throat (1) (3) Dyspnoea (1) Sore throat (1) NVD (1) Diarrhoea (1) Unknown as still pregnant (4) Yu et al. doi = 10.1159/000509290 id = cord-326626-ixxk6plf author = Akhtar, Naveed title = Characteristics and Comparison of 32 COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Ischemic Strokes and historical stroke patients. date = 2020-11-02 keywords = covid-19; stroke summary = PATIENT AND METHODS: : To determine how COVID-19 infection may affect cerebrovascular disease, we evaluated the ischemic stroke sub-types, clinical course and outcomes prior to and during the pandemic in Qatar. The main objective of the present study is to compare the types of ischemic strokes in patients with or without confirmed COVID-19 infection to a busy tertiary care hospital during the pandemic. The Qatar Stroke Database prospectively collects information on all acute stroke patients For the present study, we evaluated the monthly rates of confirmed ischemic stroke admissions to the hospital for the last 4 months in 2019, prior to the onset of COVID-19 pandemic. Similar to previous case reports and case-controlled studies, from USA (10), Iran (26), Dubai (27) , France (28) and China (8), a third of our COVID-19 positive patients had severe disease, required ICU admissions, stayed longer in hospital and had fewer subjects with good outcome. doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105435 id = cord-030992-ed0h045d author = Akhtar, Saeed title = Nutritional perspectives for the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; immune; vitamin summary = Deficiencies of micronutrients, especially vitamins A, B complex, C, and D, zinc, iron, and selenium, are common among vulnerable populations in general and among COVID-19 patients in particular and could plausibly increase the risk of mortality. Vitamins A, B complex, C, D, and E and many trace elements, such as iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium, and copper, have been shown to elicit immune-boosting properties, [14] [15] [16] and thus deficiencies of these micronutrients could be detrimental to immune function in viral infections. 73, 74 Zhang and Liu 12 suggested supplementation with vitamin C to reduce the incidence of severe lower respiratory tract infections, such as pneumonia, and as a treatment option for COVID-19. In light of these findings on the role of PUFA derivatives in mediating immune function, omega-3 PUFA metabolites like protectin D1 may be useful as supportive dietary therapy for prevention and treatment of flu-like viral infections, including COVID-19. doi = 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa063 id = cord-289312-3vehcvhc author = Akintayo, Richard O title = COVID-19 and African rheumatology: progress in adversity date = 2020-09-30 keywords = Africa; COVID-19 summary = The first collaborative effort was the pan-African survey 2 of the experience of rheumatologists across all five regions of the continent, done between April 21 and May 7, 2020, which provided a far-reaching understanding of the structure of rheumatology services and the degree of service disruption as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. This process, which led to increased recognition of the diversity in the structures and resources of rheumatology services available in countries within the AFLAR network, culminated in the formation of 22 statements of recom mendations for the management of rheumatic diseases in Africa in the context of COVID-19. The widespread suggestion of a role for various diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 triggered an increase in demand that resulted in a shortage of hydroxy chloroquine in many rheumatology services. African League Against Rheumatism (AFLAR) preliminary recommendations on the management of rheumatic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30347-7 id = cord-318391-2s0rjfn8 author = Akirov, Amit title = Tackling Obesity During the COVID‐19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-14 keywords = BMI; COVID-19; obesity summary = A study to assess the effects of lockdown during COVID-19 epidemic on lifestyle in patients with type 2 diabetes in north India reported carbohydrate consumption and frequency of snacking increased in 21% and 23% of study participants, respectively, while exercise duration decreased in 42% and weight gain was documented in 23% of patients [14] . Furthermore, obesity class I (BMI>30 kg/m2) and obesity class II (BMI>35 kg/m2) have been associated with an increased risk for need of invasive mechanical ventilation in patients hospitalized for COVID-19, independent of age, sex, diabetes mellitus and hypertension [9, 13] . A study from China reported similar findings, noting the association of obesity with high mortality risk in young patients with COVID-19 [3] . Data from England reported that patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes were at increased risk for COVID-19 associated mortality, and there was a U-shaped relationship with BMI. Obesity is clearly a pivotal risk factor associated with severe disease -including greater rate of hospital admission, ICU admission, need for ventilation and excess mortality. doi = 10.1002/dmrr.3393 id = cord-291644-5y0ioety author = Akiyama, Tomohiro title = The Natural-Mineral-Based Novel Nanomaterial IFMC Increases Intravascular Nitric Oxide without Its Intake: Implications for COVID-19 and beyond date = 2020-08-29 keywords = COVID-19; IFMC; Japan; SARS; blood; increase summary = title: The Natural-Mineral-Based Novel Nanomaterial IFMC Increases Intravascular Nitric Oxide without Its Intake: Implications for COVID-19 and beyond Since the long-term continuous measurement of intravascular NO was impossible, complementary tests were conducted to determine whether IFMC could increase the surface temperature, blood flow rate, velocity and vessel diameter in the human body. The present study confirmed that the natural-mineral-based novel nanomaterial IFMC, with a size of tens of nanometres (Figure 1 ), could induce an increase of intravascular NO (Figure 3) , vasodilation (vessel diameter) and blood flow rate in a living body (Figure 4) , as well as an increase of the surface temperature of a hand including fingers ( Figure 5 ). To summarise, our inter-and trans-disciplinary approach revealed that the natural-mineral-based novel nanomaterial IFMC can induce an increase of intravascular NO, vasodilation and blood flow rate, as well as an increase of hand surface temperature in a living body. doi = 10.3390/nano10091699 id = cord-308364-4u4woek3 author = Akkineni, Sisir title = Percutaneous Tracheostomy in COVID-19 Patients: The Miami Model date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; tracheostomy summary = In this case series of three patients, we describe our technique for performing bedside percutaneous tracheostomy on patients with persistently positive SARS-CoV-2 real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We describe a procedurally-sound and safe technique for performing bedside percutaneous tracheostomy on patients with persistently positive SARS-CoV-2 real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Our modifications to reduce the aerosolization and healthcare worker transmission included the following: use of PAPRs, a tight endotracheal adaptor seal for bronchoscopy, application of a syringe to the introducer needle to maintain a closed circuit, placement of gauze around the stoma, attachment of a HEPA filter externally to the tracheostomy tube, minimal cuff deflation during retraction of the ET tube, and induced apnea during times of airway opening. Some of the modifications to decrease aerosolization in COVID-19 patients during percutaneous tracheostomy reported in literature include exchanging the ETT to a smaller 6mm internal diameter tube prior to the procedure and keeping the cuff inflated at the carina while the operator worked around the ETT during tracheal cannulation [8]. doi = 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101237 id = cord-272178-g1mfkrz2 author = Akoluk, Arda title = Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Treated with VA-ECLS and Catheter tPA date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; ECLS summary = CASE PRESENTATION: We present the first case of a patient with COVID-19 with massive pulmonary embolism treated successfully with systemic thrombolysis, VA-ECLS, and bail out catheter directed thrombolysis. CONCLUSIONS: We present the first case of a patient with COVID-19 with massive pulmonary embolism (PE) treated successfully with systemic thrombolysis, VA-ECLS and bail out catheter directed thrombolysis. 3, 4 We present the first case in the literature of a patient with COVID-19 with massive pulmonary embolism (PE) treated successfully with systemic thrombolysis, veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) and bail out catheter directed thrombolysis. Confirmatory chest CT angiogram (CTA) revealed a saddle Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Treated with VA-ECLS and Catheter tPA 2 Clinical Medicine Insights: Circulatory, Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine PE, dense bilateral interlobar arterial clot burden with diffuse segmental/subsegmental extension (Figures 1a-1b) . To our knowledge, we present the first case of a patient with COVID-19 with massive PE treated successfully with systemic thrombolysis, VA-ECLS, and bail out catheter directed thrombolysis. doi = 10.1177/1179548420957451 id = cord-337082-2xas41mj author = Akoumianakis, Ioannis title = The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system as a link between obesity and coronavirus disease 2019 severity date = 2020-06-22 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; RAAS summary = 2 Interestingly, the aetiologic agent behind COVID-19, severe acute respiratory distress coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), interacts with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) axis, suggesting therapeutic implications for this axis. ACE2 is expressed in both alveolar cells and cardiomyocytes, which may explain the severe lung and myocardial injury observed in COVID-19 patients. 97 Considering the detrimental effects of AngII on lung and myocardial biology, it has been hypothesized that ACE1 inhibitors and ARBs may actually protect against severe COVID-19 disease. 33 A retrospective study in hypertensive patients with COVID-19 showed that in-hospital use of ACE1 inhibitors and ARBs was, in fact, associated with reduced mortality. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) axis as a link between obesity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. The link between adipose tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system signaling and obesity-associated hypertension A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as a link between obesity and coronavirus disease 2019 severity doi = 10.1111/obr.13077 id = cord-317728-0hcsblrf author = Aksan, Feyzullah title = A COVID-19 patient with intense burning pain date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; pain summary = Admission labs, including biomarkers of the systemic immunological dysfunction seen in many cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), were within normal ranges. While it is rare, a significant number of COVID-19 patients are afflicted by neuropathic pain, and our case illustrates that gabapentin may be effective. The qualities of this patient''s pain suggested a neuropathic etiology, so gabapentin was selected as a treatment. 2017) , and in addition to the qualities of the patient''s pain, the efficacy of gabapentin further suggested a neuropathic etiology. While neuropathic pain may be rarer than anosmia as a neurologic manifestation of COVID-19, it was found in 2.3% (p = 0.07) of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in one observational case series (Mao et al. While it is rare, a significant number of COVID-19 patients are afflicted by neuropathic pain, and our case illustrates that gabapentin may be effective in relieving it. doi = 10.1007/s13365-020-00887-4 id = cord-347488-th07jo7u author = Akseer, Nadia title = COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation strategies: implications for maternal and child health and nutrition date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; child; health summary = Although there has been focus on rising rates of childhood wasting in the short term, maternal and child undernutrition rates are also likely to increase as a consequence of COVID-19 and its impacts on poverty, coverage of essential interventions, and access to appropriate nutritious foods. Key sectors at particular risk of collapse or reduced efficiency in the wake of COVID-19 include food systems, incomes, and social protection, health care services for women and children, and services and access to clean water and sanitation. A recent modelling exercise of various estimates of the potential impact of COVID-19-related economic deterioration, food insecurity, and interruption of programs of community-based detection and management of malnutrition suggests that the prevalence of wasting could increase by 10-50% with an excess of ∼40,000-2,000,000 child deaths (4) . In today''s COVID-19 environment, such systems in Peru, Kyrgyz Republic, and many other countries can be leveraged to build on and enhance social and economic protection for vulnerable families, and consequently prevent ill health and chronic undernutrition in children. doi = 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa171 id = cord-352187-h9if17ba author = Aksoy, Yasemin Erkal title = Psychological effects of nurses and midwives due to COVID-19 outbreak: The case of Turkey date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; Uncertainty summary = PURPOSE: The study was carried out to determine the psychological impact levels of nurses and midwives due to the COVID-19 outbreak. The aim of this study is to determine the psychological impact levels of nurses and midwives due to the COVID-19 outbreak. It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the State Anxiety Inventory scores of the nurses and midwives participating in our study with the state of chronic disease, the most intense emotion felt due to COVID-19, experiencing remorse due to their occupation, and difficulties in social, profession, family and private life due to COVID-19. It was determined that there was a difference between the inhibitory anxiety subscale score of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale with having remorse due to their profession and having difficulties in profession, family and private life due to COVID-19 (Table 4) . doi = 10.1016/j.apnu.2020.07.011 id = cord-304108-kn9v8qmz author = Aksu, Kurtuluş title = Factors determining COVID‐19 pneumonia severity in a country with routine BCG vaccination date = 2020-08-19 keywords = BCG; covid-19 summary = While the rate of cases vaccinated with BCG is lower (68.5% vs 88.2%; p=.026), the mean age (54.0 ± 11.5 years vs 38.3 ±10.7 years; p <.001), diabetes (32.6% vs 5.9%; p=.002) and low income (84.3% vs 52.9% p<.001) are higher in patients with severe disease compared to those with mild disease. Comparison of characteristics of BCG-vaccinated andunvaccinated COVID-19 pneumonia patients revealed that, mean age and low income rate were significantly higher in BCG-unvaccinated subjects compared to BCG-vaccinated subjects. Mean age, rate of diabetes, low-income and BCGvaccination status were the parameters differed significantly between mild and severe COVID-19 pneumonia patients ( Table 3 ). 12, 13 The study population consisted of BCG-vaccinated and -unvaccinated COVID-19 pneumonia cases in order to compare the severity of the disease in the two groups. Accordingly, logistic analysis revealed that increasing age and low income level were predictive of severe disease, whereas BCG vaccination status is not related to the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1111/cei.13507 id = cord-260033-9cv4eqp8 author = Al Barbarawi, Mohammed M. title = The impact of COVID-19 on the neurosurgery practice in the North of Jordan date = 2020-06-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = Emergency cases must call the civil defense in order to reach our center by dialing 911, this is the only way to access our hospital during the lockdown, because the civil defense are the main responsible for the ambulance team in our country, an estimation for the patient situation is done by civil defense paramedics during ambulation then a reevaluation is done in ER by our on-call team. our hospital criteria for screening is any person had a contact with a COVID-19 patient or with a person who came from other country after lockdown or fever more than 37.7 o or cough. The Neurosurgery department at King Abdullah University Hospital committed to maintain our patient''s health and safety during the COVID-19 pandemic. We hope that COVID-19 outbreak will stop soon in our country Jordan and the whole world, in order to reach our patients again. doi = 10.1016/j.inat.2020.100793 id = cord-302195-25gjbyi1 author = Al Huraimel, Khalid title = SARS-CoV-2 in the environment: Modes of transmission, early detection and potential role of pollutions date = 2020-07-15 keywords = RNA; SARS; covid-19 summary = This article aims to examine the latest investigations on SARS-CoV-2 plausible environmental transmission modes, employment of wastewater surveillance for early detection of COVID-19, and elucidating the role of solid waste, water, and atmospheric quality on viral infectivity. There is no conclusive evidence for aerosol or faecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 despite several researchers considering them as plausible routes that may explain the high infectivity and global spread of COVID-19 (Chen et al., 2020; van Doremalen et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020a) . From the literature studied, concerns of COVID-19 infection through environmental contact pertain mainly to areas that lack proper sanitation and wastewater treatment, lack adequate solid waste management infrastructure, in areas where raw sewage is discharged directly into natural water bodies, and in cities where air pollution is problematic.  Robust evidence is needed to assess impact of air pollution, solid waste management, and sewage contamination of water bodies on COVID-19 spread and infectivity. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140946 id = cord-334179-cjgsr7xr author = Al Kasab, Sami title = International experience of mechanical thrombectomy during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from STAR and ENRG date = 2020-08-25 keywords = covid-19 summary = 18 Collected data included baseline demographics, admission National Institute Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), whether or not patients received intravenous alteplase (tPA), time from last known normal (LKN) to hospital arrival, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (ASPECTS) for patients with anterior circulation strokes, location of occlusion, door to groin puncture time, thrombectomy procedure duration, number of attempts, complication rate, and rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. Finally, to assess the relationship between intubation prior to MT and favorable discharge outcome (mRS 0-2), we estimated a generalized linear model with logit link to control for confounders including age, door to reperfusion time, tPA status, admission NIHSS, and location of LVO. On multivariate analysis, intubation status was associated with higher probability of in-hospital mortality (RR 1.871, 95% CI 1.066 to 3.284, P=0.029) and lower probability of functional 7 Ischemic stroke in the setting of COVID-19 might occur concurrently either from common stroke risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and atrial fibrillation, as a hypercoaguability-related complication due to COVID-19, a proinflammatory state, or due to decompensation in patients with underlying cerebrovascular disease such as extracranial or intra-cranial stenosis. doi = 10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-016671 id = cord-354168-omen8vvq author = Al Saleh, Abdullah S. title = Multiple Myeloma in the Time of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-17 keywords = ASCT; COVID-19; patient summary = We provide our recommendations (not evidence based) for managing multiple myeloma patients during the pandemic of COVID-19. For high-risk patients we recommend carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (KRd) (preferred) or RVd. Decreasing the dose of dexamethasone to 20 mg and giving bortezomib subcutaneously once a week is recommended. We recommend delaying autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT), unless the patient has high-risk disease that is not responding well, or if the patient has plasma cell leukemia (PCL). If the patient cannot safely receive sulfa, we would recommend using prophylaxis other than pentamidine, as its administration requires a clinic visit and the fact that it is an aerosolized therapy could be a concern with the current COVID-19 pandemic. For standard-risk patients who are responding well to therapy, we would recommend delaying ASCT until the current situation with COVID-19 improves. Low frequency of CD3+CD4+CD161+ T cells correlates with the occurrence of infections in refractory/relapsed multiple myeloma patients receiving lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone treatment doi = 10.1159/000507690 id = cord-317399-693q80xo author = Al Wahaibi, Adil title = COVID-19 epidemic monitoring after non-pharmaceutical interventions: the use of time-varying reproduction number in a country with a large migrant population date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = title: COVID-19 epidemic monitoring after non-pharmaceutical interventions: the use of time-varying reproduction number in a country with a large migrant population In this study, we will analyse the dynamics of COVID-19 infection transmissibility in Oman in the different populations (Omani and non-Omani) and the effects of the introduction of the nonpharmaceutical measures on disease transmissibility. With the increasing numbers of COVID-19 cases in Oman, our study showed the feasibility of using the time-varying Rt to assess and explain transmissibility dynamics and epidemic progression. However, the use of timevarying Rt in assessing the transmissibility dynamics and epidemic progression was a crucial tool to know how the mitigation measures influenced Rt. Nevertheless, a study from China demonstrated that changes in reporting rates substantially affect estimates of Rt. 23 Thus, the initial Rt is influenced by testing frequency, contact tracing, and reporting of mild cases outside hospital. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.039 id = cord-331481-zeaqi1uc author = Al-Ani, Fatimah title = Thrombosis risk associated with COVID-19 infection. A scoping review date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = DISCUSSION: A number of pressing issues were identified by this review, including defining the true incidence of VTE in COVID patients, developing algorithms to identify those susceptible to develop thrombotic complications and severe disease, determining the role of biomarkers and/or scoring systems to stratify patients'' risk, designing adequate and feasible diagnostic protocols for PE, establishing the optimal thromboprophylaxis strategy, and developing uniform diagnostic and reporting criteria. Given the rapid emergence of new evidence we sought to conduct a scoping review of coagulopathy and thrombosis risk associated with COVID-19 infection with the aim of providing an overview of the current knowledge on this topic and potentially inform new areas of research. Limitations of evidence include: 1) all studies were limited to a single ethnic population, and extrapolation of this data to other populations might not be accurate, and 2) except for the study by Tang With regards to association with mortality, Zhou and colleagues reported a significantly higher prothrombin time (>16 seconds) in non-survivors (n=54) compared to survivors (n=137) (13% vs. doi = 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.05.039 id = cord-345108-gtp36snr author = Al-Ani, Raid M. title = Prevalence of Anosmia and Ageusia in Patients with COVID-19 at a Primary Health Center, Doha, Qatar date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; STA; study summary = The male sex, history of recent travel, smoking, and severe course of the disease were positive, highly significant association with anosmia or ageusia. Data regarding the age, gender, history of recent travel, presenting symptoms (fever, myalgia, cough, dyspnea, fatigability, sore throat, anosmia, ageusia, diarrhea, etc.), past nasal and paranasal diseases (NPND), history of smoking, and the severity of the disease were taken from every patient who tested positive. There was a positively statistically significant difference between the 2 groups of patients (with and without anosmia) regarding the following factors the male sex, history of recent travel, smokers, and severe course of the disease. There was a positively statistically significant difference between the 2 groups of patients (with and without ageusia) regarding the following factors the male sex, history of recent travel, smokers, past history of NPND, and severe course of the disease. doi = 10.1007/s12070-020-02064-9 id = cord-272497-ww9o1kjr author = Al-Anzi, Bader S. title = An Overview of the World Current and Future Assessment of Novel COVID-19 Trajectory, Impact, and Potential Preventive Strategies at Healthcare Settings date = 2020-09-25 keywords = Group; USA; covid-19 summary = The current study aims to assess the trajectory of the recent pandemic due to the COVID-19 outbreak utilizing a new splitting methodology of the selected countries into two groups and developing regression-based and SIR-based statistical models and tools that depict the actual recorded data of COVID-19. Figure 1 was generated to show the recorded daily total infected cases of the world over a certain timeframe (22 January 2020 until present), which shows that the COVID-19 disease started to increase slowly until about 11 March and then accelerated at a faster speed afterwards. Figure 1 was generated to show the recorded daily total infected cases of the world over a certain timeframe (22 January 2020 until present), which shows that the COVID-19 disease started to increase slowly until about 11 March and then accelerated at a faster speed afterwards. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17197016 id = cord-270987-7vm6heh1 author = Al-Awadhi, Abdullah M. title = Death and contagious infectious diseases: Impact of the COVID-19 virus on stock market returns date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19; daily summary = As a natural experiment, we use panel data regression analysis to measure the effect of the COVID-19 virus, which is a contagious infectious disease, on the Chinese stock market. The findings indicate that both the daily growth in total confirmed cases and in total cases of death caused by COVID-19 have significant negative effects on stock returns across all companies. The principal novelty of the present study is the examination of the effect of contagious infectious diseases, specifically the COVID-19 virus, on stock market returns. Table 5 reports the results of the panel data tests during the COVID-19 outbreak including B-share dummy variable that is equal to one if stock ( ) is a B-share, and zero otherwise. Specifically, stock returns are significantly negatively related to both the daily growth in total confirmed cases and the daily growth in total cases of death caused by COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jbef.2020.100326 id = cord-352332-c6phkk8r author = Al-Benna, Sammy title = Sword of Damocles: application of the ethical principles of resource allocation to essential cancer surgery patients requiring beds in limited supply during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Sword of Damocles: application of the ethical principles of resource allocation to essential cancer surgery patients requiring beds in limited supply during the COVID-19 pandemic Therefore, there is a demand for cancer surgery which may require beds, ventilators and health care professionals, including surgeons, anaesthetists and nurses. Ethical cancer surgery during COVID-19 pandemic letter to the editor What is the role of patient autonomy in public health emergencies? Essential cancer surgery has been restricted to a minimum reasonable allotment in accordance with national and international guidelines and regulations during the COVID-19 pandemic, rather than to higher volumes. If essential cancer surgery is not provided to patients, the cancer death rate will climb even higher. Availability of COVID-19 information from national and international aesthetic surgery society websites Availability of COVID-19 information from national plastic surgery society websites doi = 10.1007/s10353-020-00655-y id = cord-302384-gljfslhs author = Al-Hanawi, Mohammed K. title = Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study date = 2020-05-27 keywords = Arabia; COVID-19; Saudi; knowledge summary = title: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the Saudi public, toward COVID-19, during the pandemic. To assess the differences in mean scores, and identify factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19, the data were run through univariate and multivariable regression analyses, respectively. Thus, this study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of KSA residents, toward COVID-19 during the pandemic spike. To the researchers'' knowledge, this is the first study to investigate COVID-19 KAP, and associated sociodemographic characteristics among the general population of the KSA. Respondents adopted good and safe practices, as a result of Saudi Arabia''s health authorities providing education and outreach materials, to increase public understating of the disease, and influence behavioral change. Attitude and Practice (KAP) Study about Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among Population in Saudi Arabia doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00217 id = cord-283215-dgysimh5 author = Al-Jabir, Ahmed title = Impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on surgical practice - Part 2 (surgical prioritisation) date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; College; Coronavirus; case; management; patient; surgery summary = Prioritisation of surgical services during this pandemic must be a careful balance of patient needs and resource availability and the European Association of Urology Guidelines Office offer the following suggestions for factors that must be taken into account [3] Whilst there have been no publication of guidelines by any professional association for the management of stone surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been some guidance published by Proietti et al [48] suggesting telephone triage of patients followed by prioritisation based on stone size and location, the presence of any obstructive uropathy, patient symptoms, presence of any stents or nephrostomy tubes and any other complicating factors such as renal failure or a solitary kidney. With guidelines specific to each specialty being implemented and followed, surgeons should be able to continue to provide safe and effective care to their patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.002 id = cord-291413-cgec7150 author = Al-Jehani, Hosam title = MENA-SINO Consensus Statement on Implementing Care Pathways for Acute Neurovascular Emergencies During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-25 keywords = covid-19; patient; stroke summary = There are several challenges facing endovascular therapy for stroke, including shortages of medical staff who may be deployed for COVID-19 coverage or who may have contracted the infection and are thus quarantined, patients avoiding early medical care, a lack of personal protective equipment, delays in door-to-puncture time, anesthesia challenges, and a lack of high-intensity intensive care unit and stroke ward beds. As a leading regional neurovascular organization, the Middle East North Africa Stroke and Interventional Neurotherapies Organization (MENA-SINO) has established a task force composed of medical staff and physicians from different disciplines to establish guiding recommendations for the implementation of acute care pathways for various neurovascular emergencies during the current COVID-19 pandemic. As a leading regional neurovascular organization, the Middle East North Africa Stroke and Interventional Neurotherapies Organization (MENA-SINO) has established a task force composed of medical staff and physicians from different disciplines to establish guiding recommendations for the implementation of acute care pathways for various neurovascular emergencies during the current COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.00928 id = cord-275191-lgze4zex author = Al-Sadeq, Duaa W. title = The incidence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 among asymptomatic patients: a systematic review date = 2020-07-02 keywords = SARS; asymptomatic; covid-19 summary = AIM: this study aims to systematically review the published literature on SARS-CoV-2 in the asymptomatic patients to estimate the incidence of COVID-19 among asymptomatic cases, as well as describe its epidemiological and clinical significance. The following inclusion criteria were used in study selection: (i) published in a peerreviewed journal, letters, case reports, and commentaries (ii) articles studying the COVID-19 infection in asymptomatic patients, and (iii) articles published in English or at least with an abstract in English. No exclusion criteria were followed unless the studies did not report the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic patients, published in a non-English language, or do not have full-text access. However, there was a lack of SARS-CoV-2 epidemiological studies from several countries worldwide, tracing the actual incidence of COVID-19, especially in asymptomatic patients. However, there was a lack of SARS-CoV-2 epidemiological studies from several countries worldwide, tracing the actual incidence of COVID-19, especially in asymptomatic patients. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.098 id = cord-294349-ps3qlho2 author = Al-Sharif, Eman title = Ocular tropism of coronavirus (CoVs): a comparison of the interaction between the animal-to-human transmitted coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, CoV-229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1) and the eye date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; ocular; patient summary = PURPOSE: Several studies have reported conflicting results on ocular manifestations and transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) whose causative virus, SARS-CoV-2, belongs to the coronavirus family, the seventh recognized as a human pathogen and the third causing a severe clinical syndrome. Coronavirus disease 2019, known as COVID-19, is an emerging infection which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was first reported in Wuhan city, China, late in December 2019 [4] . Clinical ocular manifestations were absent in all SARS-CoV-1 patients, and viral RNA was detected in the conjunctival secretions and tears in three cases out of 120 (2.5%) with a range of 0-8% [6] [7] [8] [9] . Similarly, a small study testing the conjunctival secretions and tears (collected twice over 2-3 days) of 30 confirmed COVID-19 patients demonstrated the presence of viral RNA (in both samples) in one patient only who also showed clinical signs of conjunctivitis [12] . doi = 10.1007/s10792-020-01575-2 id = cord-281638-qw5szvop author = Al-Tammemi, A. B. title = Is it Just About Physical Health? An Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study Exploring the Psychological Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on University Students in Jordan Using Kessler Psychological Distress Scale date = 2020-05-18 keywords = covid-19; international summary = An Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study Exploring the Psychological Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on University Students in Jordan Using Kessler Psychological Distress Scale Objectives This study aimed to assess the level of psychological distress among university students in Jordan during the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated national measures. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online self-administered questionnaire, The survey comprised of questions about (i) sociodemographic information, (ii) the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), (iii) coping activities , and (iv) the students most serious concern during the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to that, this study aimed to assess the level of psychological distress among university students in Jordan during the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated strict national preventive measures, especially the distance learning strategy. Like many countries, the fear of the pandemic itself, along with the national response strategy in Jordan, which included a total country lockdown, nationwide curfew, and other strict measures, all could impact the population''s mental health especially vulnerable groups (1). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.14.20102343 id = cord-301052-qdhkwa4s author = Al-Tammemi, Ala''a B. title = The Battle Against COVID-19 in Jordan: An Early Overview of the Jordanian Experience date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; Jordan; jordanian summary = Since the initial spark of the COVID-19 outbreak in December 2019, which was later declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be a global pandemic, all affected countries are implementing various preventive and control measures to mitigate the spread of the disease. Jordan is considered a touristic country and a main connection point for many flights and trips within the region, and this, along with the noticeable increase in number of COVID-19 cases globally, has meant that the government has started to implement (periodically revised) strict rules and measures relating to travel, education, religious and social events, as well as working within various industries (17) . Different societal responsibilities, including social distancing, frequent hand washing and sanitization, as well as complying with the recommendations from health authorities, will all result in a more effective national response to limit the spread of the disease, especially upon the release of the current lockdown and curfew in Jordan. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00188 id = cord-354160-sca9bgeq author = Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title = Changes in Healthcare managing COVID and non-COVID-19 patients during the pandemic: Striking the balance date = 2020-08-13 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Abstract Following the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, Healthcare organizations began concentrating on the preparation for and management of the surge of COVID-19 cases, while trying to protect the healthcare workers and other patients from getting COVID-19. However, how those asymptomatic COVID-19 positive patients in nursing homes or other long-term care facilities be managed is not clear. However, it is not clear how to protect patients and healthcare workers from those so called "non-COVID-19" who might be asymptomatically infected with SARS-CoV-2. There are multiple factors contributing to the apparent reduced utilization of healthcare services by to non-COVID-19 patients. There are multiple factors contributing to the apparent reduced utilization of healthcare services by to non-COVID-19 patients. It is becoming evident, however, that we need to develop new solutions on how healthcare organizations should provide care of non-COVID-19 patients, especially those with chronic diseases. doi = 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115147 id = cord-034466-e6kg0yx9 author = Al-Zaidi, Haider Majid Haider title = Incidence and recovery of smell and taste dysfunction in COVID-19 positive patients date = 2020-10-31 keywords = COVID-19; dysfunction summary = title: Incidence and recovery of smell and taste dysfunction in COVID-19 positive patients BACKGROUND: This study aims to find the chemosensitive dysfunction incidence in COVID-19-positive patients and its recovery. Many other recent studies found that smell and taste dysfunctions are seen frequently in COVID-19 patients [4] . All these 12/65 (18.46%) patients confirmed that they had no symptoms other than loss of sense of smell before they were tested for COVID-19, and 10/65 (15.38%) patients had taste loss in addition (Fig. 1) . In this study, chemosensitive dysfunction appeared in high percentage of the COVID-19 patients, 89.23% of patients had smell dysfunction and 83.08% had taste dysfunction [2, 6] . Sudden isolated chemosensitive dysfunction appeared in 18.46% and 15.38% for anosmia and taste loss, respectively. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study doi = 10.1186/s43163-020-00050-0 id = cord-294963-h68fy5sy author = Al-Zaman, M. S. title = Bibliometric analysis of COVID-19 literature date = 2020-07-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A total of 159 countries produce COVID-19-related researches, and the USA (25.433%) is in the leading position. Apart from such uninvited issues, understanding the ongoing COVID-19-related research trend is essential, and a systematic bibliometric analysis of the relevant published literature may able to provide some insights in this respect. (2020) in their study searched the PubMed database with the keyword "COVID-19" and extracted the data of 183 publications published from 14 January to 29 February 2020. Unlike the top 10 authors and sources, the top 10 countries produce the bulk share of the publications, i.e., n=14633 papers and 89.312% of the total outputs (Table 06 ). This bibliometric study analyzed N=16384 publications'' data related to COVID-19 that were extracted from the Web of Science database. Fifth, the present study finds BMJ as the leading source of COVID-19-related researches, followed by the Journal of Medical Virology that supports the finding of Kambhampati et al. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.15.20154989 id = cord-286543-mtjk59rp author = Al-Zaman, Md. Sayeed title = Healthcare Crisis in Bangladesh during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-20 keywords = Bangladesh; COVID-19 summary = This article also identifies three responsible issues for the country''s deteriorating health care: 1) poor governance and increased corruption, 2) inadequate healthcare facilities, and 3) weak public health communication. As one of the world''s most densely populated countries (1,115 people/km 2 ) with 21.8% of people living below the poverty line, 2 Bangladesh has a healthcare system that lacks reliability, responsiveness, and empathy, and that has already been proved inadequate to deliver proper health care to the public on many occasions. 3, 5 Amid such a situation, the COVID-19 pandemic reveals many loopholes in the healthcare system that can be summarized under three themes: 1) poor governance and increased corruption, 2) inadequate healthcare facilities, and 3) weak public health communication. 6 In such a situation, many private medicals around the country were either unwilling or abstained from treating COVID-19 patients, and thus healthcare denial intensified. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0826 id = cord-296072-w8nwj3u6 author = Al-karawi, D. title = Machine Learning Analysis of Chest CT Scan Images as a Complementary Digital Test of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Patients date = 2020-04-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Machine Learning Analysis of Chest CT Scan Images as a Complementary Digital Test of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Patients This paper reports on the development and performance of machine learning schemes for the analysis of Chest CT Scan images of Coronavirus COVID-19 patients and demonstrates significant success in efficiently and automatically testing for COVID-19 infection. In this paper, a new approch based on texture analysis has been develped to distinguish between positive from negative cases using a dataset of COVID-19 Chest CT scan images. These observations were our strong motivation to investigate and design machine learning based schemes using extracted image texture features and test their performances on a sufficiently large dataset of CT scans in terms of distinguishing positive Covid-19 cases from negative ones. We have provided evidences in support of using automatic machine learning for texture analysis of Chest CT scans of suspected COVID-19 patients to complement existing RT-PCR lab testing. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.13.20063479 id = cord-256132-ufs9kw3o author = AlAteeq, Deemah A. title = Perceived stress among students in virtual classrooms during the COVID-19 outbreak in KSA date = 2020-08-01 keywords = KSA; covid-19; stress summary = As disease outbreaks can adversely affect mental health, in this study, we explored the perceived stress levels among students during the COVID-19 outbreak that led to the adjournment of face-to-face teaching in KSA. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 367 students from KSA, which assessed their socio-demographic characteristics, Perceived Stress Scale, emotions, and concerns during the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, this study aimed to Q14 explore the perceived stress level among students due to the coronavirus disease outbreak and the resulting suspension of in-person teaching in KSA. This study showed high to moderate levels of stress among students in KSA during the COVID-19 outbreak. Please cite this article as: AlAteeq DA et al., Perceived stress among students in virtual classrooms during the COVID-19 outbreak in KSA, Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.07.004 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 doi = 10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.07.004 id = cord-291443-ff80mr2a author = AlMutlak, Mohammed title = Future of Corneal Donation and Transplantation: Insights From COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; United summary = Early on, in the pandemic, with little data available about this new disease and its effect on ocular tissue, eye bank associations around the world rapidly put into place new screening recommendations to reduce the yet unknown risk of donor-recipient transmission during corneal transplantation. 4 In the United States, the Eye Bank Association of America (EBAA) released its first screening recommendations on February 3, 2020. As COVID-19 restrictions were gradually lifted throughout the United States in May and June, elective surgeries including corneal transplantation procedures resumed and, according to the same EBAA survey, were at approximately 71% of their usual volume by the beginning of June (42 eye banks reporting) and 81% by the beginning of July (37 eye banks reporting). Donor testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), if performed, will further add cost and time to the distribution of corneal tissue while potentially providing a false sense of security because testing has not been validated for cadaveric samples and have varying rates of false-negative results. doi = 10.1097/ico.0000000000002538 id = cord-309582-ihrj84hr author = AlNaamani, Khalid title = Medical research during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; trial summary = Despite the dedication of enormous resources, the advancement in health care systems and collaboration between different investigators across the world, only a small number of patients over the last decade have in fact benefited from clinical research performed during different outbreaks of respiratory viruses such as was the case for the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the HIN1 flu virus (swine flu) or the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. An example of unpublished results that need to be widely acknowledged because of a negative outcome leading to early termination is that of a Brazilian study (CloroCovid19 ) which was a parallel, double-blind, randomized, phase IIb clinical trial, which started on March 23, 2020, aiming to assess safety and efficacy of Chloroquine diphosphate (CQ) in the treatment of hospitalized patients with severe respiratory syndrome secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i15.3156 id = cord-320267-n21jryi2 author = AlShoaibi, Naeem A. title = Saudi Heart Rhythm Society Task Force on Management of Potential Arrhythmogenicity Associated with Pharmacotherapy for COVID-19 date = 2020-09-20 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = For this reason, we decided to establish national guidelines on early recognition and management of the potential arrhythmogenic risks of some pharmacological therapy used in treatment of Evidence of cardiovascular complications associated with the COVID-19 global pandemic continues to evolve. As the current pandemic continues and these drugs are prescribed "off-label" as treatment or as prophylaxis, correct QTc (heart rate-corrected QT interval) interpretation becomes a fundamental clinical skill for all physi-cians involved in the care of these patients. The management of drug-induced long QT syndrome focuses on the identification of patients at risk of developing long QT, the monitoring QT duration during treatment, the early recognition of QT prolongation, and the correction of reversible causes and treatment of life-threatening arrhythmia, namely TdP. Risk of QT Interval Prolongation Associated With Use of Hydroxychloroquine With or Without Concomitant Azithromycin Among Hospitalized Patients Testing Positive for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) QT Interval Prolongation and Torsade De Pointes in Patients with COVID-19 treated with Hydroxychloroquine/Azithromycin doi = 10.5144/0256-4947.2020.365 id = cord-313976-q5j5kr1v author = Alaarag, Ahmed title = Clinical and angiographic characteristics of patients with STEMI and confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19: an experience of Tanta University Hospital date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; STEMI; patient summary = So we aimed to evaluate the angiographic and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients presented by ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). RESULTS: Our retrospective study showed that STEMI patients with COVID-19 had elevated inflammatory markers with mean of their CRP (89.69 ± 30.42 mg/dl) and increased laboratory parameters of thrombosis with mean D-dimer (660.15 ± 360.11 ng/ml). In 69.2% of patients, STEMI was the first clinical presentation and symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 developed during the hospital stay; about one third of patients had a non-obstructive CAD, while patients with total occlusion had a high thrombus burden. In the current study, we aim to evaluate the angiographic and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients presented by ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). A non-obstructive CAD was found in about one third of patients; on the other hand, patients who had a total occlusion FMC first medical contact, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, TIMI thrombolysis in myocardial infarction, N/A not applicable of their culprit artery, the thrombus burden was high. doi = 10.1186/s43044-020-00103-y id = cord-272195-c4xypzdx author = Alahmad, Barrak title = COVID-19 stressors on migrant workers in Kuwait: cumulative risk considerations date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; Kuwait; worker summary = Local authorities and employers must act quickly to stop the spread, ensure easy access to testing and treatment, provide adequate housing and clear communication, encourage wide social support, safeguard financial protection and mental well-being and continuously re-evaluate the situation as more data are collected. 1 In many countries, migrant workers are recognised as one of the most vulnerable subpopulations, as they: (1) often are excluded from protections provided by public policies; (2) frequently take precarious jobs with less pay and longer hours; (3) often work in unsafe working conditions with little occupational safety and health (OSH) training; and (4) grapple with major cultural and language barriers. 5 6 This work investigates the multiple stressors associated with the COVID-19 pandemic on migrant workers by applying a holistic CRA framework, using Kuwait as an example. Migrant workers who are in non-essential businesses that remain closed could Figure 1 A cumulative risk assessment framework for occupational health and safety with four overlapping domains described by Fox et al. doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002995 id = cord-295391-e5it7nxl author = Alahmadi, Adel Salah title = Residents'' Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Saudi Ophthalmology Training Programs-A Survey date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; pandemic; resident summary = title: Residents'' Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Saudi Ophthalmology Training Programs-A Survey PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of the current pandemic on ophthalmology residency training in Saudi Arabia, focusing on its effects on clinical education, training, and the mental well-being of the trainees. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted residents'' clinical and surgical training in the Saudi ophthalmology training programs. 6, 7 In addition to disruption in clinical and surgical teaching, didactic teaching programs such as grand rounds and lectures were administered through virtual platforms such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Cisco WebEx. We believed that ophthalmology residents had experienced remarkable limitations in their clinical training and surgical exposure due to these dramatic changes. The current cross-sectional study aimed to explore COVID-19 related experiences and perceptions of ophthalmology residents in various Saudi programs. We believe that COVID-19 had significantly impacted trainees'' mental health currently enrolled in the Saudi ophthalmology residency programs. doi = 10.2147/opth.s283073 id = cord-265119-j4u4fbba author = Alakwaa, Fadhl M. title = Repurposing Didanosine as a Potential Treatment for COVID-19 Using Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Data date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Repurposing Didanosine as a Potential Treatment for COVID-19 Using Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Data In an urgent response to this pandemic, I developed a bioinformatics pipeline to identify compounds and drug candidates to potentially treat COVID-19. In an urgent response to this pandemic, I developed a bioinformatics pipeline to identify compounds and drug candidates to potentially treat COVID-19. Next, I used the Connectivity Map Linked User Environment (CLUE) platform, which connects to the LINCS database of small-molecule perturbations on gene expression, to identify drugs and compounds that can reverse these upregulated genes (3) . Sixteen out of 17 (93%) drugs belonging to the class of topoisomerase inhibitors have negative scores (S3). I also call for such approaches on COVD-19 targets other than ACE2 to nominate additional candidates for in vitro and in vivo testing, which could accelerate drug discovery for COVID-19. doi = 10.1128/msystems.00297-20 id = cord-267300-zbipv9er author = Alalwan, Adel A title = A Hemodialysis Patient with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia date = 2020-05-06 keywords = ESRD; covid-19; patient summary = Even though end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients are particularly susceptible to COVID-19 infection and can develop severe to critical disease, there are limited studies and case reports about COVID-19 in ESRD patients. Even though ESRD patients are particularly susceptible to COVID-19 infection and can develop severe to critical disease, there are limited studies and case reports about COVID-19 in ESRD patients. We report a case of an ESRD patient on regular hemodialysis with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. This report describes the clinical presentation of this disease in a hemodialysis patient, the diagnostic process, the laboratory and imaging investigations, as well as the course of treatment. reported five cases of COVID-19 disease in hemodialysis patients in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. Lopinavir-ritonavir and Ribavirin have been used successfully as monotherapies in the treatment of mild COVID-19 pneumonia in hemodialysis patients [8, 10] . COVID-19 in hemodialysis patients: a report of 5 cases doi = 10.7759/cureus.7995 id = cord-192653-6cv7qlcu author = Alam, Firoj title = Fighting the COVID-19 Infodemic in Social Media: A Holistic Perspective and a Call to Arms date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; annotation; arabic summary = A number of initiatives were launched to fight this infodemic, primarily in social media, with focus on building large collections of tweets and then analyzing their content, source, propagators, and spread (Leng et al., 2020; Medford et al., 2020; Miller, 2020; Mourad et al., 2020; Shahi et al., 2020; Vidgen et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020) . We organize the annotations with seven questions, asking whether a tweet (1) contains a verifiable factual claim, (2) is likely to contain false information, (3) is of interest to the general public, (4) is potentially harmful to a person, a company, a product, or society, (5) requires verification by a fact-checker, (6) poses a specific kind of harm to society, and (7) requires the attention of a government entity. doi = nan id = cord-324619-y7gilopu author = Alam, S.B. title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 may be an underappreciated pathogen of the central nervous system date = 2020-07-15 keywords = BBB; CNS; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = In this review, we examine some of the most recent data of COVID-19-associated neurological disease and the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 may be infecting the CNS. suggested that since SARS-CoV-2 shared significant similarities to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), it was entirely possible that SARS-CoV-2 could similarly penetrate the brain and CNS of infected patients through synapses in the medullary cardiorespiratory center and thereby cause respiratory failure (5) . Similar to these neurotropic HCoVs, SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lungs of some COVID-19 patients may also lead to entry into the CNS and this could occur via two main pathways: i) infection of peripheral nerves and retrograde axonal transport; and/or ii) hematogenous spread and infection of the cells of the blood-brain barrier. In this review, we have extrapolated information from other neurotropic viruses to make some predictions and it is clear that SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to infect the CNS and cause long-term neurologic damage in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1111/ene.14442 id = cord-332108-6riu44fw author = Alanezi, Fahad title = Implications of Public Understanding of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia for Fostering Effective Communication Through Awareness Framework date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; awareness; participant summary = Objective: Focusing on these aspects, this manuscript reviews public awareness about COVID-19, myths surrounding it, its symptoms, treatment, transmission, importance of information sources, types of information to be considered in awareness campaigns, promotional channels, and their implications in Saudi Arabia. Results: Awareness levels of the participants related to COVID-19, its means of transmission, preventive measures, symptoms, and treatment were identified to be moderate to high (60–80%). It included various sections, including questions related to general awareness of COVID-19 (four items), its symptoms (six items), transmission (three items), preventive care (10 items), treatment options (two items), myths (eight items), types of information (15 items), communication/promotional channels (nine items), and sources of information (five items). Firstly, this study contributes to the literature by providing the relationship between awareness and self-care practices adopted by the public considering the COVID-19 outbreak, reflecting the people''s attitudes toward the pandemic and preventive measures. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00494 id = cord-333350-e6zak5ad author = Albahli, Saleh title = Efficient GAN-based Chest Radiographs (CXR) augmentation to diagnose coronavirus disease pneumonia date = 2020-06-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = Method: There are many potentially impactful applications of Deep Learning to fighting the Covid-19 from Chest X-Ray/CT Images, however, most are still in their early stages due to lack of data sharing as it continues to inhibit overall progress in a variety of medical research problems. Results: A Deep Neural Network model provides a significant contribution in terms of detecting COVID-19 and provides effective analysis of chest related diseases with respect to age and gender. The Covid-19 and other respiratory diseases have seen a great progress due to image processing tools and researchers are using computer techniques and deep learning algorithms in order to achieve these breakthroughs [2] [3] [4] . Although the images of remaining classes are not enough for proper training, however the author has resolved the problem by exploiting synthetic dataset generated by state-of-the-art GAN model, the details can be seen in Section 3. doi = 10.7150/ijms.46684 id = cord-291612-j7xz1qaz author = Albahri, O.S. title = Systematic Review of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in the Detection and Classification of COVID-19 Medical Images in Terms of Evaluation and Benchmarking: Taxonomy Analysis, Challenges, Future Solutions and Methodological Aspects date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; classification; evaluation; technique summary = authors: Albahri, O.S.; Zaidan, A.A.; Albahri, A.S.; Zaidan, B.B.; Abdulkareem, K.H.; Al-qaysi, Z.T.; Alamoodi, A.H.; Aleesa, A.M.; Chyad, M.A.; Alesa, R.M.; Kim, L.C.; Lakulu, M.M.; Ibrahim, A.B.; Rashid, N.A. title: Systematic Review of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in the Detection and Classification of COVID-19 Medical Images in Terms of Evaluation and Benchmarking: Taxonomy Analysis, Challenges, Future Solutions and Methodological Aspects Therefore, the present study aims to (i) shed light and systematically review the research efforts of emerging and new technologies of COVID-19 medical image detection based on AI approach; (ii) map related studies into coherent taxonomy and highlight the AI techniques, datasets, case studies and AI classification types used; (iii) highlight and analyse different aspects such as research gabs and future challenges with respect to evaluation and benchmarking; and (iv) propose a potential pathway solution with detailed methodology to tackle the identified research gabs and future challenges of evaluation and benchmarking of AI classification techniques used in COVID-19 medical image detection. doi = 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.028 id = cord-339956-o5o2yz1u author = Albahri, O.S. title = Helping Doctors Hasten COVID-19 Treatment: Towards a Rescue Framework for the Transfusion of Best Convalescent Plasma to the Most Critical Patients based on Biological Requirements via ML and Novel MCDM Methods date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; MCDM; criterion; patient summary = Furthermore, the selection of the best CP to the most critical patients with COVID-19 is challenging because the requirements in the second stage should be followed whilst considering blood types; this process is considered a problem of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), which complies with national health requirements and known standard routine procedures [35] . In this context, decision-making methods are essential to overcome the abovementioned challenges by prioritising infected patients with COVID-19 and CPs. MCDM is an extension of decision theory covering any multi-objective decision and can solve this problem by constructing a decision matrix based on an intersection between the evaluation criteria used and patients with COVID-19 and/or a list of tested CPs. In general, the main target of MCDM is to rank/prioritise a set of alternatives on the basis of different evaluation criteria [63, [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] . doi = 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105617 id = cord-304983-u2yag4gf author = Albani, Filippo title = Thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin is associated with a lower death rate in patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection. A cohort study date = 2020-10-05 keywords = C.I.; COVID-19; enoxaparin summary = The aim of this study was to assess the impact of thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin on hospital mortality in patients admitted for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). INTERPRETATION: This study shows that treatment with enoxaparin during hospital stay is associated with a lower death rate and, while results from randomized clinical trials are still pending, this study supports the use of thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin in all patients admitted for COVID-19. In light of this study, and the reported increased risk of thrombotic events in COVID-19, all patients admitted to the hospital should receive prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism. Two post-hoc analysis were conducted: 1) patients in the enoxaparin cohort were divided according to the daily dose of received enoxaparin (prophylactic 40 mg a day or therapeutic > 40 mg a day), association with hospital mortality was evaluated by estimating OR with the same method as previously reported. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100562 id = cord-278839-uu2wlpmp author = Alberca, Ricardo Wesley title = Pregnancy, Viral Infection, and COVID-19 date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; infection; maternal; pregnancy summary = In 2009, during the H1N1 flu pandemic, an increased ratio of female to male cases was verified, in which pregnant women developed more complications, as severe acute respiratory syndrome, and higher mortality compared to the general population (30, 31) . Additionally, infection by the Lassa virus in pregnant women shows high levels of placental replication, and the risk of maternal-fetal mortality increases with the duration of pregnancy (38, 39) . At first, contagion occurred through contact with some infected animals but, soon there were the first reports of human-to-human transmission (93), The virus was identified as belonging to the coronaviridae family and was designated SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) (94). Chen and collaborators, verified alteration in calcium and albumin levels in the blood of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection (124) , which could potentially increase the severity in COVID-19 (125) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01672 id = cord-321568-okvt1fg3 author = Alberca, Ricardo Wesley title = Perspective: The Potential Effects of Naringenin in COVID-19 date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; NAR; Naringenin; SARS summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Among many compounds, naringenin (NAR) a flavonoid present in citrus fruits has been investigated for antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties like reducing viral replication and cytokine production. In this perspective, we summarize NAR potential anti-inflammatory role in COVID-19 associated risk factors and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Naringenin (NAR) is an important natural flavonoid present in citrus fruits, like grapefruit (43.5 mg/100 mL) and oranges (2.13 mg/100 mL) (19), with a high analgesic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumoral, and anti-viral effect (20-23) (Figure 1) . Further investigations and clinical trials are needed to help understand the role of NAR consumption in humans during a viral infection, especially in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570919 id = cord-332828-a4ck2ddp author = Alboaneen, Dabiah title = Predicting the Epidemiological Outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Saudi Arabia date = 2020-06-25 keywords = China; covid-19 summary = We used two models: the Logistic Growth and the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered for real-time forecasting the confirmed cases of COVID-19 across Saudi Arabia. This article aims to give a local prediction of the epidemic peak for COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia by using the real-time data from 2 March 2020 to 15 May 2020. In [18] , a mathematical model was developed to predict the effects of implementing government restrictions to contain COVID-19 epidemic on the number of infection cases in China. We present predictions for reported cases of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia from 2 March to 15 May 2020 using mathematical modeling and simulation. Predicting the cumulative number of cases for the COVID-19 epidemic in China from early data Estimating the unreported number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) cases in China in the first half of January 2020: A data-driven Modelling analysis of the early outbreak doi = 10.3390/ijerph17124568 id = cord-353019-7wj0eu1f author = Alcadipani, Rafael title = Pandemic and Macho Organizations: Wakeup Call or Business as Usual? date = 2020-05-13 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; masculinity; police summary = The cult of masculinity is performed, for example, in police storytelling within the organization making a natural feature the use of violence and force when facing "bad-guys" (Dick, 2005) and also the need to prove their masculinity in daily work (Wilson, 1968) . If machismo and masculinity are cornerstones of police occupational culture, how will these elements play out in the extreme context of pandemic times when police officers need to be deployed to the front line? When I was going to the lecture theatre, a police detective who works at the Academy approached me and said, "Professor, there are some students concerned about attending your talk due to COVID-19. Under their macho police culture facing danger, making displays of hegemonic masculinity such as avoiding showing fear, was their reaction towards the virus threat. Either the pandemic situation seems to be putting police macho masculinity in danger (for the good), or at least it shows how problematic it can be for organizations. doi = 10.1111/gwao.12466 id = cord-310304-f28tjmi8 author = Alcendor, Donald J. title = Racial Disparities-Associated COVID-19 Mortality among Minority Populations in the US date = 2020-07-30 keywords = ACE2; COPD; SARS; covid-19 summary = Maintaining glycemic control in COVID-19 patients is essential, as hyperglycemia could affect pulmonary function, the immune response to infection, and the development of the pro-inflammatory cytokine storm associated with more severe clinical disease ( Figure 1 ). Patients who clinically present with normal or high blood pressure may be subject to undue complications related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Patients who clinically present with normal or high blood pressure may be subject to undue complications related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 the ACE2 protein serves as the entry receptor for the virus and is internalized in the endosome with SARS-CoV-2 during membrane fusion and uptake by Hypothetical model of uncontrolled blood pressure in patients with hypertension and increased risk for complications due to COVID-19. Longstanding health disparities such as diabetes, hypertension, CVD, and pulmonary disease among minority populations in the US may serve to predispose these communities to SARS-CoV-2 infection and increased risk for clinically severe COVID-19. doi = 10.3390/jcm9082442 id = cord-291829-lyg6i2wv author = Alcázar-Navarrete, Bernardino title = Management and follow up of respiratory patients in the post-Covid-19 era: Are we ready yet?() date = 2020-09-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Management and follow up of respiratory patients in the post-Covid-19 era: Are we ready yet?() 3 This clinical-radiological-histopathological picture might suggest that more severe patients who overcome the infection will present residual lesions with fibrosis and destructuring of the pulmonary parenchyma. In the post-Covid-19 era (Fig. 1 ), we will have to reorganize our approach to respiratory disease outpatient care and how we assess which patients require lung function testing, imaging techniques or invasive techniques that need to be performed in a health center, which patients can be monitored by video consultation or telephone call, and which need to be seen at home by primary care personnel. Others, such as pulse oximeters using smartphone flashes or built-in smartphone spirometers that do not require additional components, will need to be developed quickly so we can be prepared for the follow-up of patients with respiratory disease in the post-Covid-19 era. doi = 10.1016/j.arbr.2020.08.005 id = cord-289921-2x6011gr author = Aldarhami, Abdu title = Public Perceptions and Commitment to Social Distancing “Staying-at-Home” During COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey in Saudi Arabia date = 2020-09-22 keywords = Arabia; COVID-19; saudi summary = OBJECTIVE: Social distancing measures, such as stay-at-home, are currently implemented to control the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries, including Saudi Arabia. Hence, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the awareness and practices of the Saudi population in relation to social distancing (stay-at-home). A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted to evaluate the overall awareness and adherence of the Saudi population to social distancing to control the spread of COVID-19. 7 Therefore, this study was conducted to analyse the knowledge and practices of the population in KSA in relation to staying at home as a preventive measure for containing the COVID-19 pandemic. The responses indicated a high level of awareness among the Saudi population, with the majority of the participants (94%) expressing the view that everyone should practice social distancing. doi = 10.2147/ijgm.s269716 id = cord-320980-srpgcy4b author = Aldila, Dipo title = A mathematical study on the spread of COVID-19 considering social distancing and rapid assessment : The case of Jakarta, Indonesia date = 2020-06-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: A mathematical study on the spread of COVID-19 considering social distancing and rapid assessment : The case of Jakarta, Indonesia The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of rapid testing and social distancing in controlling the spread of COVID-19, particularly in the city of Jakarta, Indonesia. The objective of our study is to analyze the effect of rapid testing and self-monitored isolation, and to predict the long-term dynamics of the incidence data of Jakarta, Indonesia. 265 Figure 10 : long-time simulation for prediction of incidence of COVID-19 in Jakarta with easing the social distancing policy combined with more massive rapid test and hospitalization. The model considers many important factors, such as hidden cases, rapid testing to trace hidden cases, limitation of medical resources, social distancing, quarantine/isolation, and parameter estimation for the incidence date from the city of Jakarta, Indonesia. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110042 id = cord-257889-zcxn5cx0 author = Aledo‐Serrano, Ángel title = Genetic epilepsies and COVID‐19 pandemic: Lessons from the caregiver perspective date = 2020-05-18 keywords = covid-19 summary = Caregivers reported a series of partly overlapping factors that could contribute to seizure or behavioral deterioration: (1) new onset symptoms of anxiety (68.6%) or depression (69.7%) in caregivers, (2) inability to reach their neurologist using telemedicine resources (62.8%), (3) living in homes without a terrace or yard (62.8%), (4) economic problems (62.4%), (5) loss of regular stimulation and physical therapies (51.8%), (6) avoidance of seeking medical advice for serious health issues in the emergency department due to fear of COVID-19 (20.6%), (7) cancelation of essential medical appointments (18.5%), and (8) difficulties finding their antiseizure medication (ASM) at a pharmacy (8.3%). In conclusion, although more research is needed and a cross-sectional design has obvious limitations, patients with DEEs and their caregivers face multiple challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic that might lead to worse seizure and psychological outcomes in this population. doi = 10.1111/epi.16537 id = cord-306226-znj4gp87 author = Alemanno, Giovanni title = Surgical perspectives and patways in an emergency department during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; surgical summary = According to the precautionary principle, every patient undergoing emergency surgery not already tested for COVID-19, must be considered as potentially infected, an issue that entails putting into practice of all precautions. This principle of safety for all healthcare professionals obviously translates into implementing all the provisions used in confirmed COVID-19 patients for surgical interventions that are not postponable and that require the immediate availability of the operating room (such as trauma, shock, bleeding, suicide attempts, peritonitis, etc). Patients with a negative swab for COVID-19 who require surgery undertake the "clean" pathway with dedicated operating rooms and the possibility of hospitalization in the Covid-free surgical ward. If we consider also the apparent reduction/absence of polytrauma due to social distancing measures imposed by the government, a minor human contact in patient handover (even if digital platforms are provided) and the difficulties in the technical management of surgical COVID-19 patients in emergency settings, this pandemic era is further tempering the spirit of surgeons. doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.05.010 id = cord-329312-bvnky9yr author = Alemany-Arrebola, Inmaculada title = Influence of COVID-19 on the Perception of Academic Self-Efficacy, State Anxiety, and Trait Anxiety in College Students date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; self summary = There is little research on the impact of the pandemic and its influence on levels of anxiety in university students, and even less related to expectations of academic self-efficacy. For this reason, the objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between perceived self-efficacy and trait anxiety (TA) and SA, during the first moments of COVID-19, since it was an exceptional situation to learn how university students responded to critical situations (related to SA). Therefore, a stressful situation (pandemic and confinement) together with a critical event (illness and death of a relative/friend due to COVID-19) increases anxiety levels and influences the perception of academic self-efficacy. Therefore, a stressful situation (pandemic and confinement) together with a critical event (illness and death of a relative/friend due to COVID-19) increases anxiety levels and influences the perception of academic self-efficacy. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570017 id = cord-351057-xrv3k1fo author = Alenazi, Thamer H. title = Prevalence and predictors of anxiety among healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19; Saudi; anxiety summary = In a review of 14 studies of the psychological burden of COVID-19 pandemic on medical and non-medical hospital staff, significant stress and anxiety symptoms were reported by the surveyed staff [11] . Our study aimed to explore the prevalence of anxiety and the main predictors for high anxiety levels among HCWs in Saudi Arabia during the current COVID-19 pandemic. This study surveyed a large sample of HCWs working in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic and evaluated their level of anxiety during this time. Organizational factors that were related to increased anxiety levels were lack of regular communication and updates from the organization, insufficient and unsatisfactory quality of information about COVID-19, lack of access to COVID-19 testing for the staff, and lack of a crisis management plan; These findings are consistent with other studies looking at the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of HCWs [16, 17] . doi = 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.09.001 id = cord-293749-5i3ei9pn author = Alene, Kefyalew Addis title = Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Control: An Overview date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; tuberculosis summary = Throughout history, pandemics of viral infections such as HIV, Ebola and Influenza have disrupted health care systems, including the prevention and control of endemic diseases. The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could cause severe dysfunction in the prevention and control of tuberculosis (TB), the infectious disease that causes more deaths than any other, particularly in lowand middle-income countries where the burden of TB is high. The economic and health crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the public health measures currently taken to stop the spread of the virus may have an impact on household TB transmission, treatment and diagnostic services, and TB prevention and control programs. Given the high levels of global disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is critical to consider the potential impact on the control and prevention of common endemic diseases that might be even more devastating to human health than COVID-19 itself. doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed5030123 id = cord-311965-3x3tjzhi author = Alexander, Jan title = Early Nutritional Interventions with Zinc, Selenium and Vitamin D for Raising Anti-Viral Resistance Against Progressive COVID-19 date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; vitamin; zinc summary = Adequate supply of zinc, selenium, and vitamin D is essential for resistance to other viral infections, immune function, and reduced inflammation. Clinical and subclinical micronutrient deficiencies common in older adults are known to contribute to decreased immune function and age-related diseases [11] , implying that nutritional management is essential to reduce the risk of severe infection [12] . In view of a lack of clinical data on preventive and/or therapeutic efficiency of the nutritive adequacy of selenium, zinc, and vitamin D in COVID-19, we, in the present narrative review, discussed recent clinical data on the role of these micronutrients in the protection against bronchopulmonary infections, as well as the existing indications of their impact on COVID-19. We did a literature search for the period 2010-2020 on PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar with the keywords of SARS, SARS-CoV-2, COVID 19, coronavirus, micronutrients (zinc, selenium, vitamin D), immune system, inflammation, prevention, and treatment. doi = 10.3390/nu12082358 id = cord-275110-safr9z37 author = Alexander, Paul Elias title = COVID-19 research has overall low methodological quality thus far: case in point for chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; patient; research summary = At this time, more than ever, the high-quality, robust, comparative evidence from ethical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is urgently needed to assess patient-important outcomes, including mortality, morbidity, need for life support, safety, and toxicity, informing on the safe use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine (with and without azithromycin) in people with COVID-19. This issue of potential harmful effects and the urgent need for high-quality, methodologically robust studies also comes from a recent pre-publication (not yet peer-reviewed) of in vitro activity of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine in combination with metformin (used in treatment of type 2 diabetes to lower blood sugar in humans) in mice (25) . The use of existing drug treatments such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine outside of current guidelines and recommendations may result in adverse effects, including serious illness and death, affect patients with other diseases who may benefit from its use, and hinder the ability to conduct clinical trials if there are high demands to sue these agents by clinicians and patients. doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.04.016 id = cord-322660-bis2arbu author = Alexander, Regi title = Guidance for the Treatment and Management of COVID‐19 Among People with Intellectual Disabilities date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; England; SARS; care; people summary = The guidelines cover specific issues associated with hospital passports, individual COVID‐19 care plans, the important role of families and carers, capacity to make decisions, issues associated with social distancing, ceiling of care/treatment escalation plans, mental health and challenging behavior, and caring for someone suspected of contracting or who has contracted SARS‐CoV‐2 within community or inpatient psychiatric settings. These teams provide a range of care and support to people with IDs, while during the current pandemic there will be an increased focus upon providing TABLE 1 Group at risk because they are clinically vulnerable due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection who need particularly stringent social distancing measures Issues associated with diagnostic overshadowing, the views of parents, family members and carers, the required reasonable adjustments, communication needs, specialist mental health support, anticipatory care plans, any end-of-life or do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DNACPR) discussions should be reported. doi = 10.1111/jppi.12352 id = cord-319780-rfj9t99r author = Alexander, S.P.H. title = A rational roadmap for SARS‐CoV‐2/COVID‐19 pharmacotherapeutic research and development. IUPHAR Review 29 date = 2020-05-01 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; MERS; RNA; SARS; TMPRSS2; cell; link; protein summary = Analysis of the co-crystal structure suggested that the SARS spike protein binds to the active site of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2, Li et al., 2005) . A truncated version of human recombinant ACE2, lacking the transmembrane domain, mitigated against SARS-CoV infection of cells (Li et al., 2003) and has been used in animal models to reduce symptoms of severe acute lung failure , diabetic nephropathy (Oudit et al., 2010) and cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis . A recent cryo-EM structure suggested that ACE2 and B 0 AT1/SLC6A19 form a heterodimer which pairs up through interfaces between the two ACE2 partners (Figure 1) , with the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to the peptidase active site of ACE2 suggesting that B 0 AT1/SLC6A19 may facilitate entry of the novel coronavirus. Tumor necrosis factor- convertase (ADAM17) mediates regulated ectodomain shedding of the severe-acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) doi = 10.1111/bph.15094 id = cord-301036-x06m11e0 author = Alfuraih, Abdulrahman M. title = Point of care lung ultrasound in COVID-19: hype or hope? date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = As a control case, a suspected patient (later confirmed negative) with typical COVID-19 symptoms exhibited normal lung pleura with A-lines on LU. The third, and most interesting, case study 14 was of pregnant females with positive lung ultrasound findings suggesting COVID-19 which had an early negative PCR result. Ultrasound is sensitive to pleural and subpleural abnormalities, which suggests a great potential diagnostic role given the predilection for COVID-19 in peripheral subpleural regions.This paper reviews the current evidence and discusses the problems with specificity and scoring. Ultrasound is sensitive to pleural and subpleural abnormalities, which suggests a great potential diagnostic role given the predilection for COVID-19 in peripheral subpleural regions.This paper reviews the current evidence and discusses the problems with specificity and scoring. 3 recommendations regarding the importance of lung imaging considering the high sensitivity prior to positive RT-PCR results. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases doi = 10.1259/bjro.20200027 id = cord-308116-it0alwps author = Algara, M. title = Low dose anti-inflammatory radiotherapy for the treatment of pneumonia by covid-19: A proposal for a multi-centric prospective trial date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; inflammatory summary = Low-dose radiation therapy (LD-RT) is non-invasive and has anti-inflammatory effects that can interfere with the inflammatory cascade, thus reducing the severity of associated cytokine release and might be useful in the treatment of respiratory complications caused by COVID19 . Low-dose radiation therapy (LD-RT) is non-invasive and has anti-inflammatory effects that can interfere with the inflammatory cascade, thus reducing the severity of associated cytokine release and might be useful in the treatment of respiratory complications caused by COVID19 . Study design and methods: This multicentric prospective clinical trial seeks to evaluate the efficacy of bilateral lung LD-RT therapy as a treatment for interstitial pneumonia in patients with COVID-19 for improving respiratory function. Study design and methods: This multicentric prospective clinical trial seeks to evaluate the efficacy of bilateral lung LD-RT therapy as a treatment for interstitial pneumonia in patients with COVID-19 for improving respiratory function. doi = 10.1016/j.ctro.2020.06.005 id = cord-349838-p6vfzbla author = Algwaiz, Ghada title = Real-world issues and potential solutions in HCT during the COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives from the WBMT and the CIBMTR''s Health Services and International Studies Committee date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; HCT; PCR; SARS; patient summary = Realizing the challenges as a result of this pandemic affecting the daily practice of the HCT centers, and the recognition of the variability in practice worldwide, the Worldwide Network for Blood & Marrow Transplantation (WBMT) and the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) Health Services and International Studies Committee have jointly produced an expert opinion statement as a general guide to deal with certain aspects of HCT including diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 in HCT patients, pre-and-post-HCT management, donor issues, medical tourism and facilities management. While acknowledging all aforementioned challenges and taking into account current recommendations or guidelines issued by the American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (ASTCT) and the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) (which are WBMT members), herein, we aim at providing a consensus among the authors from WBMT and CIBMTR''s HSIS committee and other HCT experts who represent multiple continents and allude to the current worldwide threat to HCT patient from the COVID-19 pandemic (7, 8) . doi = 10.1016/j.bbmt.2020.07.021 id = cord-303000-tmk2c9eh author = Alhaj, Ahmad Kh. title = Neurosurgery Residents Perspective on the COVID-19: Knowledge, Readiness, and Impact of this Pandemic. date = 2020-05-16 keywords = covid-19; knowledge; resident summary = The aim is to identify the level of knowledge, readiness, and the impact of this virus among neurosurgery residents in different programs. To our best knowledge, this is the first study regarding the readiness of neurosurgery residents towards the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact it has on their training. The aim of this study is to identify the level of knowledge, readiness, practices, as well as the impact of this virus among neurosurgery residents in various neurosurgical programs. The final section (6 items) focuses on the impact of this pandemic on the resident in terms of neurosurgical training, studying, mental health, as well as whether their social life was affected or not. Table 3 demonstrates the association of this score about the virus with gender, age, year of residency training, location of the neurosurgery program. Our study is the first regarding the readiness of neurosurgery residents towards the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact it has on their training. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.087 id = cord-305073-8301zqj9 author = Alhakeem, Ayat title = Case Report: COVID-19–Associated Bilateral Spontaneous Pneumothorax—A Literature Review date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; spontaneous summary = We report a case of COVID-19 pneumonia with bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax with no known underlying lung disease or risk factors. Most of the reported cases of pneumothorax associated with COVID-19 lack traditional risk factors or underlying predisposing lung disease. Highresolution computed tomography (CT) chest showed multiple bilateral bullae in the lungs complicated by the pneumothorax because of rupture ( Figure 1D ). The bullous changes could represent an undiagnosed underlying pulmonary disease, which became apparent after the inflammatory changes and excessive mechanical forces introduced by the SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to a unilateral spontaneous pneumothorax, followed by bilateral pneumothorax. Review of the literature shows 18 case reports describing COVID-19 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax. Diagnosis and treatment of severe COVID-19 complicated with spontaneous pneumothorax: a case report Spontaneous pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema in COVID-19 patient: case report Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia and the possible underlying mechanism doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0680 id = cord-270628-jtj30v0r author = Alharthy, Abdulrahman title = Prospective Longitudinal Evaluation of Point‐of‐Care Lung Ultrasound in Critically Ill Patients With Severe COVID‐19 Pneumonia date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; POCUS; patient summary = [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Lung US was suggested to be particularly useful during the COVID-19 pandemic because of its ability to identify subtle lung parenchymal changes early in the course of disease, monitor the evolution of pulmonary lesions in hospitalized patients, and guide mechanical ventilation therapy in critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] Chest computed tomography (CT) rapidly became the mainstream imaging method in the diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19 pneumonia by identifying the typical pattern of ground glass opacities with variable infiltrates and consolidations, while showing a high correlation with laboratory detection of the virus by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] Hence, in this study, the primary end point was to analyze the lung US findings in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia or admission to the ICU longitudinally throughout their disease course. doi = 10.1002/jum.15417 id = cord-278306-wdj5v3rh author = Alharthy, Abdulrahman title = COVID-19 in a patient with a flare of systemic lupus erythematosus: a rare case-report date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; SLE summary = title: COVID-19 in a patient with a flare of systemic lupus erythematosus: a rare case-report This is a rare case-report of a young female with systemic lupus erythematosus and end-stage kidney disease (on maintenance hemodialysis) who was admitted to our intensive care unit due to life-threatening COVID-19. In this report, the diagnostic dilemmas and the therapeutic challenges due to the overlapping clinical, imaging, and laboratory findings between lupus and COVID-19 pneumonitis are outlined. Also, great controversy exists about the potential role of hydroxychloroquine as protective therapy against COVID-19 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study doi = 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101252 id = cord-341060-otvoo99j author = Alharthy, Abdulrahman title = Thrombolysis in severe COVID-19 pneumonia with massive pulmonary embolism date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Keywords: COVID-19, massive pulmonary embolism, thrombolysis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, point-of-care ultrasound. Recently, a preliminary analysis of a large US cohort of critically ill patients with severe novel SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19) has suggested the benefit of systemic anticoagulation on their J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f anticoagulation in patients with severe COVID-19, and Padua prediction score ≥4 or D-dimer>3.0 μg/mL has been previously suggested due to the increased occurrence of pulmonary embolism (PE) [3, 4] . Point-of-care-cardiac ultrasound modified four-chamber view (day-2) revealing a large thrombus in a dysfunctional right heart "en-route" to the pulmonary circulation in our critically ill COVID-19 patient. Point-of-care-cardiac ultrasound modified four-chamber view (day-5) depicting no thrombi in the right heart, and normalization of right ventricular function in our critically ill COVID-19 patient. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.068 id = cord-348365-e90544er author = Alharthy, Abdulrahman title = Lung Injury in COVID-19—An Emerging Hypothesis date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; CRS summary = We have recently shown that patients with life-threatening SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19) had associated cytokine release syndrome (CRS) 1 as outlined in Table 1 . 5, 6 However, in a recent series, patients with severe COVID-19 have demonstrated features of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) with hemorrhagic changes, 7 which has not been related to the severity of lung involvement, and it has been partially attributed to diffuse endothelial dysfunction related to the viral binding to the ACE-2 receptors. 8, 9 However, neurogenic pulmonary edema could indeed occur in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia although it should not be characterized as a form of ARDS, but rather as a noncardiogenic interstitial lung edema with peripheral lung zone distribution, which could be observed in viral pneumonitis and after brain injury. The versatility of clinical features such as cardiac dysfunction, thromboembolic disease, and neurological manifestations along with the lung injury, and other systemic sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection may represent an evolving clinical syndrome, which requires further studying and analysis. doi = 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00422 id = cord-318410-fznw4bbq author = Alhazmi, Amani title = Knowledge, attitudes and practices among people in Saudi Arabia regarding COVID-19: A cross-sectional study date = 2020-09-18 keywords = Arabia; COVID-19; Saudi summary = title: Knowledge, attitudes and practices among people in Saudi Arabia regarding COVID-19: A cross-sectional study This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practices of public residents towards corona virus disease-2019 preventive measures in Saudi Arabia. Conclusions: This study showed satisfactory knowledge, attitude, and practice towards corona virus disease-2019 in Saudi Arabia. This survey aimed to study the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the participants towards COVID-19 preventive and precautionary measures in relation to containment of the pandemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by determining the participants'' socio-demographic characteristics, measuring participants'' knowledge about major facts concerning the virus, determining participants'' practices to prevent the spread of the infection, and measuring the response rate and participants'' level of adherence to MOH preventive and precaution measures. Knowledge, attitude and practice toward COVID-19 among the public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study doi = 10.4081/jphr.2020.1867 id = cord-318032-d9dnugod author = Ali Hassan, Syed M. title = Improved safety of endoscopic vessel harvesting during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We present the use of a non-sealed endoscopic vessel harvesting(EVH) approach during coronary surgery that does not necessitate the use of CO2 insufflation and utilizes suction through an ultra low particulate filter, thus mitigating the risk of possible viral transmission via aerosolization or surgical smoke production. We present the use of a non-sealed endoscopic vessel harvesting(EVH) approach during coronary surgery that does not necessitate the use of CO2 insufflation and utilizes suction through an ultra low particulate filter, thus mitigating the risk of possible viral transmission via aerosolization or surgical smoke production. We present the use of a non-sealed endoscopic vessel harvesting (EVH) approach during coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery that does not necessitate the use of CO2 insufflation and thus mitigates the risk of possible viral aerosolization. We present the use of a non-sealed endoscopic vessel harvesting approach during CABG surgery that does not necessitate the use of CO2 insufflation and thus mitigates the risk of possible viral aerosolization. doi = 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.05.016 id = cord-270933-ecmg8kti author = Ali, Ashaq title = COVID-19: Clinical aspects and therapeutics responses date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Furthermore our newly applied combination (Lianhuaqingwen and Arbidol Hydrochloride) showed effects in 5-7 days for patients with mild symptoms and was found effective with 98 % recovery rate. The significant alternation in laboratory findings during hospitalization was a high level of C reactive protein, lymphopenia, increases in WBC, and neutrophil count ( Both patients with mild symptoms and asymptomatic, received TCM LH Capsule in combination with Arbidol Hydrochloride tablets, with dosage and duration detail in (Table 03 ). Findings of the current study have shown that the treatment of COVID-19 patients with LH capsule in combination with Arbidol Hydrochloride resulted in significant recovery. Furthermore, the combination of LH with Aribidol hydrochloride can be used as effective therapeutics against COVID-19, specifically for Patients with mild symptoms. The effect of Arbidol Hydrochloride on reducing mortality of Covid-19 patients: a retrospective study of real world date from three hospitals in Wuhan doi = 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.022 id = cord-254458-bbcef8xt author = Ali, Farhana title = Throat Wash Testing and COVID-19 Disease: Should We Put Our Money Where Our Mouth Is? date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The tragedy that is the US aircraft carrier Theodore Roosevelt, in which 60 percent of the 600 sailors who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection were asymptomatic, further highlights the need for accurate laboratory diagnostics for COVID-19 disease [2] . make the case that testing of throat wash samples may be more sensitive than testing of NP swabs for COVID-19 disease. Interestingly, there is biologic plausibility that a sample collected via the oral cavity (such as a throat wash) may yield higher results than a NP swab test based on a study by Xu et al. Finally, the authors'' detection of virus late in the patients'' clinical course emphasizes the uncertainty faced by policy makers as they try to determine the optimal length of isolation for an individual recovering from COVID-19 disease. Saliva is more sensitive for SARS-CoV-2 detection in COVID-19 patients than nasopharyngeal swabs doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa511 id = cord-280579-osodvntp author = Ali, Hussain title = Impact of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) on daily routines and air environment: evidence from Turkey date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19; Turkey; turkish summary = title: Impact of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) on daily routines and air environment: evidence from Turkey Turkish people are facing several problems because of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), as the pandemic has brought about drastic changes to their daily routines. Results reveal that increasing unemployment, decrease in air contamination, high stress and depression, a slowdown in the economic growth, and the tourism industry are profoundly affected due to the COVID-19 in Turkey. The goal of this study is to explore the relationship between COVID-19 and people''s daily routines and the air environment in Turkey. First, current research has the nature of qualitative research approaches to discover the implications of COVID-19 for people''s daily routines, overall performance, and the air environment. There are many post effects of COVID-19 in Turkey like unemployment, ameliorated air environment, inefficient online learning, decrease in outing activities, fear, and depression, and restaurants and the tourism sector are severely affected. doi = 10.1007/s11869-020-00943-2 id = cord-348494-yx11ucrb author = Ali, Kamran title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and management of aerosol-generating procedures in dentistry date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; case summary = Conclusions This retrospective study provides preliminary data on aerosol and droplet contamination during endonasal and transoral surgery performed under a negative pressure isolation drape system. This retrospective study provides preliminary data on aerosol and droplet contamination during endonasal and transoral surgery performed under a negative pressure isolation drape system. Notwithstanding the limitations of the design, negative-pressure aspiration of air under a chamber barrier is likely to minimise the contamination from aerosol and droplet during endonasal and transoral surgery. Notwithstanding the limitations of the design, negative-pressure aspiration of air under a chamber barrier is likely to minimise the contamination from aerosol and droplet during endonasal and transoral surgery. • Finally, dental professionals should not remain at the receiving end of cross infection control guidelines and should explore appropriate platforms to actively participate in research aimed at informing evidence-based protocols to limit the spread of COVID-19 in dental environments. doi = 10.1038/s41432-020-0088-4 id = cord-297878-c4cq92x8 author = Ali, Mohammed title = ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in a 27-Year-Old Male With COVID-19 date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a virus that led to a global public health emergency causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here we present a case of a very young 27-year-old patient without any past history of hypertension, coronary artery disease, or any risk factors for coronary artery disease except obesity, who developed STEMI while in the hospital. Here we present a case of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in a very young 27-year-old African American patient who was admitted for respiratory 1 2 1 3, 4 failure secondary to COVID-19. revealed that STEMI was the presenting clinical manifestation in 24 out of 28 COVID-19 patients who were diagnosed with an STEMI. COVID-19 has now been associated with increased cardiovascular injury and even more so in patients with severe disease. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China Cardiac involvement in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) doi = 10.7759/cureus.10384 id = cord-286960-uz34fjyp author = Ali, Nurshad title = Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity date = 2020-06-20 keywords = covid-19; vitamin summary = This review discussed the possible roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of COVID-19 and other acute respiratory tract infections and severity. Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. Some recent reviews hypothesized that vitamin D insufficiency may compromise respiratory immune function, increasing the risk of COVID-19 severity and mortality [12, 13] . There are also some retrospective studies that determined the correlation of vitamin D levels with COVID-19 severity and mortality [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] The recent outbreak and fast spreading of SARS-CoV-2 are a global health threat with an unstable outcome worldwide. Another study included 25 randomized controlled trials, with 10,933 participants in total from 14 different countries indicated the beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the risk of at least one acute respiratory tract infection [59] . doi = 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.021 id = cord-294924-5u2tfyd0 author = Ali, Nurshad title = Is SARS-CoV-2 associated with liver dysfunction in COVID-19 patients? date = 2020-05-21 keywords = covid-19 summary = A very recent study included 417 patients reported 76.3% of liver test abnormalities and 21.5% of liver injury among hospitalized COVID-19 patients (Cai et al. The authors observed that patients with elevated liver enzymes in the hepatocyte category had an increasing trend for progression to severe disease course. The prevalence of ALT and AST abnormalities were observed at least two times higher among severe patients than non-severe patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection (Zhao et al. A high prevalence of liver test abnormalities in some studies, suggesting that liver injury in COVID-19 patients might be directly caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection of liver cells (Cai et al. 2020) , which may partially clarify the contribution of SARS-CoV-2 infection to the liver test abnormalities in COVID-19 patients (Cai et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. doi = 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.05.002 id = cord-030565-jwqod8q5 author = Ali, Rasha Mostafa Mohamed title = Radiological findings spectrum of asymptomatic coronavirus (COVID-19) patients date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This cross-sectional study included 44 asymptomatic patients (16 males, 28 females) with an age range from 8 to 66 years (mean age of 35.7 years), who were not yet diagnosed as asymptomatic corona patients; then, after imaging, they were confirmed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR test, they were referred for MSCT assessment of the chest for different causes ( Table 1) . This cross-sectional study included 44 asymptomatic patients (16 males, 28 females) with age ranging from 8 to 66 years (mean age of 35.7 years), after imaging, they were confirmed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR test, they were referred for MSCT assessment of the chest for different causes. The ground-glass and consolidative opacities were peripheral in most patients (34, 77.3%), while 3 patients(6.81%) showed peri-hilar distribution and 7 patients (15.9%) showed peripheral with perihilar involvement which is highly matching results of the study" CT imaging and clinical course of asymptomatic cases with COVID-19 pneumonia" done by Ming Fig. 1 An 18-year-old male patient with no chest symptoms gave a history of close contact to positive COVID-19 patient. doi = 10.1186/s43055-020-00266-3 id = cord-254377-j8e8gb0l author = Ali, Sadaf title = Acute cor pulmonale from saddle pulmonary embolism in a patient with previous Covid-19 – should we prolong prophylactic anticoagulation? date = 2020-06-13 keywords = Covid-19; patient summary = However, the risk associated with mild and moderate illness from Covid-19 is unknown, and there is no current recommendation for prophylaxis against thromboembolism in patients after hospital treatment unless there are established thrombophilic risk factors. We report the case of a 52-year old woman, who presented with massive saddle pulmonary embolism after one week of initial hospital discharge, successfully thrombolysed that raises the question of consideration of extended prophylactic anticoagulation even in low risk Covid-19 cases. 3 We report a case of acute massive PE successfully managed by thrombolysis in a patient who was discharged after one week of initial hospital treatment for Covid-19 pneumonia which raises serious concerns about the indication for extended prophylactic anticoagulation in such cases. Emerging data and clinical experience suggest an increased prevalence of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) in COVID-19, especially in patients with severe disease requiring hospitalization, and even among those who are not critically ill. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.039 id = cord-033287-24zkbi3z author = Ali, Sana title = Combatting Against Covid-19 & Misinformation: A Systematic Review date = 2020-10-07 keywords = Health; Media; Social; covid-19; misinformation summary = Although increased access to digital media platforms facilitated exponential access to information during the current pandemic, several fabricated stories are shared without quality checking and background (Pan American Healthcare Organization, 2020). As the World Health Organization warned about misinformation due to an independent media usage, today, people are finding it hard to search for a reliable source of information, hindering the response efforts causing severe damage to the struggle for mitigating the outbreak (Article 19 2020). An explicit example can be seen during the Covid-19 pandemic, where different media platforms are found disseminating the myths and false information (Article 19 2020). Furthermore, false information about Covid-19 is not a new phenomenon as many academics, researchers, journalists, and policymakers approached World Health Organization and emphasized that this would cause serious risk to public mental and physical health (Brennen et al. Impact of Rumors or Misinformation on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Social Media doi = 10.1007/s42087-020-00139-1 id = cord-286885-eih8a6ul author = Ali, Sheikh Muhammad Ebad title = One-house one-person testing: Strategical plan to limit COVID-19 spread in stage three in the developing world date = 2020-05-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = A strategy was proposed after the advent of a virus-specific molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test called "mass screening" that involved testing nasal and throat swabs from the random population to assess viral spread and to isolate those infected from the healthy population. I propose a method of screening that can be used in remote areas and developing nations during stage 3 of the COVID-19 pandemic; it is cost efficient and has a high probability of isolating asymptomatic cases. As reported in previous studies, COVID-19 spreads rapidly through droplets, and the probability of infection is increased if a person comes in contact with any infected patient. For example, India, with a population of 1.353 billion, cannot test each citizen, and there is a high probability of missing COVID-19 cases in random sampling, which might worsen the situation once lockdown is lifted. Transmission potential of asymptomatic and paucisymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections: a three-family cluster study in China Familial cluster of COVID-19 infection from an asymptomatic doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.200 id = cord-320920-mceoozy8 author = Ali, Zain title = Acute COVID-19 Induced Fulminant Systemic Vascular Thrombosis: A Novel Entity date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = [1] [2] [3] Here, we invoke a new variant of coagulopathy, acute COVID-19 induced fulminant systemic vascular thrombosis (ACoFSVT) characterized by a rapid, widespread, massive peripheral arteriovenous coagulopathy. [4] In our case, irrespective of the endothelial injury, the collision of COVID-19 induced direct vascular thrombosis, inherent to the disease-specific hypercoagulable state, and possible vasculopathy, due to long-standing diabetes triggered vascular occlusion. The rise in d-dimer levels tracked with inflammatory biomarkers (CRP), reflecting both coagulopathy and vascular inflammation, a cause for acute COVID-19 related fulminant systemic vascular thrombosis (ACoFSVT). Regardless, it is imperative to identify early clinical risk factors such as baseline medical conditions that predispose to vasculopathy, significant elevated inflammatory markers and in particular high levels of d-dimer, and adopt an individualized approach to initiation of early therapeutic anticoagulation in these patients. While remarkable efforts to unravel further management of acute COVID-19 related thrombotic complications are ongoing, we advocate for early recognition and timely anticoagulation in patients with high-risk features suggestive of ACoFSVT. doi = 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100620 id = cord-255474-7fq9culd author = Alifano, Marco title = Renin-angiotensin system at the heart of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-16 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = We decided to use the analogy of a play and speculate about the possible impact in this tragedy of 1) air pollution via the interference of nitrogen dioxide on ACE2 expression; 2) the dual role of nicotine; 3) the hypothetical involvement of ACE2 polymorphisms, the relationships of which with ethnic factors and susceptibility to cardiovascular disease seems intriguing; 4) the impact on the severity of infection of hypertension and related medications acting on the renin/angiotensin system, and, finally, 5) the possible helpful role of chloroquine, thanks to its capacity of modifying ACE2 affinity to the viral spike protein by altering glycosylation. 6 Although concurrent cardiovascular disease might explain increased mortality in a severe infection responsible for respiratory failure and deterioration of cardiac function, the observations on hypertension warrant urgent speculation and reflection, while waiting for results of large-scale studies evaluating the independent value of each risk factor. doi = 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.04.008 id = cord-263127-zlenyzn9 author = Alimohamadi, Yousef title = Estimate of the Basic Reproduction Number for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis date = 2020-03-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Estimate of the Basic Reproduction Number for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis In light of discrepancies in original research on this issue, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled R(0) for COVID-19 in the current outbreak. Articles were searched using the following keywords: "COVID-19" and "basic reproduction number" or "R(0)." The heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I(2) index, the Cochran Q test, and T(2). According to the results of the meta-regression analysis, the type of model used to estimate R(0) did not have a significant effect on heterogeneity among studies (p=0.81). However, because of discrepancies in the results of those studies, the current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled R0 for the COV-ID-19 outbreak, using original articles published during 2020. Estimation of the reproductive number of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and the probable outbreak size on the Diamond Princess cruise ship: a data-driven analysis doi = 10.3961/jpmph.20.076 id = cord-340232-cadu5ah8 author = Aliter, Kholoud F. title = Thrombin Inhibition by Argatroban: Potential Therapeutic Benefits in COVID-19 date = 2020-09-01 keywords = Thrombin; argatroban; covid-19; factor; patient summary = Considering the pathogenesis of COVID-19 pandemic, thrombin inhibitors may exert multiple potential therapeutic benefits including antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. In this review, we put forward thrombin, a trypsin-like serine protease belonging to the coagulation process, as a potential drug target to develop adjunct therapeutics for COVID-19, particularly for the critically ill patients. In this model, inhibition of thrombin activity by a specific inhibitor reported as NAPAP (mostly likely is dabigatran) immediately led to a reduction in the expression of inflammatory markers of TNF-α, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand-9 (CXL9), and C-C motif chemokine ligand-1 (CCL1) and in the expression of the coagulation markers of factor X and PAR-1 in the brain [53] . Together, considering thrombin''s roles in thrombosis, inflammation, and viral infections (Fig. 1) , it is plausible to expect that inhibiting thrombin activity may eventually promote not only anticoagulant effect, but also anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. doi = 10.1007/s10557-020-07066-x id = cord-311889-fntwg3g8 author = Alizadehsani, R. title = Risk Factors Prediction, Clinical Outcomes, and Mortality of COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-07-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = Early identification of risk factors and clinical outcomes might help to identify critically ill patients, provide proper treatment and prevent mortality. Fever, dyspnea, weakness, shivering, C-reactive protein (CRP), fatigue, dry cough, anorexia, anosmia, ageusia, dizziness, sweating and age were the most important symptoms of COVID-19 infection. Our data showed significant difference between healthy and COVID-19 cases with regard to the symptoms like fever (P-value=1.99E-12), dyspnea (P-value= 2.99E-11), weakness (P-value=3.16E-11), shivering (P-value=1.01E-09), fatigue (P-value=6.60E-09) and dry cough (P-value=9.53E-09). We observed a significant association between older age (P-value=2.82E-05), history of heart disease (P-value=0.00654), and history of cancer (P-value=0.012863) with COVID-19 mortality compared to healthy subjects. The main findings of our study are the significant association between symptoms such as fever, dyspnea, weakness, shivering, fatigue, dry cough, anorexia, anosmia, ageusia, dizziness, and sweating with COVID-19. Risk factors associated with mortality in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.07.20148569 id = cord-310740-7dong29x author = Alkeridy, Walid A. title = Reply to: Neurological, Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders During COVID‐19: The Nitric Oxide Track date = 2020-06-24 keywords = covid-19 summary = Possibly, the mechanism proposed by Annweiler et al 1 pertaining to the nitric oxide track could explain the rapid improvement in our patient''s cognition following just a brief period of supportive management. [3] [4] [5] In fact, nitric oxide has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of delirium and cognitive impairment. 6, 7 Whether the nitric oxide track will prove to have a central role in the acute manifestations of COVID-19related cognitive impairment remains to be seen. 7 We propose that the underlying mechanism of COVID-19 central nervous system manifestation or delirium depends on the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 activated molecular pathways and the individual related factors, including age, COVID-19 severity, individual''s underlying genetic susceptibility, vascular risk factors, premorbid cognitive function, use of certain medication, and comorbidities. 8 We propose possible mechanisms of COVID-19related cognitive dysfunction (Table 1) , which could help researchers in studying the specific pathways associated with each possible mechanism. cognitive and behavioral disorders during COVID-19: the nitric oxide track doi = 10.1111/jgs.16670 id = cord-325436-pp3q022y author = Alkhatib, Ahmad title = Antiviral Functional Foods and Exercise Lifestyle Prevention of Coronavirus date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; exercise; immune; infection; vitamin summary = This review presents key evidence on how functional foods and lifestyle approaches, including physical activity, effective for cardiometabolic disease prevention outcomes [9] , can also optimize the immune system response to viral infection, especially respiratory tract infections and COVID-19. Enhancing the antiviral immune defence can benefit from the functional food intake of a considerable variety of plant, animal, and fungi species, consumed across different diets and cultural practices including traditional herbal medicine such as teas, roots, mushrooms, and fermented plants and leaves; MD components such as olive-based products, oily fish, seeds, fruits, and vegetables; popular beverages such as coffee; and protein-rich foods such as chicken extract and soybean peptides. Below is a review of popular foods within various dietary patterns, including olive oil nutraceuticals, popular vitamins such as vitamin D, traditional medicinal herbs and roots, and protein peptides for preventing viral infections including COVID-19, especially when they are adopted as part of an active lifestyle. doi = 10.3390/nu12092633 id = cord-326709-zr3ju2rz author = Allali, Gilles title = Dyspnea: the vanished warning symptom of COVID‐19 pneumonia date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Allali, Gilles; Marti, Christophe; Grosgurin, Olivier; Morélot‐Panzini, Capucine; Similowski, Thomas; Adler, Dan title: Dyspnea: the vanished warning symptom of COVID‐19 pneumonia Since December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has rapidly spread worldwide, challenging the clinician and focusing the entire globe on critical illness high mortality. 3 The value of dyspnea, as a warning symptom in COVID-19 pneumonia, therefore seems low. Yet, dyspnea has been strongly associated with a poor prognosis in the general population, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and also in patients surviving acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients Covid-19 in Critically Ill Patients in the Seattle Region -Case Series The neuro-invasiveness-related "vanishing" dyspnea hypothesis illustrates this dichotomy of having severe hypoxemia without dyspnea and may explain the high mortality in COVID-19 patients admitted (too late) in the ICU. doi = 10.1002/jmv.26172 id = cord-283729-ekrcop2p author = Allam, Hassan H title = Pericardial Fluid in a COVID-19 Patient: Is It Exudate or Transudate? date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Pericardial Fluid in a COVID-19 Patient: Is It Exudate or Transudate? There are no reports regarding pericardial fluid findings in COVID-19 patients. CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe a 41-year-old woman, with confirmed COVID-19, who presented with a large pericardial effusion. LEARNING POINTS: Laboratory findings of drained pericardial fluid in a patient with COVID-19 are presented. The clinical presentation of pericardial involvement in COVID-19 infection and the role of echocardiography in diagnosis and management are described. INTRODUCTION Cardiac involvement has been described in patients with COVID-19 infection [1, 2] . There have been no previous reports on pericardial fluid characteristics in COVID-19 patients or on diagnostic criteria for determining whether such fluid is transudate or exudate. A 41-year-old female patient was referred to our hospital with COVID-19 and pericardial effusion. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, we have described the first analysis of pericardial fluid in a COVID-19 patient with a large pericardial effusion. doi = 10.12890/2020_001703 id = cord-270721-81axdn0g author = Allam, Zaheer title = The Emergence of Voluntary Citizen Networks to Circumvent Urban Health Data Sharing Restrictions During Pandemics date = 2020-07-24 keywords = Allam; COVID-19; Data; datum summary = In view of required immediate actions, volunteered geographic information (VGI) and citizen science concept have emerged, where people voluntarily share location and health status data to circumvent data sharing restrictions imposed upon corporations and governments. With all these, in the case of COVID-19, startups engaged in providing more insights are observed to access data from those sources, including airline ticketing and from governments of different countries, and with these, they are able to run simulation and predictive algorithms to come up with conclusions guiding policy orientations. Such were shared by BlueDot and Metabiota, some of the modern startups that use data, and through advanced technologies, such as natural language processing and machine learning, they were able to predict some of the geographical location that the virus would spread next from Wuhan, days before first cases were reported in those regions. On the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and the Smart City Network: Universal Data Sharing Standards Coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Benefit Urban Health Monitoring and Management doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00005-x id = cord-321194-xi4zy5ow author = Allam, Zaheer title = The Third 50 Days: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the COVID-19 Pandemic From Day 100 to Day 150 date = 2020-07-24 keywords = April; COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; Italy; President; States; United; case; country summary = The build-up to this global pandemic announcement saw a national wide lockdown declared in Italy on 9th following an uncontrollable and astronomic increase in the number of new cases and deaths in the country (BBC, 2020c) . As the situation escalated, with over 1000 confirmed cases in the country, and over 31 deaths from the virus, the National Basketball Association (NBA), one of the most popular and fancied sporting activity in North America abruptly suspended its season, as of March 11, when a player of the Utah Jazz tested positive for coronavirus, just before their game with Oklahoma City began (Cacciola and Deb, 2020) . While a majority of countries, especially in Europe writhed in desperation from the impacts of COVID-19, China reported a third consecutive day with no local new case of coronavirus (The straits Times, 2020c). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00003-6 id = cord-324198-b8f99z8r author = Allam, Zaheer title = Underlining the Role of Data Science and Technology in Supporting Supply Chains, Political Stability and Health Networks During Pandemics date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; United; datum summary = Besides those, even when countries went on lockdown, the use of technology became even more apparent, as devices such as drones, robots, sensors, smart helmets, and thermal detectors were widely used for different purposes such as delivery, identifying potential coronavirus virus cases and other purposes (WHO, 2020b) . Going further, even post-COVID-19, the role of computation technologies will continue, especially in reevaluating the policy responses, and hence help different stakeholders to identify areas of weakness and how such could be strengthened in case of similar future major disruptive events. According to The World Bank (2020), data transparency not only would help in reducing political tension and win over the coronavirus but is also prerequisite in weathering down the economic shocks affecting the global economy, especially by helping enhancing trust in governments, hence promoting investments especially post-COVID-19. On the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and the Smart City Network: Universal Data Sharing Standards Coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Benefit Urban Health Monitoring and Management doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00010-3 id = cord-343021-gqem6bxj author = Allam, Zaheer title = Oil, Health Equipment, and Trade: Revisiting Political Economy and International Relations During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; States; United summary = The disruptions came just when the consumer demand for different products in other countries from different parts of the world was on a high and rising as depicted in a "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)" report showing that exports in 2019 grew by 9.7% in 2018, with China being the world''s leading merchandise trader of the year (UNCTAD, 2020). In other countries such as the United States, it was reported that the government was prompted to force, through an executive order, major companies such as General Motors (GM) to produce ventilators to help bridge the gap that the increasing confirmed cases for coronavirus created (Haynes, 2020) . In other places, such as in the oil-producing countries, including the United States, the impacts of COVID-19 on different economic sectors such as transport and manufacturing saw the demand for oil and oil products plummeting in rates not experienced in recent history. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00009-7 id = cord-312618-rxg7sjd9 author = Allcott, Hunt title = Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing during the Coronavirus Pandemic date = 2020-08-06 keywords = New; POI; county; covid-19; republican summary = We use location data from a large sample of smartphones to show that areas with more Republicans engaged in less social distancing, controlling for other factors including public policies, population density, and local COVID cases and deaths. We then present new survey evidence of significant gaps at the individual level between Republicans and Democrats in self-reported social distancing, beliefs about personal COVID risk, and beliefs about the future severity of the pandemic. To complement the data showing county-level differences in behavior, we use a nationally-representative survey to show that individual behavior and beliefs about social distancing are partisan. Appendix Figure A4 aggregates the number of POI visits at the electoral precinct level and shows similar partisan gaps, even when including county-time fixed effects. These measures are constructed as follows from the Daily Social Distancing SafeGraph data with observations at the census block group-day level for January 27 through July 12. doi = 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104254 id = cord-354236-vn45rnve author = Allegrante, John P. title = Preventing COVID-19 and Its Sequela: “There Is No Magic Bullet . . . It''s Just Behaviors” date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; behavior summary = The nationwide prevention effort would be vastly strengthened if federal, state, and local governmental authorities utilized the full spectrum of health communication technologies to reach at-risk populations. 14, 15 The emerging effort by Michael Bloomberg to develop smartphone apps to trace every person who comes into contact with COVID-19-infected individuals is another example of how clever strategic use of digital technology could strengthen the national response. For example, interventions designed to change individual attitudes and behavior regarding social distancing may be more effective if they are congruent with government policy that supports it and a conducive workplace environment. If "it''s just behaviors," preventing further viral spread will require strengthening evidence-based behavioral change and implementation science strategies to effectively reach the large numbers of at-risk Americans who are anxiously navigating the difficult social terrain to keep themselves and their families safe from COVID-19 and its long-term sequela. doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.004 id = cord-312754-3yhxcfr2 author = Allen, Bradley D. title = Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) guidance for re-activation of cardiovascular magnetic resonance practice after peak phase of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-10 keywords = CMR; COVID-19; patient summary = This next phase requires further guidance on the safe and effective practice of CMR highlighted by continued timely performance of urgent CMR studies, including CMR in patients with COVID-19-related cardiac disease ( Fig. 1) , while slowly increasing the number of CMR studies performed in non-COVID patients with semi-urgent and elective indications. When evaluating the appropriate timing to scale up semi-urgent and elective procedures, CMR units should consider coordinating with local and state public health and hospital system officials to review the availability of PPE for staff and patients, testing capacity, CMR facility readiness including physical distancing preparedness in reception areas, and workforce availability (including technologists, nurses, and interpreting physicians). Patients whose CMR procedures were delayed as a result of the pandemic should also be prioritized as much as possible, but it is reasonable to re-assess the appropriateness of the exam and consider the availability or recent performance of alternative diagnostic modalities given the potentially long interval since the original imaging order was placed. doi = 10.1186/s12968-020-00654-8 id = cord-332175-d5suvj8g author = Allen, Jawara title = My Future in Medicine: How COVID-19 Is Inspiring the Next Generation of Infectious Disease Specialists date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Three weeks later-on the day I was scheduled to start the clinical portion of my medical training-there were 418 700 confirmed cases of COVID-19 globally [1] . By that time, many courses had started remote instruction, most research laboratories had been closed to all nonessential personnel, and medical school core clerkships had been temporarily canceled, all in an effort to decrease student exposure to COVID-19 and help "flatten the curve. But as a medical student eager to reenter the world of clinical care, the personal stories from the communities that would be most impacted by this relentless pathogen soon consumed my thoughts. Few other events before have so poignantly highlighted the global nature of health, the vulnerability of certain populations around the world, and the need for more infectious disease specialists. But the importance of infectious disease specialists will not end once the number of newly diagnosed COVID-19 cases starts to decrease. To protect those communities, we need more infectious disease specialists. doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiaa178 id = cord-268638-3lz60dyd author = Allen, Joshua C. title = Dispatches from the Frontlines: A Critical Care Nurse''s Response to COVID19 date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19; SCDU summary = As part of this unit,I''ve donned PPE and participated in countless training exercises, and prepared other clinicians to safely care for people with highly pathogenic infectious diseases.What followed the activation alert, however, was a dynamic interplay between deliberate biosafety methodologies and rapid, reflexive critical care interventions as my teammates and I navigated a novel, burgeoning health threat that called for a whole-system response.As this pandemic continues to exact a grave toll on healthcare workers, our families and our communities, politicians have asked, "How could we have seen this coming?" "As a pandemic preparedness researcher, my question to them is, "How could you not have seen this coming?" This perspective piece argues that despite the many missed opportunities to prepare for this crisis, the greatest opportunities lie ahead of us if we choose today to invest in pandemic preparedness for tomorrow. doi = 10.1016/j.outlook.2020.05.009 id = cord-352193-izzqdg3v author = Allen, M. title = Organising outpatient dialysis services during the COVID-19 pandemic. A simulation and mathematical modelling study. date = 2020-04-27 keywords = covid; patient; positive summary = A second Monte-Carlo vehicle routing model estimated the feasibility of patient transport plans and relaxing the current policy of single COVID-19 patient transport to allow up to four infected patients at a time. Conclusions Discrete-event simulation simulation and Monte-Carlo vehicle routing model provides a useful method for stress-testing inpatient and outpatient clinical systems prior to peak COVID-19 workloads. At the peak of infection, it is predicted there will be up to 140 COVID-19 positive patients with 40 to 90 of these as inpatients, likely breaching current inpatient capacity (and possibly leading to a need for temporary movement of dialysis equipment). These include separation of COVID-positive and COVID-negative patients; dialysis units working with transport providers to minimise the risk of cross-infection; and continuing to treat patients as close to home as possible. The dialysis model runs through a defined period (e.g. one year) and simulates the progression of patients through phases of COVID infection: negative, positive (with some requiring inpatient care) and recovered or died. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.22.20075457 id = cord-342984-3qbvlbwo author = Allington, Daniel title = Health-protective behaviour, social media usage and conspiracy belief during the COVID-19 public health emergency date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; medium summary = METHODS: Three questionnaire surveys of social media use, conspiracy beliefs and health-protective behaviours with regard to COVID-19 among UK residents were carried out online, one using a self-selecting sample (N = 949) and two using stratified random samples from a recruited panel (N = 2250, N = 2254). We report on three online questionnaire surveys of engagement in COVID-19-specific health-protective behaviours, use of social media as a source of information about COVID-19, and COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, defined as beliefs which entail that the COVID-19 public health critis was produced through intentional agency (whether through manufacture of the coronavirus or through deliberate exaggeration or incorrect attribution of negative health outcomes). There was a much stronger and more significant negative relationship between use of social media as a source of knowledge about COVID-19 and engagement in health-protective behaviours, U(N1 = 1603, N2 = 563) = 342 191.5, p < 0.001, 95% CI (0.35-0.41). doi = 10.1017/s003329172000224x id = cord-256294-9gmn4fcj author = Almazrou, Saja H. title = Comparing the impact of Hydroxychloroquine based regimens and standard treatment on COVID-19 patient outcomes: A retrospective cohort study date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; ICU summary = title: Comparing the impact of Hydroxychloroquine based regimens and standard treatment on COVID-19 patient outcomes: A retrospective cohort study Despite the recommendation to use HCQ in COVID-19 patients in the MOH protocol, no observational studies or RCTs that evaluate the efficacy of these drugs in the Saudi Arabian population have been published. Therefore, the objective of this observational study is to compare the effects of HCQ and standard care (SC) on length of hospital stay, ICU admission, and mechanical ventilation use among COVID-19 patients. Collected data included patients'' basic information (e.g. age, gender, nationality); medication prescribed; and information on hospitalization, cases requiring ICU care, and mechanical ventilation. Despite the shorter length of hospital stay and time in ICU among patients who received HCQ based treatment, as well as the smaller proportions of patients who needed ICU care and mechanical ventilation in this group, the results indicated no significant differences in these outcomes between the two cohorts. doi = 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.09.019 id = cord-312960-i3l8lh4e author = Almeshari, M. A. title = Mechanical ventilation utilization in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; IMV; June summary = Articles that reported the use of IMV in adult COVID19 patients were included in the review. A narrative synthesis was carried out to assess the proportion of COVID-19 patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, when IMV was initiated after symptom onset, and for how long patients received IMV until either clinical improvement or death. Five studies assessed the characteristics and outcomes of severe or critically ill patients with COVID-19 and reported the proportion of patients requiring IMV. None of the included studies were designed to assess the effectiveness of IMV modalities in COVID-19 patients, but 3 studies reported some IMV settings. The overall published studies included in this systematic review suggested that only a small proportion of COVID-19 patients required IMV. However, the characteristics of patients that received IMV were not reported in all studies and the protocols for assessing when IMV use was required and ventilatory strategies or settings were not discussed. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.04.20122069 id = cord-103659-wpwfqhp2 author = Almqvist, J. title = Neurological manifestations of coronavirus infections: a systematic review date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; September; patient; preprint summary = In order to optimize diagnostic workup of the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, we systematically reviewed neurological and neuroradiological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 and all other known human coronavirus species (HCoV). . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.26.20182196 doi: medRxiv preprint symptoms/complications, neuropathological findings and/or neuroimaging findings associated to acute or prior coronavirus infection. Several case reports, comprising a total of 11 patients, described neurological complications in SARS-CoV-1, among them critical illness neuro-/myopathy, seizures, persistent sleeping difficulties, persistent anosmia, delirium and generalized pain (Table e-6). Several common neurological symptoms among SARS-CoV-2 patients have been described in these studies, such as fatigue (44 -64% of patients), 42 is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint Retrospective Observational Study of Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Patients with Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Neurological Manifestations doi = 10.1101/2020.08.26.20182196 id = cord-341580-ymzlhsai author = Almskog, L. title = Rotational Thromboelastometry predicts care level in Covid-19 date = 2020-06-12 keywords = EXTEM; MCF; covid-19 summary = Results The ROTEM variables Maximum Clot Firmness (EXTEM-MCF and FIBTEM-MCF) were significantly higher in both groups of COVID-19 patients compared with healthy controls (p<0.001) and higher in severely ill patients compared with patients at regular wards (p<0.05). Conclusion ROTEM variables (EXTEM-MCF, FIBTEM-MCF, EXTEM-CT, EXTEM-CFT) were significantly different in COVID-19 patients early after admission compared with healthy controls. Post-hoc pairwise Wilcoxon tests showed that COVID-19 patients (both care levels) had significantly longer coagulation time compared with healthy controls (p<0.001) and that subjects treated at specialized wards had longer coagulation time compared with subjects treated at regular wards (p<0.001) ( Figure 1A ). Post-hoc pairwise Wilcoxon tests showed that COVID-19 patients (both care levels) had significantly shorter clot formation time compared to healthy controls (p<0.001) ( Figure 1C ). Post-hoc pairwise Wilcoxon tests showed that COVID-19 patients (both care levels) had significantly increased maximum clot amplitude compared with healthy controls (p<0.001) and that subjects treated at specialized wards had increased maximum clot amplitude compared with subjects treated at regular wards (p=0.04) ( Figure 1D ). doi = 10.1101/2020.06.11.20128710 id = cord-353659-wtacr6qj author = Almutairi, Nawaf title = Coronavirus Disease‐2019 with Dermatologic Manifestations and Implications: An Unfolding Conundrum date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = As a nosocomial infection for hospital and nursing home patients and health care workers, it represents an extraordinary challenge. Lungs are the most severely affected organ by COVID-19 because the virus enters the host cells via the integral membrane protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is attached to cellular membranes in the lungs, arteries, heart, kidney, and intestines. A study of 663 COVID-19 patients from Wuhan, China stressed that patients more than 60 years old and those with chronic diseases were at enhanced risk of severe COVID-19, and more likely to die (43). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study doi = 10.1111/dth.13544 id = cord-262169-5x2oop1g author = Alola, Andrew Adewale title = The nCOVID-19 and financial stress in the USA: health is wealth date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; USA; financial summary = By employing the empirical Markov switching regression approach and the compliments of cointegration techniques, the study establishes a two-state (stable and distressing) financial stress situation resulting from the effects of COVID-19 daily deaths, COVID-19 daily recovery, and the USA'' economic policy uncertainty. Giving that only a sparse study such as Nicola et al (2020) has explored the economic aspects of COVID-19, the novelty of the current study is expected to close the existing gap in the literature through the following approaches: (i) the examining of the impact of daily deaths from COVID-19, daily recoveries from COVID-19, and economic uncertainty on financial stress, (ii) illustrating with empirical evidence of the states of financial stress with the regime switching approach of Markov-Switch regression technique, and (iii) the use of daily frequency and quite up-to-date data spanning the period 25 February 2020-30 March 2020. doi = 10.1007/s10668-020-01029-w id = cord-247059-uez654q2 author = Alom, Md Zahangir title = COVID_MTNet: COVID-19 Detection with Multi-Task Deep Learning Approaches date = 2020-04-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We employ our Inception Residual Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network with Transfer Learning (TL) approach for COVID-19 detection and our NABLA-N network model for segmenting the regions infected by COVID-19. For chest X-ray image analysis, due to the scarcity of publicly available COVID-19 X-ray samples, we have trained our model with a pneumonia dataset, and then utilized a Transfer Learning (TL) method for retraining with samples of COVID-19. • The proposed methods are evaluated for both Xray and CT images and achieved promising results for COVID-19 detection and infected region localization tasks. The qualitative results clearly demonstrate that the proposed model is able to segment and detect contaminated regions of COVID-19 accurately from the chest X-ray images. The quantitative and qualitative results clearly show that the proposed classification and segmentation for X-ray images demonstrate promising performance in detection and infected region extraction. doi = nan id = cord-345040-cuau2dcy author = Alom, Samiha title = Use of ECMO in COVID-19 patients: Does the evidence suffice? date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; ECMO summary = In March 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) released interim guidelines that advocate the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to support the cardiorespiratory system in patients who fail maximal conventional therapies with ARDS [4] . We have performed a comprehensive electronic literature search following ''Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Metaanalysis'' (PRISMA) guidelines and using key words ''COVID-19'' ''SARS-CoV2'' ''Coronavirus'' ''ECMO'' ''Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation'' ''VA-ECMO'' ''VV-ECMO'' ''Outcomes'' ''Respiratory support'' ''circulatory support'' either as MeSH terms or in the combined key-word formats. According to a systematic review and meta-analysis which included the CESAR [31] and EOLIA [32] trials amongst others, the use of VV-ECMO in acute severe respiratory failure was associated with a 60-day reduced mortality (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.58-0.92) when compared with conventional mechanical ventilation [33] . Successful COVID-19 rescue therapy by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for respiratory failure: a case report doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.07.070 id = cord-333696-3ci9re9a author = Alomari, Safwan O. title = COVID-19 and the Central Nervous System date = 2020-08-04 keywords = SARS; acute; covid-19; patient summary = Li and colleagues (2020) have suggested that SARS-CoV-2 can enter the brain, and it might be the cause of the respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19 [25] . Recently, Olds & Kabbani (2020) raised the question of nicotine associated neurological comorbidity in COVID19 patients depending on published evidence that the viral target receptor J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f ACE2 is expressed in the brain and functionally interacts with nAChRs [29, 30] . This was the first reported case of MERS associated with coronavirus infection, which adds to the expanding list of differential diagnoses to be considered in a COVID-19 patient with neurological signs, most notably; cerebellar ataxia and disturbance in consciousness [49, 52, 53] . Laboratory work-up was negative for influenza, with the diagnosis of COVID-19 made by detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) PCR. doi = 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106116 id = cord-272933-b2phq37e author = Alonso Tabares, Diego title = An airport operations proposal for a pandemic-free air travel date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; ICAO; airport; health; passenger summary = This paper proposes a pandemic-free travel concept based on creating an infectious diseases free zone in the airport terminal building through screening of passengers, crews and airport workers. First, preparing to restart and recover aviation to normal traffic levels; then, being ready for the next health crisis and secure passenger confidence in air travel (IATA, 2020b) . The companies working at the airport terminal building premises (airports, airlines, ground handlers, national agencies, subcontracted personnel, retailers …) are implementing the following measures to continue or resume operations (ACI-Europe, 2020; Changi airport, 2020; U.S. Department of Transportation, 2020), to prevent the spread of COVID-19: -Cleaning and sanitizing: enhancing sanitation of floors, carpets, high-contact areas … also, providing hand sanitizers and wipes for facility users. Its success will depend on technical advances on infectious detection means, acceptance to replace quarantines by testing, build of appropriate industry standards and State regulations, adequate health screening responsibility management, public opinion and support by all the air travel stakeholders. doi = 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101943 id = cord-277717-q6jbu0r3 author = Alonso, J. title = Mental Health Impact of the First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic on Spanish Healthcare Workers: a Large Cross-sectional Survey date = 2020-10-30 keywords = covid-19; disorder; mental summary = Methods: All workers in 18 healthcare institutions (6 AACC) in Spain were invited to a series of online surveys assessing a wide range of individual characteristics, COVID-19 infection status and exposure, and mental health status. Adjusting for all other variables, odds of any disabling mental disorder were: prior lifetime disorders (TUS: OR=5.74; 95%CI 2.53-13.03; Mood: OR=3.23; 95%CI:2.27-4.60; Anxiety: OR=3.03; 95%CI:2.53-3.62); age category 18-29 years (OR=1.36; 95%CI:1.02-1.82), caring "all of the time" for COVID-19 patients (OR=5.19; 95%CI: 3.61-7.46), female gender (OR=1.58; 95%CI: 1.27-1.96) and having being in quarantine or isolated (OR= 1.60; 95CI:1.31-1.95). Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses including studies on health care workers have documented that the first wave of the COVID-19 was associated with an increase of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and burnout, as well as other adverse psychosocial outcomes. Notwithstanding the limitations, our study shows a high prevalence of current mental disorders among Spanish healthcare workers during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, with 1 in 7 presenting a disabling mental disorder. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.27.20220731 id = cord-294768-bs6thjw2 author = Alonso-Fernández, Alberto title = Prevalence of pulmonary embolism in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and high D-dimer values: A prospective study date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Prevalence of pulmonary embolism in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and high D-dimer values: A prospective study CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and D-dimer values higher than 1 μg/mL presented a high prevalence of PE, regardless of clinical suspicion. [12] found, in a retrospective study in 184 intensive care unit (ICU) patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia, a high prevalence of thrombotic complications and, by far, pulmonary embolism (PE) was the most frequent. Pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 pneumonia with high D-dimer values: A prospective study procoagulant (D-dimer) markers that correlated with the extend of the thromboembolic episode compared to those patients without PE. We included patients with D-dimer values higher than 1 μg/mL, which have been associated with disease severity and in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 infection. Pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 pneumonia with high D-dimer values: A prospective study of our patients, allocated in the non-PE group, was not on enoxaparin prophylaxis during hospitalization. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238216 id = cord-337727-i0urwkcj author = Aloysius, Mark M. title = COVID-19 presenting as acute pancreatitis date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-337727-i0urwkcj title: COVID-19 presenting as acute pancreatitis cord_uid: i0urwkcj The ongoing pandemic of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has spread over 200 countries worldwide, affecting >2 million people and >120,000 deaths. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Herein, we report a case of COVID-19 who presented with acute pancreatitis (AP) without any other risk factors. COVID-19 pathogenesis is thought to be mediated by angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor on the host cells, which are highly expressed in the pancreatic islets (4) Although clear pathogenesis is unknown, AP in COVID19 could occur due to the direct cytopathic effect of local SARS-CoV-2 replication or indirectly by harmful immune response induced by the virus. Nevertheless, our understanding of clinical manifestations of COVID-19 continues to progress, and this case illustrates that SARS-CoV-2 can precipitate AP in the setting of COVID-19. Pancreatitis and cholecystitis in primary acute symptomatic Epstein-Barr virus infection -Systematic review of the literature doi = 10.1016/j.pan.2020.05.003 id = cord-280914-6k8gpp4y author = Alpaslan Kocamemi, B. title = First Data-Set on SARS-CoV-2 Detection for Istanbul Wastewaters in Turkey date = 2020-05-06 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = SARS-CoV-2 virus titers of manhole were higher than those of inlet of WWTPs. The observed copy numbers were presented against the number of Covid-19 cases coming to the WWTP per treatment plant capacity. SARS-CoV-2 virus titers of manhole were higher than those of inlet of WWTPs. The observed copy numbers were presented against the number of Covid-19 cases coming to the WWTP per treatment plant capacity. SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, sewage, wastewater, RT-qPCR, virus concentration, PEG SARS-CoV-2 virus titers of manhole were higher than inlet of WWTPs. Terkos wastewater sample has the highest Case number (person)/WWTP flow (m3/d), but SARS-CoV-2 virus was not detected. So far, ultracentrifugation [6] , Polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG 8000) adsorption [5] , electronegative membrane [3] and ultrafiltration [3, 4, 8] methods were used for SARS-CoV-2 concentration from wastewater samples. Time course quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Parisian wastewaters correlates with COVID-19 confirmed cases doi = 10.1101/2020.05.03.20089417 id = cord-287321-1ro10ujr author = Alpaydin, Aylin Ozgen title = Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis of Non‐SARS‐CoV‐2 Viruses in the Era of Covid‐19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = INTRODUCTION: Following the announcement of first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) case on March 11, 2020, in Turkey we aimed to report the co‐infection rates, and the clinical, laboratory, radiological distinctive features of viral pneumonia caused by viruses other than severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). The spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 originated human disease named as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) changes from little to no symptoms to severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome 4 . Under these conditions; it was aimed to report the co-infection rates, the prevalence, clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics of non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory pathogens in a teaching hospital organized as a pandemic hospital immediately at the beginning of the pandemic in Turkey. Radiological assessments for the more frequently identified Non-SARS-CoV-2 pathogens (both metapneumovirus and rhinovirus) were compatible with indeterminate or atypical for COVID-19 disease. Some clinical, laboratory and especially radiological findings may aid in the differential diagnosis of non-SARS-CoV-2 pathogens from COVID-19. doi = 10.1002/jmv.26410 id = cord-029967-dnyhn4bt author = Alpert, Joseph S. title = We Will Never Give Up date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = For the last three and a half months, we have been two of the foot soldiers in the war against the COVID-19. We have not been working directly on the four COVID wards in our university hospital, but have been battling just behind the front lines on our internal medicine and cardiology care unit and inpatient services. Like the English referred to in Churchill''s quotation, we will continue to fight on many fronts and will never give up or surrender to the COVID-19 forces currently raging among us. The information and knowledge gained about COVID-19 is being passed on, from country to country, state to state, hospital to hospital, as "health soldiers" are fighting to keep patients safe. Currently, this song represents our expectation of eventual victory over the COVID-19 pandemic. Just like the Nazi Third Reich, the COVID-19 also represent a real and present danger to the life we have all come to enjoy. doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.07.002 id = cord-305956-l02xdq87 author = Alqahtani, Saleh A title = Liver injury in COVID-19: The current evidence date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; liver summary = These reports highlighted that beyond severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a complicated course of the disease or even viral infection itself can lead to involvement of other organs and multiorgan failure. The current review summarizes the pathophysiology and potentially specific role of COVID-19 in liver disease based on the available data and case series published, ahead of print and non-peer-reviewed preprints as of 2 April. In this study, 47.3% of the discharged patients showed elevated LFTs at baseline, and 23.7% developed abnormalities during hospitalization, suggesting emerging liver injury from drugs or during the course of the infection. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: Retrospective case series doi = 10.1177/2050640620924157 id = cord-337060-jkzbyqtm author = Alqurshi, Abdulmalik title = Investigating the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on pharmaceutical education in Saudi Arabia – A call for a remote teaching contingency strategy date = 2020-08-03 keywords = Arabia; COVID-19; Saudi; student summary = METHODS: Two cross-sectional Likert-scale based questionnaires targeted at students and teachers separately, designed to explore stakeholders'' satisfaction in three areas of emergency distance teaching/learning: The use of virtual classrooms, completion of course learning outcomes (CLOs) and assessment via alternative methods during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Diverging stacked bar chart to show results from a 5-point Likert-scale student-targeted questionnaire to measure student level of agreement with several statements in 3 categories concerned with the educational process during COVID-19 lockdown, these included: Virtual classrooms, Completion of CLOs and Alternative assessment methods (n = 363). Diverging stacked bar chart to show results from a 5-point Likert-scale teacher-targeted questionnaire to measure teachers'' level of agreement with several statements in 3 main categories concerned with the educational process during COVID-19 lockdown, these included: Virtual classrooms, Course learning outcomes (CLOs) and Alternative assessment methods (n = 74). doi = 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.07.008 id = cord-268779-qbn3i2nq author = Alrasheed, Hend title = COVID-19 Spread in Saudi Arabia: Modeling, Simulation and Analysis date = 2020-10-23 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; covid-19; model summary = In this work, we propose a simulation model for the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Saudi Arabia using a network-based epidemic model. The proposed model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures employed by the Saudi government, to predict the future dynamics of the disease in Saudi Arabia according to different scenarios, and to investigate multiple vaccination strategies. We aimed to match the model simulations with empirical data and then used the model to evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures employed by the Saudi government, to predict the future dynamics of the disease in Saudi Arabia according to different scenarios, and to predict the percentage of individuals that must be vaccinated to stop the outbreak (when a vaccine becomes available). Volz [35] modeled SIR dynamics on a static random network, which represents the population structure of susceptible and infected individuals and their contact patterns with an arbitrary degree distribution. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17217744 id = cord-270184-bq5p2gs6 author = Alrubaiee, Gamil Ghaleb title = Knowledge, attitudes, anxiety, and preventive behaviours towards COVID-19 among health care providers in Yemen: an online cross-sectional survey date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; Yemen; level summary = METHODS: A descriptive, web-based-cross-sectional study was conducted among 1231 Yemeni HCPs. The COVID-19 related questionnaire was designed using Google forms where the responses were coded and analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software package (IBM SPSS), version 22.0. The results further revealed that the majority of respondents had adequate knowledge, optimistic attitude, moderate level of anxiety, and high-performance in preventive behaviours, 69.8, 85.10%, 51.0 and 87.70%, respectively, towards COVID-19. The questionnaire consisted of 58 items that sought to collect information on the respondents'' knowledge, attitude, anxiety, and preventive behaviours toward COVID-19. This fact motivated the need to undertake the current study aiming to explore the level of knowledge, attitude, anxiety, and preventive behaviours among HCPs towards the outbreak of COVID-19 in the country. doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-09644-y id = cord-355755-fd40zy7z author = Alsadhan, Ibrahim title = Diabetic Ketoacidosis Precipitated by COVID-19 infection: Case Series date = 2020-10-27 keywords = DKA; covid-19 summary = RESULTS: Five patients presenting with DKA complicating a concurrent COVID-19 infection were reported. (1) Diabetes mellitus has been shown to be a comorbidity that is associated with severe disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and increased mortality in COVID-19. This case series is a descriptive study that follows a group of patients who had a diagnosis of acute hyperglycemic crisis upon presentation and positive RT-PCR for COVID-19 infection. Based on clinical, laboratory and radiologic findings, the patient was diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia and mild diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). On day four following admission, the patient''s oxygen demand increased and he was moved to the intensive care unit (ICU), where invasive mechanical ventilation was initiated in a prone position. Few cases were reported identifying DKA in type 2 diabetes patients as a presentation of COVID-19. In conclusion, we reported five patients presenting with DKA complicating a concurrent COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.curtheres.2020.100609 id = cord-253638-5f9ofdsc author = Alsaied, Tarek title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) Pandemic Implications in Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease date = 2020-06-10 keywords = CHD; COVID-19; case; disease; patient summary = Given the increased risk for severe COVID‐19 observed in adults with underlying cardiac involvement, there is concern that patients with pediatric and congenital heart disease (CHD) may likewise be at increased risk for severe infection. In this review, we describe the effects of COVID‐19 in the pediatric and young adult population and review the cardiovascular involvement in COVID‐19 focusing on implications for patients with congenital heart disease in particular. 4-Cardiac care team members are at risk for acquiring COVID-19 and may play a role in spreading the disease between patients and in the society at large. It is important to know that 3.8% of the cases reported from China were of healthcare team members suggesting that health care providers are at a significantly increased risk of contracting COVID-19 11, 83 . doi = 10.1161/jaha.120.017224 id = cord-311401-7ugqjg5c author = Alser, O. title = Healthcare workers preparedness for COVID-19 pandemic in the occupied Palestinian territory: a cross-sectional survey date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; PPE summary = Sufficient training of healthcare workers (HCWs) in how to manage COVID-19 and the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) to enable them to do so will be key tools in allowing oPt to mount a credible response to the crisis. (4) Other LMICs in the Middle East and Africa have also reported scarcity of personal protective equipment (PPE) for front line healthcare workers (HCWs).(5, 6) We hypothesize that (HCWs) in the oPt are largely underprepared to address COVID-19 related needs of the Palestinian population in both the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The secondary outcome was to assess the differences between Gaza Strip and West Bank, and between governmental and non-governmental in oPt in terms of availability of PPE and HCWs preparedness to face the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096099 id = cord-309668-5rytk13w author = Alsini, Albaraa Y. title = Tongue reconstruction post partial glossectomy during the COVID-19 pandemic. A case report date = 2020-09-06 keywords = ADM; COVID-19; tongue summary = Key words: case report, partial glossectomy, artificial graft, acellular dermal matrix, tongue reconstruction, COVID-19 prevention [12] We believe uses of ADM for tongue reconstruction, as in our reports, may add a value in COVID-19 prevention as by minimizing the number and duration of non-essential hospital visits & stay post-operatively. Rhee et al, used ADM to reconstruct oral defects at different sites including the tongue in 29 patients and reported a success rates of 90% in an average follow-up duration of 8.6 months. Tahim et al reported five cases reconstructed by collagen scaffold material post partial glossectomy, and the results after 6 weeks were satisfactory in terms of restoration of function and healing. [9] In our cases, we used ADM for tongue reconstruction after partial glossectomy and consider it a useful alternative especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.08.044 id = cord-289612-4x5t4c5u author = Alsuliman, Tamim title = COVID-19 paraclinical diagnostic tools: Updates and future trends date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; RNA; SARS; patient summary = Laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection requires the detection of viral nucleic acid in respiratory tract samples by the use of real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay. In the course of this phase, upper respiratory specimens were tested by RT-PCR for viral RNA and the majority of the patients showed positive results for SARS-CoV-2. These results contrast with another German smaller study by Wolfel et al., conducted on 9 COVID-19 patients, with no discernible difference in viral loads or detection rates when comparing nasal and throat swabs [38] . found that 66.67% of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stool specimens. enrolled a total of 173 confirmed cases of COVID-19 by the use of rRT-PCR on samples from the respiratory track reported that the seroconversion sequentially appeared for the total antibody (Ab), IgM and then IgG, with a median time of 11, 12 and 14 days, respectively. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases doi = 10.1016/j.retram.2020.06.001 id = cord-306351-ka6asw3m author = Alsuliman, Tamim title = A review of potential treatments to date in COVID-19 patients according to the stage of the disease date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; SARS; clinical; patient summary = Several trials of Remdesivir treatment on few patients in the United States have shown early promising benefits in cases with severe pneumonia [33, 34] . On the other hand, data emerging from other ongoing Chinese trials have demonstrated that CQ phosphate is superior to a control treatment in the following areas: pneumonia exacerbation inhibition, imaging findings improvement, virus negative conversion promoting, and disease course shortening [62] . For example, clinical data from reliable randomized controlled studies are still missing, and data published to date lacks homogeneity in terms of recommended dose concentration, treatment duration, and severity of patient illness [58] . Chloroquine diphosphate in two different dosages as adjunctive therapy of hospitalized patients with severe respiratory syndrome in the context of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection: Preliminary safety results of a randomized, double-blinded, phase IIb clinical trial (CloroCovid-19 Study) The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): The experience of clinical immunologists from China doi = 10.1016/j.retram.2020.05.004 id = cord-314660-ftcrf6c2 author = Altamimi, H. title = The Outcome of COVID-19 Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; July summary = Conclusion Contrary to previous small reports, overall in-hospital adverse events were low in this largest cohort of COVID-19 patients presenting with AMI. In contrast to most of previous reports (18, 19) which suggested high prevalence of non-obstructive coronary artery disease among AMI COVID-19 patients and worse outcome, significant obstructive coronary angiography was highly prevalent in our cohort, moreover, in-hospital adverse events were very low with only 1 stroke and 2 deaths reported. Fourth, 35% of our AMI patients did not undergo coronary angiography because their treated physicians regarded them as low-risk cases and is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. Conclusion: Contrary to previous small reports, the majority of COVID-19 patients presenting with AMI have significant obstructive coronary artery disease and overall excellent in-hospital outcome. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.21.20156349 id = cord-263840-1t4ykc01 author = Altay, Ozlem title = Current status of COVID-19 therapies and drug repositioning applications date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; drug summary = Summary The rapid and global spread of a new human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has produced an immediate urgency to discover promising targets for treatment of COVID-19. Here, we review current information concerning the global health issue of COVID-19 including promising approved drugs and ongoing clinical trials for prospective treatment options. At the genome 60 level, SARS-CoV-2 has 79·5% homology to SARS CoVCoV-2 and other coronaviruses, and its relative ease of sample acquisition and study, it has been widely 75 accepted that drug repositioning is a promising approach to make available an effective, safety-assured 76 treatment in a timely manner. In this review, we summarize diagnosis approaches, risk groups, available 77 treatment options, and drug repositioning studies related to COVID-19. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 525 2019 (COVID-19): The experience of clinical immunologists from China doi = 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101303 id = cord-279110-u2k27jkn author = Alter, Scott M. title = The menacing assaults on science, FDA, CDC, and health of the US public date = 2020-10-10 keywords = CDC; covid-19 summary = title: The menacing assaults on science, FDA, CDC, and health of the US public While health authorities sounded early warnings concerning COVID-19 [1] , the United States (US) government practised "pandemic politics" and escalated menacing assaults on science, including repeated denials of epidemic principles of mitigation and containment. During COVID-19 the CDC issued reopening guidelines after initial lockdowns that lasted only until the epidemic curve flattened, violating their own principles to continue until cases and deaths drastically fell. The government''s menacing assaults on science have led to the US suffering >203 thousand deaths compared with <3 thousand in South Korea after inflation for the six-fold difference in populations. Trust will continue to be eroded in other vaccines, as well as the FDA and CDC, leading to even more avoidable US deaths. The emerging pandemic of coronavirus and the urgent need for public health leadership Public health strategies contain and mitigate COVID-19: a tale of two democracies doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100581 id = cord-294912-xl0wzi16 author = Alteri, Claudia title = Detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 by droplet digital PCR in real-time PCR negative nasopharyngeal swabs from suspected COVID-19 patients date = 2020-09-08 keywords = CoV-2; SARS; covid-19 summary = Since SARS-CoV-2-based disease (COVID-19) spreads as a pandemic, the necessity of a highly sensitive molecular diagnosis that can drastically reduce false negatives reverse transcription PCR (rtPCR) results, raises as a major clinical need. ddPCR-based assay detected SARS-CoV-2 genome in nasopharyngeal samples of 19 (34.5%) patients (median viral-load: 128 copies/mL, IQR: 72–345). Thanks to a ddPCR-based assay, we achieved a rapid and accurate SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis in rtPCR-negative respiratory samples of individuals with COVID-19 suspect, allowing the rapid taking care and correct management of these patients. In this study, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genome was evaluated in 55 SARS-CoV-2 rtPCR negative nasopharyngeal swabs from COVID-19 suspected patients thanks to a quantitative ad hoc designed assay based on ddPCR. This proof-of-concept study shows that an in-house ddPCR-based assay can allow an efficient detection of SARS-CoV-2 at low copy number in symptomatic cases resulted negative by standard rtPCR. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0236311 id = cord-303240-tv1ta3z5 author = Althoff, Keri N title = Contact tracing: Essential to the public health response and our understanding of the epidemiology of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = M a n u s c r i p t As the pandemic in the US continues to evolve, data from contact tracing can continue to inform our understanding about SARS-CoV-2 transmission and guide the public health response. Contact tracing that includes home-based molecular and/or serologic specimen collection to trigger isolation and quarantine may be especially critical when both testing and physical distancing are necessary to achieve the public health goals of epidemic control and mitigation of community transmission. "re-opening"), and test and trace strategies will again be deployed to facilitate epidemic control and interruption of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via isolation and quarantine. Test and trace initiatives will yield equally important information in the current phase of the epidemic as communities begins to "re-open." The contact tracers who will continue to log endless hours to protect the health of the population against COVID-19, and subsequently the stability of our healthcare systems, should be supported and commended. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa757 id = cord-235691-en6fgilb author = Althouse, Benjamin M. title = Stochasticity and heterogeneity in the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In Figure 2 we show an example by utilizing a stochastic branching process model with both Poisson and SARS-CoV-1 like NB distribution (k = 0.16) under the same mean R 0 = 2.6 26 , with different population sizes ranging from small clusters of 10 like households to large ones of 10 6 like city-wide. Because they play an important role in the spread of infection, hotspots pose an opportunity for surveillance and control: focusing on facilities and activities known to sustain hotspots, such as healthcare facilities, nursing homes, prisons, meat-packing plants, homeless shelters, schools, mass gatherings, as well as those places with closed, poorly circulated environments, can provide efficient ways to identify potential SSEs before they happen, therefore, potentially reducing a substantial amount of transmission in the population. Multiple lines of evidence at the individual-and population-level strongly indicate the role of SSEs in the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 and that we should not overlook the heterogeneity in numbers of secondary infections 57 . doi = nan id = cord-270858-ozvdz9ew author = Altmann, Daniel M title = What policy makers need to know about COVID-19 protective immunity date = 2020-04-27 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Strategies in various countries that aim to stagger return to work on the basis of disease severity risk and age do not take account of how exposing even lower-risk individuals, such as young people with no comorbidities, to the virus so as to increase herd immunity can still result in pandemic spread. A caveat is that most studies, either of SARS survivors or of COVID-19 patients, have focused on people who were hospitalised and had severe, symptomatic disease. Anecdotal reports of reinfection from China and South Korea should be regarded with caution because some individuals who seemed to have cleared SARS-CoV-2 infection and tested negative on PCR might nevertheless have harboured persistent virus. 16 On the basis of this estimated R 0 , the herd immunity calculation suggests that at least 60% of the population would need to have protective immunity, either from natural infection or vaccination. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30985-5 id = cord-314197-om3pggwa author = Altmayer, Stephan title = Comparison of the computed tomography findings in COVID-19 and other viral pneumonia in immunocompetent adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19; covid summary = The aim of this manuscript was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the chest CT findings of COVID-2019 and other viral pneumonia in immunocompetent adults to evaluate if any discriminatory imaging features may help to distinguish COVID-19 from other respiratory viruses. Studies were eligible for inclusion if the following criteria were present: (1) subjects had a positive RT-PCR assay in a respiratory tract sample for one of the following viruses: 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), adenovirus (AdV), influenza A H1N1; rhinovirus (RNV); parainfluenza virus (PIV); respiratory syncytial virus (RSV); (2) report of chest computed tomography (CT) findings of viral pneumonia, including at least one of the following imaging features: predominant CT pattern or CT findings; (3) cases of acute infections up to 14 days of onset of symptoms; (4) immunocompetent patients ≥ 16 years; (5) design of the study as randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials, observational studies, or case series. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-07018-x id = cord-273283-gb0m6fue author = Altschul, David J. title = A novel severity score to predict inpatient mortality in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; mortality; patient summary = While the SOFA score is also predictive of mortality for COVID-19, it does not address the additional thrombotic mitigators of severe illness 11 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and now being used to help guide the use of anticoagulation for patients with COVID-19 [12] [13] [14] . This study is an observational cohort study validating a novel, simple COVID-19 in-hospital mortality score to predict inpatient mortality risk in 4711 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection using a combination of presentation vital signs, and basic admission laboratory values. A ROC curve analysis was performed in the derivation cohort (Fig. 1) , the novel COVID-19 severity score achieved an AUC of 0.824 (95% CI 0.814-0.851) indicating a good discrimination for patients with higher risk www.nature.com/scientificreports/ www.nature.com/scientificreports/ of in-hospital mortality. doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-73962-9 id = cord-321387-5epa1bb8 author = Altuntas, Fevzi title = Convalescent Plasma Therapy in Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-19 keywords = covid-19 summary = In this study, we aim to investigate the efficacy of convalescent plasma (CP) in the treatment of severe and critically ill patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Administration of CP 20 days after the COVID-19 diagnosis or COVID-19 related symptoms were associated with a higher rate of MV support compared with the first 3 interval groups (≤5 days, 6-10 days, 11-15 days) (p=0.001) CONCLUSION: CP therapy seems to be effective for a better course of COVID-19 in severe and critically ill patients. From the Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Health database, severe or critically ill COVID-19 patients who received anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody-containing CP along with the antiviral treatment (n = 888) were selected and included in the study. Therefore, patients who received CP treatment in the first 5 days of their COVID-19 diagnosis may represent a rapidly worsening clinical course as they became severely or critically ill in the first 5 days of the disease. doi = 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102955 id = cord-281068-bigb9890 author = Alumran, Arwa title = Role of Precautionary Measures in Containing the Natural Course of Novel Coronavirus Disease date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; Saudi summary = CONCLUSION: Precautionary measures adopted by the Saudi Arabian health authorities were evidently effective in controlling the spread and further burden of COVID-19. Since then, several precautionary measures have been implemented by the Saudi Arabian health authorities to prevent the anticipated spread of the disease based on international forecasts about the spread of COVID-19 in different countries globally. Once the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in Saudi Arabia, the health authorities implemented strict precautionary measures to combat the outbreak. This study is an attempt by the author to assess the impact of precautionary measures to contain the COVID-19 outbreak, thus reducing the mortality rates in Saudi Arabia. To the author''s knowledge, this is the first study to assess the impact of precautionary measures in Saudi Arabia on combating a pandemic. 13 Country lockdown is one of the extreme measures adopted by the Saudi Arabian health DovePress authorities to control the spread of the disease. doi = 10.2147/jmdh.s261643 id = cord-310184-qth1y88o author = Alunno, Alessia title = Storm, typhoon, cyclone or hurricane in patients with COVID-19? Beware of the same storm that has a different origin date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cytokine summary = Some of the articles being published during the severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 pandemic highlight a link between severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the so-called cytokine storm, also with increased ferritin levels. Some patients with coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) develop a fully blown secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH), whereas others, despite a consistent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, do not fulfil sHLH criteria but still show some features resembling the phenotype of the hyperferritinemic syndrome. Other immunomodulating agents like IL-1 or IL-6 inhibitors are only recommended in selected cases including the macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), a subtype of sHLH associated with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA), adult-onset Still''s disease (AOSD) and other autoimmune disorders. doi = 10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001295 id = cord-321846-pzmewp2r author = Alvarado, Amado title = COVID-19 associated with onset nephrotic syndrome in a pediatric patient: coincidence or related conditions? date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = CASE-DIAGNOSIS: We present a 15-year-old boy who tested positive for SARS-COV-2 infection and onset of nephrotic syndrome, without antecedent of kidney disease and who had normal urine tests shortly before being affected by COVID-19. Respiratory manifestations are the predominant presentation of COVID-19 among symptomatic patients; additionally, it is relevant to emphasize that multiple organ involvement, including the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, liver, bone marrow, and kidney, has been reported in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 [1, 2] . Information about COVID-19 in children with nephropathies is lacking; a report from Spain described 16 patients with chronic kidney diseases presenting mild respiratory symptoms and few radiological manifestations. Herein we describe a case of SARS-CoV-2 infection presenting with a complete picture of onset of nephrotic syndrome along with respiratory symptoms in a pediatric patient. In summary, the patient described in this report with no history of chronic kidney disease, admitted because of nephrotic syndrome and respiratory syndrome, and tested positive for COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s00467-020-04724-y id = cord-337627-1a2gpqdl author = Alvarado-Vasquez, Noé title = Could a family history of type 2 diabetes be a risk factor to the endothelial damage in the patient with COVID-19? date = 2020-11-06 keywords = COVID-19; DM2 summary = Previous evidence has shown the presence of early endothelial dysfunction in healthy subjects but with a family history of type 2 diabetes (FH-DM2), where glucose metabolism, the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as expression of genes involved with their synthesis are impaired. Therefore, we hypothesized that an FH-DM2 should be considered an important risk factor, since the individuals with this background develop an early endothelial dysfunction, which would increase the susceptibility and severity of infection and damage to the endothelium, in the patient infected with the SARS-CoV-2. For example, in a representative percentage of patients with COVID-19, pathologies such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus, which could be associated with an early endothelial dysfunction, have not been reported. Based on the above, we hypothesized that a family history of type 2 diabetes (FH-DM2) could be a risk factor for the severe endothelial damage observed in the patient infected with SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110378 id = cord-296342-qyqf60s9 author = Alvarez Retamales, V. title = Racial/Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Hospital Admissions date = 2020-07-17 keywords = covid-19; hispanic summary = We aim to identify any discrepancy in the hospitalization rate by race/ethnicity of patients who tested positive for COVID-19, and through this, analyze the risks of these groups in an effort to call out for attention to the circumstances that make them more vulnerable and susceptible to disease. Patients identified as non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic/Latino, and American Indian have a disproportionate burden of hospital admissions, suggesting an increased risk of more severe disease. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.12.20152017 doi: medRxiv preprint Analysis indicates that patients reported as non-Hispanic White (60% of the population, 38% of admissions, p >0.001) and Asian/Pacific Islander (6% of the population, 5% of admissions, p>0.001) are underrepresented in COVID-19 admissions ( Table 2) . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.12.20152017 doi: medRxiv preprint admitted for COVID-19 infection are a lower uninsured rate, fewer health barriers, and a higher socioeconomic status than racial/ethnic minorities. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.12.20152017 id = cord-337763-kusqyumn author = Alves, T. H. E. title = Underreporting of death by COVID-19 in Brazil''s second most populous state date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; death summary = The underreporting of COVID-19 deaths in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), where is concentrated the second largest population of the country, reveals government unpreparedness, as there is a low capacity of testing in the population, which prevents the real understanding of the general panorama of Sars-Cov-2 dissemination. The goals of this research are to analyze the causes of deaths in the different Brazilian government databases (ARPEN and SINAN) and to assess whether there are sub-records shown by the unexpected increase in the frequency of deaths from causes clinically similar to COVID-19. The present study aims to analyze the death causes in the notary records and in the Brazilian National disease notification system records, and thus evaluate the subregistries and the possible increase in the frequency of deaths with clinically compatible causes to COVID-19 in the Minas Gerais territory. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.20.20108415 id = cord-311074-j3fw4dfc author = Alviset, Sophie title = Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) face-mask ventilation is an easy and cheap option to manage a massive influx of patients presenting acute respiratory failure during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: A retrospective cohort study date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; CPAP; ICU; patient summary = title: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) face-mask ventilation is an easy and cheap option to manage a massive influx of patients presenting acute respiratory failure during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: A retrospective cohort study From 27th March to 23rd April, consecutive patients who had respiratory failure or were unable to maintain an SpO2 > 90%, despite receiving 10–15 l/min of oxygen with a non-rebreather mask, were treated by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) unless the ICU physician judged that immediate intubation was indicated. The following baseline patient characteristics were retrieved from patient electronic medical record: sex, age, comorbidities, body mass index (BMI), withholding / withdrawal of lifesustaining therapies, associated COVID-19 therapies administered before the primary outcome under study occurred (antivirals, corticosteroids, immuno-modulating therapies, prone positioning), oxygen flow rate and SpO2 before and after starting CPAP treatment, duration of CPAP treatment, medical unit where CPAP treatment was performed, duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, SAPS2 score for patients admitted in ICU, driving pressure and P/F ratio on first day of mechanical ventilation. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240645 id = cord-332673-av2vt54r author = Alwashmi, Meshari F. title = The Use of Digital Health in the Detection and Management of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19; Health summary = This commentary explores the potential of implementing digital technologies that can be used at different stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, including data-driven disease surveillance, screening, triage, diagnosis, and monitoring. During the outbreak of Ebola and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), digital health (DH) demonstrated its potential in detecting and fighting global epidemics [2] [3] [4] . This article reveals that digital technologies can be used at different stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, including data-driven disease surveillance, screening, triage, diagnosis, and monitoring. Online surveillance-mapping tools, such as the Surveillance and Outbreak Response Management and Analysis System (SORMAS) [9] , as well as HealthMap [10] , have the potential to improve the early detection of infectious diseases in comparison to traditional epidemiological tools [2] . The app has the potential to include real-time updates of evidence-based guidelines during a global pandemic to inform the general population and healthcare providers. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17082906 id = cord-326961-ti6mrzxf author = Aly, Mariam Mohsen title = Impact of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on Egyptian dentists’ fear and dental practice (a cross-sectional survey) date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19; dental; infection summary = OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the fear of infection among Egyptian dentists practicing during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to explore the dentist''s knowledge about guidelines to fight the virus and to assess various modifications in dental practice. 7 Different practical guidelines were recommended for dental professionals by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American Dental Association (ADA), and the WHO to control the spread of COVID-19 and like other contagious infections, these recommendations include personal protective equipment, hand washing, detailed patient evaluation, rubber dam isolation, anti-retraction handpiece, mouth rinsing before dental procedures, and disinfection of the clinic. This cross-sectional study assessed the fear of infection between Egyptian dentists practicing during the present COVID-19 pandemic and to explore their knowledge about guidelines to fight the virus and various modifications in dental practice through an online survey. doi = 10.1038/s41405-020-00047-0 id = cord-343168-gphud9yx author = Alyami, H. S. title = Depression and anxiety during 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study date = 2020-05-15 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; covid-19 summary = title: Depression and anxiety during 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia between March 27 th and April 27 th , 2020, to explore depression and anxiety among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previously validated assessment scales, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) were used to assess depression and anxiety among the study participants. The prevalence rate of moderate-to-severe depression symptoms in this study seems to be considerably higher than that of those reported by the Chinese study that included 1210 respondents during the COVID-19 outbreak (16.5%) whereas comparable rates for anxiety were noted (28.8%) [3] . Further, the study of Wang et al (2020) revealed that the female gender was significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and had higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05) (3) . doi = 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096677 id = cord-356314-mhkhey2w author = Alyami, Mohammad H. title = Epidemiology of COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Ecological Study date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; KSA; Saudi summary = The Saudi Ministry of Health provided detailed data on the incidence of COVID-19 in the Kingdom daily, with the following details: (a) the number of newly confirmed cases, (b) number of active cases, (c) number of critical cases, (d) percentage of cases stratified by age group [adults, children, and elderly] (available from 2 May until 25 May), and (e) percentage of cases stratified by gender (available from 2 May until 25 May). The key findings were: (1) the epidemiological status in KSA reached a steady level after 2 months from the beginning of the pandemic, due to the implementation of successful healthcare and treatment protocols, (2) the international travel restrictions and household quarantine were effective ways to control the epidemic of COVID-19 the KSA, (3) the rates of critical cases and mortality in KSA are at a low level, due to the younger population in Saudi Arabia compared to European and Asian countries, and the effective control measures taken by the government, and (4) in the KSA, COVID-19 was more common among adults and males compared to other demographic groups. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00506 id = cord-276267-77903fld author = Al‐Ani, Aysha H. title = Review article: prevention, diagnosis and management of COVID‐19 in the IBD patient date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; IBD; SARS; patient; risk summary = 6 Consequently, there is a concern that IBD patients are at greater risk of developing COVID-19 and at increased risk of progressing to a more severe clinical course or even death compared to the general population. 18 Furthermore, there is a recent case report of a possible SARS-CoV-2 gastrointestinal infection causing acute haemorrhagic colitis and signalling COVID-19 disease. Clinical assessment of risk factors for infection in inflammatory bowel disease patients Protection of 318 inflammatory bowel disease patients from the outbreak and rapid spread of COVID-19 infection in Wuhan Risk of infection with methotrexate therapy in inflammatory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis Comparative risk of serious infections with biologic and/or immunosuppressive therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis Infection-related hospitalizations are associated with increased mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases Respiratory tract infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: safety analyses from vedolizumab clinical trials doi = 10.1111/apt.15779 id = cord-353312-9hd54ug5 author = Al‐Hebshi, Abdulqader title = A Saudi family with sickle cell disease presented with acute crises and COVID‐19 infection date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: A Saudi family with sickle cell disease presented with acute crises and COVID‐19 infection 3 Viral infections are triggers of vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) and acute chest syndrome (ACS). On physical examination, she was in moderate to severe pain without respiratory distress, oxygen saturation 99% at room air, heart rate 95/minute, temperature 38.5 • C, respiratory rate 20 breath/minute, and blood pressure 121/61 mmHg. A systemic examination showed generalized mild tenderness in both thighs and arms, and she was otherwise normal. Causes and outcomes of the acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Beneficial effect of intravenous dexamethasone in children with mild to moderately severe acute chest syndrome complicating sickle cell disease Rapid and severe Covid-19 pneumonia with severe acute chest syndrome in a sickle cell patient successfully treated with tocilizumab doi = 10.1002/pbc.28547 id = cord-318599-drvjr7gq author = Amankwah-Amoah, Joseph title = Note: Mayday, Mayday, Mayday! Responding to environmental shocks: Insights on global airlines’ responses to COVID-19 date = 2020-09-29 keywords = airline; covid-19; firm; response summary = Using the global airline industry, the analysis delineates a host of internally generated and externally imposed firms'' strategic and tactical responses to the pandemic including in-flight service changes, flight cancellations, seeking emergency aids and financial supports, and firm closures. The analysis demonstrates that in responding to the crisis, many airlines sought to minimise erosion of long-developed knowledge, market capabilities, route networks, access to airports, customer base and relationships/trust with customers prior to COVID-19 to equip them for recovery. Past studies have demonstrated that timing is a key resource which can grant an organisation a first-or late-mover advantage in the face of crisis Montgomery, 1988, 1998; Makadok, 1998) and can also be harnessed in devising suitable responses by firms to environment-altering events (Grzymala-Busse, 2011). It is, therefore, expected that firms may be motivated to embrace internally initiated as well as externally imposed responses to develop new relationships with political actors to secure access to financial and political resources in both the short term and long term to ensure survival of their businesses. doi = 10.1016/j.tre.2020.102098 id = cord-302254-egt9qdib author = Amaral-Prado, Heloísa Monteiro title = The impact of confinement in the psychosocial behaviour due COVID-19 among members of a Brazilian university date = 2020-11-08 keywords = COVID-19; resilience; stress summary = AIMS: The aim of this study was to analyze and compare perceived stress, resilience, depression symptoms and coping strategies on the members of University of Campinas, in Brazil, before and during the outbreak of the COVID-19. METHODS: Volunteers over 18 years of both sexes, members of the University of Campinas (Unicamp) in Brazil answered instruments related to perceived stress, depression, resilience and coping strategies during final exams at the end of semester during 2018 to 2020. Given the expected impact of the situation due the confinement and COVID-19 crisis, the aim of this study was to analyze and compare perceived stress, resilience, depression symptoms and coping strategies on the members of University of Campinas, in Brazil, before and during the outbreak of the COVID-19. Graduate students exhibited higher scores for perceived stress and depressive signs and lower resilience scores in the period before COVID-19 when compared to employees and professors. doi = 10.1177/0020764020971318 id = cord-269503-ij4u980v author = Amaratunga, Eluwana A title = Bradycardia in Patients With COVID-19: A Calm Before the Storm? date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19; bradycardia; patient summary = This is a retrospective case series of four patients with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, admitted to St. Luke''s University Health Network ICU between 24 March 2020 and 5 April 2020. A study involving 138 patients infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, demonstrated cardiogenic shock, arrhythmia, and acute cardiac injury to be among common complications; 8.7%, 16.7%, 7.2% respectively [1] . Patient demographics, comorbidities, presenting day of illness since symptom onset, admission heart rate, duration of illness at intubation, duration of illness at onset of bradycardia, vital signs [blood pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP), oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, temperature], laboratory studies (including cTnI, ferritin, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, fibrinogen), as well as medications and dose adjustments were investigated and compared against episodes of bradycardia. As previously described, acute myocardial injury was thought to be the most common cardiac manifestation in COVID-19 patients and potential for developing cardiac arrhythmias has been noted in a few studies. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8599 id = cord-263318-v079kur6 author = Amaro, Rommie E. title = A Community Letter Regarding Sharing Biomolecular Simulation Data for COVID-19 date = 2020-04-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We, as a community, commit to the following principles and offer our support to others already working on open data efforts in the hope that others working on COVID-19 in biomolecular simulation and other areas will adopt similar best practices. • We will make models and trajectories available as soon as possible through open data sharing platforms such as the SARS-CoV-2 Biomolecular Simulation Data and Algo-rithm Store, 2 the Open Science Framework, 3 and the European Open Science Cloud. • We commit to applying thoughtful permissive (and open source) licensing strategies (such as those recommended by Reproducible Research Standard) 5 to ensure that our models and data can be maximally reused, modified, and redistributed to rapidly advance the field in developing new therapies, while appropriately recognizing and acknowledging original authors and contributors. We offer our support to others already working on open data efforts in the hope that others working on COVID-19 in biomolecular simulation and other areas will adopt similar best practices. doi = 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00319 id = cord-269909-1cso5cl4 author = Amatya, Shaili title = Management of newborns exposed to mothers with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; mother; newborn summary = The unexpectedly high asymptomatic carrier rates reported from other institutions as well as prolonged face-to-face patient care required during labor and delivery drove this decision, allowing for judicious personal protective equipment (PPE) use and decreased potential exposure for both healthcare workers and newborns. Several reports, based on expert opinion, have recommended that DCC not be performed in neonates born to mothers with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 in order to reduce the risk of secondary transmission [15, 47, 49] . For resuscitation of premature, high-risk, and newborns with anomalies born to mothers with cinfirmed or suspected COVID-19, a fully donned neonatal resuscitation team enters the room upon delivery. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes Expert consensus for managing pregnant women and neonates born to mothers with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection Neonatal resuscitation and postresuscitation care of infants born to mothers with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection doi = 10.1038/s41372-020-0695-0 id = cord-287875-jy9mzets author = Ambrosetti, Maria Chiara title = Rapid onset of bronchiectasis in COVID-19 Pneumonia: two cases studied with CT date = 2020-08-05 keywords = covid-19 summary = Since chest CT was introduced as a diagnostic tool for COVID-19 pneumonia, many typical features of this disease were described such as bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacification (GGO) with a prevalent peripheral or posterior distribution, mainly in the lower lobes, and sometimes consolidative opacities superimposed on GGOs could be found. Some studies described the evolution of imaging features of COVID-19 pneumonia: an increase of GGOs and a progressive transformation of GGO into multifocal consolidative opacities, septal thickening, and development of a crazy-paving pattern 9 . CTPA was performed: no filling defects were detected in the pulmonary arteries, but multiple bilateral peripheral and with mainly subpleural distribution patchy ground-glass opacities were documented, together with initial parenchymal distortion and some areas of consolidation at the posterior-basal segment of both lower lobes. doi = 10.1016/j.radcr.2020.08.008 id = cord-355431-efwuy8p9 author = Ambrosio, Luca title = The role of the orthopaedic surgeon in the COVID-19 era: cautions and perspectives date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; Orthopaedic; PPE; patient; surgical summary = Due to the higher protective potential, the WHO recommends that all healthcare workers should wear a respirator (≥FFP2/N95) when performing AGPs. In all other situations, wearing a surgical mask is reasonably safe when providing direct care to COVID-19 patients, especially in case of respirator scarcity [51, 58] . (1) Patient and provider safety: interpersonal distancing is required together with proper use of PPE and patient contact restricted to the minimum needed; (2) Provision of necessary care: orthopaedic residents must continue to participate in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders; (3) System sustainability: resident workforce should be disposed to obtain the maximum output with minimum effort in respect of resource availability and institutional necessities; (4) System flexibility: the strategy should be tailored to the evolving pandemic and able to adapt to future unpredictable changes; (5) Preservation of command and control: hospital overload, redeployment in COVID-19 departments and disruption of the daily routine are posing a significant stress for residents and trainees. doi = 10.1186/s40634-020-00255-5 id = cord-275452-ymimvoq9 author = Ameen, Fuad title = Covid-19 pandemic outburst in Saudi Arabia: A Glimpse date = 2020-07-30 keywords = March; SARS; covid-19 summary = This short review report very briefly highlights covid-19 syndromes; propagation; Middle East outburst, natural products as cure for viral diseases, probable psychosomatic effects, protective measures and Islamic wisdom. Existing pandemic eruption of infections with SARS-CoV2 has been phrased as coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) . Existing pandemic eruption of infections with SARS-CoV2 has been phrased as coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) . The rapid global widespread of novel covid-19 viruses lead to World Health Organization (WHO) to declare outbreak as pandemic. The rapid global widespread of novel covid-19 viruses lead to World Health Organization (WHO) to declare outbreak as pandemic. -q (2020) Traditional Chinese medicine is a resource for drug discovery against 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) doi = 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.07.026 id = cord-281121-pleula62 author = Ameer, Nasir title = Guillain-Barré syndrome presenting with COVID-19 infection date = 2020-09-14 keywords = Barré; COVID-19; Guillain summary = At least four cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome have been reported in the literature with concurrent COVID-19 illness in whom respiratory signs appeared a few days after the onset of neurological signs. During the current pandemic, presence of concurrent COVID-19 infection needs to be considered in patients presenting with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Here, we report a case of a patient with COVID-19 who presented with Guillain-Barré syndrome. 7 There have been at least 12 cases reported in the literature as of 2 May 2020 linking Guillain-Barré syndrome with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). 18 Our patient developed signs of Guillain-Barré syndrome before COVID-19 respiratory symptoms started on day 4 of weakness. ► If neurological manifestations of COVID-19 infection could appear before respiratory symptoms, it would be of utmost importance to use effective personal protective equipment, in particular for aerosol-generating procedures such as spirometry, in patients presenting with Guillain-Barré syndrome. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-236978 id = cord-320888-mn7btxy2 author = Ameh, C. A. title = Reproductive Maternal and Newborn Health providers assessment of facility preparedness and its Determinants during the COVID-19 pandemic in Lagos, Nigeria date = 2020-09-25 keywords = RMNH; September; covid-19 summary = Two hundred and fifty-six RMNH workers participated, 35.2% reported that RMNH services were unavailable at some time since March 2020, 39% felt moderate or extreme work-related burnout, 84% were moderately or extremely concerned about the availability of PPE and related guidelines, and only 11.7% were extremely satisfied with the preparedness of their HFs. Our final model was a statistically significant predictor of RMNH worker perception of HF preparedness explaining 54.7% of the variation in the outcome variable. The objective of this study was to assess the preparedness of the health system in Lagos State, Nigeria for the COVID-19 outbreak based on the perception of RMNH providers, and to determine what factors (work-related stress, training, support and coping strategies/support mechanisms, availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) and guidelines, attendance for RMNH services) significantly predict this. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.24.20201319 id = cord-350131-rsrlri8m author = Amer, Mohamed A. title = Early recovery patterns of olfactory disorders in COVID-19 patients; a clinical cohort study date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = METHODS: This cross-sectional cohort study included 96 patients with olfactory complaint confirmed to be COVID-19 positive with recent onset of anosmia. Unlike other viral infections, olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients seems characteristic as it is not associated with rhinorrhea or any other nasal symptoms (5) . (5&13) In the current study, most patients had sudden anosmia (80 patients -83%) while (16 patients -17%) patients developed gradual loss of smell with 80 % of patients had a previous history of contact with anosmic patients, olfactory upset was accompanied by nonspecific inflammatory symptoms as low-grade fever (17% of patients) and fever in 48% of their cohort with myalgia in 59% of them, also, they expressed nasal obstruction & rhinorrhea in 32% & 37% of their patients. In the current study we offered no specific treatment for olfactory dysfunction that accompanies Covid-19 infection as early reports suggest rapid recovery within few weeks (15&19) . doi = 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102725 id = cord-307941-kato4ix2 author = Ameri, Arefeh title = Tele-Pharmacy: A New Opportunity for Consultation in COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Ameri, Arefeh; Salmanizadeh, Farzad; Bahaadinbeigy, Kambiz Tele-pharmacy is one of the practical aspects of telemedicine that refers to providing pharmaceutical services within the scope of a pharmacist''s responsibilities, with a temporal and spatial distance between patients as the consumers of health services, and healthcare providers. Tele-pharmacy is used when a pharmacist is needed,while cannot be presented in person (5-7 In other words, tele-pharmacy reforms have also been known as an initiative to increase access to pharmacies among underserved populations, such as patients with COVID-19 in rural areas. The pharmacist may give consultation on diet, self-protection and medication instructions after discharge, health care improvement, follow-up of disease, and knowledge required by patients concerning COVID-19 (8) . Thus, although the tele-pharmacy program would not solve all the health problems, it is well suited as a solution in the relationship between pharmacists and healthcare providers or for the consultation between pharmacists and patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.06.005 id = cord-270951-6nq3jwgr author = Amerio, Paolo title = COVID‐19 and psoriasis: Should we fear for patients treated with biologics? date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = One of question is if psoriasis patients treated with immunomodulating and immunosuppressive drugs have to discontinue their treatment in the midst of fears for the infection and its consequences. Previous coronaviruses outbreaks reports, current published evidences on pathogenesis and on clinical reports of COVID infection in immunosuppressed patients are used to make a scientifically based decision. 3 Recently some concern over the possibility that cytokine directed immunosuppressive treatment may be a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection in psoriasis patients has been expressed. Given the potential role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of SARS and MERS severe disease, also ant inflammatory drugs have been suggested as novel treatments in these diseases. High levels of IL-2, IL-7, GM-CSF, MIP1-α, and TNF-α have also been correlated with disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the perspectives of clinical immunologists from China doi = 10.1111/dth.13434 id = cord-275334-0689o76n author = Amewu, Sena title = The Economic Costs of COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa: Insights from a Simulation Exercise for Ghana date = 2020-10-30 keywords = Africa; GDP; Ghana; SAM; covid-19 summary = Social Accounting Matrix multiplier model results show that Ghana''s urban lockdown, although in force for only three weeks in April 2020, has likely caused GDP to fall by 27.9% during that period, while an additional 3.8 million Ghanaians temporarily became poor. SAM multiplier models are ideally suited to measuring short-term direct and indirect impacts of unanticipated, rapid-onset demand-or supply-side economic shocks such as those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Through capturing the complex linkages between various economic sectors as well as household employment and consumption patterns, SAM multiplier models can be used to simulate the direct and indirect effects of economic shocks on domestic production, value-added (GDP), employment, and household income and poverty. Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) multiplier models are ideally suited to measuring short-term direct and indirect impacts of unanticipated, rapid-onset demand-or supply-side economic shocks, such as those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic (Breisinger et al. doi = 10.1057/s41287-020-00332-6 id = cord-307927-bwltiaeo author = Amiel, Gilad E. title = Caring for the Caregivers: Mental and Spiritual Support for Healthcare Teams During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Caring for the Caregivers: Mental and Spiritual Support for Healthcare Teams During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond All this puts a huge burden on healthcare providers in general and those who treat cancer patients in particular. Positive professional quality of life leads to compassion satisfaction and better patient care. Even before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, burnout (BO) among caregivers in general, and physicians in particular, was widespread. This leads to negative professional quality of life and two possible detrimental effects: compassion fatigue (CF) and secondary traumatic stress (STS). Although an emphasis should be made on those who are staffing departments serving COVID-19 patients, it is in the interest of all healthcare systems to support teams treating oncologic patients and other practices [13] . Burnout among healthcare providers during COVID-19 pandemic: challenges and evidence-based interventions Caring for patients with cancer in the COVID-19 era doi = 10.1007/s13187-020-01859-2 id = cord-301934-l0gfangp author = Amin, Kritika Premnath title = Online Gaming During the COVID-19 Pandemic in India: Strategies for Work-Life Balance date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; gaming summary = Given the apparent considerable increase in online gaming and the occupational and/or educational disruption it may cause for some individuals, it is important to maintain a healthy work/life balance during the COVID-19 crisis. The proposed model of lifestyle balance by Matuska and Christiansen (2008) suggests five aspects (i.e., health and physical safety; having rewarding and self-affirming relationships; feeling interested, engaged, challenged, and competent; creating meaning and positive personal identity; and organizing time and energy to meet personal goals). Here, we recommend the following strategies to maintain occupational and/or educational balance in times of challenge due to lockdown following the COVID-19 pandemic. When these routines are disrupted due to excessive engagement in online gaming, it may lead to occupational and/or educational imbalance inducing stress, anxiety, and various mental health issues (Brown and Hollis 2013) . doi = 10.1007/s11469-020-00358-1 id = cord-283956-zgrtux7i author = Amin, Sk. Abdul title = Fight against novel coronavirus: A perspective of medicinal chemists date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; Mpro; SARS; drug summary = Like other RNA viruses, the functional significance of this Mpro or chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) of SARS-CoV-2 emerges as an attractive drug target for the development of anti-viral agents. A group of scientists from the Cairo University, Egypt predicted COVID-19 spike binding site to a cell-surface receptor namely Glucose Regulated Protein 78 (GRP78) by employing structural bioinformatics in combination with protein-protein docking [55] . An early virtual screening (VS) study of FDA approved drugs (retrieved from Selleckchem Inc.) against the first resolved SARS-CoV-2 Mpro crystal structure (PDB: 6LU7) was performed. In another study, Elfiky [67] reported SARS-CoV-2 RdRp targeted molecular docking study of some anti-polymerase drugs which have been approved for use against various viruses. This study deals with the information currently available on potential targets for therapeutic invention and screening of new compounds or drug repurposing against SARS-CoV-2 (Figure 8 ). Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 doi = 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112559 id = cord-315569-e56c5g8h author = Aminian, Ali title = Bariatric Surgical Practice During the Initial Phase of COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = There is no data on patients with severe obesity who developed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after bariatric surgery. The aim of this report is to describe the clinical presentation and outcomes of bariatric surgical patients during the initial phase of COVID-19 outbreak. Beginning of March 2020, given the huge burden of COVID-19 outbreak on the health care systems, critical shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) and ventilators, and risk of hospital transmission of infection, nonessential elective surgical procedures, including bariatric surgical procedures, have been postponed in many places around the world. Patients who develop shortness of breath or fever in the early postoperative period of bariatric surgery would require several diagnostic tests to rule out typical surgical complications such as gastrointestinal leak or pulmonary embolism. doi = 10.1007/s11695-020-04617-x id = cord-341480-thia28sh author = Aminlari, Amir title = A Case of COVID-19 Diagnosed At Home with Portable Ultrasound and Confirmed with Home Serology Test date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Case Report We report a case of an otherwise healthy Emergency Physician diagnosed with COVID-19 at home using portable ultrasound, pulse oximetry and antibody testing. This case was particularly unique in that the patient and her husband were both emergency 93 physicians with the requisite skillset to perform a portable point-of-care ultrasound at home to 94 correctly make the diagnosis and also to rule out other worrisome conditions such as DVT, right 95 heart strain from a massive PE, pericardial effusion and lobar pneumonia. We recognize that a 96 portable ultrasound machine and the skillset required for its use outside of the hospital setting fast approaching, we must be willing to consider all treatment options and pathways that are patients in the general population, the combination of a pulse-oximeter and home serology test is useful to diagnose COVID-19, and decide if and when to go to the emergency room, thereby 105 alleviating stress on our healthcare system. doi = 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.10.022 id = cord-281194-yafwcway author = Amir-Behghadami, Mehrdad title = Battle with COVID-19 in Iran: What lessons can be learned from the implementation of response strategies so far? date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; MOHME summary = 2, 3 The global condition is evolving dynamically, and on January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that COVID-19 is a "public-health emergency of international concern." During the coronavirus pandemic, the authorities of the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) reported the first cases of coronavirus on February 19, 2020 in Qom. 4 As of March 6, 2020, according to MOHME, 27,017 cases of COVID-19 have been identified in the country, 2,077 of whom have died and 9,625 of whom have recovered so far. For this reason, the first action after the media provided public education on COVID-19 disease was to establish a Corona National Antivirus Headquarters chaired by the President of Iran and headed by the MOHME. The Social-Law Enforcement Committee of the Coronavirus Battle National Headquarters at the Iranian Interior Ministry began implementing the social distancing plan in March; it will continue through April 2020, and it will be extended by the Committee if necessary. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.231 id = cord-323826-nxst9poy author = Amir-Behghadami, Mehrdad title = Electronic screening through community engagement: A national strategic plan to find COVID-19 patients and reduce clinical intervention delays date = 2020-05-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Electronic screening through community engagement: A national strategic plan to find COVID-19 patients and reduce clinical intervention delays The Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education designed and has been implementing an electronic national screening system (https://salamat.gov.ir/) using a modern information network technology. This self-screening plan has been successful through government implementation and community engagement. In conclusion, a successful electronic screening system was developed and introduced to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. On one hand, this system helps in the initial identification of patients with COVID-19 infections and prevents any delay in clinical interventions. Reference: Daily Situation Report on COVID-19, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, IR Iran. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education website doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.188 id = cord-345198-avnxgwwj author = Amir-Behghadami, Mehrdad title = Iranian national COVID-19 electronic screening system: experience to share date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Citizens with positive symptoms will receive personal and family protection advice in accordance with the MOHME guidelines in the form of Short Message Service (SMS) and will be referred to the nearest selected Comprehensive Health Centers (CHCs) where they are checked by the physician according to the national protocol for COVID-19 and, if necessary, referred to emergency departments of hospitals. Asymptomatic citizens will receive an SMS stating that if you experience symptoms of the disease in the coming days, update your symptom information on the website or refer the selected CHCs. For citizens who do not have access to the internet or are unable to record information about their symptoms on this website, clinical officers (Behvarz in Persian) in rural areas and healthcare providers (Moragheb-e-salamat in Persian) in urban and suburban areas will perform screening and follow-up based on electronic health records using the 4030 line. doi = 10.1136/emermed-2020-209806 id = cord-287102-o19uwryp author = Amit, Moran title = Clinical Course and Outcomes of Severe Covid-19: A National Scale Study date = 2020-07-18 keywords = ICU; Israel; covid-19; patient summary = The factors associated with outcomes of critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) who required treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU) are yet to be determined. The recorded data included the following: age, sex, medical comorbidities (i.e., smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, chronic heart failure, cancer, chronic kidney disease, immunosuppression, cirrhosis, and dementia), medication history, vital signs, chest X-rays, laboratory studies on admission to the ICU, anti-Covid-19 pharmacological therapy in the ICU (antimalarials, antivirals, anti-inflammatories, and plasma from recovered patients), respiratory support method (invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation and oxygen mask), renal replacement therapy, nutrition methods (enteral and total parenteral nutrition), the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), complications, and outcome. In this nation-based registry study of critically ill patients with Covid-19 who were admitted to ICUs in Israel, the majority of patients were 55 years and older men, and a large proportion required mechanical ventilation. doi = 10.3390/jcm9072282 id = cord-104454-qavbcwp7 author = Amon, Joseph J. title = COVID-19 and Detention: Respecting Human Rights date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; detention summary = 16 If police, first responders, and corrections officers are significantly affected by COVID-19, whether through being infected, exposed by detainees, their fellow officers, or in the community, large numbers will be unavailable to work due to self-quarantine or isolation, at the same time that large numbers of detainees who are potentially exposed will need to be put into individual isolation or transferred to advanced medical care, putting tremendous stress on detention facilities. 19 To address the risk in detention settings, detention centers must first and foremost have plans in place to prevent or limit the outbreak of COVID-19, to protect the health of all detainees, and to treat the disease should any detainee acquire it. doi = nan id = cord-297323-l3f12hg4 author = Amor, Sandra title = Innate immunity during SARS‐CoV‐2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; RNA; SARS; severe summary = Like many viruses, SARS‐CoV‐2 has evolved strategies to circumvent innate immune detection including low CpG levels in the genome, glycosylation to shield essential elements including the receptor binding domain, RNA shielding and generation of viral proteins that actively impede anti‐viral interferon responses. These subsequently induce expression of type I IFNs (IFNα/β) and interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) [figure 2] many of which have potent antiviral activities, as well as other proinflammatory mediators e.g. cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides that are essential to initiate the host innate and adaptive immune response. Likewise, viral load, obesity, gender, race, blood groups and comorbidities have all been reported to influence the response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, [ Table 4 ; (101) (102) (103) (104) (105) (106) (107) (108) (109) (110) (111) (112) ] although few studies have fully examined the extent to which subversion and activation of innate immune components contribute to susceptibility in these cases. Toll-Like Receptor 3 Signaling via TRIF Contributes to a Protective Innate Immune Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection doi = 10.1111/cei.13523 id = cord-354941-0ocsf255 author = Amorin‐Woods, Deisy title = Family Therapy and COVID‐19: International Reflections during the Pandemic from Systemic Therapists across the Globe date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; Family; Therapy; experience; pandemic; system; therapist; time summary = This paper offers a collection of reflections by systemic and family therapists from diverse cultures and contexts penned in the midst of the pandemic. I felt as if these early collections merged into one, represent the ''holding, healing space'' that we as therapists need, before we dare consider what life may look like on the ''other side.'' Without this, how could we support our clients in putting themselves, their families, and their lives back together, in even contemplating what a world of ''functionality'' or ''normality'' may look like? It is crucial that we are able to name and process our experiences in order to support our Global Family Therapists reflect on COVID-19 ª 2020 Australian Association of Family Therapy clients to do the same, in order to provide the holding space they need, and joining-in with them (Minuchin, 1974) . doi = 10.1002/anzf.1416 id = cord-313543-ad3c0hve author = Amram, Ofer title = Development of a vulnerability index for diagnosis with the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, in Washington State, USA date = 2020-06-26 keywords = covid-19; zip summary = We developed an index of COVID-19 vulnerability using a regression modeling approach with observed diagnosis at the Zipcode level in Washington State; ●. 10 In this article, we demonstrate an empirical approach to developing a small-area COVID-19 vulnerability index using statistics on diagnoses in two counties from Washington State, USA, along with demographic and population health. The COVID-19 diagnosis rates for the two most populous counties in Washington State were obtained from the King and Spokane County Departments of Health. A limitation of this index is that we only used ZIP code level COVID-19 cases from two counties in Washington State to assess its validity. This COVID-19 vulnerability index is based on Zip-code level and publicly-available data on demographic, socioeconomic, and medical risk factors can be used to understand population-and community-level variation in susceptibility to COVID-19 across Washington State. doi = 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102377 id = cord-207839-h8mcmqnc author = Amran, Dor title = Automated triage of COVID-19 from various lung abnormalities using chest CT features date = 2020-10-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = More specifically, we produce multiple descriptive features, including lung and infections statistics, texture, shape and location, to train a machine learning based classifier that distinguishes between COVID-19 and other lung abnormalities (including community acquired pneumonia). Figure 2 shows our system, which is composed of two main steps: an image processing pipeline and a feature analysis pipeline, which produces the final classification. As shown in Figure 2 , once the image pipeline outputs and feature extraction steps are performed for all chest CT scans, a feature-based dataset is used to train a machine learning classifier to differentiate between COVID-19 and other lung abnormalities. Rows 1 − 5: Classification performance (mean results) of different classifiers utilizing all depicted features. To assess the quantitative contribution of the groups we conducted an ablation study, removing in turn each of the feature groups from the classification process and measuring the effect on the final ensemble classifier performance. doi = nan id = cord-352853-9a7fi46y author = Amyar, Amine title = Multi-task Deep Learning Based CT Imaging Analysis For COVID-19 Pneumonia: Classification and Segmentation date = 2020-10-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Multi-task Deep Learning Based CT Imaging Analysis For COVID-19 Pneumonia: Classification and Segmentation In this work, we propose a new multitask deep learning model to jointly identify COVID-19 patient and segment COVID-19 lesion from chest CT images. In this work, we propose a new multitask deep learning model to jointly identify COVID-19 patient and segment COVID-19 lesion from chest CT images. For the detection of COVID-19 and the segmentation of the infection at the lung level, several deep learning works on chest X-ray images and CT scans have emerged and reported in [34] . In this work, we propose a novel multi-task deep learning model for jointly detecting COVID-19 image and segmenting lesions. We have developed a new deep learning multi-task model to jointly detect COVID-19 CT images and segment the regions of infection. doi = 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104037 id = cord-296936-5gkx4jxa author = An, M. H. title = Treatment Response to Hydroxychloroquine and Antibiotics for mild to moderate COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study from South Korea date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Results: Kaplan-Meier curves drawn using propensity score-matched data revealed no differences between the length of time to viral clearance and duration of hospital stay between the two treatment arms (p=0.18, p=0.088). Conclusions: HQ with antibiotics was not associated with better clinical outcomes in terms of time to viral clearance, length of hospital stay, and duration of symptoms compared to conservative treatment alone. There were significant differences between two groups before propensity score matching in all endpoints: time to viral clearance, hospital stay, and symptom duration ( Table 2) . This retrospective cohort study compared treatment response to two different treatment protocols in mild to moderate COVID-19 patients using several clinical outcome measures. HQ with antibiotics was not associated with better clinical outcomes and did not reduce time to viral clearance, length of hospital stays, and duration of symptoms compared to conservative treatment in mild to moderate COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.04.20146548 id = cord-289574-engwi8h3 author = An, Peng-jiao title = Biochemical indicators of coronavirus disease 2019 exacerbation and the clinical implications date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; SARS; patient summary = Accumulating evidence suggested that the progression of COVID-19 is associated with lymphopenia and excessive inflammation, and a subset of severe cases might exhibit cytokine storm triggered by secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH). Previously, it has been found that the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines [IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)], and chemokines (CCL2, CXCL9, CXCL10, and IL-8) in SARS-CoV infected patients were higher than those in healthy individuals. Procalcitonin (PCT), released by bacterial infectious tissues under the irritation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, is a more specific marker of serious bacterial infection compared to C-reactive protein (CRP) and IL-6 [111] PCT-based strategy has been applied to guide antibiotic use in ICU or emergency wards, since the serum PCT levels in patients with severe bacterial infections are much higher than those with simple viral infections or non-specific inflammatory diseases [111] [112] [113] . The definition and risks of Cytokine Release Syndrome-Like in 11 COVID-19-Infected Pneumonia critically ill patients: Disease Characteristics and Retrospective Analysis doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104946 id = cord-341256-2j0tqmd4 author = An, Ying title = Prevalence of depression and its impact on quality of life among frontline nurses in emergency departments during the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-07-15 keywords = Health; covid-19 summary = title: Prevalence of depression and its impact on quality of life among frontline nurses in emergency departments during the COVID-19 outbreak This study examined the prevalence of depressive symptoms (depression hereafter) and its correlates and the association between depression and quality of life (QOL) in Emergency Department (ED) nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Consistent with previous findings (Lai et al., 2020) , frontline nurses who engaged in clinical care of COVID-19 patients were at higher risk of depression in the current study. Considering the detrimental impact of depression on quality of life and quality of care (Ng et al., 2013) , health authorities should organize regular screening targeting depression, and develop preventive measures to alleviate the risk of depression by providing a timely provision of financial support, online psychological counselling service, and on-site psychological guidance as well as offering psychiatric treatment for vulnerable nurses directly engaged in the treatment and care of COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.047 id = cord-309590-8p7qp4it author = Anacak, Yavuz title = Changes in radiotherapy practice during COVID–19 outbreak in turkey: a report from the turkish society for radiation oncology date = 2020-06-13 keywords = covid-19 summary = TROD informed its members with regular announcements, produced guidelines for management of radiotherapy departments and recommendations for site-specific treatment modifications, and prepared a document to inform cancer patients about the do''s and don''ts during the pandemic. The survey had 14 items questioning the number of radiotherapy personnel assigned in COVID-19 clinics, administrative changes in the departments, modifications to radiotherapy workflow, changes in the patient admissions and the statistics of COVID-19 infected staff and patients. 107 departments were in a pandemic hospital and a total of 213 radiotherapy staff (139 RO, 34 nurses, 7 RTT, 12 secretaries and 21 others) were assigned to the COVID-19 clinics temporarily and keep working at radiotherapy units as well. Table-1: Administrative arrangements and treatment modifications in radiation oncology centers of Turkey during COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.06.014 id = cord-345834-l2e5v39s author = Anacleto, M.A. title = Diffusive process under Lifshitz scaling and pandemic scenarios date = 2020-08-20 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; Germany summary = Furthermore, we depicted the cumulative cases curves of COVID-19, reproducing the spreading of the pandemic between the cities of São Paulo and São José dos Campos, Brazil. In our investigation, we introduce a new version of the diffusion equation inspired by Horava''s work, and we use it to fit real active cases data of COVID-19 from Germany, Spain and Brazil. We can observe that the black solid curves are in good agreement with the pandemic data, and they predict that the active cases of COVID-19 would be fully controlled in Spain after day 120 (June 11, 2020), where the number of infected people is less than 1000. We can observe that our model successfully reproduces the evolution of the pandemic in theses two cities if we consider z = 50, which is the same value used to fit Spain and Brazil''s active cases curves in the previous section. These models were used to fit real active cases data of COVID-19 from three different countries (Germany, Spain, and Brazil). doi = 10.1016/j.physa.2020.125092 id = cord-321231-zlpa3x2x author = Anand, Pratima title = Clinical profile, viral load, management and outcome of neonates born to COVID 19 positive mothers: a tertiary care centre experience from India date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID; SARS; mother; neonate summary = title: Clinical profile, viral load, management and outcome of neonates born to COVID 19 positive mothers: a tertiary care centre experience from India The study was conducted to describe the clinical profile of neonates born to mothers who tested positive for COVID 19 infection and to determine the association of neonatal COVID 19 status and viral load with maternal clinical status and viral load. • In this study on a limited number of neonates, maternal viral load of COVID 19 (E and RdRp cycle thresholds) was not associated with severity of illness or COVID 19 positivity in neonates. Neonates born to COVID 19 positive mothers and requiring NICU care for any reason (comorbidity like prematurity, low birth weight, or transient tachypnoea of neonate) were nursed in separate designated NICU in COVID block. doi = 10.1007/s00431-020-03800-7 id = cord-258888-amimzjee author = Ananth, Lakshmi title = Management of ENT Surgical Emergencies Amidst COVID-19 Lockdown: Our Experience in a Tertiary Referral Hospital date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; ENT; patient summary = Appropriate protocols for screening, triage and management of non-COVID patients with due precautions and infection control strategies can ensure that emergencies get timely and appropriate attention while preventing spread of infection among patients and healthcare workers. In this article, we describe our experience with the triage and management of ENT & Lakshmi Ananth lakshmiananth@yahoo.com emergencies at a tertiary referral hospital in the setting of a lockdown with limited resources and the protocol followed by us to maximize the safety of health care personnel involved and avoiding the possibility of hospital transmission of infection. In the absence of testing facility, the above suggested protocol will be helpful while performing surgeries even after the lockdown period ends in order to minimize the risk of hospital transmission of infection and increase the safety of patients and healthcare workers. doi = 10.1007/s12070-020-01987-7 id = cord-267610-bzbr9ios author = Anastassopoulou, Cleo title = SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the ambiguous role of children and considerations for the reopening of schools in the fall date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child summary = In agreement with this reasoning, data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infections in children involve the upper rather than the lower respiratory tract, the typical site of severe COVID-19 disease where ACE2 receptors are more abundant [29] . In this respect, a large prospective NIH-funded study of 6000 people from 2000 US families in 11 cities, called human epidemiology and response to SARS-CoV-2, will help determine the incidence of novel coronavirus infection in children in the USA and whether rates differ between children who have asthma or other allergic conditions and children who do not [45] . School children are nonetheless anticipated to contribute to the community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through their large numbers of daily social contacts, some of which are intergenerational, with older age groups where the risk for more severe illness is increased. doi = 10.2217/fmb-2020-0195 id = cord-302163-0jav84zw author = Anastassopoulou, Cleo title = Human genetic factors associated with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease severity date = 2020-10-22 keywords = ACE2; SARS; TMPRSS2; covid-19 summary = We searched PubMed/MEDLINE for all Englishlanguage original articles or reviews reporting on potential associations between human genetic factors and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 severity, up to August 12, 2020 (with updating as of September 11, 2020, during the revision of the manuscript). The search was performed using all combinations of terms related to the novel coronavirus and the disease (e.g., "SARS-CoV-2," "2019-nCoV," and "COVID-19") on the one hand, and terms concerning susceptibility to infection or disease severity (e.g., "polymorphisms," "allelic variation," "genetic predisposition," "genotype," "clinical outcome") as well as the names of individual genes in which relevant polymorphisms were found (e.g., "TLR7," "ACE2"), on the other. A recently published comparative genetic analysis of approximately 81,000 human genomes across different populations suggested possible associations of coding region variants of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 with COVID-19 susceptibility, severity, and clinical outcomes [49] . doi = 10.1186/s40246-020-00290-4 id = cord-321865-cn9dm6ju author = Anca, Diana title = Electrophysiology Practice during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A New York Tertiary Hospital Experience date = 2020-10-29 keywords = HRS; covid-19 summary = Teamwork is essential as the electrophysiologist might be called to address the arrhythmias in coordination with primary care, ICU, cardiology and anesthesia teams for any patient who needs urgent, emergent, or semi-urgent electrophysiologic procedures. In our institution, the task force that was formed to guide procedures in the EP/Catheterization laboratory worked in conjunction with the hospital administration, anesthesia department engineering and transportation departments, and providers to determine the steps and workflow required to assure appropriate isolation of the COVID-19 positive patient or person under investigation (PUI). In order to care for patients with electrophysiologic disturbances during the crisis, the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) COVID-19 Rapid Response Task Force, in conjunction with the American College of The HRS/ACC/AHA recommendation to postpone or cancel non-urgent procedures was based upon federal and state executive orders and the strain on hospital systems who were diverting all resources to care for COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.10.041 id = cord-277405-5l7wsreg author = Andany, Nisha title = Home or Cabin: Community Care for Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; cabin summary = In Wuhan, China, the original epicenter of the pandemic, large sports and convention facilities were converted into "mobile cabin" hospitals to offload acute care by providing extra beds for patients with mild presentations of COVID-19. 13 These clinical indexes can guide risk stratification and intensity of follow up, either in a mobile cabin setting or in patients'' homes with virtual care assessments. In the Dongxihu mobile cabins, 14% of patients required transfer to acute care, 3 which is similar to the rate of hospital transfer that has been documented in a home virtual care assessment model. 9, 10 Although there are potential advantages to the mobile cabin strategy, further comparative research is required to assess the (1) impact on clinical outcomes such as hospitalization, ICU admission, and death, (2) reduction in household transmission, (3) cost-effectiveness, and (4) potential unintended consequences such as transmission to health care workers, over-medicalization of those with mild-to-moderate viral infection, and psychologic distress of institutionalization. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 421 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 treated in a mobile cabin hospital doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.002 id = cord-261653-0vtghtp7 author = Andersen, Kylie J. title = Recruitment Strategy for Potential COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Donors date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; plasma summary = Thus, the present narrative overviews the strategy developed by our team to identify and recruit COVID-19 survivors to donate convalescent plasma at the Mayo Clinic Blood Donor Center in Rochester, Minnesota. Rochester, Minnesota required a strategy to interface with the community of recovering COVID-19 patients and recruit eligible convalescent plasma donors. Overall, this recruitment strategy utilized a simple survey, an algorithm for triaging donors, a workflow for connecting donors with Mayo Clinic Blood Donor Center, a team of physician navigators (including medical students) to screen eligible donors, and a support center for donor questions. Our web-based recruitment survey and all e-mail communications to interested potential donors contained the e-mail address for our convalescent plasma service center. The service center team used available resources from the US FDA, Mayo Clinic, and the blood banking community to support questions regarding donor eligibility and COVID-19 testing. doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.09.021 id = cord-336467-w528t92h author = Anderson, Diana C. title = Nursing Home Design and COVID-19: Balancing Infection Control, Quality of Life, and Resilience date = 2020-10-31 keywords = covid-19; home; quality summary = Residential care settings for older people are known variously as "nursing homes," "long-term care facilities," or "care homes." 1 In general, it is argued that the design of many of these facilities do not adequately support quality of life for older people, 2,3 and now this is compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic which illustrates how they are ill-designed for infection control and the protection of older people who are most at risk in our society. Quality of life and care issues pertain to all aspects of the nursing home built environment (ie, from nursing home location and interaction with the community, down to building details, components, and technology), therefore we adopt a spatial framework spanning macro (overall urban setting), meso (neighborhoods and districts), and micro-scale level issues (site/building design). Examining any new approaches to nursing home design through the lens of quality of life and resilience will help reduce fragility of long-term care and protect against ongoing infectious threats such as influenza or COVID-19, or future pandemics. doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.09.005 id = cord-333713-nz36i2oa author = Andonegui-Elguera, Sergio title = Molecular Alterations Prompted by SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Induction of Hyaluronan, Glycosaminoglycan and Mucopolysaccharide Metabolism date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Results Alterations in genes involved in hyaluronan, glycosaminoglycan and mucopolysaccharides metabolism were over-represented in bronchoalveolar cells infected by SARS-CoV-2, as well as potential lung infiltration with neutrophils, NK cells, T CD4+ cell and macrophages. Conclusions In summary our results revealed molecular pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection to bronchoalveolar cells inducing the hyaluronan and glycosaminoglycan metabolism that could shape partially the components of the ground-glass opacities observed in CT. Therefore, in the present work we carried out comprehensive and stringent transcriptomic metanalysis of SARS-CoV-2 infected bronchoalveolar cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells to unveil the molecular alterations caused by viral infection as well as deconvolution analysis to identify the immune cell profiles in COVID-19 patients. Using molecular deconvolution analysis, we identified the presence of neutrophils, NK cells, T CD4+ lymphocytes and macrophages infiltrating the lungs of COVID-19 patients, consistently our findings with the previously reported (14) . doi = 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.06.011 id = cord-258916-jbdz1pk0 author = Andreae, MH title = Data and Debriefing Observations on Healthcare Simulation to Prepare for the COVID-19 Pandemic: Healthcare Simulation for COVID-19 date = 2020-07-15 keywords = covid-19; patient; team summary = We report on data and debriefing observations in the context of an immersive simulation conducted to (a) train clinicians and (b) test new protocols and kits, developed in table-top exercises without prior clinical experience to fit anticipated clinical encounters in the setting of the rapidly expanding COVID-19 pandemic. We simulated scenarios with particular relevance for anesthesiology, perioperative and critical care, including (1) cardiac arrest, (2) emergency airway management, (3) tele-instruction for remote guidance and supervision, and (4) transporting an intubated patient. • Immersive healthcare simulation employing anticipated clinical encounters may be useful to test COVID-19 [8, 10, 11] and other airborne contagious disease hospital protocols, developed with limited clinical experience, to detect shortcoming before such gaps become apparent in clinical care and threaten patient or provider safety. doi = 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106028 id = cord-337275-phgfpzbt author = Andrew, Jones title = Is Spread of COVID-19 a Chaotic Epidemic? date = 2020-10-20 keywords = country; covid-19; system summary = Traditional compartmental epidemiological models demonstrated limited ability to predict the scale and dynamics of COVID-19 epidemic in different countries. Our mathematical examination of COVID-19 epidemic data in different countries reveals similarity of this dynamic to the chaotic behavior of many dynamics systems, such as logistic maps. In a previous study, [4] demonstrated that the coronavirus raw data in China''s first two months of the disease suggest chaotic growth, similar to other epidemics like H1N1 and measles. These systems are now termed "chaotic." Unpredictability due to highly-sensitive reliance on initial conditions inspired the term "deterministic chaos." After Poincaré''s studies, the deterministic chaotic behavior was discovered in numerous dynamical systems and confirmed experimentally [15, 6, 2, 20] . Through use of an interactive data map, it was shown that the spread of COVID-19 exhibits the major characteristics of chaotic systems, namely, determinism, high sensitivity, large number of equilibria, and unpredictability. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110376 id = cord-259808-82drb14x author = Andrews, Paul L R title = COVID‐19, nausea, and vomiting date = 2020-10-05 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; nausea; vomiting summary = Considering the likely effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the digestive tract (discussed further), a relationship between symptoms such as nausea/vomiting and diarrhea would not be unexpected but identifying the time of onset of each postinfection is essential to assessing their relative relevance for diagnosis. There are no formal studies at present so we have reviewed the effects of SARS-CoV-2 (and other coronaviruses) on the digestive tract in the light of knowledge of the established mechanisms of nausea and vomiting; this is the same approach that has been used to understand the pathogenesis of other symptoms (e.g. diarrhoea 10 ). We hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 would induce acute (first few days postinfection) nausea and vomiting by causing the release of key hormones from the enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in the mucosa of the upper GI tract or after gaining direct entry into the blood, by acting directly within the brainstem. doi = 10.1111/jgh.15261 id = cord-315930-1vgb2mk0 author = Andrianopoulos, Ioannis title = Tocilizumab''s efficacy in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is determined by the presence of cytokine storm date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We read with great interest the research article written by Borku Uysal B et al which is in accordance with the so far accumulating knowledge that tocilizumab is an effective treatment for COVID-19 cytokine storm syndrome (CSS). 8 Our limited experience on tocilizumab suggests that in the setting of acute respiratory failure where the patient has fever, bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray, raised C-reactive protein (CRP) (above 100 mg/dL), raised interleukin-6 (IL-6) (≥80 pg/mL) and significant hypoxemia (Po 2 : FiO 2 [PFO] ratio <150) tocilizumab is indeed effective in putting breaks on the disease and potentially avoiding further deterioration, leading to intubation, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and potentially death. Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: a single center study of 100 patients in Brescia Tocilizumab for treatment of severe COVID-19 patients: preliminary results from Smatteo COVID-19 registry (SMACORE). doi = 10.1002/jmv.26209 id = cord-346026-l9cyzocv author = Aneja, Ranjan title = An assessment of socioeconomic impact of COVID‐19 pandemic in India date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; India; impact; sector summary = In Pre-COVID era India was encountering with major macroeconomic issues such as nearly recession with the sluggish GDP growth rate of 4.7% in 2019 which is lowest since 2013 (as indicated by the official statistics), high unemployment rate, decline in industrial output of core sectors-the worst in 14 years, stagnancy in private sector investment, decline in consumption expenditure for the first time in several decades (Dev & Sengupta, 2020) . Considering the disproportionate burden of the crisis on low skilled workers, poors, other vulnerable sections, many economists think that COVID-19 is most likely expected to raise inequality within and among countries (Initiative on Global Markets, 2020) and the results of study conducted by (Furceri, Loungani, Ostry, & Pizzuto, 2020) confirms that those having basic education (low skilled) are affected more than those with higher and advanced degrees, in terms of loss of income hence confirming increase in income inequality after during and after pandemics. 19 4 | CONCLUSION COVID-19 pandemic has incurred unprecedented loss globally but India being an emerging economy is likely to get more affected in every sector and that too disproportionately. doi = 10.1002/pa.2266 id = cord-286238-s64eueie author = Angelidis, G. title = A second wave of COVID-19 infections should not lead to a new disruption of services in nuclear cardiology date = 2020-08-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: A second wave of COVID-19 infections should not lead to a new disruption of services in nuclear cardiology On June 30, 2020, the Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) Department of the World Health Organization (WHO) published the results of a survey from 163 Ministries of Health, regarding the service delivery for NCDs during the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. After the gradual relaxation of lockdown measures in Greece, we have managed to provide nuclear cardiology services at patient flow levels comparable to that of the pre-COVID-19 era. The intervals between patients'' arrivals at the Department, and between consequent studies, have been extended resulting in the lengthening of the working day. However, we believe that nuclear cardiology departments should be prepared to provide high-quality studies, taking all the appropriate measures for the prevention of viral spread. Proper adjustments based on the epidemic status are required, but a second disruption of nuclear cardiology services should be avoided. doi = 10.1007/s12350-020-02305-y id = cord-287676-qh7zeyyx author = Angoulvant, François title = COVID-19 pandemic: Impact caused by school closure and national lockdown on pediatric visits and admissions for viral and non-viral infections, a time series analysis date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; lockdown summary = title: COVID-19 pandemic: Impact caused by school closure and national lockdown on pediatric visits and admissions for viral and non-viral infections, a time series analysis A time series analysis of 871,543 pediatric emergency visits revealed that the COVID-19 lockdown and school closure were associated with a significant decrease in infectious diseases disseminated through airborne or fecal-oral transmissions: common cold, gastro-enteritis, bronchiolitis, acute otitis. We conducted a quasi-experimental interrupted time series analysis based on multicenter prospective French surveillance data for pediatric emergency department (PED) visits and related hospital admissions. [13] While the role of the children in the dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 is still being discussed, finding that school closure and national lockdown were linked to a dramatic decrease in pediatric emergency visits concerning gastroenteritis, acute otitis media, bronchiolitis, and other viral diseases could be not only an unexpected benefit for the children but could also raise the question of the impact on the health care system of starting lifting the French national lockdown by reopening the schools. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa710 id = cord-347238-yacn6xqk author = Angurala, Mohit title = An Internet of Things Assisted Drone Based Approach to Reduce Rapid Spread of Covid-19 date = 2020-07-02 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = In this paper, a mechanism is proposed called DBCMS (Drone Based Covid-19 Medical Service) for the safety of medical employees who are prone to Covid-19 infection. The proposed model in this paper uses drone service to reduce the risk of infection to the doctors or other medical staff, thereby preventing the disease spread. The proposed architecture is a three-layer approach in which the first layer operates on the working of collecting samples as shown in Fig. 2 , while the second layer works for critically ill patients who need consultation of the senior doctors or emergency admission in hospitals. The working of the proposed Drone Based Covid-19 Medical Service (DBCMS) architecture is categorized into 3 layers, each of which is explained in detail as follows: The Doctor verifies the symptoms and further asks the Nurse to be ready the Blood Sample Collection Kit (Covid-19 IgM/IgG Rapid Test Kit) in case the verification is successful, otherwise prescribes the medicine as per the symptoms by a call. doi = 10.1016/j.jnlssr.2020.06.011 id = cord-024130-kgzegwon author = Ankita title = COVID-19: An Ophthalmological Update date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Conjunctival secretions from patients and asymptomatic contacts of COVID-19 cases may also spread the disease further into the community. In view of the presence of coronavirus in body fluids of patients, and SARS-CoV-2 being similar to SARS-CoV, the risk of transmission through conjunctival secretion and tear cannot be neglected. Patients with conjunctivitis may initially report to an ophthalmologist, possibly making the eye care physician to first suspect a case of COVID-19 (Lu et al. According to a recently published literature on COVID-19 conjunctivitis, tear sample and conjunctival swab are reported to be positive for the novel coronavirus. As per recent AAO guidelines, as a response to the state of national emergency due to COVID-19, eye care practitioners should reduce the number of outpatient The following preventive measures should be taken by the ophthalmologist in the outpatient clinic for general patients (Group 1 and 2) during such outbreaks: Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection doi = 10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_8 id = cord-321097-fw05hcr4 author = Annie, Frank title = Prevalence and Outcomes of Acute Ischemic Stroke Among Patients ≤ 50 Years of Age with Laboratory Confirmed COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-06-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Prevalence and Outcomes of Acute Ischemic Stroke Among Patients ≤ 50 Years of Age with Laboratory Confirmed COVID-19 Infection Concerns have been recently raised about young patients with COVID-19 presenting with large ischemic strokes 1 . 1 In this focused analysis, we investigated the incidence and outcomes of acute ischemic stroke in young adults using a multinational database. We queried the TriNetx Research Network to select patients <50 years of age with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 infection between January 20, 2020 to April 24, 2020. 6.5%); heart failure To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the incidence and outcomes of acute ischemic stroke in young adults with COVID-19 infection. We found a low overall incidence but a grim prognosis of acute ischemic stroke among unselected young adults with COVID-19. Kaplan Meier Survival Analysis of Young Adults with COVID-19 with or without Stroke doi = 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.06.010 id = cord-285407-h9og17i9 author = Annunziata, Salvatore title = Surveys on COVID-19 in nuclear medicine: what happened and what we learned date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = During the pandemic, Nuclear Medicine (NM) departments have been involved in several changes and issues, such as new scheduling praxes for NM diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, the assistance of patients with diagnosed or suspected COVID-19, and the prevention of COVID-19 spreading in the departments. For these reasons, some research groups promoted different international surveys to understand the impact of the pandemic on NM departments [1] [2] [3] . The Young Group of the Italian Association of Nuclear Medicine (AIMN) developed the first international survey to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 in NM and performed a preliminary report of the obtained responses [1] . Another international research group promoted a survey about the global impact of COVID-19 on NM departments [2] . Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in nuclear medicine departments: preliminary report of the first international survey Global impact of COVID-19 on nuclear medicine departments: an international survey in doi = 10.1007/s40336-020-00391-z id = cord-261270-jkm9c5yv author = Annweiler, Cédric title = National French survey of COVID-19 symptoms in people aged 70 and over date = 2020-06-18 keywords = covid-19 summary = The following symptoms observed within the first 72 hours of SARS-CoV-2 infection (i.e., 72h from suspicion, possibly before diagnostic confirmation by RT-PCR test) were collected for each patient using yes/no questions: general signs (sudden deterioration of general condition, temperature, blood pressure), respiratory signs (cough, polypnea), ear nose and throat (ENT) signs (rhinorrhea, odynophagia, otalgia, conjunctivitis, dysgeusia or ageusia, anosmia), gastrointestinal signs (diarrhea, nausea or vomiting) and geriatric syndromes (falls, hypo or overactive delirium, altered consciousness). This national French survey shows that older adults with COVID-19 exhibit a paucisymptomatic clinical picture with less than 3 signs during the first 72h of the infection, generally combining general and respiratory signs (e.g. hyperthermia and cough) with peculiarities that should alert the clinician (e.g. sudden deterioration of general condition, diarrhea, lymphopenia, and/or geriatric syndromes including falls and delirium). doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa792 id = cord-335037-4wj4p5ys author = Annweiler, Cédric title = Neurological, Cognitive, and Behavioral Disorders during COVID‐19: The Nitric Oxide Track date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = [3] [4] [5] Studies in experimental animals have well documented the synthesis of NO in the brain and its role in a variety of neuronal functions including learning and memory processes or locomotor activity. The production of NO is tightly linked to the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), precisely targeted by SARS-CoV-2 7 that was described to overactivate the RAS by interacting, via its spike (S) glycoprotein, with the metallopeptidase angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, 7 expressed at the surface of numerous cell types including cerebral neurons. 8 In RAS, angiotensin II, by acting on the vasoconstrictor type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT 1 R), reportedly diminishes the production of NO, 9 leading to an expected decrease in NO concentrations in the brain during COVID-19, which needs to be compensated to prevent neurological cognitive and behavioral disorders. 10 All these molecules are expected to counteract the SARS-CoV-2-induced overactivation of RAS, to maintain NO production, and to reverse, to some extent, the associated neurological cognitive and behavioral disorders in COVID-19. doi = 10.1111/jgs.16671 id = cord-348222-pd0zzcue author = Ansari Ramandi, Mohammad Mostafa title = Does the novel coronavirus 2019 like heart more than the other family members of coronaviruses? date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = However, although the pandemic of COVID-19 has not yet ended, it seems that COVID-19 compared to the other coronavirus infections (the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome [MERS] and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome [SARS]) is more likely to target the heart. This scenario and the respiratory system involvement is common between Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and COVID-19. 5 There are also case reports presenting patients with a known cardiac problem who manifest with another irrelevant cardiac involvement for example patients with a history of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy or hypertension who have developed cardiogenic shock, in which the criteria of acute myocarditis have been fulfilled. Acute cardiac injury similar to those reported in COVID-19 has been described in SARS; however, the arterial or venous thrombotic events were more prevalent in these patients. Acute myocarditis associated with novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus doi = 10.34172/jcvtr.2020.27 id = cord-263883-7ba0huwy author = Ansarin, Khalil title = Effect of bromhexine on clinical outcomes and mortality in COVID-19 patients: A randomized clinical trial date = 2020-07-19 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of bromhexine in intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and mortality in patients with COVID-19. The current study, an open-label, randomized clinical trial, examined the efficacy of early start of oral bromhexine, in the intensive care unit (ICU) admission, rate of mechanical ventilation, and mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The data presented in this clinical trial confirmed that the early-onset treatment with oral bromhexine 8 mg three times a day not only effectively mitigated the respiratory symptoms, but also significantly decreased the rate of ICU admissions, intubation, mechanical ventilation, and mortality in COVID-19 disease. The data analysis of this clinical trial also showed that cardinal respiratory symptoms (cough, lassitude, and dyspnea) in patients with COVID-19 disease who received bromhexine treatment was remarkably less than the standard group. doi = 10.34172/bi.2020.27 id = cord-268822-o86zpu92 author = Anser, Muhammad Khalid title = Communicable Diseases (Including COVID-19)—Induced Global Depression: Caused by Inadequate Healthcare Expenditures, Population Density, and Mass Panic date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; coronavirus; country; economic summary = In a given scenario, the study focused on the following key variables: communicable diseases, healthcare expenditures, population density, poverty, economic growth, and COVID-19 dummy variable in a panel of 76 selected countries from 2010 through 2019. In a given scenario, the study focused on the following key variables: communicable diseases, healthcare expenditures, population density, poverty, economic growth, and COVID-19 dummy variable in a panel of 76 selected countries from 2010 through 2019. This study intended to explore the answers to the following critical questions: do communicable diseases, including COVID-19, exert a greater magnitude of stress in terms of negatively affecting countries economic growth which then converts into global depression? In a given context, the study prepared a set of research objectives to analyze global depression through some policy instruments, including healthcare expenditures, population density, and poverty incidence in a panel of 76 countries. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00398 id = cord-290341-ei768v4s author = Anstey, D. Edmund title = The cardiac intensive care unit and the cardiac Intensivist during the COVID-19 surge in New York City() date = 2020-07-03 keywords = CICU; COVID-19; patient summary = Herein we discuss the evolving role of the cardiac intensivist and changes to the CICU in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic and provide recommendations based on our own experiences at NewYork-Presbyterian Columbia University Irving Medical Center. There are several domains across which innovation may occur including the physical layout of the CICU, the timing of laboratory and diagnostic studies, medication administration, clinical monitoring, and the management of cardiac arrests. Timing of Lab Testing and Diagnostic Studies: As typical of critically ill patients, patients in an intensive care setting with COVID-19 will require frequent testing as part of their clinical assessment and management. The cardiac intensivist and staff also serve as a consultative resource throughout the hospital to other clinicians given the clinical expertise of the CICU in the management of critically ill patients with cardiovascular complications of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.06.018 id = cord-291886-phl8kh3f author = Anthi, Anastasia title = A Severe COVID-19 Case Complicated by Right Atrium Thrombus date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = Patient: Male, 73-year-old Final Diagnosis: Severe COVID-19 pneumonia complicated by right atrium thrombus Symptoms: Fever • dyspnea • cough Medication:— Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Critical Care Medicine OBJECTIVE: Educational purpose BACKGROUND: Recent studies demonstrated evidence of coagulation dysfunction in hospitalized patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to excessive inflammation, hypoxia, platelet activation, endothelial dysfunction, and stasis. CONCLUSIONS: The presented COVID-19 case, one of the first reported cases with evidence of right heart thrombus by transesophageal echocardiography, highlights the central role of diagnostic imaging strategies and the importance of adequate anticoagulation therapy in the management of severe COVID-19 cases in the ICU. We report our experience to highlight the crucial role of efficient anticoagulation therapy in the management of severe COVID-19 cases requiring ICU admission; the importance of diagnostic imaging strategies, including transesophageal echocardiography, is also emphasized. doi = 10.12659/ajcr.926915 id = cord-310149-8idvf79g author = Antinori, Spinello title = SARS-COV-2 infection: Across the border into the family date = 2020-06-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = Initial studies carried out in China found that asymptomatic patients are associated with a 5% transmission rate [2] , but this figure was found to be as high as 42% in a recent northern Italian study, which supports the view that asymptomatic (or pre-symptomatic) subjects have played a major role in fuelling the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy [3] . Coronavirus testing centers such as those employed in China, South Korea and Israel have shown to be valid measures to contain the epidemic [5] However, although COVID-19 transmission by asymptomatic subjects is a critical factor for ensuring an effective public health response to the epidemic, the best method of identifying asymptomatic infections is still unclear. The decision not to search for SARS-COV-2 in people with mild symptoms and not to include them in surveillance programmes is at least questionable, particularly because the future relaxation of containment measures will require even more active surveillance in order to ensure the early detection of new cases or clusters. doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101784 id = cord-343073-lwbddab2 author = Antiporta, D. A. title = Emerging Mental Health Challenges, Strategies and Opportunities in the context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives from South American Decision-makers. date = 2020-07-18 keywords = COVID-19; health; mental summary = The pandemic has generated specific needs that require appropriate actions including implementing virtual based interventions, bolstering community-based mental health networks, and integrating MHPSS in high-level mechanisms guiding the response to COVID-19. Outpatient services challenges included the limited capacity of health services to use virtual/telemedicine platforms to provide care to specific populations, i.e., elderly people, and indigenous communities, or to disseminate key messages and relevant information through mass media. The pandemic has generated specific needs that require appropriate actions including: implementing virtual based interventions, orienting capacity building towards protection of users and health providers, strengthening evidence-driven decision making and integrating MHPSS in high-level mechanisms guiding the response to COVID-19. The pandemic has generated specific needs that require appropriate actions including: implementing virtual based interventions, orienting capacity building towards protection of users and health providers, strengthening evidence-driven decision making and integrating MHPSS in high-level mechanisms guiding the response to COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.16.20155630 id = cord-307018-l2i499z3 author = Antonio Reyes-Bueno, José title = Análisis de letalidad en pacientes con demencia neurodegenerativa por COVID-19 date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; con; pacientes summary = DISCUSIÓN: La letalidad entre los pacientes con demencia degenerativa primaria por COVID-19 es significativamente mayor en comparación con otros pacientes con edades medias y comorbilidades similares, según nuestro estudio. La población anciana es la más amenazada por el COVID-19, con mayores tasas de mortalidad y letalidad, especialmente aquellos pacientes que viven en centros geriátricos y asilos, como se refleja en los múltiples medios de comunicación y en las comunicaciones del gobierno. En este grupo de edad, sabemos que la proporción de demencias degenerativas primarias es mucho mayor, hasta un 9,4% en los mayores de 70 años [8] , aunque la presencia de DDP per se no aumenta el riesgo de padecer COVID-19 pero sí aumenta el riesgo de complicaciones y letalidad. La letalidad entre los pacientes con demencia degenerativa primaria por COVID-19 es significativamente mayor en comparación con otros pacientes con edades medias y comorbilidades similares, según nuestro estudio. doi = 10.1016/j.nrl.2020.07.005 id = cord-315414-aipfn5hi author = Antonio, Silverii Giovanni title = Are diabetes and its medications risk factors for the development of COVID-19? Data from a population-based study in Sicily date = 2020-10-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = Background and aims Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been associated with higher incidence of severe cases of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients, but it is unknown whether DM is a risk factor for the overall COVID-19 incidence. The aim of present study was to investigate whether there is an association of DM with COVID-19 prevalence and case fatality, and between different DM medications and risk for COVID-19 infection and death. Conclusions in Sicily, DM was not a risk factor for COVID-19 infection, whereas it was associated with a higher case fatality. A recent meta-analysis of 83 observational studies enrolling 78,874 hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 showed a pooled prevalence of established diabetes of 14.34%; pre-existing diabetes was associated with higher risk of severe COVID-19 illness and in-hospital mortality 1 . Diabetes as a risk factor for greater COVID-19 severity and in-hospital death: a meta-analysis of observational studies doi = 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.09.028 id = cord-355734-pz64534w author = Antonio-Villa, Neftali Eduardo title = Health-care workers with COVID-19 living in Mexico City: clinical characterization and related outcomes date = 2020-09-28 keywords = Mexico; SARS; covid-19 summary = Physicians had higher risk for hospitalization and for severe outcomes compared with nurses and other HCWs. CONCLUSIONS: We report a high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCWs in Mexico City. The situation in Mexico is complex, given that SARS-CoV-2 infections coexist with a high prevalence of comorbidities associated with COVID-19 complications in a large proportion of patients, including HCWs. Furthermore, healthcare systems within Mexico are highly fragmented and quality of care and the ability to protect HCWs within each institution is highly heterogeneous due to structural inequalities, which overall could increase the disparities in risk among HCWs within marginalized communities (7) . Our results also show that comorbidities in HCWs, particularly those related to chronic noncommunicable diseases (e.g., diabetes, obesity and arterial hypertension), and the presentation of severe respiratory symptoms at the time of clinical assessment, increases the risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1487 id = cord-283969-wqrzaxsu author = Antonucci, Michele title = The impact of COVID-19 outbreak on urolithiasis emergency department admissions, hospitalizations and clinical management in central Italy: a multicentric analysis date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: The impact of COVID-19 outbreak on urolithiasis emergency department admissions, hospitalizations and clinical management in central Italy: a multicentric analysis Introduction and objectives We aimed to evaluate how the corona virus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak influenced emergency department (ED) admissions for urolithiasis, hospitalizations and clinical management of the hospitalized Patients. 3 Urolithiasis represents a frequent cause of ED admissions, accounting for 1%---2% of emergency visits 4 : in a report from a large series of patients admitted to ED in a big Italian hospital, 16% of patients with non-traumatic abdominal pain had a diagnosis of renal or ureteral stone. We performed a multicentric retrospective analysis of ED admissions for urolithiasis in three high volume urology department (>100 surgical procedures for stone disease per year) in Rome -Italy between March and April 2020 and in the same period of 2019. doi = 10.1016/j.acuroe.2020.10.006 id = cord-272975-gzsd4ybt author = Antony, Arun title = Systematic review of EEG findings in 617 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-19 keywords = EEG; covid-19; patient summary = Significance EEG abnormalities are common in COVID-19 related encephalopathy and correlates with disease severity, preexisting neurological conditions including epilepsy and prolonged EEG monitoring. [6] [7] [8] Individual studies stress a specific population demographic or peculiar aspect of the EEG, but together provide a mosaic of EEG findings in varied groups from children to elderly, and asymptomatic patients to those with severe encephalopathy and status epilepticus. Here, we perform a systematic study of the EEG findings in patients with COVID-19 to synthesize the available data and to elucidate common patterns. Of interest, frontal lobe findings were common and included focal slowing, Diffuse background slowing was the most common EEG finding reported in two-thirds (68.6%) of patients indicating that a diffuse non-specific encephalopathy was the most common brain abnormality in this condition. The earliest available report of neurological complication of SARS-COV infection was a patient with respiratory failure and seizures, although EEG was not performed. doi = 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.10.014 id = cord-315519-f4vwix3q author = Antony, Suresh J. title = Early Use of Tocilizumab in Respiratory Failure Associated with Acute COVID -19 Pneumonia in Recipients with Solid Organ Transplantation date = 2020-06-26 keywords = IL-6; covid-19 summary = As of May 14, 2020, the World Health Organization has reported approximately 4.3 million cases of the novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) with approximately 294,046 deaths worldwide.(1) Solid organ transplant recipients who are on chronic immunosuppressants fall within a special population of COVID-19 patients since they are more susceptible to complications secondary to COVID-19. We report a case of COVID-19 in a patient with a kidney and liver transplant and discuss the early use of tocilizumab to prevent the cytokine storm and attempt to reduce the likelihood of progression to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). 1 In the United States, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) reported 1,364,061 total cases and transplants are included in a special population of patients who may face increased risks of COVID-19 related complications given their use of chronic immunosuppressants. 3 We report a case of COVID-19 in a patient with kidney and liver transplant and discuss the use of IL-6 inhibitor to prevent a cytokine storm in this setting. doi = 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00888 id = cord-338605-3i5pvcgu author = Antoun, Lina title = Maternal COVID-19 infection, clinical characteristics, pregnancy, and neonatal outcome A prospective cohort study date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Four out of total 23 COVID-19 pregnant patients (17.4%) developed severe adult respiratory distress syndrome complications requiring ICU support, one of whom led to maternal death 1/23 (4.3%). Of the 23 pregnant patients 19 were in their third trimester of pregnancy and delivered; 7/19 (36.8%) had preterm birth, 3/19 (15.8%) developed adult respiratory distress syndrome before delivery, and 2/19 (10.5%) had pre-eclampsia. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 5 Data from MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, indicate that infection in pregnancy tends to be severe and associated with adverse neonatal outcomes, including increased risk of miscarriage, fetal growth restriction, and preterm birth [6] [7] [8] [9] . One new-born, who was delivered at 35 weeks by emergency C-section to black African patient due to severe COVID-19 respiratory symptoms requiring ventilation, had low Apgar score of 3 and 5, at 1 and 5 minutes respectively following delivery ( Table 1 ). doi = 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.008 id = cord-309729-nd48uh8e author = Antunes, Adriane E.C. title = Potential contribution of beneficial microbes to face the COVID- 19 pandemic date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; gut; microbiota; probiotic summary = Then, dietary strategies for the promotion of the gut microbiota, and thus the strengthening of the immune system associated with the gut, include increased consumption of fiber and prebiotics (Holscher, 2017) , and incorporating fermented foods (Marco et al., 2017) , and probiotics (Zmora, Suez, & Elinav, 2019) into the diet. There is scientific evidence about the ability of probiotics to promote gut immunity (Sánchez et al., 2017) and, for the moment, a modest evidence of their role in reducing the severity of acute upper respiratory tract infections (AURTI) (Hao, Dong, & Wu, 2015) . In a context of impoverished and threatened intestinal microbiota, the consumption of home-made fermented foods (yoghurt, kefir, sauerkraut, kombucha) or the incorporation into the diet of commercial products containing probiotics and prebiotics, as food or food supplements, is part of a comprehensive nutritional strategy to enhance the function of the gut microbiota, to promote mucosal immunity and potentially upper respiratory tract immunity, to be potentially better prepared to face viral or bacterial infections caused by respiratory syndromes. doi = 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109577 id = cord-268329-apl6n6jl author = Antunes, Douglas Eulálio title = Will cases of leprosy reaction increase with COVID-19 infection? date = 2020-07-17 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a betacoronavirus (betaCoV)-emerged for the first time as an outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and it is now spreading to several countries around the world [1] . Some studies of SARS-CoV-2 infection have reported the presence of a cytokine storm syndrome and a subgroup of patients who progressed to severe forms of the disease, expressing a pro-inflammatory profile in plasma with IL-2, IL-7, TNF-α, and others as significant complications, such as occurs in T1R [10, 11] . In both reactions, we warn of the possible effect that COVID-19 infection may have on the number of cases of these immunological events because the presence of infection is an important risk factor for triggering leprosy reactions [8] . Another disturbing factor, which may contribute to the susceptibility of those affected by leprosy reactions, are the treatments implemented during these events that interfere with the inflammatory response of these patients. doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008460 id = cord-310401-39jjedq0 author = Antwi-Amoabeng, D. title = Sociodemographic predictors of outcomes in COVID-19: examining the impact of ethnic disparities in Northern Nevada date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; hispanic summary = The underlying causes of ethnic disparities in the setting of COVID-19 remain to be established, but it has been postulated that social distancing represents a privilege of the dominant ethnic group; minority individuals are more likely to work essential jobs and live in multigenerational households as compared to their white counterparts [4, 5] . Additional patient-level data included age, sex, comorbidities, ethnicity (Hispanic or non-Hispanic), income class (low or middle/upper), insurance type (Medicare, Medicaid, private, uninsured, or workers'' compensation), and the presence or absence of a primary care provider. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.24.20112094 doi: medRxiv preprint Data on ethic disparity in COVID-19 have demonstrated significantly increased mortality among Hispanics as compared to whites [13] [14] ; this finding is puzzling in light of the demographics of the United States, where the median age for Hispanics is 27 years versus 37 years for the general population. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.24.20112094 id = cord-316928-ivwz7jxi author = Anzola, Gian Paolo title = Neither ACEIs nor ARBs are associated with respiratory distress or mortality in COVID-19 results of a prospective study on a hospital-based cohort date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; severe summary = Considerable concern has emerged for the potential harm in the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor inhibitors (ARBs) in COVID-19 patients, given that ACEIs and ARBs may increase the expression of ACE2 receptors that represent the way for coronavirus 2 to entry into the cell and cause severe acute respiratory syndrome. Partly to help solving this issue, we undertook a prospective study aimed at assessing the clinical characteristics, with particular emphasis on the type of antihypertensive medication, of all consecutive patients presenting at the Emergency Department of a Community Hospital in Gavardo, in the neighborhood of Brescia in Lombardia (Italy), and found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. In conclusion, we studied prospectively a cohort of consecutive Emergency Department patients found to have COVID-19 and were able to assess the relationship between ACEI and ARB use and the severity of the disease. doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02500-2 id = cord-300978-busx8w6s author = Apetrii, Mugurel title = A brand-new cardiorenal syndrome in the Coronavirus Disease- 2019 (COVID-19) setting date = 2020-06-04 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = Although the pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) targets preferentially patient''s lungs, recent data have documented that COVID-19 causes myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, exacerbation of heart failure and acute kidney injury. Studies show that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), similar to its predecessor SARS-CoV, engages angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the entry receptor. In patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, the most important features that suggest myocardial injury are electrocardiogram changes and troponin elevation coupled with echocardiography showing signs of subclinical left ventricular diastolic impairment or even reduced ejection fraction (EF) in severe cases [11] , with a higher likelihood of the need for mechanical ventilation in those with reduced EF, as was seen during previous coronavirus outbreaks [9] . Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China Human kidney is a target for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection doi = 10.1093/ckj/sfaa082 id = cord-314849-owqq0lev author = Apostolopoulos, Ioannis D. title = Covid-19: automatic detection from X-ray images utilizing transfer learning with convolutional neural networks date = 2020-04-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = The results suggest that Deep Learning with X-ray imaging may extract significant biomarkers related to the Covid-19 disease, while the best accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity obtained is 96.78%, 98.66%, and 96.46% respectively. To achieve this, a collection of 1427 thoracic X-ray scans is processed and utilized to train and test the CNNs. Due to the fact that the size of the samples related to Covid-19 is small (224 images), transfer learning is a preferable strategy to train the deep CNNs. This is due to the fact that the state-of-the-art CNNs are sophisticated model requiring large-scale datasets to perform accurate feature extraction and classification. The results are encouraging and demonstrate the effectiveness of deep learning, and more specifically, transfer learning with CNNs to the automatic detection of abnormal X-ray images from small datasets, related to the Covid-19 disease. doi = 10.1007/s13246-020-00865-4 id = cord-351510-8m4930bc author = Aquino, Yves S J title = Hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19: critiquing the impact of disease public profile on policy and clinical decision-making date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; label; treatment summary = In particular, we briefly examine the dangers of a heightened public profile in magnifying the inequality of diseases and undermining three key ethical concepts, namely (1) evidence-based practice, (2) sustainable allocation and (3) meaningful consent. 28 In the next three sections, we elaborate the ways in which one disease''s public profile, such as COVID-19''s, can become so extraordinary that it undermines evidence-based clinical practice, drives unsustainable resource allocation and authorises structural forms of coercive consent. 32 Although there are several morally justifiable reasons for off-label use in general clinical practice, our analysis focusses on the influence of disease public profile on the unapproved or emergency use of HCQ for COVID-19 without sufficient scientific evidence. In this article, we argued that the case of HCQ being touted as potential COVID-19 treatment demonstrates the dangers of a disease''s public profile becoming the overarching influence in healthcare decision-making. doi = 10.1136/medethics-2020-106306 id = cord-325109-zi1qm589 author = Ara, Tasnim title = Identifying the Associated Risk Factors of Sleep Disturbance During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Bangladesh: A Web-Based Survey date = 2020-09-17 keywords = Bangladesh; COVID-19; disturbance; sleep summary = title: Identifying the Associated Risk Factors of Sleep Disturbance During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Bangladesh: A Web-Based Survey The objective of this study is to identify the risk factors associated with sleep disturbance which has developed as a general impact of COVID-19 and new normal life during the lockdown (a measure to control the spread of COVID19) in Bangladesh. The objective of this study is to identify the risk factors associated with sleep disturbance which has developed as a general impact of COVID-19 and new normal life during the lockdown (a measure to control the spread of COVID19) in Bangladesh. This information includes whether they are following the social distancing rule; whether they or their family members, relatives, friends, or neighbors got infected by COVID-19; whether they are working from home/doing online classes; whether they have to go to the workplace during the lockdown; whether any of the family members including respondent have lost their job; exercise status, whether food consumption dominates the new normal life during the lockdown, daily internet usage, perception regarding the risk of getting infected by COVID-19, anxiety, sleeping schedule, etc. doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.580268 id = cord-320895-y6pzrbdi author = Arab-Zozani, Morteza title = COVID-19 in Iran: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Strategies for Preparedness – A Report From the Field date = 2020-09-27 keywords = COVID-19; Iran summary = The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel unknown virus that is challenging whole countries all over the world, has prompted different strategies from various governments. Policies, such as social distancing, dramatically increasing social awareness about preventive actions in terms of public health, and using masks and hand washing, were cost-effective policies that resulted in successful control of the virus in the first onset. Possibly in level situations with similar countries, Iran will have far better results regarding preparedness for future pandemics like COVID-19. Iran was one of the first countries affected by the virus, and although the authorities'' initial reaction at the beginning of the epidemic was to "keep calm, and ignore the seriousness of the situation by comparing it to seasonal influenza," they subsequently had to change their position and consider tougher controls in the cities, as the course of the virus outbreak seemed to be out of control. doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.261 id = cord-263422-ojdcag0r author = Aranda-Abreu, Gonzalo Emiliano title = Response to: Amantadine, COVID-19 and Parkinsonism date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-263422-ojdcag0r authors: Aranda-Abreu, Gonzalo Emiliano title: Response to: Amantadine, COVID-19 and Parkinsonism date: 2020-07-20 journal: Arch Med Res DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.07.002 sha: doc_id: 263422 cord_uid: ojdcag0r nan The fact that Parkinson''s patients get COVID-19 is probably because their main medication was Levodopa and not amantadine. I would like to point out that amantadine is an antiviral that is able to mitigate the effects of COVIDPhenomenology and outcomes of in-patients with Parkinson''s disease during COVID-19 pandemic Effects of COVID-19 on Parkinson''s Disease Clinical Features: A Community-Based Case-Control Study Amantadine as a drug to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 Amantadine Treatment for People with COVID-19 Use of amantadine in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 Online ahead of print Online ahead of print doi = 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.07.002 id = cord-272916-q8zjrodm author = Arasteh, Peyman title = A surge in methanol poisoning amid COVID-19 pandemic: why is this occurring? date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced a pandemic related to a new corona virus infection known as the COVID-19 which first started in Wuhan, China 1 . Specifically, the large industrial use of ethanol for the manufacturing of hand sanitizers, which has been promoted for combating the spread of COVID-19, has created an unprecedented shortage in ethanol and has given way to individuals who were previously using ethanol for the manufacturing of alcohol beverages to shift to the use of methanol instead. Finally, Increased unstructured leisure time, decreased sports activity due to closure of gyms and the mass advertisement to the public to remain home, have all led to increased use of alcohol drinks 3, 4 and this has added more difficulty to the fight against the COVID-19 issue in our region. doi = 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.05.019 id = cord-347048-qqft4yc9 author = Araten, David J. title = Mild Clinical Course of COVID-19 in 3 Patients Receiving Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting C5 Complement for Hematologic Disorders date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = CASE REPORTS: Case 1 is a 39-year-old woman with an approximately 20-year history of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), who had recently been switched from treatment with eculizumab to ravulizumab prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Case 2 is a 54-year-old woman with a cadaveric renal transplant for lupus nephritis, complicated by thrombotic microangiopathy, who was maintained on eculizumab, which she started several months before she developed the SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS: We see no evidence of increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 in these patients on anti-complement therapy, which might actually have accounted for the mild course of infection. We now have the opportunity to report on 3 patients who were on therapeutic anti-complement therapy at the time they became infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The mild cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in these 3 patients may have been related to anti-complement therapy, as suggested by preclinical models and reports of other patients who have received anti-complement therapy for COVID-19. doi = 10.12659/ajcr.927418 id = cord-265890-quacalt5 author = Arauzo-Carod, Josep-Maria title = A first insight about spatial dimension of COVID-19: analysis at municipality level date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; spatial summary = During previous pandemics, authorities of the most a ected countries, as China, took preventive measures in order to control outbreaks, especially in dense urban areas with extensive public transport systems that could help to spread severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Departing from previous approaches and taking into account the type of data available for the Catalan case, we use global (i.e. Moran''s I) and local spatial autocorrelation (LISA) measures, because they allow to identify both general clustering processes as well as local agglomerations in terms of the disease. We have calculated Moran''s I on a weekly basis (see Supplementary Table S3 ) and results show that there is no global spatial autocorrelation for the positive cases at local level (no matter if these are measured in absolute terms or relative to local population), except from end June due to the outbreak in Lleida. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa140 id = cord-332579-7950xjmv author = Aravena, J. M. title = ''Drawing on Wisdom to Cope with Adversity:'' A Systematic Review Protocol of Older Adults'' Mental and Psychosocial Health During Acute Respiratory Disease Propagated-Type Epidemics and Pandemics (COVID-19, SARS-CoV, MERS, and Influenza). date = 2020-06-07 keywords = COVID-19; health; mental; old summary = title: ''Drawing on Wisdom to Cope with Adversity:'' A Systematic Review Protocol of Older Adults'' Mental and Psychosocial Health During Acute Respiratory Disease Propagated-Type Epidemics and Pandemics (COVID-19, SARS-CoV, MERS, and Influenza). Eligibility criteria: quantitative and qualitative studies evaluating mental illness, wellbeing, or psychosocial health outcomes associated with respiratory propagated epidemics and pandemics exposure or periods (COVID-19, SARS-CoV, MERS, and Influenza) in people 65 years or older. In this context, and considering the increasing number of COVID-19 related articles, a systematic review targeted to older people mental health considering a full-range of neuropsychiatric, psychiatric, psychosocial, and wellbeing parameters associated with the infection or the contextual impacts related to acute respiratory disease propagated-type epidemics and pandemics, contrasting the results among groups seems pertinent and necessary to fully understand the response and experiences of older adults and other age groups in the context of pandemics. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.04.20122812 id = cord-331336-4kf2jn8c author = Aravindakshan, A. title = Restarting after COVID-19: A Data-driven Evaluation of Opening Scenarios date = 2020-05-30 keywords = Germany; covid-19 summary = By combining the model with measures of policy contributions on mobility reduction, we forecast scenarios for relaxing various types of NPIs. Our model finds that, in Germany, policies that mandated contact restrictions (e.g., movement in public space limited to two persons or people co-living), initial business closures (e.g., restaurant closures), stay-at-home orders (e.g., prohibition of non-essential trips), non-essential services (e.g., florists, museums) and retail outlet closures led to the sharpest drops in movement within and across states. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, no study quantifies the effects of the types and timings of the implementation and relaxation of government policy interventions in reducing mobility and in turn decreasing the spread of COVID-19. Using data from the 16 states of Germany, we explore the effectiveness of different NPIs ( Figure 3 ) in reducing social mobility, and in turn affecting the spread of the disease. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.28.20115980 id = cord-294900-pmrffqe3 author = Arbel, Yuval title = Can Increased Recovery Rates from Coronavirus be explained by Prevalence of ADHD? An Analysis at the US Statewide Level date = 2020-09-21 keywords = ADHD; covid-19 summary = The current study attempts to investigate the relationships between infection, mortality and recovery rates from coronavirus and the prevalence of ADHD at the US statewide level. Based on information from 2011 regarding the prevalence of ADHD across the US by state, findings suggest that, while there are no correlations between ADHD and population size, infection and mortality rates from coronavirus, recovery rates (recovery-population ratio) rise with the prevalence of ADHD. (2020) , we test the correlation between infection, mortality and recovery from coronavirus (divided by the total population)-based on information from August 11, 2020; and prevalence of ADHD in 2011 at a US statewide-level. (2020) , the objective of the current study is to test the correlation between infection, mortality and recovery from coronavirus (divided by the total population)-based on information from August 11, 2020; and prevalence of ADHD in 2011 in the US at the statewide-level. doi = 10.1177/1087054720959707 id = cord-310901-oooat8xj author = Arca, Karissa N. title = COVID‐19 and Headache Medicine: A Narrative Review of Non‐Steroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) and Corticosteroid Use date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; headache; patient; steroid summary = Several health organizations have concluded that treatment with corticosteroids during active infection should be avoided due to concerns of prolonged viral shedding in the respiratory tract and the lack of survival benefit based on the data from past coronaviruses and influenza virus; specific exceptions exist including treatment for underlying asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, septic shock, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. It is recommended that prior to prescribing non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and steroids for the treatment of headache, clinicians have open discussions with their patients about the potential risks and benefits of using these medications during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and corticosteroid use in patients during the COVID-19 pandemic has been controversial, 6, 7 with existing evidence indirectly suggesting potential benefits 7, 8 or harms, 6, 9 and international and national health organizations providing inconsistent guidance. doi = 10.1111/head.13903 id = cord-322110-crt3h6ua author = Arcari, Luca title = Incidence and determinants of high-sensitivity troponin and natriuretic peptides elevation at admission in hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; Troponin summary = As compared to those with normal cardiac biomarkers, these patients were older, had higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and had more severe COVID-19 pneumonia by higher CRP and d-dimer and lower PaO2/FIO2. We observed hs-Troponin and NP to be associated with both preexisting factors leading to higher vulnerability of myocardium (age, anemia, renal failure, previous CVD) as well as markers of COVID-19 pneumonia disease severity (d-dimer [9] , CRP [24] and PaO2/FIO2 [27] ). Finally, irrespective of the underlying mechanisms and in accordance with previous studies [10, 13] , we observed higher in-hospital mortality in patients with either high hs-Troponin or NP within our population, strengthening the hypothesis that cardiac biomarkers assessment might provide useful information to aid COVID-19 pneumonia risk stratification. doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02498-7 id = cord-288030-69e8cmy2 author = Ardakani, Ali Abbasian title = Application of deep learning technique to manage COVID-19 in routine clinical practice using CT images: Results of 10 convolutional neural networks date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Application of deep learning technique to manage COVID-19 in routine clinical practice using CT images: Results of 10 convolutional neural networks indicated that a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) could detect lung nodules with a competition performance metric of 0.7967. In this study, we propose a CAD system based on deep learning to classify COVID-19 infection versus other atypical and viral pneumonia diseases. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the entirety of patients representing flu-like symptoms with an initial diagnosis of the novel coronavirus, regardless of demographic values such as age and sex, were included in the study. In this study, ten well-known pre-trained CNN were used to distinguish infection of COVID-19 from non-COVID-19 group: 1-AlexNet, 2-VGG-16, 3-VGG-19, 4-SqueezeNet, 5-GoogleNet, 6-MobileNet-V2, 7-ResNet-18, 8-ResNet-50, 9-ResNet-101, and 10-Xception ( Fig. 3 ). In conclusion, a CAD approach based on CT images with promising potential was proposed to distinguish infection of COVID-19 from other atypical and viral pneumonia diseases. doi = 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103795 id = cord-295058-c88fq1de author = Ardila, Alfredo title = Executive dysfunction in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Dear Sir, Executive function disturbances ("dysexecutive syndrome") have usually been associated with frontal lobe pathology [1, 2] . The previous information suggests than in a significant number of cases COVID-19 infection may be associated with an executive dysfunction syndrome. In addition, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which as a pulmonary manifestation has received much attention during this pandemic, can lead to long-term cognitive impairments. Although the paper does not elaborate on the type of cognitive difficulty experienced by this group of patients, a personal communication with the corresponding author of the paper reveals that majority of the study participants had either attention impairment or dysexecutive symptoms, suggesting a frontal lobar dysfunction in either case. Both in acute phase as well as in the long run, executive dysfunction may be anticipated to be a part of neurological consequences of this viral infection. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.07.032 id = cord-240742-w57e1eu6 author = Arela-Bobadilla, Ronal title = Excess deaths hidden 100 days after the quarantine in Peru by COVID-19 date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Esta situación ha provocado la muerte de 8 616 personas hasta el 23 de junio de 2020 -día 100 de la cuarentena nacional(6) ; sin embargo, el Sistema Informático Nacional de Defunciones (SINADEF) registra un número muy superior de fallecimientos por causa no violenta en comparación al mismo periodo de 2019 (7) . La comparación simple con el año 2019 indica que el exceso de fallecimientos durante el 16 de marzo y el 23 de junio de 2020 fue de 3,7 veces las muertes oficiales por COVID-19 hasta esa fecha; sin embargo, las estimaciones considerando la cuarentena indican que el excedente fue entre 4,1 (muestra L100) y 4,2 veces (muestra L1). Este trabajo permite la comparación del exceso de muertes producido en Perú con el de otros países que no han impuesto una cuarentena o cuyo confinamiento empezó después de la aparición de los primeros casos locales de COVID-19. doi = nan id = cord-275370-bt45gnqk author = Arellano-Cotrina, Josabet Johana title = Effectiveness and Recommendations for the Use of Dental Masks in the Prevention of COVID-19: A Literature Review date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; N95; mask summary = The purpose of this investigation was to identify, synthesize, and compare all the current information on the efficacy of dental masks, emphasizing their use, types, and filters to prevent the spread and infection of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. 13, 14 The WHO and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend a series of fundamental preventive measures, such as protective equipment for health personnel during the care of patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, one of the most effective being masks. 16, 17 Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify and synthesize all the current information comparing the efficacy of dental masks, to increase our knowledge about the correct use of different types of masks and filters to prevent the spread and contagion of the COVID-19 virus and other infectious diseases. Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks in protecting health care workers from acute respiratory infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.255 id = cord-323489-ro7kbnu3 author = Arenas, María Dolores title = Protection of nephrology health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; healthcare; patient summary = There are a number of reasons why the protection of healthcare professionals has to be one of the main objectives in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: 1) They are necessary to guarantee the continuity of care; 2) They have a high risk of contagion due to their front-line exposure to infected patients; and 3) They may act as transmission vehicles in their day-to-day work to patients, other colleagues, and members of their families and the community. a Special care or protective measures for medical, nursing and auxiliary staff who work daily with haemodialysis patients As has previously been described in other publications 3,10 , the main protection measures for healthcare professionals and patients in haemodialysis units are: 1) adequate information for patients attending the centre in terms of maintaining a safe distance from fellow patients in waiting rooms and ambulances, and in the use of surgical masks and frequent hand washing; 2) early detection of patients suspected to be infected on arrival at the unit (questionnaires about symptoms or close contacts, taking temperature), and if highly suspect, taking a nasopharyngeal swab for PCR testing. doi = 10.1016/j.nefroe.2020.06.018 id = cord-320514-nd6c1xjn author = Ari, Selma title = Elevated eosinophil count is related with lower anti-factor Xa activity in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-10-08 keywords = LMWH; covid-19 summary = In conclusion; Elevated eosinophil count is related to lower anti-factor Xa activity in patients with COVID-19 receiving LMWH. This study aimed to evaluate the factors influencing anti-factor Xa activity in COVID-19 patients receiving low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) using laboratory data. When the baseline demographic and laboratory characteristics of the patients in groups 1 and 2 were evaluated, no significant difference was found except for the eosinophil counts and activity of anti-factor Xa ( Table 1 ). Laboratory analysis of the blood collected before the discharge of patients revealed that eosinophil counts in group 1 were higher than in group 2, whereas aPTT and anti-factor Xa activity were lower in group 1 than in group 2 ( Table 2) . Previous studies examined the anti-factor Xa activity after LMWH administration for VTE prophylaxis, and values below 0.2 IU/mL have been shown to be subprophylactic doses [17, 18] . doi = 10.1007/s12308-020-00419-3 id = cord-314113-m46j1379 author = Arias, Jose title = COVID-19 effect on herding behaviour in European Capital Markets date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; January summary = Using a sample from the stock exchanges of France (Paris), Germany (Frankfurt), Italy (Milan), United Kingdom (London) and Spain (Madrid), over the period from January 03, 2000 to June 19, 2020, we found robust evidence that COVID-19 pandemic increased herding behaviour in the capital markets of Europe. Given the above, we investigate whether the COVID-19 pandemic increases herding behaviour in capital markets in Europe. The level of herding is more evident when daily data is used (Tan et al., 2008 January in the Federal state of Bavaria; in Italy Chinese tourists were diagnosed on 30 January on board a cruise ship; in the United Kingdom the first cases were reported on 31 January in the city of York; and in Spain the first patient with COVID-19 was identified on 31 January in La Gomera (Georgeou and Hawksley, 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.frl.2020.101787 id = cord-316484-2s8w7r4v author = Arias-Reyes, C. title = Decreased incidence, virus transmission capacity, and severity of COVID-19 at altitude on the American continent date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; Ecuador; July; american summary = However, being aware that the course of the pandemic changes from day to day and that more detailed statistical analyzes are required, in this new study, we analyzed the epidemiological data from 23 countries in the American continent as of the 23 rd of May. Our results show that the incidence of COVID-19, the virus transmission rate, and the severity of COVID-19 decrease significantly starting at 1,000 masl. The evaluation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission rate was performed only for Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, as these countries applied similar strong early quarantines and provided daily epidemiological data at state/province/departamento level. To investigate whether the transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2 differs between highlands (>1,000 masl) and lowlands (<1,000 masl), we used SEIR epidemiological models only in countries that applied similar strong early quarantines and provided daily epidemiological data at state/province/departamento level: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.22.20160168 id = cord-297425-vcqqssm8 author = Aries, James A. title = Clinical Outcome of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Haemato‐oncology Patients date = 2020-05-18 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = However, the prognosis varies widely between groups, with age over 60 years and underlying conditions including hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer identified as risk factors for severe disease and death.(3) The initial reports from China show that patients with cancer are over‐represented among individuals who develop severe Covid‐19 after contracting the virus.(4) Patients with haematological malignancies are expected to be at increased risk of adverse outcomes from this viral infection, due being immunosuppressed as a consequence of the underlying cancer, and from the effects of therapy. (3) The initial reports from China show that patients with cancer are over-represented among individuals who develop severe Covid-19 after contracting the virus.(4) Patients with haematological malignancies are expected to be at increased risk of adverse outcomes from this viral infection, due being immunosuppressed as a consequence of the underlying cancer, and from the effects of therapy. doi = 10.1111/bjh.16852 id = cord-308195-nlibv0u4 author = Arleo, T. L. title = Clinical Course and Outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Rheumatic Disease Patients on Immunosuppression: A case Cohort Study at a Single Center with a Significantly Diverse Population date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Clinical Course and Outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Rheumatic Disease Patients on Immunosuppression: A case Cohort Study at a Single Center with a Significantly Diverse Population Methods We conducted a case cohort study of autoimmune disease patients with COVID-19 (confirmed by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 PCR) from 02/01/2020 to 07/31/2020 and compared them in a 1:3 ratio with uninfected patients who were matched based on race, age, sex, and comorbidity index. Conclusions Rheumatic disease patients infected with COVID-19 were more likely to require ICU admission, ventilation, and died more frequently versus uninfected patients with autoimmune disease. COVID-19 infected patients were determined by selecting patients from the study population that received a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) PCR test through Emory Medical Laboratories. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.26.20219154 doi: medRxiv preprint among this population, as rheumatic disease patients who are admitted to the hospital have poor outcomes regardless of an underlying illness [8] [9] . doi = 10.1101/2020.10.26.20219154 id = cord-318697-6o0i4gir author = Armitage, Richard title = Whistleblowing and patient safety during COVID-19 date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = It has been rightly noted that health workers globally must be able to speak out during COVID-19, allowing them to draw public attention to inadequate PPE supplies and unsafe working conditions, while being protected from censorship, attack, government intimidation, harassment, and arrest [1] . Health service whistleblowing procedures that are secure and robust are of paramount importance to patient safety, and must be strengthened and protected during COVID-19. The degree to which COVID-19 has necessitated the rapid redesign and redeployment of health systems, services, staff, and research globally has created clinical environments in which patient safety, care, and dignity could be threatened. Without timely, secure, and effective whistleblowing procedures, these conditions may lead to unsafe working environments, poor clinical care, and significant harm to both patients and staff. Such measures are essential to protect the human rights of these irreplaceable health workers [1] , and to safeguard patient safety, clinical care, and human dignity. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100425 id = cord-340168-ff6z1tpx author = Armitage, Richard title = COVID-19: Compounding the health-related harms of human trafficking date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Those affected by human trafficking are exposed to multiple severe health risks, including physical, sexual, and psychological violence, occupational hazards, and deprivation, and usually require urgent medical care to address the physical and psychological consequences of extreme exploitation [1] . Simultaneously, as health systems and law enforcement refocus on COVID-19, and governments impose strict physical distancing policies, efforts to identify trafficking are significantly undermined, as healthcare providers, labour inspectors, social workers, and third sector actors are limited in their actions and contact with at-risk groups. Victims of trafficking are disproportionately at risk of COVID-19 infection due to pre-existing health needs, unregulated and unsafe working environments, over-crowded living conditions, poverty, malnutrition, and substance misuse. This further prevents timely or confidential access to healthcare, increasing morbidity and mortality due to untreated acute and long-term conditions including communicable diseases, physical injuries, mental illness, substance misuse, and suicide attempts [5] , while opportunities are missed for healthcare workers to screen, identify, and disrupt trafficking activity. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100409 id = cord-251962-xeue441p author = Armour, Cherie title = The COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study: Understanding the Longitudinal Psychosocial Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the UK; a Methodological Overview Paper date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19; Health; Psychological; Study; Wellbeing summary = The aim of this paper was to describe (1) the rationale behind the study and the corresponding selection of constructs to be assessed; (2) the study design and methodology; (3) the resultant sociodemographic characteristics of the full sample; (4) how the baseline survey data compares to the UK adult population (using data from the Census) on a variety of sociodemographic variables; (5) the ongoing efforts for weekly and monthly longitudinal assessments of the baseline cohort; and (6) outline future research directions. 2005) , posttraumatic stress symptoms were measured, and, given the nature of the study and prior research having highlighted that quarantined and infected individuals and their family 1 Please note that these figures refer to deaths of people who had a confirmed positive COVID19 test result. In order to assess the representativeness of the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study sample to the UK general population, it was compared to data from the UK Census 2011 for adults aged 18 years + . doi = 10.1007/s10862-020-09841-4 id = cord-282814-wnc9iql3 author = Armstrong, A. title = A plastic surgery service response to COVID-19 in one of the largest teaching hospitals in Europe date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; NHS summary = title: A plastic surgery service response to COVID-19 in one of the largest teaching hospitals in Europe Through effective strategy and leadership we present how we are adapting as a department to serve our plastic surgery patients, other hospital teams and the Trust. We are living through unprecedented times; unexpected by the world and bearing huge impact for the National Health Service (NHS), which has to adapt and redefine itself in response to the continually evolving Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As a large department we are expected to support the acute specialties, urgently rationalise care, reduce patient footfall and design a new working pattern that protects both staff and the public. To help free-up plastic surgeons, public information and advice was disseminated via the British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons (BAPRAS) Voice social media pages, warning self-isolating patients of the risks of DIY and other avoidable injuries at home. doi = 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.03.027 id = cord-290490-u3mkfvxw author = Armstrong-James, Darius title = Confronting and mitigating the risk of COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CAPA) date = 2020-07-23 keywords = CAPA; COVID-19 summary = Cases of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) are being increasingly reported and physicians treating patients with COVID-19-related lung disease need to actively consider these fungal co-infections. Influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) presents a known risk to critically unwell patients with influenza (12) (13) (14) and the clinical course of COVID-19 shows many features that are shared with severe influenza infection. Although the host risk factors and clinical characteristics of CAPA are not yet understood, those individuals fulfilling the criteria for proven or probable aspergillosis (13, 14) should then be treated according to current guidelines (31, 32) . Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a frequent complication of critically ill H1N1 patients: a retrospective study A clinical algorithm to diagnose invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients Beta-Dglucan detection as a diagnostic test for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised critically ill patients with symptoms of respiratory infection: an autopsy-based study Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicating COVID-19 in the ICU -A case report doi = 10.1183/13993003.02554-2020 id = cord-336148-50ovfwvo author = Arnold, D. T. title = Blood parameters measured on admission as predictors of outcome for COVID-19; a prospective UK cohort study date = 2020-06-29 keywords = AUC; COVID-19; IL-6 summary = The DISCOVER study prospectively recruited patients with COVID-19 admitted to a UK hospital and analysed a panel of putative prognostic biomarkers on the admission blood sample to identify markers of poor outcome. All biomarkers were tested in logistic regression against a composite outcome of non-invasive ventilation, intensive care admission, or death, with Area Under the Curve (AUC) figures calculated. The DIagnostic and Severity markers of COVID-19 to Enable Rapid triage (DISCOVER) study prospectively recruited patients presenting with COVID-19 to a single UK hospital, with the aim of identifying the additional value of biomarkers to routine clinical care in predicting mortality , need for non-invasive ventilation or intensive care unit admission. In this study, we aimed to identify whether any individual biomarker (Lymphocyte count, Neutrophil count, Neutrophil:Lymphocyte ratio, CRP, IL-6,KL-6, suPAR, NT-pro BNP, LDH, PCT, Troponin T, Ferritin) had prognostic significance for the primary outcome as an individual marker, when used on the initial blood sample taken. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.25.20137935 id = cord-322966-o65fo853 author = Arnold, Ruth H. title = COVID-19 – Does This Disease Kill Due to Imbalance of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) Caused by Genetic and Gender Differences in the Response to Viral ACE 2 Attacks? date = 2020-05-25 keywords = ACE-2; COVID-19; RAS summary = title: COVID-19 – Does This Disease Kill Due to Imbalance of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) Caused by Genetic and Gender Differences in the Response to Viral ACE 2 Attacks? ABSTRACT Debate continues in the medical literature on the role of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathophysiology and the implications for the use of cardiovascular drugs acting on the RAS. Debate continues in the medical literature on the role of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pathophysiology and the implications for the use of cardiovascular drugs acting on the RAS. Debate has arisen due to the finding that underlying cardiovascular disease and hypertension are associated with significantly increased risk of hospitalisation and death in COVID-19 [1, 2] , in addition to the viral receptor being angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) [3 -5] . Association of renin-angiotensin system inhibitorswith severity or risk of death in patients with hypertension hospitalised for coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.05.004 id = cord-265155-jbvrcjx8 author = Aroniadis, Olga C. title = Current Knowledge and Research Priorities in the Digestive Manifestations of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-22 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Herein we discuss the known digestive manifestations of COVID-19 and their potential implications, important questions that remain unanswered, and what gastroenterologists should know to care for affected patients and contribute to extinguishing the pandemic. This is based on: 1) a high incidence (in some reports) of digestive symptoms among infected patients, 1-4 2) expression of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors -the viral target for cellular entry -throughout the digestive system, 1,2 3) presence of viral RNA in the stool of infected patients [1] [2] [3] 5 , and 4) prior experience with the 2003 SARS-coronavirus and the 2012 Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-coronavirus, both of which are known to infect and injure the GI tract. Multiple studies have confirmed the presence of SARS-nCoV-2 RNA in the stool of COVID-19 patients, including some who never tested positive in the upper respiratory tract. Digestive Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients with Mild Disease Severity: Clinical Presentation, Stool Viral RNA Testing, and Outcomes doi = 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.039 id = cord-152238-z0gysxni author = Aronna, M. Soledad title = A model for COVID-19 with isolation, quarantine and testing as control measures date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; case summary = We take into account the presence of asymptomatic infections and the main policies that have been adopted so far to contain the epidemic: isolation (or social distancing) of a portion of the population, quarantine for confirmed cases and testing. In the proposed model, the proportion of people in isolation, the level of contact reduction and the testing rate are control parameters that can vary in time, representing policies that evolve in different stages. These constants may be used as control parameters, via the tuned lockdown as decided by the public policies (reflecting on p and partially on r), the awareness of the population in respecting the social distancing among individuals and in the widespread use of personal protection equipment (expressed by β and partially by r), the availability of testing kits, that results in a higher or lower value of ρ. In our model, since the groups of active individuals and in r-isolation evolve differently (see Scenario A 4 and Figure 4 below), the time-dependent reproduction number R(t) is given by the formula (4) where ϕ in (5) is doi = nan id = cord-323690-dp51djtz author = Arora, Alisha title = Understanding Coronaphobia date = 2020-09-06 keywords = COVID-19; fear summary = review of relevant research, the factors identified are, an unforeseen reality, unending uncertainties, need of acquiring new practices and avoidance behavior, loss of faith in health infrastructure, contraction of COVID-19 by head of states, cautionary statements from international bodies, and infodemia. review of relevant research, the factors identified are, an unforeseen reality, unending uncertainties, need of acquiring new practices and avoidance behavior, loss of faith in health infrastructure, contraction of COVID-19 by head of states, cautionary statements from international bodies, and infodemia. Based on a review of these studies, we define coronaphobia as an excessive triggered response of fear of contracting the virus causing COVID-19, leading to accompanied excessive concern over physiological symptoms, significant stress about personal and occupational loss, increased reassurance and safety seeking behaviors, and avoidance of public places and situations, causing marked impairment in daily life functioning. doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102384 id = cord-307610-tqvt5hzr author = Arora, Amarpreet Singh title = Current perspective of COVID-19 spread across South Korea: exploratory data analysis and containment of the pandemic date = 2020-08-08 keywords = COVID-19; Korea; South summary = The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is regarded as a highly contagious disease that has challenged the healthcare systems worldwide with confirmed cases approaching 12 million and more than 50,000 deaths. Considering the worldwide cases of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), it remains a pandemic and the vaccines and therapeutic agents have yet to be developed to stop the spread of this outbreak. Figure 1 shows the trend of confirmed, recovered, active and deceased cases of COVID-19 in South Korea till July 8, 2020 (GMT 05:00). South Korea''s success with widespread testing and its approach to slowing the spread of COVID-19 offers a way out for most countries that are stuck in lockdown and it also acts as a model response to faces the future outbreak of such diseases as well. doi = 10.1007/s10668-020-00883-y id = cord-334933-br1cr8kj author = Arora, Gulhima title = Solidarity and transparency against the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-04-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Arora, Gulhima; Kroumpouzos, George; Kassir, Martin; Jafferany, Mohammad; Lotti, Torello; Sadoughifar, Roxanna; Sitkowska, Zuzanna; Grabbe, Stephan; Goldust, Mohamad 4 Amidst this somber situation, the blame of "politics of epidemics" in which politics mostly attributes to the broad effect of local, national, and international establishments, on the health consequences of communities in disease outbreaks, in Asian countries like India and Iran is challenging. It also works with member states to promote knowledge and empower communities. By working together, countries promote efficiency. Cooperation is a key weapon in the battle against COVID-19. World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) COVID-19: what is next for public health? Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts doi = 10.1111/dth.13359 id = cord-288371-uyj4iske author = Arrieta, Oscar title = Recommendations for detection, prioritization, and treatment of thoracic oncology patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The THOCOoP cooperative group date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; Cancer; cell; lung; patient; small summary = Long-term Follow-up on NRG Oncology RTOG 0915 (NCCTG N0927): A Randomized Phase 2 Study Comparing 2 Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Schedules for Medically Inoperable Patients With Stage I Peripheral Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Durvalumab plus platinum–etoposide versus platinum–etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Phase III study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG 2597): induction chemotherapy followed by either standard thoracic radiotherapy or hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy for patients with unresectable stage IIIA and B non-small-cell lung cancer Usefulness of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in evaluating response to chemotherapy in patients with advanced non small-cell lung cancer: a prospective cohort study Randomized phase III trial of single-agent pemetrexed versus carboplatin and pemetrexed in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2 Carboplatin-or cisplatin-based chemotherapy in first-line treatment of small-cell lung cancer: the COCIS meta-analysis of individual patient data doi = 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103033 id = cord-331135-4u99yxw2 author = Arsandaux, J. title = Higher risk of mental health deterioration during the Covid-19 lockdown among students rather than non-students. The French Confins study date = 2020-11-05 keywords = covid-19; student; symptom summary = Methods: Using cross-sectional data of the Confins cohort, we estimated the effect of student status on depressive and anxiety symptoms, suicidal thoughts and perceived stress using multivariate logistic regression analyses. A few studies have reported high prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and stress during the Covid-19 lockdown among college students (Cao et al., 2020; Husky et al., 2020; Odriozola-González et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2020) but it is unkown whether the impact was different in this population compared to non-students adults. The objectives of this study were to estimate the effect of lockdown on mental health conditions (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, suicidal thoughts and perceived stress) in college students and to compare their frequency and associated factors to a sample of non-students recruited in the same study. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.04.20225706 id = cord-346791-f2bjsopv author = Arslan, Gökmen title = Coronavirus Stress, Optimism-Pessimism, Psychological Inflexibility, and Psychological Health: Psychometric Properties of the Coronavirus Stress Measure date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; CSM; psychological summary = In order to provide appropriate mental health services and develop prevention and intervention strategies for people in response to COVID-19, it is critical to understand the mitigating factors associated with coronavirus stress and psychological problems. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to examine the mediating role of optimism-pessimism and psychological inflexibility on the relationship between coronavirus stress and psychological problems among Turkish adults. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to examine the mediating role of optimism-pessimism and psychological inflexibility on the relationship between coronavirus stress and psychological problems among Turkish adults. Given the theoretical and empirical evidence presented above, the purpose of the current study was to examine the mediating effects of the optimism-pessimism and psychological inflexibility on the association of coronavirus stress with psychological problems among Turkish adults. The results of the study generally support the mediating roles of optimism-pessimism and psychological inflexibility in the association between coronavirus stress and psychological problems. doi = 10.1007/s11469-020-00337-6 id = cord-280133-c0k3uag9 author = Artese, Flavia title = Covid-19: The aftermath for orthodontics date = 2020 keywords = covid-19; world summary = Scientific journals are making a huge effort in publishing, as quickly as possible, the available current knowledge on this virus, which seems to grow faster than our capability of retrieving clinically applicable information. An excellent summary of information by the Director of the NIH 3 explains very clearly why social distancing may be the best immediate solution to slow the spread of COVID-19. He described how government priorities do change when facing fear and desperation, when the President of the USA asked the scientific community to do him a favor and speed things up in preparing a vaccine or a treatment for COVID-19. The Dental Press publishers also joined this movement, opening their complete digital data, called Dental GO, and offering dentists all over the world an access to a collection of over 6,000 publications in Dentistry, which include the Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and future challenges for dental and oral medicine doi = 10.1590/2177-6709.25.2.007-008.edt id = cord-299613-5ju5fcf4 author = Arthi, Vellore title = Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19 date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; Depression; Great; Influenza; U.S.; economic; effect; health; mortality; pandemic summary = In this paper, we review the evidence on the long-run effects on health, labor, and human capital of both historical pandemics (with a focus on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic) and historical recessions (with a focus on the Great Depression). Thus, a historical perspective allows us to use rich data to look at not only the short-term effects of crises like COVID-19 on health, labor, and human capital, but also the long-term and intergenerational impacts along these dimensions for both individuals and the wider economy. To examine how history can inform our view of the coronavirus pandemic and associated policy responses as they relate to long-run wellbeing, we begin in Section II by reviewing the features of COVID-19 that will determine its potential health and economic impacts, and placing these features in historical context. doi = 10.1016/j.eeh.2020.101381 id = cord-183600-wxfq90zq author = Arthur, Rudy title = Studying the UK Job Market During the COVID-19 Crisis with Online Job Ads date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; job summary = Understanding these effects requires us to obtain and analyse data in as close to real time as possible, especially as rules change rapidly and local lockdowns are enacted. For example [17] show a 44% drop in vacancy postings between February and April in the US, observed across occupational categories (essential or non-essential work) as well as states which may have had different lockdown policies. Analysis of vacancy postings in Sweden, which has had probably the least restrictive lockdown in Europe, shows a drop in job adverts by around 40% [16] . In this section we will examine how the effect of the crisis on vacancies was distributed across the UK; we will compare regions which were affected to different degrees by COVID-19 and examine if local lockdowns have a compounding effect on depressing the job vacancy data. doi = nan id = cord-276938-hv2ttwr8 author = Artru, Florent title = Acute immune thrombocytopaenic purpura in a patient with COVID-19 and decompensated cirrhosis date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; ITP summary = We report on a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and decompensated cirrhosis who experienced a favourable outcome of severe immune thrombocytopaenic purpura (ITP) after administration of intravenous immunoglobulin and high-dose dexamethasone. We report on a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and decompensated cirrhosis who experienced a favourable outcome of severe immune thrombocytopaenic purpura (ITP) after administration of intravenous immunoglobulin and high-dose dexamethasone. Published data suggest that poor outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is related to an excessive inflammatory reaction. Laboratory tests performed over the next days showed a rapid decrease of platelet count from baseline values around 70 g/L (chronic moderate thrombocytopaenia due to liver disease and hypersplenism) to a nadir of 1 x10 9 /L (figure 1). ► Treatment of ITP in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with high-dose dexamethasone and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) appears to be effective. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-236815 id = cord-293787-kpn0hb8t author = Arulprakash, Enoch title = A Study on Fight Against COVID-19 from Latest Technological Intervention date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; machine summary = This paper analyses and studies those aspects, (I) Quarantine and statistical aspect: Quarantine potentially affected candidates (person who is in touch, travel history) through Data analytics/Machine learning. (III) Prevention aspect: Monitoring and enforce social distancing through visual social distancing using deep learning and Computer vision. This paper analyses and studies those aspects in detail like, (I) Quarantine and Statistical Aspect Quarantine potentially affected candidates (person who is in touch, travel history) through Data analytics/ Machine learning [2, 18] . (III) Prevention Aspect Machine learning and Computer vision as an aid for drug discovery and Monitoring and enforce social distancing through visual social distancing [4, 15] . There are several publically available deep learning models trained from various patients'' data, models like COVID-Net, CAD4COVID [11, 19] , etc., which can be utilised directly or retrained with the new patients for enhanced prediction. doi = 10.1007/s42979-020-00301-0 id = cord-351038-k2m6woow author = Arun Krishnan, R. title = COVID-19: Current Trends in Invitro Diagnostics date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = Currently the nucleic acid based polymerase chain reaction is used as the reliable diagnostic platform and antigen/antibody detection immunoassays are playing the role of screening tests for early detection and prognosis in COVID-19 treatment. The limitation of rRT-PCR to detect COVID-19 past infection and the progress of the disease, increases the importance of serological assays. Currently COVID-19 antigen LFIA test is under development which will offer more sensitive and specific result for COVID-19 diagnosis and will detect the viral antigen in 3 days of infection [22] . have developed an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of COVID-19 IgM and IgG antibody from serum sample. The complexity, cost effectiveness and limitations of nucleic acid based diagnostic tools, impetus the innovative development of well standardized, high sensitive, specific and low cost serological assays for COVID-19 diagnosis. Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunoassay and colloidal gold-immunochromatographic assay kit for detection of novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) causing an outbreak of pneumonia (COVID-19). doi = 10.1007/s12291-020-00906-5 id = cord-031461-r9lv43us author = Asad, Ali title = Evolution of COVID-19 Pandemic in India date = 2020-09-05 keywords = COVID-19; India summary = Towards this objective, we study and analyze the temporal growth pattern of COVID-19 infection and death counts in various states of India. Our analysis up to August 4, 2020, shows that several states (namely Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal) have reached [Formula: see text] power-law growth, while Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh exhibit linear growth. In this paper, we analyze the COVID-19 infection and death counts in nineteen Indian states: Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka, Bihar, and Kerela. The infection curves of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal, as well as the combined NE-states, exhibit a t 3 regime followed by a t 2 phase. These states observed a gradual growth in daily cases as their I(t) curves pass through the power-law regime. In this paper, we analyzed the cumulative infection and death counts of the COVID-19 epidemic in the worstaffected states of India. doi = 10.1007/s41403-020-00166-y id = cord-262653-v1to1mrp author = Asad, H. title = Health Care Workers and Patients as Trojan Horses: a COVID19 ward outbreak date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; HCW summary = Subsequent investigation over a 14 day period revealed symptoms in 23 staff members and five linked cases in patients on the same ward. Staff members and patients can act as Trojan horses carrying infection into and around the hospital, setting up unexpected transmission events. An in house real time PCR assay for COVID-19 was carried out on dry throat swabs taken from symptomatic patients and staff members working on the ward. HCW cases were defined as (A) a member of staff from the affected ward and (B) compatible symptoms for COVID-19 (C) onset of infection during the outbreak period. Four of the five staff members with very early onset of infection were working with the index case during the likely infectious period ( Figure 3 ). In this case infection was most likely introduced by an asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic HCW and then transferred via a longstanding patient from ITU to a previously negative medical ward. doi = 10.1016/j.infpip.2020.100073 id = cord-309200-t2xugb8l author = Asadi, Sima title = The coronavirus pandemic and aerosols: Does COVID-19 transmit via expiratory particles? date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = (2005) established that hospitalized patients infected with SARS during the 2003 epidemic emitted viable aerosolized virus into the air. Recent work on influenza (another viral respiratory disease) has established that viable virus can indeed be emitted from an infected individual by breathing or speaking, without coughing or sneezing (Yan et al. In regard to virology, information is required about the average viral titer in the respiratory fluid and the emitted aerosol particles, as well as the minimum infectious dose for COVID-19 in susceptible individuals. But given the large numbers of expiratory particles known to be emitted during breathing and speech, and given the clearly high transmissibility of COVID-19, a plausible and important hypothesis is that a face-to-face conversation with an asymptomatic infected individual, even if both individuals take care not to touch, might be adequate to transmit Note that the key word in the last sentence was "might." Many urgent questions about aerosol transmission and COVID-19 must be answered. doi = 10.1080/02786826.2020.1749229 id = cord-293997-4wjf1znf author = Asai, Nobuhiro title = Clinical manifestations and radiological features by chest computed tomographic findings of a novel coronavirus disease-19 pneumonia among 92 Japanese people date = 2020-08-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Clinical manifestations and radiological features by chest computed tomographic findings of a novel coronavirus disease-19 pneumonia among 92 Japanese people Abstract Introduction The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) could cause a severe acute respiratory infectious disease, showing a high mortality rate of 12-45% among cases who required intensive care unit admission. COVID-19 pneumonia Patients and methods For the purpose of identifying clinical manifestations and radiological findings of COVID-19 pneumonia, we reviewed all cases of COVID-19 pneumonia which were published by the homepage of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases from Feb 5 2020 until April 30 2020, including our cases. As for radiological findings by chest CT scan, ground-glass opacities (GGO)s, peripheral distribution, bilateral lung involvements were seen in 88 (96%), 76 (83%) and 78 (85%), respectively. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) could cause a severe acute respiratory infectious disease, showing a high mortality rate of 12-45% among cases who required intensive care unit admission. doi = 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.07.011 id = cord-320262-9zxgaprl author = Asamoah, Joshua Kiddy K. title = Global stability and cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 considering the impact of the environment:using data from Ghana date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; control summary = title: Global stability and cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 considering the impact of the environment:using data from Ghana that other optimal control model on COVID-19 have been studied (see for example [27, 28, 29 , 30, 31, The model further assumes that, no exposed individual transmits the disease. It is further inferred from this 310 study that; applying optimal control strategy on the rate at which the virus is released into the system, m 1 311 and m 2 , and also on the relative transmission rate due to human behaviour will considerably strike down 312 COVID-19 pandemic. Early dynamics of transmission and control 376 of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study A model based study on the dynamics 431 of COVID-19: Prediction and control A model based study on the dynamics 431 of COVID-19: Prediction and control Modeling the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the dynamics of 435 novel coronavirus with optimal control analysis with a case study Modelling of rabies transmission dynamics 477 using optimal control analysis doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110103 id = cord-205189-4be24yda author = Asawa, Parth title = COVID-19 in Spain and India: Comparing Policy Implications by Analyzing Epidemiological and Social Media Data date = 2020-10-26 keywords = India; Kerala; Spain; covid-19 summary = We see that the new case predictions reflects twitter sentiment, meaningfully tied to a trigger sub-event that enables policy-related findings for Spain and India to be effectively compared. To this end, we juxtapose Spain and India''s epidemiological data to identify a date when the curves show the number of new cases diverging from each other, and India started showing worsening conditions.Although it could be argued that the differences we see in cases were due to travel from hotspots, it''s important to note that India closed its borders by suspending all international flights starting March 22nd, in addition to taking steps to suspend inter-state travel by suspending domestic flights and domestic trains throughout the time frame of our analysis 3 . On the data from these states/regions, we did visualizations of counts of new cases during April and May. This period was essential to assess the effectiveness of government policies in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = nan id = cord-034942-ezwt39rq author = Asayama, Shinichiro title = Are we ignoring a black elephant in the Anthropocene? Climate change and global pandemic as the crisis in health and equality date = 2020-11-07 keywords = Anthropocene; COVID-19; climate; health summary = Climate change and coronavirus pandemic are the twin crises in the Anthropocene, the era in which unsustainable growth of human activities has led to a significant change in the global environment. We suggest three agendas for future climate and sustainability research after the pandemic: (1) focus on health and well-being, (2) moral engagement through empathy, and (3) science of loss for managing grief. While climate change and global pandemic can be equally understood as great challenges in the Anthropocene, their manifestation has been pronounced differently due to a difference in disciplinary concerns between environmental sustainability research and public health research. Both climate change and the coronavirus pandemic attest to the fact that we are now living in the Anthropocene, the era in which unsustainable growth of human activities has caused a significant change in the global environment. doi = 10.1007/s11625-020-00879-7 id = cord-306819-otabtxin author = Asensio-Samper, JM title = Recomendaciones Prácticas Para El Manejo Del Paciente Con Dolor Crónico Durante La Pandemia De COVID-19 date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Dentro de estas recomendaciones que incluyen las Unidades de Tratamiento del Dolor, los pacientes con sospecha o infección confirmada por SARS-CoV-2 pueden encontrase en situación de espera para consulta medica o técnicas invasivas para manejo de dolor crónico refractario a otras terapias. Dentro de estas recomendaciones que incluyen las Unidades de Tratamiento del Dolor, los pacientes con sospecha o infección confirmada por SARS-CoV-2 pueden encontrase en situación de espera para consulta medica o técnicas invasivas para manejo de dolor crónico refractario a otras terapias. En las Unidades de Tratamiento del Dolor, los casos en los que se establece la necesidad de manejo preferente de pacientes en situación de crisis sanitaria, incluyendo pandemia COVID-19, son aquellos casos no subsidiarios de atención mediante telemedicina, es decir, aquellos casos refractarios a tratamiento médico convencional que requieran evaluación clínica especializada y alta probabilidad de realización de procedimiento invasivo para control del dolor, el cual podrá ser realizado en formato de "acto único". doi = 10.1016/j.redar.2020.08.005 id = cord-324565-p3jl1vie author = Asghar, Muhammad Sohaib title = Poor Prognostic Biochemical Markers Predicting Fatalities Caused by COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study From a Developing Country date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; LDH summary = This study aims to identify the most effective predictive biomarker such as C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), procalcitonin (PCT), and D-dimer, among others, in predicting the clinical outcome of the disease. Conclusion Inflammatory markers are a useful guide for predicting mortality, and the study results concluded that LDH, PCT, D-dimer, CRP, and ferritin were effective biomarkers. This study aims to identify the roles of these biomarkers (CRP, ferritin, LDH, PCT, and Ddimer), among others, in predicting the severity and clinical outcome during the disease. A study undertaken in Wuhan, China, that evaluated the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients also found an important association of CRP with severe disease prognosis. Our study showed that LDH is also significantly increased in patients experiencing a severe course of the disease compared to those with mild infections, thereby demonstrating its role as the most potential biomarker in predicting COVID-19 severity. doi = 10.7759/cureus.9575 id = cord-319742-ypkt01rn author = Asgharpour, Masoumeh title = Effectiveness of extracorporeal blood purification (hemoadsorption) in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; patient summary = METHODS: This controlled trial has been conducted on critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted in the state hospital affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences, Iran who received different antiviral and antibacterial drugs, and different modalities of respiratory treatments and did not have positive clinical improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Extracorporeal hemoadsorption could improve the general condition in most of recruited patients with severe coronavirus disease; however, large prospective multicenter trials in carefully selected patients are needed to definitely evaluate the efficacy of hemoperfusion in COVID-19 patients. Our results showed that three sessions of extracorporeal hemoadsorption could improve the peripheral capillary oxygen saturation in six of the ten critically ill patients with COVID-19 disease. Three sessions of extracorporeal resin-directed hemoadsorption could improve the peripheral capillary oxygen saturation in six of the ten patients with severe COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1186/s12882-020-02020-3 id = cord-286142-mx7u635d author = Ashby, Michael A. title = Life Goes On date = 2020-07-13 keywords = covid-19; interest; life summary = Due to this, the articles included range a gamut of issues including those of resource allocation, the implications of isolation, the development and use of technologies, changes in social and healthcare supports, examinations of community and political responses. For now, we already have a planned issue, and some time is needed to produce the Covid-19 issue(s), so in these pages, life goes on and we consider our usual range of bioethical topics, with a symposium theme of conflict of interest (COI). A good example of this broader view comes in the paper by Giubilini and Savulsecu (2020) , who point out that COI is mainly considered in financial terms but should also be understood to encompass moral and religious values, that, presented as conscientious objection (CO), can also generate interests for practitioners and may therefore influence advice and treatment decisions. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-09986-7 id = cord-292929-s8pnm9wv author = Ashikalli, Louicia title = The indirect impact of COVID-19 on child health date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; child; health; pandemic summary = It explores the physical and psychological effects, discusses the role of parenting and education, offering practical advice about how best to provide support as a health care professional. Whilst initial data does not suggest that children with comorbidities are at particularly increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease (12) (13) (14) , the challenge of maintaining a good continuity of care for existing patients and adequate diagnostic care for children presenting for the first time remains. At the start of this pandemic in the UK the advice given to the families with children with many chronic diseases was to shield the whole household to prevent the risk of severe illness. The absence of mental health services during previous pandemics increased the risk of psychological distress to those affected (30) . Large organisations such as UNICEF have provided online documents to help teenagers protect their mental health during the pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.paed.2020.09.004 id = cord-303791-yw80ndg6 author = Ashique, Karalikkattil T. title = Teledermatology in the Wake of COVID -19 Scenario: An Indian Perspective date = 2020-05-10 keywords = COVID-19; India; patient summary = The COVID-19 pandemic and the resultant healthcare delivery issues could be a good time to plan and implement an effective and enduring teledermatology system for India. World Health Organisation (WHO) has clearly defined telemedicine, [5] whereas in India, we never had a standard guideline for teleconsultation till the Medical Council of India (MCI) brought the directive to provide healthcare using telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic period. With broadband services being available throughout the country, telemedicine can be easily practiced even using a patient-initiated model (through mobile applications like WhatsApp, Zoom , Google Duo. etc.) These media have the obvious advantage of the patient being familiar in using them. 1. Patient operated system connecting to the healthcare provider in real time using available modes of texting, imaging, audio, and video facility on smartphone, personal computer, and such devices [Figures 1a, b, 2a, b, 3a , b] 2. doi = 10.4103/idoj.idoj_260_20 id = cord-322672-gjph61cq author = Ashok, Vishnu title = Case report: high-grade atrioventricular block in suspected COVID-19 myocarditis date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Case report: high-grade atrioventricular block in suspected COVID-19 myocarditis A few cases of concurrent myocarditis have been reported, but the extent of cardiac complications with the SARS-CoV-2 strain of coronavirus is still largely unknown. Myocarditis and non-specific cardiac arrhythmias have been reported in a few cases of COVID-19, but this is the first reported case of a high-grade atrioventricular conduction block with SARS-CoV-2 infection. 7 In the European Study of the Epidemiology and Treatment of Inflammatory Heart Disease, 18% of the 3055 patients in the study had high-grade arrhythmias including complete heart block. Since the onset of the current pandemic, cases of myocarditis in patients with COVID-19 have been reported. In a case series of 150 patients with COVID-19 conducted in Wuhan City, China, 7% of the reported 68 deaths (5 deaths) were attributed to myocarditis with circulatory failure; however, their pre-morbid cardiac status was unclear. doi = 10.1093/ehjcr/ytaa248 id = cord-314404-tkhupnko author = Ashokka, Balakrishnan title = Care of the Pregnant Woman with COVID-19 in Labor and Delivery: Anesthesia, Emergency cesarean delivery, Differential diagnosis in the acutely ill parturient, Care of the newborn, and Protection of the healthcare personnel date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; PCR summary = title: Care of the Pregnant Woman with COVID-19 in Labor and Delivery: Anesthesia, Emergency cesarean delivery, Differential diagnosis in the acutely ill parturient, Care of the newborn, and Protection of the healthcare personnel When a COVID-19 parturient with desaturation (oxygen saturation decreases to ≤93%) presents 256 for emergency cesarean delivery, general anesthesia needs to be administered. This is done with When the parturient''s oxygen saturation is adequate (94% and above), 6, 10 regional anesthesia If there is absence of maternal and / or fetal compromise, and emergency cesarean delivery is not 295 indicated, further plans for management of the patient are then made ( Figure 3 ). We present here the best evidence available to 422 address many of these challenges, from making the diagnosis in symptomatic cases, to the debate 423 between nucleic acid testing and chest imaging, to the management of the unwell patient in 424 labor. doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.005 id = cord-288067-36amafub author = Ashraf, Mohammad Ali title = COVID-19 in Iran, a comprehensive investigation from exposure to treatment outcomes date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; Tehran; patient summary = Data on potential source of exposure, demographic, clinical, and paraclinical features, therapy outcome, and post-discharge follow-up were analyzed. The most common presenting symptoms are non-specific, so attention should be made on broader testing, especially in age groups with the greatest risk and younger individuals who can serve as carriers of the disease. We reported detailed information about the potential source of exposure, household contact information, outcomes of potential therapies, and post-discharge follow-up, as well as demographic, clinical, and paraclinical characteristics. Patients who came to the hospital were examined by an infectious-disease specialist, and classified into three groups according to disease severity based on Iran''s national guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in outpatients and inpatients (Figure1). We compared demographic characteristics, hospitalization data, and potential treatment outcomes in critically ill and non-critically ill patients. 12 Recent potential exposures, household contact information, demographics, clinical characteristics, laboratory, and radiologic findings, and patients'' outcomes were extracted as shown in table1. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.20.20072421 id = cord-305397-4dx3q6o6 author = Ashraf, Muddasir title = Seizures Related to Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Case Series and Literature Review date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Neurological manifestations are common in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. We present three cases of COVID-19 patients with seizures. COVID-19 causes many neurological manifestations, including stroke, headache, altered consciousness, encephalitis, anosmia, hypogeusia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and seizures [1] [2] [3] . A 70-year-old male resident of the nursing home with a past medical history of ischemic stroke with residual left-sided hemiparesis, seizure disorder, Crohn''s disease, hyperlipidemia, and dementia on Aricept presented to the emergency room with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The development of headaches, encephalitis, strokes, and epileptic seizures are among the many neurological symptoms that are manifesting within COVID-19 patients [1] . While subsequent studies need to be conducted to gain evidence of COVID-19 spreading into the CNS, mechanisms have been proposed as to how the virus spreads. COVID-19 can cause many neurological complications including seizures. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease doi = 10.7759/cureus.9378 id = cord-324159-jv3lknl8 author = Ashraf, Muddasir title = Acute Stroke in a Young Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the Presence of Patent Foramen Ovale date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = We present an interesting case of acute ischemic stroke in a 26-year-old patient with coronavirus disease 2019, who presented to the hospital initially with headache, vomiting, and right-sided numbness and tingling. Unusually large numbers of stroke cases have been reported worldwide in young patients [1, 2] , reinforcing our belief that COVID-19 is a systemic disease that affects not only the lungs but also other vital organs. COVID-19 has been linked to an increased risk of venous thromboembolism and arterial thrombosis, including stroke in case series from different health centers and anecdotal reports. A single health system identified five cases of acute ischemic stroke associated with COVID-19 over two weeks, with symptoms suggesting large-vessel occlusion; all patients were under 50 years of age [1] . The interesting question that arises from this case is whether young patients with COVID-19 have an increased risk of stroke in the presence of PFO, and should prophylactic anticoagulation be initiated to prevent stroke until these patients recover from their illness? doi = 10.7759/cureus.10233 id = cord-347835-6zx9g2io author = Ashraf, Said title = Acute coronary syndrome in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-07 keywords = STEMI; covid-19 summary = Even as supportive data lags, a noticeable trend has emerged with a sudden decrease in ACS (particularly STEMI) presentations to hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. published a multicentre observational survey from Italy examining consecutive patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during the week of 12-19 March 2020 at the height of the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy, compared with the same time period in 2019. There was a significant difference in the time from symptom onset to first medical contact; 318 min during the pandemic period compared with 82.5 and 91.5 min in the previous year''s cohorts. In another study from Spain, a telematic survey of 81 centres involved within a STEMI network equipped with cardiac catheterization labs showed a dramatic decline in procedural volumes during a 10-day period during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa454 id = cord-343559-kjuc3nqa author = Asiamah, Nestor title = Short-Term Changes in Behaviors Resulting from COVID-19-Related Social Isolation and Their Influences on Mental Health in Ghana date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; change; health; mental summary = title: Short-Term Changes in Behaviors Resulting from COVID-19-Related Social Isolation and Their Influences on Mental Health in Ghana Findings indicate that reduced physical activity time and a change in sexual activity and smoking frequency are some short-term changes in behavior resulting from social isolation during the lockdown. We are, therefore, of the view that social isolation necessitated by a COVID-19-related lockdown would not only cause fear and panic in the short-term but could also lead to anxiety and consequently a decline in mental health in the general population. Our investigation was based on this primary research question: Do changes in behaviors due to COVID-19 social distancing measures have a significant influence on mental health? This study focused on possible short-term changes in behaviors resulting from COVID-19-related social isolation or fears. For the most part, changes in behaviors in the short-term attributable to COVID-19 social isolation were associated with lower mental health scores. doi = 10.1007/s10597-020-00722-4 id = cord-255883-mz6nyisw author = Asif, Muhammad title = COVID-19 and therapy with essential oils having antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; RNA; SARC; SARS summary = Essential oils (EOs) have long been known to have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, bronchodilatory, and antiviral properties and are being proposed to have activity against SARC-CoV-2 virus. An in vitro study conducted by Hoffmann and colleagues revealed that SARC-CoV-2 depends on cellular serine protease (TMPRSS2) for S proteins priming which are known to interact with human ACE2 receptors in the lungs and facilitate entry into the cells. The authors opted the following keywords to find relevant studies: "essential oils", "antiviral", "COVID-19", "SARC-CoV-2", "bronchodilation", "immunomodulatory'''', "anti-inflammatory'''', "corona virus''''. Thus, on the basis of these docking and in vitro studies, it is proposed that garlic essential oils and their isolated constituents, especially DAS, have potential to prevent the entry of virus into host cells as well as to activate molecular antioxidant pathways that decrease the secretions of culprit pro-inflammatory cytokines. Essential oils have long been known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antiviral properties and are being proposed to have activity against SARC-CoV-2. doi = 10.1007/s10787-020-00744-0 id = cord-268468-036i1082 author = Asif, Muhammad title = The role of biosensors in COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; PCR; SARS summary = In this review, the importance of biosensors including electrochemical, surface enhanced Raman scattering, field-effect transistor and surface plasmon resonance biosensors in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 has been underscored. In this outbreak, three different types of diagnosis tests are being used including (i) chest CT scan along with clinical indications, (ii) RNA detection using RT-PCR assay and (iii) lateral flow assays, full automatic chemiluminescence method, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of antibodies [5] . In this review, we have summarized the biosensor based technologies which are able to detect SARS-CoV-2 effectively. The peptide monolayer was successfully coated on SPR biosensor and further functionalized with virus nucleocapsid protein which was finally able to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at nanomolar level. The sensing aptitude of the biosensor was evaluated employing antigen protein, self-cultured virus, and nasopharyngeal swab samples taken from people infected with COVID-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1016/j.coelec.2020.08.011 id = cord-285579-gvgt55o4 author = Asif, Rehan title = Rare complication of COVID-19 presenting as isolated headache date = 2020-10-29 keywords = COVID-19; CVST summary = An 18-year-old man presented with persistent isolated headache 2 weeks after recovering from acute COVID-19 illness. Extensive cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) was detected on CT venogram despite him having no other thrombotic risk factors. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) accounts for 0.5% of strokes and has a wide spectrum of clinical presentation 1 ; however, headache is the most common manifestation occurring up to 90%, and sometimes it can be the only symptom. 8 Our reported case is unique as he recovered from the initial COVID-19 illness which was mild and did not even require hospital admission. We suggest that it should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients presenting with worsening headache after acute or recent COVID-19 infection. ► Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) can present with a wide range of clinical manifestations; however, headache can be the only presenting symptom. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-239275 id = cord-342206-mitfgsdo author = Asif, Talal title = Transient ST Segment Elevation in Two Patients with COVID-19 and a Normal Transthoracic Echocardiogram date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We describe two critically ill COVID-19 patients who developed ST elevation that resolved on repeat ECG without any intervention. While patients with COVID-19 can develop acute coronary syndrome, ST segment elevation on electrocardiogram (ECG) has been mainly described in patients with COVID-19-related acute myocarditis and severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) [2] [3] [4] [5] . A repeat ECG after 12 hours showed resolution of the ST elevation (Fig. 5) . A repeat ECG showed new 1 mm ST elevation in leads V2-V6 with associated Q waves in leads V4-V6 (Fig. 8) . A repeat ECG after 12 hours showed complete resolution of the ischaemic changes (Fig. 10) . DISCUSSION We describe two cases of transient ST elevation on ECG in patients with normal left ventricular (LV) function and COVID-19. All previously described cases of COVID-19-related ST elevation involved patients with fulminant myocarditis and a severely reduced LV ejection fraction [2-5] . doi = 10.12890/2020_001672 id = cord-350261-7lkcdisr author = Asirvatham, Edwin Sam title = Who is dying from COVID-19 and when? An Analysis of fatalities in Tamil Nadu, India date = 2020-10-03 keywords = COVID-19; death; hospital summary = Understanding the demographic and clinical characteristics of deceased COVID-19 patients; and estimation of time-interval between symptom onset, hospital admission and death could inform public health interventions focusing on preventing mortality due to COVID-19. This study aims to understand the demographic and clinical characteristics of deceased COVID-19 patients; and estimate the time-interval between symptom onset, hospital admission and death, which could inform public health interventions focusing on preventing mortality due to COVID-19. Our study analysed the individual death summaries, and described the demographic and clinical characteristics of deceased COVID-19 patients; and estimated the time intervals between symptoms onset to hospital admission and death, which are critical for developing context and geographicspecific public health interventions focusing on reducing the mortality. doi = 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.09.010 id = cord-306070-2dgs5oih author = Askin, Ozge title = Cutaneous manifestations in hospitalized patients diagnosed as COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19; cutaneous summary = According the statistical results the patients who were hospitalized in the intensive care unit had a higher risk of having cutaneous findings due to COVID‐19 infection. During this pandemic, several case reports, and some articles were published about cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 infection. Comparison of cutaneus manifestations according to variables of hospitalization (ward vs intensive care unit), age, gender, RT-PCR result was performed using chi-square independence test. The relationship between PCR positivity and cutaneous findings was examined by chi-square independence test and no statistical relationship was obtained between them ( χ 2 =1.990; sd=1; p>0.05) ( Table 3) . It was determined that the patients who were hospitalized in the ICU had a higher risk of having cutaneous findings due to COVID-19 infection (Table 5) . In our study 24% of the patients who were hospitalized showed cutaneous findings during COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1111/dth.13896 id = cord-317429-pp6hb4q5 author = Aslam, Saima title = COVID-19: Yet another coronavirus challenge in transplantation date = 2020-03-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome −coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing a severe acute respiratory syndrome with its disease designated as COVID-19, emerged from its epicenter in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and is now a global pandemic. 7 report on the presentation and outcome of 2 microbiologically confirmed COVID-19 cases in heart transplantation detected in the Hubei Province in China. These 2 patients apparently were part of a community of at least 200 heart transplant survivors in that region and presented with variable severity of disease (one mild and another with more severe manifestations requiring a prolonged hospitalization); however, both survived the event. It is important to note that the clinical presentations were not distinct from those described in non-immunosuppressed individuals, and the patient with severe disease presented with a viral prodrome, displayed the typical findings on CT scan imaging, and progressed to clinical hypoxia. In summary, the novel coronavirus and its disease, COVID-19, require thoughtful approaches for the prevention, mitigation, timely detection, and appropriate therapeutic intervention for our vulnerable patients. doi = 10.1016/j.healun.2020.03.007 id = cord-281087-br4ssimq author = Aslan, Nagehan title = A Pediatric COVID19 Case with Suspected Acute Abdomen, Hyperferritinemic Sepsis and Developing MIS-C and Pancreatitis date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: A Pediatric COVID19 Case with Suspected Acute Abdomen, Hyperferritinemic Sepsis and Developing MIS-C and Pancreatitis A healthy 12-y-old female patient had been admitted with abdominal pain, vomiting and fever and hospitalized with a prediagnosis of acute appendicitis. COVID-19associated MIS-C was considered in the patient. Because the patient''s fever was above 38°C and was resistant to antipyretics, there was no decrease in infectious parameters, his lymphopenia did not improve; albumin level did not increase despite albumin replacement, and respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms continued. Although it is not clear whether pancreatitis in our case was related to drugs or developed as a part of the gastrointestinal presentation of COVID-19. Our case is important in terms of drawing attention that COVID-19 may present with a picture that mimics acute appendicitis in children. COVID abdomen: SARS-CoV-2 infection presenting as ''acute abdomen'' in a child doi = 10.1007/s12098-020-03544-0 id = cord-290955-m2igkcxv author = Asli, Rosmonaliza title = Case Report: Right Bundle Brunch Block and QTc Prolongation in a Patient with Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Treated with Hydroxychloroquine date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ summary = title: Case Report: Right Bundle Brunch Block and QTc Prolongation in a Patient with Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Treated with Hydroxychloroquine We report the case of a 60-year-old woman without any cardiac history who developed right bundle brunch block and critically prolonged corrected electrocardiographic QT interval (QTc 631 ms) after treatment for 3 days with HCQ, which resolved on discontinuation of the medication. 1 Currently, there is no proven effective treatment, and medications proposed to inhibit the virus life cycle such as hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), chloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and remdesivir are used off label. An electrocardiograph (ECG) on hospital day 4 (before initiation of HCQ) was normal, with a corrected QT interval (QTc) of 397 ms. On the seventh day of hospitalization, repeat ECG before the morning dose of HCQ showed a new right bundle branch block (RBBB) and critically prolonged QTc (631 ms) ( Figure 2 ). Lopinavir/ritonavir is also associated with the prolongation of QTc, but the ECG after starting this medication was normal. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0376 id = cord-274328-ea1ehsnq author = Assaker, Rita title = Presenting symptoms of COVID-19 in children: a meta-analysis of published studies date = 2020-05-31 keywords = covid-19 summary = Articles with the following criteria were selected: studies describing paediatric patients suffering from COVID-19, confirmatory diagnosis using RT-qPCR, including a description of the country in which the study was performed, details about COVID-19 suspicion criteria (symptoms and/or contact with a sick person) and details of clinical signs and symptoms and CT scan results. Consequently, in the context of community SARS-CoV-2 spread, generalized population-based screening using RT-qPCR appears the most effective strategy for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infected paediatric patients with no clinical signs or known contacts. There is a good case to be made for screening all hospital inpatients, or at least considering a strategy relying on a careful screening of patients for clinical signs and/or a recent contact with an infected person followed by a RT-qPCR confirmation. Our results should be considered when policy is determined for detecting Sars-Cov-2 infection in children in the context of the medical and surgical management. doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2020.05.026 id = cord-318371-irqked5z author = Assandri, Roberto title = Laboratory Biomarkers Predicting COVID-19 Severity in the Emergency Room date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Laboratory Biomarkers Predicting COVID-19 Severity in the Emergency Room Few parameters, such Lymphocytes count, SaO2 and CRP serum level can be used to assess the severity of COVID-19 in emergency room. We preliminarily observed that several laboratory tests have been shown as characteristically altered in COVID-19 and we have been proposed as rapid and sensitive alternatives in identifying likely Arch Med Res E20_698 3 COVID-19 cases. COVID-19 Pulmonary disease with inflammatory features usually raise serum CRP level in response to inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1 or TNF-α (6). In conclusion we propose that a few parameters, such Lymphocytes count, L/N ratio, SaO2 and CRP serum level can be used to assess the severity of COVID-19 in emergency room. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an independent risk factor for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.05.011 id = cord-257158-obskf44d author = Assefa, K. T. title = The impact of COVID-19 infection on maternal and reproductive health care services in governmental health institutions of Dessie town, North-East Ethiopia, 2020 G.C. date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; care; health summary = Result: According to this study, Six percent (6%) of antenatal care attendees, 18% of delivery care attendees and nearly half (46.7%) of postnatal care attendees reported inappropriate service delivery due to fear of health care providers, shortage medical supplies and staff work load. The general objective of this study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 infection on maternal and reproductive health care services among mothers getting service in governmental health institutions of Dessie town, 2020 G.C. All rights reserved. Institution based cross sectional study design using mixed (quantitative supplemented with qualitative) method was employed to identify the impact of COVID-19 infection on maternal and reproductive health care services among women who get service in governmental health institutions of Dessie town. All women who get maternal and reproductive health care services in governmental health institutions of Dessie town during the data collection period were taken as study population. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.20.20198259 id = cord-256508-ce59ovan author = Asselah, Tarik title = COVID-19: discovery, diagnostics and drug development date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; RNA; SARS; infection; patient summary = To date, with the exception of intravenous Remdesivir and dexamethasone, which have modest effects in moderate to severe COVID-19, no strong clinical evidence supports the efficacy and safety of any other drugs against SARS-CoV-2. The current diagnostic strategy to identify patients with COVID-19 is to test samples taken from the respiratory tract to assess for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific nucleic acid targets [47] . The neutralization assay is a laboratory-based test that uses live virus and cell culture methods to determine if patient antibodies can prevent viral infection in vitro [72] . A randomized, controlled, openlabel trial involving hospitalized adult patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe respiratory illness COVID-19 was performed [126] . Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals doi = 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.09.031 id = cord-338251-r31xh0fw author = Assi, Tarek title = The management of patients with metastatic prostate cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-15 keywords = cancer; covid-19 summary = The STAMPEDE trial also compared abiraterone acetate and docetaxel in patients with mHSPC and showed no evidence of a difference in overall or prostate cancer-specific survival, or other important outcomes such as symptomatic skeletal events. Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer â�¢ In the metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer setting, three antihormonal agents (apalutamide, enzalutamide and abiraterone acetate) and docetaxel were approved in addition to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). â�¢ Novel antihormonal therapy in combination with ADT seems a plausible option among patients with newly diagnosed metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer and docetaxel can be safely postponed until later lines in a subset of patients with low tumor burden after the control of the pandemic. Abiraterone acetate plus prednisone in patients with newly diagnosed high-risk metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (LATITUDE): final overall survival analysis of a randomised, double-blind, Phase III trial Abiraterone acetate for treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: final overall survival analysis of the COU-AA-301 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase III study doi = 10.2217/fon-2020-0361 id = cord-276392-m1bbt8bo author = Asyary, Al title = Sunlight exposure increased Covid-19 recovery rates: A study in the central pandemic area of Indonesia date = 2020-04-27 keywords = Jakarta; covid-19 summary = title: Sunlight exposure increased Covid-19 recovery rates: A study in the central pandemic area of Indonesia Abstract This study aims to present the correlation between sunlight exposure and Covid-19 statuses in Jakarta, Indonesia. Moreover, Indonesia has one of the highest proportions of death related to Covid-19 cases among countries in the world, with the epicenter of the disease being its capital, Jakarta (Organization, 2020a) . These variables were number of Covid-19 positive cases, deaths, and patients who recovered, and sunlight exposure. Figure 1(b) shows that the duration of sunlight exposure for Covid-19 patients in Jakarta fluctuated daily. In this study, we found that higher duration of sunlight exposure was related to more cases of recovery from Covid-19 among patients. In this case, Covid-19 patients who experienced sunlight exposure when they were receiving care either in hospitals or home settings were more likely to recover from the disease. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139016 id = cord-338689-4u1ezk64 author = Ata, Fateen title = COVID-19 presenting with diarrhoea and hyponatraemia date = 2020-06-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We present a young man with diarrhoea, abdominal pain and hyponatraemia who turned out to be positive for COVID-19. We present a young man with diarrhoea, abdominal pain and hyponatraemia who turned out to be positive for COVID-19. COVID-19 is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). ► We recommend studies to evaluate the effectiveness of stool PCR for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 if initial nasopharyngeal PCR is negative and suspicion remains high. 4 Gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhoea, abdominal pain and vomiting have been previously seen with acute viral respiratory infections and reported recently as rare manifestations of COVID-19. 15 Our patient had acute hyponatraemia, abdominal pain and diarrhoea with minimal Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical and virological factors associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with acute respiratory infection: a two-year prospective study in general practice medicine doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-235456 id = cord-268140-s5lailkp author = Atal, Shubham title = IL-6 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Serious COVID-19: A Promising Therapy? date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; SARS; patient summary = Considering the proven role of cytokine dysregulation in causing this hyperinflammation in the lungs with IL-6 being a key driver, particularly in seriously ill COVID-19 patients, it is crucial to further explore selective cytokine blockade with drugs like the IL-6 inhibitors tocilizumab, sarilumab, and siltuximab. Considering the proven role of cytokine dysregulation in serious COVID-19 and interleukin (IL)-6 being the key driver of this hyperinflammation, which can cause multi-organ failure, a series of clinical trials with IL-6 inhibitors like tocilizumab, sarilumab and siltuximab are underway. Another Italian Phase II open-label trial (NCT04315480) with tocilizumab 8 mg/kg single dose is being conducted in patients with severe multifocal interstitial pneumonia due to COVID-19 to evaluate its role in the virus-induced cytokine storm, in blocking deterioration of lung function or even promoting a rapid improvement of clinical conditions, preventing naso-tracheal intubation and/or death [51] . doi = 10.1007/s40290-020-00342-z id = cord-301800-ssdzd43t author = Atal, Shubham title = Approval of Itolizumab for COVID-19: A Premature Decision or Need of The Hour? date = 2020-10-13 keywords = India; Itolizumab; covid-19; patient summary = Based on the results, the Indian drug regulatory agency recently approved itolizumab in July 2020 for ''restricted emergency use'' for the treatment of CRS in moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19. The Indian drug regulatory agency (Central Drug Standard Control Organisation, CDSCO) recently approved itolizumab for ''restricted emergency use'' for treatment of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19, followed by a similar approval in Cuba [1, 2] . The drug was studied in an open-label, randomized, controlled, phase II trial at four hospitals in India to assess the safety and efficacy of itolizumab in preventing CRS in moderate to severe ARDS due to COVID-19 [7] . The approval of itolizumab for restricted emergency use to treat COVID-19 patients with the complication of moderate to severe ARDS comes at a time when cases and hospitalizations are increasing alarmingly; the mortality has exceeded 80 thousand in India [24] . doi = 10.1007/s40259-020-00448-5 id = cord-270327-v4td3zsa author = Atallah, Bassam title = A Marker of Systemic Inflammation or Direct Cardiac Injury: Should Cardiac Troponin Levels be Monitored in COVID-19 Patients? date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The first and perhaps most significant overlap between COVID-19 and cardiac disease lies in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)''s pathogenicity and virulence. Of this cohort, 19.7% of patients had cardiac injury, accompanied by more comorbidities, and higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, creatine kinasemyocardial band (MB fraction), myoglobin, high-sensitivity troponin I (hs-cTnI), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatinine. 5 With relation to COVID-19, a meta-analyses of four studies that included a total of 341 patients in China found the values of cTnI to be significantly increased in cases of severe disease (SMD, 25.6 ng/L; 95% CI, 6.8-44.5 ng/L) compared to milder forms. Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Association of troponin level and age with mortality in 250 000 patients: cohort study across five UK acute care centres. doi = 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa033 id = cord-276524-th6eu11h author = Atallah, Bassam title = Thrombotic events following tocilizumab therapy in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a Façade for prognostic markers date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = His D-dimer was over 6 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) and started on intensified prophylaxis with unfractionated heparin infusion (UFH) 7500 units TID per our COVID anticoagulation protocol [4] . D-dimer was over 6 times ULN on transfer: Patient was directly placed on high intensity thromboprophylaxis with heparin 7500 SC TID and received tocilizumab on second day of admission. Additionally, the fact that thrombotic events continued to be observed despite decrease in inflammatory markers and the proactive anticoagulative approach adopted, raises more questions about the coagulative mechanisms at play in COVID-19, and the appropriate management strategy. Additionally, the fact that thrombotic events continued to be observed despite decrease in inflammatory markers and the proactive anticoagulative approach adopted, raises more questions about the coagulative mechanisms at play in COVID-19, and the appropriate management strategy. doi = 10.1186/s12959-020-00236-9 id = cord-264277-mh6og6pq author = Atallah, Juliana title = The importance of imaging – Perspectives from redeployment date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; radiology summary = Through our newfound role on the medical team, we directly impacted clinical decision making by: 1) dynamic consultation on imaging during medical rounds, 2) prompt communication with the radiology department, including interventional radiology (IR), as imaging-related questions arose, 3) retrospective review of imaging to explain uncertain clinical findings, and 4) guidance on ordering appropriate imaging given a specific clinical scenario. We report four cases of imaging related to COVID-19 morbidity and mortality that we encountered during our redeployment experience, illustrating the pivotal role that redeployed radiology residents have in patient care and management. As radiology residents deployed to the medicine unit, we actively reviewed the patient''s imaging with the team on rounds, specifically drawing attention to an area of dense peripheral wedge-shaped consolidation, which is atypical for COVID-19 [8, 9] . As the need for healthcare providers increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, radiology residents became a crucial part of the redeployed workforce and were able to make significant contributions to patient care. doi = 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.10.022 id = cord-295431-p9iy7uaf author = Atangana, Ernestine title = Facemasks simple but powerful weapons to protect against COVID-19 spread: Can they have sides effects? date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; concentration; figure summary = Climatic factors including climate temperature, humidity, wind speed have played some crucial role in respect to the transition of the ongoing pandemic COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-COV-2) and patient''s recovery and the death rate across the globe. With all these results in hand, there is a clear evidence that the wind could be a carrier of droplets containing concentration of COVID-19, while some case studied have been done for indoor and outdoor exposure with a wind speed of 2km/h, no mathematical model has been suggested to see in general how far such droplets could be transported. It was also observed that the transport followed a crossover behaviour, where during the first period, the transport followed a fading memory process but later a power law behaviour, with no steady state, this was very interesting as this shows that, when the COVID-19 infected person sneezed there were no wind effect, thus concentration released in the air with initial speed was able to spread like in the results described in [66] see Figure 8 below. doi = 10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103425 id = cord-255513-h8v6hba4 author = Atar, Shaul title = An Invited Commentary on “The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review” date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: An Invited Commentary on "The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review" (1) for the excellent up-to-date review on the socio-economic outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic. In light of all the published data in the digital media, the COVID-19 pandemic raised a lot of concern among patients, especially the elderly and those with chronic diseases. (2) , the authors reported a significant delay in time to seeking medical help in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. These telemedicine systems should be simple, convenient and affordable for real-time consultation between patients and care providers, between rural or community hospitals and surgeons in centers of expertise, for improved decision-making in emergency and routine daily situations (3) . The COVID-19 pandemic should be the spark that will ignite the fire of reachable and affordable global telemedicine. The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak on ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Care in Hong Kong doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.054 id = cord-277086-j7hih6o9 author = Atchison, Christina J title = Perceptions and behavioural responses of the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey of UK Adults date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19; self summary = Preventive behaviours included information on perceived effectiveness and actual adoption of preventive behaviours (to protect oneself and others), to prevent both contracting COVID-19 and onward transmission, and were collected under three categories: (1) hygiene practices (wearing a face mask, washing hands more frequently with soap and water, using hand sanitiser more regularly, disinfecting the home, covering nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing) (2) travel avoidance (travel to affected countries and travel to areas inside and outside the UK, regardless of whether they were affected) (3) social distancing (avoiding public transport, social events, going out in general, going to hospital or other healthcare settings, crowded places, and contact with people who have a fever or respiratory symptoms). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.01.20050039 id = cord-031378-iy67xnec author = Atif, Iqra title = The Role of Digital Technologies that Could Be Applied for Prescreening in the Mining Industry During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; PPE; mining summary = Potential digital technologies that could be applied to tackle various problems related to COVID-19 pandemic are artificial intelligence (AI), data analytics, Internet of medical things (IoMT), smart biosensors and sanitizing equipment. Smart bio-sensor-based face shields can also be used in the mining industry, not only for protection purposes, but also as display screens to highlight any critical information related to the miner''s health and safety. Smart boots is another digital technology that can be useful to prevent infectious viruses like COVID-19 by providing the worker contact tracing and ensure social distancing (Fig. 8) . The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine reported that ultraviolet (UV) light-based walkthrough gates possibly could eradicate the coronavirus that contains the deadly Fig. 9 IoT-Q-Band system for real-time monitoring of the health condition of individual and ensure social distancing to prevent the spread of COVID-19 virus, source: Singh et al. doi = 10.1007/s41403-020-00164-0 id = cord-348521-ai7d634u author = Atif, Muhammad title = COVID-19 and community pharmacy services in Pakistan: challenges, barriers and solution for progress date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; Pakistan summary = While in the developing nations, including Pakistan, pharmacists are unable to perform COVID-19 containment roles in community, since presence of pharmacists at community pharmacy settings and delivery of pharmacy services have historically been plagued by shortcomings at various levels. In Pakistan, community pharmacy services are highly warranted as the devastating COVID-19 pandemic is swiftly spreading and the country does not have the capacity to meet the international standards of care due to a number of public health and healthcare system related vulnerabilities. Whilst, in the current situation, when healthcare system is buckled under the burden of public health crisis and the country is attempting to adhere to the recommended preventive measures against COVID-19, full-blown community pharmacy services are urgently needed. There are a number of intertwined government, public, academia, curriculum, pharmacist and drug retailers related factors in Pakistan which are hindering the establishment of community pharmacy services regardless of COVID-19 driven high demand for such services. doi = 10.1186/s40545-020-00240-4 id = cord-340553-vofar32b author = Atique, Suleman title = A nursing informatics response to COVID‐19: perspectives from five regions of the world date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; Health; Organization; World summary = Switzerland, a country with 8.6 million inhabitants living across 26 cantons and 4 languages regions (French, German, Italian and Rhaeto-Romance), is responding to the COVID-19 pandemic by closing non-vital services and implementing WHO recommendations such as rapid testing, case isolation or self-isolation and social distancing (Federal Office of Public Health, 2020; Salathé et al., 2020) . Nursing informaticians in Finland have assisted these efforts by developing COVID-19 related data interfaces for electronic health records, providing digital education on caring for those infected with the virus and improving mobile documentation to speed up access to real-time patient information. These include online educational resources related to the clinical presentation, detection and care (e.g. e-learning module on the use of personal protective equipment) of people diagnosed or suspected to have the infectious disease (Canadian Institute of Health Information, 2020; Canadian Nurses Association, 2020). doi = 10.1111/jan.14417 id = cord-355080-bzax1u33 author = Atkins, J. L. title = PREEXISTING COMORBIDITIES PREDICTING SEVERE COVID-19 IN OLDER ADULTS IN THE UK BIOBANK COMMUNITY COHORT date = 2020-05-08 keywords = covid-19; preprint summary = However, in adjusted models, COVID-19 patients were more likely than other participants to have pre-existing dementia (OR=3.07 95% CI 1.71 to 5.50), COPD (OR= 1.82 CI 1.33 to 2.49), depression (OR=1.81 CI 1.36 to 2.40), type 2 diabetes (OR=1.70 CI 1.30 to 2.21), chronic kidney disease and atrial fibrillation. Given the scarcity of cohort data on risk factors for severe COVID in older groups, we undertook an initial analysis of baseline (2006 to 2010) demographic characteristics and preexisting diagnoses during UK Biobank (UKB) follow-up. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.06.20092700 doi: medRxiv preprint diagnoses of dementia, COPD, depression, chronic kidney disease and atrial fibrillation emerged as independent risk factors. In older adults, several specific pre-existing co-morbidities are disproportionally common in severe COVID-19 patients, notably including dementia, depression, atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.06.20092700 id = cord-348406-tg0c51oi author = Atrah, Hasan I title = Alternative management of Covid-19 infection date = 2020-07-08 keywords = covid-19; cytokine summary = Three therapeutic agents with proven immune-modulatory properties in regular use in a wide range of inflammatory disorders (high dose intravenous immunoglobulin, Rituximab and thalidomide) are proposed for the treatment of cytokine storm. The rationale for the use of Rituximab in Covid-19 infection to prevent and/or treat the "cytokine storm" depends on the multifaceted mode of action of Rituximab in downregulating the immune responses by at least three major independent mechanisms (antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis). 8 Based on these mechanisms Rituximab has been successfully used to treat a wide range of immune/autoimmune disorders and for this reason it is expected to be useful for the treatment of "cytokine storm" because it involves hyperactive immune reaction. 15, 16 Through these complicated reactions it is highly likely that thalidomide will effectively dampen down the "cytokine storm" which in addition to causing lung injury, may well be the trigger of the state of hypercoagulability observed in Covid-19 patients. doi = 10.1177/0036933020941497 id = cord-310254-ko1sptzm author = Attri, Bhawna title = Basal-Bolus Insulin Regimen for Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus: A Practical Approach date = 2020-07-18 keywords = COVID-19; blood; insulin summary = The aim of this article is to provide a practical guidance for the use of the basal-bolus insulin regimen in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus. We provide a comprehensive review on the use of the basal-bolus insulin regimen, including its principles, rationale, indications, prerequisites, initiation, and dose titration, and also suggest targets for blood glucose control and different levels of capillary blood glucose monitoring. Various case scenarios are used to illustrate how optimal glucose control can be achieved, such as through adjustments in doses of prandial and basal insulin, the use of correctional insulin dosing and changes in the timing and content of major and minor meals. This review provides a practical guidance on the use of the basal-bolus insulin regimen in patients with diabetes mellitus hospitalised with COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s13300-020-00873-3 id = cord-291770-xqp4labe author = Attwood, Sophie title = How will the COVID-19 pandemic shape the future of meat consumption? date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; China; meat summary = Here, we discuss how the current pandemic has already begun to shift public awareness of illnesses linked to animals and has resulted in short-term changes in patterns of meat consumption. Past zoonotic outbreaks, such as SARS and swine flu, are also referred to, and we find that these led to similar short-term reductions in meat intake, a shift in the type of meat chosen and longer-lasting impacts on consumer perceptions of the health risks associated with meat. We conclude that, if immediate changes in eating patterns as a result of COVID-19 are retained in the longer term, one possible opportunity to emerge from the current pandemic may be a shift away from overconsumption of meat, leading to potential health and environmental benefits in the longer term. While risk perceptions are by no means the sole determinant of meat consumption, with consumers valuing taste, price and convenience above ethical or health concerns (38) , this research does highlight the far-reaching impact that media coverage of food-related risks can have on consumer behaviour. doi = 10.1017/s136898002000316x id = cord-344006-0iq9s94n author = Atzrodt, Cassandra L. title = A Guide to COVID‐19: a global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; CRISPR; RNA; SARS; vaccine; virus summary = All rights reserved Like other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that uses spike proteins to bind to human lung epithelial cells (Fig. 2) [67] . Upon membrane fusion, the RNA of the coronavirus genome is released into the host cell cytoplasm via an early endosome -unlike SARS-CoV, which employs a late endosome and therefore must cross higher barriers of antiviral host immunity -where it is translated into a replication-translation complex that in turn translates sub-genomic RNA into accessory and structural proteins (Fig. 3) [82-84]. The Vivalytic VRI (viral respiratory tract infections) COVID-19 Test System pioneered by Bosch and Randox Laboratories is similar to the Abbott RealTime SARS-CoV-2 assay in that it reduces hands-on time and can confirm a positive test within 2.5 hours with a reported 95% accuracy [100]. More specific assays have now emerged that are proving very useful in providing a fuller picture of the rates of asymptomatic or mild SARS-Cov2 infection, through detection of anti-viral antibodies that persist for months and even years after the virus has been cleared [107] . doi = 10.1111/febs.15375 id = cord-327349-rxb6zfoc author = Au, Lewis title = Cancer, COVID-19, and antiviral immunity: the CAPTURE study date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cancer; patient summary = Inherent perturbations on cell subsets (e.g. lymphoid and myeloid malignancies), or therapy-induced impact on immune states (e.g. immune checkpoint blockade) may provide opportunities to understand contributions of distinct immune compartments and key regulators of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 response. Herein, we aim to provide an overview of knowledge to-date of the clinical features of COVID-19 observed in cancer patients, as well as potential impact of cancer and anti-cancer interventions on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. However, what has been critically missing in cohort and registry reports to date are data on 1) the true prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the cancer population, given population screening has not been widely implemented; and 2) the experience of those who remain well (uninfected, asymptomatic or subclinically affected), to determine the drivers of mortality and the absolute risks of severe adverse events within the cancer community as a whole. A longitudinal understanding of the degree to which the immunocompromised states of cancer patients impact infection, viral clearance, clinical course of COVID-19, and subsequent generation of long-term immunity is needed. doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.005 id = cord-299547-9i8kv8p8 author = Aucejo, Esteban M. title = The Impact of COVID-19 on Student Experiences and Expectations: Evidence from a Survey date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; effect; student summary = Without COVID-19, lower-income students 15 The cutoff for median parental income in our sample is $80,000 16 Based on analysis of ASU administrative data including transcripts, we find that, relative to their counterparts, first-generation, lower-income, and non-white students drop out at higher rates, take longer to graduate, have lower GPAs at graduation, and are more likely to switch majors when in college (see Appendix Table A3) J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Second, Panel (d) of Figure 1 shows that the switch to online learning was substantially harder for some demographic groups; for example, men are 7 percentage points less likely to opt for an online version of a course as a result of COVID-19, while women do not have a statistically significant change in their online preferences. doi = 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104271 id = cord-347675-kgx920dn author = Audrey, Fresse title = Spontaneous reported cardiotoxicity induced by lopinavir/ritonavir in COVID-19. An alleged past-resolved problem date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19; LPV summary = If the risk of Atrio-Ventricular (AV) block is mentioned in the LPV/r Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC), information concerning QTc prolongation resulted in rather vague mentions on respective European and North-American initial SmPCs. Although there is no approved drug to prevent or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection yet, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a wide empirical and off-label use of LPV/r by clinicians despite the lack of any strong evidence or convincing scientific rationale. As the Nice RCPV has drug-induced Long QT syndrome and cardiac safety of drugs within its scope of expertise, in March 2020, the National drug Agency (ANSM) appointed us to investigate all cases of cardiotoxicity associated with the empirical use of LPV/r against COVID-19 that had spontaneously been reported by any of the 31 RCPVs. After a first expertise by the RCPV of origin, all cases of cardiotoxicity were consecutively included in this study. doi = 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.10.028 id = cord-256357-dlc8yb6j author = Augoustides, John G. title = Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation during the Coronavirus Crisis – important updates for the cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia community date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; care summary = 5 The perspectives from care providers in the frontlines have raised the following issues about life support for cardiac arrest during the COVID-19 pandemic: infection control, risk-stratification to guide decision-making, protocols to guide resuscitation in patients who wish to set limits on their care, and, further deliberations at the national level to inform point-of-care delivery in this context. [5] [6] These guideline updates have addressed the following major considerations in the conduct of life support in these challenging settings: provider exposure; oxygenation and ventilation strategies; the appropriateness of resuscitation; and, lastly considerations specific to 3 certain care situations. [19] [20] It is therefore important to consider the probability of success in cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a given case versus the risks of infection, diverted clinical attention and resource utilization during the pandemic, especially in stressed health care environments during the crisis phase of the COVID-19 crisis. doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.04.039 id = cord-300805-apli48ih author = Augoustides, John G. title = The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Coronavirus Infection – current considerations during the pandemic date = 2020-04-16 keywords = ACEI; COVID-19 summary = [1] [2] [3] The pharmacologic modulation of this system with agents such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBS) has resulted in major clinical benefits in the medical management of hypertension and heart failure. [4] [5] The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infects human cells such as alveolar endothelium in the lung by binding to the membrane receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Given that these RAAS inhibitors are common therapies for hypertension and that they may up-regulate the expression of ACE2, the clinical concern has been formulated that therapy with these agents may increase the risk and severity of coronavirus infection. Further trials will likely focus on the current evidence gaps related to this question in severe COVID-19 including mechanisms, the prevalence of RAAS inhibitors, and careful correlation of this prevalence with clinical outcomes. doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.04.010 id = cord-328607-lzai90zq author = Augoustides, John G. title = Cardiovascular Consequences and Considerations of Coronavirus Infection – Perspectives for the Cardiothoracic Anesthesiologist and Intensivist During the Coronavirus Crisis date = 2020-04-09 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = [1] [2] [3] [4] In the cohort of patients with severe COVID-19, the risks of admission to an intensive care unit are high owing to critical conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, cardiovascular collapse, and acute renal failure. [1] [2] [3] [4] The unique considerations of this important infection significantly affect the management approaches to these patients by cardiothoracic anesthesiologists and intensivists with respect to airway management, echocardiography, anesthetic care, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. 33 Furthermore, in patients with severe COVID-19, additional factors that may compromise right ventricular function include myocarditis, vasoplegic shock, and acute coronary syndromes as outlined above. [11] [12] [13] Owing to these multiple mechanisms that can challenge the right ventricle, echocardiography to assess right ventricular function and responses to therapy will facilitate a more individualized approach to resuscitation and management in patients with severe COVID-19. Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.04.001 id = cord-104461-nkqdkvfu author = Aujayeb, Avinash title = Consolidating medical ambulatory care services in the COVID-19 era date = 2020 keywords = MAC; covid-19 summary = Cases seen include deep vein thrombosis, anemia, pulmonary embolisms, atrial fibrillation, skin and soft-tissue infections, thunderclap headaches, severe hypertension, low-risk gastrointestinal bleeds, pneumonia, pleural effusions, pneumothoraces, malignant ascites, abnormal blood results, low-risk cardiac sounding chest pain, electrolyte abnormalities, or deranged liver function test results requiring further investigation but not requiring monitoring, gastroenteritisrequiring minimal intravenous rehydration before discharge, oncology referrals for potential neutropenic sepsis, diabetic patients with hypo/perglycemia, stable anaphylaxis after adrenaline, non-stroke acute neurology (with a visiting neurologist every Friday), patients with suspected underlying infections but no clear source and not meeting sepsis criteria, first seizure or epileptics who are postictal and requiring a period of recovery and high-risk discharge follow-ups. As the A and E department developed a respiratory assessment zone and non-COVID-19 areas, MAC has expanded the streaming service to include all A and E ambulatory patients that have not been redirected back to urgent treatment centers at the front door. doi = nan id = cord-348835-4ocuw8uk author = Aurelio, Mauro title = Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in COVID-19 inpatients: Incidence and management in a multicenter experience from Northern Italy date = 2020-08-14 keywords = UGIB; covid-19 summary = Abstract Background COVID-19 patients have an increased susceptibility to develop thrombotic complications, thus thromboprophylaxis is warranted which may increase risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). Risk and incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in COVID-19 patients is unknown, and at the moment only two case series (one without endoscopy data) [8, 9] and two case reports are reported in literature [10, 11] . Need for endoscopic treatment was more common in patients in whom upper GI endoscopy was performed before 24 hr (6 vs 1 patients, p=0.08) although GBS score was similar between the two groups (13;12-16 vs 12;9-15, p=NS). The decision to postpone upper GI endoscopy or to not perform was probably related to the significant respiratory involvement (nine out of 12 patients) or to a severe systemic course of COVID-19 disease that reflected higher c-reactive protein values and that lead physicians to avoid additional factors (i.e. sedation, endoscopic procedure) that could worsen respiratory function. doi = 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.07.025 id = cord-280358-ru2hv6pz author = Auvinen, R. title = Comparison of the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized adult COVID-19 and influenza patients: a prospective observational study date = 2020-06-29 keywords = June; covid-19; patient summary = title: Comparison of the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized adult COVID-19 and influenza patients: a prospective observational study Objective We compared the clinical characteristics, findings and outcomes of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) or influenza to detect relevant differences. Our prospective population-based influenza study was already recruiting hospitalized adult patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI), which gave us the opportunity to enroll COVID-19 patients since the beginning of the outbreak. In previous studies, along with age and other comorbidities, obesity has been a risk factor for severe disease and ICU admission in both COVID-19 and influenza, which supports our findings [30, 31] . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.29.20140632 doi: medRxiv preprint epidemic, occasionally SARS-CoV-2 detection alone was conducted without influenza testing on clinical grounds, however, of the COVID-19 patients included in this study, 21 (75%) were tested for influenza and no co-infections were found. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.29.20140632 id = cord-326355-oyspjx20 author = Auðardóttir, Auður Magndís title = Chaos ruined the children’s sleep, diet and behaviour: Gendered discourses on family life in pandemic times date = 2020-08-17 keywords = Anna; COVID-19; Iceland; Karl; story summary = Despite affordable day care, women''s participation in the workforce being the norm and policies emphasizing fathers'' involvement, Icelandic mothers are still expected to shoulder the main responsibility for childcare (Júlíusdóttir, Rafnsdóttir, & Einarsdóttir, 2018; Símonardóttir, 2016) . A survey on the gendered division of childcare in Iceland during the COVID-19 semi-lockdown showed that 42 per cent of women who work for the state or a municipality stayed at home with their children whereas only 30 per cent of men did so (BSRB -The Federation of State and Municipal Employees, 2020). Several participants felt the need to emphasize how responsible parents prioritize the needs of the children above the needs of paid work, particularly in the stories about Anna. We see stories where happiness is found once the parents, mostly the mothers, fight off the demands of neoliberal parenthood to redefine what is a good and worthy life. doi = 10.1111/gwao.12519 id = cord-033982-3slubbaf author = Avellanas Chavala, M.L. title = Pulmonary arterial hypertension and COVID-19() date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; PAH summary = 1 Experts from 32 centers specialized in the management of PAH from the United States gave their answers to an electronic survey sent by the Pulmonary Hypertension Association and only reported on 13 cases treated of which only 1 patient did. 2 questioned several things, among them, if PAH and its preexisting pulmonary vasculopathy could be protecting these highrisk patients, whether an impaired pulmonary endothelium could be the cause of a significant impairment of the inflammatory response, and if hypoxemia played a role in viral replication. Nitric oxide (NO), adrenomedullin, and adenosine (Table 1 ) are among the gene products regulated by HIF-1 thanks to their properties and physiological effects. 2 on the low incidence and mortality rate of patients with PAH during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Care of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic Could pulmonary arterial hypertension patients be at a lower risk from severe COVID-19? doi = 10.1016/j.medine.2020.05.006 id = cord-341300-fkdydf4u author = Avendano-Sola, C. title = Convalescent Plasma for COVID-19: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; September summary = Background: Passive immunotherapy with convalescent plasma (CP) is a potential treatment for COVID-19 for which evidence from controlled clinical trials is lacking. 6 A second trial was also prematurely stopped after a first interim analysis showed that most patients already had high neutralizing antibody titers at the time of inclusion and that no statistical differences in outcomes were seen between treatment groups. 10, 11 Tens of thousands of COVID-19 patients have been treated with CP based on the premise that RCT "take significant time to produce results and will not be available for participation to all hospitals", 10 despite the lack of evidence for efficacy, and the fact that such uncontrolled models lead to questionable estimates of treatment effects. Effect of convalescent plasma therapy on time to clinical improvement in patients with severe and life-threatening COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1101/2020.08.26.20182444 id = cord-355102-jcyq8qve author = Avila, Eduardo title = Hemogram data as a tool for decision-making in COVID-19 management: applications to resource scarcity scenarios date = 2020-06-29 keywords = PCR; covid-19; model; result summary = PURPOSE: This work describes a machine learning model derived from hemogram exam data performed in symptomatic patients and how they can be used to predict qRT-PCR test results. METHODS: Hemogram exams data from 510 symptomatic patients (73 positives and 437 negatives) were used to model and predict qRT-PCR results through Naïve-Bayes algorithms. In order to evaluate the adequacy and generalization power of the proposed model, as well as its tolerance to handle samples containing missing data (i.e., at least one variable with no informed values), an additional set of 92 samples (10 positives for COVID-19 and 82 negatives) was obtained from the patient database. When no clinical or medical data is available, or when decisions regarding resource management involving multiple symptomatic patients are necessary, the model can be used in multiple individuals simultaneously, aiming to identify those with higher probabilities of presenting positive qRT-PCR results. doi = 10.7717/peerj.9482 id = cord-299346-f13xly6q author = Awad, Mohamed E. title = Perioperative Considerations in Urgent Surgical Care of Suspected and Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 Orthopaedic Patients: Operating Room Protocols and Recommendations in the Current Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date = 2020-04-10 keywords = PPE; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = title: Perioperative Considerations in Urgent Surgical Care of Suspected and Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 Orthopaedic Patients: Operating Room Protocols and Recommendations in the Current Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic To reduce the occupational risk in treating suspected or confirmed COVID-19 urgent orthopaedic patients, recommended precautions and preventive actions (triage area, ED consultation room, induction room, operating room, and recovery room) are reviewed. HCPs in high-risk areas should adhere to infection prevention and control practices, which includes the appropriate use of engineering controls (negative pressure rooms), administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE) ( 6 Per CDC recommendations, a clinically suspected/ confirmed COVID-19 patient should wear a cloth face covering, over nose, and mouth and a surgical mask should be reserved for HCP and first responders. It is recommended for an environmental services worker to increase the Flowchart demonstrating the the recommended use of personal protective equipment for different activities at various settings managing suspected/clinically Coronavirus disease 2019 patients. doi = 10.5435/jaaos-d-20-00227 id = cord-346247-5jwbg6bc author = Awasthi, Amit title = Statistical interpretation of environmental influencing parameters on COVID-19 during the lockdown in Delhi, India date = 2020-09-25 keywords = Delhi; case; covid-19 summary = In this study, the COVID-19 connection with various weather parameters like temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity is investigated and the future scenario of COVID-19 is predicted based on the Gaussian model (GM). Based on statistical analysis, this has been observed that the temperature parameter shows a significant positive trend during the period of study. To predict the future scenario of COVID-19, this is not appropriate to use an exponential equation, because an exponential growth represents a continuous increase, whereas in the pandemic scenario, the number of cases will indeed increase rapidly up to certain days or months, afterward the value will start to decrease after forming a peak. ;R 2 = 0.997 Fig. 5 Daily variation in confirmed COVID-19 cases the fitted GM, it is predicted that the maximum number of cases is observed during the time range of 166.15 ± 36 days. doi = 10.1007/s10668-020-01000-9 id = cord-343082-46lo7xtx author = Awasthi, Ankit title = OUTBREAK of novel corona virus disease (COVID-19): Antecedence and aftermath date = 2020-07-25 keywords = COVID-19; Kumar; SARS summary = Studies also confirm that flu shots are not efficient in the fight against COVID-19 as the patients continue to suffer despite the treatment (https://www.wsj.com/articles/gilead-sciences-offers-experimental-drug-for-coronavirustreatments-testing-11580511519).In the meantime, Thai health officials claimed to have successfully handled the infection with acocktail of antiviral drugs that include lopinavir and ritonavir under the name "Kaetra" along with flu medication oseltamivir. In 2016, this drug was used as an emergency aid for the Ebola virus outbreak.A clinical trial involving 80 participants (in Shenzhen city) demonstrated chest symptoms improvement in patients of COVID-19 treated with favipiravir. Favipiravirhas been reported to be effective, without any obvious side-effects, in helping coronavirus patients recover.In another study carried out in China, two mild and two severe COVID-19 associated pneumonia patients were treated with combined Western and Chinese medicine treatment (Lopinavir/ritonavir/arbidol/ShufengJiedu Capsule). In recent clinical studies the use of steroidal drug Dexamethasone has been very effective to treat patients suffering from COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173381 id = cord-314002-zm02k9bw author = Ayanian, Shant title = The association between biomarkers and clinical outcomes in novel coronavirus pneumonia in a US cohort date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Aim: To describe the association between D-dimer, CRP, IL-6, ferritin, LDH and the clinical outcomes in a cohort of 299 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients treated on the inpatient medical service at a university hospital in the District of Columbia (DC, USA). Threshold values for all biomarkers were found to be statistically significant and independently associated with higher odds of clinical deterioration and death. Conclusion: Laboratory markers of inflammation and coagulopathy can help clinicians identify patients who are at high risk for clinical deterioration in COVID-19. Elevated levels of IL-6, D-dimer, CRP, LDH and ferritin all had an independent increased risk for the clinical outcomes assessed (ICU admission, invasive ventilatory support and death), which were statistically significant. • A retrospective cohort of COVID-19 patients were identified, their admission and peak biomarkers were extracted and the odds of adverse clinical outcomes were calculated. doi = 10.2217/bmm-2020-0309 id = cord-329293-jlrzu0wl author = Ayanlade, Ayansina title = COVID-19 and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa: implications of lockdown during agricultural planting seasons date = 2020-09-14 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; SSA summary = COVID-19 pandemic movement restrictions as part of the control measures put in place by countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has implications on food security, as movement restrictions coincided with planting periods for most of the staple crops. This paper examines the potential impacts of COVID-19 movement restrictions on food security in SSA, focusing on the effects on planting days (season) for major staple crops, including effects through restricted access to important farm inputs. While SSA countries have very high potential for maize and rice production (Fig. 2) , the impacts of climate change [44] [45] [46] and recent locust invasion 47, 48 coupled with COVID-19 movement restrictions are likely to reduce the production potential 49 . Climate change and variability in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of current and future trends and impacts on agriculture and food security doi = 10.1038/s41538-020-00073-0 id = cord-311495-svgw59ic author = Ayati, Nayyereh title = Short and long term impacts of COVID-19 on the pharmaceutical sector date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; Iran; pharmaceutical summary = This pandemic had major effects on the health market, the pharmaceutical sector, and was associated with considerable impacts; which may appear in short and long-term time-horizon and need identification and appropriate planning to reduce their socio-economic burden. In addition, industry growth slow-down, approval delays, moving towards self-sufficiency in pharm-production supply chain and trend changes in consumption of health-market products along with ethical dilemma could be anticipated as long-term impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on pharmaceutical sector in both global and local levels. CONCLUSION: The pandemic of COVID-19 poses considerable crisis on the health markets, including the pharmaceutical sector; and identification of these effects, may guide policy-makers towards more evidence-informed planning to overcome accompanying challenges. Current short-communication study assessed pharmaceutical market crisis during the COVID-19 era; discussing shortand long-term impacts of the pandemic on pharmaceutical market natural flow and regulations, first at the global and then at Iran''s national level as a case in point for developing countries. doi = 10.1007/s40199-020-00358-5 id = cord-274545-r03g7w0b author = Ayele Mega, Teshale title = The Outcome of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients Treated for COVID-19: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-10-13 keywords = HCQ; covid-19 summary = In this open-label non-randomized clinical trial, a total of 20 patients were treated with HCQ at a dose of 200 mg three times daily for 10 days, and the data showed a significant reduction in viral carriage at day 6 post-inclusion compared to controls (70.0% clearance by day 6 vs. e outcomes assessed with double-arm studies include virologic efficacy [8, 20, 21] , clinical efficacy (mortality [4, 8, 13, 14, 30, 31] and disease progression [4, 8, 13, 14, 22, 31, 32] ), safety (risk of adverse effects) [8, [20] [21] [22] , and tolerability and QT prolongation [14, 26, 34] . e data from four controlled clinical trials [8, [20] [21] [22] of 278 COVID-19 patients (141 HCQ and 137 from the non-HCQ group) were included to assess overall adverse effects (except QTc prolongation) among HCQ-exposed patients. doi = 10.1155/2020/4312519 id = cord-275041-fcdwitxy author = Ayerbe, Luis title = The association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine and hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; patient summary = The following variables were extracted for this study: age, gender, temperature, and saturation of oxygen on admission, treatment with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, heparin, steroids, tocilizumab, a combination of lopinavir with ritonavir, and oseltamivir, together with data on mortality. Using limited evidence and clinical experience, doctors have treated COVID-19 patients with different drugs to eliminate or reduce the presence of the virus, including hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) [9] [10] [11] [12] . The association between treatment with HCQ and mortality was examined with four different logistic regression models: model one was adjusted for age and gender; model two included age and gender, together with temperature > 37 °C, and saturation of oxygen < 90% on admission, which were both associated with mortality in an exploratory analysis; model three had all the variables previously mentioned together with treatment with azithromycin, steroids, heparin, tocilizumab, a combination of lopinavir with ritonavir, and oseltamivir; finally, to account for the change in clinical management during the study period, model four was adjusted for all the previously mentioned demographic, clinical severity measures, and drugs, together with a categorical variable for date of admission (before the 10th of March, 11-20th of March, 20-31st March, 1st-10th of April, and 11-20th of April). doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02505-x id = cord-311970-o9xao5rl author = Ayerbe, Luis title = The association between treatment with heparin and survival in patients with Covid-19 date = 2020-05-31 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = This study investigates the association between the treatment with heparin and mortality in patients admitted with Covid-19. The following variables were extracted for this study: age, gender, temperature, and saturation of oxygen on admission, treatment with heparin, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, steroids, tocilizumab, a combination of lopinavir with ritonavir, and oseltamivir, together with data on mortality. This treatment can be associated with the clinical improvement of the patients, and decrease the duration of admissions and the mortality of Covid-19. This study investigates the association of the use of heparin with mortality in a large number of patients admitted with Covid-19. The administration of heparin was associated with lower mortality in patients admitted with Covid-19. A recent observational study conducted in a hospital has also reported lower mortality among the 786 Covid-19 patients who received anticoagulation [13] . Randomized controlled trials are necessary to complement observational studies, and assess the causal associations between heparin, in different therapeutic regimes, and clinical outcomes. doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02162-z id = cord-275068-yr076sl6 author = Ayoub, Fares title = Football and COVID-19 risk: correlation is not causation date = 2020-09-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = A recent 8 genome wide association analysis (GWAS) has implicated that blood group A patients had a higher risk 9 of severe COVID-19 compared to other blood types,[3] while other studies have found associations 10 between vitamin D levels/latitude, and Bacille de Calmette et Guérin (BCG) vaccine and mortality to 11 COVID-19. [4] Based on the results of these studies, shall we tell our blood group A patients to stay home 12 or tell everyone to take vitamin D or get vaccinated with BCG? [5] Low vitamin D levels have often been associated with a 16 higher risk of infections, but vitamin D supplementation has not been shown to prevent respiratory 17 1 impact journals during the pandemic, but it is important to remember that correlation does not equal 2 causation. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.034 id = cord-310042-9z8rkzq8 author = Aysha, Al‐Ani title = Practical management of inflammatory bowel disease patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: expert commentary from the Gastroenterological Society of Australia Inflammatory Bowel Disease faculty date = 2020-07-12 keywords = COVID-19; IBD; SARS; infection summary = This review aims to summarise the current literature and provide guidance on the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the Australasian setting. A significant proportion of IBD patients are treated with long-term immunomodulator/immunosuppressive therapy which potentially places them at increased risk of infections and associated complications. Practitioners and patients alike are therefore concerned about the risk and implications of COVID-19 infection in the IBD patient, despite a paucity of evidence supporting an altered predisposition to disease or more severe disease course. Despite concerns regarding immunosuppression and consequent predisposition to infection, there is no evidence to suggest increased infection rates of COVID-19 in IBD patients to date. 8, 9 Hence, expert consensus currently is that patients with IBD do not appear to be at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with the general population. 2 • Reducing disease activitythere is evidence that moderate to severe disease activity increases the risk of infection in IBD patients. doi = 10.1111/imj.14889 id = cord-266643-53b0qdcl author = Ayyaz, Mahmood title = Combating COVID 19 in a public sector hospital in Pakistan date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19; OPD summary = The first step that was taken by the administration was to ensure the safety of the healthcare personnelaccording to the guidelines issued by World Health Organisation 6 . In collaboration of the department of medicine and infectious diseases it was decided that the health care professionals in areas of high COVID-19 risk would perform duty for a week and then isolate for the next two weeks. Considering the extreme number of cases that were being reported all over the world along with the burden placed on the health care providers it was also expected that if only the medical and allied department were left to deal with this pandemic it would likely strain and break those standing against the disease. 16 On the orders of the Specialized Health care and medical Education department the task of setting up and managing a COVID-19 Care facility at Camp Jail was given to our institute. doi = 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.10.041 id = cord-032276-bvbz94bi author = Azam, Gaousul title = Letter: Outpatient Consultation and Silent Transmission of COVID-19: Risk for the Neurosurgeon? date = 2020-09-05 keywords = covid-19 summary = Global neurosurgical initiatives need to be taken that could rise to the cause of providing essential and uniform neurosurgical treatment in order to avoid infection due to silent transmission. The whole world is trying to cope with the current global pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and reduce infection spread not only among patients but also among treating neurosurgeons. Studies have found that the majority of incidences may be due to silent transmission from a combination of presymptomatic and asymptomatic infections. r self-check-in registration system with an automated slip for OPD patients; r patient consultation through telemedicine; r adequate PPE for both patients and health workers; r outpatient entry pass through adequate documentation of history of COVID-19 symptoms, exposure, and thermal scanning; r ensuring adequate availability of hand sanitizer and use during OPD entry; r strictly maintaining social distancing as much as possible; r using 0.23% povidone mouth wash and nasal drop before and after duty; r reducing exposure time with the patient; r ensuring a quality PPE disposal system; r avoidance of nonessential clinical exposure. Estimation of the asymptomatic ratio of novel coronavirus infections (COVID-19) doi = 10.1093/neuopn/okaa012 id = cord-310762-3clh1zv6 author = Azanza Ricardo, C. L. title = The Risk of Lifting COVID-19 Confinement in Mexico date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; Mexico summary = In this paper, we projected different scenarios to evaluate sharp or gradual quarantine lifting strategies, however, even in the hypothetical scenario that Mexico would continue with full confinement, hospitals would be reaching the maximum capacity of hospital bed occupancy. Assuming the most optimistic scenario by our predictions, the smallest number of new COVID-19 cases, Mexico would require at least a 3 fold increase in hospital capacities dedicated for COVID-19. which is the peak infection phase, the central problem of pandemic surveillance is not to monitor the growth of In this work, we fit a derivation of the SEIR model for COVID-19 14 using data of the COVID-19 epidemic 30 in Mexico 12 as well as its public health capacities and demographic conditions 11 . With the progressing of information of COVID-19 pandemic as well as new data of infected cases in Mexico, 156 our predictions would be more accurate and hopefully less drastic scenarios. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.28.20115063 id = cord-355039-qi4fwqbc author = Azar, William S. title = COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: how one pandemic worsens the other date = 2020-08-02 keywords = ACE2; AMPK; COVID-19; IL-6; SARS; patient summary = In this review, we elucidate suggested mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility of patients with diabetes to infection with SARS-CoV-2 with a more severe COVID-19 disease. The different studies presented suggest that patients with diabetes may not only be prone to a more severe COVID-19 disease, but also to an increased risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2. Although plausible hypotheses for the increased risk of COVID-19 infection in patients with diabetes and other chronic diseases like hypertension are still under investigation, ACE2 seems to play a key role in the association between COVID-19 and DM [60] (Table 1 ). suggested that higher ACE2 expression in the lungs increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection with more severe complications and was causally correlated with diabetes [68] . In this review, we describe three potential mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility of patients with diabetes to a more severe COVID-19 disease, leading to higher morbidity and mortality. doi = 10.1007/s11154-020-09573-6 id = cord-342569-ja96xfns author = Azer, Samy A. title = COVID-19: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, complications and Investigational therapeutics date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; patient summary = On 31 December 2019, the Chinese authorities reported to the World Health Organisation (WHO) an emerging of a novice coronavirus, currently the virus is known as SARS-CoV-2 and the disease name is coronavirus-19 disease (COVID19) , that has emerged in patients from Wuhan city, Hubel Province [1] . Recently it was debated that targeting the Notch signalling to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and interfering with the progression of COVID-19associated heart and lungs disease pathogenesis [13] . It is not clear whether the observed SARS-CoV-2-associated liver injury is cause by direct viral injury or related to hepatoxic drugs, coexisting systemic inflammatory changes, sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome-induced hypoxia, and multiple organ failure [18] . In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are infected with COVID-19, it is important to remember that two receptor proteins ACE-2 and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) are test can detect IgM, and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the serum, plasma, and whole blood [23] . doi = 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100738 id = cord-297870-m7n43k4p author = Azevedo, Rafael Bellotti title = Covid-19 and the cardiovascular system: a comprehensive review date = 2020-07-27 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Moreover, as in other respiratory infections, preexisting CV diseases and risk factors can increase the severity of COVID-19, leading to the aggravation and decompensation of chronic underlying cardiac pathologies as well as acute-onset of new cardiac complications [3] , highlighting that myocardial injury can be present in approximately 12% of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection [1] . Within the CV manifestations of COVID-19, we can highlight four different aspects: (a) CV risk factors and established CV disease is associated with a worse prognosis, (b) appearance of acute CV complications in previously healthy individuals, (c) promising therapies with antimalarials and antivirals present important CV side effects, and (d) questioning the safety of the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors regarding an increased risk of COVID-19 [1] . doi = 10.1038/s41371-020-0387-4 id = cord-344185-jz6ui4w3 author = Aziz, Aleha title = Building an Obstetric Intensive Care Unit during the COVID-19 Pandemic at a Tertiary Hospital and Selected Maternal-Fetal and Delivery Considerations date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; OBICU; care; patient summary = Integrating our OBICU into the high-risk space on Labor and Delivery not only preserved the advantage of close proximity to the obstetrical operating rooms, in case of urgent surgery for maternal or fetal indications, but also allowed our team to care for the majority of our obstetrical patientsincluding critically ill COVID-19 infected antepartum or postpartum women -while alleviating some of the burden on the existing medical and surgical ICUs. The first challenge, given the specific concerns of the pandemic, was ensuring that each pod was converted into a room with negative pressure ventilation so that aerosol-generating procedures (AGP) that may be needed in obstetric patients with severe COVID-19 infection, such as nebulizer treatments, high flow nasal oxygen delivery, bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, and tracheal intubation could be performed without increasing the exposure risk for healthcare providers or the other patients and staff in the vicinity. doi = 10.1016/j.semperi.2020.151298 id = cord-286957-qmh35xyy author = Aziz, Muhammad title = The Association of “Loss of Smell” to COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19; error summary = BACKGROUND: The presence of olfactory dysfunction or "loss of smell" has been reported as an atypical symptom in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature to evaluate the prevalence of "loss of smell" in COVID-19 as well as its utility for prognosticating the disease severity. All studies reporting the prevalence of "loss of smell" (anosmia and/or hyposmia/microsmia) in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients were included. CONCLUSION: Olfactory dysfunction or "loss of smell" is a prevalent symptom in COVID-19 patients. We performed a systematic review and metaanalysis of available studies to evaluate the prevalence of "loss of smell" in COVID-19 and its utility as a prognostic indicator. As demonstrated in our study, "loss of smell" was associated with somewhat favorable prognosis of the disease and hence careful screening should be undertaken to identify potential patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.09.017 id = cord-333581-icp0xwhx author = Aziz, Muhammad title = Gastrointestinal predictors of severe COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; China; Wuhan; clinical summary = Articles were selected if they reported data on COVID-19 patients with respect to gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea/vomiting) or laboratory findings (serum AST, ALT, or TB). Our meta-analysis demonstrated significant correlations between gastrointestinal parameters (diarrhea, elevated serum ALT, AST and TB) and severe disease outcomes, i.e., respiratory distress, ICU admission, and/or death. • We performed a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature through May 31 st , 2020 to assess these manifestations with respect to disease severity • Our results indicate that diarrhea, abnormal ALT, AST and TB were associated with severe disease (intensive care unit admission, respiratory distress, and/or mortality) • Based on the current study results, patients with these manifestations should be stratified as highrisk and managed appropriately Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series doi = 10.20524/aog.2020.0527 id = cord-333483-nr0akd7k author = Aziz, R. title = Essential notes: The use of Lung Ultrasound for COVID-19 in the intensive care unit date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COVID-19; LUS summary = title: Essential notes: The use of Lung Ultrasound for COVID-19 in the intensive care unit Point-of-care lung ultrasound (LUS) is a dynamic technique routinely used in intensive care to answer targeted questions and aid in practical procedures. In this article we explore the use of LUS specifically in critically ill patients with COVID -19, outlining both essential aspects for new practitioners of LUS and points of high diagnostic yield. There is currently no validated systematic approach for performing LUS in patients with COVID-19 pneumonitis, although the Intensive Care Society has made some recommendations. We believe the following key points determine the highest yield approach to LUS in patients with COVID-19: This ''telemedicine'' approach is used extensively in providing ultrasound training to front-line providers throughout the world and could also be used for patients with COVID-19. Figure 1A is from a patient with known COVID-19 pulmonary disease. Practical approach to lung ultrasound doi = 10.1016/j.bjae.2020.09.001 id = cord-332153-fczf3lzc author = Azkur, Ahmet Kursat title = Immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 and mechanisms of immunopathological changes in COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-12 keywords = CD8; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = In this review, we aim to improve our understanding on the immune response and immunopathological changes in patients linked to detoriating clinical conditions such as, cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, autopsy findings and changes in acute phase reactants and serum biochemistry in COVID‐19. The IgM, IgA and IgG type virus‐specific antibodies levels are important measurements to predict population immunity against this disease and whether cross‐reactivity with other coronaviruses is taking place.High viral‐load during the first infection and repeated exposure to virus especially in healthcare workers can be an important factor for severity of disease. It should be noted that many aspects of severe patients are unique to COVID‐19 and are rarely observed in other respiratory viral infections, such as severe lymphopenia and eosinopenia, extensive pneumonia and lung tissue damage, a cytokine storm leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure. doi = 10.1111/all.14364 id = cord-257603-ov0b8yub author = Azlan, Arina Anis title = Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Malaysia date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; MCO; Malaysia summary = To measure practices, participants were asked yes/no questions on whether they had avoided going to crowded places such as weddings; wore a face mask when leaving home; and whether they practiced proper hand hygiene in the week before the movement control order (MCO). The first question asked whether or not they agreed that the COVID-19 situation would be successfully controlled; second, whether they thought Malaysia would be able to win its battle against the virus; and third, whether they thought the Malaysian government was handling the health crisis well [Fig 1] . Practices toward COVID-19 were measured using three questions enquiring on: 1) avoidance of crowded places, 2) wearing of face masks; and 3) practising proper hand hygiene in the week before the Movement Control Order (MCO) was implemented in Malaysia [Fig 2] . Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19 in Malaysia residents in the Eastern region and retirees were among the highest percentage of participants who had not practised good hand hygiene in the week before the MCO. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0233668 id = cord-254287-8q2gdy5n author = Azoulay, Elie title = International variation in the management of severe COVID-19 patients date = 2020-08-05 keywords = covid-19 summary = Respondents (median 45 years [IQR, 39-53], 34% women) were from Middle Europe (25%), South Europe (23%), the United Kingdom (UK) (12%), South America (9%), North Europe (8.1%), Eastern Europe (5.3%), Middle-East (5%), North America (4.7%), Asia (3.3%), India (2.7%), Australia-New Zealand (1.3%), or Africa (0.6%); 54% were living in a large city (> 1 million inhabitants), and 55% were working in university-affiliated hospitals. For instance, prone positioning was performed in 70-85% of the cases in Asia, India, Eastern Europe, Middle Europe, South America, South Europe, and the UK, whereas Africa, Australia-New Zealand, Middle East, North America, and Scandinavia were in the 50-70% range (Fig. 3, P < 0 Antibiotic prescribing was routine for all patients in 44.2% of the respondents and biomarker-guided in 36.5%, without significant variation across regions. This survey highlights important practice variations in the management of severe COVID-19 patients, including differences at regional and individual levels. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03194-w id = cord-317535-zep5axfo author = Azpiazu Landa, N. title = Ischemic-hemorrhagic stroke in patients with Covid-19 date = 2020-11-07 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Coronavirus associated severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) causes a worldwide syndrome called Covid-19 that has caused 5,940,441 infections and 362,813 deaths until May 2020. We present 2 cases of patients infected with severe Covid-19 that were hospitalized in the Reanimation Unit that presented cerebrovascular symptoms and died afterwards. We describe 2 cases of patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to the Resuscitation Unit who presented cerebrovascular involvement. After 15 days of respiratory disease due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, he was admitted to the Resuscitation unit due to acute respiratory failure that required orotracheal intubation and connection to mechanical ventilation and treatment with hydroxychloroquine 200 mg every 12 h for 11 days, methylprednisolone 125 mg every 24 h for 3 days, and tocilizumab 600 mg in a single dose. During the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with pathological involvement of the central nervous system. doi = 10.1016/j.redare.2020.08.001 id = cord-317843-sp4nvbbh author = Azuma, Kenichi title = Impact of climate and ambient air pollution on the epidemic growth during COVID-19 outbreak in Japan date = 2020-08-12 keywords = covid-19 summary = Investigation of the potential association of the spread of the COVID-19 infection with climate or ambient air pollution could lead to the development of preventive strategies for disease control. To examine this association, we conducted a longitudinal cohort study of 28 geographical areas of Japan with documented outbreaks of COVID-19. The results revealed that the epidemic growth of COVID-19 was significantly associated with increase in daily temperature or sunshine hours. 8 We determined the association of epidemic growth with exposure variables using 9 univariate and multivariable analyses for 28 geographical areas, divided to five periods 10 from March 13 to April 6, 2020 with a longitudinal manner. In the multivariable 11 analyses, we examined the association of epidemic growth with exposure variables on 12 the regional climate or air pollutants, adjusting for male inhabitants, inhabitants aged 13 ≥65 years, urban density, taxable income, health expenditure, and life expectancy at 14 birth as the possible specified covariates. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110042 id = cord-355567-60sfv60p author = Azuma, Kenichi title = Environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission: effect and role of indoor environmental quality in the strategy for COVID-19 infection control date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; Japan; SARS; air; ventilation summary = Recently, 36 researchers insisted on the potential risk of indoor airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the importance of sufficient and effective ventilation, particle filtration, and air sterilization as infection control measures inside buildings [43] . Therefore, the MHLW published a document titled "Prevention of the COVID-19 Clusters" Abbreviation: SARS-CoV severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Fig. 1 Traditional Japanese office building HVAC systems: a a centralized HVAC system; and b a centralized ventilation system with an individual air-conditioning system on March 1, 2020 [94] , showing the need for adequate ventilation in buildings because a ventilation standard for infection control has not been established in general buildings in Japan and the characteristics of indoor spaces where the clusters occurred might include poor ventilation and crowding. doi = 10.1186/s12199-020-00904-2 id = cord-257732-3xuy6tbn author = Azzi, Lorenzo title = Saliva is a reliable tool to detect SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed salivary samples of COVID-19 patients and compared the results with their clinical and laboratory data. At present, Real Time reverse transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR) on respiratory specimens represents the gold standard test for detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 10 , 11 Sputum and oropharyngeal secretions have recently been suggested as a possible target for the molecular diagnosis of COVID-19, 12 and salivary droplets represent the main source of the human-to-human transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 infection when social distance is less than 2 m. There were not significant differences regarding the clinical and anamnestic history between males and females, with the only exception of the values of serum LDH, which were higher in the female patients'' haematochemical analyses carried out on the day of saliva collection ( p = 0.025). doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.005 id = cord-302463-uw7xantz author = AĞALAR, Canan title = Protective measures for COVID-19 for healthcare providers and laboratory personnel date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; HCP; PPE summary = During the care of these patients, HCP should wear their personal protective equipment (PPE) in accordance with the procedure and should not neglect hand hygiene. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) carries a high risk for society and healthcare providers (HCP) because it can be transmitted even when the disease progresses asymptomatically in some patients [1] . European Centre of Diseases and Prevention Control (ECDC) states that if there is a shortage of FFP2/FFP3, if the HCP will be in contact with a diagnosed or suspected COVID-19 case, if there is no risk of aerosol transmission, surgical masks (alongside eye protection, gown, and gloves) can be used. However, ECDC states that if the HCP will be performing procedures like sample collecting that will generate aerosol, they should use FFP2/FFP3 masks that provide high-level protection [7] . Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings doi = 10.3906/sag-2004-132 id = cord-306108-ja0wyr5w author = B K, Anupama title = A Review of Acute Myocardial Injury in Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; injury; patient summary = Although SARS-CoV-2 infection predominantly causes pulmonary complications, such as pneumonia and ARDS, the disease has also been associated with a variety of cardiovascular complications, including acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, arrhythmia, heart failure, and venous thromboembolism [6] . Hence, one potential explanation for the higher likelihood of acquiring infection, and the increased risk of severe disease and adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19 with pre-existing CVD, maybe the elevated secretion of ACE2 in these patients, thus making them more susceptible to direct viral damage to cardiac myocytes [33] ; but, this has not yet been demonstrated in pathology studies. In a single-center, retrospective cohort study including 188 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, conducted to explore whether heart injury occurred during COVID-19 on admission and later increased mortality, approximately 11.2% of patients had high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-TnI) exceeding the clinical upper normal limit on admission. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8426 id = cord-342625-31fe1neb author = Baba, Hiroaki title = Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 in a COVID-19 case with rheumatoid arthritis taking iguratimod treated with ciclesonide date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The patient who continued iguratimod therapy without dose reduction was treated with ciclesonide had an uneventful clinical course, but prolonged detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was observed after resolution of symptoms. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread rapidly across the world, yet investigations of in patients with rheumatologic disease taking disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive effects remain scarce [1] . Here we report a case of COVID-19 in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis taking iguratimod, who had prolonged viral RNA presence. A woman in her 40s with rheumatoid arthritis treated with iguratimod 25 mg twice a day was admitted to Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan, with a diagnosis of COVID-19 based on real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) with primers that target the N2 gene of SARS-CoV-2 as described previously [2] from nasopharyngeal swabs and sputum. doi = 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.06.022 id = cord-268622-3jireyep author = Babadaei, Mohammad Mahdi Nejadi title = The expression level of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 determines the severity of COVID-19: lung and heart tissue as targets date = 2020-06-01 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = Researchers have reported some useful information about the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leading to CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19). Indeed, these outcomes have elucidated the principal mechanism that the oral cavity is basically in higher risk to SARS-CoV-2 infection and showed a piece of conformation for the ongoing inhibition approach in clinical implementation It has been also revealed that in addition to causing fever and respiratory symptoms, COVID-19 resulted in gastrointestinal disorders including diarrhoea, vomiting and some pains in abdominal part . Figure 2C also shows the SARS-CoV-2 infection-related sensitive organs which can explain about the non-respiratory symptoms identified in COVID-19 patients . According to a report from China, the fatality is observed in older people as well as patients with hypertension, chronic lung disease, diabetes, and CVDs. One of the most likely mechanisms by which COVID-19 can causes lung and cardiac damage is through the SARS-CoV-2 binding to ACE2 receptors. doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1767211 id = cord-306835-juitltpi author = Babaei, Fatemeh title = Curcumin (a constituent of turmeric): New treatment option against COVID‐19 date = 2020-09-06 keywords = ACE2; ALI; COVID-19; SARS; curcumin summary = The keywords used for the search were as follows: coronavirus-19, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, curcumin, Curcuma longa, turmeric, curcumin and antiviral, curcumin and anti-inflammatory, curcumin and antipyretic, curcumin and lung, curcumin and acute lung injury, curcumin and fatigue, curcumin and antioxidant, curcumin and ARDS, curcumin and bradykinin, curcumin and fibrosis, curcumin and Interleukin-6 (IL-6), curcumin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), curcumin and NF-κB, curcumin and Toll-like receptors (TLRs), curcumin and antiapoptotic. AA: arachidonic acid, ALI: acute lung injury, AP-1: activator protein 1, BK: bradykinin, ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, Ang II: angiotensin II, ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome, Cas-3: caspase 3, COX: cyclooxygenase, CXCL: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand, 12-HPETE: 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase, 12 LOX: 12-lipoxygenase, MMP: matrix metalloproteinase NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, PLA2: phospholipase A2, PG: prostaglandin, SMAD3: mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3, TGF-β1: transforming growth factor-beta 1, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, TLR: Toll-like receptor, TRPA1: transient receptor potential channel subfamily vanilloid member 1, TRPV1: transient receptor potential channel subfamily A member 1 mechanisms that curcumin may be useful to prevent or treat the ARDS. doi = 10.1002/fsn3.1858 id = cord-326945-fvgc33qx author = Babapoor-Farrokhran, Savalan title = Cardiac Arrhythmias in the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-11 keywords = covid-19 summary = Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection has quickly spread across the world since it was officially reported in Wuhan, China in Dec 2019 and emerged as a global pandemic leading to significant morbidity, mortality, economic affliction, and social disruption. Their guidance on management of atrial fibrillation is similar as Additionally, the article discusses the common incidence of acute myocardial injury in COVID-19 patients, which can be a potential substrate for ventricular arrhythmia. The authors note that in comparison to the year prior there was an increased incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest observed during the pandemic [8] . New QT detection algorithms on mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry systems, and consumer heart rate and even oximetry monitors will likely change the approach for Ultimately, hindsight and retrospective analysis of the cardiac impact of COVID-19 will tell us if the standard treatments used for treating arrhythmias in other individuals were beneficial or detrimental to coronavirus patients. doi = 10.1016/j.tcm.2020.09.001 id = cord-297010-imciixde author = Babayeva, Mariana title = Repurposing Drugs for COVID-19: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine date = 2020-10-23 keywords = COVID-19; CYP2C8; HCQ; drug; hydroxychloroquine summary = 81 Similar doses of the two drugs produced 11-fold variations in the blood concentrations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis 47, 63, 82, 83 and in healthy volunteers, 52, 64 suggesting different extend of metabolism among individuals. Determination of CYP3A, CYP2C8 and CYP2D6 polymorphism and, therefore, activity is important to establish safe and efficient dosing of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for treatment of COVID-19 patients. 125 Overall, the results suggest that CYP2C8, CYP2D6 and CYP3A genetic polymorphisms may influence chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine pharmacokinetics and COVID-19 patients treated with the same dose of CQ or HCQ may exhibit lack of efficacy or adverse reactions. Despite the evidence of the influence of genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, no large pharmacogenomics studies have been conducted to provide guidance on the use, dosing, and duration of the therapy in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.2147/pgpm.s275964 id = cord-353844-yaueoq62 author = Bachanova, Veronika title = Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19; CRS; car; cell summary = Two anti-CD19 CAR T-cell products are currently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other international regulatory agencies: axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel; Yescarta Ò ; Kite/Gilead) for the treatment of adult relapsed/refractory (R/R) diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) [2] , and tisagenlecleucel (tisacel; Kymriah Ò ; Novartis Pharmaceuticals), both for adult R/R DLBCL [3] and pediatric R/R ALL [4] . Patients undergoing CAR T cell therapy are receiving potentially life-saving treatment; therefore, it is paramount to ensure the availability of tocilizumab to mitigate serious toxicity and the need for advanced supportive care measures. Although many clinical trials of unproven benefit are on hold during the COVID-19 pandemic, we believe that rational studies of CRS prevention and treatment should continue because they may provide significant advantages to patients by improving safety, limiting the need for scarce intensive care support, and preserving a possibly limited supply of tocilizumab. doi = 10.1016/j.bbmt.2020.04.008 id = cord-326348-3zc62lin author = Bachtiger, P. title = Belief of Previous COVID-19 Infection and Unclear Government Policy are Associated with Reduced Willingness to Participate in App-Based Contact Tracing: A UK-Wide Observational Study of 13,000 Patients date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19; June; NHS summary = title: Belief of Previous COVID-19 Infection and Unclear Government Policy are Associated with Reduced Willingness to Participate in App-Based Contact Tracing: A UK-Wide Observational Study of 13,000 Patients Objectives: To measure the determinants of willingness to participate in an NHS app-based contact tracing programme using a questionnaire within the Care Information Exchange (CIE) the largest patient-facing electronic health record in the NHS. Methods: Observational study of 47,708 registered NHS users of the CIE, 27% of whom completed a novel questionnaire asking about willingness to participate in app-based contact tracing, understanding of government advice, mental and physical wellbeing and their healthcare utilisation -related or not to COVID-19. Given this marginal level of support over an appropriate age range, the impacts of difficulty comprehending government advice and a policy of not testing to confirm self-reported COVID-19 infection during lockdown indicate that uncertainty in communication and diagnosis in adopted public health policies will negatively impact the effectiveness of a government contact tracing app. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.03.20120337 id = cord-356284-n0dhv89q author = Bachtiger, Patrik title = Machine learning for COVID-19—asking the right questions date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Among the principal diagnostic imaging modalities, both chest x-ray and CT have quickly produced a large amount of data on COVID-19, enabling the development of machine learning algo rithms, a form of artificial intelligence (AI). Similar, problem-focused applications of machine learning are now being implemented in the National Health Service, UK, including Microsoft''s InnerEye technology for radiotherapy planning to save time and Heart Flow''s machine-learning tool for 3D coronary modelling from cardiac CT, which provides decision support to clinicians assessing a patient''s need for coronary angiography. 4 However, for COVID-19, research questions risk focusing too much on generating novel machine learning models without fully considering its practical application and potential biases. Ideally, algorithms need to be trained on the full spectrum of disease, including asymptomatic and early-stage cases, if CT interpretation by machine learning can be applied to real-world data with confidence. 7 For COVID-19, training an algorithm to predict outcomes such as mortality, intensive care unit admission, or need for mechanical ventilation could have considerable clinical effect. doi = 10.1016/s2589-7500(20)30162-x id = cord-292462-zbjig3pt author = Backhaus, Andreas title = Common Pitfalls in the Interpretation of COVID-19 Data and Statistics date = 2020-06-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Daily data releases on confi rmed COVID-19 cases and deaths provide information on the course of the pandemic. In its simplest form, the case fatality rate divides the total number of confi rmed deaths by COVID-19 by the to-Forum hence be lower than the IFR (and the CFR). Recall that the computation of the CFR only requires the total number of confi rmed deaths by COVID-19 and the total number of confi rmed cases of infections with SARS-CoV-2. Italy and South Korea are among those countries that have published demographic characteristics of their confi rmed cases comparatively early and consistently over the course of the pandemic. Consequently, the IFR divides the total number of confi rmed deaths by COVID-19 by the total number of infections with SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1007/s10272-020-0893-1 id = cord-284756-jhwd6q0c author = Baddour, Khalil title = Potential impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on financial toxicity in cancer survivors date = 2020-04-28 keywords = cancer; covid-19; financial summary = Cancer survivors, especially patients with head and neck cancer, have been disproportionately affected by rising unemployment levels and economic recessions in the past, both of which are linked to higher cancer mortality. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] In the context of coronavirus disease 2019 , cancer survivors (defined as such from the time of diagnosis) represent a particularly vulnerable population that may be disproportionately affected by financial burdens surrounding the pandemic. [13] [14] [15] Patients with cancer may take a "double hit" from both costs of cancer care and financial strains imposed by the pandemic related to (a) prolonged unemployment for both cancer survivors and their caregivers, (b) the possibility of additional disease burden from treatment delay or interruptions, and (c) increased risk of COVID-19 infection (and its resulting health consequences). Self-reported financial burden of cancer care and its effect on physical and mental health-related quality of life among US cancer survivors doi = 10.1002/hed.26187 id = cord-266429-0xaz8kbs author = Bader, Feras title = Heart failure and COVID-19 date = 2020-07-27 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; patient summary = A more recent large global observational study that included 169 hospitals from three continents and close to 9000 patients found coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure (mortality of 15.3%, vs. Pressure guide, physician-directed, patient self-management has been previously shown to not only reduce heart failure related hospitalizations but also lead to higher frequency of medication adjustments including neurohormonal antagonists [59] . When infected by the virus, immunosuppression may influence the typical clinical presentation of COVID-19 patients who are also heart transplant recipients, resulting in unusual symptoms such as gastrointestinal manifestations [65] . Reported cases from a European transplantation center showed that solid organ recipients with COVID-19 had a more severe clinical course and high complications rates when compared with the general populations [65] . Considerations for heart failure care during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Association of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors with severity or risk of death in patients with hypertension hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1007/s10741-020-10008-2 id = cord-256385-g1wcfrfi author = Badraoui, Riadh title = Acute respiratory distress syndrome: a life threatening associated complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection inducing COVID-19 date = 2020-08-05 keywords = ACE2; ARDS; COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Acute respiratory distress syndrome: a life threatening associated complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection inducing COVID-19 A better understood of ARDS key features and the pathophysiological injuries of the pulmonary parenchyma are linked to lessons learned from previous severe diseases associated previous coronaviruses outbreaks (especially SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) and more the ongoing SARS-CoV-2. The novel coronavirus, finally named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, and it''s inducing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (Gorbalenya et al., 2020; Khailany et al., 2020) . While SARS-CoV-2 induces mild symptoms in several infected patients (low pathogenic), it can also be associated with a fast onset of widespread infection in the lungs worsened in an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) . Lessons learned from previous severe diseases caused by coronaviruses outbreaks (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) and more recently SARS-CoV-2 lead to a better understood of ARDS key features associated COVID-19. doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1803139 id = cord-300246-fxqseibh author = Badyal, Dinesh Kumar title = Chloroquine: Can it be a Novel Drug for COVID-19 date = 2020-04-02 keywords = COVID-19; Health summary = The United States Food and Drug Administration has not approved any drug or vaccine for the treatment of COVID-19; however, reports have emerged from different parts of the world about the potential therapeutic benefits of existing drugs. Chloroquine and phosphate hydroxychloroquine are the drugs currently in the limelight, and recently, the National Task Force for COVID-19 constituted by the Indian Council of Medical Research has recommended the use of antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 infection in selected high-risk individuals. [16] Due to its promising results, chloroquine has been included in guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 (sixth edition) published by the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China. In India, The National Task Force for COVID-19 constituted by the Indian Council of Medical Research has recommended the use of antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in selected high-risk individuals. doi = 10.4103/ijabmr.ijabmr_141_20 id = cord-294788-9usyb1nn author = Baek, Woong Kee title = A Comprehensive Review of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 date = 2020-05-03 keywords = COVID-19; Epub; SARS; cell; patient summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus strain that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It is suspected that the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like picture in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients is precipitated and worsened by the excess monocytes in response to GM-CSF, which is released by rapidly activated CD4+T-cell lineage [17] . have reported that the cytokine profile and the trend of the inflammatory markers of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients present similarly to the secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH), whose severe clinical presentation is related to the cytokine storm [23] . There is no consensus yet on how to treat SARS-CoV-2-infected patients who present with a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms and severity. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Epub ahead of print) doi = 10.7759/cureus.7943 id = cord-351918-pu7i1jfe author = Baek, Yae Jee title = A mathematical model of COVID-19 transmission in a tertiary hospital and assessment of the effects of different intervention strategies date = 2020-10-26 keywords = COVID-19; hospital summary = The effects of different intervention strategies such as front door screening, quarantine unit for newly admitted patients, early testing of suspected infected people, and personal protective equipment for both medical staff and visitors were evaluated. The model suggested that the early testing (within eight hours) of infected cases and monitoring the quarantine ward for newly hospitalized patients are effective measures for decreasing the incidence of COVID-19 within a hospital (81.3% and 70% decrease of number of incident cases, respectively, during 60 days). Setting the population vector η as the number of staff, and the stabilized number of inflow and outflow to each department for visitors, we construct the WAIFW matrix, W, by assuming that it is proportional to the contact rate matrix [8, 9] : The diagram for the SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) model with compartments of doctor, nurse, patient, and caregiver. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241169 id = cord-258841-n55qp6ov author = Baena-Díez, Jose Miguel title = Impact of COVID-19 outbreak by income: hitting hardest the most deprived date = 2020-08-07 keywords = Barcelona; covid-19; incidence summary = CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of COVID-19 showed an inverse socioeconomic gradient by mean income in the 10 districts of the city of Barcelona. The objective of this study was to analyse the di erences in COVID-19 age-standardized incidence rate by mean income of the 10 districts of the city of Barcelona. The crude incidence rates were estimated per 10 000 individuals, assuming the age distribution (<25 years, ≥25 and < 40 years, ≥40 and < 65 years and ≥65 years) of COVID-19 cases in Barcelona was similar to that reported for Spain. The ecological analysis to assess case distribution by district found that the lower the mean income, the higher the COVID-19 incidence (Spearman rho = 0.83; P value = 0.003) (Fig. 1 ). The incidence of COVID-19 presented an inverse socioeconomic gradient in the city of Barcelona according to average income by district. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa136 id = cord-328569-1lx3fkv3 author = Bagate, François title = Rescue therapy with inhaled nitric oxide and almitrine in COVID-19 patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome date = 2020-11-04 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; patient summary = title: Rescue therapy with inhaled nitric oxide and almitrine in COVID-19 patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome BACKGROUND: In COVID-19 patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the relatively preserved respiratory system compliance despite severe hypoxemia, with specific pulmonary vascular dysfunction, suggests a possible hemodynamic mechanism for VA/Q mismatch, as hypoxic vasoconstriction alteration. Some authors have hypothesized that potential relatively preserved respiratory system compliance (Crs) despite severe hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients suggests a possible hemodynamic mechanism for ventilation/perfusion (VA/Q) mismatch as hypoxic vasoconstriction alteration [5] . Individual values of the ratio of oxygen partial pressure to inspired oxygen fraction in arterial blood in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to coronavirus disease 2019, according to position (prone or supine) and administration of inhaled nitric oxide with or without almitrine. Correlations between respiratory mechanics and oxygenation response to the combination of inhaled nitric oxide and almitrine in ten patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to coronavirus disease 2019. doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00769-2 id = cord-265309-1su480xi author = Bagdasarian, Natasha title = A safe and efficient, naturally ventilated structure for COVID-19 surge capacity in Singapore date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19; EMD summary = Here, we describe the design and function of a low-cost, naturally ventilated temporary structure to increase EMD capacity during the COVID-19 response in Singapore. A multidisciplinary taskforce was assembled to plan for surge capacity, with the intent to create an "EMD extension," a temporary outdoor facility to manage patients with suspected COVID-19 and relieve the pressure on the existing EMD isolation facilities. This report demonstrates the potential for an adapted structure to provide rapid, safe and effective surge capacity for the triage, screening and management of COVID-19 patients. This report, in conjunction with older studies recognizing the utility of natural ventilation, lends credence to the idea that low-cost, rapidly erected structures (ie, open-air tents, without HEPA filtration units) may be a solution to managing the surge of COVID-19 patients, particularly in low-income countries, or other areas with depleted medical capacity. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.309 id = cord-283409-ynwgdz52 author = Baggett, Travis P. title = Clinical Outcomes, Costs, and Cost-effectiveness of Strategies for People Experiencing Sheltered Homelessness During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; PCR summary = INTERVENTIONS: We assessed daily symptom screening with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of screen-positives, universal PCR testing every 2 weeks, hospital-based COVID-19 care, alternate care sites [ACSs] for mild/moderate COVID-19, and temporary housing, each compared to no intervention. CONCLUSIONS & RELEVANCE: In this modeling study of simulated adults living in homeless shelters, daily symptom screening and ACSs were associated with fewer COVID-19 infections and decreased costs compared with no intervention. In addition, we provide details on the Clinical and Economic Analysis of COVID-19 interventions (CEACOV) model and management strategies for people experiencing sheltered homelessness. The effective magnitude of the transmission rate, however, changes over time as social interventions alter the daily average number of contacts between susceptible and infected individuals as well as the infectivity per contact. PCR-positive individuals with mild/moderate illness remain in temporary housing and are transferred to the hospital if they progress to severe or critical disease doi = 10.1101/2020.08.07.20170498 id = cord-304996-st1nn3pc author = Baggiani, Angelo title = Preparedness and Response to the COVID-19 Emergency: Experience from the Teaching Hospital of Pisa, Italy date = 2020-10-09 keywords = April; Tuscany; covid-19 summary = In this case report, we aim to describe the key elements that have been identified and implemented in our center, a 1082-bed hospital located in the Pisa district, to rapidly respond to the COVID-19 outbreak in order to guarantee safety of patients and healthcare workers. Based on scientific data published since the start of the outbreak and previous experience from former outbreaks (SARS and MERS-CoV), the TF developed a technical procedure to face the pandemic, structured in five key domains: reorganization of hospital services, management of suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients, management of corpses, guidelines for cleaning and disinfection, implementation of cleaning and disinfection procedures, and personal protective equipment. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17207376 id = cord-322796-ojfrvtuy author = Bagheri, S. H. R. title = Coincidence of COVID-19 epidemic and olfactory dysfunction outbreak date = 2020-03-27 keywords = Iran; covid-19 summary = https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.23.20041889 doi: medRxiv preprint Abstract Background Recent surge of olfactory dysfunction in patients who were referred to ENT clinics and concurrent COVID-19epidemic in Iran motivated us to evaluate anosmic/hyposmic patients to find any relation between these two events. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.23.20041889 doi: medRxiv preprint following the COVID-19 pandemic till now; the aim of present study is an assessment of the frequency of olfactory disorder and patients'' characteristics in our country. Participants were cases with problems in decreased sense of smell recently (the last month) invited to voluntarily respond to an online checklist, which was distributed in social The primary outcome of the study was anosmia-/-hyposmia of responders which measured by closed questions and scored by numerical scales at the commencement of their problem and its condition at the time of response to questionnaire. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.23.20041889 id = cord-272828-13i2y9kc author = Bagheri, Seyed Hamidreza title = Coincidence of COVID-19 epidemic and olfactory dysfunction outbreak in Iran date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; Iran summary = This study aimed to assess the frequency of self-reported anosmia/hyposmia during COVID-19 epidemic in Iran. A sudden onset of olfactory dysfunction was reported in 76.24% of the participations and persistent anosmia in 60.90% from the start of COVID19 epidemic. Participants were cases with decreased (hyposmia) or loss of sense of smell (anosmia) during the past 4 weeks, who voluntarily responded to the online questionnaire via the internet (go.irimc.org/smelltest). The primary outcome of the study was olfactory dysfunction of the responders at the onset of their problem and its condition at the time of their response to the questionnaire, which was measured by closed questions and scored by Likert scale. During March 2020, the number of patients with olfactory dysfunction was increased in different provinces of Iran, concurrent with COVID-19 epidemic. We encountered an outbreak of olfactory dysfunction in Iran during the COVID-19 epidemic, which correlates with the number of patients infected with COVID-19 all over the country. doi = 10.34171/mjiri.34.62 id = cord-259869-kwzsdhrr author = Baghizadeh Fini, Maryam title = Oral saliva and CVID-19 date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; saliva summary = Since saliva can host several viruses including SARS-CoV-2, the transmission chance of viruses through saliva, particularly those causing respiratory infections, is unavoidable. Since saliva can host several viruses including SARS-CoV-2, the transmission chance of viruses through saliva, particularly those causing respiratory infections, is unavoidable in a dental office. The analysis of saliva in COVID-19 cases can help to explain the pathogenesis because epithelial oral cavity cells demonstrated ample expression of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor that plays a critical role in allowing SARS-CoV-2 to enter the cells [4] . SARS-CoV-2 in the lower and upper respiratory tract reaches the oral cavity along with the liquid droplets; SARS-CoV-2 in the blood may enter the mouth through the gingival crevicular fluid; and major and minor infection of the salivary gland, with the ensuing release of particles into the saliva through salivary ducts [7] . Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva and Characterization of Oral Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients. doi = 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104821 id = cord-289304-9srk0ohb author = Bagnato, Sergio title = Critical illness myopathy after COVID-19 date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = We describe a patient who developed diffuse and symmetrical muscle weakness after a long stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We describe a patient who developed diffuse and symmetrical muscle weakness after a long stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to coronavirus disease 2019 . The patient underwent a neurophysiological protocol, including nerve conduction studies, concentric needle electromyography (EMG) of the proximal and distal muscles, and direct muscle stimulation (DMS). In this report, we describe neurophysiological findings from a patient who developed severe muscular weakness, likely due to CIM, after hospitalization for COVID-19. The patient described here had myopathy, with greater involvement of the proximal muscles in the lower limbs, probably reflecting ICU-acquired weakness. Since rehabilitation programs can be effective to reverse muscle weakness caused by CIM, health systems must plan to provide adequate access to rehabilitative facilities for patients requiring both pulmonary and motor rehabilitative treatment after COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.072 id = cord-266672-t85wd0xq author = Bagnera, Silvia title = Performance of Radiologists in the Evaluation of the Chest Radiography with the Use of a “new software score” in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia Suspected Patients date = 2020-07-20 keywords = CXR; covid-19 summary = title: Performance of Radiologists in the Evaluation of the Chest Radiography with the Use of a "new software score" in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia Suspected Patients OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of radiologists using a new software called "COVID-19 score" when performing chest radiography on patients potentially infected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From February–April 2020, 14 radiologists retrospectively evaluated a pool of 312 chest X-ray exams to test a new software function for lung imaging analysis based on radiological features and graded on a three-point scale. To evaluate a new tool called "COVID-19 score" made available to radiologists for lung imaging analysis, we retrospectively included in the study patients who underwent at least two consecutive chest X-rays for a total of 312 exams. In this study, we tested a new software application called "COVID-19 score" that can be used in the reporting of chest X-ray imaging in patients suspected COVID-19, based on radiological semantic features. doi = 10.25259/jcis_76_2020 id = cord-258304-86gqxajw author = Bahl, Prateek title = Droplets and Aerosols generated by singing and the risk of COVID-19 for choirs date = 2020-09-18 keywords = covid-19; droplet summary = title: Droplets and Aerosols generated by singing and the risk of COVID-19 for choirs The results of detailed particle tracking (in supplementary video) reveals that the maximum velocity of droplets expelled, specifically for certain syllables such as ''do'', ''fa'' and ''ti'', is approx. Figure 2c shows the velocity distribution of droplets that are visible while the subject was singing syllable ''sol'' & ''la'' and the direction in which these droplets are moving. Nevertheless, the droplets observed do not appear to be settling down rapidly and without adequate ventilation, these droplets can potentially saturate the indoor environment which can likely explain the very high attack rates of COVID-19 seen in choirs in the US and Europe (almost 87% in Skagit County, Washington) [1] . We note the present study only provides visual evidence of the droplets and aerosols expelled during singing and compare the associated velocities and directions with speaking and coughing. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1241 id = cord-350648-y0ufxwhq author = Bahn, Geon Ho title = Coronavirus Disease 2019, School Closures, and Children’s Mental Health date = 2020-04-01 keywords = closure; covid-19; school summary = The author briefly reviewed the existing literature on the mental health aspects of disasters and presents the issues related to school closures due to pandemics, from medical and socioeconomic perspectives and in terms of children''s mental health. The results of this review suggest that research on children''s mental health in relation to the adoption of school closures as a pandemic mitigation strategy is urgently needed. Although an examination of all obstacles and possible solutions may not be possible at the moment, this study reviewed the existing literature for methods (even temporary or incomplete ones) to address children''s mental health issues that are related to the COVID-19 outbreak and resultant school closures. Three topics regarding children''s mental health and school closures were examined in order to support children''s development during and after the COVID-19 outbreak: fear management, misinformation control, and strengthening resilience (Fig. 1) . doi = 10.5765/jkacap.200010 id = cord-297635-higq7wje author = Bahn, Kate title = A Feminist Perspective on COVID‐19 and the Value of Care Work Globally date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; woman; work summary = The perceived low value of care work paid and unpaid -and women''s disproportionate responsibility in performing this work is an issue that has garnered long-term attention in the field of feminist economics, with valuable lessons for understanding how women are impacted by COVID-19 and mitigating hardships as countries navigate the related economic fallout (Power, 2004) . The value of women''s paid and unpaid labor is increasingly apparent with the spread of COVID-19: as school close, the role of teachersdisproportionately womenand public education as a mechanism of support and care-giving for families is laid bare, as women working for pay scramble to arrange childcare. Because women bear responsibility for social reproduction, during crises they may face increased pressure to substitute unpaid work for lost income, for example taking care of an ill relative at home rather than taking them to a clinic (ILO, 2018). doi = 10.1111/gwao.12459 id = cord-030934-t7akdu6x author = Bahrami, Afsane title = Genetic and pathogenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2: a review date = 2020-08-26 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; Wuhan; coronavirus summary = The first case of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in December 2019. Bioinformatics analysis of the viral genome from one COVID-19 patient shared 89 and 82% sequence similarity with bat SARS-like-CoVZXC21 and human SARS-CoV, respectively [41] . In a recent report it was shown that SARS-CoV-2''s S-protein entry into 293/human ACE2 receptor cells is primarily mediated via endocytosis, and that PIKfyve, a TPC2 and cathepsin L are crucial for virus entry. Findings of an open-label nonrandomized clinical trial among 22 infected patients indicated that hydroxychloroquine treatment significantly reduced viral load in COVID-19 cases and its effectiveness is promoted by azithromycin [99] . The M, E, and N structural proteins of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus are required for efficient assembly, trafficking, and release of virus-like particles Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response doi = 10.2217/fvl-2020-0129 id = cord-317822-e4uhop4w author = Bahrami, Ahmad title = Hyperinflammatory shock related to COVID‐19 in a patient presenting with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: First case from Iran date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; MIS summary = A growing body of evidence from the UK, Europe and the USA suggests that a number of paediatric patients could present with fever, rash and shock with concomitant COVID-19 infection. Vital signs showed a temperature of 39.5 C, sinus tachycardia (165 beats/min), tachypnoea with normal Key Points 1 A growing body of evidence from the United Kingdom (UK), Europe, and the United States of America (USA) suggests that a number of paediatric patients could present with Kawasakilike symptoms such as fever, rash and shock with concomitant COVID-19 infection which has been referred to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). 2 The negative results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19 in a patient with high levels of serum IgG could suggest that the virus had been cleared and the presence of Kawasaki-like manifestations may be due to delayed immunemediated phenomenon caused by COVID-19. doi = 10.1111/jpc.15048 id = cord-032245-f5g3r3nv author = Bahri, Amrita title = Women at the frontline of COVID-19: Can Gender Mainstreaming in Free Trade Agreements Help? date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; Trade; agreement; gender; woman summary = In doing so, the author sheds light on various ways in which the existing trade agreements embrace gender equality considerations and how they can be better prepared to help minimize the pandemic-inflicted economic loss to women. This article is not attempting to show how or why more working women than working men (in absolute numbers) can get affected due to this pandemic; this may not be the case as much more men than women are involved in the economies and hence men may be impacted more in absolute terms Moreover, we need sex-disaggregated data on the economic impact of COVID-19 to better understand its gendered impact. 6 This crisis presents a unique opportunity to build back the economy in an inclusive manner and explore how trade policies can contribute in this respect through existing and future free trade agreements (FTAs). First, the existing and future trade agreements between countries can increase trade flows and hence lead to more business and employment opportunities and a better standard of life for all including women. doi = 10.1093/jiel/jgaa023 id = cord-307329-gfwllo1r author = Bahtiyar, Mert Ozan title = Fetal Interventions in the Setting of COVID-19 Pandemic: Statement from the North American Fetal Therapy Network (NAFTNet) date = 2020-04-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Key words: fetal therapy, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, prenatal diagnosis, fetal intervention 44 to balance the risks and benefits of care provision, as we adapt our established practice in the 46 setting of the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 infection) pandemic 1, 2 . In an effort to balance these risks and to continue providing evidence-based fetal interventions 52 that reduce fetal morbidity and mortality, the North American Fetal Therapy Network 53 (NAFTNet, https://www.naftnet.org) suggests the following approach to fetal interventions in the 54 setting of COVID-19.* Prenatal care should be adjusted by optimizing appointment intervals, 55 patient self-assessment, such as home blood pressure monitoring, and the use of virtual 56 immediate intervention, and if the mother is stable, the procedure should be performed 120 using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.025 id = cord-283764-qw8qhmv1 author = Bai, Hua title = Efficacy of human coronavirus immune convalescent plasma for the treatment of corona virus disease -19 disease in hospitalized children: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis date = 2020-11-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Efficacy of human coronavirus immune convalescent plasma for the treatment of corona virus disease -19 disease in hospitalized children: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis Therefore, this study further explores the effectiveness and safety of human coronavirus immune CP in the treatment of COVID-19 in children. This meta-analysis will be the first study to evaluate whether human coronavirus immune CP therapy is effective and safe for children with COVID-19. [23] [24] [25] [26] This plan will evaluate whether the human coronavirus immune CP is effective and safe for the treatment of COVID-19 in children and provide more accurate and objective evidence for the clinic. Potential effective treatment for COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis of the severe infectious disease with convalescent plasma therapy Effect of convalescent plasma and immunoglobulin on patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a systematic review Feasibility, safety, clinical, and laboratory effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a study protocol doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000022017 id = cord-350578-wyz5jyjh author = Bai, Li title = Chinese experts’ consensus on the Internet of Things-aided diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-12-31 keywords = COVID-19; Treatment; Wang; patient summary = 14 We aimed to apply the COVID-19 Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Assistant Program (nCapp) based on the Internet of Things (IoT) medical technology to conduct clinical work during the COVID-19 epidemic, especially for outpatients, and quality control (QC) will assist the diagnosis and treatment, and achieve early identification, isolation, and treatment of patients with COVID-19. According to the ''''Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Program (Interim Version 6)," a patient with the positive nucleic acid testing of 2019 nCoV is considered the confirmed case. Intelligent assisted treatment for patients with mild and moderate pneumonia 14 nCapp automatically generates treatment recommendations in accordance with the guidelines of the ''''Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Program (Interim Version 6)". Intelligent assisted treatment for patients with severe pneumonia nCapp automatically generates a prompt treatment recommendations in accordance with the ''Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Program (Interim Version 6)''. doi = 10.1016/j.ceh.2020.03.001 id = cord-254162-tu81j66h author = Bai, Xiyuan title = Hypothesis: alpha-1-antitrypsin is a promising treatment option for COVID-19 date = 2020-11-12 keywords = AAT; ACE2; ADAM17; COVID-19; SARS summary = Sixth, AAT inhibition of elastase can antagonize the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a complex extracellular structure comprised of neutrophil-derived DNA, histones, and proteases, and implicated in the immunothrombosis of COVID-19; indeed, AAT has been shown to change the shape and adherence of non-COVID-19-related NETs. Seventh, AAT inhibition of endothelial cell apoptosis may limit the endothelial injury linked to severe COVID-19-associated acute lung injury, multi-organ dysfunction, and pre-eclampsia-like syndrome seen in gravid women. First, AAT is a serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) shown to inhibit TMPRSS-2, the host serine protease that cleaves the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, a necessary preparatory step for the virus to bind its cell surface receptor ACE2 to gain intracellular entry. First, AAT is a serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) shown to inhibit TMPRSS-2, the host serine protease that cleaves the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, a necessary preparatory step for the virus to bind its cell surface receptor ACE2 to gain intracellular entry. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110394 id = cord-291849-cjeyz86e author = Baidal, Jennifer Woo title = Social Determinants of Health and COVID-19 Among Patients in New York City date = 2020-09-15 keywords = York; covid-19 summary = Methods: Using aggregate administrative data from a multi-site academic healthcare system in New York from March 1 â€" May 14, 2020, we examined patient demographic and neighborhood characteristics according to Covid-19 testing and disease outcomes. Patients living in census tracts with more non-White individuals, Hispanic individuals, individuals in poverty, or housing crowding had higher proportions of Covid-19 positive tests, hospitalizations, and deaths than counterparts. In this large sample of consecutive patients in a multi-site healthcare system in New York, differences in Covid-19 test results and disease outcomes according to age, sex, race/ethnicity, and insurance types were identi ed. Those living in census tracts with more racial/ethnic minorities, individuals living in poverty, and more housing crowding had higher proportions of Covid-19 positive tests, hospitalizations, and known deaths than counterparts in other neighborhoods. In sum, among this cohort of over 20,000 patients in New York City, variation in Covid-19 test results and disease outcomes according to age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance status, and neighborhood characteristics was identi ed. doi = 10.21203/rs.3.rs-70959/v1 id = cord-271599-1yu1yl12 author = Bailey, Stacy Cooper title = Changes in COVID-19 Knowledge, Beliefs, Behaviors, and Preparedness Among High-Risk Adults from the Onset to the Acceleration Phase of the US Outbreak date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; table; wave summary = KEY RESULTS: From the onset to the acceleration phase, participants increasingly perceived COVID-19 to be a serious public health threat, reported more changes to their daily routine and plans, and reported greater preparedness. Individuals with low health literacy remained more likely to feel unprepared for the outbreak (RR 1.80, 95% CI 1.11–2.92, p = 0.02) and to express confidence in the federal government response (RR 2.11, 95% CI 1.49–3.00, p < 0.001) CONCLUSIONS: Adults at higher risk for COVID-19 continue to lack critical knowledge about prevention. Our first longitudinal assessment of the C3 study revealed that participants increasingly perceived COVID-19 to be a serious public health threat, reported more changes to their daily routine and plans, and had a greater sense of preparedness from the onset to the acceleration phase of the outbreak. doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-05980-2 id = cord-035396-lg7m9xzs author = Bains, Amarpreet S. title = Maintaining Throughput and Reducing Discharge Delays After Increasing Capacity During The Covid-19 Pandemic: A New York City Hospital’s Experience date = 2020-11-12 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = A command center for coordinating discharges and a streamlined process for arranging home oxygen helped a New York hospital significantly speed up discharges during the Covid-19 pandemic with no negative impact on readmissions. Our second step was to have our Social Work and Case Management departments work closely with our largest DME vendor (who provides over 90% of all oxygen and medical equipment for our patients) to streamline the process for discharging patients home with supplemental oxygen, a process that has historically extended hospitalizations by an entire day or more. We attribute this improvement to: better communication between unit managers and discharge control center; earlier identification of barriers; on-site representative for home oxygen; streamlining of the documentation and authorization processes; providers learning how to optimize documentation; and time saved by many patients not requiring home delivery. doi = 10.1056/cat.20.0425 id = cord-280470-dtb2nza1 author = Bairagi, A. K. title = A Noncooperative Game Analysis for Controlling COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-05-26 keywords = covid-19; international summary = In this paper, we provide an analytical model on the effectiveness of the sustainable lockdown policy that accommodates both isolation and social distancing features of the individuals. Furthermore, the sustainability of the lockdown policy is also interpreted with the help of a game-theoretic incentive model for maintaining social distancing. In [9] , the authors investigate the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics based on 125 91 cases of COVID-19 patients of Zhejiang, China. In case of 50% individuals in the home isolation, the 355 incentive for N = 2, 000 is 97.08%, 42.50%, and 15.96% more than that of N = 500, 356 N = 1, 000, and N = 1, 500, respectively. With more percentages of home isolation individuals, the number of loackdown 372 period is less, and possible of spreading of COVID-19 is also less. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.22.20110783 id = cord-198272-s0lk1812 author = Bairagi, Anupam Kumar title = Controlling the Outbreak of COVID-19: A Noncooperative Game Perspective date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; individual; isolation summary = Furthermore, the sustainability of the lockdown policy is interpreted with the help of our proposed game-theoretic incentive model for maintaining social distancing where there exists a Nash equilibrium. Finally, we perform an extensive numerical analysis that shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of achieving the desired social-distancing to prevent the outbreak of the COVID-19 in a noncooperative environment. Therefore, different from the existing literature, we focus on the design of a model that can measure individual''s isolation and social distance to prevent the epidemic of COVID-19. The model considers both isolation and social distancing features of individuals to control the outbreak of COVID-19. Our objective is to keep δ minimum for reducing the spread of COVID-19 from infected individuals, which is an isolation strategy. In this paper, we have introduced a mathematical model for controlling the outbreak of COVID-19 by augmenting isolation and social distancing features of individuals. doi = nan id = cord-266160-464v4g8o author = Bajaj, Jasmohan S title = Comparison of mortality risk in patients with cirrhosis and COVID-19 compared with patients with cirrhosis alone and COVID-19 alone: multicentre matched cohort date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; cirrhosis; patient summary = COVID-19 and cirrhosis characteristics, development of organ failures and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and mortality (inpatient death+hospice) were compared. Patients with cirrhosis alone had higher cirrhosis-related complications, maximum model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score and lower BiPAP/ventilation requirement compared with patients with cirrhosis+COVID-19, but CCI and ACLF rates were similar. CONCLUSIONS: In this multicentre North American contemporaneously enrolled study, age/gender-matched patients with cirrhosis+COVID-19 had similar mortality compared with patients with cirrhosis alone but higher than patients with COVID-19 alone. Cirrhosis-alone patients had higher rates of grade III/IV HE, developed a higher model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score and required more endoscopic procedures, including variceal banding, and large-volume paracentesis, than the cirrhosis+COVID-19 group. We conclude in this multicentre study that patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in the setting of cirrhosis have an inpatient mortality rate that is similar to that of patients admitted due to cirrhosis alone but higher than those admitted with COVID-19 without cirrhosis. doi = 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322118 id = cord-337269-bh3qbn3q author = Bajracharya, Aliza title = Scoping the perplexing effect of the COVID pandemic in Nepal, and the appraisal for precautionary measures from its lurking aftermath date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID summary = title: Scoping the perplexing effect of the COVID pandemic in Nepal, and the appraisal for precautionary measures from its lurking aftermath Scoping the perplexing effect of the COVID pandemic in Nepal, and the appraisal for precautionary measures from its lurking aftermath The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to the global health crisis. By far to contain this infection, the government has ensured isolation facilities, quarantined the suspected cases, and contact tracing of the exposed patient, increased the screening tests, but all these steps are at a snail''s pace. To at least make a start, there needs to be a provision of rapid testing of every high-risk emergency case so as to safeguard the health workers. The referral cases need to have the facility of conducting the test prior to the referral to the center so that it avoids unnecessary delay and the environment of fearful uncertainty while managing them. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.027 id = cord-327770-4u250y8x author = Bajwa, Ali title = What the papers say date = 2020-10-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The authors designed this study to identify key biomarkers and immune infiltration in the synovial tissue of OA by bioinformatics analysis. The authors thus concluded that the hub genes and the difference in immune infiltration in synovial tissue between OA and normal controls might provide new insight for understanding OA development. PARADIGMS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC The authors from Singapore [6] report that the timing of surgery for orthopaedic injuries continues to evolve, as an improved understanding of biology, healing and technological advances continues to challenge historical norms. With the growing COVID-19 pandemic that is stretching limited healthcare resources, postponing surgery becomes an inevitable and unenviable task for most orthopaedic surgeons. The authors conclude that most of the soft-tissue orthopaedic injuries can be managed with outpatient ambulatory surgery in a semi-elective setting. Time-sensitive ambulatory orthopaedic soft-tissue surgery paradigms during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1093/jhps/hnaa036 id = cord-280935-ur9x4fsa author = Bajwa, Hamza title = The Dilemma of Renal Involvement in COVID-19: A Systematic Review date = 2020-06-15 keywords = AKI; covid-19 summary = In this review, we have included articles stating the prevalence and specific mortality rates of COVID-19 patients with acute kidney insufficiency. Our study included 1098 COVID-19 positive patients, of whom 66 (6%) developed acute kidney insufficiency and 62 patients died, showing a mortality rate of 94%. Our review focuses on the prevalence of acute kidney insufficiency in COVID-19 patients and mortality rates in this subset of patients. Initial reports from Wuhan suggested that the prevalence of acute kidney injuries (AKI) in COVID-19 patients was quite low, ranging from 3-9%; however, the subsequent analyses showed a relatively high AKI burden of 15% [8] . Our focus in this review is to analyze the published data on kidney injuries in COVID-19 and mortality rates in these patients. Our review comprehensively described the prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in COVID-19 patients. Coronavirus disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China doi = 10.7759/cureus.8632 id = cord-253256-909chgl0 author = Bajwa, Sukhminder Jit Singh title = Peri-operative and critical care concerns in coronavirus pandemic date = 2020-03-28 keywords = care; case; covid-19; infection; patient summary = In this article, all outbreak response measures including triaging, preparation of isolation rooms, decontamination and disinfection protocols as well as fundamental principles of critical care and anaesthetic management in Covid-19 cases is being discussed. The need of the hour therefore is to update ourselves with clinicopathological spectrum of the deadly disease and provide evidence based medical services to all hospitalized cases with suspected Covid-19 infection. All the recommendations below have been influenced by the past experiences of corona virus outbreaks and desire improved measures for personal protection of health care workers and consequent prevention of nosocomial transmission of infection. Planning for anaesthesiaand surgery in covid-suspect cases Anaesthesiologists and intensivists are the soldiers at the final frontier of corona disaster as all patients landing up in the hospital with severe respiratory distress will be primarily seen under their domain. Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient doi = 10.4103/ija.ija_272_20 id = cord-258873-l9oxmqdp author = Baker, D. title = COVID‐19 vaccine‐readiness for anti‐CD20‐depleting therapy in autoimmune diseases date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = It appears that the innate immune response, and perhaps later anti-viral CD8 T cell responses, could eliminate the SARS-CoV2 before significant antibody responses have developed [20, 28, 33] (Fig. 1) , suggesting that most MS treatments that largely exhibit limited persistent effects on the innate immune and CD8 T cell responses would have limited influence on COVID-19. The suggestion that rituximab treatment may increase risk of infection should be considered in the context of possible sampling biases, although this Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects cells in the lung and the gut via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). If COVID-19-related vaccine responses become a key concern among people with MS or other autoimmune diseases choosing treatment options, the selection of B cell-depleting agents that allow quick repopulation of B cells may be relevant for optimum vaccine readiness. doi = 10.1111/cei.13495 id = cord-033481-3kxi7fd9 author = Baker, Joseph O title = Religion in the Age of Social Distancing: How COVID-19 Presents New Directions for Research date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; pandemic; religion; religious; social summary = In this brief note written during a global pandemic, we consider some of the important ways this historical moment is altering the religious landscape, aiming our investigative lens at how religious institutions, congregations, and individuals are affected by the social changes produced by COVID-19. The centrality of intensive interactive rituals for producing the communal benefits of religion (e.g., social support, emotional catharsis, perceived healing) ensures that there will be persistent tension between many religious groups'' desire for in-person gatherings and the social distancing requirements necessary to limit the spread of COVID-19. Thinking about religion as the object of analysis and its role in disease transmission, a clear and consequential way that the pandemic has changed religion is the suspension of in-person religious gatherings, and the corresponding need to engage in "socially distanced" forms of interactive religious services and rituals. doi = 10.1093/socrel/sraa039 id = cord-031112-fadju8a6 author = Baker, Scott R title = The Unprecedented Stock Market Reaction to COVID-19 date = 2020-07-18 keywords = COVID-19; Flu; Spanish; U.S. summary = No previous infectious disease outbreak, including the Spanish Flu, has affected the stock market as forcefully as the COVID-19 pandemic. The evidence we amass suggests that government restrictions on commercial activity and voluntary social distancing, operating with powerful effects in a service-oriented economy, are the main reasons the U.S. stock market reacted so much more forcefully to COVID-19 than to previous pandemics in 1918–1919, 1957–1958, and 1968. In the period before February 24, 2020spanning 120 years and more than 1,100 jumps-contemporary journalistic accounts attributed not a single daily stock market jump to infectious disease outbreaks or policy responses to such outbreaks.1 Perhaps surprisingly, even the Spanish Flu fails to register in next-day journalistic explanations for large daily stock market moves. Next-day newspaper accounts attribute not a single one of these jumps to infectious disease outbreaks or pandemic-related Our comparisons to the 1918-1919, 1957-1958, and 1968 show that the unprecedented stock market reaction to COVID-19 cannot be explained simply by the lethality of the virus. doi = 10.1093/rapstu/raaa008 id = cord-325553-ilx9j89c author = Bakhoum, M. F. title = Subclinical ocular inflammation in persons recovered from ambulatory COVID-19 date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Our results provide quasi-histologic evidence that neuroinflammation is present in persons who recovered from COVID-19, only one of whom required hospitalization. Here, we used spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to detect the presence of inflammatory cells in the vitreous cavity, an immune-privileged microenvironment, in persons recovered from COVID-19. Here, we used spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to detect the presence of inflammatory cells in the vitreous cavity, an immune-privileged microenvironment, in persons recovered from COVID-19. Our results provide quasihistologic evidence that neuroinflammation is present in persons who recovered from COVID-19, only one of whom required hospitalization. Here, we used spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to image individual cells in the vitreous cavity, an immune-privileged microenvironment, in persons recovered from COVID-19. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.22.20128140 doi: medRxiv preprint from COVID-19 may be complicated by post-viral inflammation, and full symptomatic recovery may not occur until weeks after a positive test result, even in younger individuals [7, 8] . doi = 10.1101/2020.09.22.20128140 id = cord-277567-nf6t4ni6 author = Bakkar, Sohail title = Impact of COVID-19 on thyroid cancer surgery and adjunct therapy date = 2020-06-14 keywords = COVID-19; RIA summary = Since papillary carcinoma was the preoperative diagnosis in all cases, radioactive iodine ablation (RIA) therapy was also planned 3–4 weeks following surgery after withdrawing thyroxine and achieving a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level > 30 mU/L. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to assess the impact of the restrictive healthcare measures applied in the kingdom of Jordan in the time of COVID-19 on treatment plans for thyroid cancer patients. The primary outcome of interest was to assess the impact of restrictive policies applied for COVID-19 on safe and timely delivery of both surgery and its adjunct therapy (remnant ablation by means of RIA). In a region of no or low COVID-19 prevalence, restrictive policies applied did not affect the safe and timely delivery of surgical care for thyroid cancer patients. doi = 10.1007/s13304-020-00833-3 id = cord-308376-un4ztqf4 author = Bakken, Suzanne title = Informatics is a critical strategy in combating the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-05 keywords = covid-19; health summary = The 4 COVID-19 articles highlighted in this editorial reflect the 5 domains identified in the health informatics practice analysis: foundational knowledge; enhancing health decision making, processes, and outcomes; health information systems; data governance, management, and analytics; and leadership, professionalism, strategy, and transformation, 8 as well as similar domains in the physician clinical informatics subspecialty practice analysis. This included the design and implementation of electronic health record (EHR)-based rapid screening processes, as well as expansion of system-level EHR documentation templates (eg, urgent care/emergency department screening or testing), clinical decision support (eg, isolation, who should be tested), reporting tools (eg, operational dashboard and tracking system for persons under investigation), and patient-facing technology (eg, video visits for outpatient encounters) related to COVID-19. In a Perspective, Turer et al, 3 from Vanderbilt University Medical Center, describe an approach they call electronic PPE (ePPE) within the context of emergent policy changes related to telemedicine and the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1093/jamia/ocaa101 id = cord-348823-u2gm3kyh author = Baksh, Mizba title = A Systematic Review of Cases of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date = 2020-05-18 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; SARS summary = About 80% of COVID-19 infections are mild or asymptomatic and never require hospitalization but about 5% of patients become critically ill and develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The widely used management for ARDS in COVID-19 has been in line with the standard approach, but the need to adjust the treatment protocols has been questioned based on the reports of higher mortality risk among those requiring mechanical ventilation. Although some antimalarial and antiviral drugs may prove effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), their safety and efficacy are still under clinical trials. We conducted a systematic review of case reports on ARDS in SARS-CoV-2 infection to summarize the clinical presentation, laboratory and chest imaging findings, management protocols, and outcome of ARDS in COVID-19-positive patients. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment for COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a case series doi = 10.7759/cureus.8188 id = cord-295414-v10454ns author = Baktash, Vadir title = Vitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; patient; vitamin summary = 1 Furthermore, research by Alipio and colleagues 2 , in a retrospective study, provides evidence of an association between vitamin D deficiency and adverse outcome in patients with COVID-19. Among patients with vitamin D deficiency in the COVID-19-positive group, there was a higher average peak in D-dimer level (1914.00 μgFEU/L vs 1268.00 μgFEU/L) (p=0.034) and a higher incidence of NIV support and HDU admission (30.77% vs 9.68%) (p=0.042). The main findings of our study suggest that older patients with lower serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, when compared with aged-matched vitamin D-replete patients, may demonstrate worse outcomes from COVID-19. In non-communicable diseases, both viral and bacterial, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality as well as a higher incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically unwell patients. • Older patients with COVID-19 infection and vitamin D deficiency (≤30 nmol/L) have higher peak D-dimer level and higher incidence of NIV support and HDU admission. doi = 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138712 id = cord-297384-0urbjy5p author = Bal, Irene A. title = The Balance of Roles: Graduate Student Perspectives during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-09 keywords = COVID-19; student summary = title: The Balance of Roles: Graduate Student Perspectives during the COVID-19 Pandemic After the COVID-19 outbreak, education shifted to remote learning, and daily and professional lives quickly changed (Daniel, 2020; Liguori & Winkler, 2020; Zraick & Garcia, 2020) . Each student brings a unique professional and personal perspective of COVID-19 and their abrupt shift to remote working and learning. Working and learning in online programs allows me to travel but adding a pandemic in the middle of a semester, while traveling, shifted my life considerably. This didn''t seem to be much of a shift since I was already working and learning online, but that quickly changed when stay-at-home orders altered my travel plans, my learners needed more flexibility, and my As an instructional designer and graduate student, plans for the next semesters are undecided and erratic… I am still taking it one hour at a time, one day at a time. doi = 10.1007/s11528-020-00534-z id = cord-282458-5v9k4yyj author = Balakrishnan, Vijayakumar title = Screening of FDA Approved Drugs Against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: Coronavirus Disease date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; Mpro summary = Finally, all the chosen drugs used in the IFD studies were analyzed for the favorable docking score, glide energy, glide emodel and interaction studies (hydrogen bond and hydrophobic) with COVID-19 Mpro. This IFD complex has possessed docking score − 14.183, glide energy − 114.183, Table 2 ) and has very good non-bonded interactions with the active site residues. In this study, the FDA-approved (~ 1500 compounds) drugs were screened using HTVs. Based on the results, four drugs were compared with the N3 inhibitor which was previously redocked at the active site of COVID-19 Mpro. The four drugs Sincalide, Pentagastrin, Ritonavir and Phytonadione have been found to possess better results with COVID-19 Mpro (Coronavirus disease). In particular, the potent inhibition exhibited by the FDA approved Sincalide and Pentagastrin drugs were found to be more efficient in terms of docking score, energy and capability of forming hydrogen bond interactions with the active site residues. doi = 10.1007/s10989-020-10115-6 id = cord-309436-5qoo3a8i author = Balanzá–Martínez, V. title = Lifestyle behaviours during the COVID‐19 – time to connect date = 2020-05-12 keywords = covid-19; health summary = From public health and preventative care perspectives, there is a pressing need to provide individuals, communities and health agencies with information and interventions to maintain the healthiest possible lifestyle while in isolation. Of note, towards the end of the SARS epidemic, social support, mental health awareness and other lifestyles changes (exercise, more time for relaxation and restorative sleep) were all associated with decreased perceived stress and incidence of PTSD (13) . It is time that such interventions start to include lifestyle guidelines with the aim to translate evidence into public health policies. Observational data on how the general public and patients with psychiatric disorders actually deal with self-care, nutrition, physical activity or restorative sleep during confinement are lacking and represent a research gap. Such studies would provide the much-needed evidence to design interventions to prevent a new pandemic of psychiatric disorders and cardiometabolic comorbidities as proposed by the COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO) initiative (19) . doi = 10.1111/acps.13177 id = cord-283138-18q23z8l author = Balasubramanian, S. title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Children - What We Know So Far and What We Do Not date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child; infection summary = Pediatric coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection is relatively mild when compared to adults, and children are reported to have a better prognosis. Clinical features of COVID-19 in children include fever and cough, but a large proportion of infected children appears to be asymptomatic and may contribute to transmission. It remains unclear why children and young adults are less severely affected than older individuals, but this might involve differences in immune system function in the elderly and/or differences in the expression/function of the cellular receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This review additionally considers COVID-19 in immunosuppressed children, and also suggests a management algorithm for the few children who appear to present with life threatening infection, including the potential use of antiviral and immunomodulatory treatment. Asymptomatic, mild and moderate infections comprise over 90% of all children who have tested positive for COVID-19 with fewer severe and critical cases (5.9%) compared to adults (18.5%) [13] . doi = 10.1007/s13312-020-1819-5 id = cord-304656-v0fyb161 author = Balayla, J. title = Prevalence Threshold and Temporal Interpretation of Screening Tests: The Example of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; PCR summary = In consequence, there is an inflection point of maximum curvature in the screening curve defined as a function of the sensitivity and specificity beyond which the rate of change of a test''s PPV declines sharply relative to disease prevalence. Understanding where this prevalence point lies in the curve has important implications for the interpretation of test results, the administration of healthcare systems, the implementation of public health measures, and in cases of pandemics like SARS-CoV-2, the functioning of society at large. To illustrate the methods herein described, we provide the example of the screening strategies used in the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, and calculate the prevalence threshold statistic of different tests available today. In contrast to RT-PCR screening, COVID-19 testing with serology can 150 delineate immune individuals at a prevalence threshold as low as 4.3%. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.17.20104927 id = cord-283809-9sv5bax0 author = Baldacchino, Alexander title = COVID-19 and Substance Use Disorder: Study Protocol for the International Society of Addiction Medicine Practice and Policy Interest Group Global Survey date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19; ISAM; addiction summary = title: COVID-19 and Substance Use Disorder: Study Protocol for the International Society of Addiction Medicine Practice and Policy Interest Group Global Survey This global study has been designed and conducted by the International Society of Addiction Medicine Practice and Policy Interest Group (ISAM-PPIG) to understand better the health related issues of people with Substance Use Disorders (SUD) as well as responses of the relevant health care systems during the pandemic. The participants were asked to complete the "International Society of Addiction Medicine Practice and Policy Interest Group (ISAM-PPIG) COVID-19 global survey questionnaire". The study participants consisted of nationally-representative informants from different countries who (a) are experts in the field of addiction medicine and health related services, and (b) active in the substance use treatment policy and/or service during the COVID-19 epidemic. doi = 10.32598/bcn.11.covid19.2545.1 id = cord-332678-yk1stlty author = Baldacini, Mathieu title = Concomitant haemorrhagic syndrome and recurrent extensive arterial thrombosis in a patient with COVID‐19 and acute promyelocytic leukaemia date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Concomitant haemorrhagic syndrome and recurrent extensive arterial thrombosis in a patient with COVID‐19 and acute promyelocytic leukaemia Acute promyelocytic leukaemia and COVID-19 are two conditions associated with severe coagulopathy. Acute promyelocytic leukaemia and COVID-19 are two conditions associated with severe coagulopathy. We present here the multiple haemostasis abnormalities observed in a patient with concomitant acute promyelocytic leukaemia and COVID-19. We present here the multiple haemostasis abnormalities observed in a patient with concomitant acute promyelocytic leukaemia and COVID-19. Haemostasis analysis showed diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC) signs: increased prothrombin time (22Á2 s for a laboratory reference of 13Á2), mild decrease of fibrinogen level (1Á93 g/l, normal value 2-4) and major increase in D-dimers (>20 µg/ml, normal value < 0Á5). 5 Recurrent and extensive thrombosis of cerebral arteries was concomitant with haemorrhages as a result of leukaemia-related DIC, COVID-related coagulopathy and severe thrombocytopenia. High incidence of venous thromboembolic events in anticoagulated severe COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1111/bjh.16768 id = cord-346782-tgaqtnpz author = Baldassarre, Emanuele title = An andrologist in the front line Covid-19 team date = 2020-06-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = You learn to work for 8 h shifts wearing personal protective equipment to know a new job in a short time, to interact with health care workers you barely know or with colleagues who were recruited at the last time, without a specific training or coming from the most different departments. • Ask colleagues from the Covid task force to disseminate procedures and videos on the correct use of personal protective equipment within the group of doctors involved, constantly sending feedback and updates. • During your free time, necessary to maintain your mental and physical health (family routine, sports, hobbies…) attend webcalls of the various groups (anesthesiologists, infectious disease specialists, epidemiologists, etc) to keep upwith a new status of mind and language that you will need in the Covid-19 ward and with the news colleagues. doi = 10.1038/s41443-020-0315-8 id = cord-185125-be11h9wn author = Baldea, Ioan title = What Can We Learn from the Time Evolution of COVID-19 Epidemic in Slovenia? date = 2020-05-25 keywords = Slovenia; covid-19; model summary = In the unprecedented difficulty created by the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, 1 mathematical modeling developed by epidemiologists over many decades 2-7 may make an important contribution in helping politics to adopt adequate regulations to efficiently fight against the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus while mitigating negative economical and social consequences. As an aggravating circumstance, one should also add the difficulty not encountered in the vast majority of previous studies: how do the input parameters needed in model simulations change in time under so many restrictive measures (wearing face masks, social distancing, movement restrictions, isolation and quarantine policies, etc) unknown in the pre-COVID-19 era? Rather, we use raw epidemiological data to validate the logistic growth and straightforwardly extract the time dependent infection rate, which is the relevant model parameter for the specific case considered and makes it possible to compare how efficient different restrictive measures act to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic, and even to get insight significant for behavioral and social science. doi = nan id = cord-274199-3stjueja author = Baldi, Enrico title = COVID-19 kills at home: the close relationship between the epidemic and the increase of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; EMS; OHCA; patient summary = Our aim was to assess whether the difference in the number of OHCAs between 2020 and 2019 was statistically correlated with the COVID-19 epidemic trend and to look for clinical pre-hospital elements supporting this evidence. All the Emergency Medical System (EMS) electronic records have been reanalysed and the number of patients with suspected COVID-19 (fever for at least 3 days before OHCA associated with cough and/or dyspnoea) or with a diagnostic pharyngeal swab (performed before OHCA or after death) have been computed. We highlighted an increase in medical aetiology over other types of aetiologies, and this further reinforces the hypothesis that the increase in the incidence of OHCAs is probably related to the direct (i.e. respiratory failure at home, SCD due to SARS-CoV-2 myocardial involvement or treatment) or indirect (i.e. lack of EMS activation in the case of time-dependent pathologies) effect of the COVID-19 epidemic. doi = 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa508 id = cord-024078-d34e31zd author = Baldwin-Ragaven, Laurel title = Social Dimensions of COVID-19 in South Africa: A Neglected Element of the Treatment Plan date = 2020-04-17 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; Health; South; World summary = From the social distancing necessary to reduce the speed of transmission and flatten the curve, to buying essential goods for the duration of a communal lockdown, to the suffering endured by not consuming alcohol and tobacco, to reports about the personal and collective economic costs, to the nightly release of case statistics by geographical region, to the biographies of those who have died, we have amassed a hefty repository of pandemic stories that are intended to reveal a shared humanity and promote common cause. The National Department of Health in its COVID-19 Infection Prevention and Control Guidelines for South Africa states an obvious truth about combatting the spread of the virus in our particular situation: "South Africa has a unique challenge of a large vulnerable immunocompromised population living in overcrowded conditions".(13) Over the past 26 years, prior to being hit by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, this is a frank admission that we have been sluggish in our duty to address the needs of the masses. doi = 10.18772/26180197.2020.v2nsia6 id = cord-353956-gjv5cg3k author = Bali, Rishi Kumar title = Maxillofacial surgery and COVID-19, The Pandemic !! date = 2020-04-11 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = The head of the maxillofacial surgery unit should use the opportunity to reiterate and reinforce the best practices in hospital infection control including the use of hand hygiene practices, barrier techniques, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), disinfection of surfaces, and sterilization of equipment. Povidone Iodine has been shown to have significant virucidal activity for about three hours and recently it has been recommended to coat the oral cavity and nasal passages of both the patient and the operating team before the procedure [7] . In sum, the COVID-19 situation continues to evolve, and given the significant ongoing research throughout the world, we as Maxillofacial surgeons have to remain updated to use the information to help our patients in a way that we minimize risk to the operating team and also help prevent community spread. The use of povidone iodine nasal spray and mouthwash during the current COVID-19 pandemic may protect healthcare workers and reduce cross infection doi = 10.1007/s12663-020-01361-8 id = cord-262192-w86qc3fq author = Balkhair, Abdullah A. title = COVID-19 Pandemic: A New Chapter in the History of Infectious Diseases date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the world has witnessed the emergence of several disease outbreaks and epidemics caused by more than 20 infectious agents over the past decade. 3 Over the past two decades, the emergence of coronavirus-associated diseases (SARS and MERS) inflicted global challenges to public health systems. This is exemplified by the current COVID-19 pandemic where the appearance of a seemingly limited cluster of cases of pneumonia linked to a sea food market in Wuhan, China 7 has become one of the worst pandemics in human history with a staggering number of more than 1.4 million infections in 177 countries and more than 85 000 deaths globally as of 9 April 2020. The quest for a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is an urgent priority, and its development and global availability is a prerequisite for ending the COVID-19 pandemic. The current COVID-19 pandemic and its dreadful global impact is a reminder of the potential detriment of emerging infectious diseases. doi = 10.5001/omj.2020.41 id = cord-355528-y4a1g6km author = Balla, Mamtha title = COVID-19, Modern Pandemic: A Systematic Review From Front-Line Health Care Providers’ Perspective date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = The main aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive clinical summary of all the available data from high-quality research articles relevant to the epidemiology, demographics, trends in hospitalization and outcomes, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment methods of COVID-19, thus increasing awareness in health care providers. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) infection, which is a global pandemic declared on March 11, 2020, by World Health Organization (WHO), was reported to have infected 168,000 cases worldwide in about 148 countries and territories and killed more than 6,610 people around the world as of March 16, 2020 [1]. According to the study by Xu et al, 60% of people diagnosed with COVID-19 had traveled to Wuhan or nearby regions (60%), 36% had close contact with novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) patients and 4% had no definite exposure [12] . Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan doi = 10.14740/jocmr4142 id = cord-353690-m79zl7ka author = Balmford, Andrew title = COVID-19: Analogues and lessons for tackling the extinction and climate crises date = 2020-06-28 keywords = COVID; extinction summary = As environmental scientists working in countries whose COVID-linked deaths already exceed their military casualties from all campaigns since 1945, we believe there are significant messages from the handling of this horrific disease for efforts addressing the enormous challenges posed by the ongoing extinction and climate emergencies. * Correspondence: a.balmford@zoo.cam.ac.uk Writing as environmental scientists in countries whose COVID-linked deaths already exceed their military casualties from all campaigns since 1945, we believe there are significant messages from the handling of this horrific disease for efforts addressing the enormous challenges posed by the ongoing extinction and climate emergencies. Scientists have likewise been warning for decades of the probability that human actions are triggering a sixth mass extinction, and of the dire consequences of major human-induced shifts in the earth''s climate. For the climate and extinction crises effective action requires wealthier people forgoing extravagance both for the present-day poor and for all future generations. doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.084 id = cord-275071-2uiaruhg author = Balmford, Ben title = Cross-Country Comparisons of Covid-19: Policy, Politics and the Price of Life date = 2020-08-04 keywords = GDP; Online; country; covid-19; death; lockdown summary = Linking decisions over the timing of lockdown and consequent deaths to economic data, we reveal the costs that national governments were implicitly prepared to pay to protect their citizens as reflected in the economic activity foregone to save lives. Accepting that they are a conservative estimate of the total impact of the pandemic, officially attributed Covid-19 deaths are used to investigate the price of life implied by lockdown policies. However, as far as we are aware, ours is the first study to use the SEIR modelling framework to examine the effects of lockdown timing across multiple countries in the same study, and the first to combine these results with financial forecasts to obtain cross-country implied price of life estimates. Table 5 shows that for those countries which under-report Covid-19 deaths, implied price of life is substantially reduced, highlighting once again that earlier lockdowns would have increased social welfare tremendously. doi = 10.1007/s10640-020-00466-5 id = cord-290731-xp7pgbkd author = Balmforth, D. title = Cardiothoracic Surgery in the Midst of a Pandemic: Operative outcomes and maintaining a COVID-19-free environment. date = 2020-09-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = A comprehensive protocol was implemented to maintain a COVID-19 free environment including the pre-operative screening of all patients, the use of full personal protective equipment in areas with aerosol generating procedures, and separate treatment pathways for patients with and without the virus Results A total of 156 patients underwent major cardiac and thoracic surgery over the study period. Conclusion Our early experience demonstrates that it is possible to perform major cardiac and thoracic surgery with low operative mortality and zero development of post-operative COVID-19 infection. In 113 addition to the routine collection of pre-operative demographics, data was collected on the 114 results of COVID-19 screening tests both pre-and post-operatively, as well as patient 115 outcomes including in-hospital mortality and discharge destination. Patients undergoing cardiac or thoracic surgery followed tailored pathways aimed at 120 maintaining a COVID-free environment in dedicated intensive therapy units (ITU) and 121 wards. doi = 10.1016/j.xjon.2020.09.003 id = cord-342919-ls2q1g0v author = Balsamo, Michela title = Italians on the Age of COVID-19: The Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms Through Web-Based Survey date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; italian; symptom summary = In the very early stage of the nationwide lockdown, 3,672 quarantined Italian adult residents (65% females, ranging from 18 to 85 years) participated in a web-based cross-sectional survey, including measures of depressive symptoms, which were measured by the Teate depression inventory, and state anxiety levels. Females, younger people, students, singles, residents in northern Italy, people who were reluctant to adhere to quarantine guidelines, and people less worried about being infected with COVID-19 were at high risk of developing depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 epidemic, also after controlling for state anxiety. Research evidence aims of this study were to explore (1) the likely effects of quarantine on mental health (anxiety and depressive symptoms), immediately after the nationwide lockdown issued by the Italian Government, and (2) the factors that contribute to, or mitigate, these consequences. Compared to the previous model, no statistical differences were found in sex, age, and adherence level to quarantine guidelines groups when predicting depression symptom severity, when controlling for anxiety (see Appendix A). doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569276 id = cord-256719-njrjepor author = Balsari, Satchit title = COVID-19 care in India: the course to self-reliance date = 2020-08-24 keywords = India; covid-19 summary = The public health response to COVID-19 in India has been highly centralised, resulting in a homogenous strategy applied across a sixth of the world''s population. Until April 27, 2020, national guidelines required that all symptomatic patients and families be transferred to health-care facilities and isolated away from their homes, and entire neighbourhoods be declared containment zones. 1 This strategy overwhelmed the health-care system in India''s most populous cities, including Mumbai and Delhi, and precluded access for non-COVID care. Most people with COVID-19 can be cared for at home, and there is no justification for institutionalising those with mild or no symptoms. 7 India''s general practitioners and community health workers, can effectively monitor a patient''s vital signs at home via in-person visits or telemedicine, distribute and encourage the use of masks and soap for handwashing, advise selfpronation, and, when possible, use adjuncts like pulse oximeters. New guidelines for home isolation of people with very mild symptoms of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30384-3 id = cord-355074-u5s3uzp6 author = Bamgboye, Ebun L. title = COVID-19 Pandemic: Is Africa Different? date = 2020-11-03 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; country summary = We also collected data on variables that could explain the apparent differences in COVID-19 case numbers, mortality, and tests in Africa, compared to other parts of the world. Case numbers, mortality, number of tests performed, and demographic data were summarized and compared by continents, regions, and countries within the continent of Africa. The number of cases per million population (pmp) globally is 2,278, with South America (9549 pmp), North America (9,331) and Europe (3,842) the most affected regions, while Africa has a lower rate of 695 pmp ( Figure 2 ). Within the continent as well, countries with slightly older populations like Egypt and South Africa are also the ones with the highest numbers and the greater case fatality rates ( Figure 5 ). The prevalence of these conditions is greatest in the countries of the Maghreb and South Africa all of which have the highest case numbers and the worst CFR on the continent (Figures 6 and 7) . doi = 10.1016/j.jnma.2020.10.001 id = cord-284327-psz2usnx author = Banda, J. title = KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIORS RELATED TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN MALAWI date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; June summary = During an interview by mobile phone, we ascertained sources of information about COVID-19 and we evaluated knowledge of respondents about the transmission and course of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. According to the World Health Organization [3] , controlling the spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in local communities requires adopting preventive behaviors that either a) reduce the extent of contacts between population members or b) limit the likelihood that the coronavirus will be transmitted if such contact occurs. We then asked a series of questions about the COVID-19 pandemic, including sources of information, knowledge of transmission patterns and disease course, and preventive behaviors. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.16.20133322 doi: medRxiv preprint questions that asked respondents whether they agreed with several statements about the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (5 statements), and the course and risk factors of COVID-19 (6 statements). . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.16.20133322 doi: medRxiv preprint available information, respondents had imperfect knowledge of the patterns of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and particularly of the course and severity of COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.16.20133322 id = cord-323633-d0w8oqp8 author = Banda, J. M. title = Long-term patient-reported symptoms of COVID-19: an analysis of social media data date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Long-term patient-reported symptoms of COVID-19: an analysis of social media data In this work we present a preliminary characterization of post-COVID-19 symptoms using social media data from Twitter. We use a combination of natural language processing and clinician reviews to identify long term self-reported symptoms on a set of Twitter users. We mined and manually reviewed social media data from a selective set of Twitter feeds (#longcovid, #chroniccovid) to characterize patient reports of long-term COVID-19 symptoms. Two clinicians (GS, OA) manually reviewed these tweets to identify patients with COVID-19 and their self-reported symptoms, and to attribute ICD-10 codes to them. Our analysis of patient-reported long-term COVID-19 symptoms matches clinician-collected data recently reported by Carfi et al 5 . We have shown that researchers can leverage social media data, specifically Twitter, to conduct long-term post-COVID studies of patient-relevant and self-reported symptoms. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.29.20164418 id = cord-142894-jrkqfl9p author = Bandt, Christoph title = Transparent Covid-19 prediction date = 2020-04-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = Roughly speaking, the analysis of weekly new infections for each day is a tool for the definition and early detection of the turning point of the epidemic. Our estimates of the time course of Covid-19 activity and reproduction rates can reduce the information gap by several days. In general the estimated reproduction rates become undercritical a short time after the main lockdown measures, and the Covid-19 activity starts to decrease afterwards. To describe the global Covid-19 infections, Johns Hopkins University established the now famous database of cumulated numbers of confirmed cases, deaths and recoveries, for each day t and each country or region [10] . So because of the delay of 14 days, the number q t is an estimate for the daily reproduction rate of the disease at time t − 15.5. The reproduction rate crossed the critical line almost instantly, sometimes even before the main lockdown speech, and the apex of Covid-19 activity was reached very few days later. doi = nan id = cord-282721-bxg9zqyu author = Bandyopadhyay, G. title = Let us unite against COVID-19 – a New Zealand perspective date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; New; Zealand summary = In comparison to other countries, New Zealand has had a very low number of confirmed and probable cases as well as COVID-19-related deaths. On 21 March, a four-level COVID-19 alert system was introduced to specify public health and social measures to progressively move the country through phases to prepare, reduce, restrict and lockdown (New Zealand Government, 2020b). A three-month Epidemic Notice was declared on the same day as a public policy tool to help government agencies to act swiftly and effectively in a rapidly evolving crisis situation (Ministry of Health New Zealand, 2020b). Regardless, a surge of mental health presentations in children is expected as New Zealand exits level 4 lockdown. New Zealand has only just emerged from 33 days of alert level 4 lockdown where all non-essential services were closed. As COVID-19 has emerged in New Zealand, health care providers have had to adapt their patient consultation style. doi = 10.1017/ipm.2020.44 id = cord-330639-1b278jcm author = Bandyopadhyay, S. title = Infection and mortality of healthcare workers worldwide from COVID-19: a scoping review date = 2020-06-05 keywords = June; covid-19; international; preprint summary = Outcome measures Publication characteristics, country-specific data points, COVID-19 specific data, demographics of affected HCWs, and public health measures employed Results A total of 152,888 infections and 1413 deaths were reported. Our pragmatic approach provides general trends, and highlights the need for universal guidelines for testing and reporting of infections in HCWs. From a cluster of patients with pneumonia linked to a wet market in Wuhan, China in late December 2019, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has rapidly evolved into a full-blown pandemic (1, 2) . The aim of this scoping review was to, therefore, estimate the number of COVID-19 infections and deaths in HCWs in every country in the world, with further demographical analyses where data was available. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.04.20119594 doi: medRxiv preprint Appendix S7: Supplementary figures for the number of COVID-19 infections and deaths reported in healthcare worker per country as of 08/05/2020 . doi = 10.1101/2020.06.04.20119594 id = cord-269537-h3lzl1un author = Banerjee, Aditi title = Crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress and anti-viral activities: A novel therapeutic target for COVID-19 date = 2020-05-23 keywords = Andrographolide; COVID-19; SARS summary = Viral infections including SARS-CoV are associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species, disturbances of Ca(++) caused by unfolded protein response (UPR) mediated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and is due to the exploitation of virus''s own protein i.e., viroporins into the host cells. Considering the properties of both compounds in terms of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-pyrogenic, anti-viral and ER stress modulation and computational approaches revealing andrographolide docks with the SARS-CoV2 binding site, we predict that this combination therapy may have potential utility against COVID-19. Accumulating evidence suggests that ER stress and sustained UPR signaling are major contributors to the pathogenesis of several diseases, including inflammatory disorders and viral infections [15] and can increase the severity of these events [16] . Endoplasmic reticulum stress and IRE-1 signaling cause apoptosis in colon cancer cells in response to andrographolide treatment doi = 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117842 id = cord-282202-q2q4vies author = Banerjee, Amitava title = Clinical academic research in the time of Corona: A simulation study in England and a call for action date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; England; academic; clinical summary = DESIGN: A stochastic model to determine clinical academic capacity in England, incorporating the following key factors which affect the ability to conduct research in the COVID-19 climate: (i) infection growth rate and population infection rate (from UK COVID-19 statistics and WHO); (ii) strain on the healthcare system (from published model); and (iii) availability of clinical academic staff with appropriate skillsets affected by frontline clinical activity and sickness (from UK statistics). "Learning is difficult in the midst of an emergency" [7] , but our ability to deliver timely, high-impact clinical research, relevant to patients and populations, is critical across the academic spectrum [8] , from "bench to bedside to big data", whether basic biology, repurposed and novel therapeutic approaches, vaccines or modelling. Our aims were to: (i) model potential impact of the pandemic on clinical academic capacity in England relating to COVID-19; and (ii) develop evidence-based recommendations to inform the optimal scientific response to COVID-19. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0237298 id = cord-283065-c22zpwr8 author = Banerjee, Indrajit title = The changing pattern of COVID-19 in Nepal: A Global concern- A Narrative Review date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; June; Nepal summary = According to the latest WHO Nepal Situation Updates on COVID-19, the majority of the SARS-CoV-2 patients are male and the largest stake of these cases are in the cohort of 15-24 years, this is followed by the cohort of 25-34 years and 35-45 years respectively [13] . A combination of Keywords was used "COVID 19", OR " Coronavirus", OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "Mortality" OR "Death" OR "Age " OR "World" OR "Global" AND "Nepal" Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria All of the research articles that were incorporated into the study were of the English language and was original research, published between January 25, 2020 and June 20, 2020; which focused on the age and the mortality of COVID-19 positive cases, and was focused on countries viz. doi = 10.3126/nje.v10i2.29769 id = cord-272872-w592wmvr author = Banerjee, Sourav title = A Preliminary Report of COVID-19 in Children in India date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We describe the profile of COVID-19 in children from India in this multicentre observational study from tertiary care hospitals in West Bengal. Data of children up to 12 years presenting with positive results on SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test were included. We collected data of children younger than 12 years admitted in tertiary care institutes, including COVID designated hospitals, of West Bengal. RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 in an Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) approved medical laboratory, data regarding clinical details, exposure history, hospital course and outcome were collected in pre-designed proforma. Some studies [5] have raised concerns about the appearance of a novel severe Kawasaki-like disease in children in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection [6] . Characteristics and outcomes of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection admitted to US and Canadian pediatric intensive care units Clinical features and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1007/s13312-020-2004-6 id = cord-271432-pn02p843 author = Banerjee, Tannista title = U.S. county level analysis to determine If social distancing slowed the spread of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-06 keywords = county; covid-19; social summary = That is, social distancing in this study was measured by what proportion of a county''s population is staying home completely; how much time they were spending indoors, versus outdoors, in public spaces like working full-time, which is critical for this analysis. To analyze the effect of these social distancing measures on COVID-19 cases and how this effect is working on the treatment counties comparing to the control counties, we estimated the following difference-in-difference (DID) model: Column 1 of Table 2 shows that after controlling for county, state, time and county-time fixed effects, counties where NPIs were enacted, full time work and distance-travelled-from-home increased the COVID-19 cases by 54% (p-value 0.001) and 13% (p-value 0.001), respectively. After 15 days of enactment of the NPIs, the effects of full time work and distance travelled from home on COVID-19 infection increased to 84% and 25% (compared to 54% and 13% immediate effects). doi = 10.26633/rpsp.2020.90 id = cord-356061-w7q1i0mj author = Bani Hani, Diab A. title = Successful Anesthetic Management in Cesarean Section for Pregnant Woman with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Patient: Female, 29-year-old Final Diagnosis: COVID-19 Symptoms: Pregnancy Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Cesarian section • spinal anesthesia Specialty: Anesthesiology OBJECTIVE: Unusual setting of medical care BACKGROUND: The current COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of the mindful use of financial and human resources. CASE REPORT: A 29-year-old pregnant woman, G2P1 at 37+4 weeks of gestation, was referred to our center on March 28, 2020, after she had tested positive for COVID-19. However, pregnant women who developed COVID-19-associated pneumonia have an increased risk for obstetric complications (e.g., preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes, preeclampsia, cesarean section [CS] ) [1, 4, 5] . For the anesthetic procedure, the anesthesia team wore their operating room scrubs, then they headed toward the isolation unit. Pregnant women with positive or suspected COVID-19 status should be cared for in negative pressure rooms before, during, and after delivery [1] . doi = 10.12659/ajcr.925512 id = cord-278459-27lppl6x author = Banjar, Weam M. title = Healthcare worker''s mental health dilemma during COVID-19 pandemic: A reflection on the KSA experience date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; health summary = title: Healthcare worker''s mental health dilemma during COVID-19 pandemic: A reflection on the KSA experience 1, 6 The exponential increase in COVID-19 cases in China caused stress and anxiety among healthcare workers (HCWs). Due to direct exposure to infected patients, and the demanding nature of their duties, frontline HCWs are at higher risk of developing mental health problems than those indirectly involved in managing the pandemic, and they may need psychological intervention. 5, 10, 11 Reports of mental health problems caused by COVID-19 among HCWs are increasing. As the epidemic curve escalated, the anxiety and tension grew among frontline HCWs. Healthcare facilities quickly realised that demanding professional duty in a challenging work atmosphere with an increasing workload would undermine the mental health of frontline HCWs, and mandated the establishment of mental health support programs. Healthcare worker''s mental health dilemma during COVID-19 pandemic: A reflection on the KSA experience doi = 10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.06.006 id = cord-291768-68xr2ycm author = Bankole, Taofik Olatunji title = Low incidence of COVID-19 in the West African sub-region: mitigating healthcare delivery system or a matter of time? date = 2020-10-17 keywords = Africa; West; covid-19 summary = Data including daily reports on the total reported cases of COVID-19 infection and the number of related patient deaths were extracted for Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Niger, Ghana, Nigeria, and Senegal over the time span covered in this study. Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 show the trends in the percentage increase in the rate of reported cases of COVID-19 in Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Nigeria, Ghana, Republic of Niger, West Africa, and the world, respectively. Our findings, therefore, suggest that if the relatively lower incidence of growth in the reported cases of COVID-19 in West Africa is as a result of the availability of an improved or functional healthcare delivery system, the number of deaths across covered countries and of the region as a whole should have declined gradually rather than the present gradually increasing rate of deaths that are being recorded. doi = 10.1007/s10389-020-01394-w id = cord-326400-yl3pisxt author = Bansal, Devanshu title = Urological Surgeries During Exit from National Lockdown During COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Urological Surgeries During Exit from National Lockdown During COVID-19 Pandemic Benign urologic conditions can be divided into three categories (Table 1) , and may have significant detrimental effect on quality of life of patients. While scheduling surgeries, a tiered system as proposed by us may be followed, so that patients who have been postponed once are able to get the required care (Table 1 ). Once planned for surgery, every patient should be screened for symptoms and tested for COVID-19. During surgery, all internationally recommended precautions should be followed. Effect of COVID-19 related lockdown on ophthalmic practice and patient care in India: results of a survey Case fatality rate of cancer patients with COVID-19 in a New York hospital system Solid organ transplantation programs facing lack of empiric evidence in the COVID-19 pandemic: A By-proxy Society Recommendation Consensus approach. doi = 10.1007/s12262-020-02571-7 id = cord-289067-ptqzvsdw author = Bansal, Priya title = Clinician Wellness During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Extraordinary Times and Unusual Challenges for the Allergist/Immunologist date = 2020-04-04 keywords = Allergy; COVID-19; care; clinician; pandemic; physician summary = Understanding risks and consequences of burnout magnified by COVID-19; identifying historical parallels of the pandemic while appreciating new challenges of social media; leveraging new technologies to care for patients, staff, colleagues, and ourselves while managing responsibilities at home; and using wellness resources at the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, and state physician health programs as needed can help each of us navigate uncharted waters together, even while practicing social distancing. In addition to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, trusted medical organizations such as the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the World Health Organization can be accessed for resources to help clinicians prepare but can also be used to curate and share information with others as well. doi = 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.001 id = cord-343970-anocx4y1 author = Bansal, Rashika title = Metabolic Syndrome and COVID 19: Endocrine-Immune-Vascular Interactions Shapes Clinical Course date = 2020-06-30 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = ACE2 is expressed in pancreatic islets, vascular endothelium, and adipose tissue, and the SARS-CoV-2 -ACE2 interaction in these tissues, along with other factors, govern the spectrum and the severity of clinical manifestations among COVID-19 patients with metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory milieu observed in patients with metabolic syndrome may contribute towards COVID-19-mediated host immune dysregulation, including sub-optimal immune responses, hyper-inflammation, microvascular dysfunction, and thrombosis. SARS-CoV-2 virus attaches to the host cell membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that is expressed in many cells, including the respiratory epithelial cells (type II alveolar A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t epithelial cells), myocardium, Leydig cells and cells in seminiferous ducts in the testes, vascular endothelial cells, proximal renal tubular cells, gastrointestinal epithelial cells, urothelial cells lining the bladder, alveolar monocytes, macrophages, and in both exocrine pancreas and pancreatic islets (43, (46) (47) (48) . doi = 10.1210/endocr/bqaa112 id = cord-285402-x86yw525 author = Banskota, Swechya title = 15 Smartphone Apps for Older Adults to Use While in Isolation During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19; Health; app summary = App categories were determined based on app categories already in place on the Apple Store, with the exception of a category to address the specific needs of OAs with visual and hearing impairment, for which we did a custom search using the terms "blind" and "deaf" Details about the app developer, cost (both to download and for services included in the app), function, ratings and reviews, and user experience (in the form of anecdotes) were searched and summarized. App ratings ≥ 4.5 and ≥ 3,000 reviews on the Apple Store Exceptions • Facetime was included due to known popularity and use • Medisafe was given an exemption from exclusion due to known beneficence from background literature search health, and meets OAs'' various social and functional needs during social distancing during the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.5811/westjem.2020.4.47372 id = cord-123970-qikmhoo4 author = Bao, Forrest Sheng title = Triaging moderate COVID-19 and other viral pneumonias from routine blood tests date = 2020-05-13 keywords = RBF; SVM; covid-19; feature summary = Trained on blood data from 208 moderate COVID-19 subjects and 86 subjects with non-COVID-19 moderate viral pneumonia, the best result is obtained in an SVM-based classifier with an accuracy of 84%, a sensitivity of 88%, a specificity of 80%, and a precision of 92%. The 3 groups of subjects thus form 3 binary classification tasks: 1 Medical workers need help the most from the primary task of differentiating moderate COVID-19 cases from 1 The numbers are not 118 vs 208 because 5 samples have too many missing values in additional features in Table 2 . We pick two empirically effective and robust families of classifiers, random forests (RFs) and support vector machines (SVMs), as representatives to study the general feasibility and effectiveness of using ML to make use of routine blood tests for COVID-19 triage. doi = nan id = cord-300866-cso6l6ze author = Bao, Yi title = Clinical Features of COVID-19 in a Young Man with Massive Cerebral Hemorrhage—Case Report date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Both SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid tests were negative (24 h interval), Fig. 2 The treatment of COVID-19 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage suggesting that antiviral treatment was effective. On February 29, the patient did not have high fever again, the results of the cerebrospinal fluid review showed that it was light red, no clot, protein decreased to 0.8 g/L, sugar increased to 4.45 mmol/L, and white blood cells decreased to 37 × 10 6 G/L, of which monocytes accounted for 74%. The patient''s cerebrospinal fluid showed improvement, and since the two re-examinations of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test was negative, and the antiviral treatment with Abidol, Ribavirin, and Oseltamivir had reached the course of treatment, so it was discontinued. However, in combination with the patient''s high fever, lymphocytopenia, increased neutrophils, and poor antibacterial treatment effect, the clinical manifestations conform to the COVID-19 characteristics, and nucleic acid detection is required. doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00315-y id = cord-023988-u60l07jv author = Bao, Yinyin title = Snapshots of Life—Early Career Materials Scientists Managing in the Midst of a Pandemic date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19; research; time; work summary = After a two-week self-quarantine, I worked hard in the lab and tried to get as many results as possible, since I realized that universities in the US could also be shut down in the near future, which happened one month later. ■ LONG CHEN, PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, TIANJIN UNIVERSITY During the locked-down period in our city since February, although the laboratories are still closed and all the students keep staying in their hometown, we all have great confidence that our country, and the entire world, can win this COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Our team is made up of a number of graduate student researchers and postdocs from LBNL and UC Berkeley who specialize in natural language processing methods for analyzing materials science literature, but we were approached about a month ago by colleagues from the Innovative Genomics Institute about applying some of our techniques to the COVID-19 literature. This summer, I was planning on staying on UBC campus doing research and continuing my work as a teaching assistant until COVID-19 got in the way. doi = 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c01624 id = cord-271528-ob4l0bcf author = Bar-Zeev, Naor title = COVID-19 vaccines: early success and remaining challenges date = 2020-09-04 keywords = covid-19; vaccine summary = In The Lancet, Denis Y Logunov and colleagues from the N F Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Russia present findings from two phase 1/2, non-randomised, open-label studies of a heterologous, replication-deficient, recombinant adenovirus vector-based vaccine in both frozen and lyophilised formulations. In Logunov and colleagues'' studies, however, the threshold for neutralisation was set high in two regards: the inoculating viral dose was large, and no arising cellular damage was allowable. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open-label, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31867-5 id = cord-262286-flc5f9wh author = Baral, S. D. title = The Relationship between the Global Burden of Influenza from 2017-2019 and COVID-19 date = 2020-06-20 keywords = Asia; COVID-19; June summary = Methods Weekly surveillance data reported in FluNet from January 2017-December 2019 for influenza and World Health Organization for COVID-19 (to May 31, 2020) across the seven World Bank regions were used to assess the total and annual number of influenza and COVID-19 cases per country, within and across all regions, to generate comparative descending ranks from highest to lowest burden of disease. As of June, 2020, Europe and the Americas regions have registered the highest numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths while South-East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Western Pacific have experienced comparatively milder epidemics 1 . Outside of East Asia and the Pacific, regions with lower levels of COVID-19 generally ranked lower in influenza burden using historical data. . seasonal influenza pattern, several sub-Saharan African countries (e.g. Sudan) were not included in the comparison of rankings despite high COVID-19 and influenza burden. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.18.20134346 id = cord-331105-wdkdc0pw author = Baral, Stefan David title = The Public Health Response to COVID-19: Balancing Precaution and Unintended Consequences date = 2020-05-08 keywords = covid-19; health summary = As we develop mathematical models to guide programs and implementation strategies for the next phase of pandemic response, it will be increasingly important to: a) account for implementation-relevant heterogeneity in the epidemiology of cases and morbidity and mortality as well as in the response; and b) holistically consider not only the breadth of potential health outcomes resulting from COVID-19 and the corresponding response, but also the heterogeneity of epidemic burden, health systems culture and infrastructure, and existing health disparities at the local, state/provincial, and national levels. In summary, our success as a society in combating COVID-19 will rapidly be judged by how effectively we can move from a "one-size-fits-all" approach to a locally responsive, nuanced public health strategy that accounts for both an increased breadth of health consequences and the striking epidemiologic heterogeneity that has characterized the pandemic from its beginning. doi = 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.05.001 id = cord-308527-scxemthv author = Barauna, V. G. title = Ultra-rapid on-site detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection using simple ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and analysis algorithm: high sensitivity and specificity date = 2020-11-04 keywords = Amide; November; covid-19; preprint summary = Herein, we applied a superfast reagent-free and non-destructive approach of attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy with subsequent chemometric analysis to the interrogation of virus-infected samples. Figure 1a shows a typical spectrum of inactivated gamma-irradiated Covid-19 virus particles (e SARS.CoV2/SP02.2020.HIAE.Br GenBank accession number MT 126808.1) (18); at 1582 copies/ml, an ATR-FTIR spectrum with good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is obtained. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.02.20223560 doi: medRxiv preprint control saliva in comparison with saliva spiked inactivated virus particle at various copy number levels highlighted an ability to detect virus particle-induced spectral alterations at levels that would be considered extremely low in the pharyngeal cavity of infected humans (symptomatic or asymptomatic). ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.02.20223560 doi: medRxiv preprint Consequently, five GA-LDA selected variables were identified, each which significantly (P <0.01) discriminates negative and Covid-19 positive swab samples ( Figure 6 , Table 2 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.11.02.20223560 id = cord-349757-lhdkps01 author = Barba, Maddalena title = Cancer patients and coronavirus disease 2019: evidence in context date = 2020-08-15 keywords = cancer; covid-19 summary = Some authors have hypothesized an increased infection risk for cancer patients, with a more severe disease, requiring a reorganization of health care system that could disrupt an established high quality cancer care routine in many developed countries. Other authors have attempted to interpret data related to cancer patients by better defining their "active status". Cancer treatments have been optimally discussed elsewhere in reference to their deleterious impact on the immunological status of cancer patients, with potential consequences in terms of increased risk of SARS-Cov-2 infection and less favorable outcomes [2] . Whichever the specific context, the deriving key elements will inform subsequent steps in health policy programming and conduct of further research tailored on risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease development in specific patients'' categories, including cancer patients. doi = 10.1186/s12967-020-02483-w id = cord-303017-4zx94rm6 author = Barbieri, Antonio title = Can Beta-2-Adrenergic Pathway Be a New Target to Combat SARS-CoV-2 Hyperinflammatory Syndrome?—Lessons Learned From Cancer date = 2020-09-30 keywords = IL-6; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = This hypothesis relies on different pieces of evidence: IL-6, TNFa, and IL-1b promote Th17 response and are associated with inflammatory symptoms including fever, and the two latter are also associated with vascular permeability and leakage; IL-17 has a broad inflammatory effect and together with GM-CSF is involved in inflammatory and autoimmune disease; Covid-19 patients have a significantly increased number of CCR6+ Th17 cells (4) ; elevated TH17 and IL-17 related pathways are increased in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and H1N1 influenza virus patients (14) (15) (16) ; In MERS-CoV patients, IL-17 and low IFNg are associated with worse prognosis (14) . Targeting beta-2adrenergic pathway was shown to reduce inflammatory cytokine and Th17 response in different settings such as cancer and autoimmune diseases. Two different reports on cancer patients show that propranolol treatment reduces inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNFa, inflammation-related transcription factors such as NFkB and STAT3 and reduces the activation of Treg lymphocytes (36, 37) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588724 id = cord-030296-4xthry9c author = Barbieri, Paolo title = What can we learn about reshoring after Covid-19? date = 2020-08-11 keywords = covid-19; decision; supply summary = In 2016, Operations Management Research published a Special Issue on "Reshoring: A Supply Chain Innovation Perspective" (Barbieri and Stentoft 2016) . It highlights that reshoringmuch more than offshoring, a phenomenon that is largely explained by cost reduction and market-seeking motivationsis indeed triggered by several, and possibly co-existing reasons: for example, while "cost" and "operations" emerge as the main groups of motivations in their study, product quality issue is the single most frequent one. Particularly, on the short-term, we have been able to retrieve examples of companies relocating to Europe either for the disruptions of the Chinese production or for seizing market opportunities triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic. In the long-term, we expect to see two different approaches to reshoring, according to the level at which decision making is processed: single firm or supply chain. doi = 10.1007/s12063-020-00160-1 id = cord-332862-2knq5vdp author = Barbosa, Paula Nicole Vieira Pinto title = Chest CT accuracy in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection: initial experience in a cancer center date = 2020 keywords = COVID-19 summary = OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of chest computed tomography (CT) in patients with suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection at a cancer center. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of chest CT in patients with clinical suspicion of COVID-19 at a cancer center. We selected all patients who had chest CT due to suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection and RT-PCR test collected at the same day between February and March 2020 at a cancer center. In the second scenario, considering chest CT with typical or indeterminate findings as positive, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy were respectively 92.0%, 62.1%, 47.9%, 95.3% and 70.3% ( Table 2 ). The results of the present study show that chest CT has a good performance for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection patients at a cancer center. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 Cases doi = 10.1590/0100-3984.2020.0040 id = cord-349144-cvmebr3f author = Barca, Ida title = Telemedicine in Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery: An Effective Alternative in Post COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; figure; patient summary = The study was conducted at the MaxilloFacial Surgery Unit of "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, on two different groups of patients: a group of follow-up patients (A(1): patients in oncological follow-up after surgical treatment performed before the COVID-19 pandemic; A(2): suffering from chronic lesions such as precancerous lesions), and a group B of patients with first urgent visits (B(1): patients with suspected oncological pathology; B(2): patients with suspected urgent disease such as medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ), odontogenic abscesses, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation, etc.). Before being subjected to a remote visit, all patients were contacted by telephone for adherence to the protocol and to explain the limits of the method related to not performing a physical examination in person and submitting the COVID-19 screening questionnaire; the authorization to use telemedicine was obtained via recorded video or signature on a specific consent form and sent on the institutional email. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17207365 id = cord-260866-bzdd4f5h author = Barceló, Damià title = Wastewater-Based Epidemiology to Monitor COVID-19 Outbreak: Present and Future Diagnostic Methods to be in Your Radar date = 2020-09-14 keywords = PCR; SARS; WBE; covid-19 summary = Paper-based devices would be certainly one of the best measurement solutions for the rapid and onsite detection of COVID-19 in sewage waters and humans as well [2, 16] and also the use of other biomarkers of exposure [1] . Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage has been employed as a complementary method to clinical test .It is an early warning indicator of virus spreading in communities, covering both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. Hopefully at certain moment applications to detect SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses in wastewater will be developed based on these LOC/POCT systems that will enable simple, fast and sensitive virus detection. PCR platforms like RT-qPCR are still the most widely used methods for SARS-Cov-2 detection in waste waters. Sewage sensors, such as paper-based and smartphones for SARS-CoV2 detection at the population level have as well a clear potential for early warning of COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100042 id = cord-336000-v88bq4bx author = Barco, Stefano title = Enoxaparin for primary thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (the OVID study): a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; LMWH; SARS; VTE; day; line; patient; study summary = OBJECTIVES: The OVID study will demonstrate whether prophylactic-dose enoxaparin improves survival and reduces hospitalizations in symptomatic ambulatory patients aged 50 or older diagnosed with COVID-19, a novel viral disease characterized by severe systemic, pulmonary, and vessel inflammation and coagulation activation. The OVID study will show whether prophylactic-dose enoxaparin improves survival and reduces any hospitalizations in ambulatory patients aged 50 or older diagnosed with COVID-19, a novel viral disease characterized by severe systemic, pulmonary, and vessel inflammation and coagulation activation. <30% of the expected number of patients six months after the enrolment of the first patient, also based on the course of SARS-CoV2 infections in Switzerland;  when the safety of the participants is doubtful or at risk, respectively, based on recommendations received from DSMB committee;  changes in accepted clinical practice that make the continuation of a clinical trial unwise, including the results of similar studies or the publication of international guidances. doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-04678-4 id = cord-310539-8zk3hkgj author = Barengolts, Elena title = PERSEVERE OR PERIL: DIABETES CARE IN TIMES OF COVID-19 date = 2020-08-08 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) places diabetes in a category of high risk for COVID-19: "Older adults and people who have severe underlying medical conditions like heart or lung disease or diabetes seem to be at higher risk for developing more serious complications from COVID-19 illness (3) ." A study by Wang et al (5) provided a retrospective analysis of the clinical course for 28 consecutive patients with diabetes, admitted for confirmed COVID-19 to the hospital in Wuhan, China. In a small series of cases (5), HbA1c was similar in ICU and non-ICU patients, suggesting that diabetes control prior to infection did not influence the severity of the COVID-19 course. The antiviral combination of lopinavir/ritonavir (both protease inhibitors) previously shown to be effective for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and not for COVID-19 is evaluated in multi-ple studies (7) . Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.4158/ep-2020-0227 id = cord-257958-yehnlabq author = Barh, Debmalya title = Multi-omics-based identification of SARS-CoV-2 infection biology and candidate drugs against COVID-19 date = 2020-10-10 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; Table; analysis summary = In this paper, using multi-omics (interactome, proteome, transcriptome, and bibliome) data and subsequent integrated analysis, we present the biological events associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and identify several candidate drugs against this viral disease. In this paper, we have used an integrative omics approach considering the SARS-CoV-2 infected host interactome, proteome, transcriptome, and bibliome datasets and analysed the COVID-19 associated host genetic information to identify common host pathways that are deregulated during SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential drugs targeting those pathways. In our analysis, we observed SARS-CoV-2 infection shares other viral pathways such as To identify pathway specific drugs, we used the genes involved in the five most important common pathways (viral processes including all the individual virus pathways, mRNA splicing, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, cytokine signaling in immune system, and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum). doi = 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104051 id = cord-331911-arif1ejj author = Barik, Sitanshu title = Insight into the changing patterns in clinical and academic activities of the orthopedic residents during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey date = 2020-09-14 keywords = covid-19; resident summary = There were a total of 44 single answer questions with answers according to the increasing difficulty at present situation compared to a previous time before the COVID-19 pandemic. Routine clinical work in the operating room, out-patient department, and inpatient department was found to be difficult according to the majority of the residents along with the anxiety of contracting the infection. All participants were also required to answer general questions about their age, current affiliation, the experience of treating COVID-19 positive patients, awareness about precautions while working in COVID-19 designated area including steps of donning and doffing personal protective equipment (PPE), history of quarantine, or taking COVID-19 tests and if anyone tested positive for the infection. The most important findings of the present study were that the orthopedic residents had been facing difficulties in performing routine OR, OPD, and IPD works during COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s00167-020-06274-0 id = cord-302576-fv2ib5vc author = Barisione, Emanuela title = Fibrotic progression and radiologic correlation in matched lung samples from COVID-19 post-mortems date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; DAD; SARS; patient summary = This study uses an innovative cryobiopsy approach for the post-mortem sampling of lung tissues from COVID-19 patients demonstrating the progression of fibrosis in time and correlation with computed tomography features. The main findings of this study include the following: (1) the identification of a chronological evolution of lesions from an early exudative phase with hyaline membranes to a mid-phase characterized by intra-alveolar fibrinous exudate and early fibroblastic interstitial fibrosis to a late phase with alveolar obliteration by fibrosis and possible micro-honeycombing; (2) mild degree of inflammatory infiltrates; and (3) correlation of histologic patterns with lung CT alterations. Immunohistochemistry for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein also showed modification during disease progression as intense immunostaining was seen in early exudative phase Fig. 4 Histology and radiology of late/organizing phase of DAD pattern: aspects of progressive derangement/obliteration of alveolar structure by interstitial fibroblast proliferation. doi = 10.1007/s00428-020-02934-1 id = cord-343452-4m0ub9iv author = Barkama, Ravit title = Placenta-Derived Cell Therapy to Treat Patients With Respiratory Failure Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; PLX; pad; patient summary = OBJECTIVES: To determine whether placental cell therapy PLacental eXpanded (PLX)-PAD (Pluristem Therapeutics, Haifa, Israel) may be beneficial to treating critically ill patients suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus disease 2019. DESIGN: Retrospective case report of critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 patients treated with PLacental eXpanded (PLX)-PAD from March 26, 2020, to April 4, 2020, with follow-up through May 2, 2020. Herein, we report the outcome of treating eight patients suffering from respiratory failure and ARDS due to COVID-19 with human placenta-derived mesenchymal-like stromal cells (PLX-PAD). In this case series, eight patients critically ill due to COVID-19 were treated with PLX-PAD, a placenta-derived mesenchymallike cell therapy. In this preliminary uncontrolled case series of eight critically ill patients with COVID-19 and ARDS, administration of PLX-PAD, a placenta-derived cell therapy, was followed by an overall improvement in the clinical status of most patients. doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000207 id = cord-258172-p54j4zzo author = Barker, Harlan title = Bioinformatic characterization of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-10-28 keywords = ACE2; RNA; SARS; cell; covid-19; expression summary = Single cell RNA-Seq data from trachea indicated positive signals along the respiratory tract in key protective cell types including club, goblet, proliferating, and ciliary epithelial cells; while in lung the ratio of ACE2-expressing cells was low in all cell types (<2.6%), but was highest in vascular endothelial and goblet cells. Analysis of ACE2 promoter regions was performed using the TFBSfootprinter tool (https:// github.com/thirtysix/TFBS_footprinting) which uses transcription-relevant data from several major databases to enhance prediction of putative TFBSs, including: all cell types aggregated and merged human ATAC-Seq data from ENCODE [43] , transcription start sites and expression data from FANTOM5 [44] , expression quantitative trail loci from GTEx [39] , TFBS metacluster data from GTRD [45] , TFBS binding profile data from JASPAR [46] , and sequence and conservation data from Ensembl [47] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240647 id = cord-304203-lhqvi3j0 author = Barman, Manash Pratim title = COVID-19 pandemic and its recovery time of patients in India: A pilot study date = 2020-07-09 keywords = India; covid-19 summary = title: COVID-19 pandemic and its recovery time of patients in India: A pilot study Kaplan-Meier Product limit estimator, Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Log-rank test are used to analyze the recovery time of Covid-19 patients. RESULT: From the results of the study, it is found that the average recovery time of Covid-19 patients in India is 25 days (95% C.I. 16 days to 34 days). The average (median) recovery time of Covid-19 patients is estimated by using Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Average recovery time with respect to sex and age of Covid-19 patients are also estimated by using the same method. Log-rank [11] [12] test is used to compare the average recovery time of Covid-19 patients with respect to sex and age. Log-rank test is used to study the recovery time of Covid-19 patients with respect to sex and age and the results are presented in table 3. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.07.004 id = cord-308402-37i62atc author = Barnes, Betsy J. title = Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: Neutrophil extracellular traps date = 2020-04-16 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; net summary = In this Perspective, autopsy results and literature are presented supporting the hypothesis that a little known yet powerful function of neutrophils—the ability to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)—may contribute to organ damage and mortality in COVID-19. Furthermore, neutrophils from patients with pneumonia-associated ARDS appear "primed" to form NETs, and both the extent of priming and the level of NETs in blood correlate with disease severity and mortality (Adrover et al., 2020; Bendib et al., 2019; Ebrahimi et al., 2018; Lefrançais et al., 2018; Mikacenic et al., 2018) . NETs and excessive thrombosis Acute cardiac and kidney injuries are common in patients with severe COVID-19 and contribute to the mortality of this disease (Bonow et al., 2020) . Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are increased in the alveolar spaces of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia doi = 10.1084/jem.20200652 id = cord-326752-45ckkv01 author = Barnett, Brian title = Keeping the wolf at bay: Infection prevention and control measures for inpatient psychiatric facilities in the time of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-12 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Keeping the wolf at bay: Infection prevention and control measures for inpatient psychiatric facilities in the time of COVID-19 Current COVID-19 prevention and control efforts have been hampered by poor access to testing at many facilities, which delays the transfer of patients who develop symptoms after admission and eventually test positive. There are also anecdotal reports of sober homes and homeless shelters closing, as well as nursing homes and similar facilities refusing to accept new residents or allow current residents to return following a psychiatric hospitalization, due to concerns about these individuals seeding COVID-19 outbreaks in their facilities. For asymptomatic patients refusing testing, making an exception to allow for admission may be reasonable, since early peer reviewed [16, 17] and non-peer reviewed data [18, 19] J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f indicate COVID-19 prevalence is low among a variety of populations receiving hospital based care, particularly among patients not exhibiting symptoms consistent with infection [17, 18] . doi = 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.07.004 id = cord-314218-6znw9zcz author = Baron, D. M. title = Patient blood management during the COVID–19 pandemic: a narrative review date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The aim of this expert review is to provide clinicians and healthcare authorities with information on how to apply the principles of patient blood management during the COVID-19 pandemic. In major elective surgery, patients can be exposed to the effects of pre-operative anaemia, blood loss and red cell transfusion, all of which adversely influence postoperative outcome [11, 12] . In addition, pre-operative iron deficiency in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is associated with a three-fold increased 90-day mortality [16] . Intravenous iron is also effective for treating postoperative anaemia, and should be considered, even in cancer patients who are undergoing surgery during the COVID-19 crisis [26, 31, 32] . Improved outcomes and reduced costs associated with a health-system-wide patient blood management program: a retrospective observational study in four major adult tertiary-care hospitals Effect of ultra-shortterm treatment of patients with iron deficiency or anaemia undergoing cardiac surgery: a prospective randomised trial doi = 10.1111/anae.15095 id = cord-344120-7t5ce2hb author = Baroutjian, Amanda title = SARS-CoV-2 pharmacologic therapies and their safety/effectiveness according to level of evidence date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; SARS; patient summary = CONCLUSION: According to level 1 evidence reviewed here, the most effective SARS-Co-V-2 pharmacologic treatments include remdesivir for mild to severe disease, and a triple regimen therapy consisting of lopinavir-ritonavir, ribavirin and interferon beta-1b for mild to moderate disease. 20 Another randomized controlled open-label trial in 199 hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 with severe COVID-19 was done to compare the clinical effectiveness of lopinavir-ritonavir to standard care alone. According to the level 1 evidence reviewed here, the most effective treatments against SARS-CoV-2, measured by time to negative RT-PCR and time to clinical improvement, are remdesivir therapy and a triple medication regimen (lopinavir-ritonavir, ribavirin, and interferon beta-1b). First, in patients with severe COVID-19, treatment with lopinavir-ritonavir showed no significant difference in time to clinical improvement, mortality at day 28, or detectable viral load compared to standard care alone. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.08.091 id = cord-258760-65dw8d5h author = Barr, Justin title = Surgeons, plague, and leadership: A historical mantle to carry forward date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Throughout history, surgeons like Guy de Chauliac, James Lind, John Hunter, John Snow, and Walter Reed have led scientific campaigns to understand, prevent, and treat epidemics like the bubonic plague, scurvy, syphilis, cholera, and yellow fever. Through his writings, this surgeon emerged as the contemporary authority on the condition, shaping scientific understanding of bubonic plague and medical responses to it for decades. Guy epitomizes surgeons who have investigated novel infectious diseases and contributed significant knowledge to their causation, prevention, and treatment. Desperate to clarify its etiology, John Hunter, the father of scientific surgery, injected the purulent discharge from an infected patient''s penis into his own member in an effort to understand the process of transmission and attempt to discriminate it from concomitant gonorrheal infection. 9 Historically, surgeons have led global efforts against pandemics, thus addressing some of humanity''s most devastating health challenges. doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.04.042 id = cord-341982-0i1w137u author = Barral, Matthias title = Bronchial Artery Embolization Performed in COVID-19 Patients: Tolerance and Outcomes date = 2020-08-26 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Bronchial Artery Embolization Performed in COVID-19 Patients: Tolerance and Outcomes From the 23rd of February 2020, corresponding to the beginning of stage 1 epidemic outbreak in France, to the 5th of May, 25 patients (men: 24/25; 96%) with a mean age of 57 ± 17 years [16-84] had bronchial artery embolization (BAE) for severe hemoptysis (SH). A total of 4 men with 7 BAE had positive COVID-19 RT-PCR (Tables 1, 2) , and 3 patients had severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). Bronchial arteries enlargement was seen in 3 patients, and 3 patients had consolidation; no patient had alveolar hemorrhage compared to 17 (17/21; 81%) non-COVID-19 patients (p = 0.005, Chi-square test) (Fig. 1 ). Embolization of all eutopic and heterotopic bronchial arteries was performed in 86% of COVID-19 patients during the first BAE, and 24-h clinical efficacy was 75% and 100% after a second BAE. doi = 10.1007/s00270-020-02621-3 id = cord-332194-97tkyv3w author = Barrett, Peter M title = Measuring the effectiveness of an automated text messaging active surveillance system for COVID-19 in the south of Ireland, March to April 2020 date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; contact summary = We report the effectiveness of automated text messaging for active surveillance of asymptomatic close contacts of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases in the Cork/Kerry region of Ireland. As part of ongoing efforts to control the spread of infection, national and international guidance recommends active surveillance of asymptomatic close contacts of confirmed cases of COVID-19 [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . However, evidence for the effectiveness of active surveillance systems among community-based close contacts of cases of COVID-19 has been limited to date. This study aimed to measure the effectiveness of an automated text-based active surveillance system which was used in Cork/ Kerry for the first 7 weeks of the COVID-19 response. In the first 7 weeks of the COVID-19 response in Cork/Kerry, 9.0% of close contacts who consented to participate in active surveillance were referred for testing and 2.6% tested positive for COVID-19. Automated active surveillance systems can thus facilitate early identification of symptomatic close contacts and positive cases of COVID-19. doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.23.2000972 id = cord-012897-n5ujh4qg author = Barrett, Tessa J. title = Platelet and Vascular Biomarkers Associate With Thrombosis and Death in Coronavirus Disease date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Following adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, antiplatelet therapy, platelet count, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, TxB 2 (P=0.006), P-selectin (P=0.005), sCD40L (P=0.016), and MPV (P=0.012) were independently associated with the composite of thrombosis or death. Of the 24 patients who died TxB 2 (P=0.006), P-selectin (P=0.005), sCD40L (P=0.016), and MPV (P=0.012) were associated with all-cause mortality after multivariable adjustment (Table 2) . We report for the first time that biomarkers of platelet activity and vascular health, are significantly associated with the composite outcome of thrombosis or death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Our current study does not characterize the cellular source of measured biomarkers, thus in addition to platelets, plasma P-selectin and sCD40L may originate from alternate sources including endothelial cells and T OR from logistic regression analysis per SD increase for biomarker levels adjusted for age, sex, race, antiplatelet therapy, platelet count, and COPD. 3 We extend those finding and demonstrate that biomarkers of platelet activation are associated with thrombosis or death in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. doi = 10.1161/circresaha.120.317803 id = cord-309360-cpis1l4u author = Barrios-López, J. M. title = Ischaemic stroke and SARS-CoV-2 infection: A causal or incidental association? date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; stroke summary = Results: The association between COVID-19 and stroke was probably causal in 2 patients, who presented cortical infarcts and had no relevant arterial or cardioembolic disease, but did show signs of hypercoagulability and systemic inflammation in laboratory analyses. A recent study described the cases of 3 patients with COVID-19 who presented ischaemic stroke and antiphospholipid antibodies, in addition to elevated D-dimer levels and laboratory markers of systemic inflammation. 7 A recent study reported 3 cases of severe COVID-19 and ischaemic stroke; these patients presented antiphospholipid antibodies and laboratory findings compatible with systemic inflammation and coagulopathy. 19 In patients 1 and 2 of our series (Table 1) , the likelihood of a causal relationship between COVID-19 and stroke is high, as these patients presented laboratory markers of systemic inflammation and hypercoagulability and the aetiological study found no evident cause for ischaemic stroke. doi = 10.1016/j.nrleng.2020.05.008 id = cord-302131-w10y5sf9 author = Barrocas, Albert title = Ethical Framework for Nutrition Support Resource Allocation During Shortages: Lessons From COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; nutrition; support summary = The authors provide suggestions for management of nutrition support resources and how multidisciplinary bioethics or triage committees can help direct decisions. In addition, some healthcare professionals providing care to critically ill patients with COVID-19 may not be acquainted with the various nutrition products, adding to inappropriate utilization, scarcity, and potential complications. The following concepts are proposed for healthcare providers and institutions to consider in resource allocation decisions, based on 3 recently published articles. For example, if a hospital has fewer numbers of enteral nutrition (EN) pumps or supplies than there are patients requiring pump-assisted feedings, the nutrition support professionals would need to provide guidance on EN-pump allocation. Ethical dilemmas related to the care of patients in the COVID-19 pandemic need to be rapidly addressed by multidisciplinary bioethics committees, with the development of policies and procedures to assist providers in making difficult allocation decisions. doi = 10.1002/ncp.10500 id = cord-346968-b7g4myed author = Barry, Heather E. title = Managing medicines in the time of COVID-19: implications for community-dwelling people with dementia date = 2020-08-16 keywords = COVID-19; medicine summary = PwD face unique challenges with medicines management compared to other older people, often relying upon support from family/carers and primary healthcare professionals. This article considers potential issues that PwD may face with each component of medicines management (prescribing, dispensing, administration, adherence, review), and based on previous research, highlights strategies to support PwD and their carers during this time. Remote consultation methods using telephone or online services should be utilised by community pharmacists who wish to speak with PwD and their carers about medicines management issues, to conduct medication review or to provide counselling [20, 21] . Community pharmacists have a key role to play in promoting continued adherence to medicines during the current pandemic and should be mindful of this Continued repeat prescribing of medicines that may require review for assessment of appropriateness/ efficacy Non-urgent consultations in secondary care suspended, resulting in delayed treatment of dementia symptoms or other comorbidities Dispensing doi = 10.1007/s11096-020-01116-y id = cord-306916-4dqzuy4u author = Barré, Jean title = Montelukast Drug May Improve COVID-19 Prognosis: A Review of Evidence date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Ten experimentally supported properties were retrieved, either related to SARS-CoV-2 (antiviral properties, prevention of endotheliitis and of neurological disorders linked to SARS-CoV-2), and/or related to the host (improvement of atherogenic vascular inflammation, limitation of the ischemia/reperfusion phenomenon, improvement of respiratory symptoms), and/or related to serious COVID-19 outcomes (limitation of the cytokine storm, mitigation of acute respiratory distress syndrome), and/or related to tissue sequelae (antioxidant properties, anti-fibrosis effects). This "cytokine storm", reportedly due to angiotensinconverting enzyme-2 (ACE2) downregulation by SARS-CoV-2 (Bourgonje et al., 2020) , triggers a proinflammatory environment which is strongly associated with severe tissue damages, contributing to ARDS and fatal outcomes of COVID-19 patients (Kimura et al., 2013) . Interestingly, a recent in silico exploration identified montelukast (MK), from the Leukasts family (LKs; i.e. cysteinyl leukotriene receptors antagonists), among the top-scoring clinically-oriented drugs likely to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Huynh et al., 2020) . doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.01344 id = cord-263474-v5fbahqb author = Barsky, Lili L. title = Efficacy of clinical evaluations for COVID-19 on the front line date = 2020-11-07 keywords = covid-19 summary = This case series from an urban medical center suggests that despite the rapidly evolving body of knowledge around COVID-19 illness and its variable presentations among affected patients, clinical provider assessment of high versus low probability of active infection can be relatively reliable. This case series further supports the hypothesis that a well-informed clinical assessment, with or without concurrent access to rapid point-of-care SARS-CoV-2 testing, could be leveraged to more efficiently triage patients [5] -even those with medical comorbidities whose chronic illness burden may appear to pose a diagnostic challenge at the outset. ST and BR helped acquire the data from the emergency department and inpatient setting and also critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. SC helped formulate the study concept and design, helped with analysis and interpretation of the data, provided statistical expertise, and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. doi = 10.1186/s12245-020-00313-w id = cord-266988-72uvawth author = Barth, Rolf F. title = The spectrum of pathological findings in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; disease summary = title: The spectrum of pathological findings in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 disease is caused by a novel coronavirus, which has been named "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)" [2] . Our current understanding of the pathology and the pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease and SARS-CoV-2 transmission is at an early stage and much still remains to be learned [5, 6] . Therefore, the total number of autopsies performed is miniscule compared to the number of deaths, but nevertheless they are both very revealing and important in order to better understand the multi-organ involvement associated with COVID-19 infection and for the development of better treatment strategies [1, 3] . The autopsy reports that already have been published provide a solid base for a better understanding of the consequences of COVID-19 infection but much more remains to be learned about this complex disease in order to develop better treatment strategies. doi = 10.1186/s13000-020-00999-9 id = cord-256786-7gca01lr author = Bartilotti‐Matos, F title = Pearls and Pitfalls: two contrasting HIV diagnoses in the COVID‐19 era and the case for screening date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; HIV summary = Two cases of previously undiagnosed HIV presenting to secondary care with respiratory symptoms are detailed in this series, with a view to extrapolate lessons on blood borne virus (BBV) screening in the COVID‐19 era. Two cases of previously undiagnosed HIV presenting to secondary care with respiratory symptoms are detailed in this series, with a view to extrapolate lessons on blood borne virus (BBV) screening in the COVID-19 era. Despite these findings and two negative swabs for SARS-CoV2 PCR, COVID-19 remained the clinical diagnosis until day-six of admission when a BBV screen confirmed HIV seropositivity with a viral load of 5.28log10 and CD4 + 25cells/mm 3 . Firstly, the HIV and COVID-19 co-infection was diagnosed in the absence of risk factors, prompted by high disease severity in an atypically young and fit patient. One case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a patient co-infected by HIV with a low CD4 + T-cell count doi = 10.1002/jmv.26428 id = cord-301684-ubw91yq1 author = Bartiromo, Marilù title = Threatening drug‐drug interaction in a kidney transplant patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) date = 2020-04-12 keywords = COVID-19; therapy summary = During the novel coronavirus pandemic, organ transplant recipients represent a frail susceptible category due to long‐term immunosuppressive therapy. Herein, we present the case of a 36 year-old woman with Senior-Loken syndrome who underwent a 2 nd kidney transplant in 1995 and developed a paucisymptomatic COVID-19 pneumonia in the early stage of the outbreak in Tuscany, Italy. The peculiarity of this case resides in the clinical presentation, as the patient did not develop a severe form of COVID-19 despite receiving immunosuppressive drugs. described a case of COVID-19 in a recipient of a 3rd deceased-donor kidney transplant pointing out the importance of atypical symptoms in the setting of an immunosuppressive therapy 6 . We also intend to underline the need for guidelines in renal transplant recipient with COVID-19 infection with particular regard to management of therapy. doi = 10.1111/tid.13286 id = cord-308813-4ah3cdph author = Bartlett, Robert H. title = Initial ELSO Guidance Document: ECMO for COVID-19 Patients with Severe Cardiopulmonary Failure date = 2020-04-01 keywords = COVID-19; ECMO summary = title: Initial ELSO Guidance Document: ECMO for COVID-19 Patients with Severe Cardiopulmonary Failure The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) and all of the ELSO worldwide chapters have prepared this document to describe when and how to use extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in COVID-19 patients during this pandemic. 4 Due to the intensive hospital resource utilization, substantial staff training, and multidisciplinary needs associated with starting an ECMO program, ELSO recommends against starting new ECMO centers for the sole purpose of treating patients with COVID-19. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation indications, access, and management are described in the ELSO Guidance for Adult Respiratory and Cardiac failure on the ELSO web site (https:// elso.org). For adult respiratory failure, the recently published EOLIA trial contains three indications that define severe ARDS where ECMO may be useful. For ELSO member centers, when you use ECMO for COVID-19, please enter your patient in the Registry at the time they go on (and later when discharged). doi = 10.1097/mat.0000000000001173 id = cord-340536-azlajqbe author = Bartolo, Michelangelo title = Urgent Measures for the Containment of the Coronavirus (Covid-19) Epidemic in the Neurorehabilitation/Rehabilitation Departments in the Phase of Maximum Expansion of the Epidemic date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; Rehabilitation; patient summary = COVID-19 determines the need for healthcare in a large number of people in an extremely short time and, like a tsunami wave, overruns emergency, infectious diseases, and pneumology departments as well as intensive care units, choking healthcare services. In Italy, in February 2020 the emergence of the COVID-19 epidemic first in Lombardy, and then in the other regions, determined the need to implement containment measures for a phenomenon that in a few days has put a strain on the healthcare system, clogging many emergency, infectious diseases and pneumology departments, as well as intensive care units, with obvious dramatic relapses in the health system''s ability to offer adequate assistance to patients with different pathologies (3) . The following indications are suggested in order to make the reorganization of rehabilitation activities homogeneous, whether they are carried out in hospitalization or outpatient settings or at home, with the main aim of limiting patient flows within the facilities and maintaining staff safety. doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.00423 id = cord-344075-ucd6ooob author = Bartoszek, Adrian title = Mental Well-Being (Depression, Loneliness, Insomnia, Daily Life Fatigue) during COVID-19 Related Home-Confinement—A Study from Poland date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19; DLF; pandemic; study summary = title: Mental Well-Being (Depression, Loneliness, Insomnia, Daily Life Fatigue) during COVID-19 Related Home-Confinement—A Study from Poland The aim of the study was to measure indicators of mental well-being in a Polish sample with regard to selected sociodemographic and health behavior data during home confinement related to COVID-19 pandemic. For this reason, our study aimed to measure mental well-being (levels of depression, insomnia, daily life fatigue, and loneliness) in a sample of the Polish population during COVID-19 related home confinement. The results have clearly shown that the pandemic and associated psychological stress are risk factors for sleep disorders and psychological diseases, e.g., the authors have shown that all of the elements of the Psychological Well-Being (PGWB) questionnaire (anxiety, depressed mood, positive well-being, self-control, general health, vitality) were significantly worse among study respondents than in previous general population data [33] . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17207417 id = cord-332314-nukv34fh author = Bartoszek, Krzysztof title = Are official confirmed cases and fatalities counts good enough to study the COVID-19 pandemic dynamics? A critical assessment through the case of Italy date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; case summary = Clearly, the curves presented in Fig. 1 suggest that a more in-depth look at the raw numbers is required and that there is a need to put the data in a correct perspective before trying to fit any epidemiological model to them, especially because the viral dynamics are starting to be inferred from reported case fatalities [5, 18, 24] . Its constantly increasing infected and case fatality count has lead us looking in greater detail into this data, especially as it is used for curve-fitting of epidemiological models (e.g., [13, 15, 21, 31] following brief survey of arXiv) and presented in public media. In this work, we analyzed in depth the two statistics that are commonly reported for the currently ongoing COVID-19 pandemic-the number of confirmed cases and the number of case fatalities for the different regions of Italy. doi = 10.1007/s11071-020-05761-w id = cord-317519-yhzv2yjs author = Barzilai, Nir title = Geroscience in the Age of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; age; old summary = Development and use of drugs like rapamycin and metformin by the at-risk population, notably older adults, may confer broad health benefits by targeting multiple aspects of biological aging and in this way raise the chances that these people can ward off the worst effects of COVID-19. Randomized, controlled clinical trials to assess the ability of rapamycin, metformin and other potential geroprotective drugs [20] , to boost response to an eventual COVID-19 vaccine in the elderly, as well as protect against COVID-19 infection altogether, could have a substantial impact on survival in vulnerable populations and should be pursued. Often, in older patients, multiple aging-related diseases are affected by multiple risk factors, further increasing the disability and mortality. The COVID-19 global emergency has emphasized to vast masses of people the vital need to prevent old-age multimorbidity, protect the elderly and improve their health span. doi = 10.14336/ad.2020.0629 id = cord-337672-3a3ngzvo author = Barzilay, Ran title = Resilience, COVID-19-related stress, anxiety and depression during the pandemic in a large population enriched for healthcare providers date = 2020-08-20 keywords = PHQ2; covid-19; resilience summary = covid19resilience.org/) that included an interactive 21item resilience survey and assessment of COVID-19related stress (worries) regarding: (1) getting (contracting), (2) dying from, (3) currently having, (4) family member getting, (5) unknowingly infecting others, and (6) experiencing significant financial burden following COVID-19. All models included the following potential confounders: age, gender, race (white/non-white), education, income, occupation (healthcare, engineering/computers and other), marital status (married, single or other), country of residence (US, Israel or other), number of people in household, date at which the survey was taken (days and (days squared) since study launch), and exposures related directly to COVID-19 including getting tested for COVID-19, knowing someone who tested positive for COVID-19 and knowing someone who died from COVID-19. Participants were significantly more worried about a family member contracting COVID-19 or about unknowingly infecting others than about getting COVID-19 themselves (Fig. 1a , item main effect F 5,15205 = 1536.0, p < 0.00001, model included age, gender, education, income, marital status, number of people in household and country of residence). doi = 10.1038/s41398-020-00982-4 id = cord-262730-1dxeg8ci author = Barón-Sánchez, J. title = Smell and taste disorders in Spanish patients with mild COVID-19 date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = [12] [13] [14] The olfactory alterations associated with SARS-COV-2 infection present sudden onset, are generally not accompanied by rhinorrhoea or nasal obstruction with mucus, and are of variable intensity, although patients frequently report complete loss of the sense of smell. V a r i a b l e s Participants meeting the inclusion criteria were asked to complete a questionnaire, which gathered the following data: sex; age; medical history; characteristics of olfactory/gustatory alterations (complete loss of the sense of smell/taste [anosmia/ageusia], decreased sense of smell [hyposmia], altered sense of taste [dysgeusia]); date of onset and resolution of the alterations; symptom progression; associated symptoms; close contact with a patient with COVID-19 (confirmed by PCR testing); and PCR results for COVID-19, if the test was performed. In our study, only 8.4% of individuals with olfactory/gustatory alterations undergoing PCR testing were negative for SARS-CoV-2; this supports the hypothesis that these symptoms are highly prevalent in patients with mild COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.nrleng.2020.07.007 id = cord-303609-9217t0ui author = Baselga, María Trinidad title = Trombosis y COVID-19: revisión de alcance date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Esta revisión de alcance (scoping review) resume y evalúa críticamente la evidencia sobre la relación entre la trombosis y el COVID-19, y se basa en una búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática de todos los artículos publicados hasta el 5 de mayo de 2020 e incluidos en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane y Clinicaltrials.gov. En otros estudios se estandarizó el uso de ecografía para la detección de las complicaciones J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f DISCUSIÓN Esta es la primera scope review que revisa los artículos que relacionan la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y las alteraciones en la coagulación, incluyendo sus repercusiones clínicas y radiológicas; en orden cronológico desde el 1 de diciembre de 2019 hasta el 5 mayo de 2020. doi = 10.1016/j.acci.2020.09.002 id = cord-104501-e5e0xrou author = Bashash, Davood title = The Prognostic Value of Thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 Patients; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = To provide a well-conceptualized viewpoint demonstrating the prognostic value of platelet count in SARS-CoV-2 infection, we performed a meta-analysis of pertinent literature to evaluate whether the emergence of thrombocytopenia could discriminate between severe and non-severe cases. Even though the results of a recent study to establish a prediction model for the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection (19) introduced C reactive protein, lactic dehydrogenase, and lymphocyte count as the most valuable laboratory parameters reflecting COVID-19 severity, articles continuously introducing novel biomarkers with the ability to predict disease outcome are published daily. To provide a clear viewpoint demonstrating the prognostic value of platelet count in this novel infection, we performed a meta-analysis of pertinent literature representing information on the indicated parameter in patients with a clinically validated definition of severe disease. doi = nan id = cord-282726-deisqgmw author = Bashir, Mohamad title = Cardiovascular Disease and Surgery Amid COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Our knowledge of COVID-19 is still evolving rapidly, and this review aims to discuss the 14 healthcare impact sieved from the whole spectrum of this pandemic and focused on vascular 15 disease and surgery, implication on health economics, strategic assessment and future outlooks 16 for this prevailing situation. It reflects on limited measures taken to hat progression of disease 17 within the health sector and the potential effect that this virus might have in the future. There is no current study to delineate the structural changes that coronavirus can impact our 9 population cohort and give if any will be in the future. The Incubation Period 6 of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation 7 and Application Clinical features of patients infected 15 with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 5 2019: retrospective study doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.04.479 id = cord-341919-8gnthufw author = Basi, Saajan title = Clinical course of a 66-year-old man with an acute ischaemic stroke in the setting of a COVID-19 infection date = 2020-08-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = 3 There appears to be a growing correlation between COVID-19 positive patients presenting to hospital with ischaemic stroke; however, studies investigating this are in progress, with new data emerging daily. 10 The patient, in this case, illustrates the clinical relevance of understanding COVID-19, as he presented with an ischaemic stroke underlined by minimal respiratory symptoms, which progressed expeditiously, resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome and subsequent death. Our case is an example of a new and ever-evolving clinical correlation, between patients who present with a radiological confirmed ischaemic stroke and severe COVID-19 pneumonia. As of April 2020, no comprehensive data of the relationship between ischaemic stroke and COVID-19 has been published, however early retrospective case series from three hospitals in Wuhan, China have indicated that up to 36% of COVID-19 patients had neurological manifestations, including stroke. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-235920 id = cord-303395-r0nj16l9 author = Basirjafari, Sedighe title = Association of Pediatric COVID‐19 and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We read with great interest an article from Li colleagues describing ¨The Neuroinvasive Potential of SARS‐CoV2 May Play a Role in the Respiratory Failure of COVID‐19 Patients¨. Here we describe subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) as a severe neurological manifestation associated with pediatric COVID‐19. Moreover, ABO blood type might have a prognostic role in the severity of COVID-19. Thus, patients with blood type O might have protection against severe COVID-19 12 . However, patients with blood group type A, as the patient described in this report, might be more predisposed to severe infection. The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients Characteristics and Outcomes of Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units Cerebrovascular Disease in Patients with COVID-19: A Review of the Literature and Case Series Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Case Report doi = 10.1002/jmv.26434 id = cord-276150-hp174yft author = Basnet, Sangita title = COVID-19 Containment Efforts of a Low-Resource Nation: The First Four Months in Nepal date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; Health; Nepal summary = In our review, we determined that the key steps taken by Nepal included border control to prevent the importation of cases, strict quarantine in facilities for anyone entering the country, early case detection, and isolation of all infected cases irrespective of symptoms. Towards the end of March, there were five cases that had arrived from China, Europe, and Dubai that tested positive and were placed in isolation in COVID-19-designated hospitals in Kathmandu. On May 7, in order to increase the rate of testing in the limited number of facilities, PCR of pooled samples of individuals in quarantine and low risk for COVID-19 was started at a ratio of 1:5. After the initial cases introduced into Kathmandu by flight in early March as detailed above, there was a cohort of a few dozen Indian nationals adjacent to the border entering Nepal from India by land that tested positive. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8946 id = cord-346866-90w4zepx author = Bassareo, Pier Paolo title = Learning from the past in the COVID-19 era: rediscovery of quarantine, previous pandemics, origin of hospitals and national healthcare systems, and ethics in medicine date = 2020-08-20 keywords = covid-19; disease; hospital; principle; quarantine summary = title: Learning from the past in the COVID-19 era: rediscovery of quarantine, previous pandemics, origin of hospitals and national healthcare systems, and ethics in medicine In that book, the procedure of separating infected from healthy people to prevent leprosy from spreading, according to Mosaic Law was described, (if the shiny spot on the skin is white but does not appear to be more than skin deep and the hair in it has not turned white, the priest is to isolate the affected person for seven days. 15 Since disease was considered as a divine punishment for sinners, the biblical 40-day period of purification had crossed over into health practices and the term ''quarantine'' had great symbolic and religious significance to medieval Christians. 19 20 According to current knowledge, the bubonic plague has an averaged 37-day period from infection to death; therefore, the European quarantines would be highly successful in determining the health of crews from potential trading and supply ships. doi = 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138370 id = cord-263214-h6lkvlj3 author = Bassi, Massimiliano title = BEDSIDE TRANSCERVICAL-TRANSTRACHEAL POST-INTUBATION INJURY REPAIR IN A COVID-19 PATIENT date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: BEDSIDE TRANSCERVICAL-TRANSTRACHEAL POST-INTUBATION INJURY REPAIR IN A COVID-19 PATIENT We report the case of a COVID-19 patient developing pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema secondary to post-intubation tracheal injury. We performed a bedside tracheal injury surgical repair, after failure of conservative management, with resolution of pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema and improvement of patient''s conditions. However, some patients need hospitalization for respiratory support and a relevant rate (ranging between 9.8 and 15.2%) requires oro-tracheal intubation (OTI) for invasive ventilation. We present a case of a COVID-19 patient who develops massive pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema for post-intubation tracheal injury. Considering the hemodynamic and respiratory instability after conservative management, a bedside surgical tracheostomy with primary suture of the tracheal lesion was performed. In order to reduce the risk of epidemic spread and avoid transporting, in absence of a COVID-19 dedicated operating room, the procedure was performed bedside. doi = 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.04.009 id = cord-347982-omxcdiwt author = Basso, Fernanda Gisele title = Cooperative efforts on developing vaccines and therapies for COVID-19 Cooperative efforts for COVID-19 date = 2020-09-06 keywords = COVID-19; cooperation summary = The present research analyzes how the cooperation networks were set off considering the clinical trials on therapies and vaccines that were developed specifically to treat or prevent COVID-19. For the construction of cooperation networks, it was assumed that organizations signed agreements and/or treaties to develop specific studies, establishing joint ownership of the results and the new drug or vaccine, with the purpose of forming an alliance for innovation [20] . Regarding the distribution of the types of organizations that cooperate by category (Fig 3) , a greater diversity of partnerships was observed in antibodies, followed by vaccines and proteins, because these categories address complex therapies and require complementarity among several disciplines (e.g., adjuvants in Because clinical adoption and commercial success are due to the incorporation degree of existing practices in innovation processes [23] , the diffusion of disruptive technologies in this field may encounter greater challenges. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.06.282145 id = cord-257468-woyycghi author = Basso, Trude title = Transmission of infection from non-isolated patients with COVID-19 to health care workers date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = This study evaluated transmission of infection from a symptomatic patient with COVID-19 to 60 HCWs exposed ≤2 m for ≥15 minutes, or during aerosol generating procedures. Following ≥106 unique high-risk contacts, none of the HCWs tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA or had developed antibodies. These results were in accordance with other reports and should reassure HCWs and further stimulate a broader evaluation of the foundation for the current practice of home-quarantine of non-symptomatic HCWs. During the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, the proportion of health care workers (HCWs) amongst verified, infected individuals, has been reported somewhere between 10 and 20 % [1, 2] . In this study we found that ≥106 unique close contact exposures, including 12 contacts during AGPs with a nonisolated patient with COVID-19, resulted in no SARS-CoV-2 transmissions from patient to HCWs. With one exception, all included HCWs were certain or quite certain that their adherence to the hand hygiene procedure had been proper at the time of exposure. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.08.015 id = cord-349945-kur9r5n5 author = Bataille, Stanislas title = Could ferritin help the screening for COVID-19 in hemodialysis patients? date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The screening for COronaVirus Infection Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is challenging: many patients are asymptomatic, viral RNA detection in nasopharyngeal swab is falsely negative in 30% and pulmonary CT-SCAN is useless in patients with no pulmonary involvement 1,2 . We compared ferritin levels in COVID+ and COVID-infected patients in the hemodialysis patients of our dialysis center in the months preceding viral infection and during infection and found a critical difference (figure 1). In the COVID+ patients, mean ferritin levels in March (before viral infection) and at diagnosis were respectively 584±318 and 1446±1261ng/mL (mean±SD), which was a mean increase of 275%. Interestingly, ferritin levels were elevated at diagnosis in the 5 asymptomatic patients as well as the patients with symptoms (respectively 1209±1292 and 1535±1280ng/mL, mean±SD). A) Comparison of ferritin levels in first week March 2020 (before COVID-19 epidemic had occurred in our center) and at diagnosis of COVID-19 (student t-test). doi = 10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.017 id = cord-260214-2axc1wn3 author = Batista, Berlinda title = Minimizing disease spread on a quarantined cruise ship: A model of COVID-19 with asymptomatic infections() date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Minimizing disease spread on a quarantined cruise ship: A model of COVID-19 with asymptomatic infections() Outbreaks in contained environments full of 23 older individuals, such as cruise ships and nursing homes, create a problem 24 of heightened transmission rates and severe cases, and modeling them can 25 show us the best way to mitigate an outbreak in a closed environment. In this paper we show that quarantine on a ship with COVID-19, even 68 with a majority of crew and passengers having immunity, either acquired or 69 through vaccination, will lead to disease spread. While it is true that not all crew members interact with the same freTable 5 in Appendix A has the 176 infection data for the Diamond Princess cruise ship with the results for the 177 passengers and crew members combined [1] for February 5-20, 2020. Estimating the 681 asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases 682 on board the diamond princess cruise ship doi = 10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108442 id = cord-296219-zzg9hds0 author = Battaglini, Denise title = Neurological Manifestations of Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Potential Mechanisms and Implications of Individualized Mechanical Ventilation Settings date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; brain; patient summary = Within this Abbreviations: ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2; ANE, acute necrotizing encephalopathy; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; BBB, blood brain-barrier; CA, Ammon''s horn; CD, cluster of differentiation; CI, confidence interval; CNS, central nervous system; CoV, coronavirus; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CT, computed tomography; CXCR, chemokine receptor; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; DO 2 , oxygen delivery; DPP4, dipeptidyl dipeptidase-4; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; FiO 2 fraction of inspired oxygen; FOX, forkhead box; HLH, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; ICAM, intracellular adhesion molecule; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; ICP, intracranial pressure; IFN, interferon; MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome; MHV, mouse hepatitis virus; MRI, magnetic resonance images; nCoV, novel coronavirus; OR, odds ratio; PaCO 2 , partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PaO 2 partial pressure of oxygen; PbtO 2 brain tissue oxygenation tension; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; PRES posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; RM, recruitment maneuvers; RNA, ribonucleic acid; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; TLRs, toll-like receptor; TMPRSS2 transmembrane serine protease 2; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; WHO, World Health Organization. doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.00845 id = cord-336395-v157jzvv author = Battaglini, Denise title = Chest physiotherapy: an important adjuvant in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = In this line, the current review discusses the important role of chest physiotherapy in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19, around the weaning process, and how it can be safely applied with careful organization, including the training of healthcare staff and the appropriate use of personal protective equipment to minimize the risk of viral exposure. The current review discussed the data regarding the important role J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f of chest physiotherapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19, during mechanical ventilation and after weaning process, and how it can be safely applied with careful organization, including the training of healthcare staff and the appropriate use of personal protective equipment to minimize the risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103529 id = cord-292156-chmyzmq0 author = Battiato, Concetto title = Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the epidemiology of orthopedics trauma in a region of central Italy date = 2020-10-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = • Italy is among the most affected countries by COVID-19; • The general lockdown significantly reduced road accident traumas, high energy traumas and sport injuries; • Domestic accidents or fall related traumas do not seem to show any variations. [1] Comparing the same periods in 2019 and 2020, it can be seen how the COVID-19 outbreak had a relevant impact on orthopedic surgical treatments, its frequency, type of fracture, anatomical location involved. It is also interesting to note that the epidemiology of orthopaedic trauma has decreased with equal distribution between the upper and lower limbs, but fractures of femur, elbow and humerus that often are due to domestic accidents, have remained stable. Future studies with a larger number of patients and a longer observation period are needed to evaluate the real impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiology of orthopedic trauma surgery. doi = 10.1016/j.injury.2020.09.044 id = cord-288867-iicfe7il author = Bauch, Chris T title = COVID-19: when should quarantine be enforced? date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = These questions are how we might think of some of the dilemmas created by the COVID-19 pandemic, which presents us with difficult trade-offs in equity, economics, public health, and civil liberties. Plainly put, they ask the question: should health authorities place potentially exposed individuals into a quarantine setting where their separation from others can be enforced, or should authorities simply let them go home, ask them to avoid contacts, and monitor them for COVID-19 symptoms through phone calls or health-care visits? Aware of this dilemma, Peak and colleagues 1 use a mathematical model of the early spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections to establish the conditions under which individual quarantine works better than active monitoring. Individual quarantine versus active monitoring of contacts for the mitigation of COVID-19: a modelling study doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30428-x id = cord-307945-wkz43axo author = Baud, Grégory title = Endocrine surgery during and after the Covid-19 epidemic: Expert guidelines in France date = 2020-04-30 keywords = covid-19; epidemic; surgery summary = Guidelines drafted by an expert group led by the French-speaking Association of Endocrine Surgery (AFCE) propose specific surgical management principles for thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas and adrenal surgery during and after the Covid-19 epidemic. Likewise, to meet their need for specific guidelines, the Frenchspeaking Association of Endocrine Surgery (AFCE) brought together a group of experts to propose principles for the surgical management of thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas and adrenal pathologies during the Covid-19 epidemic and afterwards, when surgical activity will be able to return gradually to its normal pattern. In the Covid-19 epidemic setting, its scheduling depends on the presence or absence of severe hypercalcemia, defined by a very high level of blood calcium > 3.5 mmol/l (140 mg/l) (17) , and/or the presence of clinical complications -acute pancreatitis secondary to HPT, brown tumor, calciphylaxis, fracture osteopenia, heart rhythm disorders (QT shortening on ECG, bradycardia with risk of asystole) with cardiac insufficiency (17) (18) (19) (20) . doi = 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2020.04.018 id = cord-309826-xutv2x8p author = Baud, Grégory title = Chirurgie endocrinienne au cours et au décours de l’épidémie de COVID-19: Recommandations de l’AFCE date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Ces recommandations, rédigées par un groupe d''experts sous l''égide de l''Association Francophone de Chirurgie Endocrinienne (AFCE), ont pour objectif de proposer des principes spécifiques de prise en charge chirurgicale au cours et au décours de l''épidémie de COVID19, pour les pathologies chirurgicales de la thyroïde, des parathyroïdes, du pancréas endocrine, et des surrénales. Plus d''un mois maintenant après le début de l''épidémie, il devient essentiel d''assurer la prise en charge des autres pathologies, non liées à COVID mais pour lesquels le report de l''intervention au-delà de la période épidémique pourrait aggraver le pronostic, notamment sur le plan vital. En cas d''hypercalcémie sévère, l''intervention doit être programmée en semi urgence, sans attendre la fin de la période épidémique, voire en urgence, lorsqu''elle n''est pas contrôlée par le traitement médical. Pour l''HPT secondaire, le traitement chirurgical n''est pas recommandé pendant la période épidémique, en raison du risque supérieur d''infection COVID chez les patients dialysés (24) . doi = 10.1016/j.jchirv.2020.04.015 id = cord-257729-s0vo7dlk author = Bauer, Melissa title = Obstetric Anesthesia During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date = 2020-04-20 keywords = SARS; covid-19; infection; patient summary = T he management of obstetric patients infected with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) due to human-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires quite unique considerations-from caring for critically ill pregnant and postpartum women to protecting health care workers from exposure during the delivery hospitalization (health care providers, personnel, family members, and beyond). 4 An additional manifestation noted among patients with COVID-19 infection is the sudden loss (or reduction) of the sense of smell and taste, which is currently recommended by the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head With increasing numbers of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19) cases due to efficient human-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the United States, preparation for the unpredictable setting of labor and delivery is paramount. doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000004856 id = cord-274513-0biyfhab author = Baumgartner, M. T. title = Assessing the relative contributions of healthcare protocols for epidemic control: an example with network transmission model for COVID-19 date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; model summary = In this study, we used an individual-based age-structured network model to assess the effective roles of different healthcare protocols such as the use of personal protection equipment and social distancing at neighborand city-level scales. Our results revealed that the model was more sensitive to changes in the parameter representing the rate of contact among people from different neighborhoods, which defends the social distancing at the city-level as the most effective protocol for the control of the disease outbreak. By varying model parameters related to these protocols, we were able to discuss better scenarios considering the delay in the infection peak and lower numbers of cases, as well as activities with a low potential to boost the outbreak. Given the specified model structure, those results forecasting early wave peaks emerged under moderate to high probabilities of the individual-level exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus (high β), in combination with higher encountering rates among people (v and k) ( Figure 1 ; Table S1 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.07.20.20158576 id = cord-353996-slnyun4l author = Baumgartner, M. T. title = Social distancing and movement constraint as the most likely factors for COVID-19 outbreak control in Brazil date = 2020-05-08 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; SARS; international summary = In spite of all limitations of such a large-scale approach, our results underline that climatic conditions are likely weak limiting factors for the spread of the new coronavirus, and the circulation of people in the cityand country-level are the most responsible factors for the early outbreak of COVID-19 in Brazil. We studied the exponential growth of time series data for over 460 cities with reported cases of infections by the new coronavirus, considering the effect of the environment, socioeconomic indicators, movement of people across the country, and social distancing. Our results show that the early spread of the new coronavirus in Brazil was mitigated by social distancing in some regions, but was also positively related to the size of the population of cities and how people moved across them. . https://doi.org/10.1101 In Great China, the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak expanded fast throughout the country and the majority of early cases reported outside of its origin had admitted recent travels to Wuhan, the core of the disease spread (Chinazzi et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1101/2020.05.02.20088013 id = cord-273602-cq276tj8 author = Bavishi, Chirag title = Acute myocardial injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection: A review date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19; Disease; patient summary = Randomized trials are urgently needed to investigate treatment modalities to reduce the incidence and mortality associated with COVID-19 related acute myocardial injury. In this concise review, we will focus on acute myocardial injury in COVID-19 infection, its prevalence, plausible pathophysiologic mechanisms, guidance on the use of cardiac biomarkers, and general management strategies. In a prospective cohort study by Du et al(11) of 179 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, troponin I ≥0.05 ng/mL was independently associated with mortality in addition to age ≥65 years, pre-existing cardiovascular (CV) or cerebrovascular diseases and CD3+CD8+ Tcells ≤75 cells/μL. Epidemiological studies and randomized trials are urgently needed to investigate treatment modalities regulating immune function and inhibiting inflammatory responses to reduce the incidence and mortality associated with COVID-19 related acute myocardial injury. Association of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) With Myocardial Injury and Mortality doi = 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.05.013 id = cord-345059-t6hojshj author = Bayoumy, A. B. title = Unrealized potential of drug repositioning in europe during COVID-19 and beyond: a physcian’s perspective date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; drug; repositioning summary = Clinical research groups recognizing the efficacy of these old and often off patent generic drugs need funding and regulatory support for patient benefit through the process of clinical drug development. The orphan regulation declares that a drug that has been labeled as an orphan drug by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use receives market exclusivity for a period of 10 years. Well-balanced regulatory support from national market authority agencies or the EMA is urgently needed for clinical research groups that intend to repurpose older drugs for new indications. The current framework for drug repositioning allows "venture capital" companies to abuse loopholes in the legislation to gain long-term market authorization among with excessive high pricing. The current framework for drug repositioning allows "venture capital" companies to abuse loopholes in the legislation to gain long-term market authorization among with excessive high pricing. doi = 10.1186/s40545-020-00249-9 id = cord-340537-pdvpmydk author = Bañon-Gonzalez, Rafael title = Autopsies of suspected SARS-CoV-2 cases date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; virus summary = Abstract Forensic physicians should consider the possibility that people who have died from violent or unknown causes may be infected by the virus SARS-CoV-2, or that the diagnosis of the disease has legal implications, which requires adequate knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease, protective measures, adequate sampling and the pathological characteristics. This article reviews the aspects of the pathophysiology of the disease that have an impact on the infectivity of the body''s tissues and fluids, measures for preventing biological risk, taking samples and pathological findings, both macroscopic and microscopic, associated with death caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. 13 Nevertheless, infection by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a high rate of mortality, and many carriers are known to exist who have no symptoms or only mild ones, so that it is possible that some of the corpses that will be subjected to a medical-legal autopsy are infected by this virus. doi = 10.1016/j.remle.2020.05.002 id = cord-338647-dtuohsf5 author = Başcı, Semih title = Outcome of COVID-19 in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors date = 2020-08-27 keywords = CML; COVID-19; SARS summary = INTRODUCTION: In this study, we aim to report the outcome of COVID-19 in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). METHOD: The data of 16 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients with CML receiving TKI and age, gender, and comorbid disease matched COVID-19 patients without cancer at a 3/1 ratio (n = 48), diagnosed between March 11, 2020 and May 22, 2020 and included in the Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Health database, were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The rates of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mechanical ventilation (MV) support were lower in CML patients compared to the control group, however, these differences did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.1, and p = 0.2, respectively). Moreover, the rates of ICU admission and MV support, CFR were lower and length of hospital stay was shorter in CML patients receiving TKI compared to the age, gender and comorbidity matched control group but these differences were not statistically significant. doi = 10.1177/1078155220953198 id = cord-332268-x30svp5y author = Bearden, Donna M. title = COVID-19: a primer for healthcare providers date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; China; MERS; SARS summary = A viral genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, currently termed SARS-CoV‑2, with a disease process called COVID-19 was released 1 week later via online resources to obtain public health support in control of spread. Perhaps the most detailed study to date, shedding light on how patients may present and progress, is an analysis of the first 99 cases of confirmed novel corona pneumonia in Wuhan [12] . Nowak and Walkowiak, in a recently released review of five in vitro studies reporting on the effect of lithium in coronavirus infections, concluded that the drug does have antiviral activity and should be explored as a potential treatment or prophylaxis for COVID-19 [24] . The authors concluded "our work suggests that remdesivir may improve disease outcomes in coronavirus patients, serve to protect health care workers in area with endemic MERS-CoV and prove valuable in preventing future epidemics " [3] . doi = 10.1007/s00508-020-01678-x id = cord-323696-0lq8ql6n author = Bearman, Gonzalo title = Reflections on the COVID-19 Pandemic in the USA: Will We Better Prepared Next Time? date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; healthcare summary = We reflect on the US and the COVID-19 pandemic and focus on cultural, economic and structural barriers that threaten both current and future responses to infectious diseases emergencies. We reflect on the US and the COVID-19 pandemic and focus on cultural, economic and structural barriers that threaten both current and future responses to infectious diseases emergencies. These include the US healthcare delivery model, the defunding of public health, a scarcity of infectious diseases physicians, the market failure of vaccines and anti-infectives and the concept of American exceptionalism. These include the US healthcare delivery model, the defunding of public health, a scarcity of infectious diseases physicians, the market failure of vaccines and anti-infectives and the concept of American exceptionalism. 1 We reflect on the US and its response to the COVID-19 pandemic and focus on cultural, economic and structural barriers that threaten both current and future responses to infectious diseases emergencies. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.059 id = cord-272128-93tmtji8 author = Becher, Yael title = D-dimer and C-reactive Protein Blood Levels Over Time Used to Predict Pulmonary Embolism in Two COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-05-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is challenging in symptomatic COVID-19 patients since shortness of breath, chest pain, tachycardia, tachypnoea, fever, oxygen desaturation and high D-dimer blood levels might be features of both diseases. We present two COVID-19 patients in whom pulmonary embolism was suspected (and diagnosed) due to a discrepancy between an increase in D-dimer blood levels and a decrease in C-reactive protein blood levels over time. An increase in D-dimer blood levels and a decrease in C-reactive protein blood levels over time may be used as a novel method to predict pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients. The diagnosis of PE is challenging in symptomatic COVID-19 patients since shortness of breath, chest pain, tachycardia, tachypnoea, fever, oxygen desaturation and high D-dimer blood levels might be features of both diseases [2, 3] . Herein, we present two COVID-19 patients in whom PE was predicted by a novel method based on measuring D-dimer and C-reactive protein (CRP) blood levels over time. doi = 10.12890/2020_001725 id = cord-326173-3x435v6q author = Beck, Matthew J. title = Insights into the impact of COVID-19 on household travel and activities in Australia – The early days of easing restrictions date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; Wave; home; respondent; work summary = We find that work from home has been a generally positive experience with a significant number of respondents liking to work from home moving forward, with varying degrees of employer support, at a level above those seen before COVID-19. Likewise, the Google Community Mobility Report (Google 2020) presented in Figure 4 (which aggregates data across Australia and compares to the median value for the corresponding day of the week during the 5-week period Jan 3-Feb 6, 2020 as a baseline) shows a sustained increase in time spent at work, retail and recreation, and parks, while time at home has slowly diminished. Given the anecdotal evidence in new media sources about increased use of active travel modes (Abano 2020, Landis-Hanley 2020) and greater use of public spaces for exercise and recreation (O''Sullivan 2020), questions were included in Wave 2 around whether or not respondents had felt they had increased or decreased use of different modes in the previous week, and how they were planning to change their use as restrictions were eased. doi = 10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.08.004 id = cord-311730-189vax2m author = Becker, Richard C. title = Covid-19 treatment update: follow the scientific evidence date = 2020-04-27 keywords = SARS; chloroquine; covid-19; drug; patient summary = The SNS exists under the authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and accepted 30 million doses of hydroxychloroquine sulfate donated by Sandoz™, the Novartis™ generics and biosimilars division, and one million doses of chloroquine phosphate donated by Bayer Pharmaceuticals™ for potential use in treating patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 or for use in clinical trials. The adverse effects associated with taking hydroxychloroquine are similar to those observed with chloroquine and include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, AV conduction defects, a prolonged QTc interval with torsades de pointe ventricular tachycardia, hypokalemia, hypotension and circulatory collapse. Similarly, patients with Covid-19 for whom a clinician believes that either chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine is indicated must receive information, preferably in the form of a fact sheet that clearly summarized the dose, duration of treatment, potential risks, side-effects and drug-drug interactions. doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02120-9 id = cord-284403-f8s4123u author = Becq, Aymeric title = Drastic decrease of urgent endoscopies outside regular working hours during the Covid-19 pandemic in the paris area date = 2020-08-04 keywords = GIB; covid-19; endoscopy summary = MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a multicenter cohort study to investigate the practice of urgent endoscopy acts, outside regular working hours, in Paris and its surrounding suburbs, in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. We performed a multicenter cohort study to investigate the practice of urgent endoscopy acts, outside regular working hours, in Paris and its surrounding suburbs, in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. We performed a multicenter cohort study to investigate the practice of urgent endoscopy acts, outside regular working hours, in Paris and its surrounding suburbs, in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study evaluates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the practice of urgent endoscopies outside regular working hours in the Paris and Petite Couronne area. The main result is that compared to the usual stable case load, the COVID-19 pandemic coincides with a drastic drop in the number (44.4%) of urgent acts performed outside regular working hours. doi = 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.07.012 id = cord-283196-laerx0n2 author = Bedford, Juliet title = Living with the COVID-19 pandemic: act now with the tools we have date = 2020-10-08 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = The Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Infectious Hazards (STAG-IH), the independent advisory group to the WHO Health Emergencies Programme, has reviewed information from countries around the world and has concluded that the most sound approach on the basis of current understanding is to deploy long-term strategies with a focus on preventing amplification of transmission, protecting those most at risk of severe illness, and supporting research to better understand the virus, the disease, and people''s responses to them. 2 This approach is based on three principles: understanding, trust, and participation by all population groups; decreased transmission of SARS-CoV-2 using basic epidemiological and public health interventions; and acknowledging that any potential COVID-19 vaccines and treatments will only be part of the solution and that they will best perform in conjunction with a longterm overall public health strategy. With current knowledge, even in the absence of COVID-19 vaccines or treatments and comprehensive knowledge of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, countries can navigate pathways to reduced transmission, decreased severe illness and mortality, and less economic disruption in the short and longer term. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32117-6 id = cord-278932-wp4kimij author = Been, Jasper V title = Impact of COVID-19 mitigation measures on the incidence of preterm birth: a national quasi-experimental study date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; March; Netherlands; birth summary = INTERPRETATION: In this national quasi-experimental study, initial implementation of COVID-19 mitigation measures was associated with a substantial reduction in the incidence of preterm births in the following months, in agreement with preliminary observations elsewhere. Although the link between COVID-19 mitigation measures and reductions in the incidence of preterm birth identified in the aforementioned Danish and Irish studies has sparked substantial optimism globally regarding its potential to help identify new clues for effective prevention, the evidence base is still small. 2, 3 We, therefore, aimed to use a much larger sample, consisting of routinely collected data, and a quasi-experimental approach to study the impact of the COVID-19 mitigation measures implemented in the Netherlands on the incidence of preterm birth. Evidence before this study Preliminary evidence suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures taken by governments to mitigate its impact on population health were followed by reductions in preterm births, particularly those occurring at very low gestational ages. doi = 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30223-1 id = cord-321282-fyhkok3t author = Beglaibter, Nahum title = Practices and attitudes of bariatric surgeons in Israel during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-30 keywords = COVID-19; Israel summary = In the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic the bariatric surgeons'' community faced many concerns and challenges, especially in light of a decree issued by the Ministry of Health (MOH) on March 22nd, to ban all elective surgery in public hospitals. The administrators in the public sector, but more so in the private sector were ambiguous in instructing staff, leading surgeons to a more "personal non-structured" practice in the first phase of the pandemic. On March 22nd, 2020, peak pandemic in Israel, a governmental decree banned all elective surgery (including bariatric procedures) in the public sector. The aim of this survey is to compare the practices and attitudes of bariatric surgeons in the public and the private sectors during the first phase of the pandemic in light of conflicting guidelines. The information gathered referred to bariatric surgery practice by sector (public, private) following the governmental decree dated March 22nd 2020, as well as contraindications for bariatric procedures and use of protective equipment. doi = 10.1186/s13584-020-00420-2 id = cord-350239-jwwazskv author = Begley, J. L. title = Assessing the risk of nosocomial infection posed by COVID‐19 tracheal intubation: the first intubateCOVID results date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = However, many readers would be more interested in knowing to what extent performing tracheal intubation directly exposes them to the risk of contracting COVID-19. If the risk of contracting the virus were associated with performing tracheal intubation per se, we would expect to see certain signals in the data, which we did not. • There was no increase in risk associated with intubating a patient''s trachea with confirmed COVID-19 vs. a patient with merely suspected disease (their Table 4 ), and • There was no association between the number of tracheal intubations performed and the primary outcome (their Supplementary Fig. S1 ). At this stage, there is not a sufficient pool of data against which to make this comparison, but it is possible that the infection rate among participants is no higher than in the general hospital workforce [3] , or indeed a community''s other essential workers [4] . Risks to healthcare workers following tracheal intubation of patients with COVID-19: a prospective international multicentre cohort study doi = 10.1111/anae.15219 id = cord-350767-6kc4hyzo author = Beh, Darius L L title = The Pandemic Academy: Reflections of Infectious Diseases Fellows During COVID-19 date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: The Pandemic Academy: Reflections of Infectious Diseases Fellows During COVID-19 As Infectious Diseases fellows, this has come straight into the heart of our specialty and created a unique impact on our training progress and perspective. On January 23 rd 2020, Singapore confirmed its first case of COVID-19, and by February 7 th we moved to a heightened disease outbreak response level emphasizing the urgency of pandemic readiness [8] . As we mark 3 months of our fellowship in the COVID-19 era, we reflect on our experiences and the unique impact of this pandemic on ID fellows. The emergent need for new policies and workflows in the hospital has provided a unique opportunity for us to have a seat at the table and have a say in the development and implementation of infection control policies and clinical operational workflows. The unknown nature of an emerging infectious disease meant that both attendings and fellows were on similar learning curves, redefining the mentor-mentee dynamic. doi = 10.1093/ofid/ofaa256 id = cord-268424-5c6edaw8 author = Behera, D. title = Tb Cotrol In India In The Covid Era date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel corona virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has upset the major public health care system throughout the world. In all these countries, the disruption to TB services due to the EVD epidemic would have increased Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission, TB morbidity and mortality, and decreased patient adherence to TB treatment, and the likely impact will not be known for several years to come. The COVID-19 pandemic will impact existing and well-performing public health programs including the tuberculosis (TB) control programs (30) . Impact of infectious disease epidemics on tuberculosis diagnostic, management, and prevention services: experiences and lessons from the 2014-2015 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa Anticipating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on TB patients and TB control programmes Predicted impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global tuberculosis deaths in 2020. doi = 10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.08.019 id = cord-340090-dqhdws5k author = Behera, P. title = Role of ivermectin in the prevention of COVID-19 infection among healthcare workers in India: A matched case-control study date = 2020-11-03 keywords = HCQ; November; covid-19 summary = title: Role of ivermectin in the prevention of COVID-19 infection among healthcare workers in India: A matched case-control study 11 It has also been found to prevent symptoms of COVID-19 in post-exposure prophylaxis among HCWs. 12 When given to high-risk healthcare workers in contact with COVID-19 patients in a study from Egypt, it was found that compared to 7.4% of the intervention arm, 58.5% of participants from the control arm had symptoms suggesting of COVID-19 infection. Our study has shown that two doses of ivermectin prophylaxis at a dose of 300 μg/kg given 72 hours apart was associated with a 73% reduction of COVID-19 infection among HCWs for the is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint doi = 10.1101/2020.10.29.20222661 id = cord-262556-gpnp06je author = Behrens, Estuardo title = COVID-19: IFSO LAC Recommendations for the Resumption of Elective Bariatric Surgery date = 2020-08-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; surgery summary = RESULTS: The resumption of elective BMS must be a priority maybe similar to oncological surgery, when hospitals reach phase I or II, treating obesity patients in a NON-COVID area, avoiding inadvertent intrahospital contagion from healthcare provider, patients, and relatives. On December 2019, Wuhan, China, reported an outbreak of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID19) , an RNA virus that affects the respiratory system and has a high fatality rate especially in adults over the age of 60 and patients suffering obesity and its comorbidities [1] [2] [3] . Currently, the most effective treatment against obesity available is bariatric and metabolic surgery, which further resolves or improves the related comorbidities that are the same risk factors in developing a severe case of SARS-CoV-2. It is recommended that elective bariatric surgery be performed in medical facilities with the necessary infrastructure to treat obesity patients in a NON-COVID area. doi = 10.1007/s11695-020-04910-9 id = cord-318757-po0zpvw5 author = Beig, Gufran title = COVID-19 and Environmental -Weather Markers: Unfolding Baseline Levels and Veracity of Linkages in Tropical India date = 2020-08-22 keywords = COVID-19; India summary = Although there are numerous confounding 33 factors for the pandemic, we find a strong association of COVID-19 mortality with baseline 34 PM 2.5 levels (80% correlation) to which the population is chronically exposed and may be 35 considered as one of the critical factors. Although there are numerous confounding 33 factors for the pandemic, we find a strong association of COVID-19 mortality with baseline 34 PM 2.5 levels (80% correlation) to which the population is chronically exposed and may be 35 considered as one of the critical factors. Present work tends to suggest a 336 significant rise in the fatality in people with underlying conditions because of chronic 337 exposure to baseline air pollution levels rather than averaged ambient air pollution levels for 338 PM 2.5 and shown in Figure 1 To understand the association of COVID-19 with weather and climatological parameters, the 360 correlation study has been done in the present work. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110121 id = cord-285315-7r44j3q9 author = Bein, Berthold title = SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Empfehlungen zu Diagnostik und Therapie date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19; China; Patienten; SARS; Wuhan summary = Die Case Fatality Rate (Zahl der Infizierten, die verstirbt; Letalität) von SARS-CoV-2 beträgt aktuellen Berechnungen nach nur 1,4 %, wobei das Risiko für eine symptomatische Infektion mit zunehmendem Alter ansteigt (ca. Die Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) zitiert in ihren kürzlich publizierten Empfehlungen zur Behandlung von Patienten mit COVID-19 eine aktuelle Metaanalyse, in der keine Überlegenheit von speziellen "respiratory masks" (analog unseren FFP2/FFP3-Masken) gegenüber konventionellem Mund-Nasen-Schutz bezüglich einer Ansteckung von medizinischem Personal, das infektiöse Patienten betreut hatte, gefunden werden konnte [30] . Das bedeutet konkret, dass die Behandlung von Patienten mit COVID-19 zuallererst auf "Best Standard Care" beruht, also auf einer optimalen Anwendung evidenzbasierter Therapieempfehlungen, die für die Therapie des akuten Lungenversagens (Acute respiratory Distress Syndrome, ARDS) erarbeitet wurden [33] . doi = 10.1055/a-1146-8674 id = cord-264145-73e61rlq author = Belančić, Andrej title = Gut microbiome dysbiosis and endotoxemia - Additional pathophysiological explanation for increased COVID-19 severity in obesity date = 2020-09-18 keywords = LPS; covid-19 summary = The overall intestinal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition in the individuals with obesity could be shifted away from immunosilent/immunoinhibitory Bacteroidetes LPS subtypes, in favor of various proinflammatory LPS subtypes due to gut microbiome dysbiosis. ABSTRACT: The overall intestinal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition in the individuals with obesity could be shifted away from immunosilent/immunoinhibitory Bacteroidetes LPS subtypes, in favor of various proinflammatory LPS subtypes due to gut microbiome dysbiosis. Taking everything into consideration, it is very likely that gut microbiome dysbiosis and endotoxemia represent the additional pathophysiological explanation for increased COVID-19 severity in obesity. Taking everything into consideration, it is very likely that gut microbiome dysbiosis and endotoxemia represent the additional pathophysiological explanation for increased COVID-19 severity in obesity. Taking everything previously mentioned into consideration, it is very likely that gut microbiome dysbiosis and endotoxemia represent the additional pathophysiological explanation for increased COVID-19 severity in obesity (Figure 1 ). doi = 10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100302 id = cord-277252-yw5wcq1e author = Belen-Apak, F. Burcu title = Pulmonary intravascular coagulation in COVID-19: possible pathogenesis and recommendations on anticoagulant/thrombolytic therapy date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Belen-Apak, F. title: Pulmonary intravascular coagulation in COVID-19: possible pathogenesis and recommendations on anticoagulant/thrombolytic therapy As PIC is the first step of the disease, the patients fail to respond to classical treatment modalities targeting pulmonary oedema, ARDS and MAS with cytokine storm. Plasminogen and TPA has been used in COVID-19 patients in a few studies and have been shown to be beneficial in improving respiratory capacity [7, 8] . According to the previous literature, we think the major pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease starts with hyper coagulation and PIC. Why the immune mechanisms of pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy in COVID-19 pneumonia are distinct from macrophage activation syndrome with disseminated Intravascular coagulation Pulmonary pathology of early-phase, 2019 novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer Is there a role for plasminogen activator (tPA) as a novel treatment for refractory COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? Plasminogen improves lung lesions and hypoxemia in patients with COVID-19 doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02129-0 id = cord-304898-he57l0y7 author = Belghmaidi, Sarah title = Third Cranial Nerve Palsy Presenting with Unilateral Diplopia and Strabismus in a 24-Year-Old Woman with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Patient: Female, 24-year-old Final Diagnosis: Third cranial nerve palsy in a women presenting COVID-19 Symptoms: Ophthalmoplegia Medication:— Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Ophthalmology OBJECTIVE: Rare disease BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease (COVID 19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is the causative agent of a serious disease that is of great global public health concern. We describe the case of a patient with an incomplete palsy of the left third cranial nerve sparing the pupils in the context of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 24-year-old woman with confirmed COVID-19, which presented with acute onset of diplopia and strabismus of the left eye that occurred 3 days after the start of general symptoms. A previously healthy 24-year-old woman, with no medical history (such as diabetes, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, vasculitis, smoking, obesity, familial neurological disease, or other risk factors for ischemic ophthalmoplegia), presented to the Emergency Department for acute onset of strabismus and diplopia of the left eye, evolving for 3 days. doi = 10.12659/ajcr.925897 id = cord-310315-w4rgjsbl author = Belhadi, Amine title = Infectious Waste Management Strategy during COVID-19 Pandemic in Africa: an Integrated Decision-Making Framework for Selecting Sustainable Technologies date = 2020-10-23 keywords = COVID-19; IVF; african summary = In seeking the answers to the above RQs considering the criticality of the infectious municipal WM generated during the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper contributes to the development of a WM strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic by proposing a combined life-cycle assessment (LCA), life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis, and AHP-VIKOR method to select a WM treatment technology under the effect of IVF environment. The significant selection of the most suitable treatment technologies for the infectious SW and WW during the COVID-19 pandemic is a complex MCDM problem that implies consideration of multiple numbers of alternatives and evaluation criteria (Wang et al. To help decision-makers in the African context ascertain the current challenges of municipal WM and devise a suitable infectious waste treatment plan, a combined AHP and VIKOR method under the IVF environment is proposed to evaluate and prioritize the infectious SW and WW alternatives from an LCC-LCA perspective. doi = 10.1007/s00267-020-01375-5 id = cord-253993-ynrthadj author = Belhassan, Assia title = Assessment of effective imidazole derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 main protease through computational approach date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The result indicate that Molecules N° 3, 7 and 14 have more binding energy with SARS-CoV-2 main protease recently crystallized (pdb code 6LU7) in comparison with the other imidazole derivatives and the two drug; Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. Based on all these effects, the study of interactions between chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and the eighteen imidazole derivatives against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease are recommended. In this paper, the modeling interaction of eighteen imidazole derivatives against novel Coronavirus are performed using the molecular docking method followed by comparison with chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine interactions formed in the same binding site of SARS-CoV-2 main protease. In this study, we have tried to carry out a docking study of chemical compounds reported as potent Antiplasmodial inhibitors of imidazole derivatives based on 7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline and analogues in the active site of SARS-Cov-2 main protease, flowed by comparison with two drugs; chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. doi = 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118469 id = cord-304895-fw7qt571 author = Belhouideg, Soufiane title = Impact of 3D printed medical equipment on the management of the Covid19 pandemic date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; medical summary = This study highlights the impact of 3D printing on the combat against COVID19, and its importance in the medical product supply chain. Indeed, the existing medical equipment fabricated by 3D printing technology and its role in the management of Covid19 pandemic is presented. Indeed, the existing medical equipment fabricated by 3D printing technology and its role in the management of Covid19 pandemic is presented. 12, 13 Using this technology, the developed open-source designs of medical equipment are shared freely. Then, people from the 3D printing community have developed a variety of reusable PPE products using low-cost desktop 3D printers, such as N95 masks, surgical masks, face shields, and Controlled Air Purifying Respirator (CAPR) system. Chagas et al 24 summarize several open source projects to fabricate personal protective equipment and the developed approaches in COVID-19 diagnostics. Impact of 3D printed medical equipment on the management of the Covid19 pandemic doi = 10.1002/hpm.3009 id = cord-295082-z29567vc author = Belingheri, Michael title = Effects of COVID‐19 lockdown on epidemic diseases of childhood date = 2020-07-11 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-295082-z29567vc authors: Belingheri, Michael; Paladino, Maria Emilia; Piacenti, Susanna; Riva, Michele Augusto title: Effects of COVID‐19 lockdown on epidemic diseases of childhood date: 2020-07-11 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26253 sha: doc_id: 295082 cord_uid: z29567vc nan The spread of COVID-19 may be interrupted by early detection, isolation, prompt treatment, and the implementation of a robust system to trace contacts. 3 spreading some of these diseases (eg. chickenpox). COVID-19 epidemic indeed led to a decreasing flow to the ED, due to a common fear of being infected during ED in-stay. Beyond the assistance: additional exposure situations to COVID-19 for healthcare workers Working schedule, sleep quality, and susceptibility to COVID-19 in healthcare workers COVID-19: health prevention and control in non-healthcare settings Epidemiological evidence for association between higher influenza vaccine uptake in the elderly and lower COVID-19 deaths in Italy Pattern of emergency department referral during the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy doi = 10.1002/jmv.26253 id = cord-345191-nabxpyw3 author = Bell, Sadie title = Parents’ and guardians’ views on the acceptability of a future COVID-19 vaccine: a multi-methods study in England date = 2020-10-19 keywords = covid-19; vaccine summary = 180 of interest such as underrepresented populations in the survey (e.g. participants from ethnic 181 minority groups or reporting a lower household income) and/or indicated they would likely 182 refuse a COVID-19 vaccine, for their child or themselves. Interviews lasted Parents'' and guardians'' views on the acceptability of a future COVID-19 vaccine: a multimethods study in England 213 INSERT TABLE 1 HERE 214 215 43.3% of survey participants (n=530) provided their details to be contacted for a follow-on 216 interview. 255 To protect self and others 256 Of survey participants expressing positive intentions to vaccinate and leaving an open-text 257 response, the most prevalent reason was to provide protection from COVID-19 to the Parents'' and guardians'' views on the acceptability of a future COVID-19 vaccine: a multimethods study in England 259 protecting other people (for self: 23.7%, n=213; for child: 19.5%, n=180), including family 260 members (for self: 12.2%, n=109; for child: 5.3%, n=49). doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.027 id = cord-314013-g091lv0s author = Belladonna, Maria Laura title = Potential Benefits of Tryptophan Metabolism to the Efficacy of Tocilizumab in COVID-19 date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; SARS summary = Here, we briefly discuss the potentially multiple, synergistic mechanisms whereby tocilizumab might exert therapeutic activity, mostly focusing on the production of tryptophan-derived catabolites that would result from blockade of IL-6 signaling, as contextualized to the cytokine storm occurring in COVID-19 patients. If a cytokine storm occurs, the ensuing cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is typically associated with severe, rather than moderate, COVID-19, with an immunopathology being characterized by high serum levels of cytokines, CD4 + and CD8 + T (but not B) cell lymphopenia, diffused alveolar damage, pulmonary hypertension, pneumonia, and acute RDS (Pedersen and Ho, 2020) . COVID-19 is associated to a CRS referred as "cytokine storm" (A), whose reduction at lung level (the main target organ of SARS-CoV2 viral infection) may be achieved by TCZ therapy inhibiting IL-6 proinflammatory effect (B). TCZ treatment might restore a proper IDO1 activity, providing immunoactive Kyn as a ligand for AhR-dependent immune regulation, including the fostering of T-regulatory cell responses. doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.00959 id = cord-298557-85e0l8or author = Bellido, Virginia title = CONSECUENCIAS DE LA COVID-19 SOBRE LAS PERSONAS CON DIABETES date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Abreviatiaturas: (SARS-CoV-2) coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave, (UCI) unidades de cuidados intensivos, (iDPP-4) inhibidores de la dipeptidil peptidasa 4, (arGLP-1) agonistas del receptor del péptido similar al glucagón, (IECA) inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina, (ARA-II) bloqueadores de los receptores de angiotensina II. Keywords: COVID-19; diabetes; morbimortality; hospital; hyperglycemia; treatment; insulin therapy En diciembre del 2019, el nuevo coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2), causante de la enfermedad conocida como COVID-19, fue identificado en Wuhan, China. Por lo tanto, las estrategias deben dirigirse a facilitar el acceso al sistema sanitario mediante la telemedicina para asesorar sobre la adaptación del tratamiento o cualquier otra situación médica manejable de forma remota, y orientar a los pacientes y cuidadores en el control de la diabetes en situación de enfermedad para prevenir la hospitalización. En los pacientes con diabetes hospitalizados por COVID-19, los escasos datos disponibles muestran que el control glucémico es inadecuado. doi = 10.1016/j.endinu.2020.04.001 id = cord-313272-lkzo10r5 author = Bellini, Carlo title = Neonatal Transport and COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-03-31 keywords = covid-19 summary = Because infants have an immature immune system and the route of vertical transmission cannot be surely ruled out, newborns are a high-risk group for infection, thus growing the complexity of neonatal transport (figure). Recent recommendations established criteria for the definition of suspected or confirmed infection in neonates. [1] [2] [3] [4] In the case of an outborn neonate, it may be very difficult to reach a sure definition of suspected or confirmed infection. The Transport Study Group of the Italian Society of Neonatology suggested the recommendations to improve safety for the transport of suspected or confirmed infected newborns. It can happen in the case of a transport not scheduled at risk for COVID-19 that could be changing its triage en route; in this case, the availability of protective wear equipment on board allows the NETS team to be protected on the road, before approaching the at-risk newborn. Interim clinical guidance for management of patients with confirmed 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection doi = 10.1016/j.amj.2020.03.003 id = cord-321403-fe4vgwz8 author = Bellini, Maria Irene title = Kidney transplantation and the lock‐down effect date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = All rights reserved The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disrupted the healthcare system: when "business as usual" is no longer possible, as Intensive Care Units (ICUs) follow the principle of "capacity to benefit" to accommodate as many COVID-19 patients requiring ventilation as possible, there is an important decrease in the organ pool 1 . The lack of ICU capacity to accommodate donors dying from different reasons than COVID-19, leads to a drastic reduction of the transplant activity, important resource to be preserved in a safe and clean environment, separated by the rest of the dedicated COVID-19 beds. Preliminary data from Italy show already a 30% reduction in kidney transplant activity during the lock-down, in parallel with ICU COVID-19 beds crisis ( Figure 1 ). patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), kidney transplant activity is expected to be run again. doi = 10.1111/tri.13639 id = cord-300439-d86p43u1 author = Bello, Ajide Kazeem title = Estimating the impacts of lockdown on Covid-19 cases in Nigeria date = 2020-09-06 keywords = Nigeria; covid-19 summary = The study established the key following findings: First, retail and recreation, grocery and pharmacy, parks, transit stations, and workplaces are statistically significant and negatively signed as relevant predictors of the virus. On the Nigerian front, studies have concentrated on the resurgence of Lassa fever amidst COVID-19 outbreak (Reuben et al., 2020) , Almajiris displacement (Akintunde 2020), comparative analysis of models and estimators (Ayinde et al., 2020) , hunger prevalence (Kalu, 2020) , online forecasting (Abdulmajeed et al., 2020) , impact on transportation (Mogaji 2020) , and economic crisis (Ozili, 2020) . This study employs a negative binomial regression to unravel the impact of lockdown on COVID-19 cases in Nigeria for at least two reasons; first, the dependent variable used is a count data that only covers discrete and nonnegative values. Table 4 presents the results of the negative binomial regression estimations of the lockdown effects on Covid-19 for Nigeria. doi = 10.1016/j.trip.2020.100217 id = cord-103545-2v89ku4o author = Bellos, Ioannis title = Maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women infected by SARS-CoV-2: A meta-analysis date = 2020-11-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; case summary = The following data were planned to be extracted from each of the included studies: name of first author, country, maternal age, medical history (diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism or polycystic ovary syndrome), symptoms (fever, cough, shortness of breath, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, myalgia, fatigue, headache, sore throat, nasal congestion, abdominal pain, chest pain), radiological signs, presence of co-infection (bacterial or influenza), laboratory tests (lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, increased Creactive protein, procalcitonin, ferritin, liver function tests and D-dimers), type of treatment, pregnancy outcomes (fetal distress, premature rupture of membranes-PROM, placenta previa, preeclampsia, preterm birth, cesarean section, stillbirth), maternal outcomes (admission to intensive care unit-ICU or death), neonatal outcomes (gender, gestational age, birthweight, 1-minute/5-minute Apgar score, horizontal/vertical transmission, admission to ICU, mechanical ventilation, sepsis and death). As a result, the present meta-analysis was based on 16 observational studies [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] and 44 case reports/series , including a total of 920 neonates born to women with SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.11.038 id = cord-303304-3jagd9o2 author = Bellosta, Raffaello title = Major cardiovascular events in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: experience of a cardiovascular Department of Northern Italy date = 2020-11-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = • Although small with short-term data, our series reports a translational experience of a cardiovascular department facing MACE in COVID-19 patients being acute arterial events the new insight into this COVID-19 pandemic. Although hypercoagulable state, thrombophilias, and sepsis-induced coagulopathy have been preferentially associated with venous thromboembolism, in our early experience the COVID-19 related hypercoagulability involved the arterial system (cardiac and peripheral) in over 30% of cases. Currently, we are not able to find an unquestionable explanation for our finding, especially if we consider that in our series the ACS group showed a medical history characterized by a higher rate of cardiovascular risk factors if compared to what reported in larger cohort [4, 8] . Overall mortality was 38% in our early experience, which is comparable to the 37-69.4% range reported in COVID-19 cohorts with cardiovascular complications, albeit we have not seen a higher mortality rate in COVID-19 patients with pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors [4, 8, 9] . doi = 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.10.038 id = cord-284596-kxioojck author = Belvis, Robert title = Headaches During COVID‐19: My Clinical Case and Review of the Literature date = 2020-05-15 keywords = covid-19; headache summary = Many studies have analyzed the clinical picture of COVID‐19, but they are focused on respiratory symptoms and headache is generically treated. 3 Headache was presented in 20%-56% of patients 3 and was the 5th more frequent symptom after fever, non-productive cough, mialgia, and chills/rigor. Headache seems to be the 5th most frequent COVID-19 symptom after fever, cough, myalgia/ fatigue, and dyspnea. 18 The prevalence of headaches in COVID-19 infection seems to be underestimated in terms of variety and clinical description because in the current studies the focus has likely been directed toward severe respiratory patients. The presentation of headache in COVID-19 patients after the improvement of the "influenza" phase, between the 7th and the 10th day of the clinical onset, can be a predictor marker of the onset of the cytokine storm. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms doi = 10.1111/head.13841 id = cord-307998-uaubbz4r author = Ben Abdallah, Iannis title = Early experience in Paris with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vascular surgery date = 2020-04-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Early experience in Paris with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vascular surgery Our ICU capacities have been doubled by transforming any available 3 space with ventilators into ICUs: recovery rooms, outpatient surgical unit, even ORs. As to spare 4 most of in-hospital resources, all non-emergent surgical procedures have been cancelled. According to the French Society for Vascular Surgery''s 6 recommendations based on the 3Ss principle (save Staff, Space and Stuff), our surgical activity is 7 now limited to the following emergencies: acute aortic syndromes, critical and acute limb 8 ischemia, symptomatic carotid stenosis, mesenteric ischemia and vascular access for 9 hemodialysis, with endovascular favored over open repair whenever possible to shorten hospital 10 and ICU stay. Regarding staff management, our daily rotations have been completely modified with one team 4 dedicated to vascular emergencies in each center. probably face a post-pandemic wave of patients with severe vascular conditions. doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.04.467 id = cord-341220-b2u8gswb author = Ben-Ezra, Menachem title = The association between COVID-19 WHO non-recommended behaviors with psychological distress in the UK population: A preliminary study date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; behavior summary = title: The association between COVID-19 WHO non-recommended behaviors with psychological distress in the UK population: A preliminary study A national study of 1293 participants from the UK recorded location, underlying medical conditions and non-recommended behaviors along with psychological distress. Elevated psychological distress was associated with living in London, underlying medical conditions and practicing non-recommended behaviors. However, no empirical study to date has been conducted on the associations between the WHO non-recommended behaviors and psychological distress. Previous studies showed the association between the COVID-19 with psychological distress in the general population 3, 4 . In our study, elevated psychological distress was highest amongst women, those with a background illness, those at the original epicenter of the outbreak (London) and those who practice at least one and above non-recommended behaviors. In sum, to our knowledge is the first study to empirically examine the association between nonrecommended behaviors during COVID-19 and psychological distress. doi = 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.012 id = cord-325019-hznnoxw6 author = Benavides-Cordoba, Vicente title = Drug Repositioning for COVID-19 date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; drug summary = In this review, we present a selection of drugs, of different classes and with potential activity against COVID-19, whose trials are ongoing; and as proofs of concept, double blind, add-on event-driven, would allow proposing research that generates results in less time and preserving quality criteria for drug development and approval by regulatory agencies. Likewise, when researching new molecules in humans, it is necessary to ask several questions that could improve the designs, and avoid some failures, such as, for example, did the drug hit the target?, did the medication change the target?, what was the dose response?, and what are the characteristics of the study patients?. Hydroxychloroquine, a chloroquine analog, is a medicine widely used in the treatment of systemic autoimmune diseases 35 , being currently the most studied drug for treating COVID-19. In COVID 19, 133 clinical trials are registered, taking different degrees of severity, ranging from prophylactic use in the general population and in health workers 38 to patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). doi = 10.25100/cm.v51i2.4279 id = cord-327413-zdbnoy1q author = Bendjelid, Karim title = Hemodynamic monitoring of Covid-19 patients. Classical methods and new paradigms date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 1 reported an international survey examining hemodynamic monitoring and management in COVID19 Intensive Care patients 1 . Interestingly, when analysing the data, the authors found that the majority of COVID-19 ICU patients required vasopressor support, with certain changes in cardiac function patterns warranting echocardiographic monitoring. Compared to previous large international surveys published in 2015 4,10 , the current report shows that cardiac output monitoring and FR indexes have been largely used for the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients admitted for COVID-19. "Simple" tools like respiratory-induced variations in diameter of the inferior vena cava are very popular, but have limited accuracy in predicting FR due to numerous false positive or false negative cases, both in ventilated and non-ventilated ICU patients [12] [13] [14] [15] . Haemodynamic monitoring and management in COVID-19 intensive care patients: an International survey doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.09.001 id = cord-289722-cc05jqb6 author = Bendtsen Cano, Oliva title = COVID-19 Modelling: the Effects of Social Distancing date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Day 55 is used for initiating social distancing since the simulations here showed 337 dead and 5486 sick consistent with reported numbers on 23 March 2020 when the United Kingdom initiated lockdown. In the case of perfect social distancing the mortality rate is only 0.04% (21474 dead) and the epidemic is resolved by day 90 with the number of people sick peaking on day 70. In the case of a more relaxed social distancing with R 0 = 0.50 the mortality rate is 0.13% (79781 dead) without having the epidemic resolved by day 250 and with the number of people sick peaking on day 71. Finally, if the social distancing is relaxed to R 0 = 0.75 we observe a much later peak in the number of people sick on day 112 and also a much larger mortality rate of 0.55% (330964 dead). doi = 10.1101/2020.03.29.20046870 id = cord-272630-2na1gndu author = Benito, Daniel A. title = Local spikes in COVID-19 cases: Recommendations for maintaining otolaryngology clinic operations date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; United; patient summary = The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created an unprecedented economic and public health crisis in the United States. As healthcare system strain became imminent, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) 3 , the Surgeon General, and the American College of Surgeons (ACS) [4] recommended postponing elective procedures in efforts to mitigate the spread of disease and preserve personal protective equipment (PPE). [12] In addition, patients who may require office-based procedures should be screened and should be strongly considered to undergo COVID-19 testing prior to arrival, if possible ( Table 2 ). In-person examinations pose obvious risks of SARS-CoV2 (novel coronavirus) transmission among patients, family and friends of patients, and clinical staff. High-Risk Aerosol Generating Procedures in COVID-19: Respiratory Protective Equipment Considerations. Protecting patients and healthcare personnel from COVID-19: considerations for practice and outpatient care in cardiology How to train health personnel to protect themselves from SARS-CoV-2 (novel coronavirus) infection when caring for a patient or suspected case doi = 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102688 id = cord-354434-bi409a6o author = Benjamin, Georges C. title = Ensuring health equity during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of public health infrastructure date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; Health; public summary = The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly stressed public health systems around the world and exposed the gaps in health care for underserved and vulnerable populations. Faced with old threats (e.g., re-emergence of measles), disruptive new technologies (e.g., electronic cigarettes), increased challenges (e.g. drug-resistant organisms), and new threats (e.g., the current pandemic, climate change, politicized misinformation), our health systems must be robust and resilient. Health care infrastructure can be better prepared and more equitable if systems are strengthened by building on core competencies and following the recommendations made for leadership, stakeholder involvement, accreditation, data collection, and funding resources. The current pandemic demonstrates the challenges that we must overcome as a global community to ensure equitable health care access, economic security, and public health protections for vulnerable communities. A well-resourced and properly-structured public health system that is accountable, properly resourced, and able to perform the 10 core competencies can meet the needs of vulnerable populations and ensure equity is achieved across the lifespan in all communities. doi = 10.26633/rpsp.2020.70 id = cord-320509-3a40djjm author = Benke, Christoph title = Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; health; mental summary = Specifically, we examined the effects of different forms and levels of restriction resulting from public health measures (e.g. quarantine, stay-at-home order) on anxiety and depression symptomatology, health anxiety, loneliness, the occurrence of fearful spells, psychosocial distress and life-satisfaction. However, studies on the effects of different forms and levels of restrictions resulting from public health measures (e.g., stay-at-home orders, being quarantined or reduction of social contacts) on mental health are scarce. For the first time, this study investigated sociodemographic and COVID-19 related factors and, specifically, the role of such different types of governmentally imposed lockdown measures for depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as other health outcomes across all federal states of Germany. In the present study, we found that a higher level of restrictions due to lockdown measures was associated with more loneliness, higher psychosocial distress and lower life-satisfaction but was not related to anxiety and depressive symptomatology or fearful spells. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113462 id = cord-341644-egbahelm author = Benmarhnia, Tarik title = Linkages Between Air Pollution and the Health Burden from COVID-19: Methodological Challenges and Opportunities date = 2020-07-17 keywords = air; covid-19 summary = In this commentary, methodological challenges and opportunities regarding the links between air pollution and COVID-19 are discussed with a focus on: i) the role of differential exposure to air pollution across populations and explain spatio-temporal variability of the epidemic spread and resultant mortality; ii) the indirect impacts of interventions treated as natural experiments to control COVID-19 person-to-person spread on air pollution and population health. I first discuss the potential mechanisms between exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 and the opportunity to clearly formulate causal questions of interest through the target trial framework. Such environmental justice issues are critical and may contribute to explain the reported differential impacts of COVID-19 on race/ethnic communities in the US Occupational health (59, 60) can also provide critical actionable evidence by identifying highrisk workers given that some workplace conditions (e.g. health care providers and caregivers; water and wastewater sector; construction workers…) may increase severity of health outcomes or interact with other risks such as extreme heat (61) . doi = 10.1093/aje/kwaa148 id = cord-303747-o09canse author = Bennett, Courtney E. title = ST-segment Elevation, Myocardial Injury, and Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19 Patients: Diagnostic and Treatment Uncertainties date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19; Myocardial; STE summary = This approach, however, must be balanced against the need for a rapid and precise diagnosis in COVID-19 patients with STE due to an acute myocardial infarction in order for timely and appropriate reperfusion therapy including coronary revascularization to be implemented when appropriate. April 7, 2020 ST-segment Elevation, Myocardial Injury, and COVID-19 into account severity of illness coupled with risk stratification utilizing cardiac imaging in select cases to assess the potential benefit from coronary revascularization rather than a blanket policy of proceeding with diagnostic catheterization, often triggered by prehospital ECG testing, for all STE patients with suspected or known COVID-19. Our current approach in patients with a high suspicion for acute coronary occlusion who are candidates for coronary angiography with an expected benefit from coronary artery revascularization is to continue with the standard pre-hospital or emergency department (ED)-triggered STEMI activation of the cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) for anticipated primary percutaneous coronary intervention. doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.04.005 id = cord-253572-9qixiew8 author = Bennett, David title = Portable pocket-sized ultrasound scanner for the evaluation of lung involvement in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; LUS; ultrasound summary = Our study confirms the possibilities of portable pocket-sized ultrasound imaging of the lung in COVID-19 patients. Portable pocket-sized ultrasound scanners are cheap, easy to handle and equivalent to standard scanners for non-invasive assessment of severity and dynamic observation of lung lesions in COVID-19 patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibilities of a portable pocket-sized ultrasound scanner in the evaluation of lung involvement in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibilities of a portable pocket-sized ultrasound scanner in the evaluation of lung involvement in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. In conclusion, our study confirms the possibilities of portable ultrasound imaging of the lung in COVID-19 patients. Portable pocket-sized ultrasound scanners are cheap, easy to handle and equivalent to standard scanners for non-invasive assessment of severity and dynamic observation of lung lesions in COVID-19 patients with pneumonia. doi = 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.09.014 id = cord-270896-uw59kk4y author = Benson, Nicole M title = COVID-19 testing and patients in mental health facilities date = 2020-05-11 keywords = covid-19 summary = 1 People with psychiatric conditions or substance use disorders, particularly those in residential treatment or inpatient facilities, are at increased risk of exposure to COVID-19, not only because of the difficulty in evaluating their medical symptoms and history, but also because of frequent patient turnover, limited space and staff, and general resource constraints in many facilities. Patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-the virus responsible for the development of COVID-19-pose a substantial threat of spreading the virus because they come in contact with other susceptible individuals given the close quarters and communal living environments. 9 One potential strategy for improving detection could involve testing all patients for COVID-19 at two or more time points before entry to the inpatient unit to mitigate the risk of false negative results for those with uncertain time of disease onset. doi = 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30198-x id = cord-311545-3rll9mca author = Bentley, Gillian R title = Don''t blame the BAME: Ethnic and structural inequalities in susceptibilities to COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-16 keywords = BAME; COVID-19; SARS summary = However, more recently, insidious and potentially racist allusions are beginning to emerge appearing to blame African Americans as somehow responsible for the relatively large number of cases and deaths from COVID-19 in the USA, stoking age-old tropes, and attributing morbidity and mortality to the behaviors and predispositions of BAME groups (Guardian, 2020b; Strings, 2020) . In reality, structural or social inequalities that affect individual vulnerabilities to SARS-CoV-2 include exposures through types of employment, whether people are working in essential transport networks carrying large numbers of people, or in small grocery shops that place BAME communities at greater risk of contracting COVID-19 ( Figure 1 ). doi = 10.1002/ajhb.23478 id = cord-242887-gtmpd7t0 author = Bento, Ana I. title = Information Seeking Responses to News of Local COVID-19 Cases: Evidence from Internet Search Data date = 2020-04-06 keywords = COVID-19; case summary = On the other hand, searches for information regarding community level policies (e.g., quarantine, school closures, testing), or personal health strategies (e.g., masks, grocery delivery, over-the-counter medications) do not appear to be immediately triggered by first reports. To provide rapid information to guide policy making, we use Internet search data in an event-study design to examine how collective attention and information seeking behaviors respond to state government announcements of first COVID-19 cases. There was no observable trend in the search behavior in the days leading up to the announcements, suggesting the first "local" case indeed heightened the collective attention to the pandemic. The third row suggests that first case announcements did not induce search for community level policies (quarantines, school closures, and coronavirus testing), or more elaborate personal health strategies (face masks, grocery delivery, overthe-counter medications). Our results suggest that first state COVID-19 case announcements do lead to a widespread increase in the extent to which people seek out Internet information about the epidemic. doi = nan id = cord-316728-vyfkmniu author = Benyounes, Nadia title = Echocardiography in Confirmed and Highly Suspected Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients and Its Impact on Treatment Change date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; echocardiography; patient summary = title: Echocardiography in Confirmed and Highly Suspected Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients and Its Impact on Treatment Change Patients'' characteristics (clinical, biological, and imaging) and treatment change induced by echocardiography were collected and analyzed. On echocardiography, higher systolic pulmonary arterial pressure and documented cardiac thrombi were associated with treatment changes in these patients. e objective of this study was to collect clinical, biological, and echocardiographic data of COVID-19 patients who were admitted to various departments of our institution and who underwent echocardiography, to find out the reasons of TTE/TEE examinations in these patients and to assess the impact of TTE/TEE on their management. TTE and TEE were performed on confirmed or highly suspected COVID-19 patients admitted to our institution, by dedicated teams of one cardiologist and one nurse every time. e very first echocardiographies prospectively performed in our hospital on confirmed or highly suspected COVID-19 patients are reported in this article. doi = 10.1155/2020/4348598 id = cord-292474-dmgd99d6 author = Berardi, Giammauro title = Continuing our work: transplant surgery and surgical oncology in a tertiary referral COVID-19 center date = 2020-06-04 keywords = ICU; Italy; covid-19; patient summary = As the Italian National Institute for the Infectious Diseases, we have hospitalized the first Italian COVID-19 patients and since then, our general surgery department had to face this reality [16] . Pancreatic resections, total gastrectomies, major hepatectomies, and multivisceral resections as well as liver and kidney transplantations were considered as the high-risk surgical procedures because of the increased likelihood of postoperative ICU admission. On January 31, 2020 (Day 0), the first two COVID-19-positive patients in Italy were admitted to the department of infectious diseases of our hospital with mild fever and atypical pneumonia requiring no invasive treatment. Considering only the transplantations and the operations performed for cancer, patients in the second period had fewer comorbidities, lower ASA score, CCI, and RCRI, being overall at lower risk of postoperative ICU admission (Table 3) . As an institutional policy, our transplant center remained opened and we decided to continue with our standard surgical oncology activity, improving selection of patients to limit the need for postoperative intensive care management. doi = 10.1007/s13304-020-00825-3 id = cord-347263-ci6mv72z author = Berekashvili, k. title = Etiologic Subtypes of Ischemic Stroke in SARS-COV-2 Virus patients date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Methods: Over the last 6 weeks, data from four centers in New York City were collected to review the possible ischemic stroke types seen in COVID-19 positive patients. We also wanted to better describe the different ischemic stroke subtypes seen in patients with SARS-COV2 infection especially with the view to assess its unique features seen in the context of COVID-19. Two patients who presented with LVO had no prior complaints of viral illness but went on to develop a severe course of the disease. Only three patients had a severe course of the pulmonary disease prior to the neurological event requiring them to be hospitalized. The LVO cases were typically younger, had a worse neurological presentation, more severe form of viral disease and higher levels of hypercoagulability markers than the non-LVO patients. Ischemic stroke can be a presenting symptom of COVID-19 and may not always be associated with severe disease markers including in the young, minorities and healthcare workers. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.03.20077206 id = cord-330159-vm30ohrb author = Beretta, Federica title = Practical Considerations for the Management of Cushing''s Disease and COVID-19: A Case Report date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19; Cushing summary = Conclusion: Adrenal insufficiency might be a clinical challenge that needs a prompt treatment also in CS patients during COVID-19 infection. All antidiabetic medications were suspended in the early days of hospitalization owing to the good glucose control; however, in the mid of hospitalization, we observed a persistence of symptomatic hypotension with hypoglycemia, and in suspicion of adrenal insufficiency (blood pressure 90/60 mmHg), we withdrew metyrapone and i.v. hydrocortisone 50 mg was promptly prescribed (Figure 1) . CS patients might develop a severe form of COVID-19 infection, considering that the major comorbidities associated with COVID-19 mortality are hypertension, diabetes, previous heart disease, and cerebral infarction (10) . → Adrenal insufficiency might be a clinical challenge that needs a prompt treatment also in CS patients during COVID-19 infection. → Consider the possibility to titrate or temporary halt medical therapies for CS in the context of COVID-19 infection in order to avoid adrenal insufficiency. doi = 10.3389/fendo.2020.00554 id = cord-338526-mn10j5i0 author = Berg, Michael B title = Prevalence and predictors of early COVID-19 behavioral intentions in the United States date = 2020-09-07 keywords = COVID-19; behavior summary = The current study examined participants'' reported likelihood of engaging in eight behaviors designated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as critical for the prevention of COVID-19 at the outset of the epidemic. After rating their likelihood of engaging in the eight preventative behaviors described above, participants were asked to respond to a series of single-item measures that represented their self-efficacy, "How confident are you that you will be able to engage in the preventative behaviors listed in the previous question (e.g., wash hands, avoid crowded areas)?" and their perceived threat, including both their perceived susceptibility, "How likely do you think it is that you will eventually become infected with the coronavirus?" and the perceived severity of the illness "If you do become infected with the coronavirus, how damaging do you believe it will be to your health?" Each of these items was rated on a five-point Likert-type scale where lower numbers represented less of that belief (e.g., "not at all likely") and higher numbers corresponded to a stronger belief (e.g., "extremely likely"). Of the various health beliefs, self-efficacy, perceived severity, and external locus of control (powerful others) were each distinctly able to predict compliance with prevention guidelines despite the relatively high anticipated compliance with the behavior guidelines. doi = 10.1093/tbm/ibaa085 id = cord-282526-b8tky324 author = Berger Gillam, T. title = Norwich COVID-19 Testing Initiative: feasibility project evaluation date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; participant; study summary = This study aimed to pilot mass COVID-19 testing on a university research park, to assess the feasibility and acceptability of scaling up to all staff and students. The study offered four COVID-19 PCR swabs to all staff and students on the site over a twoweek period, with the aim of piloting communications, logistics and laboratory processes, and assessing participant acceptability in preparation for larger-scale testing. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.22.20199455 doi: medRxiv preprint 3 After the completion of the feasibility project, participants who had returned at least one swab were emailed a link to complete a short online participant feedback questionnaire, including questions on demographics and their experience of the project. A strength of this study is that it trialled the feasibility of repeat testing for COVID-19 in a relatively large, asymptomatic population within a research park and university campus. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.22.20199455 id = cord-272452-tfj8j9ww author = Berger, Jeffrey S. title = Prevalence and Outcomes of D-Dimer Elevation in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; dimer summary = CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal D-dimer was frequently observed at admission with COVID-19 and was associated with higher incidence of critical illness, thrombotic events, acute kidney injury, and death. Given that widespread microthrombi have been observed in COVID-19 in multiple organ systems, 20, 21 we hypothesized that elevated D-dimer levels would be associated with increased risk of clinically diagnosed thrombotic events, acute kidney injury, critical illness, and death among patients hospitalized with COVID-19. We analyzed data from a large health system in New York City to examine the prevalence of D-dimer elevation at presentation and over time, and the association of the biomarker with incident thrombosis as well as acute kidney injury, critical illness, all-cause mortality, and likelihood of being discharged. D-dimer levels were independently associated with a higher risk of critical illness, thrombosis, acute kidney injury, and all-cause mortality among patients with COVID-19, independent of previously identified risk factors. doi = 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314872 id = cord-348414-y6vh63xk author = Berger, W. R. title = Dutch cardiology residents and the COVID-19 pandemic: Every little thing counts in a crisis date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; resident summary = title: Dutch cardiology residents and the COVID-19 pandemic: Every little thing counts in a crisis The COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmed healthcare systems worldwide, and a large part of regular cardiology care came to a quick halt. A Dutch nationwide survey showed that 41% of cardiology residents suspended their training and worked at COVID-19 cohort units for up to 3 months. Due to the very rapid and unprecedented increase of COVID-19 patients, the regular cardiology care came to a quick halt. Residents have shown flexibility in both the continuation of regular healthcare for the (acute) cardiac patient and dedicated care for COVID-19 patients. These future cardiologists, who conquered COVID-19 in the front-lines of healthcare with tremendous effort and flexibility, are well prepared for a great future in clinical care. Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic doi = 10.1007/s12471-020-01519-6 id = cord-262203-tcs36kp9 author = Berghella, Vincenzo title = Attack on coronavirus disease 2019 from American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = These early manuscripts highlight the importance of proper personal protective equipment (PPE) for everyone, both healthcare workers (HCWs) and patients, both in outpatient and inpatient settings, and of testing asymptomatic pregnant women presenting for care. 1e3 They offer guidance on how to decrease patient-HCW interactions and still provide essential obstetrical and maternal-fetal medicine care both in outpatient 4 and inpatient settings, including labor and delivery (L&D). 9 Although this is reassuring, obstetrical providers should be cognizant of possible quick progression from asymptomatic admission to transfer to the intensive care unit for respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation, 2 as well as cardiomyopathy, in pregnant women with COVID-19. 7 The possibility of needing extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (ECMO) has been discussed in the care of pregnant women with COVID-19: we thank the authors of the meta-analysis of ECMO use in pregnancy, a timely subject. doi = 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100119 id = cord-272995-yvj2pqh1 author = Bergman, Christian title = Recommendations for Welcoming Back Nursing Home Visitors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a Delphi Panel date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; resident; test summary = Regarding visitor guidance, the panel made five strong recommendations: 1) maintain strong infection prevention and control precautions, 2) facilitate indoor and outdoor visits, 3) allow limited physical contact with appropriate precautions, 4) assess individual residents'' care preferences and level of risk tolerance, and 5) dedicate an essential caregiver and extend the definition of compassionate care visits to include care that promotes psychosocial wellbeing of residents. We edited the final guidance statements for clarity, aiming to capture the consensus of the Delphi aspects of the following topics (see Table 1 ): testing of asymptomatic staff and residents, 111 surveillance testing, visitor guidance, immunity from prior COVID-19 infection and associated 112 risk of infecting others. The panel 144 strongly agreed on some preconditions that would be essential prior to welcoming back visitors, 145 such as universal masking for staff, sufficient disinfecting supplies, PPE, and written plans 146 around isolation, cohorting, screening, testing, and outbreak investigations. doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.09.036 id = cord-270232-ln7iil5y author = Bergman, Yoav S. title = COVID-19 health worries and anxiety symptoms among older adults: the moderating role of ageism date = 2020-06-17 keywords = anxiety; covid-19 summary = Accordingly, the current study examined the moderating role of COVID-19-related ageism in the connection between COVID-19 health worries and anxiety symptoms among older adults. Data were collected from 243 older adults (age range 60–92; M = 69.75, SD = 6.69), who completed scales assessing COVID-19-related health worries and ageism, as well as anxiety symptoms. Accordingly, the current study aimed at examining the role of ageism in the connection between COVID-19 health worries and anxiety symptoms among older adults and explored the moderating role of ageism as strengthening this connection. Moreover, we hypothesized that the health worries-anxiety symptoms connection-would be stronger among older adults who display high levels of ageism. Our results demonstrate that both COVID-19 health-related worries and ageism resulting from the current pandemic were positively associated with anxiety symptoms among older adults. doi = 10.1017/s1041610220001258 id = cord-335312-yp73z008 author = Bergsland, Emily K. title = North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society Guide for Neuroendocrine Tumor Patient Health Care Providers During COVID-19 date = 2020-05-19 keywords = covid-19; net; patient summary = Clinical decisions should be individualized between patients and their doctor to consider factors such as the likelihood and consequences of cancer progression if therapy is delayed, modified, or interrupted; whether or not the tumor is functional (making hormones that cause symptoms); and the patient''s tolerance of treatment. Health care providers and patients will need to make individual determinations based on the potential harms of delaying needed cancer-related surgery, the specific situation at their hospital, and the increased risk to the patient from COVID-19 exposure. The decision to extend the interval between treatments and/or omit one or more cycles of therapy in a patient on PRRT will need to be made on a case-by-case basis (considering response and tolerability to date, COVID-19 risk factors, general clinical status, prior therapy, etc) balancing the potential consequences of cancer progression with the potential ramifications of COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001561 id = cord-286923-o4fj8kx0 author = Berhan, Yifru title = What immunological and hormonal protective factors lower the risk of COVID-19 related deaths in pregnant women? date = 2020-07-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; vitamin summary = The immunological changes predominantly inclining to anti-inflammatory state, which is augmented by placental hormones'' immune modulating action, looks against with COVID-19 inflammatory reaction leading to cytokine storm and multiple organ failure. As discussed hereunder, accumulating evidence from other infections and autoimmune diseases shows that immune modulating hormones, cytokines and other anti-inflammatory endogenous ligands are determinant factors in reducing the severity of several diseases during pregnancy; which could also be the most plausible explanation for the less severity and mortality of Covid-19 in pregnant women. Despite serious concern for patients with autoimmune disease, taking their immune suppression and medications, at least 110 individuals (79% females) with rheumatoid arthritis and got infected with SARS CoV-2 (from six continents) were not as such at higher risk of mortality, probably as they were on anti-inflammatory medication; only 6(5%) persons died of COVID-19 [89] . doi = 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103180 id = cord-304282-om2xc4bs author = Berhan, Yifru title = Will Africa be Devastated by Covid-19 as Many Predicted? Perspective and Prospective date = 2020-05-17 keywords = Africa; Europe; SARS; covid-19 summary = Since the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19 or SARS CoV-2 infection) has been declared as pandemic, several mathematicians and statisticians have developed different trajectory curves for Africa, with the assumption that the virus can have an exponential pattern of transmission. A very important argument is; had the Covid-19 transmission been as contagious as in Europe and USA, by this time, every health facility in Africa and other tropical countries could have been flooded with severely ill patients and deaths. The other side of the coin is; the overwhelming cases and deaths experienced in Europe and USA is despite the fact that they started to report Covid-19 confirmed cases almost same time or later than many of the countries in the tropical climate zone. An important observation was that, like the currently observed Covid-19 pandemic, the morbidity and mortality of the aforementioned influenza outbreaks were not that much spreading and killing outside the temperate zone, at least in Africa. doi = 10.4314/ejhs.v30i3.17 id = cord-277343-0el69uxr author = Berkhout, Suze G. title = Identity, politics, and the pandemic: Why is COVID-19 a disaster for feminism(s)? date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; woman summary = In this short piece, we make sense of this claim, drawing on intersectional feminism(s) to understand why an analysis that considers gender alone is inadequate to address both the risks and consequences of COVID-19. In the popular press, COVID-19 has been called "a disaster for feminism" (Lewis 2020) as heightened care obligations within the pandemic context negatively impact many women''s financial and employment security. But when we consider gender in relation to other axes of social oppression, it is also clear that in Canada and in the United States, for instance, Indigenous, Black, and Latinx women are incarcerated at disproportionate rates, even as the white female prison population has grown (Kajstura 2019) . Within the larger context of racialized health inequity, gender, economic disadvantage, age, and (dis)ability intersect in ways that lead to differential access to the supports that assist individuals in coping with the sequelae of the pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s40656-020-00346-7 id = cord-331114-lumfg138 author = Berkman, Samuel A title = Methodological Issues and Controversies in COVID-19 Coagulopathy: A Tale of Two Storms date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID; anti; coagulation; covid-19; patient summary = Despite these limitations, several societies including ASH 16 and ISTH 17 and the Anti-coagulation Forum 18 have recommended at least prophylactic dose anticoagulation for any hospitalized COVID patient without excessive bleeding risk or other contraindications. Conflicting guidelines have been released regarding escalation to full-dose heparinization with either unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in patients who are deteriorating on either low-or intermediate-dose prophylaxis, particularly those on ventilators, without documented diagnoses of pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (Table one) This strategy is reinforced by the low incidence of bleeding observed in COVID patients compared with other causes of DIC such as obstetrical ones. Unless a physician can say that they would not prescribe anti-coagulation for an asymptomatic proximal venous thrombosis in a COVID patient, it would seem inappropriate to issue a strong negative guideline on post-hospital discharge prophylaxis in these patients given their unique hypercoagulable predispositions. doi = 10.1177/1076029620945398 id = cord-287721-qsx1eov0 author = Berman, Adam E title = Elective cardiovascular care in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic: managing tragic choices date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We propose a clinical heuristic to guide individual physicians and governing bodies in their decision making regarding which cardiac procedures should be performed during the COVID-19 pandemic using the behavioural economics concept of heuristics and ecological rationality. On 18 March 2020, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), the federal agency that sets US healthcare policy and reimbursement regulations, announced that all elective surgeries and medical and dental procedures would be postponed during the COVID-19 pandemic largely due to the need to restrict the non-urgent use of personal protective equipment. In our experiences, clinical heuristics developed for elective CV procedures within what can be regarded as an environment of ecological rationality may afford CV clinicians with additional tools helped us manage the tragic choices presented by COVID-19 while minimising what could be tragic outcomes to our patients, staff and population. doi = 10.1136/bmjoq-2020-001069 id = cord-147282-6a1dfzs8 author = Bermudi, Patricia Marques Moralejo title = Spatiotemporal dynamic of COVID-19 mortality in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil: shifting the high risk from the best to the worst socio-economic conditions date = 2020-08-05 keywords = Paulo; São; covid-19; death summary = title: Spatiotemporal dynamic of COVID-19 mortality in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil: shifting the high risk from the best to the worst socio-economic conditions Thus, this study aims to unveil the spatiotemporal dynamic of COVID-19 mortality at a fine granular level in the city of São Paulo considering the socio-economic context of the population. In the sequence, we obtained the mortality rates for confirmed, suspected, and total COVID-19 deaths by sex and age for the entire period from EW 11th to 24th using Tabnet and e-SIC databases. Table 1 shows the numbers and mortality rates of confirmed, suspected, and total COVID-19 deaths obtained from e-SIC and Tabnet databases from EW 11 th to 24 th by sex and age. The spatial distribution of suspected and confirmed deaths by COVID-19 in the city of Sao Paulo shows inequalities, with spatial dependence and positive correlation associated with socio-economic factors of the areas, remarkably similar to the results of Maciel et al. doi = nan id = cord-024620-44bm91u1 author = Bernal-Sprekelsen, Manuel title = Documento de consenso de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica, y Unidades Coronarias (SEMICYUC), la Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) y la Sociedad Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación (SEDAR) sobre la traqueotomía en pacientes con COVID-19(♦)() date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = doi = 10.1016/j.otorri.2020.04.002 id = cord-268747-619eztla author = Bernar, Benoît title = SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in a 7‐year‐old girl with pancytopenia during acute lymphocytic leukemia maintenance therapy date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Emerging in China in December 2019 1 and classified by the World Health Organization as causing pandemic disease in March 2020, 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a major challenge in most nations. 7, 8 Systemic immunosuppression renders adult patients with cancer more susceptible to infection, 9 In mid-March, leukopenia, 1.5 G/L, and thrombocytopenia, 50 000 G/L, prompted a reduction in maintenance therapy. Our experience with this patient-so far as we know, the first child with COVID-19 during pancytopenia induced by maintenance therapy for ALL-suggests reassuringly that the course of COVID-19 in pediatric patients can be mild even if assessed risk for complications is high, as with immunosuppression and pancytopenia. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China doi = 10.1002/pbc.28391 id = cord-010658-67k8pthy author = Bernard, Andie title = PC-FACS May 2020 for July 2020 Issue date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = To expertly guide patients through this often devastating illness, palliative care professionals will need to keep abreast of the COVID-19 literature as the pandemic evolves and the longer-term outcomes come into sharper focus. Bottom Line: Early reports of COVID-19-associated pneumonia and ARDS provide insights into risk factors, short-term prognosis, and mortality that are important for palliative care professionals to be aware of when counselling patients and families. This article discussed a component of an appropriate response to the COVID-19 pandemic: ensuring that clinicians have discussions about advance care planning (especially with older patients with chronic illness) and goals of care with patients/families. This pandemic heightens the importance of implementing do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders for appropriate patients: although unwanted/nonbeneficial CPR always risks increasing psychological distress for patients'' families, inappropriate CPR now is especially stressful and potentially dangerous for healthcare workers. doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.05.001 id = cord-309024-pu830bn9 author = Bernardo, Luca title = Severe prolonged neutropenia following administration of tocilizumab in a patient affected by COVID-19: a case report and brief review of the literature date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; patient; tocilizumab summary = title: Severe prolonged neutropenia following administration of tocilizumab in a patient affected by COVID-19: a case report and brief review of the literature In this article, we present the case of a Black patient with acute pneumonia who benefited greatly from tocilizumab, but developed severe prolonged neutropenia. Considering the increasing use of tocilizumab among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), this case warrants further research regarding the possible adverse hematological effects that need to be monitored in order to prevent secondary infections. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , an emergent pandemic infection caused by the novel β-coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), primarily targets the lungs but also affects the heart and kidneys [1] . In this article, we report the case of a patient with respiratory failure related to COVID-19 who had a rapid favorable outcome after two doses of tocilizumab, but developed severe prolonged neutropenia. doi = 10.1007/s40267-020-00777-z id = cord-345786-1o9nx7z9 author = Bernstein, Charles N title = Worldwide Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An International Survey date = 2020-08-14 keywords = China; IBD; covid-19 summary = METHODS: Members of the World Gastroenterology Organization (WGO) IBD Task Force contacted colleagues in countries largely beyond North America and Europe, inviting them to review the WGO website for IBD and COVID-19 introduction, with links to guideline documents, and then to respond to 9 ancillary open-ended management questions. [1] [2] [3] The management of IBD may differ by geography with economically more advanced countries having greater access to health care resources such as endoscopy and expensive therapies like biologics. 8 Recommendations include continuing all immunomodulatory medications in patients with IBD, reducing steroid doses as much as possible, limiting elective endoscopies, and encouraging telemedicine in place of in-person clinic visits. Respondents from 8 countries, both low and high resource regions, reported that they routinely tested persons with IBD with new gastrointestinal symptoms. However, even with reports from 1 or 2 clinicians from each country, it allows insight into the uniformity or key differences in the practice of IBD around the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1093/ibd/izaa202 id = cord-303183-oya0pdhw author = Bersanelli, Melissa title = COVID-19 and the newly rediscovered multidisciplinarity date = 2020-09-22 keywords = covid-19 summary = The reports published in the present issue, aside from contributing to a valuable brainstorming on the underlying biological mechanisms to exploit for COVID-19 recovery, represent the testimony of the complicated rationale behind the current therapeutic approaches to the disease. If the use of tocilizumab still emerges as one of the most promising solutions, supported by scarce prospective evidence but pushed by the unmet need of an effective treatment [1, 6] , the attempt to outflank the immune system suppression has led to the proposal of an immuneprotection, exploiting physiological checkpoints to restore the immunocompetence [3] . The first tool to be exploited for prevention is knowledge: an accurate epidemiological framework of the disease in frail populations is unfortunately still missing, given the lack of the true denominator on which COVID-cases were reported. Clinical impact of COVID-19 in a single-center cohort from a prospective study on cancer patients receiving immunotherapy doi = 10.2217/imt-2020-0205 id = cord-312518-510gmyb4 author = Bersanelli, Melissa title = Controversies about COVID-19 and anticancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors date = 2020-03-26 keywords = COVID-19; ICI summary = Moreover, along with the improvement in symptoms related to systemic inflammatory response syndrome, some authors reported a clinical improvement in other irAEs with tocilizumab used in cancer patients with immune-related toxicity from anti-PD-1 agents [21, 22] . The time at which the COVID-19 patient develops the pathologic hyperactivation of the immune response, eventually contributing to the final injury, is probably in the late phase of the disease manifestation, occurring together with the respiratory distress [17] . Since ICI can restore the immune-competence, if on one hand it can be paradoxically needed to develop the cytokine storm characterizing the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) phase, on the other hand the epidemiological features of SARS-CoV-2 infection lay for a lower probability to affect these patients compared with their chemo-treated immune-suppressed counterpart. A systematic review on the emerging association between the occurrence of immune-related adverse events and clinical outcomes with checkpoint inhibitors in advanced cancer patients doi = 10.2217/imt-2020-0067 id = cord-283461-xcyvisqu author = Berthelot, Jean-Marie title = Kawasaki-like diseases and thrombotic coagulopathy in COVID-19: delayed over-activation of the STING pathway? date = 2020-07-05 keywords = COVID-19; dna; sting summary = The precise mechanisms of this delayed activation of STING by RNA virus need to be further studied [10, 11] , but at least two explanations have been given: first, fusion between viral envelopes and target cells specifically stimulates a type I interferon response which is dependent on STING, but independent of DNA, RNA and viral capsid [12] ; this mechanism appears improbable in COVID-19, at least during the first steps of infections, since, on the opposite, SARS-CoV viruses PLpro proteases inhibit association with the signalling complexes assembled around STING, and block downstream signalling via IRF-3 [13] ; 2-SARS-CoV induce a delayed raise of cytosolic DNA due to intracellular damages [11, 14] , which would better explain the delayed onset of the cytokine storm of COVID-19, by a rebound effect of innate immunity (especially if the initial inhibition of STING by PLpro does not last more than several days). doi = 10.1080/22221751.2020.1785336 id = cord-262863-f07v5uk8 author = Bertocchi, Ilaria title = The hidden role of NLRP3 inflammasome in obesity‐related COVID‐19 exacerbations: lessons for drug repurposing date = 2020-08-09 keywords = COVID-19; NLRP3; SARS; inflammasome summary = We and others have demonstrated that NLRP3 inflammasome over-activation is involved not only in the pathogenesis of diabesity, but also in the exacerbation of related cardiovascular injuries, including myocardial infarction, and this process is associated to an increase in the local inflammatory response. Similarly, the diabesityrelated basal activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome cascade, leading to increase in either gastrointestinal or vascular permeability, may contribute to exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 systemic diffusion and enhance the intricate mechanisms of intracellular cross talk operational in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Up to nowadays six clinical trials (NCT04347980, NCT04325061, NCT04395105, NCT04344730, NCT04360876, NCT04327401), reported on clinicaltrials.gov are recruiting patients to test the efficacy of the corticosteroid dexamethasone, whose beneficial effects in airway inflammation has been recently demonstrated to involve lung inhibition of the activity of NLRP3 inflammasome and the release of IL-1β and IL-18 (Guan, Ma, Fan, Chen, Miao & Wu, 2020) . doi = 10.1111/bph.15229 id = cord-291555-zapdk7gs author = Bertomeu-González, Vicente title = Estimulación cardiaca tras pandemia de la COVID-19. Propuesta de desescalada de la Sección de Estimulación Cardiaca de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; DEC summary = En el caso de los pacientes con resultado negativo para COVID-19 o pacientes sin test realizado en las 48 horas previas se recomienda el uso de equipos de protección de contacto y de transmisión de gotas por parte de cualquier profesional que vaya a entrar en contacto con el paciente, así como realizar una desinfección adecuada del quirófano y de todos los elementos que hayan entrado en contacto con el paciente tras cada uno de los procedimientos. Tras cada procedimiento realizar desinfección adecuada del quirófano y de todos los elementos que hayan entrado en contacto con el paciente * En el caso resultado positivo del test de detección para la enfermedad causada por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) e indicación de intervención relacionada con la estimulación cardiaca urgente se deben adoptar todas las medidas de protección antes, durante y después del procedimiento. doi = 10.1016/j.rccl.2020.05.008 id = cord-280280-9jr7ekbu author = Bertoncelli, Deborah title = COVID19: potential cardiovascular issues in pediatric patients date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; Kawasaki; SARS; patient summary = Ongoing studies and accumulated data are detailing the features and the effects of the new coronavirus disease 19 (COVID 19) in the adult population, and cardiovascular involvement is emerging as the most significant and life-threatening complication, with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease. At present, though the limited data on the effects of COVID 19 in pediatric patients, children seem to count for a little proportion of SARS-COV 2 infection, and present with less severe disease and effects However infants and toddlers are at risk of developing critical course. Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a severe acute respiratory syndrome for which the etiologic agent is the novel beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, first described in December 2019 in China in a cluster of patients presenting with pneumonia. The main presenting clinical feature of the disease is pneumonia, ranging from asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, but cardiovascular involvement is emerging as one of the most significant and life-threatening complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection (1, 2) . doi = 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9655 id = cord-298967-vjyh1xvh author = Bertossi, Dario title = Safety guidelines for non‐surgical facial procedures during covid‐19 outbreak date = 2020-06-07 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = METHODS: A virtual meeting was conducted with the members (n=12) of the European Academy of Facial Plastic Surgery Focus Group to outline the safety protocol for the non‐surgical facial aesthetic procedures for aesthetic practices in order to protect the clinic staff and the patients from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. While many medical Accepted Article practices are being run with online consultations 10 , some countries have recently decided to allow the opening of practices requiring one-on-one contact like dental, physiotherapy, for emergencies provided they strictly follow the guidelines detailing the infection control measures [12] [13] . In our largely elective field, both staff and resources should ideally be allocated through careful protocols in order to prevent COVID-19 infection. In response to this pandemic, our focus group has developed a process to stratify procedures and clinical levels with protocols that aim to minimize the risk of contagion and the diffusion of COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1111/jocd.13530 id = cord-272727-a5ngjuyz author = Bertsimas, D. title = From predictions to prescriptions: A data-drivenresponse to COVID-19 date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; clinical; patient; risk summary = Specifically, we propose a comprehensive data-driven approach to understand the clinical characteristics of COVID-19, predict its mortality, forecast its evolution, and ultimately alleviate its impact. Each column reports 128 cohort-level statistics on demographics (e.g., average age, gen-129 der breakdown), comorbidities (e.g., prevalence of diabetes, 130 hypertension), symptoms (e.g., prevalence of fever, cough), 131 treatments (e.g., prevalence of antibiotics, intubation), lab 132 values (e.g., average lymphocyte count), and clinical outcomes 133 (e.g., average hospital length of stay, mortality rate). The models with lab values provide 309 algorithmic screening tools that can deliver COVID-19 risk 310 predictions using common clinical features. These findings 333 are also in agreement with clinical reports: an elevated CRP 334 generally indicates an early sign of infection and implies lung 335 lesions from COVID-19 (27), elevated levels of leukocytes 336 suggest cytokine release syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2 337 virus (28), and lowered levels of serum calcium signal higher 338 rate of organ injury and septic shock (29) . doi = 10.1101/2020.06.26.20141127 id = cord-313294-ffgo56gl author = Bertsimas, D. title = Personalized Prescription of ACEI/ARBs for Hypertensive COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-11-04 keywords = ACEI; COVID-19; patient; treatment summary = We couple electronic medical record (EMR) and registry data of 3,643 patients from Spain, Italy, Germany, Ecuador, and the US with a machine learning framework to personalize the prescription of ACEIs and ARBs to hypertensive COVID-19 patients. Since machine learning estimates a binary or continuous outcome of interest from large, high-dimensional datasets, a common approach involves training separate prediction models for the treatment and the control group, and recommending the alternative with the best outcome [18, 41] . In this paper, we propose a machine learning-based approach for personalized prescription of ACEI/ARBs for hospitalized hypertensive patients with COVID-19. One ensemble of various machine learning models is trained to predict mortality/morbidity risk with ACEI/ARBs, and another ensemble is trained to predict the risk when patients are not given ACEI/ARBs. We then employ a voting scheme to aggregate the risk scores of the individual methods and give a final prescription and estimated benefit of treatment. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.30.20223594 id = cord-235946-6vu34vce author = Beskow, David M. title = Social Cybersecurity Chapter 13: Casestudy with COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-23 keywords = COVID-19; Twitter; account; chinese; figure summary = With the pandemic as the backdrop of life as we write this book, it seemed appropriate to use the social cybersecurity tools that we discussed in the previous chapters to identify and understand information operations related to There are still many questions as well as competing narratives about the origins and nature of the COVID-19 coronavirus disease. This chapter will showcase the use of social cybersecurity tools and theory to identify and characterize information operations in the COVID-19 related Twitter Stream. Finally, at the end of our exploratory data analysis, we will try to find out if any accounts have been suspended by Twitter since contributing content to our stream. The adjusted performance is provided in Table Since the Bot-Hunter Tier 1 algorithm is our primary algorithm, we''ve visualized the probability distribution for all COVID-19 Accounts in Figure 6a with threshold = 0.5 and threshold = 0.65. doi = nan id = cord-264073-yhztrscf author = Betonico, Gustavo Navarro title = Challenges in COVID‐19 medical response: a nephrology perspective date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 2 Some strategies to minimize the risk of spreading SARS-CoV-2 throughout the dialysis units are simple such as a phone call to the patients just before their HD session asking about any signs of fever or respiratory symptoms. All rights reserved Patients infected with COVID-19 often present clinical markers of kidney injury. 5 According to the available reports, Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) occurs in approximately 3 -15% of patients with COVID-19 infection. 6 Most patients with COVID-19 are affected by mild or asymptomatic renal disease, but those who develop AKI usually share the most severe phenotype of the disease, characterized by cytokine storm, acute lung injury and, eventually, hypercoagulability. 11 In general, dialysis indications in COVID-19 patients follow the same recommendations as in other acute kidney injuries. Management of Patients on Dialysis and With Kidney Transplant During Covid-19 Coronavirus Infection Review Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ): challenges and recommendations doi = 10.1111/eci.13328 id = cord-318933-09ym98hx author = Betsch, Cornelia title = Monitoring behavioural insights related to COVID-19 date = 2020-04-02 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = Changes in risk perceptions or knowledge can be assessed over time; data on acceptance of new response measures can be made rapidly available; and misinformation or possible stigma can be identified as they emerge. Journalists need timely knowledge about developing audience behaviour and habits to rapidly tailor information sharing and to develop narrative tools that encourage behaviour changes according to evidence from risk communication research. In sum, rapid data collection and sharing could support effective interaction between authorities, health workers, journalists, and the public to encourage appropriate behavioural change, to manage the crisis, and to protect the most important asset in a crisis: public trust. 7 At the same time, not enough is known about the complex interplay of changing epidemiology, media attention, pandemic control measures, risk perception, and public health behaviour. COVID-19 Snapshot MOnitoring (COSMO): monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours, and public trust in the current coronavirus outbreak doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30729-7 id = cord-296440-18vpg419 author = Beurnier, Antoine title = Characteristics and outcomes of asthmatic patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who require hospitalisation date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics and outcomes of asthmatic patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who required hospitalisation during the spring 2020 outbreak in Paris, France. As the world faces the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, concerns have arisen about a possible increased risk of asthma exacerbations. In Wuhan, authors pointed out a rate of 0.9% [3] , markedly lower than that in the local population; in another study investigating the clinical characteristics and allergy status of 140 patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, no patient were reported as being asthmatic [3] . All adult patients hospitalized from March 15, 2020 to April 15, 2020 with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and reporting a history of asthma were included. Moreover, obesity, hypertension and diabetes were the most common comorbidities observed in our cohort of hospitalized asthmatics with COVID-19, which is consistent with earlier research in other patient groups [4] [23] . doi = 10.1183/13993003.01875-2020 id = cord-283310-5wam14aa author = Bevova, M. R. title = The New Coronavirus COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; disease summary = Later, the pneumonia was associated with a new coronavirus; in February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) gave the name COVID-19 to the new disease, while the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) gave the name SARS-CoV-2 to the virus causing it. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) gave the name COVID-19 to the new disease, while the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) gave the name SARS-CoV-2 to the virus. The estimation of the case-fatality rate (portion of deaths divided by the total number of cases) for the disease varies from 1 to 7% [24, 25] depending on the sex and age composition of the population; strategies of testing, diagnostics, and treatment; bureaucratic peculiarities of healthcare in a particular country; and congestion of healthcare systems. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.3103/s0891416820020044 id = cord-351819-ovpz36e7 author = Beyrouti, Rahma title = Characteristics of ischaemic stroke associated with COVID-19 date = 2020-04-30 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = We describe the demographic, clinical, radiological and laboratory characteristics of six consecutive patients assessed between 1 st and 16 th April 2020 at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK, with acute ischaemic stroke and COVID-19 (confirmed by reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)) (table 1). On day 22, he developed acute bilateral incoordination and right homonymous hemianopia; MRI brain showed extensive acute posterior cerebral artery territory infarction (online PostScript Continued PostScript supplementary figure S1B); he received high-intensity LMWH anticoagulation. A 53-year-old woman, taking warfarin for valvular atrial fibrillation (AF), presented 24 days after COVID-19 symptom onset (cough, dyspnoea), with acute confusion, incoordination and drowsiness; CT brain confirmed acute large left cerebellar and right parieto-occipital infarcts (online supplementary figure S1 C, D). An 83-year-old man with a history of hypertension, diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, heavy smoking and alcohol consumption, presented with dysarthria and left hemiparesis 15 days after COVID-19 symptom onset. doi = 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323586 id = cord-348501-8cvtqj7w author = Beyzaee, Amir Mohammad title = Rituximab as the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris in the COVID‐19 pandemic era: A narrative review date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = As the immunosuppressive effect of rituximab, the first‐line therapy of PV, lasts more than 6 months, many concerns have raised due to the ongoing novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic. We performed a computer-assisted search of "PubMed" and "Google Scholar" databases up to 14 July 2020 using the keywords "anti-CD20 therapy," "pemphigus vulgaris," and "COVID-19." We also searched other related keywords such as coronavirus, rituximab, immunocompromised, immunosuppressive drugs, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, treatment, and outcome. 17, 18 Athough some studies may have reported that risk of infections is not different between AIBD patients treated with rituximab or high dose corticosteroids, 16 Coronavirus can target the central nervous system (CNS), which is protected by humoral immunity. 31 Also, Guilpain et al reported three systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients treating with rituximab, which resulted to late clinical worsening to severe pneumonia due to the COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1111/dth.14405 id = cord-344308-ijrze203 author = Bezzerri, Valentino title = Does cystic fibrosis constitute an advantage in COVID-19 infection? date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Moreover, respiratory viruses were generally associated with severe pulmonary impairment in cystic fibrosis (CF). [5] Because of the risk factors of chronic lung disease and host hyper-immune status, one would surmise that CF patients would be at an increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 illness. We conducted a retrospective study of 532 CF patients followed at the Cystic Fibrosis Center of Verona, Italy. All patients tested in this study reported symptoms consistent with respiratory infection and were hospitalized at Cystic Fibrosis Center of Verona. From 1 April to 23 July 2020, we contacted all the 532 patients from Veneto, of whom 118 subjects (22.2%), with a median age of 32.4 years (range 0.12-65.3 years), undergone further combined nose and throat swab test for SARS-CoV-2. Our data show instead that the prevalence of COVID-19 in CF population of one of the Italian region most affected by the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, namely Veneto region, is reduced compared with general population. doi = 10.1186/s13052-020-00909-1 id = cord-294736-ji4jz3h6 author = Beşler, Muhammed Said title = Acute myocarditis associated with COVID-19 infection() date = 2020-06-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Acute myocarditis associated with COVID-19 infection() We present the case of a 20-year-old male patient without previous history of cardiovascular disease who was admitted to our hospital with a new onset febrile sensation and chest pain. Cardiac MRI showed myocardial edema and late gadolinium enhancement compatible with myocarditis associated with COVID-19 infection. This case showed that acute myocarditis can be the initial presentation of patients with COVID-19 infection. Acute or fulminant myocarditis as well as heart failure have been reported with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and could be expected to occur with SARS-CoV-2, given the similar pathogenicity [2] . Previous severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) beta-coronavirus infections could be associated with tachyarrhythmias and signs and symptoms of heart failure [3] . Association of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) With Myocardial Injury and Mortality Cardiovascular complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.100 id = cord-324725-6xu7q927 author = Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth title = Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Knowledge and Perceptions: A Survey of Healthcare Workers date = 2020-03-13 keywords = COVID-19; March summary = Regarding COVID-19, most of the participants used social media to obtain information (61%), and a significant proportion of HCWs had poor knowledge of its transmission (61%) and symptom onset (63.6%) and showed positive perceptions of COVID-19 prevention and control. A 23-item survey instrument was developed using WHO course materials on Emerging respiratory viruses, including COVID-19 [14] , and covered the domains of HCWs characteristics, awareness, information sources, knowledge and perceptions related to COVID-19. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033381 doi: medRxiv preprint perceptions to prevent COVID-19 transmission. The findings of this study suggest significant knowledge gaps between the amount of information available about COVID-19 and the depth of knowledge among HCWs, particularly about the mode of transmission and incubation period of COVID-19. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033381 doi: medRxiv preprint Generally, most participants had a positive perception of prevention and control of COVID-19. We identified a significant gap constituting the source of information, poor knowledge levels, and discrepancies in the perceptions about COVID-19 among our study participants. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.09.20033381 id = cord-255466-g3b283ym author = Bhagra, Ojas title = An Integrated and Intergenerational Community Response to Promote Holistic Wellbeing During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; community summary = In addition to HCWs needing community support to relieve the strain of massive patient influxes, pandemics take immense tolls on the mental, emotional, and holistic wellbeing of communities through the lack of connectivity due to isolation, social distancing, and cancellations of major social and life events 5 . We aim to provide a framework for an integrated, intergenerational community response to promote emotional, mental, and holistic wellbeing of HCWs and communities. Mobilizing the community to aid mask shortages directly helps another major impact: a massive toll on HCWs'' emotional and mental health. It is important to recognize the impact a community can have on improving the mental health of HCWs by addressing their emotional and spiritual needs during a time of crisis. An integrated, intergenerational community response is essential to promote emotional, mental, and holistic wellbeing during a pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.explore.2020.05.018 id = cord-291038-n8bk541m author = Bhala, Neeraj title = Sharpening the global focus on ethnicity and race in the time of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 13, 16, 21 Ethnic/racial minorities exposed in crowded places and becoming seriously ill might be infected from multiple sources and a comparatively large infectious dose of the causative virus (SARS-CoV-2), which could be relevant in health and social care workers. 11, 13 Health-care disparities are also likely to have a role in the high burden of COVID-19 among ethnic/racial minorities-eg, in the USA, Black or African American minorities and Hispanic groups are less likely to have health insurance, with consequent reduced healthcare access and use. Moreover, the heterogeneity of ethnic/racial minority groups, whether African, Caribbean, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, or Bangladeshi in the UK), Chinese, or other ethnicities, have diverse risk factor profiles, which might be important for COVID-19 outcomes. Ethnic/racial disparities in the health outcomes of people with COVID-19 need to be studied alongside age, sex, gender, socioeconomic status, and comorbidities in disaggregated public health data. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31102-8 id = cord-301829-6yrgkx96 author = Bhardwaj, Rashmi title = Data Driven Estimation of Novel COVID-19 Transmission Risks Through Hybrid Soft-Computing Techniques date = 2020-07-25 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = Wavelet-based forecasting model predicts for shorter time span such as five to ten days advanced number of confirmed, death and recovered cases of China, India and USA. Study forecasted impending COVID-19 spread cases for China plus some other regions using mathematical & traditional time-series prediction models [22] . None of the authors have studied the wavelet based neuronal fuzzification hybrid model for the data of countrywise spread of COVID-19 genome. The forecast of 50-60 days ahead varying in every case helps to understand the clear picture of the pandemic spread and the manner in which the transmission rate may change in the following time periods in these three countries India, China and America. Data-based analysis, modelling and forecasting of the COVID-19 outbreak Real-time forecasts and risk assessment of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) cases: A data-driven analysis doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110152 id = cord-353116-7t1prfkr author = Bhargava, Ashish title = Predictors for Severe COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-05-30 keywords = CRP; SARS; covid-19 summary = BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is a pandemic disease caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, risk factors for severe infection included pre-existing renal disease (odds ratio [OR], 7.4; 95% CI 2.5-22.0), oxygen requirement at hospitalization (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.3-6.7), acute renal injury (OR, 2.7; 95% CI 1.3-5.6) and initial CRP (OR,1.006; 95% CI, 1.001-1.01). CONCLUSIONS: Acute or pre-existing renal disease, supplemental oxygen at the time of hospitalization and initial CRP were independent predictors for the development of severe COVID-19 infections. The most common symptoms at the onset of illness in the studied cohort were cough (141 including higher white blood cell counts, lower lymphocyte and platelet counts, and increased C-reactive protein (CRP) levels compared with those patients with non-severe infection. In our study we report pre-existing renal disease, supplemental oxygen requirement at admission, acute renal insufficiency, and initial CRP value as independent predictors of severe COVID-19 infections. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa674 id = cord-289855-11pkt4uu author = Bhargava, Shashank title = Employing dermatologists on the frontline against COVID‐19: All hands on deck date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Healthcare providers should be recruited in critical care management depending upon their skill set and confidence level. They should receive training in simple procedures such as vascular access, straightforward intubations, proning maneuvers, and fluid management in uncomplicated patients in order to take off some of the pressure from ICU staff. As the focus shifts from containment efforts to disease mitigation, the healthcare community must step up as a whole to lend its expertise as never before. In a survey among Indian dermatologists, 57% of the respondents would consider redeployment in COVID-19 "hot zones" if a need to augment the medical workforce arises. Our patients need us to move out of our comfort zones and heed the clarion call for "all hands on deck" in order to defeat COVID-19. Strategic planning and recommendations for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic Our thanks to all healthcare workers on the frontlines caring for our most vulnerable doi = 10.1111/dth.13420 id = cord-325948-wszd7pq4 author = Bhasin, Ajay title = Is BMI higher in younger patients with COVID‐19? Association between BMI and COVID‐19 hospitalization by age date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We were interested in understanding whether patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 differed in BMI at older versus younger ages, and if trends were independent of diabetes and hypertension. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) lists severe obesity [Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 40kg/m 2 ] as a risk factor for COVID-19. Recent studies suggest obesity is a risk factor for hospitalization of patients younger than 60 years with COVID-19 . 3 No studies have evaluated BMI as a function of age while controlling for DM and hypertension for patients hospitalized with COVID-19. We were interested in understanding whether patients hospitalized with COVID-19 differed in BMI at older versus younger ages, and among subgroups with and without DM and hypertension. In this cross-sectional study, patients less than 50 years old hospitalized with COVID-19 had significantly higher mean BMI and were more likely to have a higher class of obesity than patients over 50 years of age. doi = 10.1002/oby.22947 id = cord-343205-zjw4fbfd author = Bhaskar, Sonu title = Telemedicine as the New Outpatient Clinic Gone Digital: Position Paper From the Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) International Consortium (Part 2) date = 2020-09-07 keywords = COVID-19; care; disease; health; monitoring; patient; telemedicine summary = Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the American College of Cardiology urgently updated its guidance on "Telehealth: Rapid Implementation for Your Cardiology Clinic, " in which it encouraged remote monitoring and virtual visits of patients with cardiac problems (16) . A program developed in Germany known as TRANSIT-stroke, in which rural hospitals established a telemedicine network, saw an improvement in patient outcomes as neurological assessment was made faster, treatments were issued within the required timeframe, and 24 h neurologist access was enabled (27) . The rapid move by various bodies, associations, and providers to use telemedicine in maintaining patient continuity while limiting COVID-19 risks of exposure to patients and healthcare workers will have a long-term impact well-beyond the current pandemic. Key Strategies for clinical management and improvement of healthcare services for cardiovascular disease and diabetes patients in the coronavirus (COVID-19) settings: recommendations from the REPROGRAM consortium doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00410 id = cord-344729-sjjedgws author = Bhaskar, Sonu title = Acute Neurological Care in the COVID-19 Era: The Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium Pathway date = 2020-05-29 keywords = covid-19; healthcare; patient; worker summary = The management of acute neurological conditions, particularly acute ischemic stroke, in the context of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is of importance, considering the risk of infection to the healthcare workers and patients and emerging evidence of the neuroinvasive potential of the virus. Management of patients with acute ischemic stroke during COVID-19 pandemic could be challenging and certain precautions must be taken in order to protect healthcare workers, particularly in the delivery of endovascular treatment, where aerosol could be produced during the procedures, to prevent further vector transmission (9) . Notably, these guidelines concur with the "Consensus Statement from Society for Neuroscience in Anesthesiology & Critical Care" about "Anesthetic Management of Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke During COVID-19 Pandemic (9), " in that general anesthesia should be used if there are concerns surrounding the need for mid-procedural conversion and intubation which could be very detrimental and could expose the whole team, a scenario that should be avoided at all cost. doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.00579 id = cord-317834-5givph12 author = Bhat, Kulthe Ramesh Seetharam title = COVID-19 model-based practice changes in managing a large prostate cancer practice: following the trends during a month-long ordeal date = 2020-06-14 keywords = April; covid-19 summary = To determine the gravity of the COVID-19 situation, we performed an initial risk assessment and peak resource requirement using the COVID-19 Hospital Impact Model for Epidemics (CHIME), assuming 60% and 15% compliance in social distancing [4] . Close monitoring of the COVID-19 pandemic on both the national and international level led to our practice deciding to only operate on NCCN high-risk patients starting on March 15, which lasted until the end of March, when the operating rooms were closed to nonemergent cases by our hospital administrators. Based on our initial assessment using the CHIME tool, if the community followed 60% social distancing, the number of expected new patients hospitalized at maximum surge would be 401, with 100 patients requiring ventilator support. The results of the hospital PPE/ bed assessment, the initial CHIME model results, and the fact that COVID-19 cases were increasing on a national and international level (Fig. 1 ) led to our decision to suspend all surgical procedures. doi = 10.1007/s11701-020-01100-8 id = cord-271889-qlmp0qul author = Bhat, Roopa title = Chest Imaging in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 Infection - A Case Series date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19; Fig summary = 4 Common clinical symptoms of patients infected with COVID-19, include fever, fatigue, dry cough, nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, and diarrhea. This case series aims to outline the clinical features, illustrates the most common reported imaging findings of COVID-19 infection, and demonstrates different management plans used. Twenty-five-year-old male without history of recent travel presented to the emergency department (ED) with 4 days of fever, sore throat and dry cough, runny nose, and mild shortness of breath (SOB). Initial CXR showed patchy peripheral airspace opacities in the bilateral middle and lower lungs, concerning for multifocal infection (Fig 2A) . The patient was discharged on doxycycline, with recommendations to self-quarantine for 14 CXR showed worsening of bilateral peripheral patchy pulmonary opacities (Fig 2 B) . Fifty-six-year-old male health care worker recently tested positive for COVID-19 presented to the ED with worsening cough, fever, SOB, rhinorrhea, nausea, and vomiting. doi = 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2020.04.001 id = cord-298287-larzpygd author = Bhat, Shubha title = Impact of Clinical Pharmacists in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centers During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Impact of Clinical Pharmacists in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centers During the COVID-19 Pandemic To characterize the clinical pharmacists'' impact on caring for patients with inflammatory bowel disease during COVID-19. RESULTS: The clinical pharmacist addressed COVID-19 and inflammatory bowel disease treatment concerns with 140 patients, conducted 34 medication education and monitoring visits, reviewed 141 patients'' charts and helped rescheduled 18 patients who missed their biologic infusion, transitioned 12 patients to home infusions, and assisted 5 patients with medication access. DISCUSSION: Clinical pharmacists embedded in gastroenterology practices permit for continued optimal patient care during a pandemic. However, the potential for clinical pharmacists to strengthen the care of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during this pandemic has not been reported. The clinical pharmacist spoke with 140 patients to address COVID-19 and IBD treatment concerns. Maintaining the quality standards of care for inflammatory bowel disease patients during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000787 id = cord-335168-3ofarutr author = Bhat, Yasmeen Jabeen title = Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Dermatologists and Dermatology Practice date = 2020-05-10 keywords = COVID-19; India; dermatology; patient summary = [11] The International Psoriasis Council recommends dermatologists to discontinue or postpone immunosuppressant medications for psoriasis patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection, however apremilast can be continued unless severe symptoms are present. Indian association of dermatologists, venereologists and leprologists (IADVL), one of the largest dermatology association in the world, was also prompt to issue position statement for its members with the objectives of providing strategies to combat COVID-19 in dermatology practice in the form of education about the prevention of transmission; avoiding all non-essential outpatient consultations and elective procedures; stressing upon the dermatolgists to be updated with ever changing scenarios and guidelines, canceling travels and gatherings including CMEs, meetings, and conferences and recommendations about the use of immunosuppressives and biologics in patients. doi = 10.4103/idoj.idoj_180_20 id = cord-344080-tru8kvxw author = Bhatt, Ankeet S. title = Declines in Hospitalizations for Acute Cardiovascular Conditions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Tertiary Care Experience date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; March; cardiovascular summary = These early reports have raised concerns that similar reductions may be seen across other important acute cardiovascular conditions that require early in-hospital evaluation and treatment, including chest pain syndromes, heart failure (HF), and stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) among others, although this has not been well characterized. We therefore examined longitudinal trends in hospitalizations for acute cardiovascular conditions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a large, tertiary care integrated health system. In this temporal analysis of over 7,000 hospitalizations, a marked decline in total hospitalizations was observed for acute cardiovascular conditions in a large, tertiary care Although patients admitted during the COVID-19 pandemic had comparable demographic characteristics, length of stay was shorter. The trend toward increased in-hospital mortality in March 2020 compared with earlier time periods also raises concerns that patients admitted for acute cardiovascular conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic may present later in their acute illness and therefore may have higher acuity. doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.038 id = cord-311579-4jhoatkw author = Bhatt, Harshil title = Venous thromboembolism and COVID-19: a case report and review of the literature date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = CASE REPORT: A 65-year-old Caucasian male patient presented to the emergency department with a 2-day history of dyspnea on exertion after his wife''s recent diagnosis of COVID-19. Based on the patient''s clinical presentation and the laboratory workup identifying an elevated D-dimer, a computed tomography angiogram of the chest was obtained, which was significant for moderately large, bilateral pulmonary emboli with a saddle embolus, and an associated small, left lower lobe, pulmonary infarct. Post-discharge telephone calls at day 10 and week 4 revealed that the patient was appropriately responding to anticoagulation treatment and had no recurrence of his symptoms related to venous thromboembolism and COVID-19. We report an atypical case involving a 65-year-old male patient with an acute saddle pulmonary embolism and a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) associated with COVID-19. reported objectively confirmed VTE incidence rates of 16%, 33%, and 42% at days 7, 14, and 21, respectively, among hospitalized patients with COVID-19, despite receiving thrombosis prophylaxis. doi = 10.1186/s13256-020-02516-4 id = cord-325531-riftp8g6 author = Bhatta, Sabita title = New-Onset Seizure as the Only Presentation in a Child With COVID-19 date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; seizure summary = We present a child with a new-onset isolated afebrile seizure in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite being generally mild in children, we have witnessed vague clinical pictures in COVID-19, ranging from asymptomatic in the mildest form to severe respiratory distress [2] . Here, we aim to report an uncommon neurological manifestation, isolated afebrile seizure, in a child with COVID-19. Description of isolated afebrile seizure in COVID-19 is scarce among children, and neurological manifestations have not been extensively studied [6] [7] . Our case highlights seizure as one of the uncommon, but potential presentations of COVID-19 in children. investigated preliminary COVID-19 findings and found one out of 10 infected children with seizures, while others presented predominantly with fever, cough, and diarrhea [10] . As new cases are unfolding each day, it is essential to recognize seizure as a potential COVID-19 presentation in the pediatric age groups. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8820 id = cord-291803-hsnz2qry author = Bhattacharjee, Barnali title = “The COVID-19 Pandemic and its Effect on Mental Health in USA – A Review with Some Coping Strategies” date = 2020-08-23 keywords = COVID-19; States; United; disorder summary = These observations suggest possible increase in mental health illnesses in United States as a consequence of the pandemic. The fear of being infected or dying from the disease is one of the most significant causes of mental health disorders. In this article, the authors critically examine the onset of the pandemic in United States of America focusing on its effect on the mental health of American people. May 28, 2020 With the increase in the number of COVID-19 cases in United States from March through April 2020, there has been a rise in fear in the minds of people. This suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on the economy in United States may lead to an increase in mental health illness in the country. Recent stressors associated with the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic such as illnesses, social isolation, depressive home environment, and financial hardship can cause depressive disorders. Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic doi = 10.1007/s11126-020-09836-0 id = cord-337665-roelk7i5 author = Bhattacharjee, Hemanga K. title = Emergency Surgery during COVID-19: Lessons Learned date = 2020-09-30 keywords = covid-19; emergency; patient summary = Result Two patients from "red zones" for COVID-19 pandemic presented with acute abdomen, one a 64-year male, who presented with perforation peritonitis and another, a 57-year male with acute intestinal obstruction due to sigmoid volvulus. Result Two patients from "red zones" for COVID-19 pandemic presented with acute abdomen, one a 64-year male, who presented with perforation peritonitis and another, a 57-year male with acute intestinal obstruction due to sigmoid volvulus. Conclusion Surgeons need to adapt to safely execute emergency surgical procedures during this period of COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion Surgeons need to adapt to safely execute emergency surgical procedures during this period of COVID-19 pandemic. Emergency surgical procedures are time sensitive and require prompt decisions, but during this pandemic, the decision making becomes more difficult as the symptoms can overlap with potential SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) infection and there is a potential community spread of the infection. The patient was shifted to general ward on the next day evening after his COVID-19 test report came out as negative. doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1716335 id = cord-269425-e9iyso7n author = Bhattacharjee, Sukrita title = Immune Thrombocytopenia Secondary to COVID-19: a Systematic Review date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COVID-19; ITP; immune; patient summary = A systematic review was done to analyze the clinical profile and outcomes in a total of 45 cases of new-onset ITP in COVID-19 patients described in literature until date. Diagnosis of ITP in patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 poses a major diagnostic as well as therapeutic challenge to clinicians owing to presence of multiple concomitant conditions including HLH, DIC, sepsis, antibiotic use, heparin prophylaxis, and thromboembolic events. The following data were extracted from the included studies: age of the patient at presentation, gender, COVID-19 illness severity, comorbidities, medication use, nadir platelet count, onset of COVID-19 symptoms to diagnosis of ITP, bleeding manifestations of ITP, time to recovery from start of treatment, and clinical outcomes. Bone marrow study in these few selected cases of ITP would reveal low number of megakaryocytes, as seen in one patient of this review, who presented with severe thrombocytopenia (count 2 × 10 9 /μL) [7] . doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00521-8 id = cord-254419-qw83atrx author = Bhattacharyya, Rajat title = The Interplay Between Coagulation and Inflammation Pathways in COVID-19-Associated Respiratory Failure: A Narrative Review date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; disease; patient; severe summary = This narrative review aims to summarize the current available evidence on the interplay between hypercoagulability, thrombo-inflammation, and pulmonary microvascular thrombosis in COVID-19 infection resulting in respiratory failure and how this information can be used to design clinical trials to optimize patient outcomes. ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, CRP C-reactive protein, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, NETS neutrophil extracellular traps, SARS-COV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, TMPRSS2 transmembrane protease serine 2 shown to be at higher risk of worse outcomes [13] [14] [15] (Fig. 2) . CHD chronic heart disease, CLD chronic lung disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, DOACS direct oral anticoagulants, FDPs fibrinogen degradation products, HTN hypertension, IFN interferon, JAK Janus kinase, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, LMWH low molecular weight heparin, NSAIDS nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, PT prothrombin time, TNF tumor necrosis factor, VW Ag Von Willebrand antigen and microvascular thrombosis appears to be responsible for the clinical picture that leads to progressive multi-organ failure in a small percentage of patients, ultimately causing fatalities. doi = 10.1007/s41030-020-00126-5 id = cord-334413-h6n36jei author = Bhattacharyya, Suvanjan title = A Novel CFD Analysis to Minimize the Spread of COVID-19 Virus in Hospital Isolation Room date = 2020-09-17 keywords = CFD; COVID-19; room summary = Present study investigates the effectiveness of conditioned air released from air-conditioning machines to mix with aerosol sanitizer to reach every point of the space of the isolation room so as to kill the COVID-19 virus which will help to protect the lives of doctors, nurses and health care workers. It is found from the analysis that high turbulent fields generated inside the isolation room may be an effective way of distributing sanitizer in entire volume of isolation room to kill the COVID-19 virus. As the medical treatments are often inaccurate, besides precautionary measures and supports, it is therefore reasonable to investigate the possibilities to sanitize the confined volume of air to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 virus inside the airborne infection isolation rooms, and ICUs of a hospital. The study has been carried out to investigate the effectiveness of conditioned air released from air-conditioning machines to mix with aerosol sanitizer so as to reach every corner of the isolation room and kill the COVID-19 virus. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110294 id = cord-288559-7m6sh5xx author = Bhattarai, S. title = Assessment of service availability and Infection prevention measures in hospitals of Nepal during the transition phase of COVID-19 case surge date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; Nepal; Province summary = (8) The Government of Nepal designated 25 large (tertiary care) hospitals across all provinces as COVID-19 treatment centers, but there were no stringent guidelines for measuring pandemic readiness and response across the range of facilities.(6) With the decision of the High Level Coordination Committee (HLCC) for the Prevention and Control of COVID-19 (17 th March) to add 115 ICU and 1,000 isolation beds in the health facilities of Kathmandu, and set up a total of 120 ICU beds in other provinces, the overall status of pandemic preparedness and the capacity of national health systems were unknown. The overall service availability including specimen collection and laboratory services, isolation of COVID-19 suspects or cases, and ICU bed was found to be severely inadequate across small, medium, and large hospitals at the time of the study. Despite that given window of opportunity for Nepal in terms of pandemic preparedness, the majority of small and over one-third of medium and large hospitals had not allocated isolation beds for COVID-19 suspects. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.13.20097675 id = cord-341397-gl8xzzdv author = Bhavani, Sivasubramanium V. title = Novel Temperature Trajectory Subphenotypes in COVID-19 date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; Group summary = In contrast to other common viral infections, COVID-19 presents unique challenges with high rates of hypoxemic respiratory failure, hyperinflammatory cytokine storm, coagulation abnormalities, and cardiac and renal dysfunction 2, 3 . We have previously published a novel method of identifying subphenotypes in hospitalized patients with all-cause infection using longitudinal body temperature measurements 6 . We hypothesize that using a similar approach specific to COVID-19 patients would identify subphenotypes with unique clinical characteristics and inflammatory and coagulation abnormalities. The primary outcome was 30-day inpatient mortality, which was modeled on subphenotype using Cox regression analysis, controlling for demographics, comorbidities, and severity of illness. The high mortality rate seen in Group 1 and the organ dysfunction seen in Group 4 suggest that both subphenotypes have a dysregulated response to COVID-19. In conclusion, we found four distinct subphenotypes of COVID-19 patients with markedly different clinical characteristics and mortality rates. doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.07.027 id = cord-336563-hwemigk7 author = Bhimraj, Adarsh title = Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on the Treatment and Management of Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; clinical; patient; treatment summary = Given the rapidity of emerging literature, IDSA identified the need to develop living, frequently updated evidence-based guidelines to support patients, clinicians and other health-care professionals in their decisions about treatment and management of patients with COVID-19. Two RCTs of patients with confirmed COVID-19 with mild pneumonia (e.g., positive CT scan without oxygen requirement) or non-severe infection admitted to the hospital treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) reported on mortality at 14 days, clinical progression (radiological progression on CT scan), clinical improvement, failure of virologic clearance (PCR), and adverse events (both) [11, 12] (Table 1 ). In addition, we identified four publications describing three trials of combination treatment with HCQ plus azithromycin (AZ) among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 reporting on the outcomes of mortality, failure of virologic clearance (assessed with PCR test), and adverse events (i.e., significant QT prolongation leading to treatment discontinuation) [13] [14] [15] [16] (Table 2) . doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa478 id = cord-326171-xr2ufvyv author = Bhoori, Sherrie title = COVID-19 in long-term liver transplant patients: preliminary experience from an Italian transplant centre in Lombardy date = 2020-04-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = 1 Italy has witnessed, in the past month, an unexpectedly high rate of infection, with more than 100 000 patients testing positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and a case-fatality rate close to 10% (as of March 31, 2020) 2 and therefore faces a worse scenario than in China, where the disease was first reported. A case series from Italy showed that children who had received liver transplants, despite being immunosuppressed, were not at increased risk of severe pulmonary disease compared with the general population. Post-transplant metabolic complications (eg, arterial hyper tension, chronic renal insufficiency, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, and weight gain) might outweigh immuno suppression as a risk factor for development of severe COVID-19 disease in patients who have received liver transplants, in line with data from China, which suggest that comorbidities are associated with a worse prognosis. doi = 10.1016/s2468-1253(20)30116-3 id = cord-257969-2tax8ajw author = Bhopal, Raj S. title = COVID-19 zugzwang: potential public health moves towards population (herd) immunity date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; Lancet; population; table summary = Outlining potential public health actions, including hygiene measures, social distancing and face masks, and realistic future advances, this paper focuses on the consequences of taking no public health action; the role of natural changes such as weather; the adverse public health consequences of lockdowns; testing for surveillance and research purposes; testing to identify cases and contacts, including the role of antibody tests; the public health value of treatments; mobilising people who have recovered; population (a synonym for herd) immunity through vaccination and through natural infection; involving the entire population; and the need for public debate. People in these groups could minimise their risk of exposure to COVID-19, await effective vaccination and benefit indirectly as population immunity through natural infection increases (Column 2, table 1). The pandemic needs to be prevented from returning year-on-year, potentially more severely, especially in young people and children, and mandating repeated lockdowns.(3) We urgently need to consider all reasonable public health actions and plans (table 1) . doi = 10.1016/j.puhip.2020.100031 id = cord-263057-1pty32l1 author = Bhopal, Sunil title = Children''s mortality from COVID-19 compared with all-deaths and other relevant causes of death: epidemiological information for decision-making by parents, teachers, clinicians and policymakers date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Children''s mortality from COVID-19 compared with all-deaths and other relevant causes of death: epidemiological information for decision-making by parents, teachers, clinicians and policymakers We examined age-specific data on COVID-19 deaths which had been collated from official government sources for seven countries up to 8-19 May 2020 6 . We obtained estimated numbers of deaths from other causes from Global Burden of Disease estimates 7 except for influenza for which we examined official government statistical websites and extracted age-specific death counts for up to the last five years (2015-2019). For this time period, in these seven countries combined, 44 COVID-19 deaths were reported in 42,846 confirmed cases (this latter number is likely to be a massive underestimate; data were not available for France) in those aged 0-19 years (0-14 in USA). In children, at least in this wave of the pandemic and hopefully in the future, COVID-19 is a comparatively rare cause of death. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.047 id = cord-261840-hk5zi1lj author = Bhumireddy, Jayachandra title = Challenges and possible solutions in dental practice during and post COVID-19 date = 2020-10-07 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Challenges and possible solutions in dental practice during and post COVID-19 The pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) created a significant impact on the oral healthcare profession, and dentists are reported to have a higher risk of transmission. There were many reported deaths of Challenge 3: Can I run my dental practice after the COVID-19 pandemic as I run it before? Additional changes are needed in the dental setting such as wide reception areas with social distancing between patients, employees, telephone triage, scheduling accurate necessary appointments, high level of disinfection, extra-oral high volume of the suction system, negative pressure rooms, strict sterilization protocols, strong adherence to the use of N-95 masks, and PPE (Meng et al. Although various infection control protocols had have been recommended to avoid transmission of COVID-19 disease in dental practice (Meng et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): emerging and future challenges for dental and oral medicine doi = 10.1007/s11356-020-10983-x id = cord-290712-flj352ql author = Bi, Jianping title = Does Chemotherapy Reactivate SARS-CoV-2 in Cancer Patients Recovered from Prior COVID-19 Infection? date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Does Chemotherapy Reactivate SARS-CoV-2 in Cancer Patients Recovered from Prior COVID-19 Infection? Those studies mainly addressed whether chemotherapy could predict for hospitalization, severe disease, and mortality in cancer patients with COVID-19 infection. To address this knowledge gap, this study''s findings suggest that administering chemotherapy to this population is associated with a very low short-term risk of SARS-CoV-2 reactivation. Third, the duration of follow-up in this study was relatively short and it may take a longer period of time to determine immune-related alterations caused by chemotherapy in cancer patients who have recovered from COVID-19 infection. Nevertheless, when conservatively interpreted, our study indicates no overt short-term increase in the risk for SARS-CoV-2 reactivation following immunosuppressive chemotherapy in this uniquely vulnerable population. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting that recovered COVID-19 cancer patients remain negative in the short-term for SARS-CoV-2 after delivery of chemotherapy. doi = 10.1183/13993003.02672-2020 id = cord-347260-7glhaow6 author = Bi, Xiaojie title = Prediction of severe illness due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of initial Fibrinogen to Albumin Ratio and Platelet count date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; PLT summary = This study aimed to describe the parameters of coagulation function of patients with COVID-19 and reveal the risk factors of developing severe disease. In addition, the Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that potential risk decreased in patients with FAR<0.0883 and PLT count>135*10(9)/L.The model showed a good negative predictive value [(0.9474 (95%CI = 0.845–0.986)].This study revealed that FAR and PLT count were independent risk factors for severe illness and the severity of COVID-19 might be excluded when FAR<0.0883 and PLT count>135*10(9)/L. In this study, we compared the differences in the indexes of coagulation function and dynamic changes in patients with severe and non-severe COVID-19 to investigate the risk factors of developing severe disease. We then performed a novel Nomogram that integrated FAR and PLT count for 10-day non-severe survival and 20-day nonsevere survival to predict the disease progression for each COVID-19 (Figure 3a) . doi = 10.1080/09537104.2020.1760230 id = cord-259140-5ik10en4 author = Bianchetti, Angelo title = Clinical Presentation of COVID19 in Dementia Patients date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = OBJECTIVE: No studies analyzing the role of dementia as a risk factor for mortality in patients affected by COVID-19. We assessed the prevalence, clinical presentation and outcomes of dementia among subjects hospitalized for COVID19 infection. MEASUREMENTS: Clinical records of each patients admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of COVID19 infection were retrospectively analyzed. Diagnosis of dementia, modalities of onset of the COVID-19 infection, symptoms of presentation at the hospital and outcomes were recorded. In a logistic regression model age, and the diagnosis of dementia resulted independently associated with a higher mortality, and patients diagnosed with dementia presented an OR of 1.84 (95% CI: 1.09–3.13, p<0.05). Among patients diagnosed with dementia the most frequent symptoms of onset were delirium, especially in the hypoactive form, and worsening of the functional status. According to our data, the diagnosis of dementia, especially in the most advanced stages, represents an important risk factor for mortality in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1007/s12603-020-1389-1 id = cord-277350-zwu254n6 author = Bianco, F. title = Preventing transmission among operating room staff during COVID-19 pandemic: the role of the Aerosol Box and other personal protective equipment date = 2020-05-24 keywords = COVID-19; PPE summary = title: Preventing transmission among operating room staff during COVID-19 pandemic: the role of the Aerosol Box and other personal protective equipment During aerosol-generating medical procedures (AGMP; e.g. intubating and extubating patients or any surgical procedures), the production of both airborne particles and droplets may increase the risk of infection. During aerosol-generating medical procedures (AGMP), the production of both airborne particles and droplets may increase the risk of infection. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defined a list of AGMP, during which the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) should be recommended for all involved theater staff [4, 5] . We report a retrospective case series of six COVID-19 positive male patients undergoing emergent surgical treatment for gastrointestinal complications. Considering the high risk of disease transmission during AGMP, we support the use of both PPE and AB to protect surgical staff during the current COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1007/s13304-020-00818-2 id = cord-325448-rvamjcmx author = Bianco, F. title = Acute intestinal ischemia in a patient with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Acute intestinal ischemia in a patient with COVID-19 A contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the chest and abdomen revealed the classic features of COVID-19 pneumonia as well as air fluid levels in the small bowel with associated mesenteric edema and peritoneal free fluid (Figs. The patient had an emergency laparotomy with evidence of segmental small bowel ischemia (Fig. 3a, b) . Ethical approval All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing surgeries during the incubation period of COVID-19 infection doi = 10.1007/s10151-020-02255-0 id = cord-338757-fsid4a39 author = Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten title = This Time Must Be Different: Disparities During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; Domingo summary = The authors found that increased likelihood of exposure to the virus, increased susceptibility to severe consequences of the infection, and lack of health care access were all important contributors, and they concluded with pointed, domainspecific recommendations to mitigate these disparities. African Americans and Latinos are overrepresented among cases of and deaths from COVID-19, both nationally and in many of the areas hardest hit by the pandemic (2, 3) . We need robust data to guide these efforts, but better information must be coupled with urgent and effective action to decrease exposure, susceptibility, and limitations in health care to achieve the desired results. Achieving the desired population benefit of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine will require an implementation strategy that addresses the current gaps in overall rates of adult vaccination, as well as specific issues in minority communities. Racial disparities in exposure, susceptibility, and access to health care in the US H1N1 influenza pandemic doi = 10.7326/m20-2247 id = cord-353698-gj8sx3zy author = Bibiano-Guillen, C. title = Adapted Diving Mask (ADM) device as respiratory support with oxygen output during COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-28 keywords = ADM; COVID-19; patient; respiratory summary = title: Adapted Diving Mask (ADM) device as respiratory support with oxygen output during COVID-19 pandemic The most extended therapeutic approach for COVID-19 is based on two main strategies [10] [11] [12] [13] : pharmacological treatment directed toward several physiological targets (viremia, immunological reactions, prothrombotic reactions) and hemodynamic and respiratory support with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in addition to mechanical ventilation. A descriptive case series study of twenty-five patients with acute respiratory syndrome secondary to SARS-CoV2 infection was performed at a Spanish center, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor of Madrid, between March 30 and April 18, 2020. Table 4 shows the different variables used to analyze the improvement in the intervention and the mean value of all oxygen saturation measurements for all days that ADM therapy was used in those patients who prolonged its time of use. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.10.043 id = cord-298744-paippv15 author = Biddlestone, Mikey title = Cultural orientation, power, belief in conspiracy theories, and intentions to reduce the spread of COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-27 keywords = collectivism; conspiracy; covid-19 summary = Participants (n = 704) completed measures of individualism–collectivism, belief in conspiracy theories about COVID‐19, feelings of powerlessness, and intentions to engage in behaviours that reduce the spread of COVID‐19. Results revealed that vertical individualism negatively predicted intentions to engage in social distancing, directly and indirectly through both belief in COVID‐19 conspiracy theories and feelings of powerlessness. Specifically, we investigated the extent to which belief in conspiracy theories and feelings of powerlessness mediate the relationship between cultural orientation and intentions to engage in behaviours that reduce the spread of COVID-19. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the relationships between individualism-collectivism and engagement with behaviours that reduce the spread of COVID-19 would be mediated by both belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories and feelings of powerlessness. Vertical individualism, however, negatively predicted social distancing intentions, directly and indirectly through belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories, standardized indirect effect = À.04 [À0.06, À0.02], and feelings of powerlessness, standardized indirect effect = À0.02 [À0.04, À0.01]. doi = 10.1111/bjso.12397 id = cord-345809-tevi0sup author = Bidmead, Elaine title = Covid-19 and the ‘new normal’: are remote video consultations here to stay? date = 2020-08-22 keywords = consultation; covid-19; telemedicine summary = 12 Healthcare staff members were permitted to use ''mobile messaging'' and ''video conferencing tools such as Skype, WhatsApp, Facetime,'' as well as to use personal devices to support remote consultation ''where there is no practical alternative.'' 12 Consequently, the use of telemedicine was perceived as an appropriate response to lockdown and resulted in increased use globally. The major concerns from our research are collated as follows 29 : (i) low confidence that the technology will work, or that support will be provided, (ii) dissonance with professional identity relating to issues of accountability and negative impacts on the staff-patient relationship-not comfortable with video distancing, missing out on body language cues, feeling of being deskilled, (iii) reduced job satisfaction (tiredness, eye strain, missing out on travel ''downtime'' between consultations, (iv) fears of job losses, (v) concerns that patients are being offered ''second best'' to reduce costs; (vi) concerns that some patients, particularly the elderly, will not be able to use the technology. doi = 10.1093/bmb/ldaa025 id = cord-268809-plgip4h6 author = Bielecki, Michel title = Social distancing alters the clinical course of COVID-19 in young adults: A comparative cohort study date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We followed the number of infections in two spatially separated cohorts with almost identical baseline characteristics with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) before and after implementation of stringent social distancing. To our knowledge, it is unknown if lowering the viral inoculum during infection with SARS-CoV-2 or altering the mode of infection by physical means can affect the clinical course of the disease. Here, we present an outbreak at a Swiss Army Base with two very similar groups infected prior and after the implementation of stringent social distancing and hygiene A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t measures (SDHMs). We describe an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infections in young, healthy soldiers in two spatially separated groups with almost identical baseline characteristics but different clinical courses. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa889 id = cord-317795-689at1qx author = Bielicki, Julia A title = Monitoring approaches for health-care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; care; health summary = One of the greatest risks to the health-care system is a high rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among health-care workers and the consequent lack of skilled staff to ensure a functioning local or regional response to the pandemic. 5 National and international recommendations for risk assessment and management of hospital health-care staff working with patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 are detailed and publicly available. Can rapidly deplete the workforce, particularly in cases of HCWs infected with SARS-CoV-2 exposing many colleagues or when there is uncontrolled community transmission, with HCWs exposed outside of the hospital; might not be relevant in settings where some level of PPE is universally recommended (eg, wearing surgical mask for all patient contacts) and there is high adherence to other IPC measures Specific recommendations for monitoring health-care workers for potential SARS-CoV-2 infection should be available for all staff who are expecting to see or currently managing patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30458-8 id = cord-353235-jiqhgf56 author = Bigliardi, Guido title = Middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke and COVID-19: a case report date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We present a clinical case of a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection and respiratory symptoms, complicated with a pro-thrombotic state involving multiple vascular territories and concomitant interleukin-6 increase. Here, we report a case of a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection that developed severe coagulopathy affecting both pulmonary and cerebral vessels. In the following days, the patient respiratory symptoms worsened with increasing need for oxygen therapy. Arterial and venous thrombotic events are recognized complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Klok et al. Of note, severe respiratory failure was heralded by a marked D-dimer increase 5 days earlier (Fig. 1) . This case underlines the importance of constant neurological monitoring in COVID-19 patients during ICU staying, especially in those with suspected thrombotic events, to detect possible neurological complications. High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19 doi = 10.1007/s13365-020-00898-1 id = cord-269469-7pmnxi9a author = Bikdeli, Behnood title = Anticoagulation in COVID-19: Randomized trials should set the balance between excitement and evidence date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = [10] [11] [12] Such results were embraced by some clinicians and clinical institutions, leading to a change in their routine practice, including recommendations for escalated-dose prophylaxis in all, or some hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Multiple randomized trials have been registered and are at various stages of progress to identify the optimal antithrombotic therapy for outpatients, inpatients, and critically-ill patients with COVID-19. 18 In a pilot single-center study, the authors randomly The authors should be congratulated for completing the first randomized controlled trial of anticoagulant therapy in patients with COVID-19. Anticoagulation, Mortality, Bleeding and Pathology Among Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: A Single Health System Study Intermediate versus Standard-dose Prophylactic anticoagulation and Statin Therapy versus Placebo in Critically-ill Patients with COVID-19: Rationale and Design of the INSPIRATION/ INSPIRATION-S Studies Anticoagulant interventions in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A scoping review of randomized controlled trials and call for international collaboration Therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulation for severe COVID-19: a randomized phase II clinical trial (HESACOVID) doi = 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.09.033 id = cord-288195-3lcs77uf author = Bilal, Mohammad title = What constitutes urgent endoscopy? A social media snapshot of gastroenterologists’ views during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-17 keywords = Twitter; covid-19; urgent summary = Methods A 16-question survey was designed by the authors to include common clinical scenarios that do not have clear guidelines regarding the timing or urgency of endoscopic evaluation. Methods A 16-question survey was designed by the authors to include common clinical scenarios that do not have clear guidelines regarding the timing or urgency of endoscopic evaluation. Conclusion Our analysis shows that there is currently lack of consensus among gastroenterologists in regards to timing of semi-urgent or non-life-threatening procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion Our analysis shows that there is currently lack of consensus among gastroenterologists in regards to timing of semi-urgent or non-life-threatening procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Scenario 3 included patients with a benign ampullary adenoma needing endoscopic resection, and 53.5 % of respondents voted this as semi-urgent in the current setting. Our results show that there is significant variability among gastroenterologists in regard to the timing of endoscopic procedures for semi-urgent indications during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1055/a-1153-9014 id = cord-303384-bgvagdft author = Bilinska, Katarzyna title = Anosmia in COVID-19: A Bumpy Road to Establishing a Cellular Mechanism date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Several very recent papers contributed to explaining the key cellular steps occurring in the olfactory epithelium leading to anosmia/hyposmia (collectively known as dysosmia) initiated by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Initial hospital observations and early studies have suggested several possible mechanisms for the development of anosmia in COVID-19, including olfactory cleft syndrome, nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea, cytokine storm, direct damage to olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), and impairment of the olfactory perception centers in the brain. The current model of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 is based on the already proven observation that SUS cells are the primary target of the virus and that SUSs infection initiates a series of events leading to dysosmia. Non-neural expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory epithelium suggests mechanisms underlying anosmia in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00406 id = cord-281448-e1zgqqqu author = Billah, M. A. title = Reproductive number of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on global level evidence date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; international summary = title: Reproductive number of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on global level evidence This study aims to provide the average reproductive number of COVID-19 based on available global level evidence. Methods We searched three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct) to find studies reported the reproductive number of COVID-19. Narrative synthesis was used to explain the studies included and the meta-analysis was used to estimate the average reproduction number of COVID-19. Of the 30 studies included in this review reported different reproductive numbers ( high-heterogeneity (99.5%) ( Figure 3 ). Moreover, we have considered the heterogeneity of the reproductive numbers estimated worldwide and explored the sources of heterogeneity across selected studies'' characteristics. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.23.20111021 doi: medRxiv preprint may overestimate or under-estimate the actual reproductive number of COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.23.20111021 id = cord-314468-9anuq5bt author = Billig, Jessica I. title = The Compounding Access Problem for Surgical Care: Innovations in the Post-COVID Era date = 2020-06-02 keywords = covid summary = 1 Long delays in care for essential non-urgent surgery, including cancer operations, can lead to lower overall survival and higher complication rates. As we surface from the COVID-19 pandemic, surgeons will face the dilemma of scarce operative resources (i.e.: time, operating room space, surgical workforce, etc.) and how best to provide for the multitude of patients who had their surgical care delayed. Expansion of surgical access will need to be in the context of continuing COVID-related constraints, including limited hospital bed and intensive care unit capacity and a possible "second wave" of infections. Given this compounded access problem, we need to evaluate Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. What new strategies are needed to improve access to surgical care in the post-COVID-19 era? Telehealth can improve access to surgical care through minimizing patient travel, obviating the need for significant time off of work, and promoting flexibility in time of day that visits are scheduled. doi = 10.1097/sla.0000000000004085 id = cord-262987-7h91n9ro author = Bin Traiki, Thamer A. title = Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on patient satisfaction and surgical outcomes: A retrospective and cross sectional study date = 2020-08-21 keywords = covid-19; patient; satisfaction summary = OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patient satisfaction and surgical outcomes at King Khalid University Hospital in Saudi Arabia. In light of the above, systematized research is needed to understand the change, if any, in the dynamics of patient care, satisfaction, and post-surgical outcomes with regards to revised infrastructure and policies in hospitals in the wake of infectious pandemics like COVID-19. During study period, there were confirmed COVID-19 cases among health care workers (5 cases) and patients (11 cases) in our hospital, and the hospital administration implemented new polices and strict preventative measures to minimize the rate of adverse surgical outcomes among patients, which is also confirmed by the higher level of patient''s satisfaction as detailed above. doi = 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.08.020 id = cord-278881-bj5ebk2s author = Binagwaho, Agnes title = Changing the COVID-19 Narrative in Africa: Using an Implementation Research Lens to Understand Successes and Plan for Challenges Ahead date = 2020-08-19 keywords = Africa; covid-19 summary = Implementation research is a tool that can be used by countries to learn how to identify and understand contextual factors impacting COVID-19 prevention and control and select evidence-based interventions and strategies known to reduce spread of the virus. Implementation research is a tool that can be used by countries to learn how to identify and understand contextual factors impacting COVID-19 prevention and control and select evidence-based interventions and strategies known to reduce spread of the virus. Implementation science methods can serve to develop knowledge at a country and regional level on how to identify, utilize, and address these and other contextual factors, and inform relevant evidence-based interventions and implementation strategies. The responses in these countries show that effective outbreak prevention is not due to the strength of the health system, but more the ability to identify and address the right contextual factors, with strong leadership, when rapidly and effectively implementing evidence-based interventions [11, 12] . doi = 10.5334/aogh.3001 id = cord-313728-08kwkbmd author = Binda, Barbara title = Follow-up and Management of Kidney Transplant Recipients During the COVID-19 Lockdown: the experience of an Italian Transplant Center, Including Two Cases of COVID-19 Pneumonia date = 2020-06-28 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Conclusion In the context of a lockdown, such as that occurring in response to COVID-19, we suggest implementing remote surveillance programs in kidney transplant recipients, with the help of any available technology, and offering medical consulting and logistic support as needed. In this article, we report the strategy implemented by our KT transplant center in Central Italy to maintain follow-up of KT recipients during the lockdown response to COVID-19. Both of our COVID-19 patients had several risk factors for an unfavorable outcome of the infection: chronic immunosuppression, advanced age, cardiovascular chronic disease and, in one case, diabetes. Consistent with this, we suggest implementing remote surveillance programs in fragile populations, such as transplant recipients, with the help of any available technology (e-mail, phone calls, video calls) as soon as possible, and offering medical consulting and logistic support as needed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Case report of COVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient: does immunosuppression alter the clinical presentation? doi = 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.06.026 id = cord-303718-7bpap31f author = Binder, Adam F. title = Treating Hematologic Malignancies During a Pandemic: Utilizing Telehealth and Digital Technology to Optimize Care date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; care; patient summary = These measures have challenged cancer centers to develop strategies to continue to provide appropriate care while minimizing risk of infection for both patients and healthcare teams. These strategies include workflow processes to create an environment to allow for social distancing; operational models to ensure access to appropriate screening, testing, and personal protective equipment; treatment modifications, such as personalizing timing of cancer treatment based on emerging national and international guidelines and the specific characteristics of the patient''s disease, underlying morbidities, and risk; and care decentralization, enabling patients to shelter in place while continuing to receive the care they need (9) . The swift adoption of decentralization strategies like telehealth visits, home-based care, and remote patient monitoring can allow physicians treating hematologic malignancies to maintain care while mitigating the risk of nosocomial SARS-COV-2 infection. doi = 10.3389/fonc.2020.01183 id = cord-310455-asu17dea author = Binkin, Nancy title = Protecting our health care workers while protecting our communities during the COVID-19 pandemic: a comparison of approaches and early outcomes in two Italian regions, Italy, 2020 date = 2020-04-14 keywords = Lombardy; Veneto; covid-19 summary = Methods We used numerator and denominator data from public Italian government sources to calculate reported rates of COVID-19 testing/1000, COVID-19 cases/100,000 overall and for health care workers (HCWs) and non-HCWs, deaths per 100,000, and the percent of cases admitted to hospitals and ICUs for February 24-April 1, 2020. Discussion The community-based approach in Veneto appears to be associated with substantially reduced rates of cases, hospitalizations, deaths, and infection in HCWs compared with the patient-centered approach in Lombardy. In this observational study, we present the key elements of Veneto''s community-based approach and compare rates of case-finding, number of cases, hospitalization, deaths, and health care worker (HCW) and non-HCW infections between Lombardy and Veneto. 10.20060707 doi: medRxiv preprint Health authorities in Veneto identified hospitals and convalescent centers that would care for COVID-19 cases, doubled the region''s ICU capacity and obtained an adequate number of ventilators. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.10.20060707 id = cord-336115-7ykvl3u6 author = Binns, Colin title = The COVID-19 Pandemic: Public Health and Epidemiology date = 2020-05-19 keywords = CFR; COVID-19; disease summary = The history of public health contains a number of examples of infectious diseases that were initially thought to have had a very high CFR only for it to be revised downward later. 11 A disease that has a high transmission rate and is very severe is the greatest public health risk. COVID-19 has a high transmission rate, and the CFR appears to be greater than for influenza epidemics, and it is, therefore, potentially a major public health threat. In February, the CFR for COVID-19 infection was estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be 2%, much lower than for MERS and SARS, but estimates of the CFR have changed over time as the criteria for counting the number of cases in the denominator has changed to include very mild or even asymptomatic infections. Modeling of the role of contact tracing and case isolation suggest that these are effective in the control of epidemics such as COVID-19. doi = 10.1177/1010539520929223 id = cord-303811-vr5nao8w author = Binson, Guillaume title = Preparation and physicochemical stability of 50 mg/ml hydroxychloroquine oral suspension in Syrspend pH4 dry date = 2020-10-16 keywords = covid-19; hydroxychloroquine; oral summary = Finally, use of the proposed oral suspension provides a reliable solution to perform safe and accurate administration of hydroxychloroquine to patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Matrix effect was assessed comparing calibration curves prepared in water versus calibration curves obtained using Syrspend® SF PH4 Dry. Dilution was performed using water solution containing 0.1% of the suspending vehicle in order to mimic the exact composition of samples obtained after dilution of the oral suspensions before HPLC-UV analysis. According to the doses proposed for COVID-19 patients (from 100 mg to 600 mg per dose) we chose to prepare oral liquid dosage forms at a target concentration (50 mg/mL) higher than the formulations proposed by McHenry et al., thereby reducing by a factor of two the volume of administration required. In light of all this, the compounded oral liquid formulation proposed in this study provides an appropriate and easy to use dosage form for oral hydroxychloroquine treatment, enabling safe and accurate hydroxychloroquine dose administration to patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106201 id = cord-259014-kl31nvdm author = Binyamin, Y. title = Israel National Obstetric Anesthesia WhatsApp group as a communication tool, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Israel National Obstetric Anesthesia WhatsApp group as a communication tool, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic We investigated our WhatsApp group messages and compared the discussions before and after the COVID-19 pandemic became a concern in Israel. Likewise, we sent a questionnaire before and during the COVID-19 pandemic to ask members about the benefits of the WhatsApp group. A study published by a group of gynecologists describing their use of a WhatsApp group reported the mean time to first response was 52 min. described the introduction of key performance indicators (KPI) for pre-hospital emergency anesthesia and used WhatsApp to invite clinicians to participate in a web based survey about the KPI review and reporting process. 4, 5 In conclusion, we report that group members found the use of a professional WhatsApp group provides rapid useful clinical information, particularly in a crisis period such as the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.ijoa.2020.10.001 id = cord-340713-v5sdowb7 author = Bird, Jordan J. title = Country-level pandemic risk and preparedness classification based on COVID-19 data: A machine learning approach date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; country; model; risk summary = The three four-class classification problems are then explored and benchmarked through leave-one-country-out cross validation to find the strongest model, producing a Stack of Gradient Boosting and Decision Tree algorithms for risk of transmission, a Stack of Support Vector Machine and Extra Trees for risk of mortality, and a Gradient Boosting algorithm for the risk of inability to test. The classification problem of risk is therefore formulated based on prior knowledge of the pandemic in terms of class only, but the attributes to attempt to classify them are purely country-level information regardless of number of cases, deaths and other coronavirus specific data. Country-level pandemic risk and preparedness classification based on COVID-19 data Fig 10 shows a comparison of other models that were explored. Country-level pandemic risk and preparedness classification based on COVID-19 data Table 1 shows the predicted class values for the best models applied to each of the respective risk classification problems. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241332 id = cord-285946-1q4k5bnh author = Birk, Rubinder title = Low detection rate of pulmonary embolism in patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a single-centre UK study date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Birk, Rubinder; Shaw, Dominick; Kennedy, Cheika; Higashi, Yutaro; Patel, Roma; Gupta, Ayushman; Au-Yong, Iain title: Low detection rate of pulmonary embolism in patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a single-centre UK study The study group consisted of patients considered COVID-19 positive based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results and CTPA findings. The study cohort included all patients attending ED who underwent CTPA on the NUH COVID-19 pathway in whom a diagnosis of COVID-19 was made by PCR on a nasopharyngeal swab or with high suspicion of COVID-19 on CT (irrespective of clinical presentation). We therefore also studied a separate smaller cohort of 50 consecutive patients presenting to ED at our institution undergoing CTPA for suspected PE before the coronavirus pandemic in September 2019 (control group 2). PE prevalence in the study group was significantly lower when compared to patients in control group 1 undergoing CTPA for suspected PE only who had no CT features of COVID-19, p = 0.018. doi = 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2020.09.014 id = cord-270614-4q7itegc author = Bisaillon, Laura title = Clever COVID-19, Clever Citizens-98: Critical and Creative Reflections from Tehran, Toronto, and Sydney date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; Iran; Nowruz summary = We argue that reflexive comparative analysis bridging social and visual analysis, anchored in embodied conditions of such people, offers a way to learn from responses to COVID-19 while also being an exercise in ethical research practice. We argue that reflexive comparative analysis bridging social and visual analysis, anchored in embodied conditions of such people, offers a way to learn from responses to COVID-19 while also being an exercise in ethical research practice. Such rituals have been repeated for millennia, and there are local and regional variations in the way people in Iran and its bordering countries and their diasporas enact Nowruz and the haft seen. This is a new Fig. 1 Separate, but together: Changing haft seen and Nowruz practices to care for each other within conditions imposed by COVID-19 experience for us, who have shared a roof for more than a decade. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10032-9 id = cord-325226-8zrtjuwf author = Biswas, Raaj Kishore title = Underreporting COVID-19: the curious case of the Indian subcontinent date = 2020-09-11 keywords = Bangladesh; COVID-19; ISC summary = In the meantime, academic studies started making inferences on the COVID-19 response effectiveness through comparing the disease prevalence and fatality rates between higher and lower income nations in order to investigate the curious case of low COVID-19 infection rates among the LMICs. Conducting research on LMICs with limited data could often lead to erroneous findings and biased interpretations, which is becoming a concern with the avalanche of studies published daily. India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are among the worst 20 countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of total number of cases; however, they are ranked 138, 139 and 147, respectively, in tests per million population, as of 18 June 2020 [1] . This lack of testing capabilities during the early days accompanied by the limited protective gears for health personnel and low implementation capacity related to the response of such pandemics could have concealed the true rate of infection and disease spread in the LMICs of the ISC. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002095 id = cord-282899-kp114q7n author = Biswas, Saurav title = Blood clots in COVID-19 patients: Simplifying the curious mystery date = 2020-11-06 keywords = ACE2; SARS; covid-19 summary = Considering the above facts and recent unusual reports, a hypothesis develops for the blood clots formation in the COVID-19 patients (Figure 1) , states that "Due to an internal injury in the endothelium of blood vessels, either directly by SARS-CoV-2 infection (coexpression and binding of the spike protein with the ACE2) or my virus-mediated inflammatory immune response, may result in vasoconstriction and the activation of coagulation and blood clotting pathways, resulting in the formation of blood clots". During COVID-19 infection, SARS-CoV-2 enters into the systemic circulation and binds with the ACE2 expressing endothelial cells (endothelium) lining the blood vessels. SO, in COVID-19 patients, the SARS-CoV-2 mediated endothelial inflammation, thrombin generation, platelet, and leukocyte recruitment, complement activation, and the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses, forming clots, culminate in immunothrombosis, ultimately resulting in thrombotic complications, stroke, and finally death. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110371 id = cord-288787-9g2vpdj3 author = Bitonti, Giovanna title = Being an Obstetrics and Gynaecology Resident during the COVID-19: Impact of the Pandemic on the residency training program date = 2020-08-01 keywords = covid-19; resident summary = OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the obstetrics and gynecology residency training program in Italy. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional survey study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the obstetrics and gynecology residency training program in Italy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the obstetrics and gynecology residency training program in Italy This was a cross-sectional survey study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the obstetrics and gynecology residency training program in Italy. This cross-sectional survey study aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the obstetrics and gynecology residency training program in Italy. Findings from the survey showed that among Italian residents in obstetrics and gynecology, COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a significant training impairment. In summary, among Italian residents COVID-19 pandemic had a considerable negative impact on obstetrics and gynecology residency training program. doi = 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.057 id = cord-308616-tyd50s4m author = Bizri, Abdul Rahman title = COVID-19 Pandemic: An Insult Over Injury for Lebanon date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; Lebanon; lebanese summary = 1422 confirmed COVID-19 cases were identified and reported in Lebanon by June 13th, 2020, comprising an incidence rate of 208/million persons. In this descriptive analysis we attempt to assess the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Lebanese population relevant to: (1) the number of cases and attributed mortality, date of infection, district, gender and age distribution, (2) its impact on the healthcare, economic, and educational sectors, and the psychological trauma associated with the fear from infection and stress of quarantine. The impact of COVID-19 further extended beyond morbidity and mortality, and affected the health, socioeconomic and educational sectors of the country, as well as the psychological welfare of the population. In addition, strict measures were undertaken by the Lebanese government, and these included testing all people possibly exposed by travel-related affairs, or showing symptoms as per World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. doi = 10.1007/s10900-020-00884-y id = cord-318944-13zk6cco author = Bizzoca, Maria Eleonora title = Covid-19 Pandemic: What Changes for Dentists and Oral Medicine Experts? A Narrative Review and Novel Approaches to Infection Containment date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; SARS; dental; infection; patient; procedure summary = The authors performed a narrative review on Severe Acute Respiratory SyndromeCoronaVirus-2 ( SARS-CoV-2) and all infectious agents with the primary endpoints to illustrate the most accepted models of safety protocols in dentistry and oral medicine, and to propose an easy view of the problem and a comparison (prevs post-COVID19) for the most common dental procedures. After a brief excursus on all infectious agents transmittable at the dental chair, the authors described all the personal protective equipment (PPE) actually on the market and their indications, and on the basis of the literature, they compared (before and after COVID-19 onset) the correct safety procedures for each dental practice studied, underlining the danger of underestimating, in general, dental cross-infections. The precautions for infection control require wearing gloves, aprons, as well as eye and mouth protection (goggles and mask, such as medical masks and Filtering Face Piece or FPP) for each procedure involving direct contact with the patient body fluids. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17113793 id = cord-285435-fu90vb2z author = Björklund, Tua A. title = Expanding entrepreneurial solution spaces in times of crisis: Business model experimentation amongst packaged food and beverage ventures date = 2020-11-30 keywords = Appendix; business; covid-19; model; venture summary = Examining 844 social media posts of 66 ventures between March and May 2020 and interviewing 17 of these ventures, we found ventures to experiment with new business model variations, which not only expanded their set of solutions directly, but resulted in action-based learning leading to longer-term changes and increased capabilities for subsequent value creation. The current study sheds light into how entrepreneurs can experiment with new opportunities and business models to expand entrepreneurial solution spaces in such times of wide-spread collective crisis, examining the activities of packaged food and beverage ventures during the Covid-19 pandemic in Finland. Although further research into the post-crisis effects of such solution space expansions, as well as if, when and how new capabilities are subsequently put to use for business model innovation is still needed, at its best, entrepreneurial experimentation can create new value, capabilities and lasting resilience for both ventures and those in their ecosystem. doi = 10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00197 id = cord-287644-ay0vv27m author = Blackall, Douglas title = Rapid Establishment of a COVID‐19 Convalescent Plasma Program in a Regional Healthcare Delivery Network date = 2020-08-04 keywords = CCP; COVID-19; SARS summary = Overall, 6 major implementation "themes" were addressed: (1) registration of individual hospitals and principle investigators with a national investigational new drug research protocol, (2) collaboration with a regional blood donor center, (3) targeted recruitment of convalesced donors, (4) information technology issues related to all aspects of CCP ordering, distribution, and transfusion, (5) prioritization of patients to receive CCP, and (6) evaluation of CCP products including antibody characteristics and patient response to therapy. The Mayo IND provides specific criteria for patient inclusion in the protocol; namely, that they have positive molecular testing for SARS-CoV-2, are an adult (≥ 18 years of age), and have met defined clinical criteria qualifying them as having severe or life-threatening COVID-19. randomized controlled study, this protocol provided the infrastructure to initiate a convalescent plasma transfusion program in the SSM-STL network, which is the basis for this report. doi = 10.1111/trf.16026 id = cord-340285-mq9x12nw author = Blagosklonny, Mikhail V. title = From causes of aging to death from COVID-19 date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; Rapamycin; age; cell; disease summary = In contrast, as we will discuss in the next section, it is hyper-functional immune response that leads to death from COVID-19 in the elderly by causing cytokine storm. It is driven by nutrient/hormone/cytokinesensing and growth-promoting signaling pathways such as Target of Rapamycin (TOR; mTOR), which are involved in developmental growth and later cause hyperfunctional aging and its diseases [24, 26] . Nutrients and obesity activate growth-promoting pathways (e.g., mTOR), thus accelerating development of quasi-programmed (age-related) diseases. Continuous use of rapamycin is expected to improve health, decrease age-related diseases and extend healthy lifespan, rendering individuals less vulnerable, when infected with the virus. As we discussed in the section "Cytokine storm is a hyperfunction", cytokine storm and hyper-inflammation is a main cause of death in COVID-19 pneumonia [36-40, 42, 45, 135, 141-143] Rapamycin, an antiinflammatory agent, inhibits hyper-functions, cellular senescence and decrease secretion of cytokines ( [74, 81, 144] . doi = 10.18632/aging.103493 id = cord-279779-kp6ik8qb author = Blair, A. title = Identifying gaps in COVID-19 health equity data reporting in Canada using a scorecard approach date = 2020-09-25 keywords = Canada; covid-19; figure summary = Method: A scan was performed of provincial and territorial reporting of five data elements (cumulative totals of tests, cases, hospitalizations, deaths and population size) across three units of aggregation (province or territory-level, health regions, and local areas) (15 "overall" indicators), and for two vulnerable settings (long term care and detention facilities) and six social markers (age, sex, immigration status, race/ethnicity, essential worker status, and income) (120 "equity-related" indicators). . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.23.20200147 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 2 : Overall, province-and territory-level reporting (data availability) on the cumulative total of tests, cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. Though information on population sizes by immigration status, race/ethnicity, and income are available for jurisdictions overall, and by region and local area are all available through the Canadian Census, no province or territory reported on any of the data elements according to these social markers (Figure 4) . doi = 10.1101/2020.09.23.20200147 id = cord-339128-npfoircv author = Blair, Robert V. title = Acute Respiratory Distress in Aged, SARS-CoV-2 Infected African Green Monkeys but not Rhesus Macaques date = 2020-11-07 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; SARS summary = Here we report ARDS in two aged African green monkeys (AGMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2 that demonstrated pathological lesions and disease similar to severe COVID-19 in humans. Here we report ARDS in two aged African green monkeys (AGMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2 that demonstrated pathological lesions and disease similar to severe COVID-19 in humans. We also report a comparatively mild COVID-19 phenotype characterized by minor clinical, radiographic and histopathologic changes in the two surviving, aged AGMs and four rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2. We also report a comparatively mild COVID-19 phenotype characterized by minor clinical, radiographic and histopathologic changes in the two surviving, aged AGMs and four rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2. This study demonstrates that following exposure to SARS-CoV-2 aged AGMs develop a spectrum of disease, from mild to severe COVID-19, which in some cases progress to ARDS. doi = 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.016 id = cord-310857-i9v9antx author = Blaisdell, Laura L. title = Preventing and Mitigating SARS-CoV-2 Transmission — Four Overnight Camps, Maine, June–August 2020 date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The World Health Organization declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic on March 11, 2020.* Shortly thereafter, closures of 124,000 U.S. public and private schools affected at least 55.1 million students through the end of the 2019-20 school year.† During the summer of 2020, approximately 82% of 8,947 U.S. overnight camps did not operate.§ In Maine, only approximately 20% of 100 overnight camps opened.¶ An overnight camp in Georgia recently reported SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, transmission among campers and staff members when nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were not strictly followed (1); however, NPIs have been successfully used to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission among military basic trainees (2). During June-August 2020, four overnight camps in Maine implemented several NPIs to prevent and mitigate the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, including prearrival quarantine, preand postarrival testing and symptom screening, cohorting, use of face coverings, physical distancing, enhanced hygiene measures, cleaning and disinfecting, and maximal outdoor programming. To prevent, identify, and mitigate spread of COVID-19, four Maine overnight summer camps with similar size, session duration, and camper and staff member characteristics opened with uniform NPIs, including precamp quarantine, pre-and postarrival testing and symptom screening, cohorting, and physical distancing between cohorts. doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6935e1 id = cord-311871-13n4st4q author = Blaivas, Michael title = Unexpected finding of myocardial depression in 2 healthy young patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia: possible support for COVID‐19‐related myocarditis date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19; POCUS summary = This article presents 2 cases of generally healthy patients who were noted to have classic COVID‐19 bilateral pneumonia findings on lung ultrasound and incidentally discovered to have unsuspected left ventricular dysfunction likely resulting from myocarditis. also been widespread recognition that lung point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is highly accurate for pneumonia diagnosis and monitoring, as well as other settings outside of COVID-19, without the high cost and radiation exposure encountered with chest CT. However, in addition to lung involvement, there are increasing anecdotal reports regarding pericardial effusions and electrical However, bilateral pleural abnormalities were found associated with scattered sub-pleural consolidations and comet tail artifacts in a distribution consistent with typical lung ultrasound findings in COVID-19 pneumonia (Video 1). These cases serve to raise the awareness of emergency physicians and others treating COVID-19 patients to consider evaluating the heart with POCUS, not just for pericardial effusion but also for left ventricular systolic function on a more routine basis. doi = 10.1002/emp2.12098 id = cord-302431-13hperkz author = Blanchard, Janice title = For us, COVID‐19 is personal date = 2020-05-17 keywords = COVID-19; social summary = As Black physicians working in urban America, we do not find the recent deluge of news reports chronicling the disproportionate effect that the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic is having on the disenfranchised and minority populations in our country shocking. As Black physicians working in urban America, we do not find the recent deluge of news reports chronicling the disproportionate effect that the coronavirus disease pandemic is having on the disenfranchised and minority populations in our country shocking. For example, appropriate as they are, social distancing mandates and increased testing for COVID-19 will not yield the expected outcomes if we do not make tangible efforts to address the clear patterns in racial disparities that have emerged. 8 COVID-19 has highlighted many of the social disparities that exist for communities of color. 9 It is time that we address the social issues that lead to the alarming rates of COVID-19 in our communities. doi = 10.1111/acem.14016 id = cord-024323-9w055rnn author = Blanco-Colino, Ruth title = Suspected Acute Abdomen as an Extrapulmonary Manifestation of COVID-19 Infection() date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Suspected Acute Abdomen as an Extrapulmonary Manifestation of COVID-19 Infection § Sospecha de abdomen agudo como manifestació n extrapulmonar de infecció n por In December 2019, an outbreak of a novel coronavirus pneumonia occurred in Wuhan, Hubei, which quickly spread across China and to a new focal point in Europe. During the anamnesis, the patient reported a mild cough without mucus over the previous week, but no associated arthromyalgia, rhinorrhea, dyspnea or respiratory symptoms. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 This case report shows the current importance of reviewing the possible existence of respiratory symptoms during the anamnesis of patients initially referred for surgical evaluation. doi = 10.1016/j.cireng.2020.04.014 id = cord-318773-nmsr1ga1 author = Blanco-Colino, Ruth title = Authors’ response to: About the scientific letter «Suspicion of an acute abdomen as an extrapulmonary manifestation of COVID-19 infectio» date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The original title of the accepted publication was Abdominal bloating and gastrointestinal symptoms as an extrapulmonary manifestation in a COVID-19+ patient, which was later replaced with Suspected Acute Abdomen (...), after review by the Editorial Committee. 1 The patient was referred to our hospital from Primary Care in order to rule out acute abdomen, at which time the patient was triaged to our General Surgery Emergency Unit. The presentation of lymphopenia and elevated PCR on the laboratory tests were signs to suspect a poor COVID-19 prognosis, 3 requiring a differential diagnosis with other pathologies such as sepsis of abdominal origin. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms Lung Base Findings of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) on Abdominal CT in Patients With Predominant Gastrointestinal Symptoms Gastrointestinal Symptoms and COVID-19: Case-Control Study from the United States doi = 10.1016/j.cireng.2020.07.009 id = cord-316938-64jxtg9y author = Blasi, Annabel title = In vitro hypercoagulability and ongoing in vivo activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in COVID‐19 patients on anticoagulation date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = CONCLUSIONS: COVID‐19 patients are characterized by normal in vitro thrombin generation and enhanced clot formation and decreased fibrinolytic potential despite the presence of heparin in the sample. Markers of NETs were modestly elevated in patients compared to controls, and did not differ between patients that were or were not admitted to ICU, which may argue against a key role of NETs in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 associated sequelae as was suggested previously. Plasma CLT was higher in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls, but similar between patients on ICU and ward. TAT and PAP complex levels are strongly elevated in patients with COVID-19, indicating ongoing thrombin and plasmin generation in COVID-19 patients despite anticoagulation with LMWH. Taken together, our data confirm a hypercoagulable status of enhanced thrombin generating capacity, enhanced ex vivo clot formation likely related to hyperfibrinogenemia, and a decreased ex vivo fibrinolytic capacity in patients with COVID-19. Decreased plasma levels of activated factor VII in patients with deep vein thrombosis doi = 10.1111/jth.15043 id = cord-322866-au76nnzg author = Bleizgys, Andrius title = Vitamin D and COVID‐19: It is time to act date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19; VitD; vitamin summary = High‐dose VitD supplementation, particularly for risk groups, could be recommended to achieve and maintain optimal (range 40‐60 ng/mL) serum 25‐hydroxy vitamin D levels (marker of VitD status) both for COVID‐19 prevention and treatment. 17, 19, 26 Epidemiological studies of the past showed inverse relationships between VitD status and certain clinical events: lower 25OH-D levels are associated with higher risk of developing ARDS, heart failure and sepsis; the latter conditions are also known to increase risk for severe COVID-19 and death from COVID-19. Some authors even suggested that patients having VitD deficiency should be considered as high risk group for getting severe illness from COVID-19. 44, 45 VitD also increases the gene expression of antioxidative enzymes, eg glutathione reductase and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit, and this was shown to help maintain higher levels of vitamin C, which is an antioxidant and has antimicrobial activity as well, and is suggested as a potential agent for fighting COVID-19. doi = 10.1111/ijcp.13748 id = cord-309195-0scmephx author = Blicharz, Leszek title = Hand eczema ‐ a growing dermatological concern during the COVID‐19 pandemic and possible treatments date = 2020-05-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Hand eczema ‐ a growing dermatological concern during the COVID‐19 pandemic and possible treatments 3 Regardless of HE etiology, exposure to detergents and soaps, frequent hand washing (>20 times/day) and the use of occlusive gloves are all well-known risk factors of disease onset This article is protected by copyright. Topical steroids such as clobetasol propionate and mometasone furoate are usually the first-choice anti-inflammatory agents, though they may interfere with the skin barrier regeneration and thus their long-term This article is protected by copyright. 6 Lastly, systemic agents should be considered in severe cases refractory to topical treatment. Therapeutic options include short courses of systemic steroids during disease exacerbations, oral retinoids, e.g. alitretinoin, acitretin, and immunosuppressants such as methotrexate, azathioprine, and cyclosporine A. 6 Despite the lack of evidence on the increased risk of severe COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients, 7, 8 we believe that the first-line systemic treatment should involve oral retinoids followed by immunosuppressants in recalcitrant cases. Hand eczema: treatment doi = 10.1111/dth.13545 id = cord-279197-cesemos0 author = Block, Keith I. title = Integrative Cancer Therapies: Learning From COVID-19 date = 2020-06-21 keywords = COVID-19; cancer; patient; trial summary = Not only has COVID-19 suddenly converted us to a reliance on telehealth that is likely to persist in the future, it has also highlighted the use of some integrative therapies commonly used by cancer patients that have previously been thought to be too controversial for conventional clinics, but that might bear further research attention. For instance, 3 meta-analyses of randomized trials of chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients found that performance status predicted mortality, [12] [13] [14] in addition to treatment side effects. Along with the previously published beneficial effects of parenteral fish oil emulsions in cancer patients, 30 these vitamin C trials raise the question of the potentials of other unconventional intravenous treatments in cancer patients. Pooled safety and efficacy analysis examining the effect of performance status on outcomes in nine first-line treatment trials using individual data from patients with metastatic colorectal cancer doi = 10.1177/1534735420932652 id = cord-317526-d3z4r0dz author = Bloom, Patricia P. title = Hepatology Consultants Often Disagree on Etiology of Abnormal Liver Biochemistries in COVID-19 but Agree on Management date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with elevated liver biochemistries in approximately half of hospitalized patients, with many possible etiologies. Our aim was to assess degree of hepatologist agreement on the etiology of abnormal liver biochemistries as well as diagnostic recommendations in COVID-19. We reviewed the characteristics of twenty inpatient hepatology consultations performed at Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women''s Hospital for abnormal liver biochemistries in adult patients with a positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. From March 20 to April 21, 2020, our inpatient hepatology teams performed 20 consultations on patients with COVID-19 and abnormal liver biochemistries; eight had chronic liver disease, and twelve required ICU admission (Table 1 for patient characteristics). The original consultant and three hepatology reviewers had Kappa agreement of 0.10 (p = 0.03) for the most likely primary etiology of elevated liver biochemistries. The hepatologists attributed approximately half of cases to phenomena specific to the COVID-19 pandemic: SARS-CoV-2-related liver injury or DILI. doi = 10.1007/s10620-020-06495-w id = cord-278249-vvhq9vgp author = Blot, Mathieu title = CXCL10 could drive longer duration of mechanical ventilation during COVID-19 ARDS date = 2020-11-02 keywords = ARDS; CXCL10; ELF; SARS; covid-19; dna summary = In addition, since most patients need to undergo mechanical ventilation in this context, ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) could exacerbate tissue damage as well as local and systemic inflammation, thus acting as a "second hit." Our team has previously shown that mitochondrial alarmins (i.e., mitochondrial DNA) are released by human epithelial cells submitted to cyclic stretch, and these alarmins are also recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid obtained from either ventilated rabbits or ARDS patients. This comprehensive evaluation of systemic and pulmonary immune response showed that the higher CXCL10 concentrations in both the systemic and alveolar compartments of patients with COVID-19 ARDS were associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation. Finally, in both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients, higher mitochondrial DNA concentrations in the plasma and ELF compartment were highly correlated with alveolar inflammation, as assessed by BALF cell count and ELF IL-8 and IL-1β concentrations. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03328-0 id = cord-282402-1skkjes1 author = Blumenthal-Barby, Jennifer title = Payment of COVID-19 challenge trials: underpayment is a bigger worry than overpayment date = 2020-10-12 keywords = covid-19 summary = This raises the question of how much people should be paid for their participation in COVID-19 challenge trials. Grimwade et al have the opposite concern-that researchers will underpay challenge trial participants. Even more concerning, it fails to account for the extra risks and burdens of COVID-19 challenge trial participation that go beyond a typical minimum wage job. Grimwade et al argue that participants should be offered higher payment that accounts for participant time, and for pains, burdens and willingness to take risk. Undue inducement occurs when people do not pay full attention to the risks and benefits of research participation because they are myopically focused on the money. There are, however, two additional ethical concerns associated with high payment that Grimwade et al do not discuss: unjust inducement and crowding out of altruism. Given the potential burdens and risks accompanying challenge trials, we shouldn''t worry about whether we are overpaying people for their participation. doi = 10.1136/medethics-2020-106901 id = cord-327578-9r1fxfn4 author = Bluro, Ignacio Martín title = ‘Cardiovascular Pandemic’ in Argentina date = 2020-07-30 keywords = Argentina; COVID-19 summary = However, this objective is far from being reached, and today the Argentine healthcare system is very fragmented: 60% of the population uses employer-based coverage, 30% accesses the public health system, and 10% obtained direct private coverage [11] . Even more alarming is the fact that half the people that required medical attention during this time did not consult a physician, and most of them did not do it due to fear or lack of access to the healthcare system. These data imply that, if controls of cardiovascular health remain unattended due to COVID-19 concerns, we can expect an increase of several thousand deaths from cardiovascular causes. Similarly, the Argentine Society of Cardiology produced a document declaring their position for the management of CVD during COVID-19, which includes concrete recommendations to ensure the continuity of the cardiovascular health management in a safe manner for healthcare providers and patients [19] . doi = 10.5334/gh.843 id = cord-349418-98sgr5iv author = Bo, Yacong title = Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 transmission in 190 countries from 23 January to 13 April 2020 date = 2020-10-29 keywords = COVID-19; npi summary = Model 1 included the following covariates: calendar time to control seasonal and longterm trends over the study period; Rt of the previous day to account for temporal autocorrelation; public health response time, which was defined as the number of days between the date of activation of the first NPI and the date on which the first case was reported; an indicator for the day of the week and public holidays to account for weekly or periodic variations in the number of people who accepted the SARS-CoV-2 test; duration for which a type of NPI was implemented to control for the potential effects of implementation duration; population density to account for the higher transmission rate in regions with high population density; median age to account for the higher incidence rates among the elderly; and GHSI to account for countries'' capacity to prevent and mitigate epidemics and pandemics. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.066 id = cord-263569-x06dked1 author = Bobenchik, April M. title = Testing the asymptomatic pre-surgical population for SARS CoV-2 date = 2020-08-26 keywords = covid-19 summary = However, by April 2020, increased mortality for delaying necessary cardiac and thoracic procedures prompted multidisciplinary teams to determine how to safely restart surgical cases, balancing the urgent needs of patients, the reported increased morbidity and mortality of Covid-positive patients undergoing surgical procedures (2,3,7,8), and risk of spreading Covid-19 infection among health care workers (4,6,7,9,10,11). Screening includes a questionnaire regarding signs symptoms of Covid-19, exposure to an infected person, SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing, with or without thoracic computed tomography (CT) (4,5,10,11,12,13,14,15) . After 11 weeks, based on the low number of PCR+ cases and declining prevalence of Recognizing the greater adverse outcome data of Covid-19+ patients undergoing surgery (7,8) and the risk of infection spread from asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic patients Covid-19+ patients (6) preoperative screening has been important to the restart and ramping up of surgical cases (9,10,12). doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.08.041 id = cord-276870-gxtvlji7 author = Bobrowski, Tesia title = Learning from history: do not flatten the curve of antiviral research! date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; HIV; SARS; number summary = Here, we explore the dynamics of the response of the scientific community to several epidemics, including Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), as assessed by the numbers of clinical trials, publications, and level of research funding over time. However, despite many experimental and clinical studies, no effective drugs or treatments have emerged to treat the previous six epidemics of bird flu, SARS, swine flu, MERS, Ebola, and Zika as well as, thus far, COVID-19. We evaluated the number of publications (in both peer-reviewed journals and ArXiv preprint servers) and the number of clinical trials performed over the course of the epidemic to estimate the engagement and success of the scientific community in response to the seven major outbreaks of the past two decades: bird flu, SARS, swine flu, MERS, Ebola, Zika, and COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.008 id = cord-315129-p31vm79o author = Bock, Jens-Ole title = Re-analysis of SARS-CoV-2-infected host cell proteomics time-course data by impact pathway analysis and network analysis: a potential link with inflammatory response date = 2020-06-23 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Re-analysis of SARS-CoV-2-infected host cell proteomics time-course data by impact pathway analysis and network analysis: a potential link with inflammatory response Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by an outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, has led to an unprecedented health and economic crisis worldwide. Here, we use the publicly available proteomics data from this study to re-analyze the in vitro cellular consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection by impact pathways analysis and network analysis. Cellular factors exploited by SARS-CoV-2 to gain entry into cells have recently been studied, revealing that the virus uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) host cell receptor, together with the serine protease TMPRSS2. Host cell proteomics studies that measure changes in protein abundance following viral entry and subsequent global pathway and network analysis can shed some light on the mechanisms that are used and/or altered by the virus and may reveal novel drug targets. doi = 10.18632/aging.103524 id = cord-258581-46p0k9lc author = Bodak, Nathalie title = COVID‐19 Lockdown induced acral dermatosis in children date = 2020-06-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Recently, several case series of cutaneous acral manifestations in patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) have been reported. Indirect consequences of the ongoing pandemic on skin health have been reported, such as an increased frequency of irritant dermatitis related to repeated hand washing with soap, or occupational dermatoses in health care workers due to wearing gloves or masks (4, 5) . We describe here acral lesions observed in seven children (four girls) by the sixth week of the lockdown period in France. Although a larger case series would strengthen our hypothesis, we suggest that the change of daily habits in young children during the lockdown period may have increased the frequency of acral frictional dermatoses that are not directly due to the virus but rather to prolonged sessions spent playing on the floor. Acral cutaneous lesions in the Time of COVID-19 doi = 10.1111/jdv.16797 id = cord-348999-989vojgu author = Boddington, N. L. title = COVID-19 in Great Britain: epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the first few hundred (FF100) cases: a descriptive case series and case control analysis date = 2020-05-22 keywords = FF100; case; covid-19 summary = Objectives: Following detection of the first virologically-confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Great Britain, an enhanced surveillance study was initiated by Public Health England to describe the clinical presentation, course of disease and identify risk factors for infection of the first few hundred cases. This paper describes the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the first few hundred cases of COVID-19 identified in GB, including estimates of sensitivity and specificity of selected symptoms, associations of underlying health conditions with infection and estimates of the prevalence of these conditions in the UK population. service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/population-of-england-and-wales/latest) Logistic regression analysis of associations of age and sex with COVID-19 included 358 cases with data on underlying health conditions (to allow adjustment for immunosuppression), and 2,705,963 UK general population controls. Analysis of associations of underlying health conditions with COVID-19 infection included 358 cases with comorbidity data, and 2,705,963 UK general population controls (Table 4 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.18.20086157 id = cord-355540-rlvzj2e5 author = Bodei, Lisa title = Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are There Any Concerns? date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; PRRT summary = Here, we discuss risk factors for COVID-19 severity with regard to peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), focusing on the question of whether lymphopenia increases risk of infection-related morbidity. At this time, it is not known if the moderately compromised immune response (predominantly involving B lymphocytes) associated with PRRT results in an impaired capacity to defend against subsequent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Consequently, there is no clear theoretic indication that PRRT places patients at significantly greater risk of acquiring COVID-19 or developing more severe infection-related complications. The potential risks of PRRT in patients with progressive neuroendocrine tumor during the COVID-19 pandemic need to be considered in the context of the relative risks and benefits of other available therapies. Although available data are scarce, we agree that, for now, PRRTrelated lymphopenia does not appear to constitute a strong risk factor for acquiring COVID-19 infection or for developing severe complications. Lymphocytic toxicity in patients after peptide-receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with 177 Lu-DOTATATE and 90 Y-DOTATOC doi = 10.2967/jnumed.120.249136 id = cord-299274-gnbp7so5 author = Bodkin, Claire title = Pandemic Planning in Homeless Shelters: A pilot study of a COVID-19 testing and support program to mitigate the risk of COVID-19 outbreaks in congregate settings date = 2020-06-08 keywords = Hamilton; covid-19 summary = title: Pandemic Planning in Homeless Shelters: A pilot study of a COVID-19 testing and support program to mitigate the risk of COVID-19 outbreaks in congregate settings We tested 104 residents and 141 staff for COVID-19 who failed daily symptom screening in homeless shelters in Hamilton, Canada. The objective of this report is to describe our experience with shelter facility restructuring, daily symptom screening and rapid testing to mitigate the risk of COVID-19 in the homeless shelter setting in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Between March 17 and April 30, 2020, COVID-19 testing was performed on all shelter residents and staff who failed daily screening for potential COVID-19 related symptoms as well as staff and residents identified as close contacts of positive cases. We have thus far been successful in preventing large outbreaks in the shelter setting despite identifying positive cases in both staff and residents. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa743 id = cord-344553-uya1j94u author = Bodova, K. title = Time-adjusted Analysis Shows Weak Associations Between BCG Vaccination Policy and COVID-19 Disease Progression date = 2020-05-06 keywords = BCG; COVID-19; Germany summary = In this study, we ascertain the associations between BCG vaccination policies and progression of COVID-19 through analysis of various time-adjusted indicators either directly extracted from the incidence and death reports, or estimated as parameters of disease progression models. The associations between BCG vaccination policy and COVID-19 disease progression have also been a subject to controversy in data analysis, with some studies claiming significant effects on the number of cases and case fatality rates (Miller et al., 2020; Berg et al., 2020) , while others criticizing weaknesses of those studies and claiming no statistically significant differences (Szigeti et al., 2020; Hensel et al., 2020; Fukui et al., 2020; Singh, 2020) . In this study, we have estimated a variety of indicators characteristic for different stages of COVID-19 epidemics, also adjusting for time since the beginning of the epidemics in each country, and found that several key indicators show weak, but statistically significant, associations with BCG vaccination status. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.01.20087809 id = cord-321098-j3glby40 author = Bodrud-Doza, Md. title = Psychosocial and Socio-Economic Crisis in Bangladesh Due to COVID-19 Pandemic: A Perception-Based Assessment date = 2020-06-26 keywords = Bangladesh; covid-19; healthcare; issue; mean; outbreak summary = Background: The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the partial lockdown, the disease intensity, weak governance in the healthcare system, insufficient medical facilities, unawareness, and the sharing of misinformation in the mass media has led to people experiencing fear and anxiety. To understand the possible psychosocial, socio-economic, and environmental impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh, we considered and identified several relevant and possible items based on the socio-economic situation, political analysis, the existing healthcare system, environmental analysis, possible emerging issues utilized from scenario developments, analysis of local and global reports of the COVID-19 pandemic from the print and electronic media, and a literature review. The socioeconomic issues (SEI 10) and immediate emerging issues (IEI2) have a statistically significant positive impact (p < 0.01), e.g., obstruction to the formal education system, and the potentiality of a huge number of people becoming infected may contribute to the fear development of the COVID-19 outbreak in this country. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00341 id = cord-335510-eojmipzy author = Boeckmans, Joost title = COVID-19 and drug-induced liver injury: a problem of plenty or a petty point? date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Recent reports point to the fact that liver injury, by means of increased aminotransferase levels, more frequently occurred in severe COVID-19 cases compared to patients with mild symptoms Guan et al. Retrospective analysis of the earlier-reported SARS-CoV, causing the ''severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)'' and also infecting humans via ACE2, showed that the disease was accompanied by abnormal liver function which could be due to viral replication in the liver (Cui et al. It has been reported that patients suffering from certain viral infections, such as infections caused by hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses, are more prone for developing drug-induced liver injury (DILI), especially when associated with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (Naidoo et al. Furthermore, these patients often suffer from the metabolic syndrome, which is a major risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Role of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as risk factor for drug-induced hepatotoxicity doi = 10.1007/s00204-020-02734-1 id = cord-326692-kq903zbo author = Boehning, Dankmar title = Estimating the undetected infections in the Covid-19 outbreak by harnessing capture-recapture methods date = 2020-04-24 keywords = covid-19; estimate summary = title: Estimating the undetected infections in the Covid-19 outbreak by harnessing capture-recapture methods We provide an efficient, easy to compute and robust lower bound estimator for the number of undetected cases. Because published estimates of the distribution of Covid-19 vary widely, with estimates of the basic reproduction number, R0, alone ranging from subcritical (i.e., < 1) to > 3 [Li et al.(2020) , Zhao et al.(2020) , ], mathematical models of infectious diseases, such as Susceptible-Infected-Recovered models, computing the theoretical number of people infected with a contagious illness in a closed population over time, needs to be evaluated on a range/grid of simulated values, each based on different assumptions and adjusted based on data from different geographic areas [Chen et al.(2020) ]. The purpose of this contribution is to propose a lower bound estimator for the number of people affected by Covid-19 but not detected for various reasons, the major one being that they are asymptomatic. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.20.20072629 id = cord-299159-cxktdaws author = Boelig, Rupsa C. title = MFM Guidance for COVID-19 date = 2020-03-19 keywords = covid-19 summary = The goals the guidelines put forth here are two foldfirst to reduce patient risk through healthcare exposure, understanding that asymptomatic health systems/healthcare providers may become the most common vector for transmission, and second to reduce the public health burden of COVID-19 transmission throughout the general population. The goals the guidelines put forth here are two fold-22 first to reduce patient risk through healthcare exposure, understanding that asymptomatic health 23 systems/healthcare providers may become the most common vector for transmission, and second to 24 reduce the public health burden of COVID-19 transmission throughout the general population. Box 25 1 outlines general guidance to prevent spread of COVID-19 and protect our obstetric patients. 26 Section 1 outlines suggested modifications of outpatient obstetrical (prenatal) visits. 26 Section 1 outlines suggested modifications of outpatient obstetrical (prenatal) visits. Section 4 reviews suggested visitor policy for 29 obstetric outpatient office. Section 4 reviews suggested visitor policy for 29 obstetric outpatient office. doi = 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100106 id = cord-279052-8hxdfdls author = Boet, S. title = Protocol for a multicentre randomized controlled trial of normobaric versus hyperbaric oxygen therapy for hypoxemic COVID-19 patients date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; HBOT; outcome; patient summary = Secondary outcomes will include: (a) clinical outcomes (length of hospital stay, days with oxygen supplementation, oxygen flow values to obtain a saturation by pulse oximetry [≥]90%, intensive care admission and length of stay, days on invasive mechanical ventilation or high flow oxygen, sleep quality, fatigue, major thrombotic events, the 7-level COVID ordinal outcomes scale on Day 28; mortality, safety); (b) biological outcomes (plasma inflammatory markers); and (c) health system outcomes (cost of care and cost-effectiveness). Secondary objectives: To evaluate the effect of HBOT on: (a) other clinical outcomes (i.e., length of hospital stay; days with oxygen supplementation; daily oxygen flow values required to obtain saturation values ≥90%; ICU admission; ICU length of stay; days on invasive mechanical ventilation or high flow oxygenation; major arterial and venous thrombotic events, such as stroke, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis; sleep quality; fatigue; the 7-level COVID ordinal outcomes scale assessed on Day 28, mortality, and safety; (b) biologic inflammatory markers, including markers of immune activation response and inflammation; and (c) cost of care for COVID-19 patients and cost-effectiveness of HBOT. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.15.20154609 id = cord-324060-vvexfg1c author = Bogdanos, Dimitrios P. title = When there is a pandemic there is no time to waste: should we have hydroxychloroquine in our armoury against COVID-19 infected patients? date = 2020-03-31 keywords = COVID-19; chloroquine; patient summary = The current use of chloroquine and/or hydroxychloroquine, a drug currently used to treat autoimmune rheumatic diseases, in treating severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) or COVID-19-infected patients with pneumonia is a matter of intense consideration. There is no certainty that chloroquine and/or hydroxychloroquine is efficacious for the severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19-infected patients with pneumonia, especially immunocompromised patients. Based on the Italian and Spanish experience, we anticipate that we will have a shortage of ventilators and intensive care unit beds if we have many severe COVID-19-infected cases in Greece (https://www.reuters.com/ article/us-health-coronavirus-draegerwerk-ventil/germany-italy-rush-to-buy-life-saving-ventilators-as-manufacturers-warn-of-shortages-idUSKBN210362). In China alone, at least 23 clinical trials investigate the efficacy and safety of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19-associated pneumonia. The expert panel of the National Public Health Authority has very recently (26 March 2020) revised the therapeutic protocol/algorithm for the treatment of symptomatic COVID-19 patients, which includes hydroxychloroquine/ chloroquine. doi = 10.31138/mjr.31.1.94 id = cord-345610-rx1zmajl author = Boggs, Steven D. title = Calculate the COVID-19 Equation With the People’s Energy as Key Variable date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Calculate the COVID-19 Equation With the People''s Energy as Key Variable Besides "joint efforts from people all around the world," 2 it appears to be absolute key that leaders attend to the psychological and emotional well-being of our clinicians in addition to the physical well-being of our staffs "to protect health care workers better, to save more lives." 2 Necessary protective measures interfere with the camaraderie that each of us tries to create at work. While literally getting-in-touch is a caring physician''s "first language," 3 the interactions with our patients now through masks and with PPE create barriers which are new to them and to us. 6 We must calculate the COVID-19 equation with the people''s energy as key variable in mind! Staffing with disease-based epidemiologic indices may reduce shortage of intensive care unit staff during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000004892 id = cord-312467-kbhljong author = Boilève, Alice title = COVID-19 management in a cancer center: the ICU storm date = 2020-07-31 keywords = ICU; covid-19; patient summary = We report here management of a dedicated intensive care unit of a cancer center during the COVID-19 infection pandemic, considering resource allocation and redistribution of healthcare workers. In a situation of predictable shortage of beds and resources due to patients with COVID-19 requiring intensive care, the usual perception of cancer with a poor life expectancy population may lead to a limitation of aggressive management of this cohort. Here, we report management of such a specific ICU during the COVID-19 infection pandemic, considering resource allocation and redistribution of healthcare workers, and anticipation of the influx of patients. To increase ICU capacity, and to reduce the number of patients admitted in the post-surgical care ward, a large number of non-urgent surgery were postponed, as well as cancer treatments that were adapted to preserve available beds in ICU. doi = 10.1007/s00520-020-05658-9 id = cord-304573-3nhglbw4 author = Bola, Sumrit title = COVID-19 and the return to head and neck outpatient activity in the United Kingdom: what is the new normal? date = 2020-11-06 keywords = COVID-19; clinic; patient summary = The survey was open on a web-based platform and covered topics including safety measures for patients, protective equipment for healthcare staff and protocols for the use of flexible nasendoscopy in the clinic. 1 Personal protective equipment used in clinic (PPE) 2 Number of patients booked into a clinic 3 Patient screening prior to the clinic appointment 4 Risk assessment and protocols for flexible nasendoscopy 5 Outpatient room ventilation and room air changes per hour (ACPH) 6 Downtime associated with an Aerosol-Generating Procedure (AGP). Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of patients that otolaryngologists had booked into a 4-h outpatient clinic ranged from 6 to 15 for a single clinic and 14-20 for a joint head and neck cancer (HNC) follow-up clinic, with the majority of clinicians seeing 12 patients (mean = 12.8, standard deviation = 2.5). doi = 10.1007/s00405-020-06458-x id = cord-279264-0bhgq3q9 author = Bolarinwa, O. A. title = Adherence to COVID-19 pandemic prescribed recommendations, source of information and lockdown psychological impact of Nigeria social media users date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; Nigeria; September summary = title: Adherence to COVID-19 pandemic prescribed recommendations, source of information and lockdown psychological impact of Nigeria social media users Thus, the present study was aimed at assessing compliance to prescribe preventive recommendations, the psychological effect of lockdown, and the source of information among Nigeria social media users. Thus, this study examined the compliance level to COVID-19 prescribed recommendations, the psychological implications of lockdown, and the source of information on COVID-19 among Nigeria social media users. The online google based questionnaire elicited socio-demographic variables such as gender, age, educational attainment, professional history of the respondents, while dependent variables such as compliance to prescribed recommendations, the psychological impact of lockdown, and source of information during the lockdown among Nigeria social media users. The study was carried out to examined how people in Nigeria are complying with recommendations from the country''s health authority, lockdown psychological impact, and source of information among social media users in Nigeria. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.09.20188482 id = cord-336064-8b5cvll7 author = Bolaño-Ortiz, Tomás R. title = Spread of SARS-CoV-2 through Latin America and the Caribbean region: a look from its economic conditions, climate and air pollution indicators date = 2020-07-15 keywords = America; COVID-19; LAC summary = We have evaluated the spread of SARS-CoV-2 through Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region by means of a correlation between climate and air pollution indicators, namely, average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, rainfall, average relative humidity, wind speed, and air pollution indicators PM(10), PM(2.5), and NO(2) with the COVID-19 daily new cases and deaths. Recent studies have shown that climate and air pollution indicators are correlated with the spread of COVID-19 in Oslo, Norway, Jakarta, Indonesia, New York City, and California in the United States (Bashir et al., 2020b (Bashir et al., , 2020a Menebo, 2020; Tosepu et al., 2020) . Here we present a study of the correlation of average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, rainfall, average relative humidity, wind speed, and air quality (PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and NO 2 ) with the new cases, total cases, and new deaths from COVID-19 in 10 cities located in LAC. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109938 id = cord-261370-jp5sqqwc author = Bollag, Wendy B. title = Phosphatidylglycerol and Surfactant: A Potential Treatment for COVID-19? date = 2020-09-16 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; surfactant summary = It is thought that surfactant, which is already approved by the Food and Drug Administration for intratracheal administration to treat neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in infants, could benefit COVID-19-infected individuals by: (1) restoring surfactant damaged by lung infection and/or decreased due to the virus-induced death of the type II pneumocytes that produce it and (2) reducing surface tension to decrease the work of breathing and limit pulmonary edema. In addition, a constituent of surfactant, phosphatidylglycerol, could mitigate COVID-19-induced lung pathology by: (3) decreasing excessive innate immune system activation via its inhibition of toll-like receptor-2 and -4 activation by microbial components and cellular proteins released by damaged cells, thereby limiting inflammation and the resultant pulmonary edema, and (4) possibly blocking spread of the viral infection to non-infected cells in the lung. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110277 id = cord-135363-l2r6uprq author = Bolsover, Gillian title = Balancing freedoms, rights and responsibilities during COVID in US: a study of anti- and pro-restriction discourse date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID; freedom; restriction; right summary = With an individualistic culture, a high proportion of libertarian supporters and a constitution strongly protecting individual freedoms, the US has seen several major protests against state-level economic and social restrictions to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Within trends concerning the Michigan protests specifically, there was more pro-restriction than anti-restriction content, with a sizeable minority opposing restrictions; 17 posts supported restrictions on social activity, 18 restrictions on economic activity and 24 restrictions on political activity. This data memo has presented an initial analysis of levels of support and opposition to social, economic and political restrictions to control the spread and severity of COVID and how these arguments have been articulated in relation to rights and freedoms. Posts that opposed social, economic and/or political restrictions were more likely to articulate ideas of rights and freedoms: 75% of posts compared to 50% of those that supported. doi = nan id = cord-294501-1nf98mpb author = Bonafè, Massimiliano title = Inflamm-aging: Why older men are the most susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 complicated outcomes date = 2020-05-03 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; age summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is characterized by a high mortality of elderly men with age-related comorbidities. Consistent with this finding, the ability of DCs and macrophages to elicit CD8 + T cell response and proliferation and to release antiviral cytokines is impaired in elderly individuals [34] ; in parallel, these subjects are characterized by a reduced activity of plasmacytoid DCs, the main sources of type I IFNs, which underpin the antiviral response and provide the first-line sentinels in immune surveillance, also in the lung [35] . 4. In older men with age-related diseases, the aging-dependent reduction in ACE2 activity worsens SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2, the main SARS-CoV2 host cell receptor, plays a crucial role in virus entry into the cell, as previously demonstrated in SARS and NL63 human coronaviruses [41] . In these individuals, acute SARS-CoV-2 infection compounds their chronic, subclinical, aging-related proinflammatory state (inflamm-aging) which, together with immune senescence and the age-and gender-specific distribution of ACE2 in the airway epithelia, could blunt the antiviral response to inflammation. doi = 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.04.005 id = cord-331547-uqmjhhna author = Bonalumi, Giorgia title = A call to action becomes practice: cardiac and vascular surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic based on the Lombardy emergency guidelines date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = In Lombardy, the hub-and-spoke system was introduced to guarantee emergency and urgent cardiovascular surgery, whereas most hospitals were dedicated to patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Daily morning briefings were held internally at the Monzino hospital to monitor every aspect of all in-patients (COVID-19 status, number of available beds) and to share news from the Health Care Lombardy Regional System and the national government. If the test results were positive (chest CT scan indicative of interstitial pneumonia and/or positive results from the nasal swab), the patient was transferred to a dedicated zone called the ''red area'', a separate zone with physical barriers and heavy use of personal protective equipment to protect working personnel, where only patients with COVID-19 were hospitalized. In cases of emergency surgery, the patient was considered and treated as positive for SARS-CoV-2 by the health care staff, who wore personal protective equipment, until screening results were available. doi = 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa204 id = cord-332480-3uodkrkp author = Bonam, Srinivasa Reddy title = Adjunct immunotherapies for the management of severely ill COVID-19 patients date = 2020-04-30 keywords = IVIG; SARS; covid-19; patient; severe summary = Current COVID-19 data clearly highlight that cytokine storm and activated immune cell migration to the lungs characterize the early immune response to COVID-19 that causes severe lung damage and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. 13, 14, 16, 17 Of note, similar to severely ill COVID-19 cases, elevated serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ have been consistently observed in cytokine release syndrome (CRS) that is common in the patients receiving T cell-engaging immunotherapies (bispecific antibody constructs or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies). A randomized Phase 1b/2, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial is currently recruiting patients to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of a humanized anti-GM-CSF IgG1 monoclonal antibody TJ003234 in severely ill COVID-19 patients (NCT04341116). 68 Similarly, treatment of ten severely ill COVID-19 patients with 200 mL of convalescent plasma containing viral neutralizing antibody titers more than 1:640 (A dilution of plasma that neutralized 100 TCID 50 (50% tissue-culture-infective dose) of SARS-CoV-2) led to reduced CRP levels, undetectable viremia and improved clinical symptoms. doi = 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100016 id = cord-271042-0ilj86y9 author = Bonanad, Clara title = Coronavirus: la emergencia geriátrica de 2020. Documento conjunto de la Sección de Cardiología Geriátrica de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología y la Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19; los summary = Resumen La infección por SARS-CoV-2, denominada COVID-19 (Coronavirus Infectious Disease-19), es una enfermedad desconocida hasta diciembre de 2019 a la que nos enfrentamos en España desde el 31 de enero de 2020 —fecha del primer caso diagnosticado en nuestro país— y que ya ha causado la muerte de 7.340 personas (a 30 de marzo de 2020), sobre todo mayores. Este aumento de morbimortalidad en el paciente mayor se ha asociado tanto con las comorbilidades, especialmente la enfermedad cardiovascular, como con la situación de fragilidad, que conlleva una respuesta inmunológica más pobre. Estos datos probablemente estén sesgados, debido al infradiagnóstico de pacientes leves o asintomáticos, así como brotes no documentados en residencias de tercera edad, por lo que se desconoce la distribución real por edad, aunque dan una idea de la gravedad del impacto de esta situación en la población geriátrica cuando más del 30% de los pacientes ingresados con infección confirmada tiene 70 o más años. doi = 10.1016/j.recesp.2020.03.027 id = cord-280078-jbwphya5 author = Bonati, Elena title = Postoperative vocal fold dysfunction in covid-19 era: are we still in time for a recovery? date = 2020-08-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = The latest guidelines published by the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons in March 2020 recommend laryngeal examination in patients with known or suspected new recurrent laryngeal nerve dysfunction after thyroidectomy, for additional evaluation and possible treatment with a speech pathologist. According to the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, they assert that early referral (2-8 weeks post surgery) to a laryngologist, in combination with early intervention, results in superior voice outcomes, since the ideal time for vocal fold augmentation is <3 months after thyroidectomy [2] . Patients who underwent thyroid surgery from February 2020 and who had experienced a vocal fold disfunction (VFD) were unable to undergo a laryngoscopy nor, much less, a speech therapy, according to health measures necessary to contain the spread of the virus. COVID-19 pandemic: effects and evidence-based recommendations for otolaryngology and head and neck surgery practice doi = 10.1007/s12020-020-02433-y id = cord-320474-jyk7zphp author = Bonaventura, Aldo title = Targeting GM-CSF in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Rationale and Strategies date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; CSF; IL-6 summary = Initial findings from patients with COVID-19 treated with a single intravenous dose of mavrilimumab, a monoclonal antibody binding GM-CSF receptor α, showed oxygenation improvement and shorter hospitalization. Data supporting the role of hyperinflammation in sepsisrelated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are derived from a sub-group analysis of a phase 3 randomized controlled trial of IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra), which showed significant survival benefit in patients treated with anakinra compared to placebo (15) . APC, antigen presenting cell; DC, dendritic cell; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study tested the effects of low-dose hrGM-CSF (molgramostim, 3 µg/kg daily) for 5 days in patients in addition to the standard of care in critically ill patients with severe sepsis and respiratory dysfunction (65) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01625 id = cord-353530-seu53c4s author = Bonavita, Simona title = Digital triage for people with multiple sclerosis in the age of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = We propose a possible approach for the remote monitoring of infection risk in people with multiple sclerosis, especially those on immunosuppressant drugs, during COVID-19 pandemic. We developed a digital triage tool to be sent to patients to quickly identify people with high risk of COVID-19 infection. During the COVID-19 pandemic, neurologists involved in the care of people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) face a particular challenge since many of these patients (i) are on an immunotherapy, or (ii) belong-due to their disability and/or comorbidities-to the vulnerable proportion of the population, or both. Approaches to decrease the burden for health care workers and mitigate their risk (a) Empower improved handling of inbound volume (b) Reduce unnecessary visits and increase efficiency of triage protocols by proactively engaging patients through customized digital programs and care pathways. A possible way to pursue this objective is to use digital tools for surveillance and to triage patients through remote assessment of symptoms based on the US Center of Disease Control guidelines. doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04391-9 id = cord-345879-nbfg47x5 author = Bonaz, Bruno title = Targeting the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway with vagus nerve stimulation in patients with Covid-19? date = 2020-07-29 keywords = SARS; VNS; covid-19 summary = title: Targeting the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway with vagus nerve stimulation in patients with Covid-19? We hypothesize that this cytokine storm and the worsening of patients'' health status can be dampened or even prevented by specifically targeting the vagal-driven cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP). Hence, targeting the α7nAChRs through vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) could be of interest in the management of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Indeed, through the wide innervation of the organism by the vagus nerve, especially the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, VNS appears as a serious candidate for a few side effect treatment that could dampen or prevent the cytokine storm observed in COVID-19 patients with severe symptoms. Indeed, a septic shock-induced increase of TNF in the liver and the blood in mice was dampened by stimulation of the distal end cut of the vagus nerve thus arguing for an anti-inflammatory effect of vagal efferents which release acetylcholine (ACh) (Borovikova et al. doi = 10.1186/s42234-020-00051-7 id = cord-258905-0hgdtalg author = Bond, Katherine title = Evaluation of Serological Tests for SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Serology Testing in a Low-Prevalence Setting date = 2020-08-06 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = METHODS: Performance characteristics for 5 PoCT lateral flow devices approved for use in Australia were compared to a commercial enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and a recently described novel surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). A testing panel was specifically developed to test PoCT devices for this study (Supplementary Material), consisting of 3 patient populations: (1) sera from 91 patients with SARS-CoV-2 detected by RT-PCR from upper and/or lower respiratory tract specimens; (2) sera from 36 patients with seasonal coronavirus infections or other acute infections (eg, dengue, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus); and (3) serum from a random cohort (56 patients) of the Australian population obtained in 2018. In this study, we assessed the performance characteristics of 5 serological PoCT, a commercial ELISA, and a commercial novel sVNT against a large serum panel from a cohort of over 100 patients with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiaa467 id = cord-292378-mz3cvc0p author = Bone, A. E. title = Changing patterns of mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic: population-based modelling to understand palliative care implications date = 2020-06-09 keywords = covid-19; death summary = In England and Wales, official mortality data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) reveal that during the first 10 weeks of the pandemic, (7 th March to 15th May), there were over 41,000 COVID-19 deaths, most occurring in hospital (65%), with 28% in care homes and few elsewhere (7%). The objectives are: 1) to explore trends in place of death; 2) to explore the age and gender distribution of baseline deaths, COVID-19 deaths and additional deaths; 3) to estimate the proportion of people who died from COVID-19 who would have been in their last year of life, and differences by age; 4) to use this information to discuss implications for palliative care provision, service planning, and research. Using routine data and modelling scenarios to understand mortality patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic, we highlight that care homes temporarily became the most common place to die in England and Wales, and that hospital and home deaths increased by over 50% while deaths in hospices fell by 20%. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.07.20124693 id = cord-341806-7hatbzra author = Bone, Anna E title = Changing patterns of mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic: Population-based modelling to understand palliative care implications date = 2020-07-24 keywords = care; covid-19; death summary = In England and Wales, official mortality data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) reveal that during the first 10 weeks of the pandemic (7 March to 15 May 2020), there were over 41,000 COVID-19 deaths, most occurring in hospitals (65%), with 28% in care homes and few elsewhere (7%). This study aims to explore patterns of mortality during the first 10 weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in England and Wales (7 March to 15 May 2020) to understand implications for palliative care, service planning and research. The objectives are (1) to explore trends in place of death; (2) to explore the age and gender distribution of baseline deaths, COVID-19 deaths and additional deaths; (3) to estimate the proportion of people who died from COVID-19 who would have been in their last year of life, and differences by age; and (4) to use this information to discuss implications for palliative care provision, service planning and research. doi = 10.1177/0269216320944810 id = cord-302708-wt86pp4l author = Bonell, Chris title = Harnessing behavioural science in public health campaigns to maintain ‘social distancing’ in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: key principles date = 2020-08-01 keywords = covid-19; message; social summary = title: Harnessing behavioural science in public health campaigns to maintain ''social distancing'' in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: key principles As a group of behavioural and social scientists who have shared their advice with government through the UK''s Government Office for Science, we have collaborated to develop a series of principles to inform interventions to promote whole population adherence to social distancing measures. Messages promoting care for others are rooted in the psychology of social identity, 12 social influence 13 and moral behaviour, 14 with evidence of benefits in the COVID-19 and other health contexts. 17 18 In communicating such messages, it is important to recognise variation across population groups, for example by age, socio-economic status and ethnic group, in terms of what is given up when adhering to social distancing, 19 which might inform segmented communication and enablement strategies (see principle 8 below). doi = 10.1136/jech-2020-214290 id = cord-346276-1dcp05rd author = Bonfá, Eloisa title = How COVID-19 is changing rheumatology clinical practice date = 2020-11-02 keywords = COVID-19; Hospital; disease; patient summary = The emergence of COVID-19 in early 2020 led to unprecedented changes to rheumatology clinical practice worldwide, including the closure of research laboratories, the restructuring of hospitals and the rapid transition to virtual care. Abstract | The emergence of COVID-19 in early 2020 led to unprecedented changes to rheumatology clinical practice worldwide, including the closure of research laboratories, the restructuring of hospitals and the rapid transition to virtual care. Zhanguo Li. As a rheumatologist practicing at Peking University People''s Hospital, Beijing, the biggest challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic has been how to manage patients with rheumatic diseases remotely using online systems, social media platforms (such as WeChat) or telephone calls, because the patients simply could not physically attend the hospital. www.nature.com/nrrheum Zhanguo Li. To adapt to the totally unexpected changes to clinical practice, one option in my department of the People''s Hospital was to set up a consultant team consisting of 26 rheumatologists to provide medical service free to patients with rheumatic diseases, supported technically by an internet company. doi = 10.1038/s41584-020-00527-5 id = cord-350521-jfd5gd2p author = Bong, Choon-Looi title = The COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Low- and Middle-Income Countries date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; China; care; health summary = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly around the world with devastating consequences on patients, health care workers, health systems, and economies. -William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming A s news of a novel viral illness in China emerged in January 2020 1 and until the day when the Director General of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic, 2 those who live and work in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) held their collective breath. 6 Countries have closed their borders, enforced strict social isolation and quarantine procedures, and increased testing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly around the world with devastating consequences on patients, health care workers, health systems, and economies. This will further reduce resources available for health care, not just in managing COVID-19 patients, but also for those with many other major medical conditions. doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000004846 id = cord-346967-br4kpm6i author = Bongiovanni, Marco title = Acute hepatitis caused by asymptomatic COVID-19 infection date = 2020-09-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = Acute liver injury at admission is a quite common finding in subjects affected by COVID-19 pneumonia (5) ; although the elevation of aminotransferases is usually mild, it seems associated with disease severity. In particular, it has been demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection in the liver directly contributes to hepatic impairment in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (6) . We report here the case of a young woman diagnosed with COVID-19 infection in absence of respiratory symptoms, presenting at the admission with significant elevation of liver function tests compatible with acute hepatitis. (8) described a non-icteric, acute hepatitis in an HIV-infected woman, but their patient developed overt respiratory symptoms in the hours immediately following diagnosis and also had other possible causes of liver tests abnormalities such as the use of concomitant drugs and a fair number of comorbidities. Mild-to moderate liver test abnormalities are becoming a frequent finding in subjects admitted to hospital for COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.001 id = cord-336481-vrnxu217 author = Bonifácio, Lívia Pimenta title = Are SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and Covid-19 recurrence possible? a case report from Brazil date = 2020-09-18 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Case reports have identified persistent or recurrent elimination of viral RNA in nasopharyngeal samples, raising the possibility of reinfection by SARS-CoV-2 [4] [5] [6] [7] . She also reported that the doctor who provided medical care for her on the second episode developed flu-like symptoms about a week after the contact, and Covid-19 was lately confirmed on him by means of nasopharyngeal RT-PCR. DISCUSSION Since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, due to several reports of persistent detection of viral RNA by RT-PCR in a nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab, but without recurrence of symptoms, the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection has been suggested and investigated by different researchers around the world 5,6,10,11 . In conclusion, this case report presents strong evidence that SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and Covid-19 recurrence, although rare, are possible. This possibility should be further investigated in patients presenting with recurrence of Covid-19 symptoms. doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0619-2020 id = cord-030506-mqsgqfbs author = Bonilla-Molina, Luis title = Covid-19 on Route of the Fourth Industrial Revolution date = 2020-08-15 keywords = covid-19; education; home summary = Following Covid-19 lockdowns and transitions to online education, the Global Pedagogical Blackout is now more clearly evidenced as a consequence of the transformation of the capitalist mode of production through the acceleration of scientific-technological innovation (Bonilla-Molina 2020a, b, c, d) . The preventive quarantine has been used to enhance the construction of hegemony upon a new model of education, virtual education at home (Bonilla-Molina 2020e, f), which is already in proposal by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), World Bank, Organization for Economic Development (OECD), and the US Trump administration. During the Covid-19 pandemic and its social distancing context, parents and families are abruptly given the responsibility to endow their students with equipped computers, the Internet, access to platforms, and a ''virtual pedagogy.'' This is not a temporary situation as we are led to believe, but an integral part of the political and ideological architecture of education and schooling that has been in the making for a long time (Bonilla-Molina 2020g). doi = 10.1007/s42438-020-00179-4 id = cord-333417-edc509xr author = Bontempi, Elza title = Commercial exchanges instead of air pollution as possible origin of COVID-19 initial diffusion phase in Italy: more efforts are necessary to address interdisciplinary research date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19; Italy summary = title: Commercial exchanges instead of air pollution as possible origin of COVID-19 initial diffusion phase in Italy: more efforts are necessary to address interdisciplinary research In particular, due to several episodes of air pollution observed in the past in China (Wang 30 et al., 2012) and in Northern Italy, especially in the Po valley (Perrino C et al., 2014) , a 31 correlation between airborne particulate matter (PM) concentration and the reported 32 infection cases was proposed by a position paper (Position paper). Based on this work, 33 several newspapers and some research articles (Frontera et al., 2020) , (Sterpetti, 2020) 34 were published reporting the possibility that airborne PM acts as a carrier in COVID-19 35 diffusion (pollution-to human transmission). First data analysis about possible COVID-19 virus airborne diffusion due to 220 air particulate matter (PM): the case of Lombardy (Italy) Environmental Research (2020) 221 186, 109639 doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109775 id = cord-275274-ptgcd6tm author = Boon, Ian S. title = Digital healthcare and shifting equipoise in radiation oncology: The butterfly effect of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; oncology summary = title: Digital healthcare and shifting equipoise in radiation oncology: The butterfly effect of the COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 has altered oncology workflow, patient care, medical education and research. Initial small case series from China showed possible increased risks to cancer patients 1 and significant oncology practice changes were implemented based on this in an abundance of caution by clinicians expecting healthcare disruptions. 4, 5 All practitioners must recognise uncertainties in making treatment decisions with cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. 14 Virtual conferences that have been adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic have been effective in providing continuing professional development and medical education. There are lessons to be learnt from this pandemic and effective mitigation strategies should be shared within the radiation oncology community for the benefit of our patients. The response of the UK clinical oncology community to the COVID-19 pandemic Continuing medical student education during the COVID19 pandemic: development of a virtual radiation oncology clerkship doi = 10.1016/j.jmir.2020.10.002 id = cord-290939-tqi0v1w8 author = Boon, Ian S. title = Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on cancer clinician decision making: Known knowns and known unknowns date = 2020-04-25 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on cancer clinician decision making: Known knowns and known unknowns Madam -COVID-19 is a global pandemic [1] and poses a significant challenge to cancer patients. Conversely, the COVID-19 case fatality rates must be interpreted with caution with regards to the lag time effect [2] . Oncologist will have to recognise the uncertainty in quantifying the risks of COVID-19 to cancer patients. [3] suggested the postponement of cancer treatments but an alternative approach is to stratify treatment modalities according to treatment intent, effectiveness and individualised risk benefit assessment with careful discussion with patients [4] . No clinical protocols can replace the clinical acumen of oncologists in recommending treatment decisions to patients. First they are patients, then they have cancer and third they can contract COVID-19 during cancer treatments. Clinical guide for the management of cancer patients during the coronavirus pandemic RCR position on coronavirus (COVID-19) for clinical oncology doi = 10.1016/j.clon.2020.04.010 id = cord-249166-0w0t631x author = Booss-Bavnbek, Bernhelm title = Dynamics and Control of Covid-19: Comments by Two Mathematicians date = 2020-08-17 keywords = Health; SARS; Sect; case; covid-19 summary = We give an overview of the main branches of mathematics that play a role and sketch the most frequent applications, emphasising mathematical pattern analysis in laboratory work and statistical-mathematical models in judging the quality of tests; demographic methods in the collection of data; different ways to model the evolution of the pandemic mathematically; and clinical epidemiology in attempts to develop a vaccine. A few physicians suggested that every epidemic ends because there are finally not enough people left to be infected, which is a naïve predecessor to the mathematical-epidemiologic concept of Herd Immunity (see Sect. Parallel to the entering the scene of these and other epidemics, and partly motivated by them, basically new mathematical tools of public health emerged in the first part of the 20 th Century, preceded by a few studies in the late 19 th . Dealing with large epidemics mathematically was no longer a matter of demography alone, although that continued to be the main tool for estimating number of cases and deaths. doi = nan id = cord-335138-37czoiq8 author = Booz, George W. title = Macrophage responses associated with COVID-19: A pharmacological perspective date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The pandemic is the result of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has demonstrated high rates of infectivity leading to great morbidity and mortality in vulnerable populations. In the case of COVID-19, the cytokine storm often fits the pattern of the macrophage activation syndrome with lymphocytopenia. The basis for the imbalance between the innate and adaptive immune systems is not clearly defined, but highlights the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on macrophages. Here we discuss the potential underlying basis for the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on macrophages, both direct and indirect, and potential therapeutic targets. A better understanding of the molecular consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection of macrophages could lead to novel and more effective treatments for COVID-19. Cytokine storm and leukocyte changes in 677 mild versus severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: Review of 3939 COVID-19 patients in China 678 and emerging pathogenesis and therapy concepts doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173547 id = cord-289266-4830qw10 author = Borchert, Alex title = Managing Urology Consultations during COVID-19 Pandemic: Application of a Structured Care Pathway date = 2020-04-21 keywords = covid-19 summary = METHODS: Consultations to the urology service during a three-week period (March 16 to April 2, 2020) were triaged and managed via one of three pathways: Standard, Telemedicine, or High-Risk. Consultations to the urology service during a three-week period (March 16 to April 2, 2020) were triaged and managed via one of three pathways: Standard, Telemedicine, or High-Risk. The present report details the efforts of the Urology Department (Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI) to develop and implement an inpatient consultation triage pathway to minimize unnecessary exposure for providers and patients, while providing safe and effective care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Implementing a urology consultation triage pathway allowed for appropriate inpatient urologic consultation management while minimizing the risk of exposure for both patients and urology team members during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.urology.2020.04.059 id = cord-262499-68vmdqky author = Bordi, Licia title = Frequency and Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Oral Fluid Samples Assessed by a Modified Commercial Rapid Molecular Assay date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; DSO; NPS; SARS summary = We evaluated the use of commercial Simplexa™ COVID-19 Direct assay on OF samples from hospitalized COVID-19 patients, for identification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, duration of viral shedding, and determining the assay specificity and sensitivity on OF samples compared to NPS and BAL samples. The first performance evaluation on clinical specimen was done by testing 41 consecutive OF samples, including 9 samples from SARS-CoV-2-negative patients, with the Simplexa™ COVID-19 Direct assay and comparing results with that obtained using RT-PCR method established by Corman VM. The performance of Simplexa™ COVID-19 Direct assays on clinical specimens was further established by testing in parallel NPS and OF samples for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The performance of Simplexa™ COVID-19 Direct assays on clinical specimens was further established by testing in parallel NPS and OF samples for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Second, results from testing on paired OF, NPS and BAL samples by Simplexa™ COVID-19 Direct assay showed almost perfect concordance for virus detection, and high correlation of Ct values. doi = 10.3390/v12101184 id = cord-295957-s17z2ccf author = Bordi, Licia title = Rapid and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using the Simplexa™ COVID-19 direct assay date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = BACKGROUND: So far, one of the major drawbacks of the available molecular assays for the diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the need for viral nucleic acid extraction from clinical specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The high sensitivity and specificity of this new assay indicate that it is promising for laboratory diagnosis, enabling highspeed detection in just over one hour, which is significantly faster than the up to five hours currently required by traditional extraction followed by amplification technologies, thus allowing prompt decision making regarding isolation of infected patients. Moreover, to evaluate the performance of the test in a different clinical specimen, a total of 33 Broncho-Alveolar Lavage (BAL) collected for COVID-19 diagnosis between 20 March and 03 April 2020 were also analysed in parallel with the Simplexa™ COVID-19 Direct assay and the routine laboratory method, based on the WHO protocols (7, 8) , using the Abbot m2000 extraction platform. doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104416 id = cord-317776-gw3jmalz author = Boreskie, Kevin F. title = Age is just a number – and so is frailty: Strategies to inform resource allocation during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Age is just a number – and so is frailty: Strategies to inform resource allocation during the COVID-19 pandemic 3 As this pandemic develops, emergency physicians must be familiar with a more global approach to the assessment of patients'' physiologic resilience and chance of benefit with intensive care. Instead of making decisions based on chronological age, the NICE COVID-19 Rapid Guideline: The COVID-19 guideline presented by NICE proposes the use of the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS). Patient placement on this scale is based on evaluation by an experienced clinician using a summary assessment of health and recent function to estimate their level of frailty or robustness. 9 It is a rapid and ED-friendly method already used in every National Health Service (NHS) ED in the United Kingdom, and seems practical to use in the context of COVID-19 patients presenting to an overwhelmed hospital (Figure 1 ). doi = 10.1017/cem.2020.358 id = cord-292386-hfbgigj6 author = Borges, Lysandro Pinto title = Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies in an asymptomatic population in Sergipe, Brazil date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Santos; Sergipe summary = In order to support the ongoing public health response, all participants who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were contacted by phone by staff from the designated authorities to track the infection. The importance of NPIs on reducing the infection rate was observed in Vo, Italy, where prevalence estimates showed a significant decrease after a period of lockdown, suggesting that viral transmission could be effectively suppressed by combining the early isolation of detected cases with social distancing total assessed cases in that city [CI, 11.5% -21.4%]) and 12 (5.9% of the total assessed cases in that city [CI, 3.1% -10.1%]) cases; Itabaiana, that presented 55 (14.8% of the total assessed cases in that city [CI, 11.4 -18.9]) and 17 of the total assessed cases in that city (5.4% [CI, 3.1% -8.4%]) cases, being the three cities with the highest seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the state. doi = 10.26633/rpsp.2020.108 id = cord-351689-nyfsv357 author = Borghesi, Andrea title = COVID-19 Pneumonia: Three Thoracic Complications in the Same Patient date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The most dreaded thoracic complications in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are acute pulmonary embolism and pulmonary fibrosis. Herein, we present interesting computed tomography images of the first case of COVID-19 pneumonia that initially developed acute pulmonary embolism and subsequently showed progression toward pulmonary fibrosis and spontaneous pneumothorax. The most dreaded thoracic complications in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia are acute pulmonary embolism and pulmonary fibrosis. The most dreaded thoracic complications in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia are acute pulmonary embolism and pulmonary fibrosis. In this paper, we have presented interesting CT images of the first case of COVID-19 pneumonia that initially developed acute pulmonary embolism ( Figure 1 ) and subsequently showed progression toward pulmonary fibrosis (Figures 2 and 3 ) and spontaneous pneumothorax ( Figure 3 ). COVID-19-associated lung injury and its progression toward pulmonary fibrosis could be the main causative factor for spontaneous pneumothorax in our patient. doi = 10.3390/diagnostics10070498 id = cord-339406-81a7fkpj author = Borghi, M. O. title = Prevalence, specificity, and clinical association of anti-phospholipid antibodies in COVID-19 patients: are the antibodies really guilty? date = 2020-06-19 keywords = GPI; covid-19; patient summary = Aim. To evaluate the prevalence and the clinical association of aPL in a large cohort of COVID-19 patients, and to characterize the epitope specificity of anti-{beta}2GPI antibodies. aPL in COVID-19 patients are mainly directed against {beta}2GPI but display an epitope specificity different from antibodies in antiphospholipid syndrome. APS is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by venous and arterial thrombosis in the presence of anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPL) that can prolong phospholipid-dependent clotting time assays [3] . Importantly, aPL in COVID-19 patients are mainly reacting against β 2 -glycoprotein I (β 2 GPI) but display an epitope specificity different from antibodies found in APS patients. The prevalence of COVID-19 patients positive for IgG/IgA/IgM aCL and anti-β 2 GPI antibodies detected by ELISA and CIA is summarized in Table 1 . There was no association between prolonged aPTT and the presence of aPS/PT antibodies nor with thrombotic events in our COVID-19 cohort. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.17.20134114 id = cord-336924-7xcbtn3q author = Borghi, Maria Orietta title = Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies in COVID-19 Are Different From Those Detectable in the Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome date = 2020-10-15 keywords = APS; COVID-19; GPI summary = OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and the clinical association of aPL in a large cohort of COVID-19 patients, and to characterize the epitope specificity of anti-β(2)GPI antibodies. aPL in COVID-19 patients are mainly directed against β(2)GPI but display an epitope specificity different from antibodies in antiphospholipid syndrome. The prevalence of COVID-19 patients positive for aCL and anti-b 2 GPI IgG/IgA/ IgM detected by ELISA and CIA is summarized in Table 2 . Again, there was no association between prolonged aPTT and the presence of aPS/PT antibodies nor with thrombotic events in our COVID-19 cohort. Again, there was no association between prolonged aPTT and the presence of aPS/PT antibodies nor with thrombotic events in our COVID-19 cohort. In conclusion, while the medium/high aPL titers with D1 specificity are associated with vascular events in APS, low antibody titers with reactivity against b 2 GPI epitope(s) different from D1 or D4,5 can be found in COVID-19. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.584241 id = cord-285232-0p27ez9i author = Boriani, Giuseppe title = Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the clinical activities related to arrhythmias and electrophysiology in Italy: results of a survey promoted by AIAC (Italian Association of Arrhythmology and Cardiac Pacing) date = 2020-09-05 keywords = Italy; centre; covid-19 summary = The questionnaire consisted of 18 questions: five of them focused on the characteristics of the participating centre (i.e. involvement of the centres and of the physicians in the management of suspected and confirmed patients with COVID-19, volume of annual CIEDs implantations and ablation procedures); seven of them focused on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the number of CIED implantations and ablation procedures performed in both elective and emergency settings, and on the number of cases of acute pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) in emergency setting; two of them focused on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the management of remote monitoring (RM) of CIEDs; the remaining four were focused on the possible organizational strategies for post-COVID-19 recovery phase. Based on the reported procedure volumes, we estimated that, during the two months March-April 2020 in the 84 centres that participated in the survey, globally about 2200 fewer CIEDs had been implanted and about 960 fewer ablations had been performed (in both elective and emergency settings) compared to the same period of the previous year. doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02487-w id = cord-310228-bqpvykce author = Borkowski, A. A. title = Using Artificial Intelligence for COVID-19 Chest X-ray Diagnosis date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; CXR summary = We utilized publicly available CXR images for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, pneumonia from other etiologies, and normal CXRs as a dataset to train Microsoft CustomVision. We then validated the program using CXRs of patients from our institution with confirmed COVID-19 diagnoses along with non-COVID-19 pneumonia and normal CXRs. Our model performed with 100% sensitivity, 95% specificity, 97% accuracy, 91% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value. We first trained the Microsoft CustomVision automated image classification and object detection system to differentiate cases of COVID-19 from pneumonia from other etiologies as well as normal lung CXRs. We then tested our model against known patients from our medical center. We have utilized a readily available, commercial platform to demonstrate the potential of AI to assist in the successful diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia on CXR images. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.21.20106518 id = cord-328352-l1q4uvxl author = Borlongan, Mia C. title = The Disillusioned Comfort with COVID-19 and the Potential of Convalescent Plasma and Cell Therapy date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; plasma; spanish summary = This investigational treatment uses plasma that contains antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Subsequent to the Spanish flu pandemic, the treatment with convalescent plasma has been studied in similar outbreaks of respiratory infections, such as the 2003 SARS-CoV-1 epidemic, the 2009-2010 H1N1 influenza virus pandemic, and the 2012 MERS-CoV epidemic 19, 20 . (2) Another small study on ten severe COVID-19 Chinese patients revealed that nine patients displayed increased neutralizing antibody titers, and the viral load in seven patients becoming undetectable by day seven post-infusion of convalescent plasma, but only 3 exhibited improved respiratory function 23 . In all these five clinical studies, it is understandable that because convalescent plasma treatment remains experimental, the target population is initially the severe or critically ill patients, who have high mortality and worst morbidity, which may mask the potential functional benefits of the treatment. doi = 10.1177/0963689720940719 id = cord-151667-nz26lxyk author = Born, Jannis title = Accelerating COVID-19 Differential Diagnosis with Explainable Ultrasound Image Analysis date = 2020-09-13 keywords = CAM; COVID-19; vgg summary = We provide the largest publicly available lung ultrasound (US) dataset for COVID-19 consisting of 106 videos from three classes (COVID-19, bacterial pneumonia, and healthy controls); curated and approved by medical experts. Here, we provide the first study of automatic lung ultrasound analysis for differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral pneumonia; aiming to develop a medical decision support tool. Literature on exploiting medical image analysis and computer vision techniques to classify or segment CT or CXR data of COVID-19 patients recently exploded (for reviews, see Shi et al. In comparison to a naïve, frame-based video classifier (obtained by averaging scores of all frames), we also investigate Models Genesis, a generic model for 3D medical image analysis pretrained on lung CT scans [54] . Concerning per-class prediction accuracies, it is evident that bacterial pneumonia infections are distinguished best, with recall, precision, and specificity above 0.93 for VGG and VGG-CAM, indicating the models'' ability to recognize strong irregularities in lung images. doi = nan id = cord-346347-r4ork18p author = Borrion, Hervé title = Measuring the resilience of criminogenic ecosystems to global disruption: A case-study of COVID-19 in China date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; China; crime; resilience summary = There are reasons to believe that crime-related performance measures during a pandemic period, or other disasters, may not match the idealised resilience triangle, but rather resemble the dipper-shaped function depicted in Fig 2. Measuring the resilience of criminogenic ecosystems to global disruption: A case-study of COVID-19 in China RD(n) provides a useful measure to monitor the operating level (%) of offenders. In the case where the crime level in this phase exceeds the pre-Disruptive Event (t DE ) level (μ 7 �μ 1 ), two sub-indicators can be used to measure the ecosystem''s resilience during the recovery phase. Measuring the resilience of criminogenic ecosystems to global disruption: A case-study of COVID-19 in China between τ − and τ + shows it took significantly longer for crime to drop than to return to its expected level. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240077 id = cord-314948-7tnrfk24 author = Borrás, A title = Pandemia del SARS-CoV-2 y reproducción asistida date = 2020-06-19 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = Estas medidas fueron cruciales no sólo para permitir hospitales e instalaciones médicas tratar el aumento explosivo de pacientes con la infección por SARS-CoV-2 (denominada COVID19) , sino también para reducir la transmisión de la enfermedad, mediante estrategias de mitigación, especialmente individuales (el aislamiento). Se sugiere que la presencia de ACE2 puede ser uno de los principales determinantes de la susceptibilidad de las células a la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Recomendaciones para la seguridad y reducción de riesgos ante la infección por coronavirus ( SARS-CoV-2 ) en las unidades de reproducción asistida Recomendaciones para la seguridad y reducción de riesgos ante la infección por coronavirus ( SARS-CoV-2 ) en las unidades de reproducción asistida Recomendaciones para la seguridad y reducción de riesgos ante la infección por coronavirus ( SARS-CoV-2 ) en las unidades de reproducción asistida doi = 10.1016/j.gine.2020.06.004 id = cord-012587-h3c9novk author = Bos, Lieuwe D. J. title = Subphenotyping Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients with COVID-19: Consequences for Ventilator Management date = 2020-09-17 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19 summary = title: Subphenotyping Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients with COVID-19: Consequences for Ventilator Management Most patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with severe COVID-19 meet the criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and proven therapies for ARDS not related to COVID-19 are likely effective in these patients as well. Based on these preliminary data, we conclude that compliance and an estimation of lung weight do not correlate in patients with COVID-19-related ARDS. ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease. Personalised mechanical ventilation tailored to lung morphology versus low positive endexpiratory pressure for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in France (the LIVE study): a multicentre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial Lung recruitment in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome Lung morphology predicts response to recruitment maneuver in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome doi = 10.1513/annalsats.202004-376rl id = cord-012010-5h2ox3hu author = Bos, Lieuwe D.J. title = Response to “COVID-19 conundrum: Clinical phenotyping based on pathophysiology as a promising approach to guide therapy in a novel illness” and “Strengthening the foundation of the house of CARDS by phenotyping on the fly” and “COVID-19 phenotypes: leading or misleading?” date = 2020-08-03 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19 summary = take issue with our interpretation of the respiratory physiology of COVID-19, arguing that it is based merely on "small cohort studies," instead arguing that "a high proportion of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients exhibit near-normal lung compliance." [1] Yet the low respiratory compliance of COVID19 patients has now been extensively demonstrated by studies totaling more than 800 COVID-19 patients [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] , including a direct comparison with non-COVID ARDS patients that revealed no difference in respiratory compliance. In his response to our Editorial, Dr. Rajendram reveals a curious misinterpretation of our Editorial: "Thus, whilst the net effect of the ARDSNet protocol is beneficial at the level of the study population, theoretically, it may harm select patients… contrary to the opinions of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, and Bos and colleagues, the ARDSNet protocol is not a panacea." Putting aside the wishful thinking of a supportive intervention functioning as a "panacea" for a condition with persistent mortality of 30-40%, the correspondent (along with Drs. Cherian et al.) seems to think that we dispute the heterogeneity of ARDS, and advocate for a "one-size-fits-all" approach to its clinical management. doi = 10.1183/13993003.02756-2020 id = cord-260218-add4i1c9 author = Bosch‐Amate, X title = Retiform purpura as a dermatological sign of covid‐19 coagulopathy date = 2020-06-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = Recalcati(1) asserted that 20.4% of infected patients developed cutaneous manifestations and Galván‐Casas et al(2) have recently proposed 5 clinical patterns (pseudo‐chilblain, vesicular, urticarial, maculopapular and livedo/necrosis). 6 Purpura, Raynaud''s phenomenon, chilblain-like and erythema multiforme-like lesions in young asymptomatic patients have also been observed with this infection, although the connection with coagulopathy is unknown. 7, 8 Our patient presented with retiform purpura as a cutaneous manifestation of COVID-19 coagulopathy. 9 Our case highlights the concomitant presentation of cutaneous microthrombi presenting as retiform purpura and macrothrombi presenting as pulmonary thromboembolism in the setting of COVID-19 coagulopathy. From now on, we will have to include COVID-19 infection in the differential diagnosis of retiform purpura. Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: a rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases Changes in Blood Coagulation in Patients with Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): a Meta-Analysis doi = 10.1111/jdv.16689 id = cord-349329-f0pbd968 author = Bosteels, Cedric title = Sargramostim to treat patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 (SARPAC): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date = 2020-06-05 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; CSF; Leukine; day; patient summary = -Presence of acute hypoxic respiratory failure defined as (either or both)  saturation below 93% on minimal 2 l/min O2  PaO2/FiO2 below 350 -Admitted to specialized COVID-19 ward -Age 18-80 -Male or Female -Willing to provide informed consent Exclusion criteria -Patients with known history of serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, to human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor such as sargramostim, yeast-derived products, or any component of the product. Study Interventions Confirmed or highly suspect COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure (saturation below 93% on minimal 2 l/min O2 or PaO2/FiO2 <350) will be randomized to receive sargramostim 125mcg twice daily for 5 days as a nebulized inhalation on top of standard of care (active group), or to receive standard of care treatment (control group). doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-04451-7 id = cord-295066-76se8mxq author = Botti, Fiorenzo title = URGENT SURGERY FOR INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES DURING THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK IN A HIGH INCIDENCE AREA - EXPERIENCE FROM A HIGH-VOLUME CENTRE date = 2020-08-31 keywords = IBD; covid-19 summary = [4] As a tertiary referral centre for the surgical management of IBD patients, it was important to clearly define which complicated IBD cases were to be operated, by taking into account several variables including disease severity and quality of life, presence of comorbidities, feasibility of an alternative procedure. According to the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) guidelines on the IBD management during the COVID-19 pandemic, [5] routine elective operations should be deferred, while emergency procedures (e.g. colectomy in acute severe ulcerative colitis [UC] or intestinal resection in septic complications of penetrating Crohn''s disease [CD]) should continue. Complex surgical IBD cases should also be deferred when possible and its timing must be regularly reviewed at multidisciplinary meetings, trying to optimize medical treatment (e.g. using partial or exclusive enteral nutrition regimens or draining abscesses in combination with antibiotic therapy) and to avoid surgery or change the timing from emergency to urgent or semi-urgent. doi = 10.1016/j.dld.2020.08.039 id = cord-252818-1gms4zw3 author = Bouayed, Jaouad title = Behavioural manipulation ‐ key to the successful global spread of the new Coronavirus SARS‐Cov‐2? date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; spread summary = The very rapid global spread has raised the issue whether there are further multi‐dimensional consequences of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on human behaviour, the key of its transmission. In this perspective, we highlight the possibility that COVID‐19 is facilitated by altered human social behaviour that benefits SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission, through showcasing similar virus‐induced changed behaviour by other pathogens and relating this to reports from the grey literature. Interestingly, it was also estimated that 10% of the cases are super-spreaders, resulting in 80% of viral spread, meaning that the majority of SARS-CoV-2 carriers do not appear to unaccountably transmit the virus. In this perspective, we highlighted the possibility that COVID-19 is facilitated by altered human social behaviour that benefits SARS-CoV-2 transmission (Figure 1 ). The scheme highlights the potential manipulative strategy of the novel coronavirus, resulting in viral spread, following an altered behavioural pattern in some COVID-19 patients, as a consequence of a direct impact on brain structure/function, owing to viral infiltration into the CNS, and/or via perturbation of the brain-immune axis or the gut-brain axis. doi = 10.1002/jmv.26446 id = cord-253552-qreg4emx author = Bouaziz, JD title = Vascular skin symptoms in COVID‐19: a french observational study date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Usual clinical manifestations of COVID‐19 infection include fever, fatigue, myalgia, headache, diarrhea, dry cough, dyspnea that may lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death (1). Skin symptoms of COVID‐19 have been poorly described but may include erythematous rash, urticaria and chicken pox like lesions (2‐7). Usual clinical manifestations of COVID-19 infection include fever, fatigue, myalgia, headache, diarrhea, dry cough, dyspnea that may lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death (1). Skin symptoms of COVID-19 have been poorly described but may include erythematous rash, urticaria and chicken pox like lesions (2-7). Vascular skin lesions during COVID-19 infection have never been described to date. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. doi = 10.1111/jdv.16544 id = cord-331055-5ni0jxij author = Bouche, Pierre-Alban title = Were protective procedures against SARS-CoV-2 effective in an orthopaedic and trauma centre during the lockdown period? A retrospective study date = 2020-07-16 keywords = SARS; covid summary = To take care of COVID-19 positive and negative patients, various procedures have been set up: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests for all hospitalized patients, a specific unit for COVID-positive patients, a specific surgical room, and use of protective personal equipment. To allow the effectiveness of the procedures implemented, we evaluated the number of complications attributed to SARS-CoV-2 and the number of patients who became COVID positive during hospitalization. All elective surgery had to be stopped in order to decrease the influx of patients into hospitals and to redeploy medical and paramedical staff in different units to provide assistance in emergency departments, COVID-19 units, and intensive care units [6] . The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the effectiveness of the guidelines implemented in our orthopaedic and trauma centre, Cochin Hospital, during the lockdown imposed in France period between March 15 and May 11, 2020. doi = 10.1007/s00264-020-04729-0 id = cord-352141-y3s8li0v author = Bouchoucha, Stéphane title = Family‐centred care during a pandemic: The hidden impact of restricting family visits date = 2020-06-13 keywords = covid-19; family summary = While it may be too early in the COVID-19 pandemic to realise the potential impact of compassion fatigue and burnout on nurses, evidence collected following the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic (Maunder et al., 2006) showed that healthcare workers that cared for patients with SARS had higher levels of burnout, psychological distress and post-traumatic stress than other healthcare workers. From what we know about factors that may increase risks of compassion fatigue and burnout, having to limit visits for family members of critical ill and dying patients is likely to also have a negative impact on nurses by increasing their feelings of providing inadequate family-centred care. Restricting family visits, while a necessary measure to decrease the spread of COVID-19 to vulnerable patients and the community, is likely to have negative effects on families and nurses alike and these impacts need to be carefully considered. doi = 10.1111/nhs.12748 id = cord-296285-qiez6adj author = Boudrioua, M. S. title = Predicting the COVID-19 epidemic in Algeria using the SIR model date = 2020-04-29 keywords = covid-19 summary = (Kuniya, 2020) applied the well-known SEIR compartmental model to predict the epidemic peak of COVID-19 disease in Japan. This study applies the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model without demographics (no births, deaths, or migration) (Kermack and McKendrick, 1927; Dietz 1967; Keeling and Rohani, 2008) to predict the daily confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection in Algeria. Step 2: Run the Nelder-Mead algorithm to get new parameters which will be used in the simulation and the prediction of the COVID-19 epidemic. We used the number of daily reported confirmed cases for the COVID-19 epidemic in Algeria, from 25 February 2020 to 17 April 2020. We substitute the new parameters in our SIR model to simulate and predict the COVID-19 epidemic in Algeria. In this study we predict the COVID-19 epidemic outbreak in Algeria using the number of daily infected cases, from 25 February 2020 to 17 April 2020. COVID-19 outbreak in Algeria: A mathematical Model to predict cumulative cases doi = 10.1101/2020.04.25.20079467 id = cord-261695-2zg3j4x8 author = Boufkhed, Sabah title = Preparedness of African palliative care services to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid assessment date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; Health; care summary = Most services (80%) reported having the capacity to use technology instead of face-to-face appointment, and half (52%) reported having palliative care protocols for symptom management and psychological support that could be shared with non-specialist staff in other healthcare settings. CONCLUSION: Our survey suggests that African palliative care services could support the wider health system''s response to the COVID-19 pandemic with greater resources such as basic infection control materials. Three in five palliative care 113 services declared that cleaning staff were included in information sharing and training regarding 114 managing COVID19. Half of services reported having palliative care protocols for symptom management and 160 psychological support that could be shared with non-specialist staff in other healthcare facilities 161 (see Table 7 ). This study provides much-needed evidence on the preparedness and capacity of African palliative 238 care services to respond to COVID19 doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.09.018 id = cord-349841-eigcqb1b author = Boukanjime, Brahim title = Dynamics of a stochastic coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic model with Markovian switching date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Dynamics of a stochastic coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic model with Markovian switching In this paper, we analyze a stochastic coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic model which is perturbed by both white noise and telegraph noise incorporating general incidence rate. In fact, the COVID-19 epidemic model is unavoidably subjected to the environmental noise, which made the parameters involved in the system often fluctuate randomly around some average values as the surrounding environment fluctuation. In this paper, we propose a stochastic COVID-19 model adopting a generalized incidence function [25, 26] as follows: Note that the COVID-19 epidemic models may be perturbed by telegraph noise which can causes the system to switch from one environmental regime to another [22] . To study the dynamical behaviour of an epidemic model, we firstly need to consider whether the solution is global and positive. This paper investigates a stochastic epidemic model describing COVID-19 dynamics affected 125 by mixture of environmental perturbations modeled by white and telegraph noises. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110361 id = cord-279828-es498qul author = Boulle, Andrew title = Risk factors for COVID-19 death in a population cohort study from the Western Cape Province, South Africa date = 2020-08-29 keywords = Cape; HIV; PLWH; art; covid-19 summary = We used Cox-proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, location and comorbidities to examine the association between HIV, tuberculosis and COVID-19 death from 1 March-9 June 2020 among (i) public sector "active patients" (≥1 visit in the 3 years before March 2020), (ii) laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 cases and (iii) hospitalized COVID-19 cases. We conducted a cohort study using de-identified data from the Western Cape Provincial Health Data Centre (WCPHDC) of public sector patients aged ≥20 years with documented sex and not known to have died before March 1, 2020 (before the first diagnosed COVID-19 case in South Africa, and several weeks before the first documented COVID-19 death) and included all follow up through June 9, 2020. We used Cox-proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex and other comorbidities to examine the association between HIV, tuberculosis and COVID-19 death among (i) all public sector patients with ≥1 health visit in the 3 years before March 1, 2020 (considered "active patients"), (ii) laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 cases and (iii) hospitalized COVID-19 cases. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1198 id = cord-317952-4oa9hfb4 author = Bourgonje, Arno R. title = Angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ACE2), SARS‐CoV‐2 and pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) date = 2020-05-17 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; clinical; disease; patient summary = ACE2 was highly expressed on lung alveolar epithelial cells and small intestinal epithelial cells, consistent with potential routes of viral transmission of SARS-CoV-2, as both respiratory and gastrointestinal systems share interfaces with the external environment. ACE2 expression in the lungs and SARS-CoV-2 viral load have been suggested to increase with age, which might provide an explanation to the higher disease severity observed in older patients with COVID-19 [35] . Both SARS-CoV-2 infection, directly mediated by ACE2 expression and activity, and superimposed disease triggers may be responsible for the observed pathological findings. Additionally, another study reported purpura and livedo racemosa in several severely affected COVID-19 patients with small vessel thrombosis with co-localization of complement and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins on histopathology [148] .This indicates direct viral infection of the small skin vessels. Circulating plasma concentrations of ACE2 in men and women with heart failure and effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-inhibitors: Potential implications for coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infected patients doi = 10.1002/path.5471 id = cord-270046-bxtez39p author = Bourion-Bédès, Stéphanie title = Psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on students in a French region severely affected by the disease: results of the PIMS-CoV 19 study date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19; french summary = The study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety and identify the factors associated with anxiety among French students during lockdown.A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect sociodemographic data, living and learning conditions, anxiety symptoms and social support. Based on this recent literature on the psychological impacts of the epidemic among students and because the Grand Est region was one of the three French regions that was most severely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak, the students from this area may be at particular risk of developing severe mental health issues. Thus, to evaluate their mental health and to understand student needs in order to develop interventions, this study aimed to assess the prevalence rate of anxiety and determine which sociodemographic, living conditions and health status characteristics could predict anxiety among French students during the lockdown due to the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113559 id = cord-306183-uhnrxuwd author = Bousquet, Guilhem title = ADL-dependency, D-Dimers, LDH and absence of anticoagulation are independently associated with one-month mortality in older inpatients with Covid-19 date = 2020-06-23 keywords = Dimers; LDH; covid-19 summary = title: ADL-dependency, D-Dimers, LDH and absence of anticoagulation are independently associated with one-month mortality in older inpatients with Covid-19 Conclusion: ADL-dependency, high serum levels of D-Dimers and LDH and the absence of anticoagulation were independently associated with one-month mortality among older inpatients with Covid-19. None of the following were associated with one-month inpatient mortality: gender, CT chest scan damage, malnutrition (BMI < 21 kg/m 2 or weight loss ≥ 5%), muscle weakness, depressed mood (mini GDS ≥ 1/4), serum levels of albumin, age-adjusted D-Dimers, CRP and LDH, absolute lymphocyte cell count, anticoagulant therapy, and hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin combined therapy (Table 1) . We found that ADL-dependency before hospitalization, serum levels of D-Dimers and LDH, and the absence of anticoagulation were the factors independently associated with onemonth mortality in older inpatients with Covid-19. ADL-dependency, high serum levels of D-Dimers and LDH and the absence of anticoagulation were independently associated with one-month mortality among older inpatients with Covid-19. doi = 10.18632/aging.103583 id = cord-326820-11sl17ap author = Bousquet, Jean title = Is diet partly responsible for differences in COVID-19 death rates between and within countries? date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; ace; rate summary = title: Is diet partly responsible for differences in COVID-19 death rates between and within countries? The low-death rate European countries (e.g. Austria, Baltic States, Czech Republic, Finland, Norway, Poland, Slovakia) have used different quarantine and/or confinement times and methods and none have performed as many early tests as Germany. It seems that some foods largely used in these countries may reduce angiotensin-converting enzyme activity or are anti-oxidants. Among the many possible areas of research, it might be important to understand diet and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) levels in populations with different COVID-19 death rates since dietary interventions may be of great benefit. Although there are large differences between countries in death rates, the age-dependent severity of COVID-19 is similar between Asian, European and American countries. Identifying whether countries with high or low ACE activity have different death rates would be of great interest in understanding the clinical importance of interventions. doi = 10.1186/s13601-020-00323-0 id = cord-275601-9y5zj9an author = Boutron, Isabelle title = The COVID-NMA Project: Building an Evidence Ecosystem for the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; evidence summary = These authors propose an "evidence ecosystem" for COVID-19–related studies that minimizes multiple low-quality reviews and helps connect evidence generation, synthesis, and decision making. These issues have been highlighted and exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, where stakeholders urgently need relevant, accessible, up-to-date, and trustworthy syntheses of high-quality evidence to inform their decisions. Every week, we screen the COVID-19 database produced by the World Health Organization''s International Clinical Trials Registry Platform to identify eligible RCTs. The living mapping produced provides a description of all registered RCTs. The data retrieved and extracted can be explored through interactive data visualizations to identify research gaps and help prioritize and improve future trials. Collectively, COVID-NMA data are used to conduct systematic reviews on specific questions, meta-analyses of individual participant data (IPD), and network meta-analyses and to support the guideline development process and health decision making. doi = 10.7326/m20-5261 id = cord-330368-rk31cwl4 author = Bowden, Kasey title = Harnessing the Power of Hospitalists in Operational Disaster Planning: COVID-19 date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Much of the disaster planning in hospitals around the country addresses overcrowded emergency departments and decompressing these locations; however, in the case of COVID-19, intensive care units, emergency departments, and medical wards ran the risk of being overwhelmed by a large influx of patients needing high-level medical care. In a matter of days, our Division of Hospital Medicine, in partnership with our hospital, health system, and academic institution, was able to modify and deploy existing disaster plans to quickly care for an influx of medically complex patients. Starting with preparedness models outlined by Persoff et al., 10 Frank et al., 8 the CHEST consensus statement, 11, 12 and our existing disaster plans, we developed a modified framework for hospital operations management and staffing, anticipating a massive influx of acutely ill, medically complex, and highly contagious patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-05952-6 id = cord-029865-zl0romvl author = Bowe, Emily title = Learning from lines: Critical COVID data visualizations and the quarantine quotidian date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; Data; available; datum; map summary = In response to the ubiquitous graphs and maps of COVID-19, artists, designers, data scientists, and public health officials are teaming up to create counter-plots and subaltern maps of the pandemic. Together, the official maps and counter-plots acknowledge that the pandemic plays out differently across different scales: COVID-19 is about global supply chains and infection counts and TV ratings for presidential press conferences, but it is also about local dynamics and neighborhood mutual aid networks and personal geographies of mitigation and care. The widespread availability of consumer-friendly mapping platforms and open data repositories has equipped cartographers and information designers to plot their own charts and graphs-some of which then circulate on social media or appear on slide shows at official public health briefings (Bazzaz, 2020; Mattern, 2020a; "Triplet Kids," 2020) . Available at: www.medium.com/nightingale/covid-19-data-literacy-isfor-everyone-46120b58cec9 Available at: www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/Thousands-h it-hard-by-coronavirus-pandemic-s-15189948 doi = 10.1177/2053951720939236 id = cord-343622-5270vdkr author = Bowman, Deborah title = American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Guidance for trainees during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-30 keywords = ACGME; COVID-19; fellow summary = • Screening of patients, visitors, and staff for symptoms of COVID-19 • Ensuring availability of and education about appropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for various clinical scenarios, and strategizing with key personnel in the supply chain to avoid interruptions in provision of PPE and cleaning supplies (hand and surface disinfectants, soap, etc.) • Developing strict policies and procedures for isolation and quarantine after potential exposures • Providing robust educational materials about hand washing and other strategies to prevent transmission of infection • Separating patients with respiratory symptoms • Rescheduling elective, low-priority procedures and surgeries • Modifying workflows, processes, and making infrastructure adjustments to minimize face-to-face encounters at each possible point of contact while maintaining a satisfying patient experience • Limiting visits by people at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure (e.g., group residential settings, nursing home residents, etc.) • Providing easy access to SARS-CoV-2 testing and resources with up-todate information about the pandemic and any changes to institutional policies • Leveraging telehealth technologies for virtual inpatient and outpatient encounters and adapting coding and billing processes. doi = 10.1016/j.gie.2020.05.032 id = cord-288443-f11r6zup author = Bowman, Ryan title = Surge after the surge: Anticipating the increased volume and needs of patients with head and neck cancer after the peak in COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; HNC summary = With appropriate anticipation, multidisciplinary head and cancer teams could potentially minimize the impact of this surge and plan for strategies to provide optimal care for patients with head and neck cancer. 1,2 COVID-19 has already had extraordinary effects on how multidisciplinary head and neck cancer (HNC) teams provide HNC patients in initial hotspots such as Wuhan, China and in Italy as well as the United States and throughout the world. Reasons for these restricted schedules include but are not limited to, lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), lack of rapid COVID-19 testing, lack of transportation, social distancing and shelter-in-place orders, limiting office visits for patients deemed high risk of contracting COVID-19, lack of access to telemedicine services, and staffing concerns. The impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) on head and neck cancer patients'' care. Optimizing your telemedicine visit during the covid-19 pandemic: practice guidelines for head and neck cancer patients. doi = 10.1002/hed.26260 id = cord-033974-0rzi7x22 author = Boyd, Rhea W title = In the 2020 US election, we can choose a just future date = 2020-10-19 keywords = USA; covid-19 summary = In terms of health, the current US administration has intentionally lied about the grave risks of COVID-19, failed to implement a coherent national pandemic strategy, hamstrung and underfunded public health agencies, initiated the process to withdraw the USA from WHO, reversed and weakened health regulations, attacked abortion and contraception access, eroded transgender health protections, and aired racist, anti-Asian, antiscience views. 11 The age-adjusted COVID-19 mortality rate among Black and Indigenous communities and people of colour in the USA is up to three times higher than among non-Hispanic white populations. 12 Latinx and Black children account for an astounding 74% of COVID-19 deaths among people aged 21 years and younger in the USA. 14 And every untimely death has occurred within the nation that spends more money on health care than any other country in the world. Deaths involving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by race and Hispanic origin and age, by state doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32140-1 id = cord-305941-277iqp0u author = Bozdağ, Faruk title = Psychological Resilience of Healthcare Professionals During COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; healthcare; psychological summary = The findings of this study showed that in order to raise psychological resilience of healthcare professionals working during the COVID-19 pandemic their quality of sleep, positive emotions and life satisfaction need to be enhanced. Accordingly, among the probed individual variables are gender, age, having children or not, taking personal precautions against the risk of becoming infected with the COVID-19 virus, worry about transmitting the virus to family/relatives, quality of nutrition and sleep, positive-negative affective state and life satisfaction, while environmental 4 In model 3, age and occupation (doctor), quality of sleep, positive and negative affect, and life satisfaction significantly predicted the psychological resilience of healthcare professionals. The findings of this study revealed that in order to raise psychological resilience of healthcare professionals working during the COVID-19 pandemic their quality of sleep, positive emotions and life satisfaction need to be enhanced. doi = 10.1177/0033294120965477 id = cord-276784-8lmg97zc author = Boziki, Marina Kleopatra title = COVID-19 Immunopathology and the Central Nervous System: Implication for Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases with Associated Demyelination date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Moreover, the management of chronic neurological diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), underwent guided modifications, such as an Extended Interval Dose (EID) of Disease-Modifying Treatment (DMT) administration, in order to minimize patients'' exposure to the health system, thus reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we summarize existing evidence of key immune pathways that the SARS-CoV-2 modifies during COVID-19 and the relevant implication for MS and other autoimmune diseases with associated demyelination (such as Systemic lupus erythematosus and Antiphospholipid syndrome), including the context of potential neuroinvasion by SARS-Cov-2 and the alterations that DMT induces to the immune system. In this respect, the clinical implication of SARS-CoV-2 infection in PwMS needs to be carefully evaluated in long-term prospective studies that assess not only physical disability measurements but also cognition, patient-reported outcomes, and quality of life, thus aiming to elucidate COVID-19-related long-term effects on MS-related neurological status and beyond. doi = 10.3390/brainsci10060345 id = cord-302806-1e99cygs author = Bozkurt, Banu title = The COVID-19 Pandemic: Clinical Information for Ophthalmologists date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; January; SARS; patient summary = 27 published in the journal Ophthalmology last week, viral culture and RT-PCR analysis of 64 tear samples collected simultaneously with nasopharyngeal swabs from 17 COVID-19 patients between 3 and 20 days after initial symptom onset failed to demonstrate the presence of 2019-CoV. 34 The Turkish Ministry of Health, in a guidance report entitled "Evaluation of Healthcare Workers with Patient Contact" published on March 25, 2020, identified ophthalmologic examination as a procedure requiring intensive contact, and recommended prophylaxis with hydroxychloroquine for a total of 3 days (400 mg twice on day 1, 200 mg twice daily on days 2 and 3) and 5 days of home isolation followed by a PCR test in the event of high-risk contact with COVID-19 patients without the use of personal protective equipment. Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection Assessing Viral Shedding and Infectivity of Tears in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients. doi = 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2020.29805 id = cord-329460-wl09mlk1 author = Bozkurt, Ozan title = Nation‐wide analysis of the impact of Covid‐19 pandemic on daily urology practice in Turkey date = 2020-09-30 keywords = covid-19; pandemic summary = The number of outpatients, inpatients, urological surgeries and daily interventions were found to be dramatically decreased by the third week of pandemics in state hospitals and tertiary referral centers; however the daily urological practice were similar in private practice hospitals throughout the pandemic period. In a detailed analysis of the three groups of centers; a significant decrease was detected in outpatients, inpatients, daily interventions and urological surgeries in tertiary referral centers and state hospitals; however the decrease was not statistically significant in private practice hospital in terms of inpatients and daily interventions ( Although the total numbers of temporary measures like nephrostomy placement (539 to 223; -58.7%) and percutaneous cystostomy (661 to 253; -61.8%) for certain instances decreased; the rate of these procedures for emergent-trauma surgeries has been found to increase during pandemic period (15% to 22.7% and 18.4% to 25.7%; respectively). doi = 10.1111/ijcp.13735 id = cord-320530-5xltmc65 author = Bozorgmehr, Kayvan title = Power of and power over COVID-19 response guidelines date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 1 Germany''s COVID-19 response is evaluated as reasoned and scientifically grounded; however, it has exposed undue political influence on national scientific guidelines due to migration policy concerns. The Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Germany''s national public health institute, has rapidly published an abundance of guidelines and recommendations on COVID-19. 2 The Competence Network Public Health COVID-19 raised ethical, legal, and epidemiological concerns about questionable benefits for infection control and high psychosocial burden for refugees, and it urged for national guidelines on prevention and management of SARS-CoV-2 in refugee centres. 2 In June, 2020, civil society leaked an unpublished draft guideline by the RKI 3 that mandates asylum seekers should be accommodated in single rooms during the pandemic, and that mass quarantine should be avoided without exception. Key recommendations on SARS-CoV-2 prevention and management in refugee centres remained. public-health-covid19.de/en/ For the RKI''s COVID-19 guidelines and recommendations see doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32081-x id = cord-252013-ehyuflg3 author = Bozzani, Antonio title = ACUTE ARTERIAL AND DEEP VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM IN COVID-19 PATIENTS date = 2020-09-22 keywords = DVT; covid-19; patient summary = AIM: Our aim was to report the experience of the Department of Vascular Surgery of Pavia (Lombardy), including the lessons learned and future perspectives regarding the management of COVID-19 patients who developed severe acute ischemia with impending lower limb loss or deep vein thrombosis (DVT). CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that critically ill, COVID-19 patients who develop arterial and deep vein thrombosis are at high risk of mortality, but if treated properly, there is an improvement in overall survival rate, especially in patients of 60 years of age or younger. The aim of our analysis was to report our experience of the Department of Vascular Surgery of Pavia (Lombardy), focusing on the lessons learned and future perspectives regarding the management of COVID-19 patients who developed severe acute ischemia with impending lower limb loss or deep vein thrombosis (DVT). doi = 10.1016/j.surg.2020.09.009 id = cord-272654-hh29olk7 author = Bošnjak, Berislav title = Low serum neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibody levels in mildly affected COVID-19 convalescent patients revealed by two different detection methods date = 2020-11-02 keywords = CoV-2; Fig; SARS; covid-19 summary = We used a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and SARS-CoV-2 S protein-pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vector-based neutralization assay (pVNT) to assess the degree to which serum antibodies from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent patients interfere with the binding of SARS-CoV-2 S to ACE2. Similarly, anti-SARS-CoV-2 S IgA antibodies were present in 33/37 (89.2%) of the tested sera; two samples were diagnosed as borderline positive and two as negative Fig. 1 Qualitative analysis of serum total IgG (A) and IgA (B) antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S1 in convalescent patients with mild or severe COVID-19 and healthy controls (HC) determined by ELISA. The median sVNT titer of the mildly affected convalescent cohort was 1:180, indicating that patients with mild COVID-19 produce relatively low amounts of SASRS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (Fig. 2H ). This hypothesis is further supported by a positive correlation between the duration of symptoms and total anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, but not IgA, antibodies in convalescent patients with mild disease (Fig. 5A, B) . doi = 10.1038/s41423-020-00573-9 id = cord-256888-tdx12ccj author = Bradley, Benjamin T title = Histopathology and ultrastructural findings of fatal COVID-19 infections in Washington State: a case series date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; USA; patient summary = To date, documentation of the histopathological features in fatal cases of the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has been scarce due to sparse autopsy performance and incomplete organ sampling. 8 Post-mortem studies have shown pulmonary, renal, and small vessel injury, with particles resembling virus observed in the kidney by electron microscopy. By electron microscopy, aggregates of uniform, round enveloped particles ranging in size from around 70 nm to 100 nm with peripheral spike-like projections consistent with the morphology described for SARS-CoV-2 were observed in the lung, trachea, kidney, and large intestine of patient 8 and patient 13. [9] [10] [11] [12] We present a case series of autopsy findings in 14 patients who died after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The major histopathological observation in our series of patients who died with COVID-19 was diffuse alveolar damage-type lung injury in the acute or organising phases (12 [86%] of 14 patients). doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31305-2 id = cord-307148-k1uo3fxm author = Bradshaw, Patrick C. title = COVID-19: Proposing a Ketone-Based Metabolic Therapy as a Treatment to Blunt the Cytokine Storm date = 2020-09-09 keywords = BHB; COVID-19; IAV; NADPH; ROS; SARS; cell; increase summary = R-BHB activates anti-inflammatory GPR109A signaling and inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome and histone deacetylases, while a ketogenic diet has been shown to protect mice from influenza virus infection through a protective γδ T cell response and by increasing electron transport chain gene expression to restore energy metabolism. Others have also suggested that increasing systemic ketone levels may aid host defenses against respiratory viral infection, in part, by decreasing inflammation [1, 2] , including a recent comprehensive review [3] , while a clinical trial of the effects of a ketogenic diet on intubated SARS-CoV-2 patients has recently been registered (NCT04358835). Coronaviruses have been shown to increase the oxidation of phospholipids, which stimulate toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling on macrophages, leading to cytokine production and acute lung injury [163] , so HDAC inhibition with R-BHB appears to be a viable treatment to decrease cytokine levels and inflammation. doi = 10.1155/2020/6401341 id = cord-314188-q8pxpw1f author = Bradshaw, Ralph A. title = On pandemics, pandemonium, and possibilities… date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID; pandemic summary = The possibilities that could emerge after the pandemic has wound down are truly unique-a potential watershed moment for science, sparked by a new focus on science teaching and training, and by investments in basic and applied research (including science policy), that could better prepare governments and the citizenry for existential threats in the future: pandemics, climate change, food production, etc. While the management of the 1918-19 flu was hampered by a complete lack of knowledge of the causative agent or how to test for it, 1 the identification and a complete structural analyses of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus 2 occurred very rapidly after the onset of the pandemic in December 2019, and assays of different types for it were developed in just weeks, 3 albeit making these tests widely available has been a major challenge (but this is a political not a medical problem). doi = 10.1096/fba.2020-00023 id = cord-348430-8xk4dt7t author = Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi title = COVID‐19 knowledge prevents biologics discontinuation: Data from an Italian multicenter survey during RED‐ZONE declaration date = 2020-05-28 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = To the best of our knowledge, there is a dearth of data concerning the COVID-19 perceptions of dermatological patients under biologics, a therapy traditionally associated to an increased risk of infections. • in psoriatic patients: Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) 14 ≥10 and or Disease Activity index for PSoriatic Arthritis" (DAPSA) 15 Remarkably, in these departments patients undergoing a biological therapy were affecting only by psoriasis (PsO), or atopic dermatitis (AD) or hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Despite only 8.1% thought that biologics expose them to a moderate to severe risk to contract SARS-CoV2, 18.4% and 21.4% of the whole patients declared that they have assessed the possibility to discontinue or modify the dosage of the current biologic therapy, respectively. 29 In literature, both psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and hidradenitis suppurativa displayed an higher risk of respiratory comorbidities; in accord with this evidence 30% of the interviewed patients thought that their dermatological disease could increase the SARS-CoV2 infection risk. doi = 10.1111/dth.13508 id = cord-300013-6m1f4q5r author = Brahier, Thomas title = Lung ultrasonography for risk stratification in patients with COVID-19: a prospective observational cohort study date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; LUS summary = This study describes and compares LUS characteristics between patients with different clinical outcomes METHODS: Prospective observational study of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 adults with symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection in the emergency department (ED) of Lausanne University Hospital. We describe and compare early LUS findings (acquired within 24hours of presentation to the ED) between patient groups based on their outcome at 7 days after inclusion: 1) outpatients, 2) hospitalised and 3) intubated/death. Median normalized LUS score had a good level of discrimination between outpatients and others with area under the ROC of 0.80 (95% CI 0.68-0.92) CONCLUSIONS: Systematic LUS has potential as a reliable, cheap and easy-to-use triage tool for the early risk stratification in COVID-19 patients presenting in EDs Despite the potential of LUS as a cheap, portable and accessible point-of-care triage tool in acute respiratory disease (especially in low resource settings), a multinational consensus recently stated that the lack of studies limited specific recommendations for the management of COVID-19 patients (27) . doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1408 id = cord-282925-efkb8hc7 author = Braidotti, R. title = “We” Are In This Together, But We Are Not One and the Same date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; human; life summary = There is so much that we need to both embrace and resist: the wave of collective and personal despair at the loss of lives, the hardship of the socio-economic consequences of this man-made disaster, the awareness of all that was wrong with the old world and which has now become manifest. The power of viral formations has become manifest in the pandemic, stressing the agency of non-human forces and the overall importance of Gaia as a living, symbiotic planet. Fifth insight: feminist theory is of great assistance to think equality with difference, multiple belongings and power rifts, because it stresses the embodied, embedded, and sexed roots of all material entities, humans included, and their unexplored resources. This transformative energy is the core of affirmative ethics, which stresses the inexhaustible potential of all living organisms-humans and non-humans-to generate multiple and yet unexplored interconnections. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10017-8 id = cord-267343-a6fplmfj author = Brakman, Steven title = The turn from just-in-time to just-in-case globalization in and after times of COVID-19 An essay on the risk re-appraisal of borders and buffers date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; China; economic; globalization summary = Economic agents will, rightly or wrongly, use buffers and borders to increase their resilience to shocks like COVID-19, and the most salient feature of modern globalization, international just-in-time production and delivery, will be adjusted, and transformed into just-in-case management. In the remainder of the essay, we will now further discuss an important and very salient feature of modern globalization -i.e., international just-in-time production -to showcase first what this modern aspect of globalization entails, and next how this might be changed because of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis and the economic aftermath, thereby underpinning our more general argument that, in all likelihood, the international economy will structurally start to attach more weight to the role of borders and buffers. For global trade, the effect of a shock like COVID-19 will be that firms will try to lower risk and to increase their resilience by diversifying their supply chains, also by geographically shortening their supply chain, making them more regional or even national instead. doi = 10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100034 id = cord-324316-ulb8d5fe author = Bramstedt, Katrina A. title = Antibodies as Currency: COVID-19’s Golden Passport date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; antibody summary = Due to COVID-19, the fragile economy, travel restrictions, and generalized anxieties, the concept of antibodies as a "declaration of immunity" or "passport" is sweeping the world. Numerous scientific and ethical issues confound the concept of an antibody passport; nonetheless, antibodies can be seen as a potential currency to allow movement of people and resuscitation of global economics. In this way, antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2-the COVID-19 coronavirus) are potentially the new golden passport, but the concept is a moving target with clinical unknowns, as well as legal and ethical complexity (Phelan 2020; Persad and Emanuel 2020) . With the COVID-19 pandemic causing a fragile worldwide economy and millions of people unemployed (Congressional Research Service 2020), there is a risk of antibody certificates being viewed as the "golden passport" to return to work and travel. Show me your passport: Ethical concerns about Covid-19 antibody testing as key to reopening public life doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-09996-5 id = cord-290766-aoyvdyra author = Brancalion, Pedro H.S. title = Emerging threats linking tropical deforestation and the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-30 keywords = covid-19; tropical summary = The importance of tropical forest conservation has gained new contours with the COVID-19 outbreak, as tropical deforestation increases the risks of emerging zoonotic diseases with pandemic potential (Allen et al., 2017; Rulli et al., 2017; Rohr et al., 2019) . We used this analysis as a starting point for presenting a broader conceptual framework linking tropical deforestation and the current pandemic, including multiple positive and negative feedback loops with overarching consequences for nature and human wellbeing, in the expectation that this framework could be further employed for a comprehensive assessment of the impacts of zoonotic diseases on the environment, and vice-versa. This analysis provides evidence that signs of immediate increase of tropical deforestation are showing up at the global level following national and international policies aimed at minimizing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human health. doi = 10.1016/j.pecon.2020.09.006 id = cord-315058-t7bq4yqw author = Brand, Samuel P C title = Forecasting the scale of the COVID-19 epidemic in Kenya date = 2020-04-14 keywords = China; Kenya; SARS; covid-19 summary = Key epidemiological characteristics such as the basic reproductive number and the age-specific rate of developing COVID-19 symptoms after infection with SARS-CoV-2, were adapted for the Kenyan setting from a combination of published estimates and analysis of the age distribution of cases observed in the Chinese outbreak. In the scenario with no transmission from asymptomatics the observed epidemic was dominated by cases among the working-age population (Figure 3 ), who we estimated as having high rates of assortative (i.e. within same age-group) mixing ( Figure 4 ) and a small but not negligible risk of developing symptoms of COVID-19 after infection. In this modelling study we have integrated existing data on the social structure, and mobility, of the Kenyan population with rapidly evolving estimates of the fundamental epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 so as to make the best possible prediction of the scale of the epidemic risk that Kenya faces from the first coronavirus pandemic. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.09.20059865 id = cord-271142-ncmr955j author = Brandariz-Nuñez, D. title = Interacciones medicamentosas potenciales en pacientes COVID 19 en tratamiento con lopinavir/ritonavir date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID; LPV summary = Conclusión: La prevalencia de interacciones potenciales en paciente COVD 19 en tratamiento con LPV/r es elevada, comportándose como factores de riesgo asociados la edad (>65), el ingreso en UCI, la patología previa respiratoria, psiquiátrica y la dislipemia y el número de fármacos prescritos. La variable dependiente fue presentar ≥ 1 interacciones potenciales, mientras que las variables independientes fueron la edad, el ingreso en UCI, la polimedicación, el número de fármacos prescrito y la patología previa. Por otro lado, las bases de datos describen interacciones entre dos fármacos, mientras que el cribado se realiza con múltiples combinaciones que pueden Como conclusión, los pacientes COVID 19 en tratamiento con LPV/r están expuestos a tener una alta prevalencia de interacciones potenciales, comportándose como factores de riesgo asociados la edad (>65), el ingreso en UCI, la patología previa respiratoria, psiquiátrica y la dislipemia y el número de fármacos prescritos. doi = 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.06.026 id = cord-330171-l7p0sxqu author = Branicki, Layla J. title = COVID‐19, Ethics of Care, and Feminist Crisis Management date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; Gilligan; care; crisis; management summary = Before embarking on a discussion of ethics of care and how it might inform the theory and practice of crisis management, it is important to recognize that conceptualizations of crisis appear frequently in feminist works and to distinguish crisis as understood in feminist writing from crisis management as a specific activity undertaken within institutions and organizations in society. Carol Gilligan''s (1993) [first published in 1982, 1993 edition referred to throughout] conceptualization of "ethic of care" provides a basis to illuminate the normative dimensions of crisis management and to feminize its focal concerns and praxis. Lawrence and Maitlis (2012) propose that ethic of care scholarship tends to focus more on theory than action, and in this paper I highlight the practical advantages that could flow from thinking and acting differently about crisis, especially socially disruptive extreme crises like COVID-19 that have multiple effects on societies globally. doi = 10.1111/gwao.12491 id = cord-320661-p7tyfqyu author = Branson, Rich title = The US Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) Ventilators in COVID-19: A Comparison of Functionality and Analysis regarding the Emergency Purchase of 200,000 devices. date = 2020-09-21 keywords = SNS; covid-19; ventilator summary = Results COVID-19 patients often develop severe hypoxemic acute respiratory failure and ARDS requiring high levels of ventilator support. Interpretation Current SNS ventilators and those on order are capable of supporting most but not all COVID-19 patients. 7, 8 In contrast, positivepressure ventilation devices (e.g., anesthesia machines, non-invasive continuous positive airway pressure and bi-level positive pressure devices, etc.) have a limited number of operational modes and are of limited utility for the prolonged management of patients with COVID-19-associated respiratory failure. Some patients may progress to more classic patterns of hypoxemic respiratory failure with reduced compliance, increased requirements for positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) and optimal use of smaller tidal volumes. 21 These devices previously had been suggested for temporary use in limited-resource environments, but a device incapable of meeting patient requirements for pressure, volume, oxygen delivery, and minute ventilation is not a solution during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.085 id = cord-262699-e628ysw5 author = Branstetter, S. title = The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on families in Germany date = 2020-10-06 keywords = Regensburg; covid-19 summary = Methods: A cross-sectional study using online questionnaires in families from LIFE Child (n=306, Leipzig) and KUNO Kids (n=612, Regensburg) was performed at the end of the German lock-down period. Outcomes were parent-reported impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on family life, concerns and trust in political measures. The survey comprised questions covering topics relating to the situation of families during the COVID-19 pandemic: SARS-CoV-2 infections in family members or among friends, risk persons among family and friends, current quarantine status and working conditions, coping with the current situation, expectations for the future, various concerns and trust in policy measures. In summary, most families with young children in our study were concerned about the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the associated lock-down measures, with major concerns directed towards economic situation and the lack of social contacts, but less towards their own health. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.05.20206805 id = cord-316327-0hpthrjo author = Brar, Branden title = A Survey Assessing the Early Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Training Programs date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; omfs; program summary = The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has specific implications for oral and maxillofacial surgeons due to an increased risk of exposure to the virus during surgical procedures of the aero-digestive tract. CMS also increased access to Medicare telehealth services for its beneficiaries under the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act. This rapid turn of events led to some urgent modifications to clinical care including surgery, by US health care providers in all specialties, to accommodate the critical shortages of hospital resources as the pandemic was evolving. This evoked the need to survey OMFS training programs and to start a discussion regarding some of the changes in emergency triage, urgent surgical procedures, and use of PPE to protect health care personnel. [16] The aim of this survey was to assess the impact of COVID -19 on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS) training programs in the different regions of USA during the early phase of this pandemic between March 6 th to May 6 th 2020. doi = 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.08.012 id = cord-207989-hn37wkhf author = Bras, Pierre Le title = Visualising COVID-19 Research date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; figure; topic summary = In this paper, we develop a novel automated theme-based visualisation method, combining advanced data modelling of large corpora, information mapping and trend analysis, to provide a top-down and bottom-up browsing and search interface for quick discovery of topics and research resources. The results reveal intriguing information including increased efforts in topics such as social distancing; cross-domain initiatives (e.g. mental health and education); evolving research in medical topics; and the unfolding trajectory of the virus in different territories through publications. We believe our methodology will improve future large volume visualisation and discovery systems but also hope our visualisation interfaces will currently aid scientists, researchers, and the general public to tackle the numerous issues in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) We develop COVID-19 research information mapping and trend analysis to provide a top-down and bottom-up browsing and search interface for quick discovery of topics and resources. doi = nan id = cord-276405-yfvu83r9 author = Brat, Gabriel A. title = International electronic health record-derived COVID-19 clinical course profiles: the 4CE consortium date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; datum; laboratory; patient; site summary = Because EHRs are not themselves agile analytic platforms, we have been successfully building upon the open source and free i2b2 (for Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside) toolkit [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] to manage, compute, and share data extracted from EHRs. In response to COVID-19, we have organized a global community of researchers, most of whom are or have been members of the i2b2 Academic Users Group, to rapidly set up an ad hoc network that can begin to answer some of the clinical and epidemiological questions around COVID-19 through data harmonization, analytics, and visualizations. Laboratory value trajectories Our initial data extraction included 14 laboratory markers of cardiac, renal, hepatic, and immune dysfunction that have been strongly associated with poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients in previous publications. doi = 10.1038/s41746-020-00308-0 id = cord-267519-a0bcmjkn author = Bravi, Francesca title = Predictors of severe or lethal COVID-19, including Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers, in a sample of infected Italian citizens date = 2020-06-24 keywords = Angiotensin; COVID-19; ace summary = AIMS: This retrospective case-control study was aimed at identifying potential independent predictors of severe/lethal COVID-19, including the treatment with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and/or Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs). Observing that human pathogenic coronaviruses bind their target cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) [5] [6] [7] [8] , and that a few studies reported an increase in ACE2 expression mediated by angiotensin II type-I receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors (more consistently on animals than in humans) [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] , some hypothesized that the increased expression of ACE2 would facilitate infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), thus the hypertension treatment with ACE2-stimulating drugs, as well as ACE2 polymorphisms, might increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19 [17] [18] [19] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0235248 id = cord-301426-i9a5g86x author = Bray, I. title = Covid-19 mortality: a multivariate ecological analysis in relation to ethnicity, population density, obesity, deprivation and pollution date = 2020-07-07 keywords = covid-19 summary = METHODS: An ecological analysis was used to estimate associations between these variables and age-standardised Covid-19 mortality rates at the local authority level. RESULTS: Ethnicity, population density and overweight/obesity were all found to have strong independent associations with Covid-19 mortality, at the local authority level. 9 We have conducted an ecological analysis to assess possible associations with a range of sociodemographic variables using routinely available data for local authorities e ethnicity, overweight and obesity, population density, deprivation and pollution. 9 Although it is widely reported that older people and men are at increased risk, these variables are not included in this analysis (because the mortality rates are age standardised and because we would not expect to see sufficient variation in the percentage of local authority populations who are men). Of the variables considered, we found that the strongest predictors of the rate of deaths involving Covid-19 at the local authority level were population density and ethnicity. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.056 id = cord-319232-qowtuhh6 author = Brazil, Victoria title = Translational simulation for rapid transformation of health services, using the example of the COVID-19 pandemic preparation date = 2020-06-03 keywords = PPE; covid-19; simulation summary = We describe our strategy development and context, simulation delivery activities and outcomes and offer principles and practical suggestions for how simulation can directly and rapidly respond to urgent need for health service transformation. Turning the promise of simulation into reality for COVID-19 preparation requires a translational approacha simulation program that is attuned to emerging priorities, has strong relationships with clinicians and service leadership and with the skills and capacity to apply (or develop) simulation strategies to address those issues. The program includes educationally focused simulation but extends to ''in situ'' simulation in clinical areas designed for translational impact-diagnosing and addressing important process and teamwork issues in patient care. Our experience with using simulation for COVID-19 pandemic preparation has sharped reflection on the role of simulation in health service performance and change management, albeit in a unique and urgent context. doi = 10.1186/s41077-020-00127-z id = cord-301082-sikgk58i author = Breevoort, Arnar title = High-altitude populations need special considerations for COVID-19 date = 2020-07-01 keywords = country; covid-19 summary = We argue that high altitude human populations require special attention to access the international supply of ventilators. Yet, with altitude there is a progressive reduction in barometric pressure and subsequently in oxygen pressure leading to major physiological adaptations in the lungs 9 , which are not usually considered in ventilator quality tests. In these tests, the majority of commercial ventilators failed at high altitude, delivering tidal volumes with up to 40% error from the set volume 10 . Similarly, failure to contain the virus in Ethiopia, the second most populated country in Africa, would negatively affect the treatment efforts of the region. The further spread of COVID-19 can be halted under international collaboration and the understanding that success is dependent on the containment of COVID-19 in all countries, including economically challenged countries 15 . doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-17131-6 id = cord-302513-u9n56pnb author = Breitinger, Scott title = Key Opportunities for the COVID-19 Response to Create a Path to Sustainable Telemedicine Services date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; care summary = During the COVID-19 era, telemedicine has been an essential method to ensure the continuation of health care services while allowing for social distancing and reducing rates of COVID-19 transmission. With the increased exposure and comfort with virtual health care amongst patients and providers, the demand for expanded access to telehealth services is not likely to wane once the pandemic has passed. 8 Loosening restrictions on telehealth reimbursement under COVID-19 emergency orders has resulted in a dramatic expansion of virtual care, which has allowed for providing crucial medical services to vulnerable patient populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. • Federal legislation could be used to redefine the "place of service." Instead of the site of the patient arbitrarily defined as the virtual place of service, the site of the clinician redefined as the site of care delivery would alleviate the need for providers to have multiple state licenses to practice telemedicine. The expansion of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic has allowed many providers and patients to experience better access to effective care. doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.09.034 id = cord-266175-4jyltfus author = Brendish, Nathan J title = Clinical impact of molecular point-of-care testing for suspected COVID-19 in hospital (COV-19POC): a prospective, interventional, non-randomised, controlled study date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; Panel; SARS summary = METHODS: We did a prospective, interventional, non-randomised, controlled study of molecular point-of-care testing in patients aged 18 years or older presenting with suspected COVID-19 to the emergency department or other acute areas of Southampton General Hospital during the first wave of the pandemic in the UK. [5] [6] [7] [8] The aim of this trial was to assess the clinical impact and real-world diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care testing using the QIAstat-Dx Respiratory SARS-CoV-2 Panel (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) in adults presenting with suspected COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic in the UK. This prospective, non-randomised, controlled trial of routine point-of-care testing for COVID-19 in hospital shows the feasibility of point-of-care testing with the QIAstat-Dx Respiratory SARS-CoV-2 Panel, and shows clinical benefits across a range of outcome measures including time to results, infection control measures, and recruitment into clinical trials compared with a control group tested by centralised laboratory PCR. doi = 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30454-9 id = cord-324234-3l8n9mhf author = Brennan, John title = Social work, mental health, older people and COVID-19 date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; Social summary = Social workers engaging with the general population of older people work with people presenting with a range of issues including mental health needs. Increasingly, social workers are likely to work with those older people who experience poverty, ill-health, depression, dementia, substance abuse, or those with unresolved traumas from previous years (Phillips and Ray, 2012) . Some social workers have been temporarily redeployed to undertake new roles or tasks, for example, moving from working with community-based older people to a position as a family liaison worker for nursing homes in a local area. Social workers in residential, hospital, and community settings have sought new creative ways to advocate for and support older people to find ways to overcome social isolation, receive information, and access resources, including increased usage of assistive technology. Social workers are in the frontline in Ireland and across Europe and further afield in supporting older people emotionally and practically to maintain their mental health. doi = 10.1017/s1041610220000873 id = cord-266392-bayabroa author = Brenner, Erica J. title = BENIGN EVOLUTION OF SARS-CoV2 INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: RESULTS FROM TWO INTERNATIONAL DATABASES date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19; IBD summary = 2 Since highest ACE2 expression is in the terminal ileum and colon, further upregulated during inflammation, and many COVID-19 patients experience gastrointestinal symptoms, longitudinal data are necessary determine whether inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) patients are at risk for severe or complicated COVID-19. A recent analysis in IBD patients from the SECURE-IBD registry revealed older age, steroid medication and comorbidities as risk factors for severe evolution, while the same study showed that the 29 IBD patients less 20 years had only mild disease courses. Factors associated with hospitalization included comorbid conditions other than IBD (50% hospitalized vs 12% not; p value <0.01), moderate/severe IBD disease activity (64% vs 15%; p value <0.01 overall), gastrointestinal symptoms (71% vs 19%, p value <0.01), sulfasalazine/mesalamine use (57% vs 21%; p value 0.01), and steroid use (29% vs 8%, p value 0.03). The six-year-old colitis patient requiring ICU care in this series is in line with the recent reports of multi-systemic inflammatory (Kawasaki-like) syndrome temporarily related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. doi = 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.10.010 id = cord-267260-8l831mre author = Brenner, Erica J. title = Corticosteroids, but not TNF Antagonists, are Associated with Adverse COVID-19 Outcomes in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Results from an International Registry date = 2020-05-18 keywords = IBD; covid-19 summary = Risk factors for severe COVID-19 among IBD patients included increasing age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.02), ≥2 comorbidities (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.1-7.8), systemic corticosteroids (aOR 6.9, 95% CI 2.3-20.5), and sulfasalazine or 5-aminosalicylate use (aOR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3-7.7). To understand the impact of IBD on case fatality, we computed expected and observed deaths and age-standardized mortality ratios (SMR) utilizing published agestratified COVID-19 case fatality rates from China and Italy 2, 23 and publically available data from the U.S. 24, 25 Multivariable logistic regression estimated the independent effects of age, sex, disease (CD vs UC/IBD-U), disease activity, smoking, BMI ≥30, and number of comorbidities (0, 1, ≥2) on the primary outcome of severe COVID-19, defined as a composite of ICU admission, ventilator use, and/or death, consistent with existing COVID-19 literature. In our exploratory analyses, we found that TNF antagonist combination therapy, compared to monotherapy, was positively associated with the outcome of hospitalization or death (aOR 5.0, 95% CI 2.0-12.3), after adjusting for clinical and demographic variables and use of systemic corticosteroids and 5-ASA/sulfasalazine. doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.032 id = cord-288634-7g2kg2tz author = Bres Bullrich, Maria title = COVID-19: Stroke Admissions, Emergency Department Visits, and Prevention Clinic Referrals date = 2020-05-26 keywords = covid-19; stroke summary = We assessed the impact of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic on code stroke activations in the emergency department, stroke unit admissions, and referrals to the stroke prevention clinic at London''s regional stroke center, serving a population of 1.8 million in Ontario, Canada. 1,2 However, to date, no study has formally evaluated the impact of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic on the number of stroke patients being assessed in the ED, stroke admissions, or referrals to stroke prevention clinics in Canada. We, therefore, assessed the impact of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic on code stroke activations in the ED, stroke unit admissions, and referrals to the urgent stroke prevention clinic at London Health Sciences Center University Hospital''s regional stroke center, serving a captive population of 1.8 million in Ontario, Canada. doi = 10.1017/cjn.2020.101 id = cord-338097-kdrq81w5 author = Brescia, Marilia D''Elboux Guimarães title = “Green July” 2020 and Another Good Reason to Quit Smoking: Help to Stop Spreading SARS-COV-2 and Save Lives! date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In Brazil, the initiative has been a great success coordinated by the Brazilian Society of Head and Neck Surgery (BSHNS), and it was expanded to one entire month, named "Green July." All around the country, besides press and television interviews and social media posts, members of the BSHNS and its accredited training centers run talks, shows and physical activities with the population to encourage healthy habits and to avoid exposure to the major risk factors associated with head and neck cancer. 2 Fortunately, for the time being, we are unaware of any Brazilian head and neck surgeons dying of SARS-Cov-2, even though the risk of severe infection to this medical specialty is quite real. Besides their individual risk for head and neck cancer, smoking is now a major risk factor for transmitting SARS-Cov 2. Tobacco Smoking a Potential Risk Factor in Transmission of COVID-19 Infection doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1716571 id = cord-319066-jdvvegp9 author = Bressan, Silvia title = Preparedness and response to Pediatric CoVID-19 in European Emergency Departments: a survey of the REPEM and PERUKI networks date = 2020-05-15 keywords = covid-19; european summary = Preparedness and response were defined, based on consensus of the research team, as organizational and operational actions taken by EDs to face the pandemic, including contingency plans, training, screening of suspected cases, surge capacity, availability and use of personal protective equipment, ED infection control measure, care pathways and management of suspected cases, health professionals safety and sustainability of care. Adjustments implemented to best manage suspected/confirmed COVID-19 patients included cancellation of planned activity (i.e. outpatient visits, surgery or hospital admissions) in 90% or more of participating centers; reorganization of beds in other pediatric wards in 75%, and telemedicine in nearly 70%. Infection control measures were more consistently reported in the survey, including re-arrangement of ED patient flow, changing of staff work shift to optimize resource utilization, reduction in the number of care givers allowed with the child and home quarantine for confirmed COVID-19 pediatric cases fit for discharge. doi = 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.05.018 id = cord-343422-910zswy0 author = Bressy, Silvia title = Technological devices in COVID-19 primary care management: the Italian experience date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; care summary = title: Technological devices in COVID-19 primary care management: the Italian experience The clinical criteria for hospital admission of COVID-19 severe pneumonia include high fever above 38°C, respiratory rate above 20 breaths/minute, heart rate above 100 beats/minute and oxygen saturation below 94% (according to the World Health Organization data, UK NHS guidance, Chinese (4) and Italian experience). (3) in the UK, Kidd (6) in Australia and John (7) in India, the use of telemedicine consultation and the help of technology, has allowed us to monitor in an efficient way our patients at home, reducing inappropriate hospitalization and referring them to a hospital only when necessary. On the basis of our experience we can conclude that the technological support and the remote approach are essentials in COVID-19 primary care assessment and it would be advisable for everybody around the world to have up to date smartphone applications (that are cheap, easy to use and widespread also in resource limited settings (7)) or technological gadgets if medical tools are not easily available. doi = 10.1093/fampra/cmaa055 id = cord-272726-ljjirt4g author = Brethauer, Stacy A. title = Redesigning a Department of Surgery during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; faculty summary = The department of surgery played a leading role in establishing clinical protocols, guidelines, and policies in preparation for a surge of COVID-19 patients. Within the department of surgery, these challenges required leadership to form new workgroups and reporting structures, establish clear communication strategies, redefine clinical activities for the faculty, and modify the workloads of trainees. For services still performing some essential operations (e.g., advanced cancer, emergent cardiac, trauma, or acute care surgery), every effort was made to minimize the number of faculty coming to work with coverage provided by those who were coming in for operative cases or on call. This "second surge" of elective cases will present its own set of logistic challenges and requires early planning to facilitate care of surgical patients once the COVID-19 surge has passed. doi = 10.1007/s11605-020-04608-4 id = cord-033453-557obi3r author = Bretscher, Lorenzo title = COVID-19 and the Cross-Section of Equity Returns: Impact and Transmission date = 2020-09-24 keywords = Table; covid-19; day; firm; return summary = Using the first reported case of COVID-19 in a given U.S. county as the event day, we find that firms headquartered in an affected county experience, on average, a 27-bps lower return in the 10-day post-event window. The regression results show that the average daily return of a labor-intensive firm residing in a high intensity county is 1% lower in the 10-day post-event window. To this end, we use analysts'' forecast data from the I/B/E/S database and document that the first reported coronavirus case results in downward revision of earnings estimates of firms located in the same county. Second, and related, a unique advantage of our natural experiment is that it allows us to examine the relative strength of various channels (specifically, the labor supply channel, the uncertainty channel, the government policy channel, and the cash flow news channel) through which the COVID-19 shock affects firm valuations. doi = 10.1093/rapstu/raaa017 id = cord-307546-g2oztc8j author = Brewer, Nikki title = Sonographer safety issues during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = While overall echocardiography volume has decreased, driven by health system-wide mandates to control the pandemic, the need for timely performance of high-quality echocardiography, particularly for critically ill patients when indicated, remains great. PPE, including N95 masks and powered air purifying respirators (PAPR) hoods, are strictly worn by sonographers performing transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. As recently announced by the Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography in an open letter, we believe an adequate supply of PPE is critical to minimize the risk of transmission among both sonographers and patients [6] . In the midst of this change, a number of sonographers became exposed to COVID-19 through scanning patients whose infection status was unknown or negative at the time of the study but subsequently became positive. During this pandemic, taking steps to reduce the risk of infection among sonographers and patients is of utmost importance. doi = 10.1007/s12574-020-00474-w id = cord-301480-jk8avgky author = Brian, Riley title = How COVID-19 inspired surgical residents to rethink educational programs date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Focus group transcripts were independently reviewed by two investigators (RB and PO''S) and codes were identified using qualitative content analysis. Three major themes of discussion were identified: competencybased education, changes in teaching, and relationships. The first identified theme was competency-based education and the tension residents experienced between obtaining a certain number of cases to meet requirements and wondering if case number was the right way to determine competency. The final identified theme was relationships between surgical residents and their patients, patients'' families, and faculty. Third, the pandemic affected relationships between residents and faculty. By applying what we have learned from residents'' insights, we hope that we can refine surgical training and education moving forward. Insights on Otolaryngology Residency Training during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Using Technology to Maintain the Education of Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic Training disrupted: Practical tips for supporting competency-based medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.10.027 id = cord-311448-t17g47dj author = Brian, Zachary title = Oral Health and COVID-19: Increasing the Need for Prevention and Access date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; Medicaid; health; oral summary = Populations vulnerable to COVID-19, including those in low socioeconomic groups, minority groups, older adults, low-literacy individuals, those in rural areas, and the uninsured are also at increased risk for oral disease and associated systemic health problems (14) . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that "non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians and Alaska Natives generally have the poorest oral health of any racial and ethnic groups in the United States," (15) and these same populations have disproportionately higher incidence of COVID-19-related infection and death (16) . Similarly, increased efforts to more effectively integrate dental programs focused on prevention, screening, and risk assessment within primary care, obstetrics and gynecology, and pediatric offices should be pursued to expand access to oral health services for vulnerable populations (22) . Providers and payers together have a responsibility to shift toward preventive care, particularly as COVID-19 threatens to increase disparities in oral health care access for the United States'' most vulnerable populations. doi = 10.5888/pcd17.200266 id = cord-290694-jmav8xi4 author = Bridgland, Victoria M. E. title = Why the COVID-19 pandemic is a traumatic stressor date = 2020-09-22 keywords = covid-19 summary = The COVID-19 pandemic does not fit into prevailing Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) models, or diagnostic criteria, yet emerging research shows traumatic stress symptoms as a result of this ongoing global stressor. Nevertheless, among a sample of online participants (N = 1,040) in five western countries, we found participants had PTSD-like symptoms for events that had not happened and when participants had been directly (e.g., contact with virus) or indirectly exposed to COVID-19 (e.g., via media). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5 (PCL-5 (22)), adapted to measure pre/peri/post-145 traumatic reactions, and measures of general emotional reactions, well-being, psychosocial 146 functioning, and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. We then re-presented the 209 same list of events, but asked participants to select events they were concerned about 210 happening in the future ("other" events led to three additional categories [seven responses The PTSD Checklist (PCL-5 (22)). doi = 10.1101/2020.09.22.307637 id = cord-300716-urmogf97 author = Briguglio, Matteo title = Disentangling the Hypothesis of Host Dysosmia and SARS-CoV-2: The Bait Symptom That Hides Neglected Neurophysiological Routes date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; nervous; olfactory summary = The respiratory condition COVID-19 arises in a human host upon the infection with SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus that was first acknowledged in Wuhan, China, at the end of December 2019 after its outbreak of viral pneumonia. The respiratory condition COVID-19 arises in a human host upon the infection with SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus that was first acknowledged in Wuhan, China, at the end of December 2019 after its outbreak of viral pneumonia. Keywords: smell, olfactory bulb, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, infections, virulence, host pathogen interactions THE SNIFFING OUT OF CORONAVIRUSES Named after their crown-like spikes, coronaviruses are large non-segmented single-stranded positive-sense enveloped RNA viruses that may spill out from animals to infect humans and cause respiratory diseases. It is urgent to discuss whether SARS-CoV-2 can gain access to the central nervous system through a nasal-nervous pathway or other routes and if the fatal respiratory failure may be associated with a neuronal injury in critical brain areas of the host. doi = 10.3389/fphys.2020.00671 id = cord-035099-8yk0dzxf author = Brika, Marine title = Geriatric Rehabilitation and COVID-19: a Case Report date = 2020-11-09 keywords = Mr.; covid-19 summary = The assessment process of this patient has been supported by an innovative multi-systemic tool developed in view of the COVID-19 clinical consequences and a systemic evaluation of motor functions by the Frail''BESTest. Aged adults who survive COVID-19 could present several frailty criteria following respiratory distress and may sometimes need to spend several days in an intensive care unit. Considering the physiotherapeutic diagnosis of Mr. P, as well as the agespecific lung physiology of the patient [26] , some cardiopulmonary rehabilitation exercises allowing both the maintenance of ventilator functions and the improvement of hematosis can be proposed. The four assessments performed by the specific COVID-19 evaluation showed an overall improvement of the patient in several functions. In our opinion, it is important to understand that the issue is not only to rescue a patient from their acute respiratory problem, but more so to prevent the functional dependency associated with the infection''s consequences, especially in intensive care units where chronic diseases are frequently acquired. doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00613-5 id = cord-319436-mlitd45q author = Brinati, D. title = Detection of COVID-19 Infection from Routine Blood Exams with Machine Learning: a Feasibility Study date = 2020-04-25 keywords = Random; covid-19; model; test summary = Amplification of viral RNA by (real time) reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is the current gold standard test for confirmation of infection, although it presents known shortcomings: long turnaround times (3-4 hours to generate results), potential shortage of reagents, false-negative rates as large as 15-20%, the need for certified laboratories, expensive equipment and trained personnel. Material and methods We developed two machine learning classification models using hematochemical values from routine blood exams (namely: white blood cells counts, and the platelets, CRP, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, LDH plasma levels) drawn from 279 patients who, after being admitted to the San Raffaele Hospital (Milan, Italy) emergency-room with COVID-19 symptoms, were screened with the rRT-PCR test performed on respiratory tract specimens. The best performing model, i.e. the Random Forest classifier, trained on dataset B, achieved the following results on the test/validation set: accuracy = 82% , sensitivity = 92%, PPV = 83%, specificity = 65%, AUC = 84%. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.22.20075143 id = cord-314280-kf2bo06e author = Brissot, Eolia title = Management of patients with acute leukemia during the COVID-19 outbreak: practical guidelines from the acute leukemia working party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation date = 2020-06-11 keywords = covid-19; hct; patient summary = Their study suggests that hospital admission and recurrent outpatient visits, inherent to cancer patients'' management, are potential risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given that percentage of asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 can be high [8] , all newly diagnosed patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) should be screened for COVID-19 infection by PCR and high-resolution thoracic computerized tomography scan before initiating chemotherapy [9] ( Table 1 ). Patients fit to receive intensive therapy For patients with favorable or intermediate risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) [10] who are fit to receive intensive chemotherapy, the standard "3 + 7" induction should be considered [11] . Overall, the management of patients with AL in the COVID-19 outbreak is a major challenge, as this hematological malignancy requires rapid treatment, which may result in a requirement for admission to an ICU unit. doi = 10.1038/s41409-020-0970-x id = cord-273828-557vlq9d author = Brito, Carlos Antunes title = Mechanisms and consequences of COVID-19 associated liver injury: What can we affirm? date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Since the first reports of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in December 2019 in China, numerous papers have been published describing a high frequency of liver injury associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, many of them proposing a link between these findings and patient outcomes. Recently, many papers have been published reporting gastrointestinal manifestations, including acute liver injury, with increased levels of aminotransferases, in COVID-19 patients; these manifestations have been reported more frequently in patients with severe forms of this disease. Liver injury related to SARS-CoV-2 disease has been defined by increased liver enzyme serum levels, mainly aminotransferases and bilirubin, during the infection course in patients with or without previous liver disease [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] . Wide variability in deviations of liver enzyme serum levels from normal values is observed in infected patients, with an elevation frequency ranging from 16% to 62% for aminotransferases and from 5% to 21% for bilirubin. doi = 10.4254/wjh.v12.i8.413 id = cord-304946-fs02dxg5 author = Brochez, L. title = Recommendations for skin cancer consultation and surgery during COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Recommendations for skin cancer consultation and surgery during COVID‐19 pandemic On the other hand, decreases in some non-COVID19 health problems have been observed, e.g. myocardial infarction, newly diagnosed cancers among which esp. In this position paper, we describe recommendations developed by the Belgian Association of Dermato-Oncology (BADO) for prioritization of patients in the field of dermato-oncology during COVID19 pandemic without compromising quality of care and safety. Alternatively they can be asked to use alcohol 70% desinfectant • If patients have a face mask (or the dermatology practice can provide one) they should be asked to wear it. • The dermatologist who performs a total body examination with dermoscopy should wear a face mask and wash/desinfect hands. Skin cancer triage and management during COVID-19 pandemic Recommendations on management of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) in kidney transplant patients doi = 10.1111/jdv.16772 id = cord-302421-tvy7uo7u author = Brock, Rebecca L. title = Family Science in the Context of the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Solutions and New Directions date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; family; pandemic; research summary = The primary aims of this article were to (a) present a range of potential solutions to problems threatening the rigor of ongoing research and (b) propose new directions in family science aimed at understanding how families adapt to change and adversity arising from the pandemic. An example with particular relevance to family science is the Two-Method Missing Design, an approach used when there is a gold standard measure of a construct (e.g., behavioral observations of family interactions) that cannot be administered to all participants due to time, money, resources, or, in the case of COVID-19, social distancing guidelines. Drawing on past research and theory, we can investigate the specific impact of the stress and adversity arising from COVID-19 on individual mental health and family functioning and identify modifiable risk and resiliency factors to target in interventions. In the absence of ongoing longitudinal studies, the COVID-19 pandemic presents another avenue for family scientists to pursue new research on the impact of stress and adversity on family functioning. doi = 10.1111/famp.12582 id = cord-312194-1jiaghrb author = Brondani, M. title = The HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Parallel in Dentistry from the Perspectives of the Oral Health Care Team date = 2020-09-18 keywords = AIDS; British; COVID-19; HIV summary = KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: The COVID-19 pandemic has unraveled potential societal implications in a parallel to the HIV/AIDS era from the perspectives of oral health care providers and their staff. Interview questions included but were not limited to the following: 1) "What do you know about the COVID-19 outbreak?" 2) "What do you know about the transmission of the virus?" 3) "Why is this pandemic relevant to oral health care?" 4) "What do you understand by being prepared to provide oral health care during the pandemic?" While we did not plan to ask questions about HIV/AIDS in particular, the nature of qualitative inquiry allowed us to probe for that information after participants willingly compared the 2 pandemics from various perspectives. Our main objective with this qualitative inquiry was to unravel the potential professional and social implications of the COVID-19 pandemic according to members of oral health care teams from across British Columbia, Canada. doi = 10.1177/2380084420961089 id = cord-314347-4dsg2sxd author = Brondino, Natascia title = Effective Strategies for Managing COVID-19 Emergency Restrictions for Adults with Severe ASD in a Daycare Center in Italy date = 2020-07-09 keywords = ABC; ASD; covid-19 summary = COVID-19 sanitary restrictions led to significant changes in the lives of people with ASD, including their routines; similarly, these modifications affected the daily activities of the daycare centers which they attended. The present retrospective study evaluated the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on challenging behaviors in a cohort of people with severe ASD attending a daycare center in Italy at the beginning of the pandemic. The application of governmental restrictions determined significant changes in the activities of the daycare center and a great effort from the healthcare workers to maintain the quality and specificity of services provided to people with ASD. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the impact of restrictions on challenging behaviors in a sample of individuals with ASD and cognitive impairment attending a daycare center before complete lockdown. We retrospectively evaluated the effect of COVID-19 emergency restrictions and daycare center implementation on problem behaviors using our registry. doi = 10.3390/brainsci10070436 id = cord-275038-zu6xmuql author = Bronte, V. title = Baricitinib restrains the immune dysregulation in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-06-29 keywords = CD8; COVID-19 summary = Indeed, we demonstrate a significant reduction in serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1{beta} and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a rapid recovery in circulating T and B cell frequencies and an increased antibody production against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in baricitinib-treated patients. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.26.20135319 doi: medRxiv preprint time the interstitial lung involvement was more frequent and extensive in patients enrolled in baricitinib group compared to patients in the control cohort, the possible clinical benefit on the lung induced by baricitinib treatment was speculated (data not shown). In order to evaluate the downstream molecular targets of baricitinib activity, we first demonstrated that patients with COVID-19-related pneumonia expressed phosphorylated Tyr705 in STAT3 (p-STAT3) in different leukocyte subsets (Supplemental Figure 1A) . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.26.20135319 doi: medRxiv preprint Notably, in both untreated and baricitinib-treated patients, there was an expansion of monocytes at day 7, which probably reflects a common COVID-19 evolution (Supplemental Figure 2D ), as recently published (11) . doi = 10.1101/2020.06.26.20135319 id = cord-033827-ex1ahuc6 author = Brooks, Deborah Jordan title = Double Whammy: Why the Underrepresentation of Women among Workplace and Political Decision Makers Matters in Pandemic Times date = 2020-08-18 keywords = covid-19; female; woman summary = We find that women overall, as well as female political party members, workers, and workplace leaders in particular, share a distinctively female perspective that more heavily emphasizes caution with respect to COVID-19 compared with men. We find that women tend to share distinctive perspectives regarding COVID-19 that emphasize caution far more than is the case for their male counterparts, and we show that the gender difference tracks across political parties. In light of the poor representation of women among decision makers in most U.S. industries and in politics, the results of this analysis suggest that regulations about COVID-19-related issues are likely to be less focused on the protection of individuals from the coronavirus than might otherwise be the case if women were equally represented in leadership roles in the United States. As a result, we examine whether there is a gender gap among workers regarding responses to COVID-19 and, in turn, whether differences exist between workplace leaders versus nonleader employees. doi = 10.1017/s1743923x20000628 id = cord-287734-q7ae4dyf author = Brosnahan, Shari B. title = Thrombosis at Hospital Presentation in Patients with and without COVID-19 date = 2020-11-10 keywords = COVID-19; thrombosis summary = In an observational study, patients 5 with severe COVID-19 and an elevated D-dimer or evidence of coagulopathy who received 6 thromboprophylaxis during hospitalization had decreased in-hospital mortality, 6 supporting 7 associations between thrombosis and outcomes. 7 Consequently, current society recommendations support chemical 9 thromboprophylaxis to mitigate thrombotic risk among inpatients with 8, 9 10 Catastrophic thrombotic events, including pulmonary embolism, stroke, and myocardial 11 infarction have been also reported in COVID-19 at the time of hospital presentation, suggesting 12 pre-hospital initiation of thrombus. In this study of patients with thrombosis before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, we observed 1 that the number of STEMI activations decreased, 18, 19 severe strokes in younger patients 2 increased, 20, 21 and incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism increased, 22, 23 as 3 previously described in other cohorts. 17 We showed increased mortality in COVID-19 patients who develop outpatient thrombosis as Respiratory infections, and pneumonia specifically, have shown to increase incidence of venous 4 thromboembolism. doi = 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.11.004 id = cord-344389-aj9q73f0 author = Brosnahan, Shari B. title = COVID-19 Pneumonia Hospitalizations Followed by Re-presentation for Presumed Thrombotic Event date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = This series describes clinical observations at a large academic hospital center (in New York City), related to increased rates of thrombotic events in patients re-presenting to healthcare within a short timeframe after an index COVID-19 admission. These observations have raised our concern regarding a continued hypercoagulable state in COVID-19 patients despite clinical stability that exists post-hospitalization; patients with certain risk factors may benefit from extended VTE prophylaxis. All patients re-presented within 8 days of discharge, echoing prior studies that depict the highest risk for thrombosis post-hospitalization for a medical illness occurs within 9 days. Extended-duration venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients with recently reduced mobility: a randomized trial Recognition of biomarker identified high-risk patients in the acute medically ill venous thromboembolism prevention with extended duration betrixaban study resulting in a protocol amendment Modified IMPROVE VTE Risk Score and Elevated D-Dimer Identify a High Venous Thromboembolism Risk in Acutely Ill Medical Population for Extended Thromboprophylaxis doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.023 id = cord-349159-rndtf508 author = Brosseau, Lisa M title = Selecting Controls for Minimizing SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Transmission in Workplaces and Conserving Respiratory Protective Equipment Supplies date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; control; exposure summary = Built on the recognition that aerosol-transmissible organisms are likely to exhibit a dose–response function, such that higher exposures result from longer contact times or higher air concentrations, this control banding model offers a systematic method for identifying a set of source and pathway controls that could eliminate or reduce the need for receptor controls. From that perspective, occupational hygienists have an obligation Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 2020, 1-10 doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa083 Original Article to consider hazardous SARS-CoV-2 aerosols in workplace risk assessments and to encourage employers to utilize well-studied and proven source and pathway control strategies for minimizing aerosol exposures. (2019) proposed a control banding method for aerosol-transmissible diseases, such as COVID-19, for two reasons: (i) to identify those jobs at highest risk and (ii) encourage the use of source and pathway controls before resorting to personal protective equipment (PPE), for the ultimate goal of conserving PPE for those in the highest risk categories. doi = 10.1093/annweh/wxaa083 id = cord-271814-a2vlkwce author = Brough, Helen A. title = Managing childhood allergies and immunodeficiencies during respiratory virus epidemics – The 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic: A statement from the EAACI‐section on pediatrics date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19; child; disease summary = In addition, there is no evidence that currently available asthma and allergy treatments, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, and bronchodilators, increase the risk of severe disease from COVID‐19. allergy, asthma, biologics, children, coronavirus, corticosteroids, COVID-19, immunodeficiency, SARS-CoV-2, treatment clinically diagnosed, but not virologically confirmed. The care of children with allergies or immune conditions is being adapted to the current situation, with more remote working and providing guidance to children to reduce likelihood of infection in children who would be deemed at higher risk of severe COVID-19 disease. Evaluating asthma and allergy more specifically as potential risk factors, a retrospective study based on electronic medical records from 140 hospitalized COVID-19 adult patients investigated pre-existing asthma or allergic diseases. As a joint project, questionThe current COVID-19 pandemic might also pose a risk to pediatric patients with secondary immunodeficiencies, such as patients on immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune or severe allergic diseases. doi = 10.1111/pai.13262 id = cord-292015-pfvgpf7v author = Brouwer, A. F. title = SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in decedents in a large, urban medical examiner''s office date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We found large racial disparities in test results: despite no statistical difference in the racial distribution between those flagged and not, SARS-CoV-2 positive decedents were substantially more likely to be Black (89% vs 51%). Since mid-March (shortly after surveillance networks began detecting positive cases [7] ), WCME has been piloting daily SARS-CoV-2 surveillance by testing nasopharyngeal swabs of decedents, including both COVID-19 suspects and nonsuspects. In this analysis we compare percent positivity in WCME''s piloted SARS-Cov-2 surveillance among decedents-distinguishing between those flagged by a COVID-19 checklist and those that were not-to the percent positivity of tests among people in the surrounding catchment area. The percent positivity for SARS-CoV-2 infection among decedents flagged for testing by a COVID-19 checklist in large, urban medical examiner''s office closely mirrored percent positivity among tests in the catchment population. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.03.20162883 doi: medRxiv preprint CoV-2 test results among decedents not flagged by the COVID-19 checklist. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.03.20162883 id = cord-328646-msut5gyc author = Brown, Amy title = Experiences of breastfeeding during COVID‐19: Lessons for future practical and emotional support date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; breastfeeding; mother; support summary = Given that we know breastfeeding is best supported by practices that keep mother and baby together, high‐quality professional and peer‐to‐peer support, and positive maternal well‐being, it is important to understand the impact of the pandemic upon the ability to breastfeed. To explore this, we conducted an online survey with 1219 breastfeeding mothers in the United Kingdom with a baby 0–12 months old to understand the impact of the pandemic upon breastfeeding duration, experiences and support. At the time of writing, no published peer-reviewed data exists on the impact of COVID-19 on breastfeeding outcomes and decisions around infant feeding in the United Kingdom. This study explored women''s experiences of breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically in relation to how lockdown measures affected their infant feeding decisions. doi = 10.1111/mcn.13088 id = cord-303115-bks0uvvr author = Brown, Elizabeth A. title = COVID-19: Racism Is Like That date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Being black in America requires wearing an uncomfortable invisible mask, hiding anxiety and fear. Now, having more time to reflect on their stories as well as my own experiences in the south have led me an interesting realization as a black woman in the southern United States-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may open a small window for white America to see how black Americans experience racism. Minorities, particularly black Americans, wear an invisible mask each day they open their eyes and face the world. 1 The invisible masks that blacks wear hide the anger, hurt, fear, depression, anxiety, and even post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) we carry living in a society that does not value us because Health Equity of something as frivolous as the color of our skin. Black Americans have experienced physical distancing for 400 + years now. America, notably white America, if you are tired of COVID-19 and its effects, imagine how black Americans and minorities feel. doi = 10.1089/heq.2020.0063 id = cord-284424-6gljl7n5 author = Brown, Eric E. title = Anticipating and Mitigating the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Alzheimer''s Disease and Related Dementias date = 2020-04-18 keywords = ADRD; COVID-19; individual; risk summary = The COVID-19 pandemic is causing global morbidity and mortality, straining health systems, and disrupting society, putting individuals with Alzheimer''s disease and related dementias (ADRD) at risk of significant harm. We discuss and propose mitigation strategies for: the risk of COVID-19 infection and its associated morbidity and mortality for individuals with ADRD; the impact of COVID-19 on the diagnosis and clinical management of ADRD; consequences of societal responses to COVID-19 in different ADRD care settings; the effect of COVID-19 on caregivers and physicians of individuals with ADRD; mental hygiene, trauma, and stigma in the time of COVID-19; and the potential impact of COVID-19 on ADRD research. Thus, in the context of a rapidly evolving situation, this Special Article discusses and proposes mitigation strategies for six major issues: (1) why individuals with ADRD are at high risk for COVID-19 and its associated morbidity and mortality; (2) how COVID-19 will impact the diagnosis and clinical doi = 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.04.010 id = cord-340538-vjw7d5ju author = Brown, Joshua D. title = Survey reported medication changes among older adults during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COVID-19; medication summary = title: Survey reported medication changes among older adults during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic This community-based survey assessed self-reported changes in medications including those stopped, started, or if access had been impacted. Questions related to medication changes included: "Have you started any medication due to COVID-19", "Have you stopped any medication due to COVID-19" and "Have you had issues getting your prescription medications." Respondents aged 50 years or older were included. Conclusions: In this community-based survey sample of over one thousand older adults, only a 24 small percentage (2.7%; n=31) reported any changes to medications during the pandemic. Conclusions: In this community-based survey sample of over one thousand older adults, only a 24 small percentage (2.7%; n=31) reported any changes to medications during the pandemic. There has been growing concern among the medical community 46 related to changes in patient medication taking behaviors including inherent risks of stopping or 47 starting medications. doi = 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.11.005 id = cord-267907-zbsbqj9o author = Brown, Samantha M. title = Stress and Parenting during the Global COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; child; parenting; stress summary = METHOD: Tests of group differences and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were employed to assess the relationships among demographic characteristics, COVID-19 related stressors, mental health risk, protective factors, parental perceived stress, and child abuse potential. Results also indicate racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19 related stressors, but not in mental health risk, protective factors, perceived stress, or child abuse potential. That is, child maltreatment may occur from stressors that result from economic hardship, low education, single parenthood, or a large number of dependent children (Centers for J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Running head: STRESS, PARENTING, AND COVID-19 3 Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.; Sedlak et al., 2010) , among others, but that might not otherwise impact persons outside of the family. In conclusion, this study examined the risk and protective impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to parental perceived stress and child abuse potential among families in the western United States. doi = 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104699 id = cord-319823-sp5wibeh author = Brown, Sherry-Ann title = Innovation in Precision Cardio-Oncology During the Coronavirus Pandemic and Into a Post-pandemic World date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; Cardio; Oncology; cancer; patient summary = Digital health technologies include mobile health (mHealth), wearable devices, health information technologies, wireless technologies, virtual platforms and applications, telehealth, telemedicine, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and personalized medicine, with a common goal of improving health care outcomes and efficiency (18) . With more and more personalized health and lifestyle information available through digital technologies, care providers are better able to monitor patients'' conditions in real time or by retrieving remote data recently stored by patients'' local devices, identify treatment side effects, and personalize prevention and intervention strategies. Virtual rehab programs enable remote collection and evaluation of health data such as activity levels, blood pressures, heart rate/rhythms, and weight, which can be reviewed and acted upon when necessary by health care providers, allowing cancer patients and survivors to safely and efficiently recover from their cardiac complications. However, new trials and paradigms have emerged during the pandemic particularly in cancer patients, to facilitate digital clinical trials and cohort studies based on remote monitoring and virtual care (97, 98) . doi = 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00145 id = cord-288068-egq3d0i9 author = Brown, Teneille R title = When The Wrong People Are Immune date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; health; immunity; physician summary = Recognizing that the potential for liability might cause undue psychological stress on health care providers, this essay argues for statutory immunity that protects them from rationing and other health care decisions that are made in good faith, and that are in compliance with documented state, institutional, or professional pandemic-response guidelines. 50 Even when they work for a state hospital, nurses and physicians are typically not protected under the state''s governmental immunity, as they -exercised medical judgment, regardless of whether it related to policy decision.‖ 51 As parties will be looking for someone to hold accountable for the terrible outcomes 58 Other protocols prioritize short-term clinical factors, but then suggest using life-cycle considerations as a tiebreaker, with priority going to younger patients. This article advocates for removing the possibility of a medical malpractice claim for individual physicians and independent health care providers, when they are complying with published state, professional, or institutional COVID-19 policies in good faith. doi = 10.1093/jlb/lsaa018 id = cord-302413-7a80jff2 author = Brown, Timothy S. title = The Effect of The COVID-19 Pandemic On Electively Scheduled HIP and KNEE Arthroplasty Patients in THE United States date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Although 85% of patients understood and agreed with the cancellation of elective surgeries as part of public health measures to curb the spread of pandemic, almost 90% of patients plan to reschedule as soon as possible. Patients suffering from pain of hip and knee arthritis continue to struggle with their end-stage disease and despite anxiety about the COVID-19 pandemic, plan to undergo arthroplasty as soon as possible. The aim of the current study was to 43 identify hip and knee arthroplasty patients across many different institutions in the United States 44 that had their scheduled primary joint replacement postponed or canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic guidelines for elective surgery, and assess their pain, anxiety, physical function, and 46 economic ability to undergo a delayed operation once the threat of COVID-19 has subsided. Inclusion criteria for the study were patients scheduled for primary elective hip or knee 57 arthroplasty in the Spring of 2020 who had their surgery postponed or canceled due to the 58 COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.arth.2020.04.052 id = cord-276391-g43ktrj9 author = Browne, Rodrigo A.V. title = Initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity and sedentary behavior in hypertensive older adults: An accelerometer-based analysis date = 2020-10-22 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity and sedentary behavior in hypertensive older adults: An accelerometer-based analysis Background This study reports the accelerometer-based physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in hypertensive older adults. For older adults with hypertension who represent a high-risk group (Espinosa et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020) , the description of movement behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic may play accelerometer wear time. We highlight that the decreases in PA and the increases in SB levels occurred in a sample of hypertensive older adults who already had low PA (~5,800 steps/day, ~5 hour/day of light PA, and ~15 min/day of moderate-vigorous PA) and high SB (~11 hour/day) levels before the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic may elicit unhealthy changes in movement behavior in hypertensive older adults, characterized by an increase in time spent in SB and a decrease in time spent in PA, especially on weekend. doi = 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111121 id = cord-318916-5lzun9bv author = Bruining, Hilgo title = COVID-19 and child and adolescent psychiatry: an unexpected blessing for part of our population? date = 2020-07-04 keywords = child; covid-19 summary = The COVID-19 outbreak has brought new challenges for child psychiatry and mental health services that must be addressed, including national guidelines covering interventions for major public health crises affecting children [8] . In this context, the crisis may provide a unique window of opportunity to test long-standing hypotheses on modern life stressors and mental health problems or psychiatric pathogenesis and well-being in developing children and adolescents [9, 10] . Therefore, we argue that the research agendas currently laid out to register and understand the negative effects of COVID-19 on child and adolescent (mental) health should also include the perspective of children and families who are benefitting from the societal changes. Hypotheses on both positive and negative responses of children and families to this crisis should be developed to understand the full breadth of impact on modern daily life routines and environments in future post COVID-19 times. doi = 10.1007/s00787-020-01578-5 id = cord-326568-twv2i3fb author = Bruminhent, Jackrapong title = Clinical characteristics and risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients under investigation in Thailand date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Thailand summary = To manage coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a national health authority has implemented a case definition of patients under investigation (PUIs) to guide clinicians'' diagnoses. Multivariate analysis identified close contact with an index case (OR, 3.49; 95%CI, 1.49–8.15; P = 0.004), visiting high-risk places (OR, 1.92; 95%CI, 1.03–3.56; P = 0.039), productive cough (OR, 2.03; 95%CI, 1.05–3.92; P = 0.034), and no medical coverage (OR, 3.91; 95%CI, 1.35–11.32; P = 0.012) as independent risk factors for COVID-19 among the PUIs. The majority had favorable outcomes, though one (1.9%) died from severe pneumonia. Apart from close contact with an infected case and visiting high-risk places, we found that having no medical coverage and presenting with productive cough were predictors of being diagnosed with COVID-19 among PUIs. SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging respiratory virus that commonly causes no or mild respiratory tract infection and is occasionally complicated by severe pneumonia [1] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239250 id = cord-350134-gl3qtoug author = Brun, Gilles title = COVID-19—White matter and globus pallidum lesions: Demyelination or small-vessel vasculitis? date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: COVID-19—White matter and globus pallidum lesions: Demyelination or small-vessel vasculitis? Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus, also called severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in Wuhan, China, and caused a pandemic disease . Herein, we report a case of SARS-CoV-2 brain lesions suggesting an acute demyelination. At day 7, a brain MRI revealed lesions with restricted diffusion without any hemorrhage or enhancement after gadolinium injection (figure). 4 In our case, the distribution of bilateral but asymmetrical lesions with periventricular and deep white matter involvement is rather suggestive of an acute demyelination. Although mechanisms remain obscure, our case shows the importance of the MRI in the exploration of neurologic symptoms in COVID-19. Demyelination or small-vessel CNS vasculitis might be a rare but silent complication of sedated patients with COVID-19. COVID-19-associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: CT and MRI features Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection doi = 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000777 id = cord-312038-g76cpjp7 author = Brunaugh, Ashlee D. title = Broad-Spectrum, Patient-Adaptable Inhaled Niclosamide-Lysozyme Particles are Efficacious Against Coronaviruses in Lethal Murine Infection Models date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; DPI; Fig; MERS; NIC; SARS; hlys summary = Utilizing repurposed NIC, and with the goal of developing a therapeutically effective, rapidly scalable and globally distributable antiviral therapy to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, we describe an inhalable NIC formulation that can be administered using three major models or respiratory tract delivery systems: DPI, nasal spray and nebulizer. At the highest dose tested (0.125 µg/mL NIC), Vero cells with an established MERS-CoV infection exhibited an 82.2% ± 0.8% decrease in viral load compared to untreated controls after 24-hours of exposure to NIC-hLYS particles ( Fig 1D) . While brain viral titres did not exhibit further reduction from levels noted in the preliminary efficacy study, the inoculation of Vero E6 cells with viral particles obtained from lung and brain homogenates of surviving animals resulted in no observation of CPE at any of the inoculum concentrations tested, which indicates that remaining viral particles were not active. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.24.310490 id = cord-299099-e1ajjte6 author = Brunese, Luca title = Machine learning for coronavirus covid-19 detection from chest x-rays date = 2020-12-31 keywords = COVID-19; feature; ray summary = The remaining of the paper proceeds as follow: Section 2 presents the proposed method from COVID-19 detection from x-rays, Section 3 describes the performance results in the evaluation of real-world chest X-rays and, in the last section, conclusion and future works are drawn. The feature set is obtained from each chest X-ray and, with the associated label, it represents the input for the supervised machine learning algorithm, that will output the model. As shows from Figure 2 , in this phase we obtain the numerical features from a set of chest X-ray not considered in the previous phase: this represents the input for the model that will generate the prediction i.e., whether the input chest X-ray is related to the COVID-19 or to the other category. The effectiveness of the proposed feature set in discriminating between COVID-19 and other disease is organised in descriptive statistics i.e., boxplot analysis and the evaluation of the model obtained as output from the machine learning classifier. doi = 10.1016/j.procs.2020.09.258 id = cord-318018-ybdkp398 author = Bruni, Margherita title = Persistence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Convalescent Health Care Workers date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; RBD; SARS; Spike summary = Sera from healthcare workers affected by non-severe COVID-19 were longitudinally collected over four weeks, and compared to sera from patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Units (ICU) and SARS-CoV-2-negative subjects for the presence of IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies as well as soluble pro-inflammatory mediators in the sera. Our data show that humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 correlated with disease severity in terms of both antibody titers, persistence over time and serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here we show that humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 correlated with disease severity in terms of both antibody titers, persistence over time and serum levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. Moreover, we showed that the vast majority of COVID-19 mildly symptomatic patients analyzed in the study halved their anti-RBD antibody titers after 4 weeks from viral negativization, thus confirming the short lifespan of humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.3390/jcm9103188 id = cord-336865-ss4a6coi author = Brunner, Maximilian title = Oncological colorectal surgery during the COVID-19pandemic—a national survey date = 2020-07-29 keywords = colorectal; covid-19 summary = METHODS: Between 11th and 19th April 2020, all members of a consortium of German colorectal cancer centers were invited to participate in a web-based survey on the current status of surgical care situation of colorectal cancer patients in Germany. Eighty-seven percent of the participating hospitals had to reduce their total surgical caseload and 34% their surgical volume for oncological colorectal patients during COVID-19 pandemic. There was no difference between tertiary referral and other hospitals and hospitals in federal states with high and low numbers of COVID-19 patients, both for the total surgical caseload limitations and for the surgical volume restrictions for oncological colorectal surgery ( Table 2 ). The majority (78%) of the participating colorectal surgeons stated that the limitations in surgical capacities are only justified as long as the care of oncological patients is ensured. doi = 10.1007/s00384-020-03697-6 id = cord-316029-z708c3ex author = Brunsdon, Priya title = Clinical Pharmacology Considerations for Developing Small‐Molecule Treatments for COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-12 keywords = clinical; covid-19; drug; patient summary = This review will offer key clinical pharmacology considerations for developing small molecules for the treatment of COVID-19 based on the major disease complications that impact drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME). Of major concern is sepsis, defined as "life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection." 12 In 1 study, septic shock, which is distinguished by persistent hypotension, elevated serum lactate levels, and increased mortality, was a complication in about 6% of severely ill COVID-19 patients. For water-soluble investigational therapies that are intended for administration in the severely ill COVID-19 population, thought should be given to targeting serum drug concentrations and the drug''s exposure-response profile when determining if increased doses would be beneficial for patients receiving intravenous fluids. 21 The clinical impact of these potential changes in free drug fractions on investigational therapies that are highly proteinbound is an important consideration when empirically selecting doses for critically ill COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1002/jcph.1697 id = cord-262104-oig3qrr7 author = Brüssow, Harald title = COVID‐19: Test, Trace and Isolate‐New Epidemiological Data date = 2020-06-08 keywords = China; SARS; Wuhan; case; covid-19; infection summary = Very similar information was reported in data describing household transmission in Wuhan, where children showed a 4% infection rate compared with 17% in adults. 1.6 million tests were used to identify 1''400 SARS-CoV-2-positive cases; 1000 patients had had exposure to infected people from Hubei. In Wuhan, 105 index cases of patients suffering from moderate COVID-19 symptoms (fever, cough, fatigue) were investigated for secondary transmission to 392 household contacts. The control measures that stopped the epidemic locally have included: intense infection surveillance of incoming travelers; isolation of COVID-19 cases in hospitals; contact tracing and quarantine in holiday camps; and school closure but no lock-down, thus preventing the crisis from having a negative economic impact. Model calculations showed that the containment measures (the quarantine of exposed, and the isolation of infected persons) which depleted the number of susceptible individuals for the virus, reproduced the actually observed case development. doi = 10.1111/1462-2920.15118 id = cord-302316-raf5rlkq author = Brüssow, Harald title = COVID‐19: From pathogenesis models to the first drug trials date = 2020-06-23 keywords = ACE-2; RNA; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = US researchers studied the viral and cellular transcriptional response upon infection of cell cultures and in animal models with different respiratory viruses including influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2. A French study randomizing 181 COVID-19 patients with pneumonia on hydroxychloroquine or placebo, observed, however, no significant effect of treatment on transfer to ICU, mortality, or in the prevention of development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (Mah evas et al., 2020). A total of 86 COVID-19 cases of patients from China with mild/moderate disease were randomized on the antiviral lopinavir (an inhibitor of HIV protease combined with ritonavir, which prolongs the presence of drugs in the body) or the antiviral arbidol (an influenza virus fusion inhibitor only registered in Russia) or in a control group in a 2:2:1 ratio. Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1111/1751-7915.13611 id = cord-334830-fh8eitnh author = Bsteh, Gabriel title = Multiple sclerosis and COVID‐19: how many are at risk? date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We extracted reported demographic and clinical factors, which are currently estimated as (potential) risk factors for COVID-19 mortality: age, physical disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score), smoking status, obesity (body-mass-index ≥30), DMT status, and presence of cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease and/or ischemic heart failure and/or cardiac valve disease), chronic pulmonary disease (asthma or obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]), diabetes, chronic kidney disease and current malignancy. We analyzed the frequency of risk factors in the whole cohort and in three age subgroups (<40 years, 40-65 years, >65 years), and, we calculated the proportion of the cohort in each COVID-19 mortality risk group and contrasted that to the proportion of patients with DMT and, specifically, immunosuppressive treatment (alemtuzumab, cladribine, mitoxantrone, ocrelizumab or rituximab). In conclusion, we showed in a population-based MS cohort that the proportion of patients at high risk of COVID-19 mortality is below 1% with the vast majority of the high-risk group not receiving disease-modifying treatment, let alone immunosuppressive treatment. doi = 10.1111/ene.14555 id = cord-348436-mwitcseq author = Bu, F. title = Time-use and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a panel analysis of 55,204 adults followed across 11 weeks of lockdown in the UK date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; mental; time summary = After controlling for bidirectionality, behaviors involving outdoor activities including gardening and exercising predicted subsequent improvements in mental health and wellbeing, while increased time spent on following news about COVID 19 predicted declines in mental health and wellbeing. For instance, studies on leisure-time use show that taking up a hobby can have beneficial effects on alleviating depressive symptoms 10 , engaging in physical activity can reduce levels of depression and anxiety and enhance quality of life [11] [12] [13] [14] , and broader leisure activities such as reading, listening to music, and volunteering can reduce depression and anxiety, increase personal empowerment and optimism, foster social connectedness, and improve life satisfaction [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . Whilst the relationship between time use and behaviors is bidirectional, when exploring the direction of the relationship using lagged models, behaviors involving outdoor activities including gardening and exercising predicted subsequent improvements in mental health and wellbeing, while time spent watching the news about COVID-19 predicted declines in mental health and wellbeing. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.18.20177345 id = cord-341627-21m8rdhy author = Buda, Natalia title = Lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection - A case series and review of the literature date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; LUS; patient summary = COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and spreading worldwide has become a serious challenge for the entire health care system as regards infection prevention, rapid diagnosis, and treatment. Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a dynamically developing diagnostic method used in intensive care, cardiology and nephrology, it can also be helpful in diagnosing and monitoring pneumonia. Approximately 15% of patients have severe symptoms, and 5% require treatment at Intensive Care Units due to pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation (2.3%), the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis or multiple organ failure (MOF) [4, 5] . In the course of diagnostics, an ultrasound examination of the lungs was also performed, revealing the following abnormalities: segmentally irregular pleural line and single focally located B-lines ( Fig. 4a and 4 b). Summary of symptoms, laboratory results, chest X-ray and lung ultrasound parameters in the 4 patients with COVID-19. Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound findings in novel coronavirus disease-19 pnemoniae: a case report and potential applications during COVID-19 outbreak doi = 10.1016/j.advms.2020.06.005 id = cord-340397-b43zgxgv author = Buenaventura, Robert D. title = COVID-19 and mental health of older adults in the Philippines: a perspective from a developing country date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; Filipinos; Philippines summary = In this commentary, we discuss the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of older Filipinos, who are more vulnerable to the effects of COVID-19, and describe ways that healthcare workers can help alleviate the negative impact on their mental health to the extent possible within the limited resources available in the Philippines. Since the spread of COVID-19 is related to population density (Rocklov and Sjodin, 2020) , the high densities in the Philippines where people are in relatively close contact with each other in both personal and public spaces make social distancing difficult, facilitate virus spread more easily, and lead to higher rates of infection and death. Approaches to helping mitigate the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on older Filipinos involve interventions with emotional, spiritual, social, and physical components to meet their mental and other health needs. doi = 10.1017/s1041610220000757 id = cord-336004-oz5feg0r author = Bui, David P. title = Racial and Ethnic Disparities Among COVID-19 Cases in Workplace Outbreaks by Industry Sector — Utah, March 6–June 5, 2020 date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; hispanic summary = Systemic social inequities have resulted in the overrepresentation of Hispanic and nonwhite workers in frontline occupations where exposure to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, might be higher (2); extra vigilance in these sectors is needed to ensure prevention and mitigation strategies are applied equitably and effectively to workers of racial and ethnic groups disproportionately affected by COVID-19. In total, 970 (73%) of persons with workplace outbreak-associated COVID-19 identified as Hispanic or nonwhite, although these ethnic/racial groups represent <24% of Utah''s workforce in the 15 affected industry sectors (1). Persons with workplace outbreak-associated COVID-19 were disproportionately Hispanic or nonwhite compared with overall racial/ethnic distributions in these industry sectors. Health departments and employers need to ensure mitigation strategies are provided using culturally and linguistically responsive materials and messages, which reach workers of racial and ethnic minority groups, especially those disproportionately affected by workplace COVID-19 outbreaks. doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6933e3 id = cord-279131-1unb0z79 author = Buijsers, Baranca title = Beneficial non-anticoagulant mechanisms underlying heparin treatment of COVID-19 patients date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; HPSE; LMWH; SARS summary = Here, we summarise potential beneficial, non-anticoagulant mechanisms underlying treatment of COVID-19 patients with heparin/LMWH, which include: (i) Inhibition of heparanase activity, responsible for endothelial leakage; (ii) Neutralisation of chemokines, and cytokines; (iii) Interference with leukocyte trafficking; (iv) Reducing viral cellular entry, and (v) Neutralisation of extracellular cytotoxic histones. In addition to functioning as anticoagulants, heparins have other therapeutic functions that are relevant for the treatment of COVID-19-associated clinical manifestations, i.e. neutralisation of inflammatory chemokines, and cytokines, such as CXCL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 that play a key role in ARDS; neutralisation of extracellular cytotoxic histones and by interfering with leukocyte trafficking [20] . Data for this review were identified by searches of PubMed, and preprint servers, and references from relevant articles using the search terms "COVID-19", "Heparin", "Non-anticoagulant functions of heparin", "Low molecular weight heparin", "ARDS", "Kidney dysfunction", "Endothelial barrier dysfunction", "Heparanase", "Heparan sulphate", "Viral entry", "Heparanase inhibition", "Inflammation", "Complement system", and "Neutrophil extracellular traps". doi = 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102969 id = cord-308730-mv3ttl1e author = Bujanda, Luis title = Surgery and emergency gastrointestinal endoscopy during the Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-16 keywords = covid summary = Urgent gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE) is a worldwide extended medical procedure, being the most frequent the upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding and impaction of a foreign body the most common emergencies that require this technique 1, 2 . Regarding to our protocol, we perform UGE within 12 hours since admission to patients with gastrointestinal bleeding and within 6 hours to those with impaction of foreign bodies. By the other hand, lower gastrointestinal bleeding was the main indication for urgent colonoscopy, performed in 11 (9%) cases, followed by 6 patients (5%) who needed stenting due to colonic obstruction in relation to colorectal cancer. The number of colonoscopies needed for colonic stents in obstructive colorectal cancer decreased by half in Covid period. Probably related to the former reasons the percentage decrease of UGE due to impaction of foreign bodies was higher than the observed for GI bleeding. doi = 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2020.07.002 id = cord-302497-5tydrrz1 author = Bukhari, Nadia title = Pharmacists at the frontline beating the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; Pakistan summary = Community pharmacists and their teams are a vital healthcare provider during the outbreak; they remain on the frontline of public health by serving as direct points of access for their patients. Community pharmacists also continue to play their role towards public uninterrupted for regular supplies of medicines, as well as supporting governments [6] for disseminating information on precautions related to COVID-19 spread including hand washing technique to availability of face masks and instructions for their proper use and disposal. Likewise, by contributing in the prevention, preparedness and response to COVID-19 pandemic community pharmacists are delivering their role towards public health in dealing with this crisis [9] . Similarly a different set of attributes then the routine conditions were observed in the pharmaceutical care provided by the Chinese Community pharmacists in dealing with the pandemic situation including maintaining controlled work environment, provision of information and necessary medical supplies as well as ensuring the regular medication and counselling are managed at best to avoid undue patient visits to healthcare facilities. doi = 10.1186/s40545-020-00210-w id = cord-253714-v02fs28k author = Bukhari, Syed Usama Khalid title = The diagnostic evaluation of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for the assessment of chest X-ray of patients infected with COVID-19 date = 2020-03-31 keywords = covid-19 summary = Materials & Methods : A total of two hundred and seventy eight (278) images of chest X-rays have been assessed by applying ResNet-50 convolutional neural network architectures in the present study. The third group contains digital images of chest X-rays of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection while the second group contains images of lung with pneumonia caused by other pathogens. Conclusion : The performance of convolutional neural network regarding the differentiation of pulmonary changes caused by COVID-19 from the other type of pneumonias on digital images of the chest Xrays is excellent and it may be an extremely useful adjunct tool for the health professionals. The performance of convolutional neural network regarding the differentiation of pulmonary changes caused by COVID-19 from the other type of pneumonias on digital images of the chest X-rays is extremely good. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.26.20044610 id = cord-337760-joti9nwg author = Buldú, Javier M. title = The resumption of sports competitions after COVID-19 lockdown: The case of the Spanish football league date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; player summary = Our results highlight the influence of the days between matches, the frequency of virus tests and their sensitivity on the number of players infected at the end of the season. The model, whose main parameters were based on the scientific literature concerning the infection and recovery periods of COVID-19, could be easily adapted to describe other kinds of sports competitions just by modifying the number of players and teams participating in the tournament. Table 1: Summary of the main parameters used in the model: Probability of being infected during the training period β train , during a match β match and from the player''s social circle β ext ; latent period σ −1 , infectious period γ −1 and quarantine period γ −1 Q ; probability of being detected as exposed (by virus test) µ E and as infectious (by virus test or by symptoms) µ I ; number of days between virus tests N test and matches N match . doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109964 id = cord-295593-e4akxqv5 author = Bull-Otterson, Lara title = Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine Prescribing Patterns by Provider Specialty Following Initial Reports of Potential Benefit for COVID-19 Treatment — United States, January–June 2020 date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; March summary = On March 20, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for chloroquine phosphate and hydroxychloroquine sulfate in the Strategic National Stockpile to be used by licensed health care providers to treat patients hospitalized with COVID-19 when the providers determine the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk to the patient.* Following reports of cardiac and other adverse events in patients receiving hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 (2), on April 24, 2020, FDA issued a caution against its use† and on June 15, rescinded its EUA for hydroxychloroquine from the Strategic National Stockpile.§ Following the FDA''s issuance of caution and EUA rescindment, on May 12 and June 16, the federal COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel issued recommendations against the use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19; the panel also noted that at that time no medication could be recommended for COVID-19 preor postexposure prophylaxis outside the setting of a clinical trial (3). doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6935a4 id = cord-258832-0kyf7ikr author = Bullis, Sean S.M. title = A Cautionary Tale of False-Negative Nasopharyngeal COVID-19 Testing date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We present the case of a patient that, based on known exposure to a COVID-19 positive family member, typical symptoms, suggestive labs, and consistent imaging, had a high pre-test probability of having COVID-19, yet tested negative on two successive NP RT-PCRs. Only on the third COVID-19 sample, taken from sputum, was the patient ultimately correctly diagnosed. Based on these observations, the authors theorized a de-isolation protocol that not only considers date from symptom onset as is suggested by CDC (7), but also viral load. In patients with a high pre-test probability of COVID-19, a single negative NP RT-PCR may be insufficient to rule-out disease. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study Positive RT-PCR test results in patients recovered from COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00791 id = cord-299116-1agfnjvq author = Bunders, Madeleine title = Implications of sex differences in immunity for SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and design of therapeutic interventions date = 2020-08-17 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = Emerging knowledge on the basic biological pathways that underlie differences in immune responses between women and men needs to be incorporated into research efforts on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and pathology to identify targets for therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing antiviral immune function and lung airway resilience while reducing pathogenic inflammation in COVID-19. The current Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic highlights the clinical consequences of these sex differences in antiviral immunity and tissue resilience Scully et al., 2020) , with in particular older men suffering from severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and experiencing higher case mortality rates (Docherty et al., 2020; Grasselli et al., 2020; Jin et al., 2020; Salje et al., 2020) . In the following, we will address the different stages of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, including viral entry and sensing, induction of antiviral immune responses and inflammation, and immune-mediated tissue-repair, in the context of critical differences in immune responses that exist between the sexes and contribute to the male-bias in development of severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.08.003 id = cord-281248-z2gisufl author = Buonsenso, Danilo title = A Pediatric Strategy for the Next Phase of the SARS–CoV-2 Pandemic date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child summary = Considering that most of these conditions present several overlaps with SARS-CoV-2 (Figure 1 ), this will pose challenges to pediatricians and health system to appropriately manage all these conditions and properly allocate resources, because COVID-19 will need to be considered until exclusion, in order to reduce nosocomial transmission and new outbreaks. In light of new evidences and the need to reduce as much as possible the diffusion of infectious diseases among children during the next season (because this would lead to include all cases in the differential diagnosis with COVID-19 because of similar symptoms), a reorganization of school environments should be a priority for policy makers. Therefore, even though the direct clinical impact of the SARS-COV-2 virus on children has been limited with a very low mortality rate, and the COVID-19-related pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome remains a relatively rare consequence of the disease, pediatricians will still need to include SARS-CoV-2 in the differential diagnosis. doi = 10.3389/fped.2020.582798 id = cord-297884-a6yrtuwf author = Burke, R. M. title = Enhanced Contact Investigations for Nine Early Travel-Related Cases of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States date = 2020-05-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; case summary = To understand the prevalence of asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic infection, a convenience sample of actively monitored close contacts was selected from whom to request respiratory (nasopharyngeal [NP] and oropharyngeal [OP]) samples outside of diagnostic specimen collection procedures (i.e., while contacts were asymptomatic or, in some cases, symptomatic with ≥ 1 previous negative SARS-CoV-2 result); some sites were able to request at least one set of samples from all close contacts, but most sites targeted sample collection mainly to close contacts determined to have had high-risk exposures, such as household members. Among 49 HCP who provided care to or came into contact with the infectious fluids of travelassociated case patients and who had at least one set of respiratory samples collected and tested for SARS-CoV-2, the secondary attack rate was 0% (95% CI: 0 -7%). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.27.20081901 id = cord-324405-6uanhe2p author = Burke, Rachel M. title = Enhanced contact investigations for nine early travel-related cases of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; case; travel summary = To interrupt transmission and facilitate early identification of secondary cases (i.e., transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 from the original travel-related case patient to a close contact), public health authorities at the state, county, and local levels, in consultation with subject-matter experts from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), mobilized rapidly to place the patients under appropriate isolation and identify contacts exposed to these patients. To understand the prevalence of asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic infection, a convenience sample of actively monitored close contacts was selected from whom to request respiratory (nasopharyngeal [NP] and oropharyngeal [OP]) samples outside of diagnostic specimen collection procedures (i.e., while contacts were asymptomatic or, in some cases, symptomatic with � 1 previous negative SARS-CoV-2 result); some sites were able to request at least one set of samples from all close contacts, but most sites targeted sample collection mainly to close contacts determined to have had high-risk exposures, such as household members and some healthcare personnel. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238342 id = cord-336076-go5tk6ni author = Burke, Rachel M. title = Symptom Profiles of a Convenience Sample of Patients with COVID-19 — United States, January–April 2020 date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; Team summary = Symptoms also were examined by date of onset relative to March 8, 2020 , when CDC released a Health Alert Network (HAN) notification giving updated guidance that COVID-19 testing be performed based on clinical judgment, thus widening testing eligibility to include persons with milder illness or atypical symptoms (3) . That definition requires meeting one or more of three sets of criteria: 1) cough, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing; 2) at least two of the following symptoms: fever (measured or subjective), chills, rigors, † myalgia, headache, sore throat, or new changes in smell or taste; or 3) severe respiratory illness with either clinical or radiographic evidence of pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome, without an alternative more likely diagnosis. Fever, cough, or shortness of breath were commonly reported among a convenience sample of U.S. COVID-19 patients with symptom onset during January-April and a range of illness severity; gastrointestinal symptoms and other symptoms, such as chills, myalgia, headache, and fatigue, also were commonly reported. doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6928a2 id = cord-275214-mqvw0219 author = Burlacu, Alexandru title = Is Thrombophilic Genetic Profile Responsible for an Acute Ischemic Stroke in a COVID-19 Male Patient? date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Is Thrombophilic Genetic Profile Responsible for an Acute Ischemic Stroke in a COVID-19 Male Patient? presented a recent study (published in August 2020 in the Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis), a comprehensive review of the COVID-19 induced coagulopathy with its particular traits, the specificity of thromboembolic events and potential therapeutic interventions. In this particular context, the authors underline that the conventional clinical assessment of the risk of thrombotic events may not be efficient due to disease''s particular evolution. Three days before the neurological event, the patient presented with mild respiratory symptoms erroneously interpreted as a non-COVID-19 pulmonary infection. We strongly suspect that subtle genetic risk factors for thrombotic events may influence the COVID-19 course, might hold the key to understanding the significant heterogeneity of COVID-19 manifestations, and may prove useful in assessing the COVID-19 patients'' risk for thrombosis and severe disease. Unpuzzling COVID-19 prothrombotic state: are preexisting thrombophilic risk profiles responsible for heterogenous thrombotic events? doi = 10.1177/1076029620967107 id = cord-281619-fhyamruq author = Burlacu, Alexandru title = Unpuzzling COVID-19 Prothrombotic State: Are Preexisting Thrombophilic Risk Profiles Responsible for Heterogenous Thrombotic Events? date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = 1 The similarity between these 2 conditions is sustained by autopsy studies findings, documented immune pathogenesis, and microcirculation dysfunctions, the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to disseminate the infection in other organs and by the fact that many critically ill COVID-19 patients developed clinical symptoms of shock following a process called "viral sepsis." 2 A recent paper dealing with SARS-CoV-2 and "viral sepsis" raised alarm signals that despite the huge percentage of 71,4% of non-survivors of COVID-19 who matched the grade of overt disseminated intravascular coagulation, the concrete mechanisms of vascular thrombosis are not yet known. The hypercoagulation state consequent to SARS-COV-2 infection seems to manifest not only as pulmonary embolism, but also as other thrombotic events such as deep vein thrombosis, myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke, 31 suggesting that the most plausible explanation has to be a pattern concerning either the patients or the virus. doi = 10.1177/1076029620952884 id = cord-272509-os02hlf1 author = Burns, Graham P title = Improved survival following ward-based non-invasive pressure support for severe hypoxia in a cohort of frail patients with COVID-19: retrospective analysis from a UK teaching hospital date = 2020-07-05 keywords = COVID-19; nip summary = title: Improved survival following ward-based non-invasive pressure support for severe hypoxia in a cohort of frail patients with COVID-19: retrospective analysis from a UK teaching hospital To date, there has been no clear guideline endorsement of ward-based non-invasive pressure support (NIPS) for severely hypoxic patients who are deemed unlikely to benefit from invasive ventilation. We established a ward-based NIPS service for COVID-19 PCR-positive patients, with severe hypoxia, and in whom escalation to critical care for invasive ventilation was not deemed appropriate. These results suggest that ward-based NIPS should be considered as a treatment option in an integrated escalation strategy in all units managing respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19. These data support treatment with NIPS (CPAP or BiPAP) as part of a respiratory escalation strategy in hospitals managing COVID-19 and in accordance with the algorithm shown in figure 1 . doi = 10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000621 id = cord-176481-12ny6l5a author = Burridge, Henry C. title = Airborne infection R-numbers for regularly attended spaces: COVID-19 a case-study date = 2020-09-07 keywords = COVID-19; space summary = In our present article, we focus on assessing the risk of infection of respiratory diseases via the airborne route, taking COVID-19 as an example; ultimately, deriving a methodology for calculating a meaningful R-number for any indoor space that is regularly attended by the same group of people and any airborne disease for which the duration over which infectors remain pre/asymptomatic is known (within some bounds). Rudnick & Milton (2003) greatly extended the practical application of the Wells-Riley model; removing the need to assume the indoor space was in steady-steady and, crucially, negating the need to assess nor assume the rate of ventilation of outdoor air -a notoriously difficult quantity to measure robustly (see Appendix B for a detailed discussion). To examine the effects of a particular change in conditions within a given indoor space, e.g. change in ventilation rate, occupancy level/behaviour, etc..., it is informative to define a ''base case'' scenario for which the likelihood of infection during a time interval T is P 0 and quantify the airborne infection risk of chosen scenarios relative to the base case. doi = nan id = cord-273656-xo82zyi6 author = Burry, Lisa D. title = It Takes a Village… Contending with Drug Shortages During Disasters date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; drug; shortage; supply summary = 2, 3 The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically demonstrates how large and sudden surge in demand can lead to shortages when local, national, and international supply chains cannot keep pace, in particular medications with limited therapeutic alternatives for critical care. We highlight the available literature on possible causes and mitigation strategies to manage shortages of critical care drugs from the local, institutional level to the global stage in a worldwide crisis such as a pandemic. 38 Manufacturers can further decrease the risk of shortages using methods to increase system resiliency, such as decentralising production to multiple sites rather than one single site, investing in redundancy of critical production steps, and ensuring availability of active and inactive pharmaceutical ingredients through optimal inventory management and the development of relations with alternative producers. We sought to highlight the issues associated with anticipating and managing shortages of essential critical care drugs from global, national, regional and institutional perspectives during a disaster. doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.015 id = cord-327886-vvm1gfku author = Burstyn, Igor title = Towards reduction in bias in epidemic curves due to outcome misclassification through Bayesian analysis of time-series of laboratory test results: case study of COVID-19 in Alberta, Canada and Philadelphia, USA date = 2020-06-06 keywords = Alberta; COVID-19 summary = title: Towards reduction in bias in epidemic curves due to outcome misclassification through Bayesian analysis of time-series of laboratory test results: case study of COVID-19 in Alberta, Canada and Philadelphia, USA The aim of our work was to better quantify misclassification errors in identification of true cases of COVID-19 and to study the impact of these errors in epidemic curves using publicly available surveillance data from Alberta, Canada and Philadelphia, USA. METHODS: We examined time-series data of laboratory tests for SARS-CoV-2 viral infection, the causal agent for COVID-19, to try to explore, using a Bayesian approach, the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test. Thus, we pursued two specific aims: (a) to develop a Bayesian method to attempt to learn from publicly available time-series of COVID-19 testing about Sn and Sp of the laboratory tests and (b) to conduct a Monte Carlo (probabilistic) sensitivity analysis of the impact of the plausible extent of this misclassification on bias in epidemic curves. doi = 10.1186/s12874-020-01037-4 id = cord-286193-3yy9exry author = Burton, Jennifer K title = Evolution and effects of COVID-19 outbreaks in care homes: a population analysis in 189 care homes in one geographical region of the UK date = 2020-10-31 keywords = COVID-19; NHS; care; home summary = The aim of our study was to describe the evolution of outbreaks of COVID-19 in all care homes in one health region in Scotland, specifically the timing of outbreaks, number of confirmed cases in residents, care home characteristics associated with the presence of an outbreak, and deaths of residents in both care homes and hospitals. We used publicly available national data for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing and deaths from COVID-19, which were linked to regulatory public health data, to describe the evolution of outbreaks of COVID-19 in all care homes in one large health region in Scotland. In accordance with NHS Lothian public health team practice during the COVID-19 pandemic, we defined the start of a COVID-19 outbreak in a care home as the date when the first resident had a positive test for SARS-CoV-2, using regional virology laboratory PCR testing of nasopharyngeal swabs. doi = 10.1016/s2666-7568(20)30012-x id = cord-335078-z7k59k8o author = Burton-Papp, Helmi C. title = Conscious prone positioning during non-invasive ventilation in COVID-19 patients: experience from a single centre date = 2020-07-31 keywords = NIV; covid-19; patient summary = In our cohort of 20 COVID-19 patients with moderate acute hypoxic respiratory failure, prone positioning with non-invasive ventilation resulted in improved oxygenation. Here we build on this literature offering an examination of changes in oxygenation, as measured by PaO 2 /FiO 2 , across multiple episodes of prone positioning in conscious patients, with moderate to severe hypoxia, undergoing non-invasive ventilation following admission to the intensive care unit for advanced respiratory support. Although there is only limited data available on the effectiveness of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in COVID-19, early provision of NIV in moderate to severe acute hypoxic respiratory failure is associated with reduced ICU mortality and intubation rate 12 . This is a retrospective report on a subgroup of 20 patients with severe COVID-19 who were able to self-prone while receiving non-invasive ventilation in the ICU, among a grand total of 81 patients admitted to the ICU during the study period.The primary outcome reported by the authors is change in PaO2/FiO2 ratio while in prone position. doi = 10.12688/f1000research.25384.1 id = cord-322919-5ty35rsy author = Busana, Mattia title = Non‐invasive hemodynamic profile of early COVID‐19 infection date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; SVRI; pulmonary summary = When stratifying for SVRI, patients with an SVRI value below the cohort median had also more severe oxygenation impairment and lower TPR, despite a similar degree of CXR infiltrates. CONCLUSIONS: In the early stages of COVID‐19 infection the hemodynamic profile is characterized by a hyperdynamic circulatory state with high CI and low SVRI, while the right heart is functionally unaffected. In this study, we found that in the early stages of the disease, COVID-19 infection leads to a hyperdynamic circulatory state characterized by an elevated CI and low SVRI. The right heart function was unaffected, and pulmonary pressures were normal, despite the high CI, particularly in the low SVRI range. Lung recruitability in COVID-19 is moderately low (Pan et al., 2020) and blood diversion with cardiac output reduction may justify the reported oxygenation improvement at high Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP). doi = 10.14814/phy2.14628 id = cord-336497-vzenzbw1 author = Busch-Hallen, Jenny title = Impact of COVID-19 on maternal and child health date = 2020-08-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = The study by Timothy Roberton and colleagues (July, 2020), 1 which modelled the indirect effects of COVID-19 on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), highlights potential consequences of disruptions to routine health care and decreased access to food. We estimated, using the Alive & Thrive cost of not breastfeeding tool, 4 that a hypothetical effect of small (5%), moderate (10%), medium (25%), or severe (50%) relative reductions in the prevalence of breastfeeding due to COVID-19 disruptions would result in 16 469 (small reduction), 32 139 (moderate reduction), 75 455 (medium reduction), and up to 138 398 (severe reduction) child deaths across 129 LMICs over a 1-year period, plus additional morbidity (appendix). Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study doi = 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30327-2 id = cord-305770-xygg4lxu author = Busetto, Gian Maria title = SARS-CoV-2 Infection and High-Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Are There Any Common Features? date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; NMIBC; SARS; cancer summary = Most severe cases of COVID-19 and high-risk NMIBC patients at higher recurrence and progression risk are characterized by innate and adaptive immune activation followed by inflammation and cytokine/chemokine storm (interleukin [IL]-2, IL-6, IL-8). Most severe cases of COVID-19 and highrisk NMIBC patients at higher recurrence and progression risk are characterized by innate and adaptive immune activation followed by inflammation and cytokine/chemokine storm (interleukin [IL]-2, IL-6, IL-8). When compared with COVID-19 patients without ARDS, patients with ARDS are generally older and have a higher proportion of comorbidities, and there are more observations of neutrophilia associated with lymphocytopenia, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) increase, increase in several inflammation indices (including interleukins, IL-2 and IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, C-reactive protein and many other cytokines), elevated coagulation function and alteration of other organ dysfunction indices (liver, kidney, etc.) [4] . The following terms were the most commonly used: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, bladder cancer, risk factors, diabetes, obesity, aging, inflammation, cytokine, interleukin (IL), IL-6, smoking. doi = 10.1159/000509065 id = cord-307929-286i4rue author = Bustati, Nour title = The Impact Of COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients Receiving Orthodontic Treatment- An Online Questionnaire Cross Sectional Study date = 2020-10-23 keywords = COVID-19; orthodontic summary = Background The spread of COVID-19 has led to a major public health issue; most dental clinics were closed and millions of orthodontic patients were unable to complete their treatment, this study aimed to assess the challenges faced by patients receiving orthodontic treatment and their proffered solutions to overcoming these challenges during this pandemic. Those who answered with ''''did not miss any visit'''' were directed into the submit page while the other respondents were able to proceed to the third section( the reason for missing the appointments, communication with the orthodontist, main concern, degree of agreement towards closing of clinics) and the last section was about the problems they faced and their ways to address that. Being in high risk of infection, most dental clinics were closed which put the patients who were receiving orthodontic treatment in complicated situation since they require regular visits to their orthodontist for a long period of time. doi = 10.1016/j.ejwf.2020.10.003 id = cord-279405-1d6gznls author = Butt, Muhammad Hammad title = Dengue Fever and COVID‐19 Co‐Infection; A Threat to Public Health for Co‐epidemic in Pakistan date = 2020-08-27 keywords = Pakistan; covid-19 summary = geographical spread of COVID-19 and more involvement of adults, there have been increasing reports of co-infections with various other infectious diseases. During the on-going pandemic where health authorities are primarily engaged to contain the infection, any other infectious disease outbreak will hinder the manoeuvres combating COVID-19 and will create the diagnostic challenges for healthcare professionals. Recently, National Institute of Health (NIH) in Pakistan issued ''High Alert'' for dengue viral infection (DVI) as monsoon season (July -December) is considered a vulnerable period for dengue spread [2] . Keeping in view the fragile healthcare system and economic turmoil in Pakistan, dengue outbreak will pose serious challenges for which country is not This article is protected by copyright. In Thailand, a patient who presented with petechial rashes was treated as dengue case but declared as co-infected with COVID-19 following advanced clinical diagnosis [6] . Patients presenting to healthcare professionals with fever, rash, headache and respiratory problems must be subjected to DVI and COVID-19 diagnosis. doi = 10.1002/jmv.26464 id = cord-258662-6y45gb0t author = Butt, Nausharwan title = Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 date = 2020-07-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-258662-6y45gb0t authors: Butt, Nausharwan; Arshid, Awais; Ahmad, Sarah Aftab; Khalid, Nauman; Kayani, Waleed Tallat title: Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 date: 2020-07-19 journal: Am J Emerg Med DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.032 sha: doc_id: 258662 cord_uid: 6y45gb0t nan In summary, COVID-19 is associated with significant cardiovascular complications which may also include pericarditis, pericardial effusion and Takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy. Further larger studies are required to evaluate this association. Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 detection in the pericardial fluid of a patient with cardiac tamponade COVID-19 (SARS-Cov-2) and the heart -An ominous association All authors have no sources of funding to disclose The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.032 id = cord-314733-fyximykl author = Butu, Alina title = The Impact of COVID-19 Crisis upon the Consumer Buying Behavior of Fresh Vegetables Directly from Local Producers. Case Study: The Quarantined Area of Suceava County, Romania date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; March; Suceava; figure; producer summary = The present paper intends to address the impact of COVID-19 crisis upon the consumer buying behavior of fresh vegetables directly from local producers as observed 30 days later, after enforcing the state of emergency in Romania within a well-defined area, namely, the quarantined area of Suceava. Short food chain supply (SFSC) systems provide multiple benefits (of economic, social, environmental, cultural, and health nature) for people and society as a whole: new job opportunities in the agri-food sector at local level [54] , encouraging knowledge transfer, counter-balancing the effects of population migration [55] or gentrification, supporting the local services and suppliers by sustaining the stores of small producers and farmers'' markets, preserving cultural heritage, including promotion of tourism [56] and local gastronomy, and improving the quality of life by securing access to healthier food [57] . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17155485 id = cord-187703-40382yjq author = Buzzell, Andrew title = COVID-19 Misinformation and Disinformation on Social Networks -- The Limits of Veritistic Countermeasures date = 2020-08-03 keywords = COVID-19; epistemic; misinformation summary = Efforts to combat misinformation typically focus on the extent to which targeted content is both false and harmful, and Levy (2018) argues such content can be described as epistemic pollutionwhich degrades the information environment and interferes with social epistemic practices that rely on trust. This is a key feature of many forms of disinformation and propaganda (Derakhshan and Wardle 2017 call of 3 12 this "mal-information"), a category some COVID-19 misinformation belongs to, and one which can''t be combatted directly with fact-checks and moderation tools operating within the pollution model. Social network responses to COVID-19 misinformation have included efforts to remove epistemic pollution by way of algorithmic and human moderation, architectural modifications to alter the circulation and perception of some information, promotion of domain expertise, and active policing of influential accounts. doi = nan id = cord-313275-znrvkmee author = Bwire, G. M. title = A systematic review on the levels of antibodies in COVID-19 virus exposed but negative newborns: a possible vertical transmission of IgG/ IgM date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: A systematic review on the levels of antibodies in COVID-19 virus exposed but negative newborns: a possible vertical transmission of IgG/ IgM The research included studies on IgG/ IgM against SARS-CoV-2 among infants born to mother with COVID-19 published in English from December 1, 2019 onwards. On the other hand, natural passive immunity and detection of specific IgG and IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in infants born to COVID 19 confirmed mothers have been indicated in some studies where the newborns tested negative for the virus (8) . In this regard, a systematic review was conducted to determine the magnitude of IgG/ IgM in infants born to mothers with COVID-19 but tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. The median antibody levels detected in COVID-19 exposed newborns who tested negative for the virus after delivery but were born to mothers with COVID-19 were 75.49AU/mL (range: 7.25AU/mL-140.32AU/mL ) and for 3.79AU/mL (range: 0.16AU/mL-45.83AU/mL) (P = 0.0041) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM, respectively. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.09.20127118 id = cord-329224-t45bedot author = Byrnes, Yasmeen M. title = Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical student career perceptions: a national survey study date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; medical; student summary = BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting cancellation of medical student clinical rotations pose unique challenges to students'' educations, the impact of which has not yet been explored. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that about one-fifth of surveyed medical students currently believe that the COVID-19 pandemic will affect their choice of specialty, with many of these citing concerns that they cannot explore specialties or obtain recommendation letters. Although there are some existing anecdotal commentaries describing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical education [5, [18] [19] [20] [21] , studies describing virtual curriculum development [5] [6] [7] [8] , and reports of medical student mobilization in response to the pandemic [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] , to our knowledge no data yet exists describing the current impact on medical students'' academic lives. This study serves as an early snapshot into medical students'' perspectives on their education and careers at a time when the COVID-19 pandemic is in full force and clinical rotations remain cancelled. doi = 10.1080/10872981.2020.1798088 id = cord-311552-n16pdrc4 author = Bäuerle, Alexander title = Psychological support in times of COVID-19: the Essen community-based CoPE concept date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Little is known about treatment options to combat the novel virus, but the same applies to the effects of COVID-19 on people''s mental health. We established a structured concept to support psychological burdened people in Essen, which is located in the Ruhr area, a metropolitan region with more than 5.1 million inhabitants in the heart of the federal state North Rhine Westphalia. 3 Besides necessary government regulations in order to slow down the rapid spread of the virus, a COVID-19 crisis strategy to face the increased psychological burden of the community has not been defined yet. We established a structured concept to support psychological burdened people in Essen, which is located in the Ruhr area, a metropolitan region with more than 5.1 million inhabitants in the heart of the federal state North Rhine Westphalia (NRW). During the COVID-19 crisis, implementing structured community-based concepts to support psychological burdened citizens is crucial. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa053 id = cord-024348-nw3a0qco author = Béland, Daniel title = A Critical Juncture in Fiscal Federalism? Canada''s Response to COVID-19 date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; Canada summary = The COVID-19 crisis could trigger a critical juncture for several institutional arrangements in Canada, potentially leading to notable changes in fiscal federalism. The COVID-19 crisis could trigger a critical juncture for several institutional arrangements in Canada, potentially leading to notable changes in fiscal federalism. We argue that intergovernmental power dynamics and the principle of provincial autonomy are particularly important considerations in thinking about fiscal federalism post-COVID-19. Beyond these public rows involving Alberta, fiscal federalism in Canada was also experiencing, prior to the COVID-19 crisis, significant structural challenges that were of concern to many provinces. The Canadian response to COVID-19 and reforms to fiscal transfer arrangements will be shaped by existing policy legacies as much as by current power relations in the federation. Respecting provincial autonomy will likely remain a key political and policy consideration, although the federal government''s dominant fiscal capacity, a considerable source of federal power, could be deployed at a time when the provinces badly need it. doi = 10.1017/s0008423920000323 id = cord-024649-y7nqz6vk author = Bösel, J. title = Neurologische Auswirkungen von COVID-19 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; Patienten; SARS; der; die; und; von summary = Hinzu kommen ein vermutlich erheblicher Schon früh nach Beginn der Pandemie trat die Frage auf, wie es sich mit dem Risiko bei immunsupprimierten und/oder immunmodulatorisch behandelten neurologischen Patienten verhält, also z. Schnell gaben internationale und nationale Fachgesellschaften zu diesen und anderen neurologischen Erkrankungen Empfehlungen heraus, mit zahlreichen wichtigen Hinweisen zur Prävention und zum Monitoring und mit -sehr vereinfacht zusammengefasst -dem Tenor, immunmodulatorische Therapien, die für den Krankheitsverlauf wichtig sind, nicht wegen der Pandemie zu pausieren oder abzubrechen. Weil kaum angenommen werden kann, dass sich unter der Pandemie tatsächlich Inzidenzen verändern, muss befürchtet werden, dass aus Sorge vor einer Infektion mit SARS-CoV-2 oder wegen der Aufmerksamkeit, die COVID-19 berechtigterweise erfährt, Patienten mit neurologischen Notfallerkrankungen ihre Symptome "aussitzen" bzw. Ob COVID-19 nun spezifische oder eher unspezifische Auswirkungen auf das Nervensystem hat, mag zwar für Diagnostik und Therapie, die zu diesem Zeitpunkt noch völlig unklar ist, eine wichtige Rolle spielen, aber zunächst einmal werden wir zunehmend Patienten sehen, die im Zusammenhang mit der Virusinfektion neurologisch beeinträchtigt sind und optimal behandelt werden müssen. doi = 10.1007/s42451-020-00191-9 id = cord-258576-ywbyflas author = Bösmüller, Hans title = The evolution of pulmonary pathology in fatal COVID-19 disease: an autopsy study with clinical correlation date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; SARS; patient summary = We present the pulmonary findings in four cases of fatal COVID-19 with a spectrum of lung pathology reflecting disease course and duration, invasive therapies, and laboratory features. Based on conventional criteria, respiratory insufficiency therefore might be considered unlikely direct cause of death, but this case and recently published autopsy data indicate that pulmonary microvascular changes are an important and distinguishing feature of COVID-19 and may contribute to hypoxemia and acute cardiac insufficiency. Irrespective of the severity of pulmonary changes, however, all 4 patients showed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in lung tissues but failed to show detectable levels of viral RNA in other organs studied. The laboratory findings observed in patients 2 and 3 reflect common risk factors of fatal outcome, namely, lymphopenia; increased D-dimers; evidence of massive systemic inflammation including high levels of CRP, procalcitonin, and IL-6 during acute disease; and in the final stages massive ALT/AST elevation [1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 20] . doi = 10.1007/s00428-020-02881-x id = cord-262428-erlmyzwn author = CABARKAPA, Sonja title = The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: A rapid systematic review date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; Health; SARS; psychological summary = The search strategy included terms for HCWs (e.g., nurse and doctor), mental health (e.g., wellbeing and psychological), and viral outbreaks (e.g., epidemic and pandemic). In terms of mental health impact of epidemics, HCWs represent a particularly vulnerable group due to the high risk of infection, increased work stress and fear of spreading to their families. The following search terms were used: ''health worker'', ''health care worker'', ''medical'', ''doctor'', ''nursing'', ''nurse'', ''allied health'', ''pandemic'', ''outbreak'', ''mental health'', ''mental illness'', ''psychiatric'', ''psychological'', ''coping'', ''psychosocial'', ''COVID-19'', ''coronavirus'', ''SARS'', ''MERS'' and ''Ebola''. 36, 51 At the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, a Wuhan study 28 found that 34.4% (342 of 994) of medical and nursing staff had mild mental health disturbances while 6.2% (62) had severe disturbances, while in another study 24 of 1,521 Chinese HCWs 14.1% had psychological abnormalities. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. doi = 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144 id = cord-024378-po1bu4v3 author = CHAKRABORTY, Sweta title = How Risk Perceptions, Not Evidence, Have Driven Harmful Policies on COVID-19 date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = 17, 18 Research shows that media coverage of a public health risk such as COVID-19 can introduce particular risk characteristics that influence public perceptions and therefore become a factor in itself in how the risk is viewed. This along with the social amplification of risk amplifies risk perceptions and can result in the inaccurate overemphasis of primary public health impacts. Specifically, a proactive risk communication plan ahead of an outbreak would have allowed for clear, consistent communication that would have quelled public fears and presumably have allowed evidence-based containment and mitigation policies to take hold. 26 The ripple effects of the policies put in place to mitigate against the primary public health impacts of COVID-19 may very well produce a worse overall outcomes picture. It is evident that existing risk communication research has not been consistently consulted in managing the COVID-19 outbreak, nor has a comprehensive risk-benefit analysis been conducted to prevent worse overall outcomes. doi = 10.1017/err.2020.37 id = cord-326169-delehk6x author = CJ Jorgensen, Sarah title = Baricitinib: A review of pharmacology, safety and emerging clinical experience in COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-15 keywords = JAK; SARS; covid-19 summary = The lack of reliable biomarkers to monitor patients'' immune status as illness evolves complicates deployment of immunosuppressive drugs like baricitinib. In this article we review available data on baricitinib with an emphasis on immunosuppressive and antiviral pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety and current progress in COVID‐19 clinical trials. In population PK analyses, body weight did not have a clinically meaningful 250 impact on baricitinib clearance, however obese RA patients have been reported to have lower 251 response rates. Thrombocytosis Accepted Article 499 treatment strategies aimed at attenuating both pathogen virulence and the pro-inflammatory 500 phenotype seen in the many critically ill patients with COVID-19. 5, 9, 12, 13, 20, 56 As detailed in this 501 review, baricitinib pairs immunosuppressive properties with antiviral activity making it a logical 502 candidate for further evaluation in COVID-19 clinical trials . Baricitinib therapy in 626 COVID-19: A pilot study on safety and clinical impact Impaired type I interferon activity and exacerbated 662 inflammatory responses in severe Covid-19 patients doi = 10.1002/phar.2438 id = cord-286341-16tghl48 author = CONCHA-MEJIA, A. title = CCOFEE-GI Study: Colombian COVID19 First Experience in Gastroentrology. Characterization of digestive manifestations in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 at a highly complex institution in Bogota D.C., Colombia date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In Colombia, the first case was diagnosed on March 6, 2020 , with exponential progressive growth, and there were >200,000 confirmed cases as of July 20, 2020, in this cross-sectional, analytical, and observational study, we focused on the demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical characteristics of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection at a highly complex institution in Latinamerica, with special emphasis on gastrointestinal symptoms. Results: We included 72 patients RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2 (34 women and 38 men) with age 47.5 17.7 years; 17 (23.6%) presented at least one of the gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, and/or diarrhea). In this study, we focused on the demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical characteristics of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection at a highly complex institution in Bogota, Colombia, with special emphasis on the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.24.20161604 id = cord-315149-71bmj5il author = Caballero Bermejo, Antonio F. title = Sarilumab versus standard of care for the early treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia in hospitalized patients: SARTRE: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; SOC; il6; patient; study summary = The aim of the present study is to evaluate if an earlier therapeutic intervention with sarilumab plus SOC (including corticosteroids) may be more effective than current standard of care alone, in preventing progression to respiratory failure in COVID-19 infected patients with interstitial pneumonia. The aim of the present study is to evaluate if an earlier therapeutic intervention with sarilumab plus SOC may be more effective than current standard of care alone, which according to our local protocol includes weight adjusted corticosteroids doses, in preventing progression to respiratory failure in COVID-19 infected patients with interstitial pneumonia. Patients randomized to the control arm (CS + SOC group without sarilumab) progressing to severe respiratory failure fulfilling criteria for treatment with anti-IL6 inhibitors according to clinical practice guidelines, as defined by the presence of Brescia-COVID SARTRE STUDY EudraCT Number: 2020-002037-15 Version 2.0 (May 05th 2020) Scale 2-3 plus inflammatory markers, will be offered the option to be rescued with sarilumab at the same doses and be included in an open-label follow-up phase. doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-04633-3 id = cord-313829-pjscmen8 author = Caballero, A.E. title = COVID-19 in people living with diabetes: An international consensus date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; PLWD; SARS; diabetes summary = The current clinical management of diabetes is a work in progress, requiring a shift in patient-provider interaction beyond the walls of clinics and hospitals: the use of tele-medicine when feasible, innovative patient education programs, strategies to ensure medication and glucose testing availability and affordability, as well as numerous ideas on how to improve meal plans and physical activity. It is difficult to predict but some indicators are available from the model of Harpreet In summary, while overall mortality due to COVID-19 is lower in India than in other countries, the elderly population, where most patients with diabetes, hypertension and CVD are concentrated, remains at high risk. Although it is clear that this option of care is not available to most people around the world, exploring how to improve the communication between providers and patients and families at home, in their own communities facing day to day challenges, may prove to be a more effective approach to managing the disease well beyond the COVID pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107671 id = cord-320331-wtxja5i9 author = Cabbab, Iris Louise N. title = Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Current Knowledge and Potential Effects on Early SARS-CoV-2 Infection date = 2020-10-08 keywords = ACE2; Ang; COVID-19; RAAS; SARS summary = It is important to note that since the approach of this paper is to provide current knowledge on the anatomic, physiologic and molecular bases of anti-inflammatory drug and corticosteroid action on the RAAS, this paper will not demonstrate a systematic review or meta-analysis of current clinical evidence, but will only provide insight on the probable influences of the discussed pathways on early SARS-CoV-2 infection. A correspondence by Fang et al published at The Lancet this March discussed that hypertensives and diabetics taking ACE2 inhibitor (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blocking (ARB) drugs may be at an increased risk of infection and severity by SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, respectively, citing three studies wherein diabetes and hypertension were major comorbidities of patients with severe COVID-19 and of non-survivors [20] . doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198190 id = cord-352668-qjlqsb2k author = Cabello, Francisco title = Consensus on Recommendations for Safe Sexual Activity during the COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; activity; sexual summary = Sexual activity offers numerous advantages for physical and mental health but maintains inherent risks in a pandemic situation, such as the current one caused by SARS-CoV-2. A group of experts from the Spanish Association of Sexuality and Mental Health (AESexSAME) has reached a consensus on recommendations to maintain lower-risk sexual activity, depending on one''s clinical and partner situations, based on the current knowledge of SARS-CoV-2. In all other cases (for those under quarantine, those with some clinical symptoms, health professionals in contact with COVID-19 patients, and during pregnancy), abstaining from coital/oral/anal sex, substituting it with masturbatory or virtual sexual activity to provide maximum protection from the contagion, and increasing the benefits inherent to sexual activity are recommended. Due to the ease of contagion and the lack of information about the possible transmission of SARS-CoV-2, a group of experts from the Spanish Association for Sexuality and Mental Health, covering the fields of sexology, psychiatry, psychology and medicine reached a consensus. doi = 10.3390/jcm9072297 id = cord-258891-iogn24iu author = Cabona, Corrado title = Epilepsy course during COVID-19 pandemic in three Italian epilepsy centers date = 2020-08-25 keywords = covid-19; seizure summary = With the aim of managing epilepsy in quarantined patients, three Italian Epilepsy Centers set up telephone consultations using a semistructured interview, allowing a prospective collection of data on seizure course and other seizure-related problems during pandemic. With the aim of managing epilepsy in quarantined patients during COVID-19 pandemic, three Italian Epilepsy Centers set up telephone consultations using a semistructured interview, allowing collection of data on seizure course during pandemic. To address the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on seizure incidence in an emergency setting, data collection included the number of EEG exams performed during a quarantine period (from March 1st to April 30th) for first unprovoked seizures, relapse seizures, and status epilepticus (SE) in the Emergency Department and intensive care unit (ICU) of one of the participating centers (Ospedale San Martino, Genova). Clinical telephone interviews confirmed the absence of COVID-19 quarantine effect on epilepsy course in our cohort, since we did not find any significant change in seizure frequency during that period compared with a control period. doi = 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107375 id = cord-315116-u7btx7nt author = Cabrera-Tasayco, Fiorella del Pilar title = Biosafety Measures at the Dental Office After the Appearance of COVID-19: A Systematic Review date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; dental; patient summary = A search was conducted in the main databases of the scientific literature using the words "COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-Cov2, biosecurity, disinfection and dentistry." We analyzed biosecurity and disinfection standards at the dental office and dental health personnel to date, and their adaptation to the needs and way of working of each. 8 In addition, in early April, the American Dental Association (ADA) published guidelines for protective measures in dental offices to maintain biosecurity and thereby minimize the risk of COVID-19 transmission before, during, and after dental care. Therefore, this literature review aims to determine the biosecurity measures required in dental offices after the appearance of COVID-19, seeking to provide dental health personnel with updates on the biosecurity and disinfection standards recommended to date, and their adaptation to the needs and ways of working of each. doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.269 id = cord-318326-q9fnbg8n author = Cacciapuoti, Sara title = Immunocytometric analysis of COVID patients: A contribution to personalized therapy? date = 2020-08-29 keywords = COVID; IL-6; patient summary = To cast light on immunological and cytological response during SARS-Cov-2 infection, we studied a group of COVID-19 patients during their recovery in a specialized hospital, evaluating either at J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof admission or after 7-day follow-up the levels of serum cytokines and the lymphocyte subpopulation profile. However, some specific subpopulations (i.e., TH1 and activated TH1 and TH17 lymphocytes), seem to be less involved by the exhaustion, because they were not reduced in COVID patients (in some patients they are above J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof the upper reference range) and they showed a trend to increase with the WHO disease stage, partially in agreement with a previous study [6] , confirming that the hyperactivation of CD8 T cells contributes to enhance the severity of the disease [17] . doi = 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118355 id = cord-287440-xy8o1mhs author = Caci, Barbara title = Neuroticism and Fear of COVID-19. The Interplay Between Boredom, Fantasy Engagement, and Perceived Control Over Time date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; boredom; fear; neuroticism summary = Our model assigned the boredom to the mediation role and both the fantasy engagement and perceived control of time to the role of moderators in the relationship between neuroticism and the fear of COVID-19. Starting from the state of the art above-described, in the current study, we aimed at analyzing the relationship between neuroticism, boredom, the fantasy engagement, the perceived control over time, and the fear of COVID-19 during the phase of social distancing. Specifically, we tested a mediationmoderation model (Figure 1) , assigning the boredom to the mediation role and both the fantasy engagement and perceived control of time to the role of moderators in the relationship between neuroticism and the fear of COVID-19. As well, in light of the moderating role of perceived time control on the relationship between boredom and fear of COVID-19, treatment programs in mental health should aim to improve time management strategies in individuals so balancing the negative effect of the association mentioned above. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574393 id = cord-324553-qd8249w3 author = Cadegiani, F. A. title = An open-label prospective observational study of antiandrogen and non-antiandrogen early pharmacological approaches in females with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. The Pre-AndroCoV Female Trial. date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; October; day summary = The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of any early pharmacological approach to females diagnosed with COVID-19 before seven days of symptoms, as well as investigate whether HA is an additional risk factor in this population. Materials and methods: Females with symptoms for less than seven days confirmed for COVID-19 through positive real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR-SARS-CoV-2) were classified and divided as non-HA, HA, and HA using spironolactone (HA-spiro) groups. Conclusions: A sensitive, early detection of COVID-19 followed by a pharmaceutical approach with different drug combinations yielded irrefutable differences compared to sex-, age-, body mass index (BMI)-, and disease-matched non-treated controls in terms of clinical outcomes, ethically disallowing placebo-control randomized clinical trials in the early stage of COVID-19 due to the marked improvements. Several different molecules demonstrated in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and have been proposed as promising therapies for COVID-19 (13) , among which the most attempted drug combinations included azithromycin in the majority of the cases, in association with hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin or nitazoxanide (13, 14) . doi = 10.1101/2020.10.05.20206870 id = cord-284873-m1ehdydr author = Cadegiani, Flavio A. title = Spironolactone: An Anti-androgenic and Anti-hypertensive Drug That May Provide Protection Against the Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19 date = 2020-07-28 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Spironolactone: An Anti-androgenic and Anti-hypertensive Drug That May Provide Protection Against the Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19 At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, mortality following infection of severe acute respiratory coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was thought to be solely associated with aging and pre-existing conditions; however, as the pandemic ensued, several large scale epidemiological observations eluded to additional atypical risk factors, particularly hypertension, obesity, and male gender (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) . The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) has been shown to be central in COVID-19, since three of the key modulators of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity-angiotensin 1-7, ACE2, and AT1-belong to the RAAS, in addition to the TMPRSS2 expression (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) . Abnormal ACE2 expression, angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 imbalance, and TMPRSS2 androgen-mediated overactivity seem to be key regulators of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, in accordance with epidemiological observations of hypertension, obesity, and male sex as being major risk factors. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00453 id = cord-284573-w0sk622m author = Caduff, Carlo title = What Went Wrong: Corona and the World after the Full Stop date = 2020-07-21 keywords = China; Italy; SARS; United; covid-19; health; pandemic summary = Published by a group of experts without peer review on an institutional website, the report compared Covid-19 with the great pandemic of 1918, which killed over 50 million people worldwide and suggested, without any evidence, that SARS-CoV-2 was "a virus with comparable lethality to H1N1 influenza in 1918." 1 Most frightening in all this was not so much the lethality of the SARS-CoV-2 virus but the license to rush forward with predictions, abandon basic standards of science, and make dramatic claims to scare people. This extreme and unprecedented blanket approach systematically imposed on entire populations was driven by a number of factors that variously prevailed in different countries across the world: a growing sense of panic, constant media sensationalism, deep authoritarian longings, increasing political pressure to contain the spread of the virus, disturbing accounts of overwhelmed hospitals unable to cope with the surge of patients, misleading mortality calculations, and, most importantly, a trust in the power of mathematical disease modeling. doi = 10.1111/maq.12599 id = cord-269563-2979u47a author = Caetano Silva-Filho, José title = The influence of ABO blood groups on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: a molecular hypothesis based on carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions date = 2020-08-02 keywords = ABO; ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; cell summary = Based on this survey, we hypothesize that the correlation between the ABO blood system and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection can be presumably explained by the modulation of sialic acid-containing receptors distribution on host cell surface induced by ABO antigens through carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions, which could maximize or minimize the virus Spike protein binding to the host cell. to cell receptors, as well as (ii) the biochemical aspects of ABO blood group system and its association to infection and some circulatory conditions, we hypothesize that the influence of blood type on COVID-19 severity relies on the differential clustering of glycoproteins receptors to SARS-CoV-2 on host cell surface, induced by ABH antigens through carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions with the glycan portions of these receptors, which could modulate virus binding to the target cell. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110155 id = cord-323940-ubazgvov author = Cafiero, Concetta title = Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacogenetics: In Silico Prediction of Drug Effects in Treatments for Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV2 Disease date = 2020-10-13 keywords = SARS; clinical; covid-19; drug; genetic; patient; treatment summary = Recently, pharmacogenomics (the effects of a single genetic marker) and pharmacogenetics (the collective influence of variability across the genome to modulate an individual''s drug response) have received great attention for their abilities to provide a new way to select drugs for personalized therapy (optimal dosing for maximizing drug efficacy or minimizing the risk of toxicity). 35 Search terms were "Covid-19", "novel coronavirus", "SARS-CoV2", "pharmacogenetics", "treatment/s", "adverse side effects", "therapy", "lung", "ocular", "pulmonary infection", "drugs", "drug response", "virus", "candidate drugs", "potential inhibitors", "protease inhibitors", "personalized medicine", "individual therapy", "pneumonia", "ACE", "heparin", "vasculitis", "conjunctivitis", "rhinitis", "hematological complication" and "main metabolic routes", either alone or in combination. Drugs in use as routine therapy or in clinical trials for Covid-19 include steroids and antiviral and biological humanized neutralizing antibodies against some proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL1, IL6, IFN, and TNFα, in addition to supportive measures and symptomatic treatment, according to the severity of the disease. doi = 10.2147/pgpm.s270069 id = cord-342185-2umby2l8 author = Cai, Qi title = The mental health of frontline and non-frontline medical workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: a case-control study date = 2020-07-02 keywords = China; covid-19; medical; worker summary = title: The mental health of frontline and non-frontline medical workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: a case-control study RESULTS: Frontline medical workers had higher rates of any mental problem (52.6% vs 34.0%, adjusted OR=1.88, 95% CI=1.57-2.25), anxiety symptoms (15.7% vs 7.4%, adjusted OR=1.95, 95% CI=1.46-2.61), depressed mood (marginally insignificant; 14.3% vs 10.1%, adjusted OR=1.32, 95% CI=0.99-1.76) and insomnia (47.8% vs 29.1%, adjusted OR=1.96, 95% CI=1.63-2.36) than non-frontline medical workers. The present study attempted to compare the immediate psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on frontline and non-frontline medical workers in China. The mental health status of medical workers presented in the current study prompts the need for appropriate measures and timely treatment for COVID-19-related psychological problems. The present study highlighted the mental health problems and unmet needs of medical workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China, especially among frontline medical workers. doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.031 id = cord-312632-g4250q6l author = Cai, Xiaofang title = Clinical Characteristics of 5 COVID-19 Cases With Non-respiratory Symptoms as the First Manifestation in Children date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Five patients with non-respiratory symptoms as the first manifestation were hospitalized from the emergency department, and were later confirmed to have COVID-19, between 23 January and 20 February 2020, at the Wuhan Children''s Hospital. Severe COVID-19 was defined when the pediatric patients Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; WHO, World Health Organization; ICTV, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses; MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; CT, computed tomography; PICU, pediatric intensive care unit; NK, natural killer; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; CRP, C-reactive protein; PCT, procalcitonin; PT, prothrombin time; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; IL, interleukin; EEG, electroencephalogram; ACE2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2. This might explain why case 3, who was admitted with head trauma but with no respiratory symptoms, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid and his lung CT scan showed pneumonia. doi = 10.3389/fped.2020.00258 id = cord-330198-pwkxgbxk author = Cai, Xiaofang title = Clinical manifestations and pathogen characteristics in children admitted for suspected COVID-19 date = 2020-10-27 keywords = SARS; case; covid-19 summary = All febrile or suspected COVID-19 cases were referred to the fever clinic, and the others-including critically ill children-were received by the emergency department after pediatric 5-level triage. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of these children admitted from the emergency department to characterize thoroughly the features of COVID-19 that can be evaluated to distinguish this novel disease from pneumonia caused by other pathogens in pediatric patients. Owing to the parents'' fear that their children were infected with SARS-CoV-2, the median time from symptom onset to hospital admission was shorter for confirmed COVID-19 cases (2.0 days) than that for suspected COVID-19 cases (3.0 days) and non-COVID-19 cases (4.0 days) (P < 0.05). Moreover, serologic testing can serve as an important adjunctive method for COVID-19 diagnosis, especially when the patient is highly suspected of SARS-CoV-2 infection but is found to be negative by nucleic acid testing. doi = 10.1007/s11684-020-0820-7 id = cord-348976-hgty4t7c author = Cai, Yi title = Otolaryngology Resident Practices and Perceptions in the Initial Phase of the U.S. COVID‐19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-12 keywords = OHNS; covid-19; resident summary = The high viral loads in the nasal 11 and oropharyngeal mucosa, along with our current understanding of the route of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) transmission 12 and anecdotal reports of disease transmission during aerosolizing procedures, place otolaryngologists at a higher risk for contracting COVID-19. 14, 15 Recent recommendations from the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) and Society of University Otolaryngologists (SUO) necessitated changes to resident clinical responsibilities, rotation schedules, and PPE guidelines during this pandemic. Lastly, participants were asked about their concerns, satisfaction with their department response, and perceived level of risk for residents and attendings for contracting COVID-19. Satisfaction level was strongly correlated with comfort in communicating their concerns (r = 0.72, P < .00001) and inversely correlated with resident perception of increased risk of contracting COVID-19 relative to attendings (r = −0.52, P < .00001). doi = 10.1002/lary.28733 id = cord-132051-pb4ppdlm author = Cai, Yong title = The 2020 Sturgis Motorcycle Rally and COVID-19 date = 2020-09-05 keywords = COVID-19; Sturgis summary = Our baseline estimate suggests a one standard deviation increase in Sturgis attendance increased COVID-19 case growth by 1.1pp in the weeks after the rally. 2 This paper studies the effect of the Sturgis rally on subsequent COVID-19 case growth in the home counties of rally attendees. Combining this information with county-level COVID-19 case data from the New York Times we find that counties with relatively more rally attendees have higher COVID-19 case growth rates in the weeks following the rally. Column 1 of table 1 shows that a 1pp increase in Sturgis attendance increased growth in COVID-19 cases by 11pp on average in the weeks following the Rally. We examine the effect of the Sturgis Rally on COVID-19 case growth in the United States. We find counties with relatively more rally attendees experienced higher COVID-19 case growth in subsequent weeks. Other studies that have found large public gatherings do not affect case growth point to offsetting behavior that reduced possible COVID-19 transmission following the event. doi = nan id = cord-332074-s824m91f author = Caillet, Anaëlle title = Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on ICU Caregivers date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = SUBJECT AND PURPOSE: Just as every pandemic, COVID-19 could lead to emotional and psychological disturbances among caregivers, especially in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), where significant stress related to the influx of patients, exposure to the virus and the lack of documentation on this new SARS occurred. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R) was proposed to the persons working in 5 ICUs of a French teaching hospital (April 8 to April 21, 2020). The health care teams have an increased risk of developing psychological disorders during a pandemic such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, anger, fear, guilt, irritability, frustration, and sleep disturbance (5) . The independent risk factors for developing anxiety syndrome were being assigned in COVID-19 + ICU, and not be trained in intensive care Classically, 13% of ICU professionals are anxious and 4% are depressed (13) . doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.08.006 id = cord-303517-8971aq02 author = Cajamarca-Baron, Jairo title = SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in Patients with some Degree of Immunosuppression date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS; infection; patient summary = 27, 28 Among other comorbidities, chronic kidney disease is associated with in-hospital mortality, as are cancer and cerebrovascular disease, demonstrated through two meta-analyses that included over fifteen thousand patients ( Table 2) ; studies suggest that superficial fungal infections and psoriasis confer vulnerability to COVID-19; a body mass index (BMI) > 40 kg/m2 is an independent risk factor for complications from the infection; and there are discouraging results regarding underlying neurological disease and SARS-CoV-2. It is even possible that such disease-modifying therapies and their immunosuppressive effect may play a protective role during 19-COVID infection by preventing or dampening hyperimmune activity that, in some cases, could lead to clinical deterioration; there is even a report of a patient with primary progressive multiple sclerosis receiving treatment with ocrelizumab and becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2, in the context of lymphopenia and hypogammaglobulinema expected for this type of treatment, without generating major clinical complications, this hypothesis is obviously limited for now only to academic deductions and limited information. doi = 10.1016/j.reumae.2020.08.001 id = cord-354307-9uriite7 author = Cal, Teresa Segura de la title = Unexpected favourable course of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; CTEPH summary = title: Unexpected favourable course of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients CPETH patients are usually aged and present with comorbidities 1 in contrast with the usual demographics in the pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) population. As CTEPH is consequence of thrombus formation, lifelong anticoagulation is mandatory; while treatments to address increased pulmonary pressures include: pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA), percutaneous balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA), and PAH-specific medication 1,2 . Patient 3 was a 46-year-old male with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and CTEPH diagnosed at the age of 43. We considered four main physiopathological pathways potentially involved in this paradoxical behaviour: 1) reduced viral entrance to the pulmonary endothelium, 2) weakened ability to mount a severe inflammatory response, 2) dysregulation of pulmonary vasoactivity and 4) chronic anticoagulation to offset SARS-CoV-2 induced coagulopathy. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury doi = 10.1016/j.arbres.2020.06.004 id = cord-273772-nolyx9g3 author = Calder-Gerver, G. D. title = Real-Time Monitoring of COVID-19 in Scotland date = 2020-08-02 keywords = April; COVID-19 summary = As lockdown measures took effect and the transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2 decreased, we required a method to infer the prevailing trajectory of the epidemic from data that were available from Health Protection Scotland (HPS) on a daily basis [1] . Ratios for deaths first fell below 1 on 19 th April, and stayed at around this level for a further two weeks before becoming consistently lower in mid-May. This delayed decline is likely to have been influenced by the fact that the peak for deaths occurred later in care homes than in other settings (Figure 3 ), and also by the increasing proportion of ''tested'' deaths being included in the HPS counts (see Figure 2 , where HPS ratios are noticeably higher than those for NRS in late April and early May). The number of COVID-19 patients in hospital and in ICUs at midnight is reported by NHS health boards on a daily basis. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.30.20158790 id = cord-140679-r6exuzxs author = Calderon-Ramirez, Saul title = Correcting Data Imbalance for Semi-Supervised Covid-19 Detection Using X-ray Chest Images date = 2020-08-19 keywords = PBC; SSDL; covid-19 summary = In this work we evaluate the performance of the semi-supervised deep learning architecture known as MixMatch using a very limited number of labelled observations and highly imbalanced labelled dataset. This research extends a novel Semi-supervised Deep Learning (SSDL) framework known as MixMatch [10] for the detection of COVID-19 based on chest X-ray images. As typical deep learning architectures require many labelled images, we aim to explore the usage of SSDL for COVID-19 detection using X-ray images, evaluating it under another frequent challenge; data imbalance. We aim to assess MixMatch''s performance under real-world scenarios, specifically medical imaging in the context of a virus outbreak, where small labelled samples are available with a strong under-representation of the new pathology, leading to imbalanced datasets. We also make available a first sample of a chest-X ray dataset from the Costa Rican medical private clinic Imagenes Medicas Dr. Chavarria Estrada, with observations containing no findings, and test its usage for training the SSDL framework. doi = nan id = cord-031534-agj3nnr8 author = Calderón, José Lemus title = Differentiating characteristics of asthmatic patients in the SARS-CoV2 infection. date = 2020-09-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-031534-agj3nnr8 title: Differentiating characteristics of asthmatic patients in the SARS-CoV2 infection. There are communications that suggest that asthma may be a factor that 7 determines the severity of the COVID 19, compared to others that indicate that it does 8 not imply an increased risk (5) . The prevalence of asthma in Spain is estimated at 6.3% 9 of the population (6), and in a cohort of hospitalized patients in Spain with SARS-CoV-10 2 infection was 8.4% (7) . The main objective of our study was analyze how the SARSCoV-2 infection has affected asthmatic patients in terms of prevalence, morbidity, 12 hospitalization and mortality. Prevalence and characterization of asthma in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19 Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 in patients in Wuhan Is asthma a risk factor for severe outcomes? Association of respiratory allergy, asthma, and expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 doi = 10.1016/j.anai.2020.09.004 id = cord-308271-zzepl3on author = Calderón-Larrañaga, Amaia title = COVID-19: risk accumulation among biologically and socially vulnerable older populations date = 2020-08-17 keywords = covid-19; old; social summary = Based on preliminary data from Sweden and other reports, in this paper we propose a conceptual framework whereby different factors related to biological and social vulnerability may explain the specific COVID-19 burden among older people. Only through interdisciplinary research integrating biological, clinical and social data will we be able to provide new insights into the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and inform actions aimed at reducing older adults'' vulnerability to COVID-19 or other similar pandemics in the future. Insert table 2 here Similarly, preliminary analyses based on publicly available data from Stockholm region (Sweden) show differences in excess mortality for COVID-19 across community measures of country of birth, median income and education one month after the outbreak (Figure 1 ). We propose a conceptual framework addressing biological and social differences in COVID-19 burden developed specifically for older people, considering potential disparities in its prevention, treatment, prognosis and/or long-term consequences (Figure 2 ). doi = 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101149 id = cord-320063-n9qzbnup author = Calender, Alain title = Modeling Potential Autophagy Pathways in COVID-19 and Sarcoidosis date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Of note, SARS-CoV2 protein has a high affinity for human ACE2, a membrane-bound peptidase highly expressed in the heart, lungs, digestive and renal tracts; this molecular interaction leads to a membrane fusion process and further formation of syncytia with multinucleated alveolar epithelial cells ( Figure 1 ) [7] . Different cellular receptors such as TLR3 (Toll Like Receptor 3) and RIG-1 (Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene 1) -closely related to autophagy activation in mammalian granulocyte and macrophage models -have been implicated in innate immunity response to RNA virus infections -e.g. Coronavirus, Measles, Hepatitis viruses, and Influenza virus [10] . These clinical observations raise the question of what the sensitivity of patients with sarcoidosis to respiratory viral disease is, such as that induced from SARS-CoV2 infection (COVID-19)presently being explored in several international projects [6] . doi = 10.1016/j.it.2020.08.001 id = cord-340186-nc5uv2va author = Caligiuri, Paula title = International HRM insights for navigating the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for future research and practice date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; IHRM; MNE; employee; work summary = Looking ahead, we offer three domains for future IHRM research: managing under uncertainty, facilitating international and even global work, and redefining organizational performance. Our accumulated body of knowledge in IHRM has helped us understand the challenges people face when placed in a wide range of MNE work arrangements, such as expatriate assignments, virtual international work, global project teams, and frequent international travel (Shaffer, Kraimer, Chen & Bolino, 2012) . The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that managing employees'' health and safety is a key challenge for IHRM, and this is an important component of the grand challenge faced by MNEs in understanding how to deal with social responsibility (Buckley et al., 2017) . IHRM scholarship can offer an evidence-base for global mobility policies that will help employees to adjust to new ways of working in teams and the inevitable stress and uncertainty of post-pandemic travel. doi = 10.1057/s41267-020-00335-9 id = cord-278996-9lady4pc author = Callander, Denton title = Investigating the effects of COVID-19 on global male sex work populations: a longitudinal study of digital data date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; sex; worker summary = Methods This study made use of an existing database of deidentified data extracted from the online profiles maintained by male sex workers on a large, international website. Methods This study made use of an existing database of deidentified data extracted from the online profiles maintained by male sex workers on a large, international website. 20 The online profiles of male sex workers provide a powerful source of data that can be used to investigate the sociobehavioural effects of COVID-19, building on existing methods developed to study HIV and STI-related behaviours and norms among those involved with sex work. To assess the effects of COVID-19 on male sex work online, the following measures were calculated for each month of data collection: (1) number of active profiles, (2) number of new profiles, (3) number of inactive profiles, (4) the average number of visits per profile per day, and (5) proportion of profiles offering virtual sexual services (eg, webcamming, phone sex). doi = 10.1136/sextrans-2020-054550 id = cord-346389-gbmnoo84 author = Callender, Lauren A. title = The Impact of Pre-existing Comorbidities and Therapeutic Interventions on COVID-19 date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; China; MERS; SARS; disease; patient summary = Here, we review immune dysfunction in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the impact of pre-existing comorbidities on the development of COVID-19. Furthermore, cardiovascular complications such as thromboembolic events, myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome, arrythmia, cardiogenic shock and heat failure, have been documented in COVID-19 patients without prior cardiovascular disease (71), demonstrating a significant impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the heart. As infection with SARS-CoV-2 results in an acute respiratory disease that can progress to ARDS, respiratory failure and potentially even death, it is reasonable to speculate that patients with pre-existing respiratory disease would be at increased risk of severe COVID-19. Consequently, it has been proposed that liver damage associated with severe COVID-19 patients is due to dysregulated innate immunity against SARS-CoV-2, or hepatoxicity in response to treatments, rather than pre-existing liver disease. Therefore, the underlying pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease may increase vulnerability to hyperinflammation and cytokine storm upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, resulting in severe COVID-19. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01991 id = cord-257600-0plhquk9 author = Calles, Antonio title = Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients With Lung Cancer Treated in a Tertiary Hospital in Madrid date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS; cancer; patient summary = Differences in health-care systems, in the incidence and prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection by geographic regions, and patient access to intensive support care -including MVand treatment with antivirals or anti-IL6/IL1 agents may ultimately influence outcomes in patients with lung cancer affected by COVID-19. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of lung cancer patients with COVID-19 attended in a tertiary hospital in Madrid, one of the most hit regions by coronavirus in the world so far, and analyze factors associated with worse outcome, including type of treatment receiving at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis. We performed SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR to every suspicious case and included all lung cancer patients attended at our hospital (emergency room, hospitalization, ambulatory office, day care area). Data from Wuhan, in China, showed that active cancer treatment received in the 14 days before SARS-CoV-2 infection had an increase on the risk of severe outcomes of COVID-19 (HR 4.079, 95%CI, 1.086-15.322; p = 0.037) (9) . doi = 10.3389/fonc.2020.01777 id = cord-208252-e0vlaoii author = Calvetti, Daniela title = Bayesian dynamical estimation of the parameters of an SE(A)IR COVID-19 spread model date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19; cohort; model summary = A Bayesian particle filtering algorithm is used to update dynamically the relevant cohort and simultaneously estimate the transmission rate as the new data on the number of new infections and disease related death become available. When we apply the model and particle filter algorithm to COVID-19 infection data from several counties in Northeastern Ohio and Southeastern Michigan we found the proposed reproduction number $R_0$ to have a consistent dynamic behavior within both states, thus proving to be a reliable summary of the success of the mitigation measures. The equilibrium value, which can be analytically calculated from the model parameters, corresponds well to the model-based estimated ratio and can be used to define a dynamically changing effective basic reproduction number R 0 for the epidemic, facilitating the comparison of model predictions with other models. doi = nan id = cord-324038-1ub2d92w author = Calvo, Cristina title = Epidemiological update on SARS-CoV-2 infection in Spain. Comments on the management of infection in pediatrics() date = 2020-03-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Since the development of the document ''''Recomendaciones sobre el manejo clínico de la infección por el «nuevo coronavirus» SARS-CoV2'''', 1 there have been substantial changes in the epidemiological situation in Spain. There is evidence that children, even in cases of mild disease, can be an important source of transmission, with a rate of infection of close contacts of 7.4% in children aged less than 10 years, similar to the mean rate in the adult population of 7.9%. As of March 7, 2020, less than 10 days after the first case of COVID-19 was reported in Madrid, at least 63 patients aged less than 14 years (54% male) have been tested for SARS-CoV-2 by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Through its website, the Asociación Española de Pediatría (Spanish Association of Paediatrics) makes available documents, updated periodically, specifying the care protocols for different situations, including management of children who belong to high-risk groups. doi = 10.1016/j.anpede.2020.03.001 id = cord-309987-vvt1x151 author = Camacho-Rivera, Marlene title = Associations Between Chronic Health Conditions and COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors Among a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Adults: An Analysis of the COVID Impact Survey date = 2020-08-05 keywords = U.S.; covid-19 summary = Methods: We utilized data from a sample of 2190 U.S. adults from the COVID-19 Impact Survey to examine associations between the presence of underlying chronic health conditions and COVID-19-related preventive behaviors (e.g., use of face masks, hand washing, social distancing, etc.). The primary outcomes for this analysis was participants'' responses (yes/no) to the following questions: ''''Which of the following measures, if any, are you taking in response to the coronavirus?'''' Of the 19 options, participants were able to select all that apply: Canceled a doctor appointment; Worn a face mask; Visited a doctor or hospital; Canceled or postponed work activities; Canceled or postponed school activities; Canceled or postponed dentist or other appointment; Avoided some or all restaurants; Worked from home; Studied from home; Canceled or postponed pleasure social or recreational activities; Avoided public or crowded places; Prayed; Avoided contact with high-risk people; Washed or sanitized hands; Kept six feet distance from those outside my household; Stayed home because I felt unwell; Wiped packages entering my home. doi = 10.1089/heq.2020.0031 id = cord-287648-nhsn4cru author = Cameli, Matteo title = Usefulness of echocardiography to detect cardiac involvement in COVID‐19 patients date = 2020-07-12 keywords = COVID-19; acute; myocardial; patient summary = Therefore, the use of echocardiography, according to the safety local protocols and ensuring the use of personal protective equipment, could be useful firstly to discriminate between primary cardiac disease or COVID‐19–related myocardial damage, and then for assessing and monitoring COVID‐19 cardiovascular complications: acute myocarditis and arrhythmias, acute heart failure, sepsis‐induced myocardial impairment, and right ventricular failure derived from treatment with high‐pressure mechanical ventilation. 7 In two studies by Shi et al 8 and Guo et al, 9 among 460 and 187 patients hospitalized for COVID-19, respectively, 20% and 28% had acute myocardial injury, which was associated with higher mortality and incidence of complications, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), malignant arrhythmias, acute renal injury, and coagulopathy. 21 Accordingly, current reports suggest that the majority of COVID-19 patients with myocardial injury without evidence of epicardial coronary artery thrombosis, show imaging data supporting the diagnosis of acute myocarditis 21, 22 ; also, cases of fulminant myocarditis and fatal arrhythmias have been described. doi = 10.1111/echo.14779 id = cord-326989-l8nfd03a author = Cammarota, Gianmaria title = Critical Care Surge Capacity to Respond to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: A Rapid and Affordable Solution in the Novara Hospital date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = The rapid insurgence and spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exceeded the limit of the intensive care unit (ICU) contingency plan of the Maggiore della Carità University Hospital (Novara, Italy) generating a crisis management condition. In a short time and at a relatively low cost, a structural modification of a hospital aisle allowed to convert the general ICU into a COVID-19 unit, increasing the number of COVID-19 critical care beds by 107%. While the general ICU were progressively converted to COVID-19 unit and the contingency plan was implemented, anesthesiologists, nurses, and other health care professionals, recruited from surgical teams, underwent a specific just-in-time training to improve technical skills in the application of PPE and in the clinical management of mechanically ventilated ARF patients. By addressing the key elements of health care system surge capacity from contingency to crisis, a prompt response to the sudden request of IMV was provided, converting the general ICU into a COVID-19 unit and increasing the number of COVID-19 ICU beds by 107%. doi = 10.1017/s1049023x20000692 id = cord-344508-a67vsux2 author = Campanile, Fabio Cesare title = Acute cholecystitis during COVID-19 pandemic: a multisocietary position statement date = 2020-06-08 keywords = Surgery; covid-19; patient summary = Moreover, since laparoscopic cholecystectomy is not more likely to spread the COVID-19 infection than open cholecystectomy, it must be organized in such a way as to be carried out safely even in the present situation, to guarantee the patient with the best outcomes that minimally invasive surgery has shown to have. The SICE (Società Italiana di Chirurgia Endoscopica e Nuove Tecnologie), ACS-Italy Chapter (American College of Surgeons), AICO (Associazione Italiana infermieri di Camera Operatoria), CRSA (Clinical Robotic Surgery Association), SICG (Società Italiana di Chirurgia Geriatrica), SICOP (Società Italiana di Chirurgia dell''Ospedalità Privata), SPIGC (Società Polispecialistica Italiana dei Giovani Chirurghi), and the WSES (World Society of Emergency Surgery) have come out in favor of a rational analysis of the issue, especially about the choice of the surgical techniques to be implemented, preferring a "selective" approach that does not exclude the use of laparoscopy a priori but, instead, strongly considers it. doi = 10.1186/s13017-020-00317-0 id = cord-306243-ar7xvd2c author = Campbell, Katherine H. title = Consolidation of Obstetric Services in a Public Health Emergency date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19; obstetric; service summary = Key stakeholders involved in the comprehensive delivery of obstetrical services should be identified and brought together for assessment of (1) ongoing obstetrical needs of the patient population; (2) hospital resources including availability of physical space, health care workers, and supplies; and (3) Regularly scheduled teleconference meetings that are frequent, but short, are important tools to ensure reliable and timely communication. Anticipating that a surge of infected patients, potential workforce illnesses or absences or increases in volume could overburden our capacity, we worked with our Medical Staff office to facilitate emergency privileges, when necessary, for supervision of labor and birth for providers not currently in active obstetric practice, such as gynecologic oncologists, urogynecologists, gynecologic specialty surgeons and family planning providers. In early April 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic peaked within the New York metropolitan and surrounding areas, multiple sites within the NewYork Presbyterian health system identified the need for additional medical-surgical bed capacity to accommodate increasing numbers of non-obstetric adult COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.semperi.2020.151281 id = cord-031081-szqrjxq2 author = Campbell, Margaret C title = In Times of Trouble: A Framework for Understanding Consumers’ Responses to Threats date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; consumer; disruption; economic; lead; product; response; threat summary = In conjunction with these articles, we hope that this conceptual framework will provide a point of departure for researchers seeking to enhance the understanding of how consumers and markets collectively respond over the short term and long term to threats that disrupt consumers'' routines, lives, or even the fabric of society. Our goal is not to provide a comprehensive review of existing literature, but rather a guide to researchers seeking to increase our collective understanding of how consumers and markets together respond over short and long durations to threats that disrupt their very being. The findings of this article suggest that economic recessions, pandemics, and terror threats can affect subjective life expectancy for some consumers, leading to different financial and health decisions than they might make otherwise, as well as potentially impacting their mental health. doi = 10.1093/jcr/ucaa036 id = cord-308476-pyje6txy author = Campochiaro, Corrado title = The conundrum of interleukin-6 blockade in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-14 keywords = covid-19 summary = 1 As a result, in the absence of a specific antiviral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection, many therapeutic efforts have focused on use of immunosuppressive drugs targeting the potential mediators of this hyperinflammatory state. 9 They obtained data from a prospective observational database used by the Hackensack Meridian Health network of 13 hospitals in New Jersey, USA, and did a retrospective study to compare outcomes in patients who received tocilizumab with those who did not. Interleukin 1 blockade with high-dose anakinra in patients with COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hyperinflammation: a retrospective cohort study GM-CSF blockade with mavrilimumab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation: a single-centre, prospective cohort study Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in severe COVID-19 patients: a single-centre retrospective cohort study Tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study Tocilizumab among patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit: a multicentre observational study doi = 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30287-3 id = cord-322601-9pg1yqfa author = Camporota, Luigi title = Outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients with hypoxaemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = outcomes of a cohort of critically ill COVID-19 patients with AHRF receiving invasive mechanical ventilation with partial pressure of oxygen/inspired oxygen concentration ratio (PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio) <300 mm Hg during their first critical care admission in a format similar to the LUNG-SAFE study 7 . Amongst the 317 critical care admissions over the study period due to COVID-19, 213 patients met our inclusion criteria of AHRF receiving invasive mandatory mechanical ventilation with PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio <300 mm Hg, during their first critical care admission. Similar to the LUNG-SAFE cohort and the Berlin ARDS predictive validity analyses, there was a doseresponse relationship between mortality and severity of hypoxaemia, albeit with lower mortality in the mild category. Despite the greater severity of hypoxaemia compared to LUNG-SAFE, a greater proportion of patients with COVID-19 were ventilated within protective boundaries. doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2020.08.047 id = cord-301590-70qmpccs author = Campos, António title = The Paradigm Shift of Ophthalmology in the COVID-19 Era date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = CONCLUSION: It was possible to keep the ophthalmological activity during the pandemic outbreak due to the existence of a pre-scheduled fixed regimen for IVI and to the availability of personal protective equipment. We are facing a different sort of challenge now: how to accommodate the usual huge number of patients previous to the COVID-19 outbreak in the waiting rooms, while respecting the new demands from the healthcare authorities to reduce the number of waiting patients to a half or one-third. 9 Issues such as the use of personal protective equipment, the size of waiting rooms, ventilation, adherence to disinfection protocols, choose of whom to treat based on the disease natural evolution and the need to prioritize treatment visits over monitoring visits, were addressed recently. Symptomatic patients, SARS-CoV-2 positive patients and contacts, were postponed until they were RT-PCR negative, except for emergency surgeries that were performed in a COVID-dedicated OR (one room with negative pressure and special requirements 12 doi = 10.2147/opth.s267427 id = cord-270124-tqhkzd2w author = Campos, Fábio Guilherme title = General recommendations to the colorectal surgeon during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The present article aimed to bring to the colorectal surgeon the current recommendations and general safety measures in order to prevent infection dissemination, to improve surgical planning in terms of timing and specific technical aspects. Since its appearance in China, in December of last year, the infection J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f caused by the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (known as COVID-19), has spread rapidly and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March of this year. While there is an increasing number of new cases and deaths, there is a recommendation to delay elective surgeries (including selected cancer cases) in order to provide medical resources and beds (including ICUs), increase the hospital areas that can be used, concentrate hospital activities for emergency care and, mainly, reduce the chances of cross-infection of doctors, patients and visitors. [15] General recommendations and care measures during surgical procedures Any procedure performed on a COVID-19-positive or suspected patient must be performed in a specific room. doi = 10.1016/j.jcol.2020.06.001 id = cord-354588-jxzdrxqx author = Campos, I. S. title = A vulnerability analysis for the management of and response to the COVID-19 epidemic in the second most populous state in Brazil date = 2020-07-25 keywords = COVID-19; Gerais; July; Minas summary = Considering the high levels of transmission, on March 11, the World Health Organization (WHO) characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic due to the rapid spread across countries including Italy, Spain and, later, United States, that currently has the highest number of cases of the novel coronavirus disease (6). However, recent researches pointed to a possible underreporting scenario owing to the unprecedented increase in deaths from causes clinically similar to COVID-19, such as SARS, respiratory failure and pneumonia, and due to the low number of tests carried out by the state in comparison with the others, according to data obtained through the Minas Gerais Department of Health (7). In this work, the indicators, selected based on the scientific literature to identify the vulnerability of Minas Gerais cities, trace physical, social and individual characteristics that enable to assess and qualify those regions that have greater difficulty in managing the pandemic of COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.20.20158345 id = cord-267389-v2ihhtl0 author = Canevelli, Marco title = The Pipeline of Therapeutics Testing During the Emergency Phase of the COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19; phase; study summary = The clinicaltrials.gov database and the European Union (EU) Clinical Trials Register were investigated on March 31, 2020, to identify all ongoing phase 1–4 research protocols testing pharmacological interventions targeting SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or clinical syndromes associated with COVID-19. In this article, we provide a summary of the interventional studies that have been conducted worldwide to test the efficacy and/or safety/tolerability of pharmacological compounds against COVID-19 in the emergency phase of the pandemic. The following data were abstracted by three authors (F.T., Ga.R., and Gi.R.) from the selected protocols: NCT (the unique identification code assigned by clinicaltrials.gov) and/or EudraCT codes; study phase; allocation and masking procedures; tested compound(s); way of administration; mechanism of action; primary outcome measure(s); expected primary completion date; expected number of participants; age range of participants; targeted COVID-19 related condition; sponsor; and location. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.552991 id = cord-253079-aohqinlo author = Cannizzaro, Renato title = Covid-19 and cancer patients: Choosing wisely is the key date = 2020-04-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = Since December 2019, after the initial outbreak of the Covid-19 infectious disease in Wuhan in the Chinese province of Hubei, there has been an increasing spread of the severe adult respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus worldwide and on 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) decreed a pandemic state. What is clear to the clinical community of oncologists, while recognizing the differences between the different contexts, is that cancer centers must limit the risks for patients and healthcare professionals. In this issue of Digestive and Liver Disease, Di Fiore et al report some management strategies proposed by the main French scientific societies of oncological gastroenterology to limit the risks for patients with digestive cancers [6] . SARS-CoV-2 transmission in patients with cancer at a tertiary care hospital in Wuhan, China Risk of COVID-19 for patients with cancer Risk of COVID-19 for patients with cancer doi = 10.1016/j.dld.2020.03.030 id = cord-330550-cxdrac0o author = Canonico, Mario Enrico title = The tug-of-war between coagulopathy and anticoagulant agents in patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-05-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = Of note, anticoagulant treatment was associated with decreased mortality in severely affected COVID-19 patients. These drugs include antiviral agents (e.g. atazanavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin and interferon-b), drugs used for autoimmune disease (e.g. hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine), and anti-cytokine treatments (e.g. tocilizumab and arilumab). Specifically, the levels of dicumarolic agents are increased when coadministred with atazanavir, via CYP2C9 inhibition, while they are decreased with lopinavir/ritonavir and ribavirin via CYP2C9 induction . Nowadays, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are the preferred choice in clinical practice, with a better effective and safety profile compared with dicumarolic agents; however, the risk of DDIs in patients treated for COVID-19 is not negligible. Direct Xa inhibitors, such as apixaban, rivaroxaban, and edoxaban, are contraindicated when coadministered with antiviral agents, because the inhibition of CYP3A4 (e.g. atazanavir and lopinavir) and a P-gp (e.g. ritonavir) increases their serum concentration by two-fold. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy doi = 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa048 id = cord-300038-1fjb6b8e author = Cantini, Fabrizio title = Baricitinib therapy in COVID-19: A pilot study on safety and clinical impact date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = According to a recent report 3 , COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, is characterized by three clinical patterns: no symptoms, mild to moderate disease, severe pneumonia requiring admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in up to 31% of the patients 3 . On this basis, we assessed the safety of baricitinib therapy combined with lopinavir-ritonavir in moderate COVID-19 pneumonia patients and we evaluated its clinical impact. All consecutive hospitalized patients (March 16 th -30 th ) with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia, older than 18 years, were treated for 2 weeks with baricitinib tablets 4 mg/day added to ritonavirlopinavir therapy. The last consecutive patients with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia receiving standard of care therapy (lopinavir/ritonavir tablets 250 mg/bid and hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day/orally for 2 weeks) admitted before the date of the first baricitinib-treated patient served as controls. These preliminary results on 12 patients with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia confirmed the safety of baricitinib therapy in a clinical context different from RA 7 . doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.017 id = cord-326427-06djb0sd author = Cao, Dongmei title = Vaginal delivery in women with COVID-19: report of two cases date = 2020-10-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Because of the positive result of the maternal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 obtained on the 2nd day after sampling, we transferred the mother to the designated hospital and followed up with her by telephone interviews. Although the nucleic acid test for SARS-CoV-2 of the second patient was negative on February 29, the result was positive Delayed cord clamping and skin-to-skin contact between the mother and infant were not permitted in either case. The pregnant woman in case 2 had the typical manifestations of COVID-19, including cough, lymphopenia, and abnormal chest CT images, and her infant''s nasopharyngeal swab tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. The two cases in our study showed that there is still insufficient evidence supporting maternal-fetal vertical transmission of COVID-19 in late pregnancy, and there is no evidence that vaginal delivery would increase the possibility of neonatal infection. In conclusion, there is still insufficient evidence supporting maternal-fetus vertical transmission of COVID-19 for pregnant women in late pregnancy, and vaginal delivery may not increase the possibility of neonatal infection. doi = 10.1186/s12884-020-03281-4 id = cord-298185-w37nvorf author = Cao, Kai title = Current Evidence of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Ocular Transmission: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-10-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence rate of ocular symptoms and the positive rate of conjunctival swab samples of patients diagnosed with 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Most importantly, we extracted the number of events of ocular symptoms (conjunctivitis/conjunctival congestion, foreign body sensation, increased secretion, and eye itching) and the number of positive viral RNA detections in conjunctival swab samples. The pooled prevalence rates of ocular symptoms, such as conjunctivitis/conjunctival congestion, were expressed using proportions with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated from either a fixed-effect model or a random-effect model. The strength of our study is that it is the first meta-analysis to summarize the rapidly emerging yet controversial publications reporting the prevalence rates of ocular symptoms and the positive rate of conjunctival swab samples in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1155/2020/7605453 id = cord-333096-kroyaq5v author = Cao, Lan title = Ultrasound applications to support nursing care in critical ill COVID-19 patients date = 2020-07-15 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Ultrasound applications to support nursing care in critical ill COVID-19 patients If a double-track sign was observed when scanning the esophagus'' long axis with ultrasound, then it is considered that a nasogastric tube has entered the esophagus. The gastric residual volume should be monitored in severe COVID-19 patients with high aspiration risk every 4h, but drawing the gastric residue with a syringe presents the risk of splashing of gastric contents. For example, if a patient has dyspnea and decreased blood oxygen saturation, the nurse can quickly judge the cause of it through lung ultrasound. When oliguria appears in severe COVID-19 patients, bladder ultrasound can be used effectively measure bladder volume. In summary, through visual qualitative and quantitative assessments (Table 1) , critical ultrasound supports a goal-oriented care strategy that can be useful in the care for severe COVID-19 patients. Impact of lung ultrasound on clinical decision making in critically ill patients doi = 10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102918 id = cord-319851-mhnp42xo author = Cao, Xiaoling title = Authors’ response to letter by Fogacci, Borghi and Cicero, “Misinterpreting data in lipidology in the era of COVID-19” date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Furthermore, in a longitudinal study at another hospital in Wuhan, we examined lipid profiles from inpatients (n=21) before viral infection, on admission, and during the course of their illness. 2 Collectively, this evidence demonstrates that decreases in LDL-c levels are associated with severity of COVID-19 and reflect the disease course. We are well aware of the concerns raised by Drs. Fogacci, Borghi and Cicero about the potential effects of lipid-lowing medications being given routinely to those patients with cardiovascular disorders (CVD) or diabetes on their LDL-c levels on admission. In U.S., Italy and other nations, as many as half or more of patients with CVD or diabetes would be taking statins prior to onset of COVID-19 and many of them would continue until the time of hospital admission. 3, 4 Therefore, hypolipidemia in COVID-19 patients most likely results from SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated hyper-inflammation, not lipid-lowering medications. doi = 10.1016/j.jacl.2020.07.005 id = cord-347030-yx3j6373 author = Cao, Xuetao title = COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Most patients with COVID-19 exhibit mild to moderate symptoms, but approximately 15% progress to severe pneumonia and about 5% eventually develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), septic shock and/or multiple organ failure 1, 2 . Convalescent plasma containing neutralizing antibodies has been used to treat a small number of patients with severe disease, and preliminary results show clinical improvement in 5 of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 who developed ARDS 8 . High levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines may lead to shock and tissue damage in the heart, liver and kidney, as well as respiratory failure COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy Xuetao Cao 1, 2 Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by pneumonia, lymphopenia, exhausted lymphocytes and a cytokine storm. In addition to the cytokine-based pathology in patients with severe COVID-19, complement activation has also been observed, indicating that complement inhibitors, if used at an early stage of the infection, may attenuate the inflammatory damage. doi = 10.1038/s41577-020-0308-3 id = cord-266313-b518n9dx author = Cao, Yu-chen title = Remdesivir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19: An evaluation of the evidence date = 2020-04-02 keywords = COVID-19; Ebola; MERS; SARS summary = China has also taken immediate action to put remdesivir into clinical trials with the purpose of applying it into clinical therapeutics for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). When we set our sights on the broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, we found that a drug unlisted, remdesivir, has demonstrated strength in trials related to MERS-CoV and Ebola virus infection. This article starts from the structure, immunogenicity, and pathogenesis of infection of the SARS-CoV-2, and then analyzes the feasibility of conducting trials and putting into clinical use of COVID-19 from the pharmacological characteristics and successful cases of remdesivir. Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a nucleoside analogues drug (Fig. 3B ) with extensive antiviral activity and effective treatment of lethal Ebola and Nipah virus infections in nonhuman primates [21] . The need of treatment on COVID-19 is urgent, so if the results of clinical trials prove it has the potential to benefit the treatment, according to China''s "Compassionate Use", remdesivir will be more immediately used in patients with severe illness. doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101647 id = cord-272846-pkhu2zvt author = Capasso Palamim, Camila Vantini title = COVID-19 – four million cases worldwide and the importance of multidisciplinary health care team during the pandemic date = 2020-06-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: COVID-19 – four million cases worldwide and the importance of multidisciplinary health care team during the pandemic Health professionals acts in all steps involved to COVID-19 disease, since the diagnosis by RT-PCR to providing the medical support during ventilatory maneuver and by psychology support to the patients and its relatives, mainly in cases of deaths. In addition, our data demonstrated the need to optimize the diagnosis by RT-PCR including for health 66 professionals'' groups; in example, many nurses are set as suspicious cases by the lack of the disease 67 diagnosis. The COVID-19 disease caused a high number of deaths worldwide, including the death of 68 health professionals. Multidisciplinary health care team are responsible to keep the patient breath mainly in severe 72 cases of COVID-19 including millions of people worldwide. doi = 10.1016/j.jen.2020.06.004 id = cord-293630-zc8huo1j author = Capone, Alessandro title = Simultaneous circulation of COVID-19 and flu in Italy: potential combined effects on the risk of death? date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; Italy summary = Based on data updated to May 20, 2020, in Italy the total recorded number of patients who died due to COVID-19-related reasons is 31,851. While some of the excess mortality reported in the ILI group may be attributable to COVID-19, a question arises: do we have to consider this observation as a result of a random sequence of events or a potential relationship between the two viruses play a role? It would be of great relevance to identify patients at a very high risk of mortality as a result of an overlapping or combination of risk factors reported separately in patients died from COVID-19 or influenza. While some of the excess mortality reported in the ILI group (in over 65) may be attributable to COVID-19 infection actually, a question arises: do we have to consider this observation as a result of a random sequence of events or a potential relationship between the two viruses play a role? doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.077 id = cord-262236-1lilrqts author = Capone, Stephen title = Characterization of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients at a Brooklyn Safety-Net Hospital date = 2020-08-17 keywords = Brooklyn; covid-19; patient summary = There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival based on ethnicity, healthcare status, or individual medical comorbidities, although a negative trend exists for diabetes. There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival based on ethnicity, healthcare status, or individual medical comorbidities, although a negative trend exists for diabetes. The purpose of this study was to explore the disease characteristics in a Brooklyn safety-net hospital affected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and the clinical course and outcomes of this uniquely diverse population. Deceased patients were then isolated and a multiple linear regression analysis was performed to compare each comorbidity to the overall days to death which yielded no statistically significant results. We do note a trend towards decreased survival in patients with diabetes (p=0.12), but no individual factor showed a statistically significant impact on overall mortality or median OS. doi = 10.7759/cureus.9809 id = cord-325559-di8lljoi author = Cappello, Francesco title = Does SARS-CoV-2 Trigger Stress-Induced Autoimmunity by Molecular Mimicry? A Hypothesis date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cell; clinical; protein summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induced disease (COVID-19) is a planetary emergency that is urging many research groups to redirect their efforts and to channel their experience towards understanding its pathogenesis. These human epitopes, in turn, can be recognized by circulating antibodies made against crossreactive microbial antigens; these antibodies behave like autoantibodies, causing the destruction of the stressed cells, representing a typical example of pathology caused by molecular mimicry and manifested as autoimmunity [30] . We hypothesize that, at the basis of the generalized activation of the immune system, there are molecular mimicry phenomena: the antibodies produced against the virus could turn into autoantibodies against crossreactive proteins expressed on human cells, causing autoimmunity with cell destruction. We hypothesize that, at the basis of the generalized activation of the immune system, there are molecular mimicry phenomena: the antibodies produced against the virus could turn into autoantibodies against crossreactive proteins expressed on human cells, causing autoimmunity with cell destruction. doi = 10.3390/jcm9072038 id = cord-260150-ynoevzrg author = Caproni, Stefano title = Letter to the editor: “COVID-19 does not reduce stroke-related emergencies” date = 2020-07-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = The data we present here suggest that there has not been a reduction in the number of patients presenting with severe neurological emergencies at hospitals during the COVID-19 outbreak. Although there has been an overall reduction in the total number of admissions to the Emergency Department during the COVID-19 outbreak in the Umbria region, our data indicate that the percentage of patients requiring an acute neurological consultation remained stable (11.1% vs. These outcomes may be explained by a drop in the number of requests for neurological consultations in general whereas the number of admissions to the neurology ward confirms that serious neurological events requiring hospitalization did not decrease in the period considered, which is in line with the expected number of acute treatments performed for ischemic stroke. We should, therefore, be prepared to deal with the consequences of any COVID-19 outbreak on neurological care that may result from the increased prevalence of patients with this virus according to specific protocols and the best scientific evidence. doi = 10.1007/s13760-020-01444-w id = cord-262575-06i2nv0t author = Caracciolo, Massimo title = Case Report: Canakinumab for the Treatment of a Patient With COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; SARS summary = title: Case Report: Canakinumab for the Treatment of a Patient With COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Severe cases of COVID-19 present with serious lung inflammation, acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan damage. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with high cytokine levels, including interleukin-6 and certain subsets of immune cells, in particular, NK, distinguished according to the cell surface density of CD56. Cytokine levels are inversely correlated with lymphocyte count, therefore cytokine release syndrome may be an impediment to the adaptive immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection. An 85 year old male presenting in our hospital with COVID-19, whose condition was complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome and cardiac and renal failure (with oliguria) after 25 days of hospitalization, was intubated and received canakinumab for compassionate use. The immune response, including the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of T cells, are essential for controlling the viral spread, inflammation, and tissue renewal (5, 6) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01942 id = cord-264226-9tgnx7du author = Caramelo, Francisco title = Estimation of risk factors for COVID-19 mortality - preliminary results date = 2020-02-25 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = China CDC has reported results of a descriptive exploratory analysis of all cases diagnosed until the 11th February 2020, presenting the epidemiologic curves and geo-temporal spread of COVID-19 along with case fatality rate according to some baseline characteristics, such as age, gender and several well-established high prevalence comorbidities. A final point of paramount importance is that the equation presented here can be used to determine the probability of dying from COVID-19 for a particular patient, given its age interval, gender and comorbidities associated. The first death attributed to this novel coronavirus, named as SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 is the associated disease), occurred on January 13, and according to the China CDC 11 the case fatality rate (CFR) was 0.2%: 2 deaths in 1036 confirmed cases on the last day of January 2020. The main goal of the present work is to compute adjusted odds ratio (OR) for death from COVID-19 considering age intervals, gender and comorbidities as possible risk factors. doi = 10.1101/2020.02.24.20027268 id = cord-293730-dlqo6fep author = Caratozzolo, Salvatore title = The impact of COVID-19 on health status of home-dwelling elderly patients with dementia in East Lombardy, Italy: results from COVIDEM network date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; Psy; patient summary = Information on age, sex, education, clinical characteristics including dementia diagnosis, dementia severity by Clinical Dementia Rating scale (CDR) [6] , Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) [7] , and Basic Activity of Daily Life (BADL) [8] , walking, total number of chronic diseases and type of diseases among a pre-defined list (hypertension, COPD, renal disease, heart disease, cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, hepatic disease, diabetes, thyroid disorders, arthritis), number of drugs, and flu vaccination were obtained from previous medical records based on the last recorded visit at CDCD. Findings from our study showed that COVID-19 affected over 10% of home-dwelling older patients with dementia who showed high risk of adverse outcomes, such as unplanned hospitalization and mortality. Findings of this study are in line with previous reports [10] [11] [12] and add new insight by showing that COVID-19 exerted a relevant impact on health status of home-dwelling elderly patients with dementia determining a high rate of hospitalization and mortality. doi = 10.1007/s40520-020-01676-z id = cord-313313-twct29aq author = Carbonell, Ana Piera title = Trombosis y covid-19: atención primaria clave en el abordaje interdisciplinar date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = por lo que se remite al servicio de urgencias hospitalario para valoración de probable trombosis venosa profunda (TVP). Dada la clínica sugestiva de TVP y asociación a elevación del Dímero D y clínica compatible con COVID-19, se decide, teniendo en cuenta el buen estado de la paciente, la ausencia de disnea y la situación epidemiológica del momento, siguiendo protocolo hospitalario, iniciar HBPM a dosis terapéuticas y seguimiento clínico ambulatorio, pautándose tratamiento con bemiparina a dosis de 10000 UI cada 24 h y recomendaciones para evitar éstasis venoso. La trombosis se asocia a la infección producida por el SARS-CoV-2, estimándose alrededor de un 25% de casos de TEV en los pacientes con neumonía grave por COVID-19, aumentando su gravedad y confiriendo un peor pronóstico [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . A risk assessment model for the identification of hospitalized medical patients at risk for venous thromboembolism: the Padua Prediction Score doi = 10.1016/j.semerg.2020.06.002 id = cord-313537-920tgv1j author = Carbonell, Ana Piera title = Covid-19 y tromboprofilaxis: recomendaciones para nuestra práctica clínica en atención primaria date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Teniendo en cuenta que muchos de nuestros pacientes ya reciben terapia antitrombótica o anticoagulante, el hecho de que puedan desarrollar una infección por COVID-19 tendrá implicaciones para la elección, dosificación y control en associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, increasing its severity and conferring a worse prognosis. La enfermedad producida por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID19) , si bien en la mayoría de los pacientes infectados cursa con síntomas leves, en casos más severos puede progresar rápidamente y desarrollar un síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda, shock séptico, coagulopatía y disfunción endotelial, que son los determinantes principales de la afectación microvascular, al producir una mayor vasoconstricción, isquemia orgánica, inflamación con edema tisular asociado y un estado procoagulante que predispone a la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETEV) y arterial. doi = 10.1016/j.semerg.2020.07.007 id = cord-290947-5ewpvo4j author = Carda, Stefano title = The role of physical and rehabilitation medicine in the COVID-19 pandemic: the clinician''s view date = 2020-04-18 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The Chinese Center for Disease Control recently published data on 44,672 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (1) , showing that 88% of patients were < 70 years old, with an overall mortality rate of 2%, but 19% of cases needed hospitalization in an intensive care unit (ICU). The proportion of patients with COVID-19-related disability will be rapidly growing, and a prompt response from physical medicine and rehabilitation (PMR) specialists is crucial to reduce disability and help re-establish and optimize the function of the acute hospital setting. The most common forms are 1) mild: no dyspnea, no low blood oxygen saturation (SatO2); 2) moderate: dyspnea, SatO2 94% to 98%, radiological signs of pneumonia; 3) severe: dyspnea, SatO2 ≤ 93%, respiratory rate (RR) >30/min, radiological progression of lesions, with O2 supplementation required, eventually with non-invasive ventilation; and 4) critical: patients need mechanical ventilation. doi = 10.1016/j.rehab.2020.04.001 id = cord-320145-582kmoyo author = Cardinal, R. N. title = Simulating a community mental health service during the COVID-19 pandemic: effects of clinician-clinician encounters, clinician-patient-family encounters, symptom-triggered protective behaviour, and household clustering date = 2020-05-03 keywords = COVID-19; clinician; infection summary = title: Simulating a community mental health service during the COVID-19 pandemic: effects of clinician-clinician encounters, clinician-patient-family encounters, symptom-triggered protective behaviour, and household clustering We also varied clinician-clinician contact; baseline and ongoing "external" infection rates; whether overt symptoms reduced transmission risk behaviourally (e.g. via personal protective equipment, PPE); and household clustering. Appointment type and inter-clinician contact had greater effects at low external infection rates and without a behavioural symptom response. In Experiment 1, whole-population infection was dominated by baseline and external infection rates (with infection spreading primarily via intra-household contacts), plus the behavioural response to symptoms (all p⋘α), with only very small contributions from the appointment type and clinician-clinician meetings (Figure 2A) . The beneficial effects of symptom-triggered behaviour were proportionally greater with lower external infection rates, for higher-risk appointment types, and without clinician meetings. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.27.20081505 id = cord-308252-qwoo7b1l author = Cardinale, Vincenzo title = Intestinal permeability changes with bacterial translocation as key events modulating systemic host immune response to SARS-CoV-2: A working hypothesis date = 2020-09-16 keywords = CoV-2; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = During the course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) and 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, this pathway is unbalanced due to intestinal involvement and systemic inflammatory response. This review provides evidence on gut-liver axis involvement in Covid-19 as well as insights into the hypothesis that intestinal endotheliitis and permeability changes with bacterial translocation are key pathophysiologic events modulating systemic inflammatory response. Since inflammation seems to upregulate ACE2 expression [17] , it is important to understand whether patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are more susceptible to Covid-19 and the cytokine release syndrome (CRS) associated with lung injury and fatal outcome [21] . While the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in IBD patients depends on several universal risk factors, including social distancing [22] , older age and comorbidities have been associated with a negative outcome in IBD, whereas IBD treatments have not, highlighting that acute IBD flare prevention and inflammation reduction may avoid severe Covid-19 [23] . doi = 10.1016/j.dld.2020.09.009 id = cord-290500-v2n8godx author = Cardinali, Daniel P. title = Elderly as a High-risk Group during COVID-19 Pandemic: Effect of Circadian Misalignment, Sleep Dysregulation and Melatonin Administration date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COVID-19; circadian; melatonin; sleep summary = It involves adequate sleep hygiene, timed light exposure, and the use of a chronobiotic medication like melatonin, which affects the output phase of circadian rhythms thus controlling the biological clock. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, several factors, including higher stress due to social isolation, diminished melatonin levels with age, and higher exposure of individuals to light at night which reduces melatonin levels and disrupts circadian rhythmicity must be considered. The decrease in circulating melatonin levels has been advocated as responsible for these changes [30, 33] Concerning immune regulation, the main age-related variations in immune system activity consist of a decline in T helper (Th) 1 and T regulatory (T reg) cell counts [34] in association with an increase in Th17 cell number [35] . Chronotherapy is designed to restore the proper circadian pattern of the sleep-wake cycle in the elderly, through adequate sleep hygiene, timed light exposure, and the use of a chronobiotic medication like melatonin, that affects the output phase of circadian rhythms thus controlling the clock (Fig. 1) . doi = 10.1007/s41782-020-00111-7 id = cord-321503-w2m078r1 author = Cardwell, Ryan title = COVID-19 and International Food Assistance: Policy Proposals to Keep Food Flowing date = 2020-06-28 keywords = COVID-19; assistance; food summary = We discuss how the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting the demand and the supply of international food assistance, and we propose three policy changes that can keep food flowing to those in need. Second, governments can exempt food assistance from trade barriers that impede procurement (export restrictions) and delivery (import tariffs). Third, donor countries can allow flexibility for implementing agencies by untying food assistance from domestic procurement and shipping restrictions. The policies that we present can keep food assistance flowing, and would not impose additional costs on donor countries-an important consideration for donor-country governments that are facing economic recessions. Increased need for food assistance will strain donors'' and funding agencies'' budgets, and reduce capacity to respond to other emerging (non-COVID-19) events over the next few years. Most other major donor countries provide food assistance as untied cash, leaving less space for policy changes to increase efficiency. Donor countries could commit to maintain, or even increase, funding for emergency food assistance. doi = 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105059 id = cord-304791-wv4qu9xm author = Carfora, Vincenzo title = Anticoagulant treatment in COVID-19: a narrative review date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; LMWH; SARS; patient summary = Besides the respiratory involvement, COVID 19 patients frequently develop a pro-coagulative state caused by virus-induced endothelial dysfunction, cytokine storm and complement cascade hyperactivation. [11] enrolled 183 consecutive COVID-19 patients and performed routine coagulation tests [PT, [8] In COVID-19-patients it is common to observe increased fibrinogen and D-Dimer levels Chen, 2020 [9] In COVID-19-patients it is common to observe variable levels of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and International standardized ratio (INR) Qin, 2020 [15] In COVID-19 the hyperinflammation mediated by IL-1, TNF-alfa and IL-6 leads to an increase of plasma concentrations of fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Campbell, 2020 [19] In a murine model of MERS-CoV infection, increased concentrations of C5a and C5b-9 were found in sera and lung tissues. Moreover, patients with cardiovascular disease and dyslipidemia have high levels of circulating asymmetric di-methyl-arginine (ADMA) [28] , an analogue of L-arginine that inhibits NOS-3 activity [29] , and this leads to lower NO levels; this explains why endothelial dysfunction and the pro-coagulant state are more severe in this cohort of patients. doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02242-0 id = cord-341868-btalafo6 author = Carlet, Jean title = Steroids for sepsis and ARDS: this eternal controversy remains with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = Therefore, we do not think that it would be wise to try again those drugs in Covid-19 2) We used in the above paragraph the term "sepsis", just because it is a well-, known severe syndrome due to infectious agents. Many "sepsologists" push very hard and without any doubt to include Covid-19 severe cases in the sepsis syndrome. In addition, secondary infections with nosocomial pathogens are very frequent in severe COVID-19 disease, making the prognosis even more complex to evaluate. Although this study was not a phase III one, it''s double blind design and the relatively high number of patients makes it a key information 5) We are surprised to read that on September 25th, the guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recommend the use of CS in severe COVID-19 cases, without any doubt or comments on the methodology of the various studies (3). doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32132-2 id = cord-286975-id5dn795 author = Carlitz, Ruth D. title = Life Under Lockdown: Illustrating Tradeoffs in South Africa’s Response to COVID-19 date = 2020-08-28 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; Government; South summary = Using anonymized mobile phone data, we show that South Africans in all provinces reduced their mobility substantially in response to the government''s lockdown orders. While this suggests the lockdown measures have been effective in achieving their goals, we also reflect on how the government''s response and corresponding mobility reductions interact with existing inequalities, keeping in mind the country''s status as the world''s most unequal nation. This section examines how South African citizens responded to the government''s strict containment measures, drawing on Google''s COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. Figure 3 shows that South Africa 10 consistently "outperforms" its peers in terms of reduced mobility relative to the stringency of government response with the exception of grocery and pharmacy visits reflecting the exemption of such businesses from the lockdown order. South Africa''s strict lockdown policies --and corresponding reductions in mobility by the country''s citizens --were put in place with the aim of reducing the spread of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105168 id = cord-353064-x4dcfjm8 author = Carlos, Ruth C. title = Defining the Recovery date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; pandemic summary = "Hyperlocality," a neologism, emphasizes the unique coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related experiences of each of the communities served by our radiology practices and health care institutions. The JACR has responded quickly to the need for rapid review and dissemination of COVID-19-related information to help practices manage the acute phase of the pandemic and signpost the coming recovery by using an existing expedited peer-review process for high-impact manuscripts and fast-tracked online publication of preproofs. Variables influencing radiology volume recovery during the next phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic Changes in interventional radiology practice in a tertiary academic center in the-United States during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic ACR statement on safe resumption of routine radiology care during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic Rescheduling non-urgent care in radiology: implementation during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic Transparency and trust during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.05.025 id = cord-338419-n8cmv8mf author = Carmelo, Juliana de Carvalho title = Impact of COVID-19 on the daily routine of radiology clinics date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 2 Faced with this situation, many public health services, including dental clinics and dental radiology centers, have been required to change their daily routines and augment health care procedures to ensure the protection of both patients and service providers, given that COVID-19 is highly transmissible through contact with saliva droplets. Since dental professionals come into intimate contact with the patient''s mouth when obtaining radiography and tomography images, the relevance of care is thus of the utmost importance. 5 -Clinical environment: The entire dental care environment should be sanitized and disinfected after the patient leaves: reflectors, chair, equipment, and surfaces with 70% alcohol, with vigorous rubbing, for 30 seconds, or a 0.5% to 1% sodium hypochlorite solution. 11 With its high transmissibility and the possibility of asymptomatic carriers, COVID-19 presents a high risk of infection for dental radiology professionals, who could consequently transmit the disease to others. doi = 10.5624/isd.2020.50.3.261 id = cord-269566-mgzal1th author = Carmody, Sean title = When can professional sport recommence safely during the COVID-19 pandemic? Risk assessment and factors to consider date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = Mass gatherings such as a large number of participants and particularly crowds attending sporting events likely increase risk of transmission of COVID-19. The WHO highlights five key factors in determining risk 10 : ► Will the event be held in a country that has documented active local transmission of COVID-19 (community spread)? If, for example, a match was postponed to August, was played behind closed doors, substantial but achievable mitigations including enhanced hygiene, social distancing where practical, the ability to test and contact trace were put in place and transmission was (for illustration) present but significantly less Editorial in the host country, then the risk from that event can be reduced to low. Discussion with government, local health authorities, event organisers and the participants could take place, regarding suitability to proceed and what other controls can further decrease risk ( figure 2) . doi = 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102539 id = cord-321259-wio2b49i author = Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac title = Digesting the crisis: autophagy and coronaviruses date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; MERS; SARS; autophagy summary = Of note, cellular manipulation of autophagic levels during infection may also reflect desperate attempts of the cell to reestablish homeostasis, either through restriction of viral entry by actively shunting endocytosis/endosomal trafficking (possibly resulting in autophagy reduction as a sideeffect) [39] or to counteract virally induced cell death by increasing cytoprotective autophagy. Thus, the group-specific accessory proteins, which by definition are not essential for viral replication but are involved in the modulation of host cells and immune evasion [66, 67] , may represent targets for reducing the autophagy-inhibitory effects of CoVs. The FDA-approved anti-malarial drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been suggested to be repurposed for the treatment of COVID-19 [68] [69] [70] , but this remains widely controversial [71] [72] [73] . Intriguingly, another recent preprint presents in vitro data showing that SARS-CoV-2 infection restricts autophagy and that, in turn, pro-autophagic compounds -including spermidine -may inhibit viral propagation [85] . doi = 10.15698/mic2020.05.715 id = cord-287520-51kmd2ds author = Carneiro, Arie title = Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Urologist’s clinical practice in Brazil: a management guideline proposal for low- and middle-income countries during the crisis period date = 2020-05-20 keywords = Cancer; case; covid-19; day; patient summary = Therefore, most worldwide authorities are recommending to avoid, as much as possible, patient''s elective visits to hospitals, as well as a judicious use of the operating room in order to mitigate the strain put on the health system. If it is not possible to separate an entire surgical block, we suggest designating specific rooms for the care of patients with COVID-19 that will not be used for regular cases. The gold standard test for investigation of the upper urinary tract is uro-tomography, but in times when we need to consider the use of resources, ultrasound could potentially be used since many imaging services are overloaded due to the frequent indication of thoracic CTs for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with Sars-Cov-2. -In Intermediate-risk and high-risk non--muscle-invasive bladder cancers: Clinically fit patients with no major comorbidities should receive induction therapy followed by at least 1-year maintenance BCG. doi = 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2020.04.03 id = cord-342231-862kffnb author = Carneiro, Thiago title = Intravenous tPA for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Background/Purpose: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with increased risk of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), however, there is a paucity of data regarding outcomes after administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) for stroke in patients with COVID-19. Background/Purpose: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with increased risk of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), however, there is a paucity of data regarding outcomes after administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) for stroke in patients with COVID-19. 1 We present the outcomes of a multicenter series of patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection who were treated with IV tPA for suspected acute ischemic stroke. All patients included were diagnosed with COVID-19 by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RT-PCR from a nasopharyngeal swab, presented with acute neurological deficits (< 24 hours), received IV tPA per acute ischemic stroke American Heart Association guidelines, and underwent brain and intracranial vessel imaging. doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105201 id = cord-328696-ydhgzkzv author = Caro-Dominguez, Pablo title = Thoracic imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children: a series of 91 cases date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; chest summary = OBJECTIVE: To collect paediatric COVID-19 cases worldwide and to summarize both clinical and imaging findings in children who tested positive on polymerase chain reaction testing for SARS-CoV-2. b Axial contrast-enhanced chest CT scan performed the same day demonstrates focal bilateral patchy rounded ground glass opacities (arrows) surrounded by a more or less complete ring-like consolidation (reverse halo sign) suggesting organizing pneumonia, which was a sign of severe extent of the disease. In children with severe clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to the intensive care unit, the most common findings on chest radiograph were multifocal bilateral or unilateral airspace consolidation or multifocal ground glass opacities [8, 11, 12] . An axial non-enhanced CT shows small rounded multifocal ground glass opacities bilaterally in the lower lobes associated with small vessels (arrows) with COVID-19, this group of paediatric chest imaging experts found that chest radiograph findings in COVID-19 are nonspecific and can be seen in any lower airway infection and pneumonia. doi = 10.1007/s00247-020-04747-5 id = cord-265799-qda5awuc author = Carothers, Chancey title = Acetylcysteine for the Treatment of Suspected Remdesivir‐Associated Acute Liver Failure in COVID‐19: A Case Series date = 2020-10-02 keywords = ALF; COVID-19; patient summary = We report two cases of suspected remdesivirassociated acute liver failure (ALF) in patients with COVID-19 in which the liver failure improved with the addition of continuous infusion acetylcysteine and discontinuation of potentially hepatotoxic medications. 10 The EUA fact sheet provided by the manufacturer states that in the original compassionate use program of remdesivir in patients with severe or critical illness with COVID-19, liver function test abnormalities were reported in 12% of patients with a time to onset from first dose ranging from 1-16 days. One published case report by Leegwater discusses a case of acute liver failure 5 days after initiation of remdesivir in a patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. The use of the novel antiviral remdesivir in the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia may put patients at risk of drug-associated acute liver failure. doi = 10.1002/phar.2464 id = cord-271920-1dzkgt6w author = Carpenter, Christopher R. title = Diagnosing COVID‐19 in the Emergency Department: A Scoping Review of Clinical Exam, Labs, Imaging Accuracy and Biases date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS; patient; test summary = 3 As waves of COVID-19 patients present to ED''s in coming months with symptoms or potential exposures, understanding the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of history, physical exam, routine labs, advanced imaging, and an evolving array of COVID-19 diagnostics will be essential knowledge to inform the timing of testing, optimal specimen and test selection, shared decision-making, and ultimately derivation of clinical instruments to guide disposition, follow-up, and shared The search strategy used a combination of standardized terms and key words, including but not limited to (Covid-19 OR Novel Coronavirus OR SARS-COV-2) AND (diagnosis OR polymerase chain reaction OR serology OR CRISPR-CAS OR sensitivity/specificity) (Appendix). 40,42 It is known, however, that false negatives are frequent, so current recommendations advise incorporating patient''s exposure risk, clinical signs and symptoms, routine lab and imaging findings, serology, and (when available) CT results into real-time determination of COVID-19 status. doi = 10.1111/acem.14048 id = cord-343982-ymaql0hx author = Carr, M. J. title = Impact of COVID-19 on the diagnoses, HbA1c monitoring and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes: a UK-wide cohort study involving 13 million people in primary care date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19; type summary = ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.25.20200675 doi: medRxiv preprint Supplementary figure 2: Comparison of monthly HbA1c testing rates in people with type 2 diabetes in primary care by age, gender, deprivation level and by region before and after the first COVID-19 peak in England (CPRD Aurum) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.25.20200675 doi: medRxiv preprint Supplementary figure 6: Comparison of observed and expected monthly incidence rates for type 2 diabetes in primary care, HbA1c monitoring and new prescriptions for metformin and insulin before and after the first COVID-19 peak in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales (CPRD GOLD) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint doi = 10.1101/2020.10.25.20200675 id = cord-289235-slkqu1pt author = Carrabba, Giorgio title = Neurosurgery in an infant with COVID-19 date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Neurosurgery in infants with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) therefore poses a dilemma because the infection is associated with relative immune suppression and a dysregulated inflammatory response, which act as drivers of the disease. 1 From Milan, Italy, we report the case of an 8-month-old male patient with a complex hydrocephalus who had a shunt malfunction during the COVID-19 pandemic. While the baby showed upper respiratory symptoms due to COVID-19, concerns emerged regarding the need for general anaesthesia for shunt revision. To our knowledge, no reports exist regarding the risk of general anaesthesia in infants with COVID-19. Again, the baby underwent surgery under general anaesthesia without respiratory complications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an infant with COVID-19 undergoing neurosurgical operations under general anaesthesia. This case might reflect a general observation of relative resistance of babies and children to 4 suggesting the possibility that paucisymptomatic infants with COVID-19 can undergo major surgical procedures without additional morbidity. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30927-2 id = cord-326150-cf4rlqe5 author = Carrascosa, J M title = Manifestaciones cutáneas en el contexto de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Desde el punto de vista patogénico, la respuesta inmune desencadenada frente a la infección por SARS-CoV-2 puede resultar en efectos deletéreos, como la disfunción de las células endoteliales y la activación de las vías de la coagulación, que podrían explicar las complicaciones cardiovasculares y trombóticas que afectan a un subgrupo de pacientes. Desde el punto de vista histológico, en el conjunto de exantemas J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f En el estudio histológico de lesiones purpúricas cutáneas se ha encontrado la presencia de una vasculopatía trombogénica pauciinflamatoria, con depósito de C5b-9 y C4d , con localización de partículas virales, lo que ha permitido proponer la existencia de un síndrome de lesión microvascular catastrófica mediada por la activación del complemento 6 . De este modo, no puede descartarse que las lesiones acrales, descritas como características por su coincidencia epidemiológica más que por pruebas microbiológicas en la mayoría de los casos, puedan no tener que ver directamente con la COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.ad.2020.08.002 id = cord-284042-awl5bb0j author = Carrascosa, J.M. title = Cutaneous Manifestations in the Context of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19)() date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; lesion; patient summary = From the pathogenic point of view, the immune response triggered by infection with SARS-CoV-2 may result in harmful effects, such as endothelial cell dysfunction and activation of J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f coagulation pathways; this may explain the cardiovascular and thrombotic complications that affect a subgroup of patients. 19 Vesicular lesions, usually monomorphic, appear early on and may at times precede other symptoms (in 15% of patients), 11 although in most cases, up to 79.2% in a series of 24 patents reported by Fernandez-Nieto et al., 20 they occur at the onset of other symptoms. 21 reported the case of a female patient who developed an urticarial rash, accompanied by odynophagia and arthralgia, before developing the full clinical manifestations of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.adengl.2020.10.001 id = cord-276895-p85obwp2 author = Carriazo, Sol title = Kidney disease and electrolytes in COVID-19: more than meets the eye date = 2020-07-16 keywords = AKI; SARS; covid-19; kidney summary = The current issue of Clinical Kidney Journal presents 15 articles on COVID-19 and kidney disease from three continents, providing a global perspective of the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on electrolytes and different kidney compartments (glomeruli, tubules and vascular compartments) and presenting clinically as a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, acute kidney injury, acute kidney disease, collapsing glomerulopathy and thrombotic microangiopathy, among others, in the context of a brand-new cardiorenal syndrome. The present issue of Clinical Kidney Journal (ckj) contains reports from the most affected countries (Figure 1 ) that illustrate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on electrolytes and the kidneys, the different possibilities for acute renal replacement therapy (RRT) and the impact of COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and on chronic RRT, with emphasis on preventive measures and providing insights into therapy. doi = 10.1093/ckj/sfaa112 id = cord-316925-l56cos15 author = Carriedo, Dr. Alejandro title = COVID-19, Psychological Well-being and Physical Activity Levels in Older Adults during the Nationwide Lockdown in Spain date = 2020-08-22 keywords = VPA; covid-19 summary = This study is aimed to examine the psychological well-being of older adults during the home isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic and to investigate whether meeting the World Health Organization''s global recommendations on physical activity (PA) for health is associated with their resilience, affect, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Results showed that older adults who regularly engaged in vigorous (VPA) and moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during the quarantine reported higher scores in resilience (Locus, Self-efficacy, and Optimism), positive affect, and lower in depressive symptoms. The main goal of this study was to assess the psychological well-being of older adults during the home isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore whether meeting the WHO''s 18 global recommendations on PA for health was associated with their resilience, affect, and depressive symptoms. doi = 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.007 id = cord-027589-v03xnlx9 author = Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M. title = Using country-level variables to classify countries according to the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases: An unsupervised machine learning approach date = 2020-06-15 keywords = PCA; cluster; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15819.3 id = cord-032691-d9jg0471 author = Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M. title = COVID-19 and Guillain-Barre Syndrome: a systematic review of case reports date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; GBS summary = title: COVID-19 and Guillain-Barre Syndrome: a systematic review of case reports Through a systematic review of case reports, we aimed to summarize the main features of patients with GBS and COVID-19. Results: Eight reports (n=12 patients) of GBS and COVID-19 were identified; one was a Miller Fisher case. Consequently, to understand the characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and GBS, and to identify potential patterns, we conducted a systematic review of case reports of COVID-19 and GBS. Although the viral characteristics differ greatly, it is still relevant to make initial comparisons with cases of GBS and Zika virus (Table 2) , where there also appears to be a male predominance and the age profile seems similar 15, 16 . On the other hand, there are very few patients from different countries in the reviewed reports, so I suggest not summarize the data as presented. doi = 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15987.2 id = cord-328556-sop1yjv7 author = Carrion, D M title = Evaluación de las Tendencias y Presentación Clínica de Pacientes con Cólico Nefrítico que acuden al Servicio de Urgencias Durante la Era Pandémica del COVID-19 date = 2020-09-07 keywords = COVID-19; Grupo summary = Fueron incluidos pacientes atendidos en el servicio de urgencias por cólico renal (unilateral o bilateral) secundario a litiasis confirmadas en pruebas de imagen durante los 45 días previos y posteriores a la declaración de estado de alarma de cada país. [2] Mientras los hospitales han estado desbordados con pacientes con COVID-19, ha habido una disminución en las visitas al Servicio de Urgencias (SU) con afecciones sin síntomas graves o que no ponen en peligro la vida, como el cólico nefrítico agudo no complicado. Nuestro objetivo es evaluar el impacto de la pandemia del COVID-19 en el número de pacientes que acuden a urgencias con cólico nefrítico, los posibles retrasos en las consultas y la gravedad de la situación clínica en tres centros hospitalarios de dos de los países europeos más afectados, Italia y España. Los datos de nuestro estudio mostraron una disminución significativa de las visitas a urgencias por cólico nefrítico tras el estado de alarma en España e Italia. doi = 10.1016/j.acuro.2020.08.006 id = cord-292345-zc209dfx author = Carroll, Elizabeth title = Catastrophic Intracranial Hemorrhage in Two Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Although it has been noted that COVID-19 may increase risk for acute cerebrovascular events, including both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke [2] , to our knowledge, this is the first report of patients with COVID-19 who had catastrophic intracranial hemorrhages. To address this, Thachil noted that use of anticoagulation in patients with elevated D-dimers may decrease mortality by both preventing thrombi and dampening the inflammatory response triggered by COVID-19 [7] . Thus, at our center, it was decided that therapeutic anticoagulation should be initiated empirically for patients with COVID-19 who have a D-dimer > 10,000 ng/ mL and considered for patients who have a D-dimer between 2000 and < 10,000 ng/mL using treatment dose enoxaparin or heparin titrated to a low therapeutic anti-Xa goal of 0.3-0.5 U/mL. doi = 10.1007/s12028-020-00993-5 id = cord-282530-55lhjfm8 author = Carsana, Luca title = Pulmonary post-mortem findings in a series of COVID-19 cases from northern Italy: a two-centre descriptive study date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; case summary = [6] [7] [8] [9] We describe the lung histopathological findings from a large series of patients who died from COVID-19 in northern Italy, with the aim of reporting the main micro scopic pulmonary lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe respiratory failure. To our knowledge, these data represent the first relevant provisional information regarding tissue damage specifically induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), besides the previously described diffuse alveolar damage, a feature that characterises interstitial pneumonia regardless of infectious agent. 3, 4, 11, 14 In two autopsy studies of patients who died from SARS (eight cases from Singapore 11 and 20 cases from Toronto), 3 the predominant pattern of lung injury was diffuse alveolar damage, including the exudative and proliferative phases. In a case report of a patient who died from COVID-19 in China, the histological findings in the lungs included desquamation of pneumocytes, diffuse alveolar damage, and oedema. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30434-5 id = cord-271425-ysdw31nq author = Carson, R. T. title = COVID-19''s U.S. Temperature Response Profile date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19; November; international summary = By largely replacing the death counts states report daily, with counts based on death certificate date, we build a week-ahead statistical forecasting model that explains most of the daily variation (R-square = 0.97) and isolates the COVID-19 temperature response profile (p < 0.001). We investigate (Table S6 ) the sensitivity of our results to range of alternative specifications (e.g., different infection pool indicators, different temperature scaling functions, adding absolute humidity, relative humidity, ultraviolet radiation, the inclusion of shelter-in-place/reopening orders, lagged cumulative death counts, and use of the CTP death counts) and provide further discussion of modelling issues in the Supplementary Information (SI) section on Modeling Approach. The SI section on Alternative Specifications for Base Death Count Model describes additional analyses that (a) look at alternative temperature scaling functions, (b) substitute DailyDeadit-14 or NewPositivesit-7 for DailyDeadit-7, and (c) add the dates of state actions such as shelter-in-place orders as control variables. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.03.20225581 id = cord-282268-f7mbdfr6 author = Cartenì, Armando title = How mobility habits influenced the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the Italian case study date = 2020-06-24 keywords = Italy; covid-19; day summary = By contrast, the hypothesis discussed in this research is that the time period (days) in which a new positive case of coronavirus is identified and certified, which could be called a sort of a positivity detection time, is longer than the incubation time because of possible delays between contagion and detection caused, for example, by the significant percentage of tests that prove false negative to COVID-19, or by the fraction of people who, although infected, are asymptomatic and/or initially show only mild symptoms, and therefore do not resort to health care. Estimates were made through a multiple linear regression model linking the number of certified daily cases (day-to-day) to socio-economic indices (e.g. number of residents; population density), environmental variables (e.g. temperature, PM pollution), health care indicators (e.g. number of swabs taken daily) and mobility habits (e.g. number people who performed trips several days before). doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140489 id = cord-274368-s1h3p5s9 author = Carter, B. title = Nosocomial COVID-19 infection: examining the risk of mortality. The COPE-Nosocomial study (COVID in Older PEople). date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Nosocomial infection is defined as an infection that is acquired in hospital by a patient who was admitted for a reason other than that infection (at least 15 days prior to a positive COVID-19 diagnosis), and in whom the pathogen was not incubating at the time of admission. However, a large study in the United States reported that non-ventilator associated nosocomial pneumonia occurred in 2.1% of all hospital admissions, with a mortality rate of 13.1% (12) . There is no current published data for nosocomial versus community acquired COVID-19 in UK hospitals, leaving uncertainty around morbidity or mortality and heightened public anxiety. Clinical teams at each site screened in-patient admission lists for eligibility and had access to infection control records of positive COVID-19 laboratory testing. Since hospital workers or patient visitors with COVID-19 were not included in the definition of NC infection, or were patients with a positive diagnosis less than 15 days prior to their admission. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.07.013 id = cord-279396-qmixem8i author = Carter, Chris title = COVID-19 Disease: a critical care perspective date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; care; patient summary = In addition to the relatively high numbers of COVID-19 patients developing severe respiratory failure resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and requiring intubation and ventilatory support, the current data suggests an average length of stay for COVID patients in intensive care of eight days. The critical care nurse needs to recognise that patients who develop severe COVID-19 can rapidly develop Type 1 Respiratory Failure, ARDS and therefore require ventilatory support. 18 In non COVID-19 patients with increasing respiratory failure the use of High Flow Nasal Oxygen (HFNO) or Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) such as Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) may be used as a treatment strategy. 40 There is also a suggestion that an increased number of healthcare professionals is needed when providing care, particularly in critical care for procedures requiring two nurses to one patient (2:1) when PPE is worn. doi = 10.1016/j.intcar.2020.100003 id = cord-312847-2cg3ylfl author = Carter, Chris title = COVID-19 Disease: assessment of a critically ill patient date = 2020-06-01 keywords = assessment; care; covid-19; patient; pressure summary = Abstract With the major scale up of critical care services to respond to the increasing numbers of patients with severe COVID-19 infection, nurses need to be able to rapidly assess patients. In this article, the assessment of a patient with suspected or confirmed severe COVID-19 has been presented initially from a ward perspective, followed by that of critical care, using the Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability and Exposure (ABCDE) approach. In this article, the assessment of a patient with suspected or confirmed severe COVID-19 has been presented initially from a ward perspective initially, followed by critical care. Essential physiological observations for these patients are respiratory rate, oxygen saturations, pulse rate, blood pressure, temperature, conscious level using the Alert, Confused, Voice, Pain and Unresponsive (AVPU) or Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scale, pain score and urine output. 20 Pulse oximetry readings do not provide information about respiratory rate, tidal volume, cardiac output or blood pressure, therefore assessment, monitoring and recording of these additional observations is essential. doi = 10.1016/j.intcar.2020.100001 id = cord-329215-awxfetdj author = Carter, Chris title = COVID-19 Disease: invasive ventilation date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; ETT; invasive; patient; ventilation summary = Abstract This article focuses on the critical care nurse''s role in the management of patients with COVID-19 who require invasive ventilation in order to improve outcomes and prevent complications. Where respiratory failure requires emergency tracheal intubation (passing of an endotracheal tube (ETT) into the trachea) for patients with COVID-19, it is a high-risk procedure, increasing viral load to healthcare workers and other patients. 5 Due to the rapid increase in numbers of patients, and the acute deterioration associated with severe COVID-19 infection, it is now frequently performed outside of the critical care unit by specially formed intubation teams. Prior to commencing invasive ventilation, the critical care team needs to be aware of the patient''s normal lung function whenever possible so that parameters can be set to deliver appropriate and realistic targets for oxygenation. The increasing numbers of severe COVID-19 patients requiring invasive ventilation is likely to place a critical demand on oxygen supplies which may lead to supply failure. doi = 10.1016/j.intcar.2020.100004 id = cord-292347-d7xq7x5g author = Carter, Linda J. title = Assay Techniques and Test Development for COVID-19 Diagnosis date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; RNA; SARS summary = 375 While RT-PCR-based viral RNA detection has been widely 376 used in diagnosis of COVID-19, it cannot be used to monitor 377 the progress of the disease stages and cannot be applied to 378 broad identification of past infection and immunity. 46,47 410 The determination of SARS-CoV-2 exposure relies largely 411 on the detection of either IgM or IgG antibodies that are 412 specific for various viral antigens including, but not exclusively, 413 the spike glycoprotein (S1 and S2 subunits, receptor-binding 414 domain) and nucleocapsid protein. While RT-PCR has been 571 the dominant technique for detection of viral RNA, other 572 nucleic acid assays including isothermal amplification assays, 573 hybridization microarray assays, amplicon-based metagenomics 574 sequencing, and the cutting-edge CRISPR-related technologies 575 are also under development or have resulted in approved 576 tests. doi = 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00501 id = cord-335104-8b2tpbsh author = Carugno, Andrea title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) rash in a psoriatic patient treated with Secukinumab: Is there a role for Interleukin 17? date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Carugno, Andrea; Gambini, Daniele Mario; Raponi, Francesca; Vezzoli, Pamela; Robustelli Test, Elisa; Arosio, Marco Enrico Giovanni; Callegaro, Annapaola; Sena, Paolo title: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) rash in a psoriatic patient treated with Secukinumab: Is there a role for Interleukin 17? Various cutaneous manifestations have been observed in COVID-19 patients 1 and there has been worldwide concern among patients undergoing biologic therapies. [2] [3] [4] We report our experience with a COVID-19 psoriatic patient treated with anti-interleukin-(IL)-17 who developed a late onset rash. About 5 weeks later, he referred to us due to the rapid onset of a mild pruritic erythematooedematous morbilliform rash, rapidly spreading from arms to trunk and lower limbs; he also showed an initial flare-up of his psoriasis The patient developed a mild form of COVID-19, even though his age and comorbidities are most typically associated with poorer prognosis. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and biologic therapy in psoriasis: infection risk and patient counseling in uncertain times doi = 10.1111/dth.14011 id = cord-321074-7jfy8cn6 author = Caruso, Damiano title = Quantitative Chest CT analysis in discriminating COVID-19 from non-COVID-19 patients date = 2020-10-12 keywords = PCR; covid-19 summary = Quantitative Chest CT analysis was performed with a dedicated software that provides total lung volume, healthy parenchyma, GGOs, consolidations and fibrotic alterations, expressed both in liters and percentage. Lung quantification in liters showed significant differences between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients for GGOs (0.55 ± 0.26L vs 0.43 ± 0.23L, p = 0.0005) and fibrotic alterations (0.05 ± 0.03 L vs 0.04 ± 0.03 L, p < 0.0001). A recent consensus statement from the Fleischner Society pointed out as imaging is indicated for medical triage of suspected COVID-19 patients presenting moderate-severe clinical features and a high pre-test probability of disease [13] . According to the hospital internal protocol, at the time of admission suspected COVID-19 patients presenting moderate-severe clinical features and a high pre-test probability of disease (fever defined as > 37.5 °C and respiratory symptoms or direct contact with a confirmed COVID-19 patient) underwent nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1007/s11547-020-01291-y id = cord-025689-g3q5bo38 author = Carvalho, Joana title = Challenges in the practice of Sexual Medicine, Sex Therapy, and Sexual Counseling in the time of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19; Sexual summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.05.024 id = cord-278558-znqscgxb author = Carvalho, Tatiana Aline title = COVID-19 in Brazil: 150,000 deaths and the Brazilian underreporting date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Comparing the deaths by natural causes expected and the excess mortality rate, there is a 22% increase in deaths mainly of male patients and individuals over 60 years old. As discussed in the Lancet editorial, in Brazil, the authors concluded: "The challenge is ultimately political, requiring continuous engagement by Brazilian society as a whole to secure the right to health for all Brazilian people." [10] At the same time, it is necessary to have transparency and clarity in the data about COVID-19, which includes the real rate of deaths and cases associated with the disease. (iii) Maybe, our data represents the Brazilian underreporting for severe patients affected by COVID-19 due to limitations to perform the SARS-CoV-2 screen by RT-PCR. c , The first line for each region represents the excess mortality rate (number of deaths) by natural causes and the percentage at each group according to sex and age. doi = 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115258 id = cord-344498-mwgccbfo author = Casado-Aranda, Luis-Alberto title = Analysis of the Scientific Production of the Effect of COVID-19 on the Environment: A Bibliometric Study date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; Science; Scopus; effect; pandemic; study summary = These publications can be broken down into six main themes: (i) a sharp reduction in air pollution and an improvement of the level of water pollution; (ii) the relationship of wind speed (positive), ultraviolet radiation (positive) and humidity (negative) with the rate of infections; (iii) the effect of the pandemic on the food supply chain and waste habits; (iv) wastewater monitoring offers a great potential as an early warning sign of COVID-19 transmission; (v) artificial intelligence and smart devices can be of great use in monitoring citizen mobilization; and (vi) the lessons gleaned from the pandemic that help define actions to mitigate climate change. The intention of the current study is to offer a first straightforward report on the evolution of publications combining the effect of COVID-19 on the environment since the outset of the pandemic, as well as to identify the main lines of research that are surging as a result of the crisis and establish a research agenda for environmental scholars. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110416 id = cord-337629-rwgqkow3 author = Casale, Manuele title = Could nasal irrigation and oral rinse reduce the risk for COVID-19 infection? date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19; nasal summary = We advocate the inclusion of SNIs and ethanol oral rinses as additional measures to the current public health measures, to prevent and control the transmission of any respiratory infectious disease, including COVID-19. 9 conducted a pilot, randomized controlled trial of hypertonic SNI and gargling (HSNIG) versus standard care on healthy adults within 48 hours of URTI onset to assess recruitment, acceptability, symptom duration, and viral shedding of a large number of viruses such as rhinovirus, enterovirus, influenza A virus, and coronavirus. To date, there are not any studies which specifically investigated the antiviral activity of chloride salts against coronavirus family in the nasal mucosa cells. Randomized clinical trials on large population are needed to verify the efficacy of SNIs and oral rinses in preventing spread of COVID-19 evaluating the number of episodes, viral load in the nasal cavities, transmission within household contacts, medication consumption, reported illness, school and work absence, and complication rate. doi = 10.1177/2058738420941757 id = cord-353588-8uyezpko author = Casali, Nicole title = “Andrà tutto bene”: Associations Between Character Strengths, Psychological Distress and Self-efficacy During Covid-19 Lockdown date = 2020-10-13 keywords = character; covid-19; strength summary = Data were collected from 944 Italian respondents (mean age = 37.24 years, SD = 14.50) by means of an online survey investigating character strengths, psychological distress and Covid-19-related self-efficacy one month after lockdown began. This factor had the greatest associations with the DASS-21 (β = −0.48) and SEC (β = 0.48), followed by the GHQ-12 (β = −0.38), indicating that people well-endowed with transcendence strengths (e.g. hope, zest, gratitude) scored higher for general mental health, lower for psychological distress (fewer symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress), and higher for self-efficacy in coping with the lockdown situation. Turning to our main aim, we examined the associations between character strengths and both mental health (in general, and distress in particular) and Covid-19-related self-efficacy at both factor and single-strength levels. In conclusion, this study examines the associations of character strengths with Covid-19-related psychological distress and self-efficacy under lockdown in such a severelyaffected population as the Italian one. doi = 10.1007/s10902-020-00321-w id = cord-327787-vlbpijqg author = Casalino, Giuseppe title = Coronavirus disease 2019 presenting with conjunctivitis as the first symptom date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Conjunctivitis seems to be a rare clinical finding among patients with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 since it has been reported in <1% of the overall cases in China [3] . The importance of recognizing possible early ocular manifestation of COVID-19, as well as using protective eyewear among healthcare professionals, has already been outlined in recent editorials [5] [6] [7] . The present case outlines the importance of questioning patients presenting with conjunctivitis about respiratory and other systemic symptoms which should prompt clinicians to rule out COVID-19 infection. Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the importance of recognising possible early ocular manifestation and using protective eyewear These authors contributed equally: Giuseppe Casalino, Gaspare MonacoAcknowledgements We thank all the colleagues and allied health professionals supporting our Eye Emergency Department and the other wards of the hospital during this difficult time of pandemic. doi = 10.1038/s41433-020-0909-x id = cord-266993-vt0aq7k6 author = Casas Rojo, J. M. title = Clinical characteristics of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Spain: results from the SEMI-COVID-19 Network. date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A multicentre retrospective cohort study, including consecutive patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 throughout Spain. The SEMI-COVID registry is an ongoing retrospective cohort, comprising most consecutive patients hospitalized in Spain from March 1 st 2020 up to the end of the pandemy, discharged with confirmed COVID-19 disease. Data are collected retrospectively and include approximately 300 variables grouped under various headings: (1) inclusion criteria, (2) epidemiological data, (3) RT-PCR and serology data, (4) personal medical and medication history, (5) symptoms and physical examination findings at admission, (6) laboratory (blood gases, metabolic panel, complete blood count, coagulation) and diagnostic imaging tests, (7) additional data at seven days after admission or at admission to the intensive care unit, (8) pharmacological treatment during the hospitalization (antiviral drugs, immunomodulators, antibiotics) and ventilator support, (9) complications during the hospitalization, and (10) progress after discharge and/or 30 days from diagnosis. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.24.20111971 id = cord-332454-fays5l5d author = Casas-Rojo, J M title = Características clínicas de los pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 en España: resultados del Registro SEMI-COVID-19 date = 2020-07-19 keywords = COVID-19; UCI summary = Crear un registro de pacientes hospitalizados en España por COVID-19 para mejorar nuestro conocimiento sobre los aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos, terapéuticos y pronósticos de esta enfermedad. El objetivo principal del registro es generar, en un corto período de tiempo, una gran cohorte multicéntrica con información detallada sobre la epidemiología, el curso clínico y el tratamiento recibido por los pacientes. El Registro SEMI-COVID-19 es una cohorte retrospectiva en curso que incluye consecutivamente a la mayor parte de los pacientes dados de alta o fallecidos tras su ingreso por COVID-19 confirmada en 150 hospitales de España desde el día 1 de marzo de 2020 hasta el final de la pandemia. Son candidatos para su inclusión todos los pacientes dados de alta o fallecidos tras su ingreso hospitalario con una infección por SARS-CoV-2 confirmada. Esta es la mayor serie descrita de pacientes hospitalizados en España con enfermedad COVID-19 confirmada, y una de las mayores del mundo hasta la fecha. doi = 10.1016/j.rce.2020.07.003 id = cord-346565-vsgbmxzv author = Cascella, Marco title = Rapid and Impressive Response to a Combined Treatment with Single-Dose Tocilizumab and NIV in a Patient with COVID-19 Pneumonia/ARDS date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; NIV summary = Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19 pneumonia (CARDS) represents a clinical challenge, requiring often invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Despite that at the beginning of the pandemic, early invasive mechanical ventilation was indicated as the optimal strategy for CARDS management, in COVID-19 pneumonia the clinical picture of severe hypoxemia contrasted with the typical ARDS respiratory mechanics. Clinical experience, for example, suggested that non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has a role of primary importance in the management of CARDS as it can improve oxygenation, limiting the work of the respiratory muscles and preventing the onset of the patient self-inflicted lung injury (P-SILI) [2] . In this setting, adding the prone position to NIV could improve oxygenation, decrease respiratory effort, reducing self-induced lung injury, and avoid the need of intubation and invasive ventilation, which could be particularly useful in the case of reduced availability of intensive care unit (ICU) beds [4] [5] [6] . doi = 10.3390/medicina56080377 id = cord-265603-3we40x62 author = Casey, M. title = Estimating pre-symptomatic transmission of COVID-19: a secondary analysis using published data date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; international summary = The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted May 11, 2020 Here, using secondary analysis of data collated in meta-analysis [33] and a rapid systematic review [34] that are published separately, we apply a standardised methodology to estimate the proportion and timing of pre-symptomatic transmission of COVID-19 in a range of different contexts. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.08.20094870 doi: medRxiv preprint 6 Scholar [38] , MedRxiv [39] and BioRxiv [40] with the following keywords: "Novel coronavirus" OR "SARS CoV 2" OR "2019-nCoV" OR "COVID-19" AND "serial interval" OR "latent period" OR "incubation period" OR "generation time" OR "infectiousness" OR "pre-symptomatic" OR "asymptomatic"). Based on the estimates reported by our meta-analysis [33] and rapid systematic review [34] , we simulated data for incubation period, serial interval and generation time. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.08.20094870 doi: medRxiv preprint 8 incubation period sample was subtracted from the generation time or serial interval sample to give a resultant distribution indicating transmission time relative to onset of symptoms. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.08.20094870 id = cord-341314-1mav631s author = Caso, Valeria title = No lockdown for neurological diseases during COVID19 pandemic infection date = 2020-04-08 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Baracchini et al., in this brief report published in this current issue, are sharing how the University Hospital of Padua, with a catchment area of about 950.000 people, structured a pathway for acute stroke patients before admitting them to our Stroke Unit [9] . In the case of ischemic stroke without large vessel occlusion, the patient is transferred to the Infectious Disease Department or a dedicated Medical Department after thrombolysis treatment and will be continued to be clinically monitored by the stroke team and by the internist. In case of large vessel occlusion, the patient is admitted to the Angio-suite of the Neuroradiology Unit for endovascular treatment, and the personnel is pre-alerted for adopting adequate PPEs. At the end of the procedure, the patient is transferred to the Infectious Disease ward or a dedicated Intensive Care Unit (ICU) dedicated to COVID-19 patients based on neurological conditions. doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04389-3 id = cord-283208-uetq1p1n author = Castellano, Giuseppe title = Treatment of COVID-19 atypical pneumonia by early Tocilizumab administration in “non-critically-ill” patients on hemodialysis date = 2020-09-30 keywords = Tocilizumab; covid-19 summary = Fever immediately remitted and lymphocyte and monocyte counts, CRP and LDH progressively normalized ( Fig. 2a-d) ; O2 therapy was discontinued 10 days after Tocilizumab with improvement of the atypical pneumonia ( Fig. 2e-f) . Furthermore, patients were characterized by high interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, a multi-functional During the first days of hospital admission the patient presented a progressive and rapid decrease in Lymphocyte and Monocyte blood count, associated with a significant increase in LDH and CRP blood levels (a). In agreement with our data, early Tocilizumab The administration of Tocilizumab at day 3 induced a progressive improvement of all the laboratory parameters.We found a progressive decrease in Lymphocyte (a) and Monocyte (b) blood count, associated with a significant increase in LDH (c) and CRP blood levels (d). doi = 10.1007/s40620-020-00872-4 id = cord-326821-x6comwwl author = Castelli, Roberto title = Abnormal Hemostatic Parameters and Risk of Thromboembolism Among Patients With COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Abnormal Hemostatic Parameters and Risk of Thromboembolism Among Patients With COVID-19 Infection Comparably, but slightly higher records of thromboembolic complications (up to about 30%) were observed in Italian patients admitted in ICU (unpublished data). Normal incidence of deep vein thrombosis in hospitalized Italian patients without COVID-19 is reported 0.025% [10] . The thromboembolic complications observed in Italian patients affected by severe COVID-19 include venous thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism (VTE). Table 1 shows the most frequent hemostatic alterations observed among Italian patients admitted to ICU for respiratory failure. All these findings suggest a mechanism of inflammatory-mediated macro-and micro-thrombosis as a pathogenetic mechanism of damage in the setting of severe COVID-19 infection. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy doi = 10.14740/jh636 id = cord-290619-e4h47fo4 author = Castiglioni, Massimo title = SURGICAL RESECTIONS OF SUPERINFECTED PNEUMATOCELES IN A COVID-19 PATIENT date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = ABSTRACT Emerging studies on radiological findings in COVID-19 patients report a high incidence of bilateral lung involvement, with GGOs imaging being the most common pattern on CT. We report a case of a COVID-19 patient successfully treated by lung resections for infected pneumatoceles. In some patients, pneumatoceles may occur due to damage to the alveolar walls caused by either the infection or lung ventilation [3, 4] . Emerging reports on radiological findings in patients with COVID-19 have documented high incidence of bilateral lung involvement, with GGOs being the most common pattern on chest CT [1, 3] . Although there are no widely accepted therapeutic algorithms for the management of complicated pneumatoceles, some authors advocate early percutaneous drainage as a first-line strategy; on failure of this approach surgical resection should be considered [5] . This report describes a COVID-19 patient who was successfully treated by urgent surgery for two infected pneumatoceles causing acute respiratory failure and sepsis that was non-responsive to antibiotics. doi = 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.06.008 id = cord-340583-kjrxrk50 author = Castro‐Rodriguez, Jose A. title = Asthma and COVID‐19 in children – a systematic review and call for data date = 2020-06-18 keywords = SARS; asthma; covid-19 summary = Importantly, none of the largest epidemiological studies including children with COVID-19 reported clinical findings or underlying characteristics to help assess whether asthma -or other chronic lung diseases-constitutes a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 severity. Rather than a risk factor, a recent review of data in adults reported that both asthma and COPD appear to be under-represented in the comorbidities reported for patients with COVID-19, compared with global estimates of prevalence for these conditions in the general population (63) . After an extensive review of the current literature, only two reports included information on asthma as a potential risk factor for COVID-19 infection -but not severity or mortality-in children. However, the largest studies to date have been limited to a description of the number of cases by age group, and so it remains unclear whether childhood asthma -or other pediatric respiratory diseases-are associated with COVID-19 risk or severity. doi = 10.1002/ppul.24909 id = cord-346558-u1e0kzmm author = Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia title = Tobacco smoking and COVID-19 pandemic: old and new issues. A summary of the evidence from the scientific literature date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; patient; smoking summary = Since in China smoking habit differs according to gender (52.1% of men and only 2.7% of women regularly smoke (22)), Chinese men have higher prevalence of comorbidities and a higher rate of severe or fatal outcomes in COVID-19 pandemic, tobacco smoking has been hypothesized to be an important risk factor for poor prognosis (3, 4) . A systematic review and meta-analysis (published in pre-print in April, 2020), focusing on smoking and COVID-19 progression, evaluated 12 studies (but not their quality on smoking data) and reported severe disease progression in 17.8% of smokers in comparison to 9.3% of non-smokers and a statistically significant association between smoking and disease severity (OR = 2.25, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.49-3.39); nevertheless, out of 9025 patients only 495 (5.5%) were ever smokers (27) . A very recent systematic review (also published in pre-print in April 2020), tried to clarify the role of smoking on infection, hospitalization, disease severity and mortality from COVID-19 and summarized the main findings emerged so far (31) . doi = 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9624 id = cord-345611-xv62h83a author = Cavalcanti, A. B. title = Hydroxychloroquine alone or in combination with azithromycin to prevent major clinical events in hospitalised patients with coronavirus infection (COVID-19): rationale and design of a randomised, controlled clinical trial date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; patient; study summary = Methods and analysis: We describe the rationale and design of an open-label pragmatic multicentre randomised (concealed) clinical trial of 7 days of hydroxychloroquine (400 mg BID) plus azithromycin (500 mg once daily), hydroxychloroquine 400 mg BID, or standard of care for moderately severe hospitalised patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 (in-patients with up to 4L/minute oxygen supply through nasal catheter). The control group receive the current standard of care treatment for COVID-19, which includes daily monitoring with clinical assessment of the attending physician, routine laboratory tests (blood count, urea, creatinine, liver enzymes and bilirubin, c-reactive protein) at the discretion of the attending physician, respiratory and motor physiotherapy, surveillance of vital parameters according to the patient''s location (inpatient unit and ICU), at least once per period, which may be more frequent CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.19.20106997 id = cord-336543-ydrmlujj author = Cavalli, Eugenio title = Entangling COVID-19 associated thrombosis into a secondary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: Diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives (Review) date = 2020-06-25 keywords = APS; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = We propose here that the thromboembolic events and eventually the development of DIC provoked by SARS-CoV-2 infection may represent a secondary anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome (APS). On the basis of empirical observations and emerging laboratoristic findings, we will elaborate the hypothesis that several cases of thrombotic events during cOVId-19 infection represent the clinical epiphenomenon of a viral-induced secondary anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) that, in the most severe cases, may develop as catastrophic anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome (cAPS). clinical evidence and emerging data from pathological examinations indicate that a thrombotic diathesis, potentially leading to venous thromboembolism (VTE), and to dIc in some of the most severe cases, may occur in a substantial proportion of patients with cOVId-19 infection, also in a manner independent of long-term bed rest and eventual hormonal treatment. doi = 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4659 id = cord-348212-c2iibuqa author = Cavallo, Federica title = Novel coronavirus infection and children date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = RESULTS: Usually, infants and children present milder symptoms of the disease with a better outcome than adults. Collecting the samples of these patients, scientists have discovered a new coronavirus that is now known as the cause of the disease named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (1). The most common symptoms in adults are fever, dry cough, sore-throat, myalgia, fatigue and in severe cases (usually older patients with comorbidities) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with lung failure or severe coagulation dysregulation as a result of an uncontrolled inflammation (5) . At variance, in Spain around 60% of children affected by COVID-19 have been hospitalized for mild symptoms and 9.7% of these patients have requested intensive care because of the comparison of respiratory complications. On the basis of the Chinese experience, the severity of COVID-19 disease in children is defined by clinical features, laboratory testing and chest radiograph into 5 groups (22) ( Table 2 ). doi = 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9586 id = cord-302177-8w3ojgd4 author = Cavayas, Yiorgos Alexandros title = Early experience with critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Montreal date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; IMV; patient summary = Given the regional disparities in incidence and mortality in the general population, we aimed to describe local characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients in Montreal. METHODS: A single-centre retrospective cohort of consecutive adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal with confirmed COVID-19 were included. Our aim was to describe the demographics, presentation, treatments, and outcomes of a cohort of critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in a large academic ICU in Montreal, Canada. Critically ill patients with limitations of care excluding IMV had a high non-invasive ventilation failure rate (70%) and a high mortality rate (69%). Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation had a high failure rate (70%) when used in critically ill patients with limitations of care excluding IMV. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care units in Vancouver, Canada: a case series doi = 10.1007/s12630-020-01816-z id = cord-341479-lj0brkbx author = Caviglia, Marta title = The National Emergency Medical Service Role During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Sierra Leone date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19; NEMS summary = This report describes the main adaptive and transformative changes adopted by the brand-new National Emergency Medical Service (NEMS) to face the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Sierra Leone, including ambulance re-distribution, improvements in communication flow, implementation of ad-hoc procedures and trainings, and budget re-allocation. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the NEMS has been actively engaged in the national preparedness response plan to ensure a resilient referral system, able to effectively continue delivering routine services, and at the same time manage the sudden demands of referral of COVID-19-related cases. First and foremost, NEMS ambulance teams were in charge of transporting suspect, probable, or confirmed cases to referral health care facilities following the standard operating procedures (SOPs) defined by the CMP. doi = 10.1017/s1049023x20001211 id = cord-306034-1u29o2id author = Cazzolla, Angela P. title = Taste and Smell Disorders in COVID-19 Patients: Role of Interleukin-6 date = 2020-08-04 keywords = IL-6; SARS; covid-19; taste summary = [Image: see text] The rapid recovery of smell and taste functions in COVID-19 patients could be attributed to a decrease in interleukin-6 levels rather than central nervous system ischemic injury or viral damage to neuronal cells. To correlate interleukin-6 levels in COVID-19 patients with olfactory or gustatory dysfunctions and to investigate the role of IL-6 in the onset of these disorders, this observational study investigated 67 COVID-19 patients with taste or smell disorders or both, who did not require intensive care admission, admitted at COVID Hospital of Policlinico of Bari from March to May 2020. Interleukin-6 levels in COVID-19 patients in relation to olfactory or gustatory disorders were correlated from the time of their admission to the time of swab negativization. The aim was to monitor and to correlate IL-6 levels in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients with olfactory or gustatory disorders from the time of their admission to the time of swab negativization. doi = 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00447 id = cord-300240-mie5yxj4 author = Cañizares Fuentes, Ricardo title = Evaluation of COVID-19 Surveillance Strategy in Ecuador date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; Ecuador summary = OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the relevance of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) positive case detection policy or model implemented by the Ministry of Public Health (MPH) of Ecuador and to compare it with the experiences of other countries. RESULTS: The probability of detecting positive cases of COVID-19 in Ecuador was higher than Iceland and South Korea, because the diagnostic tests were aimed at symptomatic patients, without identifying asymptomatic or mild symptomatic, who play an important role in the transmission of the disease. With this in mind, the possibility of occurrence obtained in Ecuador, based on the second principle (selectivity), was compared-thanks to the reports issued periodically by the Ecuadorian Ministry of Public Health on COVID-19 positive cases-with the cases of South Korea and Iceland, based on the first principle (randomness), until April 13, 2020. doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.326 id = cord-265170-yv04ijsm author = Ceccarelli, Giancarlo title = Probiotics and COVID-19 date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = SARS-CoV-2 has been postulated to affect gut inflammation both directly and indirectly, infecting intestinal epithelial cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and transmembrane protease serine 2, and inducing proinflammatory chemokine and cytokine release. 7 Given this evidence, bacteriotherapy could represent a complementary resource for the prevention and restoration of SARS-CoV-2 intestinal mucosa damage through the modulation of gut microbiota and decreasing related inflammation. In other infections, such as HIV, in which intestinal inflammation and related microbiota impairment can affect gut epithelial barrier function, bacteriotherapy (through microbiota surface compounds and metabolites) to exist between different probiotic bacterial species and strains. 8, 9 We believe that studies of bacteriotherapy in SARS-CoV-2 are needed to evaluate the potential effects on intestinal mucosal inflammation and microbiome homoeostasis. In the absence of a vaccine or effective therapy for COVID-19, we agree that probiotics represent a complementary approach for the prevention and restoration of SARS-CoV-2-induced mucosal damage or inflammation through the modulation of gut microbiota. doi = 10.1016/s2468-1253(20)30196-5 id = cord-279115-eyk8sxk7 author = Cecconi, Maurizio title = Ten things we learned about COVID-19 date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The infection starts with the competition between the SARS-CoV-2 virions arrived in the respiratory mucosa that express high levels of ACE2 receptors and the barrier made by mucus secreted by goblet cells and moved by hair-like cilia and innate immunity reactions. Evidence from SARS-CoV-1 suggests that these viruses may block interferon-mediated antiviral immunity (Fig. 1 ). Inflammation plays a key role in the development of COVID-19 from a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Unsurprisingly for a disease characterised by an inflammatory state in response to a viral infection, venous and arterial thromboembolic complications are common in hospitalised patients [6] . Given the timing and characteristics of the antibody response (see above), appropriately validated assays are instrumental for epidemiological studies, evaluation of plasma donations (see below), assessment of memory and response to vaccine, and as a companion diagnostic in RT-PCR-negative patients. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-06140-0 id = cord-323666-t7cshj05 author = Cegolon, L. title = Nasal Disinfection for the Prevention and Control of COVID-19: A Scoping Review on Potential Chemo-preventive Agents. date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = Figure 1 reports the corresponding changes as percentage or odds; the latter detects the improvement of the index score better than the former because it is able to overcome the ceiling effects J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Therefore, in addition to an effective treatment for symptomatic patients, there is an urgent need to abate the carriage of SARS-CoV-2 in the human nasal cavity of asymptomatic/pre-symptomatic individuals, in order to contain the transmission of the novel coronavirus within the community. The abstracts of the original articles were explored for the following terms: mechanism(s) of action, tolerability and any evidence of toxic effects or selection of resistant strains, whether the treatment was tested in vitro (in particular against SARS-CoV-2), or reached the clinical trials stage, or is currently marketed/promoted/sold. doi = 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113605 id = cord-322439-86dojc70 author = Celarier, Thomas title = Covid-19: Adapting the geriatric organisations to respond to the pandemic date = 2020-06-11 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = French hospital geriatric departments are mobilized to make the patient flow easier, ensuring continuity of care and coordinating all healthcare professionals. This organization enabled to offer geriatric care both within hospital structures and within nursing homes. The creation of a specific Covid-19 telephone hotline allowed a direct link between structures such as nursing homes and the hospital centre. These telephone hotlines, which are a specific plan between GP and nursing homes to hospital geriatricians, are endowed with mobile teams to assess and assist in the care of residents in these structures. Associated with this new organization, mobile teams propose medical care to nursing home patients at their places of residence and, if necessary, in coordination with the palliative care and/or home hospitalization teams (16, 17) . Given the situation and particularly in nursing homes, an adaptation of dedicated hotlines and mobile hospital teams improved the management of the patient''s flow. doi = 10.1016/j.resmer.2020.100774 id = cord-345976-z5gorbwp author = Cella, Laura title = Injuries From Asymptomatic COVID-19 Disease: New Hidden Toxicity Risk Factors in Thoracic Radiation Therapy date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Injuries From Asymptomatic COVID-19 Disease: New Hidden Toxicity Risk Factors in Thoracic Radiation Therapy In the near future, among the many upheavals caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, the thoracic radiation oncology community might have to face a new unexpected risk factor for patients undergoing radiation therapy (RT) for thoracic malignancies. 6 Another case report by McGinnis et al demonstrated bilateral GGOs detected after CT image guidance performed as part of the routine setup and delivery of curative RT treatment in a patient who was ultimately asymptomatic for COVID-19. All these findings suggest that in the future there could be a non-negligible proportion of patients, possibly of young age, in need of thoracic RT and with undiagnosed pre-existing cardiopulmonary damage from asymptomatic COVID-19. 14 A new risk factor is henceforth likely to emerge for a nonnegligible percentage of patients in the already complex scenario of the identification of patient-specific susceptibility to radiation-induced toxicity. doi = 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.06.055 id = cord-303091-jky6jlrl author = Cellai, Michele title = Characterization of prolonged COVID-19 symptoms in an outpatient telemedicine clinic date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; VOMC summary = We identified patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a telemedicine clinic who requested ongoing follow-up calls 6 weeks after symptom onset. We seek to describe the persistent symptoms experienced by patients with mild COVID-19 by reviewing records of those who requested follow-up VOMC care for greater than the planned 21 days and more than 6 weeks beyond symptom onset. Chart review included: (1) verification of patient demographics and comorbidities documented at VOMC intake visit, (2) verification of symptom onset dates, (3) review of follow-up notes during the 6 th week of symptoms, (4) review of return to work advice/disability letters, and (5) review of final notes for health status at time of VOMC discharge. For patients who required additional medical evaluation after the acute period (defined as an in-person or telemedicine visit at least 3 weeks into illness), we reviewed evaluation notes, diagnostics, and final diagnoses (including "alternate diagnoses" and "contributing diagnoses" based on provider documentation). doi = 10.1093/ofid/ofaa420 id = cord-331834-ge864rbr author = Cellina, Michaela title = Chest computed tomography findings of COVID-19 pneumonia: pictorial essay with literature review date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The 6th version of the diagnosis and treatment program published by the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China [10] , confirmed the pivotal role of Chest CT, including the radiological confirmation of viral pneumonia in the diagnostic criteria for COVID-19, and suggesting CT examination in monitoring disease progression and assessing treatments effectiveness. Our aim is to propose a review of the CT imaging findings described in COVID-19 pneumonia, and their modifications in different stages of the disease, based on relevant articles found in the literature. In conclusion, imaging presentations of COVID-19 pneumonia are mostly GGO, bilaterally located in the peripheral lung areas under the pleura with an increase in consolidations number in the course of the disease, followed by reabsorption, and formation of fibrotic stripes. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases doi = 10.1007/s11604-020-01010-7 id = cord-350041-b1vmnwv2 author = Cena, Hellas title = Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19–SARS-CoV-2) and Nutrition: Is Infection in Italy Suggesting a Connection? date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; immune summary = There has been a gradual increase in studies exploring prevention and control measures, and we recommend paying close attention to nutrition, which may contribute to modulating some important consequences of COVID-19 infection, as such pro-inflammatory cytokine storm. Unfortunately, we do not yet have weight, height, and waist circumference data for all patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, and, therefore, we cannot disentangle the effects of adiposity on lung function and immune response to viral infection. Recent data on patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 treated at an academic health institution in New York City, the epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States, between March 1, 2020, and April 2, 2020, with follow up through April 7, 2020 (13, 14) showed that obesity, after age, was linked to more severe coronavirus cases, with a substantially higher odds ratio than any cardiovascular or pulmonary disease. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00944 id = cord-335894-6m0nnufu author = Ceriello, Antonio title = Issues for the management of people with diabetes and COVID-19 in ICU date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; diabetes summary = Moreover, there are also several other conditions (described in the course of the article), commonly present in diabetes, which can expose people with diabetes Open Access Cardiovascular Diabetology *Correspondence: antonio.ceriello@hotmail.it 1 IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Gaudenzio Fantoli, 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy Full list of author information is available at the end of the article and COVID-19 at high risk for complications. Furthermore, a large proportion of people with diabetes has asymptomatic coronary artery disease [45, 46] which can increase the risk of acute coronary syndrome, heart failure and arrhythmia during the COVID-19 due to proinflammatory process, hypercoagulability and sympathetic stimulation. In the case of COVID-19 people with diabetes are more exposed to cardiovascular complications, which may be more challenging to manage [74, 75] . Improved outcome of patients with diabetes mellitus with good glycemic control in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit: a retrospective study doi = 10.1186/s12933-020-01089-2 id = cord-338140-p88fgojk author = Cervantes-Pérez, Enrique title = Medical Nutrition Therapy in Hospitalized Patients With SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection in a Non-critical Care Setting: Knowledge in Progress date = 2020-10-30 keywords = COVID-19; Cervantes; SARS; vitamin summary = The purpose of this review is to provide concise guidance for the nutritional management of individuals with COVID-19 based on the current literature and focused on those in the non-ICU setting or with an older age and polymorbidity, which are independently associated with malnutrition and its negative impact on mortality. Numerous cases of pneumonia caused by a new virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), were initially reported in Wuhan, China, at the end of December 2019. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known about SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide possible and potential nutritional interventions on novel coronaviruses for clinicians. Older adults and polymorbid individuals suffering from chronic and acute disease conditions are at increased risk for poor outcomes and higher mortality following infection with the COVID-19-causing virus. doi = 10.1007/s13668-020-00337-x id = cord-265610-om510pt7 author = Cervantes‐Arslanian, Anna title = Rapid Dissemination of Protocols for Managing Neurology Inpatients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; protocol summary = In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the scientific community has accelerated its process for knowledge synthesis and dissemination at multiple levels, from creating pathways for expedited journal peer review to establishing specialty task forces that curate information most relevant to individual fields of expertise. In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the scientific community has made great efforts to accelerate its process for knowledge synthesis and dissemination, including expedited journal peer review, 1 open source platforms for quick review of preprints, 2 removal of paywalls from COVID-19-related publications, 3 specialty article collections, 4 and rapidly produced consensus statements by academic societies. 3 This editorial details our experience creating and disseminating protocols for the management of neurological disorders in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, based on frequent evaluation of available evidence and supplemented by expert opinion. doi = 10.1002/ana.25774 id = cord-269206-160ddfsc author = Ceylan, Rahmiye Figen title = Historical evidence for economic effects of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-04 keywords = SARS; covid-19; economic; effect summary = Yet, the contagious diseases having global effects had forgotten long time ago even if there appeared some recent encounters in the past 20 The differentiating features of COVID-19 or SARS-COV2 from the recent encounters are its geographical dispersion in terms of contagion and its causalities. In an earlier attempt to comment on prospective COVID-19 effects, Barro and his friends estimated growth of national income and consumption expenditures of 42 countries between 1901 and 1929 on human capital loss due to the WWI. Due to changing labour market composition and economic conditions during and after the influenza, both productivity and overall income had declined and savings and investment potential were affected negatively. Confirming previous research on SARS, Lionello [26] indicated that rising social fear and reduction in social contact resulted in reduced supplies and reduced labour demand specifically in the services sector between 20 and 70%. Especially, shrinking services and industries facing lower labour supplies and reducing demand are expected to downsize all economic structures. doi = 10.1007/s10198-020-01206-8 id = cord-257258-hu9oxea1 author = Chabner, Bruce A. title = Taking the Longer View of COVID‐19 date = 2020-04-27 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = In the absence of a vaccine or effective antivirals, social distancing is currently the primary public health strategy for containing the epidemic and has been successful in South Korea and China, where it was stringently employed. Regarding the chances of creating an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection, in the U.S. the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) of the Department of Health and Human Services is devoting significant support for two currently approved trials: a lipid nanoparticle vaccine that contains mRNAs directing the synthesis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Moderna) and an adenovirus construct of virus material co-supported by Johnson & Johnson [1] . However, vaccine development and its worldwide implementation, coupled with effective antiviral treatment, will be required to control COVID-19 and prevent another pandemic. In order to be ready for the next iteration of COVID-19, the worldwide medical community will need to cooperate in conducting extensive clinical trials of vaccines, antivirals, and immune therapies on an accelerated time scale. doi = 10.1634/theoncologist.2020-0313 id = cord-145906-4vgbzcx8 author = Chae, Seo Yoon title = Estimation of Infection Rate and Prediction of Initial Infected Individuals of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = We estimated the infection rate and the initial infected individuals of COVID-19 by using the officially reported data at the early stage of the epidemic for the susceptible (S), infectable (I), quarantined (Q), and the cofirmed recovered (Rk) population model, so called SIQRk model. In the SIQRk model we can estimated the model parameters and the initial infecting cases (confirmed ans asymtomatic cases) from the data fits. We obtained the infection rate in the range between 0.233 and 0.462, the basic reproduction number Ro in the range between 1.8 and 3.5, and the initial number of infected individuals in the range betwee 10 and 8409 for some selected countries. We propose the parameters included in the dynamic equations and the initial number of infecting cases which is sum of the officially known cases and the unknown population of the asymptomatic cases. doi = nan id = cord-029898-2t9mif9k author = Chaganti, Shikha title = Automated Quantification of CT Patterns Associated with COVID-19 from Chest CT date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; PHO summary = PURPOSE: To present a method that automatically segments and quantifies abnormal CT patterns commonly present in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), namely ground glass opacities and consolidations. The method outputs two combined measures of the severity of lung and lobe involvement, quantifying both the extent of COVID-19 abnormalities and presence of high opacities, based on deep learning and deep reinforcement learning. CONCLUSION: A new method segments regions of CT abnormalities associated with COVID-19 and computes (PO, PHO), as well as (LSS, LHOS) severity scores. The DI2IN has been first trained on CT scans from a large group of patients with various diseases (miscellaneous in Table 1 ), then fine-tuned with scans with abnormal patterns including ( ILDs, pneumonia, and COVID-19 in Table1), to improve the robustness of the lung segmentation over the infected areas. doi = 10.1148/ryai.2020200048 id = cord-356057-87kxlqdc author = Chagas, Aline Lopes title = Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma during the COVID-19 Pandemic - São Paulo Clínicas Liver Cancer Group Multidisciplinary Consensus Statement date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; HCC; patient summary = Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are at an increased risk for severe COVID-19 as they present with two major diseases: cancer and concomitant chronic liver disease. However, during the pandemic, the risks and benefits of HCC treatment should be individualized and factors like tumor stage, liver function, age, comorbidities, local availability of resources, and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection should be considered (5, (14) (15) (16) . When a ''''bridge treatment'''' is chosen, alpha-fetoprotein monitoring and imaging examinations should be performed so that patients are not dropped off the liver transplantation (LT) list and their chances of availing other curative therapies are retained, such as surgery or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). The risks and benefits of performing TACE with SBRT and systemic treatment in patients at a high risk for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as those aged 475 years and/ or having comorbidities, and patients with multifocal tumors (43 nodules), especially those who fall outside the Up-to-7 criteria (25), should be discussed by a multidisciplinary team. doi = 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2192 id = cord-272300-ck301hcu author = Chahrour, Mohamad title = A Bibliometric Analysis of COVID-19 Research Activity: A Call for Increased Output date = 2020-03-21 keywords = COVID-19; publication summary = Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted many countries across all inhabited continents, and is now considered a global pandemic, due to its high rate of infectivity. Methods: We explored the PubMed database and the World Health Organization (WHO) database for publications pertaining to COVID-19 since December 2019 up until March 18, 2020. Observational studies and therapeutic trials pertaining to COVID-19 are essential for assessing pathogenic characteristics and developing novel treatment options. Reports from countries with big numbers of confirmed cases would delineate risk factors, clinical features as well as treatment strategies for patients with COVID-19 [12] . The publication type was identified and only original articles and case reports were included in our study. This information begins with early-outbreak case reports and observational studies, where the basic characteristics of the novel disease are documented, and hence, awareness can be raised [23] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.7357 id = cord-276295-0w3jz31k author = Chai, A. title = Re: Testing recommendation for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients planned for surgery - continuing the service and ‘suppressing’ the pandemic date = 2020-05-11 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Re: Testing recommendation for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients planned for surgery continuing the service and ''suppressing'' the pandemic We thank the editorial team in providing an excellent overview with regards to testing for COVID-19 in pre-op surgical patients. He had RT-PCR for COVID-19 before his procedure, which he tested negative. He then presented to the acute OMFS oncall team 10 days later, complaining of general malaise and fever over two days. Further COVID-19 swabs remain negative. We have since found that patients within his bay where he was admitted for his surgery have also been poorly and tested positive for COVID-19. A CT thorax can be used to improve the accuracy of diagnosis in inconclusive cases . Testing recommendation for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients planned for surgery -continuing the service and ''suppressing'' the pandemic Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A single arm meta-analysis doi = 10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.05.005 id = cord-288566-7dtmjzj9 author = Chai, Ningli title = The influence of the COVID-19 epidemic on the gastrointestinal endoscopy practice in China: a national survey date = 2020-11-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: The influence of the COVID-19 epidemic on the gastrointestinal endoscopy practice in China: a national survey Number of various GI endoscopic procedures and participants getting endoscopic training from January 1 to April 10, 2020 (the COVID-19 period) and the same period of 2019 were collected and analyzed. Most of hospitals (93.8%) adhered to the recommendation of endoscopy practice issued by CSDE during the outbreak of COVID-19, and there was no cases of infection in endoscopic departments of all surveyed hospitals. [10] (3) Number of diagnostic GI endoscopic procedures from January 1 to April 10, 2020 (the COVID-19 period) and the same period of 2019, respectively, including esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), colonoscopy, enteroscopy, capsule endoscopy and others; (4) Number of therapeutic GI endoscopic procedures during the above two periods, including ERCP, interventional EUS and others. The strongest strength of our study is that we provide the concrete impact of COVID-19 on GI endoscopic practice in mainland China, including various endoscopic procedures and training. doi = 10.1007/s00464-020-08149-4 id = cord-262152-gdnc51m5 author = Chaibi, Sayma title = Liver Function Test Abnormalities Are Associated With A Poorer Prognosis In Covid-19 Patients: Results Of A French Cohort date = 2020-10-19 keywords = covid-19; liver summary = title: Liver Function Test Abnormalities Are Associated With A Poorer Prognosis In Covid-19 Patients: Results Of A French Cohort AIM: To assess the impact of liver function test (LFT) abnormalities on the prognosis of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a French cohort of hospitalized patients. Similar results were obtained for patients with cholestatic liver injury (Table Table 5 shows the association of factors with the composite severity endpoint (admission to ICU, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, CT scan injury >50% and global mortality). Severe infection is known to be more frequent among those patients, but they had mostly imbalanced diabetes or hypertension, which was not the case in our study Global mortality was also similar (16.0%), yet the number of admissions to ICU (15.3%) was higher than previously reported 1 . doi = 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.10.002 id = cord-208177-m8q6dyfx author = Chaisemartin, Cl''ement de title = BCG vaccination in infancy does not protect against COVID-19. Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden date = 2020-06-08 keywords = BCG; covid-19 summary = Instead, this paper takes advantage of a rare nationwide natural experiment that took place in Sweden in 1975, where discontinuation of newborns BCG vaccination led to a dramatic fall of the BCG coverage rate from 92% to 2% , thus allowing us to estimate the BCG''s effect without all the biases associated with cross-country comparisons. We used regression discontinuity to assess the effect of BCG vaccination on Covid-19 related outcomes. found that countries with universal Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) childhood vaccination policies tend to be less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, in terms of their number of cases and deaths 3 . In this study, we took advantage of a change in vaccination policy in Sweden to investigate the link between BCG vaccination in infancy and Covid-19 cases, hospitalizations and deaths, using a regression discontinuity approach. doi = nan id = cord-327720-m6cofbj6 author = Chakrabarti, Amitabha title = Understanding the practice of thoracic surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; patient; thoracic summary = The guidelines, consensus statements, and preliminary recommendations published by the thoracic surgeons so far have appreciated the importance of triage of patients with thoracic surgical diseases and multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting. As a result, proper triaging, ensuring safety of patient and health care personnel, and optimal utilization of the available resources remain the cornerstone while fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. 1 COVID-19 guidance for triage of operations for thoracic malignancies: a consensus statement from thoracic surgery outcomes research network [2] 2 Preliminary recommendations for lung surgery during COVID-19 epidemic period [3] 3 General thoracic surgery services across Asia during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic [ Besides, we have also reviewed the outcome of the survey of thoracic surgical practices among surgeons of Europe, Asia, and South America, conducted by the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) [10] . doi = 10.1007/s12055-020-01025-9 id = cord-264266-6xvj9zey author = Chakrabarti, Sankha Shubhra title = COVID-19 in India: Are Biological and Environmental Factors Helping to Stem the Incidence and Severity? date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19; India; SARS; case summary = Apart from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV which caused severe respiratory diseases following outbreaks in 2003 and 2012, there are four endemic human corona viruses, HCoV-229E, HCoV NL-63, HCoV-OC4, HCoV-HKU1 in populations that are responsible for various types of respiratory illness which are generally self-limiting in young and immunecompetent persons [8] . It can be assumed that some degrees of sequence homology or conformational similarities among the structural proteins, especially the S protein, of SARS-CoV-2 and the endemic corona viruses (HCoV-229E, HCoV NL-63, HCoV-OC4, HCoV-HKU1) may result in cross-reactive immunity (circulating antibodies or primed T-cells) in persons with prior exposure to the latter viruses, and this may modulate the course and outcome of COVID-19. Thus, the possibility of a protective cross-immunity in the Indian population against COVID-19 cannot be ignored in explaining a rather mild effect of the current coronavirus pandemic in India in comparison to that in Europe and the USA. Therefore, cross-reactive antibodies generated as a result of infections from other human corona viruses may have a protective role in a population affected by COVID-19. doi = 10.14336/ad.2020.0402 id = cord-279942-y5io9qzl author = Chakrabarty, Rajan K. title = Ambient PM2.5 exposure and rapid spread of COVID-19 in the United States date = 2020-11-09 keywords = SNA; covid-19 summary = Evidence is emerging that long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter 2.5 μm or less) associates with higher COVID-19 mortality rates, but whether it also associates with the speed at which the disease is capable of spreading in a population is unknown. Here, we establish the association between long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 in the United States (US) and COVID-19 basic reproduction ratio R 0– a dimensionless epidemic measure of the rapidity of disease spread through a population. ) Recent studies have have strongly associated COVID-19 mortality with long-term air pollution exposure in the US , as well as identifying that long-term meteorological and climatic variables play a minor role in comparison to the amount of susceptible population for fundamentally driving the pandemic dynamics (Baker et al. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143391 id = cord-312218-qtxh4ttp author = Chakraborty, Jayajit title = Social Inequities in the Distribution of COVID-19: An Intra-Categorical Analysis of People with Disabilities in the U.S. date = 2020-09-18 keywords = U.S.; covid-19 summary = OBJECTIVE: This article presents the first national scale study of the relationship between COVID-19 incidence and disability characteristics in the U.S. The objective is to determine whether COVID-19 incidence is significantly greater in counties containing higher percentages of socio-demographically disadvantaged PwDs, based on race, ethnicity, poverty status, age, and biological sex. 5, 8, 9 While recent studies have documented greater COVID-19 incidence and fatality rates in U.S. counties containing higher proportions of non-White and socioeconomically disadvantaged residents, 10-12 research on the socio-spatial distribution of COVID-19 burdens has paid limited attention to PwDs. To address this gap, this article presents the first national scale study of the relationship between confirmed COVID-19 cases and disability characteristics in the U.S. The specific objective is to determine whether COVID-19 incidence is significantly greater in counties containing higher percentages of socio-demographically disadvantaged PwDs, based on their race, ethnicity, poverty status, age, and biological sex. doi = 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.101007 id = cord-343100-cljfh8es author = Chakraborty, Parthasarathi title = Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide (NO(2)) from Vehicular Emission Could Increase the COVID-19 Pandemic Fatality in India: A Perspective date = 2020-07-15 keywords = India; covid-19 summary = This study has shown strong positive correlation between the concentration of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and both the absolute number of COVID-19 deaths (r = 0.79, p < 0.05) and case fatality rate (r = 0.74, p < 0.05) in India. The data (used in this study) related to atmospheric pollutants and the COVID-19 pandemic were obtained from online resources (Central control room for air quality management-all India and https ://www.covid 19ind ia.org/ respectively). The concentration of surface atmospheric pollutants from 207 stations of 128 cities distributed all over India (as shown in Fig. 1) were obtained from the website of Central Control Room for Air Quality Management (https ://app.cpcbc cr.com/ccr). However, increasing concentration of atmospheric NO 2 , showed a strong positive correlation with the number of COVID-19 deaths and the COVID-19 CFR in different states of India ( Fig. 2a and b) . doi = 10.1007/s00128-020-02937-3 id = cord-225347-lnzz2chk author = Chakraborty, Tanujit title = Nowcasting of COVID-19 confirmed cases: Foundations, trends, and challenges date = 2020-10-10 keywords = ARIMA; ARNN; COVID-19; model; series; time summary = Several statistical and machine learning methods for real-time forecasting of the new and cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19 are developed to overcome limitations of the epidemiological model approaches and assist public health planning and policy-making [25, 91, 6, 26, 23] . As such, we aim to perform a meaningful data analysis, including the study of time series characteristics, to provide a suitable and comprehensive knowledge foundation for the future step of selecting an apt forecasting method. Five time series COVID-19 datasets for the USA, India, Russia, Brazil, and Peru UK are considered for assessing twenty forecasting models (individual, ensemble, and hybrid). Results for USA COVID-19 data: Among the single models, ARIMA (2, 1, 4) performs best in terms of accuracy metrics for 15-days ahead forecasts. Results for India COVID-19 data: Among the single models, ANN performs best in terms of accuracy metrics for 15-days ahead forecasts. doi = nan id = cord-258235-khdyxiwe author = Chakraborty, Tanujit title = Real-time forecasts and risk assessment of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) cases: A data-driven analysis date = 2020-04-30 keywords = ARIMA; CFR; covid-19 summary = To solve the first problem, we presented a hybrid approach based on autoregressive integrated moving average model and Wavelet-based forecasting model that can generate short-term (ten days ahead) forecasts of the number of daily confirmed cases for Canada, France, India, South Korea, and the UK. In this section, we first briefly discuss these datasets, followed by the development of the proposed hybrid model, and finally, the application of the proposed model to generate short-term forecasts of the future COVID-19 cases for five different countries. Algorithm 1 Proposed Hybrid ARIMA-WBF Model 1 Given a time series of length n, input the in-sample (training) COVID-19 daily cases data. Thus, these real-time short-term forecasts based on the proposed hybrid ARIMA-WBF model for Canada, France, India, South Korea, and the UK will be helpful for government officials and policymakers to allocate adequate health care resources for the coming days. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109850 id = cord-306685-w7y5g2x0 author = Chalk, D. title = Modelling Palliative and End of Life resource requirements during COVID-19: implications for quality care date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; July; care summary = Methods A Discrete Event Simulation model designed in collaboration with health service funders, health providers, clinicians and modellers in the South West of England was created to estimate the resources required during the COVID-19 pandemic to care for deaths from COVID-19 in the community for a geographical area of nearly 1 million people. The model identified a large increase in need for staff time, including registered community nurses, health care assistants and specialist palliative care nurses and doctors, as well as pressure on resources including syringe pumps and anticipatory medication (such as opioids) used at the EoL for symptom relief from breathlessness and delirium. Based on the model analysis for additional COVID-19 EoL care need, specialist palliative care demand is predicted to increase by around 9 hours per day. Nine additional syringe pumps needing to be in use per day, at a cost of around £1742 each or £15,678 in total is also a significant added resource demand for EoL care for patients with COVID-19 in the community. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.23.20160564 id = cord-311749-yp313biv author = Chalmers, James D. title = Rewiring the Immune Response in COVID-19 date = 2020-09-15 keywords = AAT; COVID-19 summary = Current concepts regard COVID-19 as a biphasic illness: an initial viral phase with suggested mean duration of 7 days followed by a "hyperinflammatory phase" characterized by host-mediated organ damage and what is widely referred to as a "cytokine storm" (6) . This model of a hyperinflammatory syndrome occurring a week or more after initial infection, leading to ARDS and a need for mechanical ventilation, is further supported by the benefits of dexamethasone in the recently published RECOVERY (Randomized Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy) trial (9) . Neutrophil metabolic reprogramming, or what the authors refer to as "rewiring," is reported in cystic fibrosis and other conditions in response to inflammatory cytokines and low-level endotoxemia (15) . As IL-6 levels were higher in the more severely ill patients with COVID-19, interestingly, AAT was similarly increased, and the authors demonstrate that positive outcomes were associated with a lower IL-6 relative to AAT. Characterization of the inflammatory response to severe COVID-19 illness doi = 10.1164/rccm.202007-2934ed id = cord-318701-f9j13fsc author = Chamboredon, P. title = COVID‐19 pandemic in France: health emergency experiences from the field date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; France; French; Health summary = On 12 March 2020, when WHO declared the status of a pandemic concerning the novel coronavirus (WHO 2020e), crisis measures were taken by the President of the French Republic (2020a) and his government, to control the epidemic and manage the health situation, namely, the closure of the nurseries, schools and universities for users as of 16 March 2020 ; the introduction of short-time work hours for employees whose companies cannot carry out their activities and of teleworking for all employees who have this possibility of adjusting the exercise of their profession (Ministry of Solidarity & Health 2020c). The health context made it possible to create the first telecare procedure related to the management of patients with COVID-19 by home nurses during the period of the state of health emergency (High Authority of Health 2020; Prime Minister of the French Government 2020c). doi = 10.1111/inr.12604 id = cord-295393-aln51r9y author = Chamorro-Pareja, Natalia title = Unexpected high mortality in COVID-19 and diabetic ketoacidosis()() date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f TO THE EDITOR: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) appear to be at a greater risk for severe symptoms and complications, including death from COVID-19. As has been Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f previously described, in our analysis, age and male sex were associated with higher mortality in patients with COVID-19 and DKA. 7, 8 Moreover, majority of our patients were Hispanic or African American, and it has been proposed that these patients have a higher risk of mortality from COVID-19. Severe obesity, increasing age and male sex are independently associated with worse in-hospital outcomes, and higher in-hospital mortality Letter to the Editor: COVID-19 in patients with diabetes: Risk factors that increase morbidity doi = 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154301 id = cord-332680-zfn81hew author = Chan, Chieh-Kai title = Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors and Risks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; ace summary = The following variables were extracted: author, journal, publication year, study design, geographic location, participants'' details (number, study population, age, sex, and comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease), use of antihypertensive drugs, such as ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium-channel blockers, beta-blockers, diuretics, outcomes (including positive SARS-CoV-2 test results and disease prognosis/severity, if available). The systematic review findings of the 7 high-quality studies (with comparative data on the controls) on SARS-COV-2 infection provide the best available evidence proving that therapy with ACE inhibitors or ARBs is not associated with an increase of positive SARS-CoV-2 test result and the severity of COVID-19 disease or overall population mortality as a whole in case-population and cohort studies. ACE indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; ICU, intensive care unit; N/A, not applicable; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agents; RAASi, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors; and SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. doi = 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15989 id = cord-199156-7yxzj7tw author = Chan, Ho Fai title = Risk Attitudes and Human Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; mobility; pandemic; risk summary = In each regression, we controlled for whether the day is a weekend, an indicator distinguishing our sample time period by the day when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic (11 March 2020) , the total number of confirmed cases per 1,000 people, number of days since the first confirmed coronavirus related death in the country 7 , percentage of population over 65, population density (per squared km of land area), percentage of urban population, average household size, unemployment rate, per capita income (in logs), daily average temperature, and a set of indicators on government responses that covers recommending and requesting closure of school, workplace, public transport, stay at home, cancellation of public events, and restriction on gatherings and internal movement (39) . doi = nan id = cord-333225-654rd38j author = Chan, Khee-Siang title = Collateral Benefits on Other Respiratory Infections during Fighting COVID-19 date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; Taiwan summary = Method: We collected week-case data of severe influenza, invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae disease and death toll from pneumonia among 25 calendar weeks of the influenza season for four years (2016-2020), which were reported to Taiwan CDC. Result: A downturn trend of severe influenza, invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae disease and the death toll from pneumonia per week in 2019/2020 season and significant trend difference in comparison to previous seasons were noted, especially after initiation of several disease prevention measures to fight potential COVID-19 outbreak in Taiwan. Conclusions: Fighting COVID-19 achieved collateral benefits on significant reductions of severe influenza burden, invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae disease activity, and the death toll from pneumonia reported to CDC in Taiwan. In January 2020, the Taiwan government assembled a taskforce to contain the outbreak We proposed that collateral benefits on changing influenza activity and other respiratory infection activity (invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae disease) and outcome (death toll from pneumonia) would have happened in Taiwan. doi = 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.05.026 id = cord-319885-8qyavs7m author = Chan, Stephen title = Count regression models for COVID-19 date = 2021-02-01 keywords = COVID-19; China; model summary = The best fitting count regression model for modelling the number of new daily COVID-19 cases of all countries analysed was shown to be a negative binomial distribution with log link function. Since these countries are lagging behind China in terms of the overall spread of the disease, much of the literature has been focused on modelling and predicting the disease in the early stages of the outbreak -particularly the daily incidence (number of new confirmed cases per day) and the basic reproductive number. The main contributions of this paper are: (i) to provide a statistical analysis of COVID-19 worldwide; (ii) to investigate whether it is possible to utilise count regression models for fitting and predicting the number of daily confirmed cases due to COVID-19 globally. The best fitting count regression model for modelling the number of new daily COVID-19 cases of all countries was shown to be a negative binomial distribution with log link function. doi = 10.1016/j.physa.2020.125460 id = cord-298281-wkje5jyt author = Chan, Vinson Wai-Shun title = A systematic review on COVID-19: urological manifestations, viral RNA detection and special considerations in urological conditions date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS summary = Primary outcomes were the urological manifestations of COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA detection in urine and stool samples. Primary outcomes of our study included urological manifestations of COVID-19, detection rates of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in urine and stool samples, and special considerations in urological conditions. For the urological manifestations and viral RNA detection rates, data were pool analysed using MetaXL and Microsoft Excel when there are two or more studies with at least four patients reporting the same outcome under the same definition. There were a total of 11 studies that reported the number of patients who had their urine tested for SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA. Our meta-analysis included 12 studies that reported the number of patients with stools tested for SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA. Our study showed that 5.74% of the COVID-19 patients had positive viral RNA in urine samples. doi = 10.1007/s00345-020-03246-4 id = cord-311413-uiwjrvru author = Chanda-Kapata, Pascalina title = COVID-19 and malaria: A symptom screening challenge for malaria endemic countries date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; malaria summary = COVID-19 currently imposes an additional burden to the already overstretched, resource strapped health services which are grappling to bring under control the high burden of existing infectious and non-infectious diseases, including TB, HIV, and malaria. Health care workers and community members alike are faced with an important challenge of quickly identifying symptoms and taking appropriate steps for laboratory investigation in line with the case definition based on surveillance or clinical characterisation (WHO, 2020a) . Key steps to identifying a COVID-19 case ultimately involves symptomatic or high risk patients presenting to health providers with complaints of any of the following symptoms or travel history: fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, headache and others of acute onset or history of travel to affected areas or contact with an infected person. Thus, current screening approaches for COVID-19 are likely to miss approximately 50% of the infected cases even in countries with good health systems and available diagnostic capacities (Gostic et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.007 id = cord-308715-uo6h1h2e author = Chandra, Aman title = Personal protective equipment (PPE) for vitreoretinal surgery during COVID-19 date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = SARS-CoV-2 is the recently discovered virus which has resulted in the pandemic illness known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1] . Estimates for the proportion of asymptomatic patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in different populations range between 7 and 80% [10] [11] [12] , with a substantial proportion of transmission occurring prior to illness onset [13, 14] . Gloves, disposable aprons, eye protection, fluid resistant type IIR surgical masks and slit lamp guards are recommended as personal protective equipment (PPE) for ophthalmic clinic assessment by the Royal College of Ophthalmologists [17] . Symptomatic patients with SARS tend to develop lower respiratory tract infections, suggesting aerosol transmission is important [25] . Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings Aerosol generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: a systematic review doi = 10.1038/s41433-020-0948-3 id = cord-286222-8gfo2c87 author = Chandra, Dr Prabha S title = COVID 19 related Psychosis as an interface of fears, socio-cultural issues and vulnerability- case report of two women from India date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID summary = Type of manuscript: Correspondence (Letter to the Editor) Title: COVID 19 related Psychosis as an interface of fears, socio-cultural issues and vulnerability-case report of two women from India Authors: Prabha S Chandra a *, Lakshmi Shiva a , Sachin Nagendrappa a , Sundarnag Ganjekar a ,Harish Thippeswamy a Affiliations: a.National institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru-560029, India There have been reports of heightened anxiety about COVID 19 leading to psychosis and related psychopathology (Brown et al., 2020; D Rentero et al., 2020; Vald''es-Florido et al., 2020) . Women who are vulnerable either due to personality factors, a family history or those in the perinatal period may be at risk for psychotic symptoms precipitated by high levels of COVID related anxiety (Wu et al., 2020) . Ms. R a 34-year old married housekeeper with two children, who had migrated recently to the city, presented with a two day history of being extremely fearful that she would get COVID 19 infection and her family and she would die. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113136 id = cord-326506-8jckdecg author = Chandratre, Sonal title = Medical Students and COVID-19: Challenges and Supportive Strategies date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to spread across the world, it is also adversely affecting medical student education. In addition, COVID-19 poses several challenges to medical students'' physical and mental health and their professional identity formation. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted medical student education (MSE) drastically. Assessment of mental health of MS (n = 7143) from Changzhi Medical School, China, demonstrated self-reported anxiety in 25% participants. Learning from China''s experiences about COVID-19-related mental health challenges in MS, medical schools globally should bolster mental health support for their MS. Both the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health and the Medical College of Wisconsin collaborated to describe how they are individually responding to the current need of a revised medical education curriculum delivery in light of COVID-19 with their complete transition to virtual learning. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical student education in Wisconsin doi = 10.1177/2382120520935059 id = cord-286280-bxfea097 author = Chang, Connie Y. title = Symptomatic COVID-19 infections in outpatient image-guided corticosteroid injection patients during the lockdown phase date = 2020-10-27 keywords = corticosteroid; covid-19; injection summary = CONCLUSION: Image-guided corticosteroid injections for pain management performed during the lockdown phase of the COVID-19 pandemic were not associated with a higher infection rate compared to the general population. The purpose of our study was to determine infection rates following imageguided corticosteroid injections for pain management compared to the COVID-19 infection rate in the general population during the lockdown phase. Our study examining outpatients who received image-guided corticosteroid injections for pain management during the lockdown phase of the COVID-19 pandemic found one subject who developed symptomatic COVID-19 infection 19 days after a tibiotalar joint infection. performed a study of 15,068 joint injections and found a relative increased risk of 1.5 for vaccinated subjects developing influenza after an intra-articular corticosteroid injection compared with vaccinated control subjects [16] . In conclusion, our study showed no significant difference in the rate of occurrence of new cases of COVID-19 infection in the corticosteroid injection group and the general population of Massachusetts during the lockdown phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s00256-020-03656-w id = cord-347460-9vechh4x author = Chang, Feng-Yee title = Immunologic aspects of characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; CoV; IFN; MERS; SARS; infection summary = Three components are crucial for SARS-CoV induced diseases: 1) the role of CD8+ T cells in defense against the virus, which causes apoptosis in the infected cells, 2) interactions of the virus with macrophages and dendritic cells, which initiate the early innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses, and 3) type I interferon (IFN) system, an innate response against viral infections, which can inhibit virus replication in the early phase. Existing information suggests that the SARS-CoV-infected airways and alveolar epithelial cells secrete abundant chemokines to attract immune cell infiltrations to the lungs, including macrophages and neutrophils, thereby causing damage due to high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and other mediators secreted by these cell types. After a decade of research on coronavirus, unfortunately, still there are no licensed vaccines, effective specific antivirals, nor drug combinations supported by high-level evidence to treat the infection, especially for newly emerging strains such as SARS-COV-2 [59] . doi = 10.1186/s12929-020-00663-w id = cord-349822-ehidj2ev author = Chang, Raymond title = Repositioned chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as antiviral prophylaxis for COVID-19: A protocol for rapid systematic review of randomized controlled trials date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In this setting, the existing drugs chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) which has suggestive evidence of efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease has become prime candidates to be repositioned as therapeutic and preventative agents, and a growing number of clinical trials have been registered to study their preventative potential for at-risk populations using a range of dosing schemes and outcome measures. This rapid systematic review protocol aims to provide streamlined and timely synthesis on methodologies and results of randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of CQ and HCQ in hopes that this will constructively inform further research as well as public health policy. . https://doi.org/10.1101 /2020 Using standardised forms, two researchers will independently extract data on study design, setting, participant characteristics, intervention and comparison details including dosage, duration, timing and route of administration, outcomes assessed and time of measure, as well as funding source or conflicts of interests as reported by authors of the trials. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.18.20071167 id = cord-253162-lebgynsz author = Chang, Tsai-Yu title = Innovation of dental education during COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; University; dental summary = MATERIALS AND METHODS: By means of three online symposiums, dental educators from different countries were invited to give presentation and discussion regarding to the information and experience in the innovation of dental education during the pandemic. Dental educators from different countries were invited to attend online symposiums with ZOOM software (Zoom Video Communications Inc., San Jose, California, USA) and give presentations regarding their information and experience in the innovation of dental education during the COVID-19 pandemic from their own countries. Eight scholars from The University of Sydney, Australia; The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Loma Linda University, USA; International Medical University, Malaysia; National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan; Tohoku University, Japan; Chulalongkorn University, Thailand; and Columbia University, USA were invited to present the current situation of dental education during the pandemic in each own country. doi = 10.1016/j.jds.2020.07.011 id = cord-339536-je7fe0e7 author = Chang, Wei-Ting title = The impact of COVID-19 on the research and educational environment in Taiwan --Forewarned is forearmed date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: The impact of COVID-19 on the research and educational environment in Taiwan --Forewarned is forearmed Two months apart from the lockdown of the first city, Wuhan, China, the research institutes at Stanford University, California start their remote lecture plan from March 14 th . With the timely activation of the public health system, Taiwan is one of the countries with an early response to COVID-19 3 . Currently, Taiwan received a ''rotten egg'' from the pandemic with 452 cases diagnosed with COVID-19 and 7 cases of death, which fortunately is a relatively lower mortality rate compared to other countries. Instead of instituting a local, citywide, or national lockdown, most people in Taiwan maintain their daily activities, including biomedical research. There are several pivotal decisions and measures that contained COVID-19 and simultaneously permitted the function of research and educational institutes. China Novel Coronavirus I and Research T. doi = 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.08.004 id = cord-339400-9uro1xlk author = Chang, Yoon-Seok title = COVID-19 and allergy date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Since its first report in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has totally changed our life throughout the world [1] . It is important to keep washing hands, wearing mask, and physical distancing in this time of ''COVID-19 pandemic'' and ''new normal.'' Numerous clinical trials of vaccines and therapeutic agents are ongoing [3] . Readers will find interesting articles on wheeze sound characteristics and nighttime sleep disturbances in younger children, the tolerability to paracetamol and preferential cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors in patients with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs hypersensitivity, and the knowledge and attitudes of residents and interns to drug allergy [16] [17] [18] . This issue also contains inspiring articles on the utility of an educational video on epinephrine prefilled syringe usage for anaphylaxis, and the IgE recognition profile of aeroallergen components in young children sensitized to dogs [19, 20] . doi = 10.5415/apallergy.2020.10.e34 id = cord-338580-zszeldfv author = Chang, Yu-Kai title = Exercise Behavior and Mood during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Taiwan: Lessons for the Future date = 2020-09-28 keywords = covid-19; exercise; frequency; pandemic summary = This study aims to explore the influence of COVID-19 on exercise behavior and its impact on mood states, as well as predict changes in exercise behavior during a similar future pandemic in Taiwan. Those who exercised for 2-3 days per week prepandemic and were able to maintain their exercise frequency, had higher mood states compared to those who decreased their exercise frequency to one day or less during the COVID-19 pandemic (b pre2:during1-2 = −0.25, p < 0.01). Exercise frequency during the COVID-19 pandemic had no significant effect on mood states for those who exercised one day or less prepandemic (p > 0.05). In general, higher frequencies of exercise during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in better mood states. Our study is the first study conducted to investigate the changes in exercise behavior and mood states during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17197092 id = cord-318906-p7wb6kjd author = Changzheng, He title = How should colorectal surgeons practice during the COVID‐19 epidemic? A retrospective single‐center analysis based on real‐world data from China date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To date we''ve carried out several measures and put forward a Chinese expert consensus on surgical diagnosis and treatment strategies for CRC patients during COVID-19 epidemic [12] . Firstly, several tips for outpatient management should be addressed: (1) medical staff in outpatient must wear medical surgical mask or N95 mask, as well as disposable helmet, gloves and goggles, to protect them from potential infection; (2) appointment and triage protocols should be carried out through telephone, smartphone apps or internet service and patients visit the clinic based on reservation number and recommended time, to reduce crowds gathering and lower risks of cross infection; (3) for primary-care patients, triage nurses need to measure their temperature and investigate epidemiological history including travelling to Wuhan in Hubei Province and nearby cities, meeting with people who have been in those areas, and contact with confirmed or suspected cases within 14 days, as well as clinical manifestations including fever ( > 37.3℃), fatigue and respiratory symptoms like coughing. doi = 10.1111/ans.16057 id = cord-311215-x3b7ewo2 author = Chao, Tiffany N. title = Tracheotomy in Ventilated Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-05-05 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Here we seek to determine whether there is a subset of ventilated COVID-19 patients for which tracheotomy may be indicated, while considering patient prognosis and the risks of transmission. In a typical non-COVID-19 intensive care unit patient cohort, early tracheotomy (typically defined as within 7 days of intubation) is often recommended for critically ill ventilated patients 10 . 2. Tracheotomy before 21 days should not be routinely performed in COVID-19 patients solely for prolonged ventilator dependence, given the high risk of transmission and poor prognosis of patients requiring intubation and ventilation in the existing literature. Tracheotomy has been shown to be an aerosol generating procedure that increases the risk of transmission to healthcare workers, with an odds ratio of 4.15 for transmission in those who performed tracheotomies during the SARS epidemic 19 , though it is unclear as to whether this may be due in part to inadequate personal protective equipment (PPE). doi = 10.1097/sla.0000000000003956 id = cord-355986-ntovppf8 author = Chapman, Michael title = Systems of Care in Crisis: The Changing Nature of Palliative Care During COVID-19 date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; care summary = Care systems, the dynamic interconnections and processes involving care providers and care recipients, result in the practices that we recognize as "care." These systems emerge from the needs of human bodies, the recognition and response to these needs by people and communities, the communication that supports these connections, and the meaning attributed to this care. Also relevant to palliative care systems has been the pandemic''s profound influence on social, psychological, and community systems (particularly through uncertainty, isolation, and fear) which require responses and support. Providing palliative care now places clinicians and their families at risk from the illness itself and from fear-based responses and hostility of the community to healthcare workers. The commonality of responses of palliative care systems subject to the influences the COVID-19 pandemic noted with this work does not mean to imply a uniformity of experience. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10006-x id = cord-268324-86a0n0dc author = Charitos, Ioannis A title = Special features of SARS-CoV-2 in daily practice date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COVID-19; Health; SARS; disease; patient; respiratory summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (commonly known as SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus (designated as 2019-nCoV), which was isolated for the first time after the Chinese health authorities reported a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The clinical picture of critical patients with severe inflammatory-induced lung disease and with sepsis or septic shock needing intensive care support and mechanical ventilation is characterized by a wide range of signs and symptoms of life-threatening multiorgan dysfunction or failure, including dyspnoea, tachypnoea (respiratory rate of > 30/min), tachycardia, chest pain or tightness, hypoxemia, virus-induced distributive shock, cardiac dysfunction, elevations in multiple inflammatory cytokines, renal impairment with oliguria, altered mental status, functional alterations of organs expressed as laboratory data of hyperbilirubinemia, acidosis [serum lactate level > 2 mmol/L (18 mg/dL)], coagulopathy, and thrombocytopenia. doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i18.3920 id = cord-298090-9b3d33ih author = Charlier, P title = L’hydroxy-chloroquine pour traiter les patients infectés du COVID-19: quelques leçons d''an-thropologie médicale et d''histoire de la médecine date = 2020-08-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = Here, the authors question the implementation of hydroxychloroquine treatment in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Here, the authors question the implementation of hydroxychloroquine treatment in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Since the start of the epidemics and then the pandemic, Professor Raoult has been in favour of using a drug combination (hydroxy-chloroquine +/ azithromycine) that shows a good in vitro antiviral effect against COVID-19 but without "robust" human clinical trials behind it [12, 13] . Returning to the discussion on hydroxy-chloroquine the look into the history of medicine offers one strong argument for the application as a potential treatment due to the lack of proven effective therapies for Covid-19 [24] . 8 So certainly, in the context of hydroxy-chloroquine and Covid-19 pandemic, there are rules to follow, those of statistics and randomised controlled trials, but do we have the time? doi = 10.1016/j.jemep.2020.100587 id = cord-267055-xscwk74r author = Chassagnon, Guillaume title = AI-Driven quantification, staging and outcome prediction of COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; disease summary = Our approach relies on automatic deep learning-based disease quantification using an ensemble of architectures, and a data-driven consensus for the staging and outcome prediction of the patients fusing imaging biomarkers with clinical and biological attributes. • A Covid-19-specific holistic, highly compact multi-omics signature integrating imaging/clinical/ biological data and associated comorbidities for automatic patient staging is presented and evaluated. Our approach relies on automatic deep learning-based disease quantification using an ensemble of architectures, and a datadriven consensus for the staging and outcome prediction of the patients fusing imaging biomarkers with clinical and biological attributes. In this study, we investigated an automatic method ( To the best of our knowledge this is among a few systematic efforts to quantify disease extent, to discover low dimensional and interpretable imaging biomarkers and to integrate them to clinical variables into short and long term prognosis of COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.media.2020.101860 id = cord-277700-nxm1jr0x author = Chassagnon, Guillaume title = AI-Driven CT-based quantification, staging and short-term outcome prediction of COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19; patient; segmentation summary = (i) Two independent cohorts with quantification based on ensemble 2D & 3D consensus neural networks reaching expert-level annotations on massive evaluation, (ii) Consensus-driven bio(imaging)-marker selection on the principle of prevalence across methods leading to variables highly-correlated with outcomes & (iii) Consensus of linear & non-linear classification methods for staging and prognosis reaching optimal performance (minimum discrepancy between training & testing). The approach relied on (i) a disease quantification solution that exploited 2D & 3D convolutional neural networks using an ensemble method, (ii) a biomarker discovery approach sought to determine the share space of features that are the most informative for staging & prognosis, & (iii) an ensemble robust supervised classification method to distinguish patients with severe vs non-severe short-term outcome and among severe patients those intubated and those who did not survive. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.17.20069187 id = cord-272219-w4lyryr7 author = Chate, Rodrigo Caruso title = Presentation of pulmonary infection on CT in COVID-19: initial experience in Brazil date = 2020 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In this initial experience in Brazil, involving the first 12 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 (based on RT-PCR results) who underwent chest CT at our facility, the following CT features were observed: ground-glass opacities, in 12 patients (100%); crazypaving pattern, in 7 (58%); alveolar consolidation, in 4 (33%); reversed halo sign, in 1 (8%); and pleural effusion, in 1 (8%). Axial images (in A to C) and coronal reconstructions (in D) of chest CT scans of a 44-year-old man with clinical findings suggestive of COVID-19 (fever, sore throat, and frequent dry cough), demonstrating the most commonly described pattern: numerous bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities, associated with fine reticulation and interlobular septal thickening (crazy-paving pattern), involving various lung lobes and being predominantly peripheral in distribution in the parenchyma and a little more extensive in the posterior regions of the lower lobes. doi = 10.36416/1806-3756/e20200121 id = cord-274694-kdsv7v8e author = Chathukulam, Jos title = The Kerala Model in the time of COVID19: rethinking State, Society and Democracy date = 2020-09-23 keywords = Covid; Development; India; Kerala; pandemic; state summary = On the other hand, there are some relatively poor, so-called under-developed countries and regions, such as Vietnam (The Economist, 2020), Cambodia and the small state of Kerala in India (a state within a state) which have emerged as success stories with a record of early and effective interventions, of controlling the spread of the virus, healing the infected and reducing the death rate. We will especially focus on the state and Kerala''s model of an effective and vibrant democracy and "public action" in the words of Dreze and Sen. We argue that while Kerala was blessed with good and efficient leaders during this crisis, the more important factors behind Kerala''s success have been robust institutions of state and governance built over many years with the capacity to take timely and effective measures in handling the crisis. doi = 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105207 id = cord-354936-do0bmpxt author = Chatterjee, Ranit title = COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool: Dual application of risk communication and risk governance date = 2020-06-02 keywords = Assessment; COVID-19; Risk; Tool summary = To strengthen the community level response, a coordinated approach of disaster risk governance from Sendai Framework point of view is needed to manage this public health emergency. In comparison to the Arogya Setu App by Government of India, the COVID-19 Risk assessment tool, provides awareness information in the form of questions which are also used to assess the risk based on behaviour and social compliance. Further, the COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool generates information on anxiety levels to understand the need for psychosocial care as part of overall response. The tool is a low-cost technology-based solution to provide assessment of individual risk as well as increase community awareness. The COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool is broadly based on four major factors of health, exposure, behavior and social policy. As the paper states, the COVID-19 Risk assessment tool goes beyond the medical symptoms and considers factors of individual behaviour and social policy. doi = 10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100109 id = cord-335137-5qt286kc author = Chatterjee, Swapan K. title = Molecular Pathogenesis, Immunopathogenesis and Novel Therapeutic Strategy Against COVID-19 date = 2020-08-11 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; cell summary = It is believed that interaction between angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cell receptor and viral Spike protein mediates the coronavirus entry into human respiratory epithelial cells and establishes the host tropism. The most significant surface protein is spike glycoprotein which interferes in establishing the association between the human respiratory epithelial cells to the virus via cell surface membrane receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and finally establishes the host tropism (Li et al., 2003) . A recent study suggests that prediction of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein structure, glycan shield pattern and pattern of glycosylation has great inference on understanding the viral camouflage as well as the outline of cell entry, and also facilitate the development of new small-molecule drugs, vaccines, antibodies, and screening of the human host targets (Song et al., 2018) . Various studies have proved that SARS-CoV-2 infection initiation and spread of disease into the host cells mainly depends upon S protein priming by TMPRSS2 (Transmembrane protease serine type 2), the serine protease. doi = 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00196 id = cord-324983-2fjo664i author = Chaturvedi, Santosh K. title = Spiritual, Moral and Ethical Dilemmata for Healthcare Professionals During Covid-19 Times date = 2020-10-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Spiritual, Moral and Ethical Dilemmata for Healthcare Professionals During Covid-19 Times This has led to a unique experience among health care professionals, specially doctors and nurses, arising from their predicament. The features are a sense of confusion about what is right and what is wrong, questioning about one''s duty and role in the situation, questioning one''s purpose in life and work, feelings of frustration, feeling demoralized and what is expected from them by the system, ruminations about the conflict and dilemma, helplessness about what to do, a lack of motivation, a sense of incompleteness of one''s existence, a sense of loss of meaning in the given circumstances, a sense of fatigue and burnout, indecisiveness and other experiences which are difficult to put in words. Covid-19, coronavirus and mental health rehabilitation at times of crisis Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic doi = 10.1007/s40737-020-00205-5 id = cord-295412-ow9lqhrw author = Chaturvedi, Seemant title = The interplay between COVID 19 and non-communicable diseases date = 2020-07-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = A second noteworthy observation from the study is the link between ischemic heart disease and stroke and COVID-19 deaths. The COVID-19 pandemic may also be inflicting collateral damage on patients with heart disease and stroke. Avoidance of the hospital can thereby cause delay in medical care for patients with heart disease and stroke and potentially a higher rate of complications. Other limitations of the study may include variation in test methods, rates of testing and availability of resources for testing by country, and a need for a reassessment at the policy level of what may or may not work during the pandemic as evidenced by relatively low COVID-19 death rates in some high-income countries (e.g., Denmark, Norway, Germany, New Zealand) but not others. Importantly, hospitals will need to balance bed availability for patients with both COVID-19 and traditional non-communicable diseases. Covid-19 pandemic and burden of non-communicable diseases: An ecological study on data of 185 countries doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105104 id = cord-274491-921orhjg author = Chau, Vinh Q. title = The Imperfect Cytokine Storm: Severe COVID-19 with ARDS in Patient on Durable LVAD Support date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19; LVAD summary = title: The Imperfect Cytokine Storm: Severe COVID-19 with ARDS in Patient on Durable LVAD Support Abstract As health systems worldwide grapple with the COVID-19 pandemic, patients on durable LVAD support represent a unique population at risk for the disease. We outline such a patient who developed COVID-19 complicated by "cytokine storm" with severe ARDS and myocardial injury; and describe the challenges that arose during management. We present such a patient who developed COVID-19 complicated by "cytokine storm" with severe ARDS and myocardial injury and illustrate clinical considerations that arose during his clinical course. In lieu of absolute values, the relative change in these biomarkers may be more pertinent in grading COVID-19 severity in patients on LVAD support. Immunomodulatory biologics such as tocilizumab are reserved for severe COVID-19 defined by the presence of both worsening respiratory failure and cytokine storm as evidenced by increasing inflammatory markers. doi = 10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.04.001 id = cord-303068-g5y7fvy5 author = Chaudhary, Farooq Ahmad title = Concerns, perceived impact, and preparedness of oral healthcare workers in their working environment during COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-09-20 keywords = OHCW; covid-19 summary = A 35 items valid and reliable questionnaire was used to assess the concerns, perceived impact, and preparedness of oral healthcare workers (OHCW) in COVID‐19 pandemic. Previous researches on COVID-19 infection among the HCW had focussed on the concerns, impact, and preparedness of those working in general medicine and surgery, 10, 11 and to our knowledge, there is no study on oral healthcare workers (OHCW) has been reported. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate/contrast the clinical and non-clinical oral healthcare workers'' concerns, perceived impact, and preparedness in a COVID-19 pandemic in dental hospitals of Pakistan. In this study, we assessed the concerns, perceived impact, and preparedness of OHCW who worked at dental hospitals in Pakistan during COVID-19 pandemic and contrasted between the clinical and non-clinical staff. Concerns, perceived impact and preparedness in an avian influenza pandemic-a comparative study between healthcare workers in primary and tertiary care doi = 10.1002/1348-9585.12168 id = cord-343743-6k3soh1l author = Chaudhary, Sachin title = Antifibrotics in COVID-19 Lung Disease: Let Us Stay Focused date = 2020-09-09 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; patient summary = Among the many excellent ongoing studies with good preclinical data in appropriate animal models, some arising directly from recent clinical observations, we were surprised to see studies proposing to use the FDA-approved anti-fibrotic therapies (nintedanib NCT04338802 and pirfenidone NCT04282902) for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in COVID-19 patients. In this review, we posit that, unlike patients with IPF, the COVID-19 survivors will follow a familiar course of intense pulmonary inflammation, leading to mild scarring and near-normal lung function recovery over time. Fewer studies are available for outcomes in MERS, but similar to other causes of viral-induced lung injury, MERS survivors have a reduced quality of life (21) , and the pulmonary sequelae from MERS are mild. Follow-up study on pulmonary function and lung radiographic changes in rehabilitating severe acute respiratory syndrome patients after discharge doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00539 id = cord-278581-4vhpoi87 author = Chaudhary, Varun title = National survey of Canadian Retina Society members on guidelines for ophthalmic care during the COVID-19 crisis: Canadian Retina Research Network (CR2N) COVID-19 Steering Committee analysis date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: National survey of Canadian Retina Society members on guidelines for ophthalmic care during the COVID-19 crisis: Canadian Retina Research Network (CR2N) COVID-19 Steering Committee analysis Steering Committee to assess awareness of, confidence in, and adherence to recent guidelines released by the Canadian Ophthalmology Society (COS) and Canadian Retina Society (CRS) for ophthalmic care during the COVID-19 pandemic. 3 All but 2 respondents were aware of national personal protective equipment (PPE Q3 X X) and practice management guidelines from the COS and the CRS. The survey results demonstrated strong awareness among CRS members of the guidelines recently released by COS and CRS in response to the COVID-19 crisis, suggesting that the mechanisms of dissemination used by these governing bodies were successful at reaching their physician members in a timely manner. 4 Thus, in response to COVID-19, we suggest that future mechanisms be refined to coordinate clear, standardized, uniform, and evidence-based guidance for best-practice clinical management and the use of PPE in ophthalmic care. doi = 10.1016/j.jcjo.2020.06.001 id = cord-340042-intxyu46 author = Chaudhry, Sundas Nasir title = New insight on possible vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; vaccine; virus summary = In December 2019, a novel virus, namely COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, developed from Wuhan, Hubei territory of China, which used its viral spike glycoprotein receptor-binding domain (RBD) for the entrance into a host cell by binding with ACE-2 receptor and cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Different subunits of spike proteins like the S1 and S2 subunits, and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) are the critical elements for the formation of a vaccine against the newly emerged virus that helped in producing T cell responses and protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 [29] . The recombinant protein is known as one of the emerging fields for the development of a vaccine against viruses due to several properties including tight binding to specific ACE-2 receptor, provoke immune protection against viral infections, increase antibody-dependent viral entry, and promote antigenicity against virus like SARS-CoV [52] . doi = 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118421 id = cord-275303-8mj8gjv9 author = Chaudhuri, Swetaprovo title = Modeling the role of respiratory droplets in Covid-19 type pandemics date = 2020-06-01 keywords = Fig; covid-19; droplet; evaporation summary = In the second part, we have emulated the respiratory droplets responsible for disease transmission as salt solution droplets and computed their evaporation time, accounting for droplet cooling, heat and mass transfer, and finally, crystallization of the dissolved salt. As such, the evaporation mechanism of respiratory droplets are laced with complexities stemming from droplet aerodynamics, initial droplet cooling, heat transfer, mass transfer of the solvent and solute, respectively, and finally, crystallization of the solute-a phenomenon known as efflorescence. In this paper, a model for the infection rate constant based on collision theory incorporates the evaporation physics of respiratory droplets, ab initio. Recognizing that the ejected droplets during the respiratory event is surrounded by this dynamically evolving air volume and that the motion of the droplets will be strongly coupled due to the aerodynamic drag, we first model the surrounding air in two parts using the analytical results of the turbulent jet and puff, respectively. doi = 10.1063/5.0015984 id = cord-335768-ry5boej6 author = Chauhan, Shaylika title = Comprehensive review of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-06-01 keywords = April; COVID-19; China; SARS summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of China''s Hubei province and has rapidly spread all over the world. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of May 12, 2020, as shown in Fig. 1 , this has evolved into a pandemic affecting 187 countries/regions with 1, 484, 811 cases in the world with maximum being in USA(1, 347,936) followed by 227,436 in Spain and 224, 422 in United Kingdom at the time of writing .6 It is an un-precedented global health crisis with 286,355 deaths since the virus was first reported. Severe outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) d United States doi = 10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.023 id = cord-256688-yy7abob9 author = Chavez, Summer title = Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A primer for emergency physicians date = 2020-03-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; Disease; SARS; patient summary = DISCUSSION: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19, is primarily transmitted from person-to-person through close contact (approximately 6 ft) by respiratory droplets. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), previously referred to as 2019-nCoV, is the virus responsible for causing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . An emergency medicine approach to COVID-19 should focus on identifying and isolating patients at risk for infection, informing hospital infection prevention and local public health authorities, and engaging infectious disease and other specialists early in care. Emergency physicians should obtain a detailed travel history from all patients and suspect COVID-19 in patients presenting with symptoms of an acute upper respiratory illness and fever. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Home care for patients with suspected novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection presenting with mild symptoms and management of contacts doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.03.036 id = cord-024134-ym7ce5ux author = Chawla, Sonam title = Preparing for the Perpetual Challenges of Pandemics of Coronavirus Infections with Special Focus on SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; China; disease; infection; pandemic summary = doi = 10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_14 id = cord-350460-80eu9b9c author = Che Azemin, Mohd Zulfaezal title = COVID-19 Deep Learning Prediction Model Using Publicly Available Radiologist-Adjudicated Chest X-Ray Images as Training Data: Preliminary Findings date = 2020-08-18 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: COVID-19 Deep Learning Prediction Model Using Publicly Available Radiologist-Adjudicated Chest X-Ray Images as Training Data: Preliminary Findings With a limited number of publicly available COVID-19 chest X-ray images, the generalization and robustness of deep learning models to detect COVID-19 cases developed based on these images are questionable. We used a deep learning model based on the ResNet-101 convolutional neural network architecture, which was pretrained to recognize objects from a million of images and then retrained to detect abnormality in chest X-ray images. With the recent opacity-related finding as an important characteristic in COVID-19 patients, this research is aimed at developing a deep learning model for the prediction of COVID-19 cases based on an existing pretrained model which was then retrained using adjudicated data set to recognize images with airspace opacity, an abnormality associated with COVID-19. doi = 10.1155/2020/8828855 id = cord-350990-tywbe4o2 author = Checchi, Vittorio title = COVID‐19 dentistry‐related aspects: a literature overview date = 2020-07-05 keywords = COVID-19; Sars; dental; patient summary = The terms used for the identification of keywords were: COVID-19, 2019-nCov, Sars-CoV-2, COVID-19 transmission, Coronavirus pneumonia, Coronavirus infection, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Atmospheric contamination, Droplets, Aerosol, PPE/DPI, COVID-19 guidelines, Airborne contamination, Masks and respirators, and COVID-19 dental-related aspects. Therefore, dental procedures can be considered as one of the most probable causes of Sars-CoV-2 infection because such procedures require close proximity to the patient''s mouth, possess a risk of contact with saliva, blood and other biological fluids and involve the use of instrumentation that creates large aerosols 4, 19, 20 . Moreover Sars-CoV-2 demonstrates persistent adherence, for a maximum of 9 days, to various surfaces 1, 21 ; therefore, all surfaces and instruments in a dental clinic should be considered as potential sources of virus transmission because infected droplets from saliva or aerosols could land on any exposed surface 16, 19, 22 . doi = 10.1111/idj.12601 id = cord-267142-ys7z7j8j author = Cheema, Marvi title = Keratoconjunctivitis as the initial medical presentation of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-04-02 keywords = COVID-19; eye; patient summary = This case emphasizes the importance of ensuring that first-line health care providers, including ophthalmologists, optometrists, emergency physicians, and family physicians, consider COVID-19 on the differential for any patient with recent travel who presents with acute conjunctivitis. At the time of the visits to our clinic (March 3rd and 5th), the patient did not meet provincial health authority recommendations for testing of coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on country of travel. 8 Given this, eye care professionals, most notably ophthalmologists, may be the first point of contact in the health care field for patients with possible COVID-19, before the onset of characteristic respiratory symptoms. The case emphasizes the importance for eye care professionals to remain vigilant and consider SARS-CoV-2 as the causative agent in patients presenting with viral conjunctivitis, particularly in high-risk patients with travel to areas of active transmission of the virus. doi = 10.1016/j.jcjo.2020.03.003 id = cord-292502-m76rne1l author = Cheema, S. title = The COVID-19 pandemic: the public health reality date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19; health; pandemic summary = Undeniably, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in loss of human life; it has wreaked havoc on healthcare systems worldwide, highlighting inequities in healthcare availability and access; it has resulted in drastic public health measures in most countries of the world. Here, we present data that pose questions on the magnitude of attention that the COVID-19 pandemic has garnered compared to other public health issues that are in dire need of prevention and response. The loss of income is likely to result in an increase of adverse health outcomes for many of the individuals affected, and the overall economic crisis will negatively impact the ability of entire countries to provide effective healthcare to their citizens. Hence, we believe that the mortality and disease burden during and after the COVID-19 pandemic due to the social and economic consequences of the preventive measures and other factors can be substantially high. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002216 id = cord-255752-ofph98ac author = Chegondi, Madhuradhar title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Associated With Febrile Status Epilepticus in a Child date = 2020-08-18 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Infection associated with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We report the case of a two-year-old child who presented to our pediatric intensive care unit with febrile status epilepticus and was diagnosed to have COVID-19 infection. The emerging literature suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 infection can affect children, including all age groups, predominantly males, and cause milder disease compared to adult patients [2, 3] . We report the case of a two-year-old child who presented to our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with febrile status epilepticus and was diagnosed to have COVID-19 infection. A retrospective study from China reported that common neurological symptoms in adult patients with COVID-19 include headache, dizziness, and rarely seizures [12] . Our index case illustrates that SARS-CoV-2 associated COVID-19 can present with febrile seizure and febrile status epilepticus in children. doi = 10.7759/cureus.9840 id = cord-347492-zz3walri author = Chellamuthu, Girinivasan title = Pandemic response protocol of a non-frontline specialty in a multispecialty tertiary health care centre—a pilot model in orthopaedics date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; pandemic; prep summary = title: Pandemic response protocol of a non-frontline specialty in a multispecialty tertiary health care centre—a pilot model in orthopaedics PREP which is in line with the WHO action plan, will be an essential minimum response of a non-frontline pandemic response specialty like orthopedics to combat and curtail the effects of a pandemic in a multispecialty tertiary health care centre. The PREP should allow a non-frontline pandemic specialist like an orthopaedician to be alert and trained to evolve as a frontline health care provider, as and when the situation demands, on the lines of development of a pandemic. At this stage, essentially, the orthopaedic surgeons would have to become a part of the pandemic response task force which includes the entire health care workforce. doi = 10.1007/s00264-020-04622-w id = cord-278112-uqxvr77g author = Chen, Binzhen title = Early experience with convalescent plasma as immunotherapy for COVID‐19 in China: Knowns and unknowns date = 2020-06-09 keywords = CCP; COVID-19; China summary = BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the absence of a vaccine or specific drug treatment options for coronavirus disease (COVID‐19), attention has been shifted in China to the possible therapeutic use of convalescent plasma. We summarized clinical studies and other research data available as of May 5, 2020, on CCP therapy according to the Clinical Treatment Guideline of COVID‐19 Convalescent Plasma in China, as well as clinical experience at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, as part of a comprehensive anti‐epidemic strategy. The first dose of convalescent plasma from a COVID-19 patient was collected on February 1, 2020, and the first severely ill patient received CCP treatment at a hospital in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province that was first to be hit by the virus, on February 9, 2020. doi = 10.1111/vox.12968 id = cord-277203-14he8n3u author = Chen, Chang title = Favipiravir versus Arbidol for COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial date = 2020-03-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Conclusions Among patients with COVID-19, Favipiravir, compared to Arbidol, did not significantly improve the clinically recovery rate at Day 7. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.17.20037432 doi: medRxiv preprint Sample size estimation: the expected clinical recovery rate of the experimental group is 70%, the clinical recovery of the control group is 50%, α = 0.025 (single side), β = 0.20, power = 0.80. For the main efficacy indicator/primary outcome (clinical recovery rate after 7 days or the end of treatment), the comparison between the experimental group and the control group adopts the optimal test. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.17.20037432 doi: medRxiv preprint Comparison of duration of fever, cough relief time and auxiliary oxygen therapy or noninvasive mechanical ventilation rate between 2 groups Table 3 displayed duration of fever, cough relief time and auxiliary oxygen therapy or noninvasive mechanical ventilation rate between the favipiravir and arbidol groups. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.17.20037432 id = cord-344813-dlpn3l0j author = Chen, Cheng‐Ren title = Preparing for COVID‐19: The experiences of a long‐term care facility in Taiwan date = 2020-07-21 keywords = Taiwan; covid-19 summary = 3 Long-term care facilities (LTCF) are high-risk settings for severe outcomes of the COVID-19 outbreak, owing to both the advanced age and frequent chronic underlying health conditions of the residents. 4 To prevent large-scale community transmission of COVID-19, Taiwan has taken advanced steps in terms of medical care planning (e.g. border control, identifying cases, quarantining suspicious cases, proactively searching for cases, allocating resources etc.).5 Thus far, just 395 COVID-19 patients have been confirmed, six of whom have died. In this article, we share our experiences regarding how we have responded to COVID-19 in our LTFC based on the management of visitors, residents and healthcare professionals (HCP), as well as government support and policies. 8 Psychosocial interventions are crucial for the elderly people during and after the COVID-19 pandemic to prevent stroke and cardiovascular disease. Preparing for COVID-19: The experiences of a long-term care facility in Taiwan doi = 10.1111/ggi.13943 id = cord-346087-oa8k5xwc author = Chen, Dan title = Serum Cystatin C and Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Potential Inflammatory Biomarker in Predicting Critical Illness and Mortality for Adult Patients date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; cystatin summary = In the adjusted logistic regression analyses, the highest cystatin C level and ln-transformed cystatin C levels were independently associated with the risks of developing critically ill COVID-19 and all-cause death either in overall patients or in patients without chronic kidney disease (P values < 0.05). The highest cystatin C level (≥1.31 mg/L) was an independent risk factor for critically ill COVID-19 and all-cause death in patients without CKD, after adjustment for the underlying confounders (all P values < 0.05, Table 4 ). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report the relationship between baseline levels of cystatin C and COVID-19 outcomes, and to highlight the prognostic values of monitoring serum cystatin C on hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this hospital-based study of 481 adult patients confirmed as COVID-19, we revealed that baseline serum cystatin C might serve as a potential inflammatory biomarker, independently predicting poor outcomes for SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1155/2020/3764515 id = cord-277698-g8sylrsj author = Chen, Dexiong title = Four cases from a family cluster were diagnosed as COVID‐19 after 14‐day of quarantine period date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = However, Lauer et al 9 recently reported that 1% (101 out of every 10 000 cases) of suspected cases or close contacts would develop symptoms of COVID-19 after 14-day of quarantine period. In our study, 4 cases of the family cluster were diagnosed as COVID-19 after they had undergone 14-day of quarantine period. Taken together, we believe that the incubation period of some COVID-19 cases could be longer than 14 days. As a result, the quarantine period of some suspected cases or close contacts could be prolonged to more than 14 days in order to miss diagnosis of COVID-19. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application doi = 10.1002/jmv.25849 id = cord-317846-str9i01o author = Chen, Dr. Xian title = Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in severe COVID-19: a retrospective study of short-term treatment efficacy and side effects date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in severe COVID-19: a retrospective study of short-term treatment efficacy and side effects Therefore, diminishing the cytokine storm may be an important part of treatment in patients with severe COVID-19 [4] . On this basis, we conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the treatment efficacy and side effects of MSCs therapy on severe COVID-19. In our series, all the patients with severe COVID-19 survived and entered recovery after MSCs therapy, and only 3 patients experienced treatment side effects. Firstly, inflammation indexes, such as WBC counts and CRP were totally normal before MSCs therapy in most cases, which means that cytokine storm was mild to moderate and not serious in these cases. In conclusion, we suggested that MSCs therapy might be a promising option for the treatment of severe COVID-19, but should be used cautiously, especially in patients with metabolic acidosis or coronary heart disease. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.020 id = cord-296746-j47306hx author = Chen, Fang-fang title = The characteristics and outcomes of 681 severe cases with COVID-19 in China date = 2020-07-08 keywords = NLR; covid-19 summary = Age, Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), acute myocardial injury, and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and CD3 T cells counts were independently and negatively associated with death, while arbidol and ribavirin were protective from death. Non-survivors had higher hypertension, CAD, and cerebral infarction comorbidity rates (P<0.001), as well as significantly higher white blood cell and neutrophil counts and CRP, interleukin-6 (IL-6), NLR, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, blood glucose, triglycerides (TG), LDH, creatine kinase-myocardial isoenzyme (CK-MB), and cTnI levels. We found that NLR (odds ratio (95% CI), 1.057 (1.010-1.107); P=0.018) and acute myocardial injury (7.716 (3.812-15.619); P=0.000) were independently and negatively associated with death in patients with severe COVID-19. First, we found that age, CRP and LDH levels, CD3 counts, NLR, and acute myocardial injury were independently and negatively associated with death in severe COVID-19 patients. We found that NLR and acute myocardial injury on admission were the two best predictors of mortality in patients with severe cases of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.07.003 id = cord-282131-wap7lo05 author = Chen, Haixia title = Clinical and imaging features of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; clinical summary = Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in December 2019, the "Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme for Coronavirus Disease (Trial Version 5)" [6] recommended that suspected cases with pulmonary imaging characteristics be included for the first time in "clinical diagnosis" in Hubei Province. The "Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme for Coronavirus Disease (Trial Version 4)" stipulates that [22] JRID198_proof ■ 26 April 2020 ■ 3/ 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 a patient who meets any one of the epidemiological history criteria and any two of the clinical manifestations can be included in suspected cases, and that an etiological test then be conducted. doi = 10.1016/j.jrid.2020.04.003 id = cord-279134-s6c7m94h author = Chen, Haiyang title = When cancer encounters COVID-19 in China: what have we suffered, experienced and learned date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; China; patient summary = Therefore, it is of significance to summarize the relevant experience of China in the prevention and control of COVID-19 infection and treatment of patients with cancer during the epidemic. The delay of surgery because of COVID-19 epidemic may significantly affect the prognosis of patients with early stage lung cancer. It''s reported that a patient with NSCLC was treated with Kaletra (lopinavir/ritonavir) and osimertinib at the same time after the diagnosis of mild COVID-19 infection; 2 weeks after Kaletra treatment, pneumonia was cured and the tumor remained stable (23) . In the early stage of the epidemic, cross-infection in hospital is one of the most risk for patients and medical workers, so it is very important to screen COVID-19 patients as soon as admission of patients for cancer hospitals. doi = 10.1093/jjco/hyaa077 id = cord-288197-drto66xt author = Chen, Huijun title = Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records date = 2020-02-12 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = METHODS: Clinical records, laboratory results, and chest CT scans were retrospectively reviewed for nine pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia (ie, with maternal throat swab samples that were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) who were admitted to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, from Jan 20 to Jan 31, 2020. Findings from this small group of cases suggest that there is currently no evidence for intrauterine infection caused by vertical transmission in women who develop COVID-19 pneumonia in late pregnancy. Evidence of vertical transmission was assessed by testing for the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in amniotic fluid, cord blood, breastmilk, and neonatal throat swab samples from six of nine patients. Based on data from this small group of patients, there is currently no evidence of vertical transmission in pregnant women who develop COVID-19 pneumonia in the third trimester. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30360-3 id = cord-167889-um3djluz author = Chen, Jianguo title = A Survey on Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Fighting Against COVID-19 date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; CXR; SARS; image; model summary = The progress of CT image inspection based on AI usually includes the following steps: Region Of Interest (ROI) segmentation, lung tissue feature extraction, candidate infection region detection, and COVID-19 classification. Data sources Methods Country/region Huang [82] Yang [231] , WHO [216] CNN, LSTM, MLP, GRU China Hu [80, 81] The Paper [148] , WHO [216] MAE, clustering China Yang [233] Baidu [16] SEIR, LSTM China Fong [51, 52] NHC [139] SVM, PNN China Ai [3] WHO [54, 216] ANFIS, FPA China, USA Rizk [168] WHO [216] ISACL-MFNN USA, Italy, Spain Giuliani [62] Italy [144] EMTMGL Italy Ayyoubzadeh [14] Worldometer [218] , Google [201] LR, LSTM Iran Marini [129, 130] Swiss population Enerpol Switzerland Lai [110] IATA [126] , Worldpop [219] ML Global Punn [155] JHU CSSE [49] SVR, PR, DNN, LSTM, RNN Predicting commercially available antiviral drugs that may act on the novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2) through a drug-target interaction deep learning model doi = nan id = cord-342852-8wlqbwdi author = Chen, Jie title = Risk factors for depression and anxiety in healthcare workers deployed during the COVID-19 outbreak in China date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; chinese; depression summary = The increased workload, respiratory symptoms, digestive symptoms, having done specific test(s) related to COVID-19, having family member needs to be taken care of, negative coping style, and job burnout were the independent risk factors of anxiety. Furthermore, the increased workload, respiratory symptoms, digestive symptoms, having done specific test(s) related to COVID-19, negative coping style, and job burnout were the independent risk factors of depression. Therefore, we conducted this cross-sectional study to evaluate the prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression of healthcare workers during COVID-19 epidemic and to identify associated risk factors. We found that self-rated increase in workload, having respiratory symptoms, having digestive symptoms, having done specific test(s) related to COVID-19, negative coping style, and job burnout were independent risk factors for both anxiety and depression. Multiple factors, including having respiratory or digestive symptoms, having done specific test(s) related to COVID-19, self-reported increase in work intensity, negative coping style, and job burnout, participate in the anxiety or depression of healthcare workers. doi = 10.1007/s00127-020-01954-1 id = cord-318342-eipscagh author = Chen, Juan title = The Impact of COVID-19 on Blood Glucose: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; study summary = Results: Three studies reported blood glucose and HbA1c according to the severity of COVID-19 and were included in this meta-analysis. It remains unclear regarding the effect of severity of COVID-19 infection on glycemic parameters, including blood glucose and glycated haemoglobinA1c (HbA1c). Finally, three papers were included in the meta-analysis that evaluated blood glucose and/or HbA1c levels according to the severity of COVID-19 (17) (18) (19) . The z-test result for overall effects was statistically significant (P < 0.001), indicating a significantly greater elevation in blood glucose in patients with severe COVID-19 infection than those in the mild group. In the present meta-analysis, we found that blood glucose was significantly higher in patients with severe COVID-19 than those with mild COVID-19 (WMD 2.21, 95% CI: 1.30-3.13, P < 0.001, I 2 = 0%). doi = 10.3389/fendo.2020.574541 id = cord-262467-epqqd8n8 author = Chen, Jun title = COVID-19 infection: the China and Italy perspectives date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; China; HCQ; PCR; SARS; patient summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the COVID-19 disease as originally shown in Wuhan, China, as early as documented from 1 December 2019 (ref. A recent prospective study failed to find antiviral activity or clinical benefit of this combination for the treatment of our hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 (ref. More recently, a randomized, controlled study conducted in Wuhan, China also failed to identify beneficial effect of LPV/r beyond standard therapy in hospitalized patients with severe Covid-19 (ref. Clinical trials also showed that in patients with severe H1N1 influenza A, in the 2009 pandemic, therapy with convalescent plasma from patients who recovered, especially within 5 days of symptom onset, resulted in a lower viral load and lower mortality 66, 67 . The duration from onset of symptoms to viral clearance is significantly longer in severe and critical ill SARS-CoV-2infected patients compared with that in the mild cases 48 . doi = 10.1038/s41419-020-2603-0 id = cord-346483-jc0xklzk author = Chen, Jun title = Deep learning-based model for detecting 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia on high-resolution computed tomography date = 2020-11-05 keywords = China; covid-19 summary = For model development and validation, 46,096 anonymous images from 106 admitted patients, including 51 patients of laboratory confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia and 55 control patients of other diseases in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University were retrospectively collected. Fig. 1 , a total of 46,096 CT scan images from 51 COVID-19 pneumonia patients and 55 control patients of other disease from Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University were collected for developing the model to detect COVID-19 pneumonia. However, compared to the needs of the patients, the number of radiologists is quite small, especially in Hubei province, China, which could greatly delay the diagnosis and isolation of patients, affect patient''s treatment and prognosis, and ultimately, affect the overall control of COVID-19 epidemic. In the present study, our model helped expert radiologists achieve the same work with much shorter time, which greatly accelerats the efficiency of diagnosis in clinical practice, and may contribute to the improvement of patient outcome. doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-76282-0 id = cord-264843-cwtdkylo author = Chen, Justin A. title = COVID-19 and telepsychiatry: Early outpatient experiences and implications for the future date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; care; patient summary = Within psychiatry, a sudden relaxing of insurance and regulatory barriers during the month of March 2020 enabled clinicians practicing in a wide range of settings to quickly adopt virtual care in order to provide critical ongoing mental health supports to both existing and new patients struggling with the pandemic''s impact. In this article, we briefly review the extensive literature supporting the effectiveness of telepsychiatry relative to in-person mental health care, and describe how payment and regulatory challenges were the primary barriers preventing more widespread adoption of this treatment modality prior to COVID-19. Finally, we provide clinical suggestions for optimizing telepsychiatry based on our experience, make a call for advocacy to continue the reduced insurance and regulatory restrictions affecting telepsychiatry even once this public health crisis has passed, and pose research questions that can help guide optimal utilization of telepsychiatry as mainstay or adjunct of outpatient psychiatric treatment now and in the future. doi = 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.07.002 id = cord-318592-08mjfs83 author = Chen, L. title = Clinical Characteristics of Recurrent-positive Coronavirus Disease 2019 after Curative Discharge: a retrospective analysis of 15 cases in Wuhan China date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Serum COVID-19 antibody levels were significantly lower in recurrent-positive patients than in control patients (IgM: 13.69 {+/-} 4.38 vs. COVID-19 IgM/IgG antibody levels were significantly lower in recurrent-positive group than those in control group, which might explain why the virus RNA RT-PCR was positive after the initial clinical cure(with three times of virus RNA RT-PCR negative). Recurrent-positive COVID-19 was defined as positive results on RT-PCR testing of a nasopharyngeal swab collected during the post-discharge isolation and observation period. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.02.20144873 doi: medRxiv preprint Serum samples were tested using the COVID-19 IgM and IgG antibody detection kits (chemiluminescence method) were purchased from Shenzhen Yahuilong Biotechnology Co. Ltd. In addition, the levels of COVID-19 IgG and IgM antibodies were significantly lower (P < 0.0001, P = 0.015, respectively) in the recurrent-positive group than in the control group (Table 2) . For the 14 recurrent-positive patients who were transferred from other hospitals after being discharged, no COVID-19 IgG and IgM data were available. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.02.20144873 id = cord-318378-omsc9a8k author = Chen, Lian title = Pregnancy with Covid‐19: Management considerations for care of severe and critically ill cases date = 2020-07-04 keywords = covid-19; pregnant; woman summary = 7 Gestational weeks of infection, the maturity of the fetus, disease severity and postpartum exacerbation make the management of severe and critically ill cases of pregnant women with Covid-19 more difficult. 14 In a recently published article from New York City, 15 Breslin et al reported that among 43 pregnant women confirmed with Covid-19, the estimated rate of severe maternal disease approximated that of the non-pregnant population at 9.3%. Another report from Iran 17 still described 9 critically ill patients infected with Covid-19, of which 7 cases of maternal deaths and 4 cases of pregnancy loss (stillbirth or neonatal death). Based on the above limited reports, we learned that for some severe cases, after the onset of disease, they may progress to require mechanical ventilation and intensive care, even result in maternal death within a very short time (1 to 2 weeks). doi = 10.1111/aji.13299 id = cord-172814-rywu0xp5 author = Chen, M. Keith title = Causal Estimation of Stay-at-Home Orders on SARS-CoV-2 Transmission date = 2020-05-11 keywords = Trump; county; covid summary = To mitigate the severity of the ongoing COVID pandemic, governments have launched a range of social distancing policies including, by early April, mandatory stay-at-home orders (SHOs) in forty-five U.S. states and the District of Columbia. Utilizing device-level geolocation data for 10 million U.S. smartphones to measure individual movement, combined with precinct-level election outcomes and block-group level demographics, we estimate the causal effect of SHOs on daily movement-and what drives non-compliance. Examining correlations between aggregate distancing behavior and political make-up can misestimate partisan responses to stay-at-home orders because Democrat-leaning counties account for the overwhelming majority of COVID cases, at all phases of the epidemic (Fig. S5 ). By regressing new COVID diagnoses on observed daily (lagged) movement, we estimate that for every 10% decrease in meters traveled by residents, the local transmission rate decreases by 4.3% (column 3). Regression 2 then estimates the effect of movement on local transmission (i.e., within an infected individual''s county) controlling for any social distancing policies. doi = nan id = cord-289496-d8ac6l6o author = Chen, Min title = The introduction of population migration to SEIAR for COVID-19 epidemic modelling with an efficient intervention strategy date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; SEIR; model summary = The proposed enhanced model, which will be referred to as the SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered) model with population migration, is inspired by the role that asymptomatic infected individuals, as well as population movements can play a crucial role in spreading the virus. The experimental simulation results show the impact of social distancing and migration-in rates on reducing the total number of infections and the basic reproductions. Thus, in this paper, we incorporate asymptomatic infections and population migration into SEIR and introduce a new model, which will be referred to as the SEIAR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Asymptomatic-Recovered) model with population migration. • By establishing a mathematical model of an infectious disease based on the characteristics of COVID-19 (such as the effect of asymptomatic infected patients in spreading the virus), the applicability of the modified model is proved. Currently, based on a simple mathematical model and limited data, Zhong et al., [7] used the epidemic data of in Wuhan (at the initial stage) to estimate the infection rate, mortality, and other parameters. doi = 10.1016/j.inffus.2020.08.002 id = cord-332145-rw16o02g author = Chen, Patrick M. title = Evolving Healthcare Delivery in Neurology During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic date = 2020-05-29 keywords = covid-19; pandemic; patient summary = The pandemic changed the assumptions made by most developed health care system: ample supplies and an overwhelmingly safe environment for patients and healthcare providers. One key lesson from the COVID-19 experience internationally is the rapid depletion and scarcity of medical supplies [e.g., personal protective equipment (PPE) and mechanical ventilators], beds, and staff-an increasing occupational hazard for health care workers (2) (3) (4) . Similarly little is known about the impact of COVID-19 on the psychological health of our team members who face a number of stresses: occupational risk, evolving policy changes, and unprecedented ethical decisions. A key question remains of how we will prepare for the return of neurologic patients with delayed diagnosis because of COVID-19. Currently, the risk of exposure to COVID-19 in the hospital leads providers and patients to prefer outpatient workup, forgoing, or curtailing inpatient monitoring. Acute stroke care in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.00578 id = cord-354689-dsv63it1 author = Chen, Qian title = Precautionary Measures: Performing ERCP on a Patient With Juxtapapillary Duodenal Diverticula (JPDD)-Related Biliary Stone After COVID-19 Lockdown Restriction Lifted in Wuhan, China date = 2020-09-04 keywords = ERCP; covid-19; patient summary = title: Precautionary Measures: Performing ERCP on a Patient With Juxtapapillary Duodenal Diverticula (JPDD)-Related Biliary Stone After COVID-19 Lockdown Restriction Lifted in Wuhan, China Based on our experiences, the objective is to provide practical suggestions for the safe resumption of ERCP procedures in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic with specific focus on patient risk assessment, personal protection equipment (PPE), and dress code modalities, all of which have been implemented in our hospital to reduce the risk of viral transmission. For patients with predicted severe acute biliary pancreatitis, whether or not cholangitis is present, urgent therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) within 72 h of admission has been recommended by several guidelines, as fewer complications tend to develop (11) (12) (13) (14) . Here we presented the first case of acute pancreatitis secondary to JPDD related CBD stone at the post-outbreak stage of which COVID-19 is on the way to be fully controlled, whereas urgent ERCP was necessary to significantly improve the patient''s outcomes. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00564 id = cord-257870-b52k75m4 author = Chen, Qianqian title = Carcinoembryonic Antigen: A Potential Biomarker to Evaluate the Severity and Prognosis of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-06 keywords = CEA; COVID-19 summary = The standardized and weighted receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis adjusted to age, sex, and ferritin levels suggested that the area under the curve (AUC) of the serum CEA levels was 0.808 in discrimination between death cases and discharged cases with COVID-19 (P < 0.001). Among discharged patients, CEA levels were significant lower in moderate cases compared to the severe and critical cases (P = 0.005; OR = 0.488, 95% CI: 0.294–0.808) from binary logistic regression analysis. All patients included met the following inclusion criteria: Confirmed COVID-19 cases was diagnosed by real-time fluorescent reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based on "Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (Trial Version 7)" published by the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China (20) . This study validated the previous result that CEA levels were related to severity of COVID-19 reported by different research groups (Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Wuhan) (19) . doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.579543 id = cord-272778-aixiioii author = Chen, Qingqing title = Clinical characteristics of 145 patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Taizhou, Zhejiang, China date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; Taizhou; patient summary = We recorded demographic data including age and gender, the clinical data including underlying diseases, medical history, exposure history, symptoms, signs, laboratory findings, chest computed tomographic (CT) scans, and treatment measures (ie, antiviral therapy, corticosteroid therapy, respiratory support), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, MuLBSTA score, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II, epidemiological, and outcomes data. For severely and non-severely ill patients, refer to Diagnosis and Treatment of Pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 (version 7) [19] issued by of National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China. Last, we took reference on Diagnosis and Treatment of Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2 (version 7) [19] issued by of National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China, to define the severity of COVID-19, so its applicability may be limited. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study doi = 10.1007/s15010-020-01432-5 id = cord-354270-445lhfdc author = Chen, Rong-ning title = Mental health status and change in living rhythms among college students in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: A large-scale survey date = 2020-08-15 keywords = RESE; covid-19; student summary = title: Mental health status and change in living rhythms among college students in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: A large-scale survey A recent study on the prevalence of anxiety in Chinese college students suggested that the COVID-19-related stressors (included effects on daily-life, and academic delays) were positively associated with the level of anxiety symptoms, indicating that the mental health of college students could be affected by public health emergencies [24] . In this study, we supplemented the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Chinese college students and explored potential influencing factors. A study surveyed immediate psychological responses among Chinese general population by using the 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), showing that 4.3% respondents were considered to suffer from severe and extremely severe depressive symptoms (DASS-21≥21) in the initial outbreak of the pandemic (from January 31 to February 2, 2020) [6] . doi = 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110219 id = cord-304603-u7cph27q author = Chen, Shi title = Capped borrower credit risk and insurer hedging during the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-09-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = We model the features capped by the explicit treatment of the borrowing firm''s credit risk, the optimal guaranteed rate-setting, and the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. The features of the model include the capped credit risk from the borrowing firm, the premature risk structure captured by the barrier call, the imperfect competition reflected by the optimal guaranteed rate determination, and the COVID-19 outbreak expressed by the structural break in volatility. We complement the literature of the asset-liability matching management by taking into account the explicit treatment of the borrowing firm''s capped credit risk to evaluate the equity of the insurer. We suggest that the capped down-and-out call option model is intimately relevant to the optimal guaranteed rate-setting strategy, policyholder protection, insurer hedging, and the COVID-19 outbreak. In this paper, the down-and-out call option approach (Grosen and Jørgensen, 2002 ) is applied to a life insurer-borrowing firm situation because the recent respectively; however, the policy market is imperfectly competitive, where the insurer is the guaranteed rate-setter (see Polborn, 1998) . doi = 10.1016/j.frl.2020.101744 id = cord-311082-sspcz9t6 author = Chen, Shi title = Four Challenges Associated With Current Mathematical Modeling Paradigm of Infectious Diseases and Call for a Shift date = 2020-08-07 keywords = SEIR; covid-19 summary = We identified 4 major challenges associated with the current modeling paradigm (SEIR) that hinder the efforts to accurately characterize the emerging COVID-19 and future epidemics. These challenges included (1) lack of consistent definition of "case"; (2) discrepancy between patient-level clinical insights and population-level modeling efforts; (3) lack of adequate inclusion of individual behavioral and social influence; and (4) allowing little flexibility of including new evidence and insights when our knowledge evolved rapidly during the pandemic. Researchers, clinicians, and public health officials rely on mathematical models to characterize and predict the COVID-19 epidemic, derive critical epidemiological metrics (eg, the basic reproduction number R 0 ), evaluate various intervention strategies, and optimize resource needs [2] . The SEIR modeling paradigm is less practical to handle the complicated clinical, public health, and social system of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1093/ofid/ofaa333 id = cord-349031-tbof9yqi author = Chen, Shiu-Jau title = Novel Antiviral Strategies in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Review date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; MSC; SARS; patient; plasma summary = Fortunately, some novel antiviral strategies, such as convalescent plasma, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy, potentially offer an additional or alternative option or compassionate use for the people suffering from COVID-19, especially for critically ill patients, although their safety and efficacy are also under study. In this review, we explore the applications, possible mechanisms, and efficacy in successful cases using convalescent plasma, CRISPR, and MSC therapy for COVID-19 treatment, respectively. In this case series study of five critically ill patients with COVID-19 and ARDS, the administration of convalescent plasma containing neutralizing antibodies significantly improved their clinical status [53] . Under the condition that traditional drugs cannot assure their safety and efficacy for COVID-19 treatment, novel antiviral strategies, including convalescent plasma, CRISPR, and cell therapy, may be able to provide an additional or alternative option or compassionate use for the treatment of COVID-19, particular for critically ill patients. doi = 10.3390/microorganisms8091259 id = cord-256723-2eab6g7i author = Chen, Taige title = Lessons from a patient with severe aplastic anemia complicated with COVID-19 date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Chen, Taige; Lu, Xiaofan; Wang, Yang; Wang, Jun title: Lessons from a patient with severe aplastic anemia complicated with COVID-19 COVID-19 patients with preexisting diseases are at high risk of worse clinical outcomes. We reported a case of a patient with severe aplastic anemia complicated with COVID-19 who improved but turned worse rapidly and died in septic shock. To our knowledge, patient with COVID-19 complicated with SSA is quite rare, 65 and this case report reminds us that atypical or even asymptomatic manifestations of The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, 126 management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or 127 approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication Authors'' Contributions Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data Clinical course and outcomes of 344 intensive care 147 patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.asjsur.2020.07.007 id = cord-336252-e92omqyr author = Chen, Tracy Yixin title = COVID‐19 pneumonia in kidney transplant recipients: Focus on immunosuppression management date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Over the course of follow‐up, 23 have been discharged home with a functioning allograft and in stable condition; 4 experienced acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy; 7 patients were intubated, and 6 expired. CONCLUSION: Our findings described the characteristics and outcomes of this highly fatal illness in a multi‐ethnic kidney transplant cohort, with insights on immunosuppression management that could further our understanding of this unique disease in immunocompromised populations. 5 A brief correspondence on kidney transplant recipients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia reported 35% mortality rate, withholding only antimetabolites primarily. Similarly, our results have shown that while all patients were taking immunosuppression prior to admission, their COVID infections uniformly advanced to moderate-to-severe disease with confirmed diagnosis of pneumonia, while seven of the 30 patients required intubation and 20% died, cautioning the use of immunosuppression especially during the earlier phase of infection when viral suppression by the immune system is key to halt disease progression. COVID-19 pneumonia in kidney transplant recipients: Focus on immunosuppression management doi = 10.1111/tid.13378 id = cord-332241-rvvzl6y1 author = Chen, Tz‐Heng title = The advantages of peritoneal dialysis over hemodialysis during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The mismatch of supply and demand in medical resources worldwide, such as masks and protective gowns, has put healthcare workers and patients at a high risk of exposure to infection. Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 in outpatient HD facilities may have to be triaged to a hospital with isolation wards for dialysis, resulting in a shortage of dialysis machines, dialysates, wards, and healthcare workers. In addition to the need for high volumes of clean dialysate, machines, circuits, and spaces, HD requires a large number of healthcare workers such as physicians, nurses, technicians, and janitors. Low risk of PD solution shortage The need for a large number of healthcare workers, protective equipment, clean water, dialysis machines, which may be lacking in COVID-like pandemic or epidemic High volume peritoneal dialysis vs daily hemodialysis: a randomized, controlled trial in patients with acute kidney injury doi = 10.1111/sdi.12903 id = cord-351770-cirq6pfx author = Chen, Wei title = SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody levels are correlated with severity of COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In this study, we analyzed the SARS-CoV-2 NAb titers in patients recently recovered from COVID-19 using a novel SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) [12] . The distribution of NAb titers in patients with COVID-19 were then plotted based on the variables of age, sex, symptom, laboratory parameters and chest CT findings at the time of admission, treatment during hospitalization and the time of blood collection for antibody analysis (Figure 1 ). Independent variables included in the OLS model included age, sex, CT score, comorbidity, laboratory parameters that associated with disease severity (CRP level and lymphocyte counts), treatment that may influence immune response to pathogen (corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin) and time of blood collection for NAb analysis. In multivariate analyses, after adjustment for age, sex, comorbidity, corticosteroid treatment, CRP level, lymphocyte count and time of NAb analysis, baseline chest CT scores still strongly correlated with NAb titers in patients recovered from COVID-19 (Table 2 , p=0.02). doi = 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110629 id = cord-186831-724br56j author = Chen, Xiaocong title = Momentum Contrastive Learning for Few-Shot COVID-19 Diagnosis from Chest CT Images date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To this end, we propose a new deep learning algorithm for the automated diagnosis of COVID-19, which only requires a few samples for training. To this end, we propose a new deep learning algorithm for the automated diagnosis of COVID-19, which only requires a few samples for training. Specifically, we use contrastive learning to train an encoder which can capture expressive feature representations on large and publicly available lung datasets and adopt the prototypical network for classification. Specifically, we use contrastive learning to train an encoder which can capture expressive feature representations on large and publicly available lung datasets and adopt the prototypical network for classification. Finally, we utilized two public lung datasets to pre-train an embedding network and employ the prototypical network (Snell et al., 2017) to conduct the few-shot classification, which learns a metric space where the classification can be performed by measuring the distances to the derived prototypical representation of each class. doi = nan id = cord-323743-hr23ux58 author = Chen, Xiaofeng title = A diagnostic model for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on radiological semantic and clinical features: a multi-center study date = 2020-04-16 keywords = COVID-19; model summary = title: A diagnostic model for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on radiological semantic and clinical features: a multi-center study We aim to identify differences in CT imaging and clinical manifestations between pneumonia patients with and without COVID-19, and to develop and validate a diagnostic model for COVID-19 based on radiological semantic and clinical features alone. • A diagnostic model for COVID-19 was developed and validated using radiological semantic and clinical features, which had an area under the curve value of 0.986 (95% CI 0.966~1.000) and 0.936 (95% CI 0.866~1.000) in the primary and validation cohorts, respectively. We also develop and validate a model for COVID-19 diagnosis based on radiological semantic and clinical features. In statistical analysis, the chi-square test, the Kruskal-Wallis H test, and t test were utilized to compare the radiological semantic and clinical features between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups. In this multi-center study, statistical analysis was performed in comparing imaging and clinical manifestations between pneumonia patients with and without COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-06829-2 id = cord-263674-kngz6j9q author = Chen, Xing title = Laboratory abnormalities and risk factors associated with in‐hospital death in patients with severe COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-12 keywords = covid-19 summary = Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data were collected and explored the risk factors associated with in‐hospital death. Here, we present the demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data of hospitalized patients between survivors and non-survivors, describe the main laboratory abnormalities, and analyze the risk factors of in-hospital death with the hope of reducing mortality. We enrolled consecutive hospitalized adult patients (≥18 years old) admitted from February 3 to February 20, 2020, who were laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and categorized as severe type based on the clinical presentation at the time of admission. To minimize interference in analyzing the risk factors associated with in-hospital death, non-survivors who died within 3 days after admission were excluded. In this retrospective cohort study, we reported the risk factors associated with in-hospital death and main laboratory abnormalities in COVID-19 severe patients. Our study reported that elevated levels of NEU, hs-CRP, CK, and BUN were risk factors for in-hospital death in COVID-19 severe patients. doi = 10.1002/jcla.23467 id = cord-269895-a4xja2t5 author = Chen, Xue-Yan title = TNFα inhibitor may be effective for severe COVID-19: learning from toxic epidermal necrolysis date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; China; cell summary = Increased inflammatory cytokines [such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] are observed in COVID-19 patients, especially in the severe group. The phenomenon of a cytokine storm may be the central inducer of apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells, which leads to rapid progression in severe group patients. Given the similarities of clinical features and pathogenesis between toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and COVID-19, we hypothesize that the application of etanercept, an inhibitor of TNFα, could attenuate disease progression in severe group COVID-19 patients by suppressing systemic auto-inflammatory responses. 14 According to the "Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 (Trial Version 7)" announced by the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China, histological examination revealed obvious alveolar damage and mononuclear inflammatory infiltration, which may be the result of alveolar epithelial cell necrosis. 20 The pathology of severe group COVID-19 pneumonia revealed that immune cells, especially CD8 + T cells and Th17, were connected with the pathogenesis of the disease. doi = 10.1177/1753466620926800 id = cord-298915-g1u9jods author = Chen, Y. title = An Interpretable Machine Learning Framework for Accurate Severe vs Non-severe COVID-19 Clinical Type Classification date = 2020-05-22 keywords = covid-19 summary = Currently, severe and non-severe COVID-19 types are differentiated by only a few clinical features, which do not comprehensively characterize complicated pathological, physiological, and immunological responses to SARS-CoV-2 invasion in different types. Machine learning random forest (RF) models using features in each modality were developed and validated to classify COVID-19 clinical types. These findings shed light on how the human body reacts to SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a unity and provide insights on effectively evaluating COVID-19 patient''s severity and developing treatment plans accordingly. This study delivers an accurate diagnostic decision support tool to differentiate non-111 severe from severe type patients based on commonly available clinical data with clear clinical 112 Therefore, we developed an end-to-end ML framework to accurately 422 predict COVID-19 patient''s clinical type based on symptom and/or biochemistry modality 423 features. The goal of ML classification through RF was to accurately predict the patient''s COVID-19 type, 434 either "positive" (severe) or "negative" (non-severe), based on features from different clinical 435 modalities. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.18.20105841 id = cord-355700-1yf1ae1d author = Chen, Y. title = How Efficient Can Non-Professional MasksSuppress COVID-19 Pandemic? date = 2020-06-03 keywords = Fig; covid-19; face summary = Monte Carlo simulations exhibit that the effective reproduction number R of COVID-19 or similar pandemics can be approximately reduced by factor {gamma}4 with respect to the basic reproduction number R0,if the face masks with 70% <{gamma}< 90% are universally applied for the entire network. Furthermore, thought experiments and practical exploitation examples in country-level and city-level are enumerated and discussed to support our discovery in this study and indicate that the outbreak of a COVID-19 like pandemic can be even suppressed by the low efficiency non-professional face masks. In this study, abstracting physical and statistical models are our major methodologies for simulating a social network, in which the COVID-19 pandemic starts to be suppressed with the usage of different non-professional face masks. As an extension of Fig. 4 , we start the Monte Carlo simulations to study the effect of Class A+ face masks in the social network to suppress COVID-19 for longer period, when face masks obligation is applied at different stages of the pandemic. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.31.20117986 id = cord-355292-n6sq2jz9 author = Chen, Yan title = Infants Born to Mothers With a New Coronavirus (COVID-19) date = 2020-03-16 keywords = covid-19; infant summary = A novel viral respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is responsible for an epidemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in cases in China and worldwide. Four full-term, singleton infants were born to pregnant women who tested positive for COVID-19 in the city of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, China, where the disease was first identified. The other infant was born by vaginal delivery to a mother experiencing fever (highest temperature 38.3 • C), with a diagnostically confirmed infection. Recently, a finding from nine other cases suggested that there is no evidence for intrauterine infection caused by vertical transmission in women who develop COVID-19 pneumonia in late pregnancy (1) . This case report describes the clinical course of four live born infants born to pregnant women with the COVID-19 infection. This case report describes the clinical course of four live born infants born to pregnant women with the COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.3389/fped.2020.00104 id = cord-281406-d7g0pbj4 author = Chen, Yifei title = Epidemiological analysis of the early 38 fatalities in Hubei, China, of the coronavirus disease 2019 date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; death summary = BACKGROUND: Since the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei province of China by the end of 2019, it has burned its way across the globe, resulting in a still fast-growing death toll that far exceeded those from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in less than two months. The death cases were described from four aspects (gender and age characteristics, underlying diseases, the time course of death, symptoms at the incipience of illness and hospital admission). As there is a paucity of evidence on which population is more likely to progress into severe conditions among COVID-19 cases, here, we poured over the first batch of 38 death cases whose information were made public by Health Commission of Hubei province as of 24 January 2020, one day into city lockdown in Wuhan, with the purpose to add a new facet to current evidence. doi = 10.7189/jogh-10-011004 id = cord-310999-6xef9z2w author = Chen, Yiting title = In the big picture of COVID-19 pandemic: what can sleep do date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: In the big picture of COVID-19 pandemic: what can sleep do In the big picture of COVID-19 pandemic: what can sleep do Q3 The world is grappling with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, however, currently there is no effective antivirals or vaccines for it. A newly published review posited that ACE2 might exhibit circadian rhythm due to indirect effects of circadian rhythm changes in the renin angiotensin system, indicating the possible link of circadian rhythm to COVID-19 susceptibility [2] . Additionally, when exposed to COVID-19 infection, a series of pro-inflammatory cytokines were activated, increasing the risk of developing a cytokine storm [3] . a sleep-inducing hormone, is associated with the reduction of cytokines (eg, IL-6 and TNF-a); thus, melatonin is anti-inflammatory and immune enhancing, which has been suggested as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 [3] . COVID-19: melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment In the big picture of COVID-19 pandemic: what can sleep do doi = 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.06.009 id = cord-350015-mg5wiihj author = Chen, Yiyin title = Aging in COVID-19: Vulnerability, immunity and intervention date = 2020-10-31 keywords = China; CoV-2; SARS; covid-19 summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019, moved across the globe at an unprecedented speed, and has caused a profound and yet still unfolding health and socioeconomic impacts. We hypothesize that age-related decline and dysregulation of immune function, i.e., immunosenescence and inflammaging play a major role in contributing to heightened vulnerability to severe COVID-19 outcomes in older adults. Therefore, age-associated reduction in type 1 IFN response coupled with direct viral suppression could serve as a critical innate immune mechanism that leads to poor cell mediated immunity and increased vulnerability of older adults against SARS-CoV-2 infection with therapeutic implication (Sallard et al., 2020) . On the other hand, children with COVID-19 manifested lower levels of T cell activation than adult COVID-19 patients (Moratto et al., 2020) , suggesting better immune system control and regulation in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. doi = 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101205 id = cord-264610-kxebc12r author = Chen, Yu title = Clinical characteristics of IgG4-RD patients infected with COVID-19 in Hubei, China date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Clinical characteristics of IgG4-RD patients infected with COVID-19 in Hubei, China Since IgG4-RD patients may be susceptible to infections due to the immune-related disease itself and the medications they take, we conducted a study to investigate COVID-19 infection rate in Hubei IgG4-RD patients during the recent outbreak in Hubei province, and to characterize the clinical manifestation of COVID-19 in IgG4-RD patients. Therefore, theoretically IgG4-RD patients have a high risk of progressing to severe/critical COVID-19 once infected and thus need to be identified and properly treated as early as possible. In summary, we describe the infection status and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 among IgG4-RD patients under the pandemic situation in this study. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in doi = 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.04.015 id = cord-344978-m672rnze author = Chen, Yuntian title = A Quantitative and Radiomics approach to monitoring ARDS in COVID-19 patients based on chest CT: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-07-06 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19 summary = title: A Quantitative and Radiomics approach to monitoring ARDS in COVID-19 patients based on chest CT: a retrospective cohort study Three different models were constructed by using the traditional quantitative imaging metrics, radiomics features and their combinations, respectively. In this study, we use quantitative data analysis of chest CT images to detect the existence of ARDS during the COVID-19 treatment. Our results showed that used radiomics or quantitative metrics to monitor the ARDS existence was feasible, which had expanded the effectiveness of CT scans during the COVID-19 treatment, although it is still in controversy for reasons of availability, cost, and increased risk of cross-infection and radiation dosage [23] . Our results showed that radiomics or traditional quantitative post-analysis on a CT image could add extra information of disease condition in COVID-19 patients. A noninvasive ARDS existence monitoring model was constructed by using quantitative and radiomics analysis of chest CT images for COVDI-19 patients. doi = 10.7150/ijms.48432 id = cord-297702-vxcj25sn author = Chen, Yuxin title = A comprehensive, longitudinal analysis of humoral responses specific to four recombinant antigens of SARS-CoV-2 in severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients date = 2020-09-10 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = We continuously monitored the serum IgM and IgG responses specific to four SARS-CoV-2 related antigens, including the nucleoprotein (NP), receptor binding domain (RBD), S1 protein, and ectodomain (ECD) of the spike protein among non-severe and severe COVID-19 patients for seven weeks since disease onset. In this retrospective study, we successively monitored the serum IgM and IgG responses specific to four SARS-CoV-2 related antigens, including the NP protein, RBD protein, S1 protein, and ECD protein in 19 non-severe and 7 severe COVID-19 patients during the disease progression. The severe patients and non-severe patients had comparable reduced fold of IgM, IgG, and IgA binding titer specific to RBD, ECD, S1, and NP protein and neutralization activities. Furthermore, 80.7% of the convalescent sea from COVID-19 patients displayed varying levels of neutralization activities against SARS-CoV-2, which correlated with S1-specific and ECD-specific IgA responses in non-severe patients. doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008796 id = cord-298639-v9yg80jw author = Chen, Yuxin title = High SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Prevalence among Healthcare Workers Exposed to COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-06-04 keywords = China; SARS; covid-19 summary = Risk analysis revealed that wearing face mask could reduce the infection risk (odds ratio [OR], 0.127, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.017, 0.968), while when exposed to COVID-19 patients, doctors might have higher risk of seroconversion (OR, 346.837, 95% CI 8.924, 13479.434), compared with HCWs exposed to colleagues as well as nurses and general service assistants who exposed to patients. Our study revealed that the serological testing is useful for the identification of asymptomatic or subclinical infection of SARS-CoV-2 among close contacts with COVID-19 patients. Briefly, 96-well plates were coated with 500 ng/mL of recombinant RBD or NP protein overnight, incubating with diluted were also collected and the nasopharyngeal swab samples from these patients have been repeatedly tested as negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA at least twice at a two-day apart. Our study proved that the serological testing is useful for the identification of asymptomatic or subclinical infection of SARS-CoV-2 among close contacts with COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.067 id = cord-343502-1n0o4akm author = Chen, Zhang-Ren title = Pharmacotherapics Advice in Guidelines for COVID-19 date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS summary = SARS-CoV-2 (previously termed 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV), a virus that causes COVID-19, likely initially transmitted from bat to human (Gorbalenya et al., 2020) , infected over 6 million people worldwide from its outbreak in December 2019 to May 2020 (China CDC, 2020; WHO, 2020a) . China, Italy, Germany, the ATS (American Thoracic Society), the SSC (Surviving Sepsis Campaign), the NIH (National Institutes of Health), the IDSA (Infectious Diseases Society of America), and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) released guidelines and recommended several medicines for the treatment of COVID-19 (Table 1) . The majority of anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus drugs are adopted from the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS): alpha-interferon, lopinavir/ritonavir, and ribavirin. The guideline from Italy recommended remdesivir (Italian Society of Infectious and Tropical Diseases SECTION, 2020), and the FDA approved emergency use authorization (EUA) of remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19 (FDA, 2020). doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.00950 id = cord-282990-qb4wk4yb author = Chen, Zhuo title = Safety considerations in the bioanalytical laboratories handling specimens from coronavirus disease 2019 patients date = 2020-08-21 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Since blood specimen is one of the most commonly analyzed sample types, viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in blood is a key issue for laboratory biosafety. Besides the above three studies, other recently published papers also demonstrated that the detection rates of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in blood from COVID-19 patients were generally low as: five of 48 (10%) [1] , two of 9 (22%) [2] and six of 41 (15%) [3] . Despite the relatively low SARS-CoV-2 viral load detected in the blood and urine of COVID-19 patients, scientists have yet to draw conclusions about the infectivity of these specimens. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued the interim laboratory biosafety guidelines for handling COVID-19 specimens, which recommends virus inactivation prior to sample processing to reduce the risk of infection [10] . Nevertheless, only the protocol of heating at 92 • C for 15 min completely inactivated SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory specimens with much higher viral load. doi = 10.4155/bio-2020-0185 id = cord-286544-ipmcqz8n author = Cheng, Biao title = Predictors of progression from moderate to severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; CRP summary = METHODS: All adult patients with COVID-19 of moderate severity diagnosed using qRT-PCR and hospitalized at the Central Hospital of Wuhan, China, from Jan 1 to Mar 20, 2020 were enrolled in this retrospective study. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for NLR and CRP in predicting progression to critical condition was 0.77 (95% CI 0.694-0.846, P < 0.001) and 0.84 (95% CI 0.780-0.905, P < 0.001), with a cut-off value of 2.79 and 25.95 mg/l, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of NLR and CRP at admission were associated with poor prognosis of moderate COVID-19 patients. In this study, we focus on the clinical features and outcomes of patients with moderate COVID-19 treated at a single institution and explore the factors and indicators associated with their prognosis. However, older age, male gender, and NLR and CRP levels on admission were significantly associated with poor prognoses in patients with moderate COVID-19. In conclusion, age, gender, and NLR and CRP levels at admission are associated with poor prognoses of patients with moderate COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.033 id = cord-332180-dw4h69tp author = Cheng, Fu-Yuan title = Using Machine Learning to Predict ICU Transfer in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = We developed a machine learning-based risk prioritization tool that predicts ICU transfer within 24 h, seeking to facilitate efficient use of care providers'' efforts and help hospitals plan their flow of operations. The primary aim of this study is to develop a novel supervised machine learning classifier for predicting the risk of ICU transfer within the next 24 h for COVID-19 patients using hospital EMR data. The following data were retrospectively collected from the Mount Sinai Health System COVID-19 registry, sourced from an EPIC EHR system: demographic information, time-series of the admission-discharge-transfer events, structured and semi-structured clinical assessments, vital signs from nursing flowsheets, and laboratory and electrocardiogram (ECG) results. Using machine learning, we developed a model for identifying deteriorating patients in need of ICU transfer by using data routinely collected during inpatient care. Using machine learning, we developed a model for identifying deteriorating patients in need of ICU transfer by using data routinely collected during inpatient care. doi = 10.3390/jcm9061668 id = cord-275946-ofd2ipvs author = Cheng, Matthew P. title = Serodiagnostics for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Related Coronavirus-2: A Narrative Review date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; antibody summary = Accurate serologic tests to detect host antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) will be critical for the public health response to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. This article discusses key use cases for SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection tests and their application to serologic studies, reviews currently available assays, highlights key areas of ongoing research, and proposes potential strategies for test implementation. Appropriately designed seroepidemiologic studies will play an essential part in the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic by characterizing transmission dynamics, refining disease burden estimates, and providing insight into the kinetics of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Serologic surveillance studies can also assess the accumulation of persons with antibody responses over time to estimate incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (57, 58) and can track age-and jurisdiction-specific disease susceptibility and identify at-risk populations (59) . doi = 10.7326/m20-2854 id = cord-318893-obcdapgb author = Cheng, Shao-Chung title = Author reply to Letters to the Editor “COVID-19 pneumonia in Taiwan” date = 2020-04-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-318893-obcdapgb title: Author reply to Letters to the Editor "COVID-19 pneumonia in Taiwan" cord_uid: obcdapgb Author reply to Letters to the Editor "COVID-19 pneumonia in Taiwan" We would like to thank Joob B. for showing their interest in our article "First case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in Taiwan" 1 and sharing their idea selflessly on our work. We agreed with Joob B. Joob B. highlighted that COVID-19 cases might still had undetected viral shedding and still were infectious. In our case, the patient had negative results from sputum and throat for 3 times between illness day 17e23 by rRT-PCR. Nonetheless, there were cases reported from China that patient had prolonged SARS-CoV-2 shedding. 4 We appreciated Joob B et al. First case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in Taiwan Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Editorial: Wuhan coronavirus outbreak and imported case doi = 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.03.011 id = cord-298257-uptgv2xv author = Cheng, Wenwen title = Efficacy and Safety of Corticosteroid Treatment in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; corticosteroid; study summary = Compared with the control treatments, corticosteroid therapy was associated with clinical recovery (RR = 1.30, 95% CI [0.98, 1.72]) and a significantly shortened length of ICU hospitalization (RR = −6.50; 95% CI [−7.63 to −5.37]), but it did not affect the mortality ((RR = 1.59; 95% CI [0.69–3.66], I(2) = 93.5%), utilization of mechanical ventilation (RR = 0.35; 95% CI [0.10, 1.18]), duration of symptoms (WMD = 1.69; 95% CI [−0.24 to 3.62]) or virus clearance time (RR = 1.01; 95% CI [−0.91 to 2.92], I(2) = 57%) in COVID-19 patients. to explore the efficacy of the early use of short-term corticosteroids compared with a control treatment in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan Union Hospital and reported a remarkable improvement of clinical symptoms and chest computed tomography (CT) findings . All the included retrospective cohort studies (without control group) and case studies did not report virus clearance time in patients with COVID-19 after corticosteroid treatment. doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.571156 id = cord-035070-drt6esrk author = Cheng, Yichun title = Risk Factors and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-10-26 keywords = AKI; COVID-19; patient summary = title: Risk Factors and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 We aimed to assess the incidence, risk factors and in-hospital outcomes of AKI in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study in the intensive care unit of Tongji Hospital, which was assigned responsibility for the treatments of severe COVID-19 patients by the Wuhan government. CONCLUSIONS: Severe AKI was associated with high in-hospital mortality, and inflammatory response may play a role in AKI development in critically ill patients with COVID-19. We conduct a retrospective study of COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit to assess the incidence and risk factors of AKI and its impact on in-hospital mortality. Our study was the first to confirm the high levels of IL8, IL10 and IL2R were associated with a high risk of severe AKI development in critically ill patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1159/000512270 id = cord-285748-us5do6c2 author = Cheng, Yongqian title = SARS-CoV-2-Related Kidney Injury: Current Concern and Challenges date = 2020-09-23 keywords = ACE2; CKD; SARS; covid-19 summary = Currently, the diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are still unclear. Here, we review the recent findings of characteristics of COVID-19 in CKD patients and highlight the possible mechanisms of kidney injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Controversial results also exist like another study [18] indicating that SARS-CoV-2 infection was not found significantly correlated with incremental acute renal injury or aggravate chronic kidney failure in the COVID-19 patients. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 infection in kidney transplant patients from this study showed that such cases may be severe enough requiring intensive care admission and these patients are in high risk of disease progression and death. Another study based on single-cell analysis by Lin and colleagues [28] also found that ACE2 was enriched in proximal tubular cells which may indicate that the kidney is more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00529-0 id = cord-283719-zmizyx7e author = Cheng, Yuan-Yang title = Rehabilitation Programs for Patients with COronaVIrus Disease 2019: Consensus Statements of Taiwan Academy of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; Disease; patient summary = An online consensus meeting of an expert panel comprising members of the Taiwan Academy of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation was held to provide recommendations for rehabilitation protocols in each of the five COVID-19 stages, namely (1) outpatients with mild disease and no risk factors, (2) outpatients with mild disease and epidemiological risk factors, (3) hospitalized patients with moderate to severe disease, (4) ventilator-supported patients with clear cognitive function, and (5) ventilator-supported patients with impaired cognitive function. For patients with advanced disease severity, a well-designed rehabilitation program is even more crucial to improve pulmonary secretion clearance, ameliorates side-effects related to a prolonged bedridden state, and even prevents intensive care unit-acquired weakness. 8 Altogether, potentially significant risk factors for severe COVID-19 that should be identified and considered when designing rehabilitation programs include old age, male gender, hypertension, diabetes, respiratory disease, and CVD. 29 Chest physiotherapy strategies that promote airway clearance include the following: Another important issue in the rehabilitation of patients with moderate to severe disease is preventing deconditioning due to acute illness. doi = 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.08.015 id = cord-260232-98gtlad6 author = Chenna, Avantika title = Acute Kidney Injury in a Case Series of Patients with Confirmed COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019): Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade date = 2020-06-29 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; angiotensin; patient summary = title: Acute Kidney Injury in a Case Series of Patients with Confirmed COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019): Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade We present the case series of four patients (2 men and 2 women; 1 Caucasian and 3 African Americans; two survived and two died) with confirmed COVID-19, presenting with respiratory symptoms and acute kidney injury, who have been on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. We also discussed the role of ACE2 and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade in patients with COVID-19 infection along with pathogenesis. We presented the case series of four patients who were on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) with COVID-19 infection and acute renal failure. hypothesized that the use of ACE2 modulation medications in hypertensive and diabetic patients increased the risk of developing severe COVID-19 infection [1] . doi = 10.1155/2020/8811931 id = cord-274632-d9z0m2l8 author = Chenna, Avantika title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Renal Transplant Patient date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Transplant patients are particularly at a higher risk of contracting COVID-19 because of their immunosuppressed state, and they have the propensity to develop opportunistic infections [1] . Transplant patients are particularly at a higher risk of contracting COVID-19 because of their immunosuppressed state, and they have the propensity to develop opportunistic infections [1] . Here, we describe a case of a renal transplant patient who developed COVID-19 and, unfortunately, died from the infection despite all medical management. The illness from COVID-19 in renal transplant recipients ranged from mild to severe, and few patients presented with atypical symptoms [1, 3] . Transplant patients constitute a population more vulnerable to develop COVID-19 because of their immunosuppressed state and higher risk for opportunistic infections. Case report of COVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient: does immunosuppression alter the clinical presentation? Threatening drug-drug interaction in a kidney transplant patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) doi = 10.7759/cureus.8038 id = cord-338684-po3hfibp author = Cheong, Kai Xiong title = Systematic Review of Ocular Involvement of SARS-CoV-2 in Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; ocular summary = PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Studies have reported ocular involvement in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with SARS-CoV-2 having been detected in ocular swab samples. Observational studies which both described ocular involvement among patients with COVID-19 and attempted to detect SARS-CoV-2 in ocular samples via RT-PCR and/or viral cultures were included. In contrast, other studies have reported the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in ocular samples from patients who did not experience ocular symptoms and signs [5, 9, 10] . reported in a retrospective case series that SARS-CoV-2 was detected in conjunctival swab samples from both eyes of two patients (6.06%) in a population of 33 patients. Seah et al., in a prospective case series of 17 patients, reported that SARS-CoV-2 could not be detected in RT-PCR of tear samples. In the studies that took serial samples, SARS-CoV-2 was reported to remain detectable up to 27 days after the onset of ocular and respiratory symptoms [16, 18] . doi = 10.1007/s40135-020-00257-7 id = cord-252726-t5tcp6di author = Cheong, Mark Wing Loong title = COVID‐19 and Clinical Pharmacy Worldwide ‐ A Wake Up Call and a Call to Action date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; pharmacist summary = And because many of the clinical services that pharmacists provide are bundled with medicine access, we have limited time to confirm our role as essential in the modern health care team. As the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic and its associated restrictions continue to push us to develop additional strategies to preserve the medical supply chain, we anticipate that considerations for clinical pharmacy activities will decline. In Australia, as the pandemic worsened globally, the key health settings (hospitals and community pharmacies) struggled to project how they would optimize care provision while also serving as a good learning environment for pharmacy students and pre-registration interns. In addition, many hospital sites suggested that by having skilled pharmacy students rotating through to support medication provision meant that more experienced pharmacists could remain allocated to direct patient care services. Numerous articles have highlighted the role of clinical pharmacy in response to unique COVID-19-related challenges and the need for greater political advocacy for the value of these services. doi = 10.1002/jac5.1286 id = cord-323137-8b06u7kt author = Chern, Alexander title = Dissemination of Information During Public Health Crises: Early COVID‐19 Data From The Laryngoscope date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; Laryngoscope; pandemic summary = CONCLUSIONS: The Laryngoscope rapidly disseminated quality publications during the COVID‐19 pandemic by upholding a robust peer‐review process while expediting editorial steps, highlighting relevant articles online, and providing open access to make COVID‐19‐related publications available as quickly as possible. During a public health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important for medical journals to share information in a timely manner while simultaneously maintaining a robust peerreview process. Comprehensive review of two databases (PubMed and The Laryngoscope journal website) was performed on July 8, 2020 to identify The Laryngoscope publications pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic and historic respiratory pandemics of the 20th and 21st century. Publication data (e.g., number of submissions and acceptances, time from manuscript receipt to acceptance) of The Laryngoscope during historic pandemic years were not available for comparison to current COVID-19 publication data. During a public health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important for medical journals to share essential information in a timely manner while maintaining a robust peer-review process. doi = 10.1002/lary.29147 id = cord-351108-wfik975q author = Cherry, George title = Loss of smell and taste: a new marker of COVID-19? Tracking reduced sense of smell during the coronavirus pandemic using search trends date = 2020-07-16 keywords = Google; Trends; covid-19 summary = We used Google Trends to analyze regional searches relating to loss of smell and taste across Italy, Spain, France, Brazil, and the United States of America and determined the association with reported Covid-19 cases. We used Google Trends to analyze regional searches relating to loss of smell and taste across Italy, Spain, France, Brazil, and the United States of America (USA) and determined the association with reported Covid-19 cases using a self-developed software programme (Python). Summary of Spearman''s rank correlation test outcomes for search interest in terms relating to anosmia and ageusia and new daily Covid-19 cases per million (both data as 7-day moving-mean) the table shows counts of regions within each country and result group. We have demonstrated that there is clear association between Google Trends search terms relating to loss of smell and taste and Covid-19 cases both on a regional, national, and international basis. doi = 10.1080/14787210.2020.1792289 id = cord-319849-3shr5grg author = Cheruiyot, Isaac title = Intracranial hemorrhage in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients date = 2020-11-03 keywords = ICH; covid-19; patient summary = We, therefore, conducted a rapid systematic review of current scientific literature to identify and consolidate data on the incidence, age and sex distribution, clinical presentation, types, and clinical outcomes of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in COVID-19 patients. Studies were deemed eligible for inclusion if they fulfilled the following criteria: (1) were case reports/case series/cohort studies, (2) included patients with a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis, (3) monitored the patients for development of complications during the course of admission, and (4) reported clear extractable data on hemorrhagic stroke. For each study, the following information was extracted: the surname of the first author and the year of publication, country where the study was performed, the type of study (case report/case series/cohort), sample size, demographic characteristics, number of patients with intracranial hemorrhage, type of intracranial hemorrhage, anticoagulation prior to onset of hemorrhagic event, comorbidities, and mortality rate. doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04870-z id = cord-333338-6mxeq8dg author = Cheshmehzangi, Ali title = COVID-19 and household energy implications: what are the main impacts on energy use? date = 2020-10-09 keywords = covid-19; energy; household summary = By exploring this overarching aim, the main objectives of this perspective paper are (1) to evaluate the main impacts on the primary household energy use, (2) to suggest what could become a longer-term energy implication for the households, and (3) to address what needs to be studied at a larger scale in the future research. The methodology package is designed based on a pilot study, evaluating the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on household energy use and consumption. Second, the results of ''cooking'' and ''household entertainment activities'' are summarized together to indicate the changes between different phases and the correlation between these two daily needs that require energy use for preparation and operations. It mainly investigates the changes that could suggest major impacts on the household energy use because of the COVID-19, and some that could potentially last longer than these few months of the pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05202 id = cord-278325-ykcd7d59 author = Cheung, Carmen Ka Man title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Haematologist''s Perspective date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; ICU; SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = Two meta-analyses showed that a lower platelet count is associated with an increased risk of severe disease and mortality in patients with COVID-19 and may serve as a marker for progression of illness [53, 54] . Experience from previous SARS patients, caused by SARS-CoV-1, suggested that coronavirus could cause thrombocytopenia by direct viral infection of bone marrow haematopoietic stem cells via CD13 or CD66a, formation of auto-antibodies and immune complexes, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), and consumption of platelet in lung epithelium [61, 62] . The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) suggested all patients (including non-critically ill) who require hospital admission for COVID-19 infection should receive a prophylactic dose of LMWH unless contraindicated (Table 2 ) [102] . Clinical Course and Outcomes of Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Preliminary Report of the First 28 Patients from the Korean Cohort Study on COVID-19 doi = 10.1159/000510178 id = cord-269771-hffxb7bm author = Cheung, Ka Shing title = Gastrointestinal Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Virus Load in Fecal Samples from the Hong Kong Cohort and Systematic Review and Meta-analysis date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19; China; RNA; SARS summary = title: Gastrointestinal Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Virus Load in Fecal Samples from the Hong Kong Cohort and Systematic Review and Meta-analysis We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published gastrointestinal symptoms and detection of virus in stool, and also summarized data from a cohort of patients with COVID-19 in Hong Kong. The proportion of patients with detectable stool viral RNA was higher among those with diarrhea than those without diarrhea Table 2 including the hospital admission period, places in which the patients were recruited, sample size, age, sex, disease severity, non-gastrointestinal symptoms (fever and respiratory symptoms) on presentation, and gastrointestinal symptoms (anorexia, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain/discomfort). In this meta-analysis of 4,243 COVID-19 patients from six countries, the pooled prevalence of all gastrointestinal symptoms (including anorexia, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea or abdominal pain) was 17.6%. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.065 id = cord-340930-5cavkdde author = Cheung, Victor Kai-Lam title = Investigating effects of healthcare simulation on personal strengths and organizational impacts for healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; simulation; training summary = INTRODUCTION: This cross-sectional study aimed at evaluating impacts of healthcare simulation training, either in-situ or lab-based, on personal strengths of healthcare workers (HCWs) and organizational outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Post-training questionnaires made up of 5-point Likert scales were distributed to all participants to evaluate their personal strengths, in terms of i) assertiveness, ii) mental preparedness, iii) self-efficacy, iv) internal locus of control, and v) internal locus of responsibility. To comply with infection control guidelines of Hospital Authority, Healthcare Workers (HCWs) in high-risk areas for suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19 was required to attend this training. In summary, this cross-sectional study showed that COVID-19 specific healthcare simulation training programs, both in-situ and lab-based, enhanced personal strengths of HCWs, in terms of assertiveness, mental preparedness, self-efficacy, internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility, to a large extent. doi = 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100476 id = cord-298156-d0pb1kik author = Cheval, Sorin title = Observed and Potential Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Environment date = 2020-06-10 keywords = April; COVID-19; Coronavirus; March; SARS; impact; pandemic summary = Consequently, by the end of April 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to numerous environmental impacts, both positive such as enhanced air and water quality in urban areas, and negative, such as shoreline pollution due to the disposal of sanitary consumables. The concept of disaster has evolved over time, and here we use an adapted Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) definition: a disaster is an event, which severely alters the functioning of a community due to hazardous physical, biological or human related impacts leading to widespread adverse effects on multiple scales and systems (environment, economic, social). While negative impacts on the economy and society in general are probably huge, it is very likely that the global-scale reduction of economic activities due to the COVID-19 crisis triggers a lot of sensible improvements in environmental quality and climatic systems. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17114140 id = cord-318262-w8oixzdg author = Chevance, A title = Ensuring mental health care during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France: a narrative review date = 2020-04-22 keywords = SARS; care; covid-19; disorder; patient; psychiatric summary = Results: We identified four types of major vulnerabilities among patients with mental disorders during this pandemic: 1) medical comorbidities that are more frequently found among patients with mental disorders (cardiovascular and pulmonary pathologies, diabetes, obesity, etc.) which are risk factors for severe covid-19 infection; 2) age (the elderly form the population most vulnerable to the coronavirus); 3) cognitive and behavioural disorders, which can hamper compliance with confinement and hygiene measures and finally and 4) psychosocial vulnerability as a result of stigmatization and/or socio-economic difficulties. At the end of hospitalization, in particular for the population of patients in compulsory ambulatory care situations, specific case-management are organized with the possibility of home visits, in order to support patients when they get back home and to help them cope with the experience of confinement, which is liable to induce recurrences of mental disorders. doi = 10.1016/j.encep.2020.04.005 id = cord-326574-ke0iktly author = Chew, Alton Ming Kai title = Digital Health Solutions for Mental Health Disorders During COVID-19 date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; Singapore; health; mental summary = In the context of the ongoing pandemic, several potential applications of these tools have emerged, such as predicting outbreaks of COVID-19 based on historic travel data and public health capacity (22) . Direct potential applications of OHCs for patients at-risk of mental health disorders include lowering the barrier to access care and support for stigmatized illnesses such as anxiety and depression, by allowing patients to seek initial medical advice anonymously (43) . The pyramid base catering to the needs of the general population could include screening tools such as big data systems and/or OHCs to actively identify and/or engage at-risk individuals without pre-existing mental health disorders, as well as provide tele-support services to reduce risk of progression in patients with mental health disorders (49) . doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.582007 id = cord-271582-xo2a4wnj author = Chew, Christopher title = Medical ethics in the era of COVID‐19: Now and the future date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; healthcare summary = Instead, as the pandemic ravaged developed nations in the early months of the pandemic, COVID-19 exposed conflicted political leadership, limited vital medical supplies including personal protective equipment (PPE) and under-funded public health system capacity. Similarly, COVID-19 has forced healthcare workers in developed countries to confront moral dilemmas that have received limited attention from policymakers, clinicians and ethicists until now, but are part of daily life for their counterparts in resource-poor nations. Public health ethics has seen renewed relevance, including highly charged debates about the provision of PPE and whether healthcare workers have a ''duty to treat''. One struggle emerging at the clinical coalface is preserving the vital relationship between patients and healthcare providers despite unprecedented change in medical systems and delivery of care. Clinical ethics recommend ations for the allocation of intensive care treatments in exceptional, resource-limited circumstances: the Italian perspective during the COVID-19 epidemic doi = 10.1111/resp.13927 id = cord-254288-duukt2wh author = Chew, Nicholas W.S. title = A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-04-21 keywords = Singapore; covid-19; psychological; symptom summary = title: A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak METHODS: Healthcare workers from 5 major hospitals, involved in the care for COVID-19 patients, in Singapore and India were invited to participate in a study by performing a self-administered questionnaire within the period of February 19 to April 17, 2020. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates a significant association between the prevalence of physical symptoms and psychological outcomes among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak. We investigate the association between various physical symptoms and psychological distress amongst healthcare workers in Singapore and India during the current COVID-19 outbreak. The study questionnaire, written in English, comprised five main components-demographic characteristics, medical history, symptom prevalence in the previous month, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) instruments. This multinational, multicenter study found significant association between adverse psychological outcomes and physical symptoms displayed by healthcare workers during the current COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049 id = cord-258381-h0ddqs53 author = Chhabra, Saurabh title = Diagnostic considerations for COVID-19 in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = SARS-CoV-2 in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients is associated with severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and higher mortality. This assumes even greater relevance in the current pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) 1,2 wherein allogeneic HCT patients on therapeutic immune suppression are at a higher risk for mortality, and the only approved treatment (remdesivir) appears to be more effective in earlier stages of COVID-19 3-6 . The authors emphasize that a high index of suspicion is required to test by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) of nasopharyngeal (NP) swab patients who present with fever and/or lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) symptoms and have been in an area of high community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence or have been exposed to a confirmed or suspected COVID-19 case in the previous 14 days. Bronchoscopy has had an established role in the evaluation of respiratory pathologies in allogeneic HCT patients 14 and should be considered in the event NP rRT-PCR is negative for COVID-19 and also when a possible co-infection e.g., influenza 15 is suspected. doi = 10.1016/j.bbmt.2020.06.010 id = cord-354373-lldfoptb author = Chi, Jeffrey title = COVID-19 Clinical Research date = 2020-05-05 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = They can be categorized into four groups: drugs that combat SARS-CoV-2, immunomodulatory agents to counteract cytokine storm, convalescence plasma therapies and vaccines trials. They can be categorized into 1) drugs that combat SARS-CoV-2, 2) immunomodulatory agents to counteract cytokine storm, 3) convalescent plasma therapies and 4) vaccines trials (Table 1) . In vitro studies of these agents showed antiviral activities against SARS-VoV-2 and they are now repurposed for treating COVID-19 in clinical trials (Table 1) . Currently there are many ongoing clinical trials (e.g. NCT04292899, NCT04292730) to evaluate the efficacy of remdesivir in patients with mild to moderate or severe COVID-19. Sarilumab, another IL-6 receptor antagonist approved for RA, is also being studied in clinical trials (e.g. NCT04288713) in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 (Table 1) . As of April 19, 2020, there were 5 registered convalescent plasma therapy clinical trials in the United States for the treatment of severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients (Table 1) . doi = 10.33696/signaling.1.006 id = cord-330607-zn4urrxc author = Chi, Qiong title = Differential diagnosis for suspected cases of coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective study date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = METHODS: Sixty-eight cases of suspected COVID-19 treated in Wenzhou Central Hospital from January 21 to February 20, 2020 were divided into confirmed and COVID-19-negative groups based on the results of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) nucleic acid testing of the novel coronavirus in throat swab specimens to compare the clinical symptoms and laboratory and imaging results between the groups. More common chest imaging characteristics of the confirmed COVID-19 cases by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) included ground-glass opacities (GGOs), multiple patchy shadows, and consolidation with bilateral involvement than COVID-19-negative group (82.4% vs 31.4%, P = 0.0002; 41.2% vs 17.6% vs P = 0.048; 76.5% vs 43.1%, P = 0.017; respectively). CONCLUSIONS: WBC count inversely correlated with the severity of fever, GGOs, multiple patchy shadows, and consolidation in chest HRCT and clustered infection are common but not specific features in the confirmed COVID-19 group. doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05383-y id = cord-294628-ecg13s7a author = Chia, Ming Li title = Managing COVID-19 in a Novel, Rapidly Deployable Community Isolation Quarantine Facility date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; Singapore; patient summary = During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Singapore implemented large-scale institutional isolation units called Community Care Facilities (CCFs) to combat the outbreak in the community by housing low-risk COVID-19 patients from April to August 2020. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Singapore implemented large-scale institutional isolation units called Community Care Facilities (CCFs) to combat the outbreak in the community by housing low-risk COVID-19 patients from April to August 2020. In the first month, a total of 3758 patients were admitted to 4 halls, 4929 in-house medical consults occurred, 136 patients were transferred to a hospital, 1 patient died 2 weeks after discharge, and no health care workers became infected. As such, isolation centers called Community Care Facilities (CCFs) were set up throughout the country to house patients with COVID-19 who were at low risk for dying of the disease. doi = 10.7326/m20-4746 id = cord-307246-y6di9aum author = Chia, Pow-Li title = Rhythm blues in the time of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): how the cardiac electrophysiologist adapts to a viral pandemic in Singapore date = 2020-05-27 keywords = CIED; covid-19 summary = We share our experience of significant cardiac rhythm abnormalities seen in COVID-19 patients in Singapore, how the viral pandemic has affected the cardiac electrophysiology and pacing service in a large acute care general hospital and the steps taken to alleviate the negative impact. We share our experience of significant cardiac rhythm abnormalities seen in COVID-19 patients, and how the viral pandemic has affected the cardiac electrophysiology and pacing (EP) service in a large acute care general hospital in Singapore and the steps taken to mitigate the negative impact. Physical segregation based on time and work areas is instituted for the remaining technicians who are rostered to perform not just CIED checks but also echocardiography scans and support cardiac ambulatory services. All these measures help to minimize exposure of cardiac technicians and device manufacturer representatives to suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1007/s10840-020-00782-2 id = cord-343295-c3y6rtb7 author = Chiara, Berardi title = The COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: policy and technology impact on health and non-health outcomes date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; March; health; italian summary = Objective: The paper aims to analyse the policies implemented by the government and their impact on health and non-health outcomes considering both scaling-up and scaling-down interventions. We investigate the impact of policies on the daily reported number of deaths, case fatality rate, confirmation rate, intensive care unit saturation, and financial and job market indicators across the three major geographical areas of Italy (North, Centre, and South). This section considers various interventions such as measures to contain the spread of the virus, policies for prevention and cure, interventions for economic stimulus, and the introduction of new health technology. This section describes the policy implemented by the government to cope with the limited capacity of the health care system and the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, significant technological interventions seemed to be far from having any impact on the outcomes considered (daily number of reported deaths and ICU saturation) due to delayed implementation (see Figure 10 in the appendix). doi = 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.019 id = cord-301162-ux40twpt author = Chiaravalloti, Nancy D. title = The emotional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with progressive multiple sclerosis date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; PMS; depression summary = During study closure, a COVID Impact Survey was administered via telephone or email to all participants, along with measures of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, quality of life, and MS symptomatology that were previously administered pre-pandemic. All participants additionally completed selected Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) that were previously administered at study enrollment (baseline) to evaluate changes in depression, anxiety, quality of life (QOL), and MS symptomatology during the time period in which lockdown restrictions were in place. Despite the fact that the majority of participants reported some impact of the virus on their psychological well-being on the COVID Impact Interview, we saw little change in regard to symptoms of depression and anxiety and overall QOL on standardized PROs. The international composition of our sample indicates that these findings are largely consistent across widely dispersed geographical locations. doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-10160-7 id = cord-335744-haj5a7tf author = Chibbaro, Salvatore title = How SARS-CoV-2 is forcing us to reconsider and reorganize our daily neurosurgical practice date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = In fact, the geographical characteristics of our region and the strong bond with other units allowed us to transfer critical patients a few kilometers away to Germany, a country with more ICU beds available, and to other centers in our region where elective neurosurgical practice had not been disrupted as much as in Strasbourg. Internally, we had to face difficult choices due to the intense competition for surgical theaters between multiple specialties, the constant influx of neurosurgical emergencies and, last but not least, the need to keep up with our centralization of neuro-oncology cases. Finally, anticipating the possible medico-legal consequences of the crisis and to ensure accountability in all our decisions, our neurosurgical department established a COVID-19 period "Registry", which hopefully will enable us to monitor the clinical progression of our patients and provide data for better understanding the impact of the pandemic on our surgical practice. doi = 10.1016/j.neuchi.2020.05.001 id = cord-326618-0ci9irxl author = Chien, Lung-Chang title = COVID-19 Outbreak, Mitigation, and Governance in High Prevalent Countries date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; country; governance summary = Countries were further grouped into three different levels of governance (25 better governance, 24 fair governance, and 13 worse governance), identified outbreak and mitigation periods using the joinpoint regression model, and compared the number of days and average daily percent change in incidence in two periods by governance level using the one-way analysis of variance. The United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights urges countries to pay attention to respecting human rights and protecting vulnerable people, as these are fundamental factors to the success of the public health response and recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic in the long run [15, 16] . Although better governance countries experience rapid surges in the number of cases during the COVID-19 crisis, the incidence decreases steadily. We found that countries with better governance had a more rapid increase but a shorter outbreak period than countries with fair or worse governance by 19.6-22.3 days. doi = 10.5334/aogh.3011 id = cord-326853-miyvn7vd author = Chien, Lung-Chang title = Meteorological impacts on the incidence of COVID-19 in the U.S. date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; U.S. summary = Our analyses indicate that each meteorological factor and COVID-19 more likely have a nonlinear association rather than a linear association over the wide ranges of temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation observed. By including all the three meteorological factors in the same model with their lagged effects up to 3 days, the overall impact of the average temperature on COVID-19 was found to peak at 68.45 °F and decrease at higher degrees, though the overall relative risk percentage (RR %) reduction did not become significantly negative up to 85 °F. In our study, we first investigated the linear association between meteorological factors and COVID-19 in the U.S. We found that higher temperatures significantly reduced the risk of COVID-19, while higher relative humidities significantly increased the risk. To sum up, the study found that average temperature, minimum relative humidity, and precipitation can better address the impact of meteorological factors on COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s00477-020-01835-8 id = cord-337700-2n9tswr8 author = Chilimuri, Sridhar title = Predictors of Mortality in Adults Admitted with COVID-19: Retrospective Cohort Study from New York City date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = On multiple regression analysis, increasing odds of mortality during hospitalization was associated with older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.06 per year increase; p < 0.0001), admission D-dimer more than 1000 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) (OR 3.16; 95% CI, 1.75–5.73; p<0.0001), admission C-reactive protein (CRP) levels of more than 200 milligrams per liter (mg/L) (OR 2.43; 95% CI, 1.36–4.34; p = 0.0028), and admission lymphopenia (OR 2.63; CI, 1.47–4.69; p 0.0010). CONCLUSION: In this retrospective cohort study originating in NYC, older age, admission levels of D-dimer of more than 1000 ng/mL, CRP of more than 200 mg/L and lymphopenia were associated with mortality in individuals hospitalized for COVID-19. In the final analysis, we excluded the following patients: those whose SARS-Cov-2 results were pending or whose definitive outcomes were not available at the time of the study as they were still hospitalized; and those with incomplete information. doi = 10.5811/westjem.2020.6.47919 id = cord-295116-eo887olu author = Chimmula, Vinay Kumar Reddy title = Time Series Forecasting of COVID-19 transmission in Canada Using LSTM Networks() date = 2020-05-08 keywords = Canada; LSTM; covid-19; model summary = title: Time Series Forecasting of COVID-19 transmission in Canada Using LSTM Networks() Based on the public datasets provided by John Hopkins university and Canadian health authority, we have developed a forecasting model of COVID-19 outbreak in Canada using state-of-the-art Deep Learning (DL) models. In this novel research, we evaluated the key features to predict the trends and possible stopping time of the current COVID-19 outbreak in Canada and around the world. In this paper we presented the Long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, a deep learning approach to forecast the future COVID-19 cases. Recurrent LSTM networks has capability to address the limitations of traditional time series forecasting techniques by adapting nonlinearities of given COVID-19 dataset and can result state of the art results on temporal data. Accord-COVID-19 forecasting using LSTM Networks ing to this second model within 10 days, Canada is expected to see exponential growth of confirmed cases. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109864 id = cord-335005-ezp4mery author = China, Anne title = Pandemics and the future of human-landscape interactions date = 2020-08-27 keywords = Anthropocene; COVID-19; Denver; pandemic summary = We highlight the link between rising pandemics and accelerating global human impacts on Earth, thereby suggesting that pandemics may be an emerging element of the "Anthropocene." Examples from Denver, Colorado, USA, show how policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic changed human-environment interactions and created anomalous landscapes at the local scale in relation to the quality of air and patterns of acquiring and consuming food. Next, we present two examples from the city of Denver, Colorado (USA), showing how policy responses to the spread of the virus triggered exchanges that altered human-environment interactions and created emergent new landscapes-in relation to the quality of air and ways of obtaining and eating foods-with implications for managing the effects of pandemics at a local scale. Though the origins of pandemics are rooted in global-scale human impacts on environment, i.e., the Anthropocene, the COVID-19 case shows how their riveting effects can also alter humanlandscape interactions locally, with consequent cross-scale feedbacks. doi = 10.1016/j.ancene.2020.100256 id = cord-274141-vujx538o author = Chinsembu, Kazhila C. title = Coronaviruses and Nature’s Pharmacy for the Relief of Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; CoV; SARS; TCM summary = De Clercq (2005 suggested that it was feasible to develop SARS-CoV fusion inhibitors analogous to enfuvirtide, a linear 36-amino acid synthetic peptide marketed under the trade name Fuzeon, an approved anti-HIV drug that inhibits the entry of the virus into cells. It was hypothesized that specific flavonoids, such as quercetin, hesperetin, and myricetin (7) and their glycosylated derivatives, may play an effective role in inhibiting SARS-CoV entry into host cells, specifically by binding with high affinity to the spike protein, helicase, and protease sites on the ACE receptor (Ngwa et al. Although the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic should remind scientists that current options for treating life-threatening zoonotic coronavirus infections are very limited , medicinal plants offer a strong pipeline for the discovery of novel lead compounds that can be converted into new drugs to treat COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s43450-020-00104-7 id = cord-344486-iu5flbcl author = Chiotos, Kathleen title = Multicenter interim guidance on use of antivirals for children with COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; Disease; SARS; child; patient summary = In the few months since this initial publication, new evidence has emerged demonstrating the efficacy of the antiviral medication remdesivir in shortening time to clinical recovery in adults with COVID-19, while several other studies have shown ineffectiveness of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) . Further, additional observational studies have provided insight into the clinical epidemiology of COVID-19 in children, demonstrating that while most young patients experience mild illness, a small proportion develop severe illness associated with adverse clinical outcomes, including need for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission and mortality (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) . Nevertheless, the panel recognizes that pediatric clinicians are likely to consider comorbidities when weighing the risks and benefits of antiviral therapy on a case-bycase basis, and in making these decisions may consider: 1) the available, albeit limited, pediatric COVID-19 literature; 2) risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 in adults; and 3) pre-existing medical conditions in children associated with worse clinical outcomes for other viral infections. doi = 10.1093/jpids/piaa115 id = cord-319418-ao0df0q7 author = Chire Saire, J. E. title = Study of Coronavirus Impact on Parisian Population from April to June using Twitter and Text Mining Approach date = 2020-08-18 keywords = France; covid-19 summary = This paper studies the impact of coronavirus in the poopulation of Paris, France from April 23 to June 18, using Text Mining approach, processing data collected from Social Network and using trends related of searching. The information analysis on Twitter indicated by the detected rates can help to monitor the evolution of the interests of a population like that of France, within the phase of control of the outbreak of the current COVID-19 pandemic, showing that public interest in fear of health issues decreased and new fears arose, such as the issue of economic crisis, which is relevant information to generate effective communication policies meeting the needs of a population within the framework of Public Health. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.15.20175810 id = cord-331058-ou6vqp7n author = Chireh, Batholomew title = Leveraging best practices: protecting sub-Saharan African prison detainees amid COVID-19 date = 2020-06-24 keywords = african; covid-19 summary = The risk of infection and death from COVID-19 is higher among older prisoners with pre-existing health conditions especially in sub-Saharan African. These focus areas include 1) challenges of social distancing; 2) higher risk of severe infection and death; 3) difficulties health care systems may face in the case of COVID-19 surge; and 4) recommended solutions to prevent harm and preventing a public health catastrophe. Although prison conditions in the United States may be quite different from those of sub-Saharan African countries, this paper applies these focus areas to the African context and provides simple and immediate measures to proactively prevent the spread of COVID-19 among prisoners in the region. As stated earlier older prisoners and persons with underlying medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to report severe infection and death in low-and middle-income countries [3] . doi = 10.11604/pamj.2020.36.121.24133 id = cord-253898-ajo60spn author = Chirico, Francesco title = “Questionable” peer review in the publishing pandemic during the time of COVID-19: implications for policy makers and stakeholders date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: "Questionable" peer review in the publishing pandemic during the time of COVID-19: implications for policy makers and stakeholders High-impact journals and publishers have established open-access platforms where researchers can publish reports of innovative responses to COVID-19, along with a range of opinion papers on policy and strategy relevant to the pandemic (3). Moreover, a group of publishers and scholarly communication organizations created a reviewer pool, supported by the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association to "maximize the efficiency of peer review, ensuring that key work related to COVID-19 is reviewed and published as quickly and openly as possible" (4). In this scenario with many ethical challenges, scientific progress could be hampered, allowing predatory journals and scholars to exploit open access and possibly compromise public health and academic integrity. Governments should not just base their decisions related to Chirico et al: "Questionable" peer review during the time of COVID-19 doi = 10.3325/cmj.2020.61.300 id = cord-331130-vr8kczes author = Chirico, Francesco title = Hospital infection and COVID-19: Do not put all your eggs on the “swab” tests date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To the Editor-In healthcare settings, including long-term care facilities, hospital administrators have a legal obligation to set up a risk assessment strategy to carry out effective prevention and control measures during the management of suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection. According to European Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (EU-CDC) guidelines, 1 each hospital should constitute a ''COVID-19 preparedness and response committee'' and should prepare a specific plan, including a number of administrative and structural measures for patient and healthcare management. 2 To minimize the risk of spreading, mass testing with nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal (NP/OP) swab of all patients has been proposed, 2,3 associated with mass testing of both symptomatic and asymptomatic healthcare workers. Indeed, Xie et al 5 observed typical COVID-19 chest lesions via computed tomography (CT) scans in 5 patients with a negative or weakly positive swab test (RT-PCR test). One nosocomial cluster following with a familial cluster of COVID-19 cases: the potential transmission risk in patients with negative swab tests doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.254 id = cord-341620-nmrkhx5t author = Chirico, Francesco title = Can Air-Conditioning Systems Contribute to the Spread of SARS/MERS/COVID-19 Infection? Insights from a Rapid Review of the Literature date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; HVAC; MERS; SARS summary = Therefore, to evaluate the COVID-19 risk associated with the presence of air-conditioning systems, we conducted a rapid review of the literature concerning outbreaks of coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) in indoor environments. We utilized the participants-exposure-comparisons-outcome (PECOS) criteria, and we defined them according to evidence-based practice [32] -P (participants) is human subjects residing in indoor environments, E (exposure) is exposed to air-conditioning systems (HVAC), C (comparisons) is any comparison between the pathogens under study, and O (outcome) is respiratory infection outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, or SARS CoV-2. A retrospective study of on outbreak involving 74 patients in the same hospital indicated that the rapid evaporation of the droplets produced by coughing in a relatively dry, air-conditioned environment, could also induce virus-laden aerosol, which was probably responsible for spreading the infection to patients who were not in the same room [35] . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17176052 id = cord-255884-0qqg10y4 author = Chiroma, H. title = Early survey with bibliometric analysis on machine learning approaches in controlling coronavirus date = 2020-11-05 keywords = CNN; COVID-19; November; international summary = Therefore, the main goal of this study is to bridge this gap by carrying out an in-depth survey with bibliometric analysis on the adoption of machine-learning-based technologies to fight the COVID-19 pandemic from a different perspective, including an extensive systematic literature review and a bibliometric analysis. Moreover, the machine-learning-based algorithm predominantly utilized by researchers in developing the diagnostic tool is CNN mainly from X-rays and CT scan images. We believe that the presented survey with bibliometric analysis can help researchers determine areas that need further development and identify potential collaborators at author, country, and institutional levels to advance research in the focused area of machine learning application for disease control. (2020) proposed a joint model comprising CNN, support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and multilayer perceptron integrated with chest CT scan result and non-image clinical information to predict COVID-19 infection in a patient. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.04.20225698 id = cord-350823-6pmvftgk author = Chirove, F. title = A model assessing potential benefits of isolation and mass testing on COVID-19: the case of Nigeria date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; Nigeria; September summary = Results from simulations revealed that an increase in mass testing and reduction of transmission from isolated individuals are associated with benefits of increasing detected cases, lowering peaks of symptomatic cases, increase in self-isolating cases, decrease in cumulative deaths and decrease in admissions into monitored isolation facilities in the case of Nigeria Our study seeks to assess the potential impact of isolation and mass testing of the population on the transmission of COVID-19 in Nigeria using mathematical modelling approach. Our current work on the dynamics of the novel COVID-19 virus in Nigeria uses a deterministic modelling approach to estimate the potential impact of self and mandatory isolation, and mass testing. We present simulations to assess the potential impact of isolation and mass testing on COVID-19 by fitting the model to cumulative cases in Nigeria. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.01.20186288 id = cord-296384-cejw22ms author = Chitturi, Kalyan R. title = Transcatheter mitral valve repair with MitraClip for severe mitral regurgitation and cardiogenic shock during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Transcatheter mitral valve repair with MitraClip for severe mitral regurgitation and cardiogenic shock during the COVID-19 pandemic The American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the Society of Coronary Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) recently proposed joint guidance on triage of structural heart disease (SHD) interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic. We present two illustrative cases of severe MR and cardiogenic shock that were successfully treated with MitraClip amidst the COVID-19 pandemic with good outcomes at short term follow-up. 3, 4 Applying the above consensus statement, we describe two cases of severe MR and shock that presented treatment challenges amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. While all elective cases were deferred, in accordance with the consensus statement by ACC and SCAI, we proceeded with transcatheter MV intervention for these two highly selected patients. Triage Considerations for Patients Referred for Structural Heart Disease Intervention During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: An ACC /SCAI Consensus Statement doi = 10.1016/j.carrev.2020.05.030 id = cord-321044-pfooy6g3 author = Chiu, Joanne S. title = Kawasaki Disease Features and Myocarditis in a Patient with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A 10-year-old male with prolonged fever, rash, and conjunctivitis presented to the emergency department with concern for Kawasaki disease, found to have myocarditis and PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2. Despite the increasing prevalence and disease burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there is limited understanding of the spectrum of pediatric presentations. This case illustrates the unique presentation of a COVID-19 patient with features of KD and myocarditis, presenting with stable vital signs and a normal ambulatory saturation. To date, there has been one published case of a pediatric COVID-19 patient with concurrent KD without cardiac dysfunction [2] and several case series describing myocarditis as a COVID-19 presentation in the adult population [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Patients presenting with KD features requiring admission now undergo two PCR COVID-19 tests 24 h apart prior to Cardiac involvement in a patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) doi = 10.1007/s00246-020-02393-0 id = cord-278068-3kg71nf4 author = Chivese, T. title = A meta-review of systematic reviews and an updated meta-analysis on the efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID19 infection date = 2020-07-30 keywords = Azithromycin; COVID-19; COVID19; HCQ summary = Objective To synthesize the findings presented in systematic reviews and meta-analyses as well as to update the evidence using a meta-analysis in evaluating the efficacy and safety of CQ and HCQ with or without Azithromycin for the treatment of COVID19 infection. A comprehensive search included several electronic databases in identifying all systematic reviews and meta-analyses as well as experimental studies which investigated the efficacy and safety of CQ, HCQ with or without antibiotics as COVID19 treatment. To synthesize the findings presented in systematic reviews and meta-analyses as well as to update the evidence using a meta-analysis in evaluating the efficacy and safety of CQ and HCQ with or without Azithromycin for the treatment of COVID19 infection. In this respect, we conducted this umbrella review with two broad aims; (1) to assess the efficacy and safety of each of HCQ and CQ, with or without Azithromycin in the treatment of COVID19 by assessing the evidence from existing systematic reviews and metaanalyses, and (2) to carry out an updated meta-analysis of the existing experimental studies to assess the efficacy of these drugs. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.28.20164012 id = cord-336071-t7c0drft author = Chiyomaru, Katsumi title = Global COVID-19 transmission rate is influenced by precipitation seasonality and the speed of climate temperature warming date = 2020-04-14 keywords = covid-19; rate summary = title: Global COVID-19 transmission rate is influenced by precipitation seasonality and the speed of climate temperature warming In this study, therefore, we used a 15 global dataset of COVID-19 cases and global climate databases and comprehensively 16 investigated how climate parameters could contribute to the growth rate of COVID-19 17 cases while statistically controlling for potential confounding effects using spatial 18 analysis. In this study, therefore, we used a 15 global dataset of COVID-19 cases and global climate databases and comprehensively 16 investigated how climate parameters could contribute to the growth rate of COVID-19 17 cases while statistically controlling for potential confounding effects using spatial 18 analysis. The contribution (i.e., non-zero estimate) of each explanatory variable to the growth rate 171 of COVID-19 cases was considered significant when the associated p-value was less than 172 0.05. Global COVID-19 transmission rate is influenced by 352 precipitation seasonality and the speed of climate temperature warming doi = 10.1101/2020.04.10.20060459 id = cord-338944-3ro3evcc author = Cho, Dae-Chul title = In the Era of COVID-19: The Role of Spine Surgeons at the Epicenter of the Outbreak date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: In the Era of COVID-19: The Role of Spine Surgeons at the Epicenter of the Outbreak In case of emergent operations with uninfected patients, spine surgeons should pay special attention to safety to ensure that patients are not infected with the COVID-19 during the stay of the operating room (OR), intensive care unit, and general wards. When operating on COVID-19 infected patients, all efforts are made to minimize exposure to the patient by maintaining as much of a distance as possible, as well as by minimizing medical staff in the OR during the surgery to increase the safety of the operation. During surgery, special attention is necessary to protect the medical staff from the COVID-19 infection using the appropriate PPE. Under usual circumstances, before the era of COVID-19 pandemic, there are sufficient medical resources for spine surgeons to perform surgeries without special considerations. doi = 10.14245/ns.2040244.122 id = cord-332940-vb9ds64o author = Cho, Jiacai title = COVID‐19 infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Data from the Asia Pacific Lupus Collaboration date = 2020-08-25 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: COVID‐19 infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Data from the Asia Pacific Lupus Collaboration As COVID-19 ravages healthcare systems worldwide, cases of infection among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are increasingly reported. Patient 2 was a 32-year-old Filipino woman with active lupus nephritis who was treated with hydroxychloroquine, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone 30 mg daily. In summary, we report three cases of COVID-19 infection in SLE patients from the Asia Pacific, of which one was fatal. Notably, all three patients had active SLE which required escalation of treatment just before, or during treatment for COVID-19 infection, in contrast to reports from France. COVID-19 and systemic lupus erythematosus: a case series Clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a series of 17 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus under long-term treatment with hydroxychloroquine doi = 10.1111/1756-185x.13937 id = cord-249256-bd9j1din author = Cho, Jungwoo title = Running the COVID-19 marathon: the behavioral adaptations in mobility and facemask over 27 weeks of pandemic in Seoul, South Korea date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; Korea; mobility summary = The phase-specific linear models reveal the strong, self-driven mobility reductions in the first escalation and peak with a common focus on public transit use and less-essential weekend/afternoon trips. Mobility intervention has been embraced as one of the most effective and immediate control measures since the early days of COVID-19 pandemic, and universal quarantines such as lockdown and shelter-in-place have shown measurable success. Several recent studies also emphasized the need to understand behavioral aspects and perception changes regarding policy adherence 12 , and the importance of mobility data analyses for a broader understanding of the efficacy of public communication and social distancing interventions 13 . In this paper, we employ data-centric approaches to trace the evolution of mobility behavioral adaptation and its relationship to epidemic progression in Seoul, South Korea for the first 189 days (27 weeks). doi = nan id = cord-266878-z7qn80tw author = Cho, Pauline title = COVID 19—An eye on the virus date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID; contact summary = Regarding the use of contact lenses during this period of worldwide infection, mixed messages have emerged from various health sources, making it difficult for practitioners to provide absolute guidance to their patients. In addition, contact lens wearers may experience minor discomfort or irritation more frequently than spectacle wearers [14] , and this in turn increases the chance of the natural response to touch or rub eyes [15] . Practitioners of course, are responsible for impressing upon their patients the importance of good hygiene, but some additional precautions are needed during this time of pandemic. As patients may be unable to visit clinics or practices due to lockdown, it may be advisable for practitioners to contact the parents of all of their orthokeratology patients to alert them about this problem. The COVID-19 pandemic: Important considerations for contact lens practitioners doi = 10.1016/j.clae.2020.05.011 id = cord-304321-y177sqee author = Cho, Ryan H. W. title = Pearls of experience for safe and efficient hospital practices in otorhinolaryngology—head and neck surgery in Hong Kong during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; patient summary = We hope that our experiences will serve as pearls for otolaryngologists and other healthcare personnel working in institutes that serve large numbers of patients every day, particularly with regard to the sharing of clinical and administrative tasks during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2003 outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong, the initial phase of outbreak began in Prince of Wales Hospital with a carrier of coronavirus in a medical ward causing widespread infection to patients and medical staff through the use of nebulizer for bronchodilators which facilitated the transmission of the virus through aerosol spread. Health seminars on COVID-19, which were organized by the infection control team to all hospital staff on daily basis across the whole month, provided a direct platform from which to educate healthcare personnel about the virus, its mode of transmission, the course of the disease, management and the mortality rate. doi = 10.1186/s40463-020-00427-4 id = cord-032231-7pwy8cyq author = Cho, Sang-Wook (Stanley) title = Quantifying the impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 outbreak: The case of Sweden date = 2020-08-29 keywords = Sweden; covid-19 summary = Using a synthetic control approach, I find that strict initial lockdown measures play an important role in limiting the spread of the COVID-19 infection, as the infection cases in Sweden would have been reduced by almost 75 percent had its policymakers followed stricter containment policies. In the context of this analysis, I swap the setting by assigning treatment to Sweden, where no lockdown was in place, and compare it with a counterfactual designed to capture how the infection rates would have evolved in Sweden had it followed a policy approach (or a mandatory lockdown) similar to that taken by other European countries. Because the RMSPE measures the gap between the variable of interest for the treated country and its synthetic counterpart, we can calculate a set of RMSPE values for the pre-and post-treatment period for all units in the cross-sectional placebo test. doi = 10.1093/ectj/utaa025 id = cord-283340-ksyd5l56 author = Choi, Geun Joo title = The Potential Role of Dyslipidemia in COVID-19 Severity: an Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; review; study summary = OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the available knowledge about the potential association between dyslipidemia and the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as reported in previous published systematic reviews. Specifically, we conducted an umbrella review to evaluate the findings of systematic reviews and/or metaanalyses that investigated the relationship of dyslipidemia and severity of COVID-19 infection and to assess the evidence regarding potential limitations and the consistency of findings. The following criteria were applied to identify the articles to be included in the present umbrella review: (1) systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses; (2) studies involving adults who tested positive for COVID-19; and (3) studies reporting the association between dyslipidemia and COVID-19 infection. Two authors (G.J.C. and H.M.K.) independently extracted the outcomes on the relationship of dyslipidemia or non-dyslipidemia and lipid profile with COVID-19 infection severity from the identified systematic reviews and meta-analyses. doi = 10.12997/jla.2020.9.3.435 id = cord-274150-ukdha3ap author = Choi, Jun Yong title = Convalescent Plasma Therapy for Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; convalescent; plasma summary = Given its rapid acquisition, convalescent plasma therapy has been considered as an emergency intervention in several pandemics, including the Spanish flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), and West Nile virus, and more recently, Ebola virus [7] [8] [9] . Although large-scale randomized controlled trials have not yet been performed, and most studies did not evaluate neutralizing activities of used convalescent plasma, previous experiences on convalescent plasma therapy for the treatment of emerging infectious diseases provide us with important historical precedents that this intervention might be useful for confronting the COVID-19 epidemics. To evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with COVID19 , an open-label, multicenter, randomized clinical trial was performed in seven medical centers in Wuhan, China. Some patients who recover from viral diseases may not have high titers of neutralizing antibodies, which are crucial for the effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy [13, 14] . doi = 10.3947/ic.2020.52.3.307 id = cord-336133-kpzjrj15 author = Choi, Kristen R. title = Nursing and the novel coronavirus: Risks and responsibilities in a global outbreak date = 2020-04-15 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Nursing and the novel coronavirus: Risks and responsibilities in a global outbreak These cases were linked to a wet animal wholesale market in the region and, after extensive epidemiologic investigation, led to identification of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19). These cases were linked to a wet animal wholesale market in the region and, after extensive epidemiologic investigation, led to identification of a novel coronavirus . Nurses are providing front-line care in the most patient-facing role to complex COVID-19 cases that require hospitalization. As one of the most trusted health professional groups, nurses also play a key role in providing public education on disease prevention and reducing the spread of misinformation around the outbreak. Effects of misleading media coverage on public health crisis: A case of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China doi = 10.1111/jan.14369 id = cord-332716-1d89j7jh author = Choi, Marcelo title = El SRAA y el SARS-CoV-2: el acertijo a resolver date = 2020-05-27 keywords = Ang; COVID-19; ECA2; SARS summary = Uno de los temas que ha generado debate se vincula con la asociación entre la terapia antihipertensiva con inhibidores del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) y la infección por el virus SARS-CoV-2. Para ingresar a las células el coronavirus interactúa, utilizando como receptor, con la ECA2 y serina-proteasas transmembrana de tipo II (TMPRSS2) ubicadas en la superficie celular del huésped (7) . Los estudios clínicos llevados a cabo hasta el día de hoy no han demostrado que existen diferencias entre ambos tratamientos en términos de aumento del riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2 o de desarrollo de resultados graves en pacientes con COVID-19 (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) . Si bien existe evidencia in vitro de que el SARS-CoV-2 se une a los receptores ECA2 y que éstos se encuentran aumentados en presencia de IECA o ARA-II, no hay evidencia al momento de que la exposición a estos fármacos facilite la entrada del coronavirus ni que produzcan un mayor riesgo de COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.hipert.2020.05.005 id = cord-315188-a9pvugjt author = Choi, Min Hyuk title = Clinical Characteristics and Disease Progression in Early-Stage COVID-19 Patients in South Korea date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; KCDC; Korea; patient summary = The following clinical data were collected using electronic medical records: age at diagnosis, sex, signs and symptoms, date of symptom onset, date of hospital admission, date of discharge or transfer, Charlson comorbidity index [16] , Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status [17] , Multilobular infiltration, hypo-Lymphocytosis, Bacterial coinfection, Smoking history, hyper-Tension and Age (MuLBSTA) score [18] , pneumonia severity index [19] , Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure plus age ≥ 65 years (CURB-65) [20] , respiratory support, and treatment agents administered before and during hospitalization. After PS matching, prior history of drug use, including ibuprofen, ARB, DPP4i, was not statistically different between patients in the progression and improvement/stabilization groups. Before matching, the proportion of patients reporting prior use of these drugs was significantly greater in the progression group; however, after adjusting for 10 confounding variables, including underlying comorbidities, there was no significant difference between patients with and without these medication histories. doi = 10.3390/jcm9061959 id = cord-317624-qdzhncs0 author = Choi, Min Joo title = Comparison of antiviral effect for mild-to-moderate COVID-19 cases between lopinavir/ritonavir versus hydroxychloroquine: A nationwide propensity score-matched cohort study date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; LPV summary = METHODS: Nationwide retrospective case-control study was conducted to compare the effect of HCQ and LPV/r on viral shedding duration among patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 using the reimbursement data of National Health Insurance Service. This study aimed to compare the effect of HCQ and LPV/r on the viral shedding duration among patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 cases using South Korea''s National Health J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Insurance Service (NHIS) database. Among these, only mild-to-moderate grade 1 patients were included in the analysis, and the effect of LPV/r or HCQ use on viral shedding duration was evaluated ( Figure 1 ). In the previous studies including mild COVID-19 patients in CTCs, the mean viral shedding duration from symptom onset was 21-24.5 days, which is longer than the results of our control group , Noh et al., 2020 . doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.062 id = cord-264811-xbeipob9 author = Choi, Yongin title = Assessment of Social Distancing for Controlling COVID-19 in Korea: An Age-Structured Modeling Approach date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; Korea; age summary = This study aims at assessing the impact of social distancing on the reduction of COVID-19 infected cases by constructing a mathematical model and using epidemiological data of incidences in Korea. An example of a scenario/policy-specific contact matrix of Seoul and Gyeonggi province-school closure with no social distancing, M C -is shown in Figure 3 ; a comparison with the equivalent version for Korea is provided in Figure S3 in Supplementary Section B. In the age-structured model developed in this study, we estimated the transmission rate by applying the contact matrix obtained from [25] to the actual incidence and population data for Seoul and Gyeonggi province. We estimated the transmission rate for each age group in seven distinct periods using the COVID-19 data and contact matrix for each age group and investigated the effect of social distancing on the control of the disease in the age-structured model under various scenarios. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17207474 id = cord-263552-6qhb02l2 author = Chokroverty, Sudhansu title = The Many Faces and Fangs of COVID-19: An Editorial date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = There 159 is, however, no room for personal or political advantages in our quest for scientific progress in 160 our understanding of the pathogenesis, the natural evolution of the clinical picture, 161 epidemiological pathway as well as finding an effective vaccine and therapy for COVID19. Association of public health interventions with the 187 epidemiology of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in 189 Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel 191 coronavirus in Wuhan, China Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases 193 of 2019 Novel Coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study First 12 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 198 (COVID-19) in the United States Survey of insomnia and related social, psychological factors among 217 medical staff involved with the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with 224 coronavirus disease-2019 in doi = 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.06.006 id = cord-272137-enfxk1ku author = Choo, Esther K title = COVID-19 fault lines date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Within any hospital''s emergency room, the fault lines of society are barely concealed. No one would think to provide the luxury of sufficient space and staff to, say, enable the kind of social distancing space between occupants that is recommended in the midst of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The city of Las Vegas infamously turned a parking lot into a sleeping area after a homeless shelter closed due to a case of COVID-19, marking squares on the bare ground to enforce social distancing. But in other places, hospitals are admitting stable patients with COVID-19 to avoid discharging them to the street, or hotel rooms and trailers have materialised as extra shelter. Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA chooe@ohsu.edu @choo_ek The Penumbra COVID-19 fault lines Interim guidance for homeless service providers to plan and respond to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30812-6 id = cord-260674-a0ejus6m author = Chopra, Sakshi title = Impact of COVID-19 on lifestyle-related behaviours- a cross-sectional audit of responses from nine hundred and ninety-five participants from India date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; activity; lifestyle summary = CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 marginally improved the eating behaviour, yet one-third of participants gained weight as physical activity declined significantly coupled with an increase in screen and sitting time. A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted on the general population to assess the impact of COVID-19 on daily lifestyle-related practices such as dietary, activity and sleep pattern using a validated questionnaire. The electronic survey questionnaire was designed to assess changes in multiple lifestyle-related behaviors such as eating, physical activity, sleep and other health related behaviours during the COVID-19 outbreak. Part A (A1 to A24) assesses the baseline lifestylerelated behaviours and Part B (B1 to B24) evaluates changes in different lifestyle related behaviors such as eating habits, physical activity and sleep pattern during the pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.09.034 id = cord-305497-rlxrn3ap author = Chorin, Ehud title = QT Interval Prolongation and Torsade De Pointes in Patients with COVID-19 treated with Hydroxychloroquine/Azithromycin date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: QT Interval Prolongation and Torsade De Pointes in Patients with COVID-19 treated with Hydroxychloroquine/Azithromycin However, while the true efficacy of this regimen is unknown, initial reports have raised concerns regarding the potential risk of QT prolongation and induction of torsade de pointes (TdP). However, HY and AZ have each been independently shown to increase the risk for QT interval prolongation, drug-induced torsade de pointes (TdP), and sudden cardiac death (SCD) [5] [6] [7] [8] . Azithromycin, cardiovascular risks, QTc interval prolongation, torsade de pointes, and regulatory issues: A narrative review based on the study of case reports Risk of QT Interval Prolongation Associated With Use of Hydroxychloroquine With or Without Concomitant Azithromycin Among Hospitalized Patients Testing Positive for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Assessment of QT Intervals in a Case Series of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Treated With Hydroxychloroquine Alone or in Combination With Azithromycin in an Intensive Care Unit doi = 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.05.014 id = cord-274268-0ucqp3uz author = Chorus, Caspar title = Diabolical dilemmas of COVID-19: An empirical study into Dutch society’s trade-offs between health impacts and other effects of the lockdown date = 2020-09-16 keywords = class; covid-19; dutch; policy summary = While our study is confined to the Dutch society, and we acknowledge that countries differ widely in terms of their culture, the actions taken by their governments and preferences towards COVID-19 policies [11, 12] , we nonetheless observe that in many other countries, debates are raging that are similar to the one being held in the Netherlands; take for example the heated exchange in the United States of America (e.g., [14] ) between governor Cuomo of New York who emphasizes that avoiding fatalities takes priority and that one cannot weigh a human live against the economic impact of the lockdown, versus president Trump who is keen to re-open the economy and professes that the cure cannot be worse than the disease. This paper presented the results of an empirical study into Dutch society''s preferences of COVID-19 related government policies, specifically in terms of the weights attached to various impact-dimensions of such policies. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238683 id = cord-276592-dsilwfl1 author = Chou, Calvin L title = How COVID-19 Disrupts—and Enhances—My Clinical Work date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Now, in this new era of attention to hand hygiene and social distancing, I paranoically and abashedly attempt to reproduce the sterile technique I learned from my days in the basic science lab, expanding my alcohol wiping to doorknobs and surfaces throughout the medical center-indeed, to any possible hideout of renegade coronavirus. I have to remind myself to begin each virtual encounter with a warm hello, an explicitly stated wish that we could be meeting in person, a sound and lighting check, and a brief check-in with the patient about how they are coping with current public health recommendations. With this intentional centering, which takes a bit more effort than usual, I can hear that most of my patients describe anxiety about what they could or should do, and this response leads to prioritizing that concern on the list of topics that we collaboratively generate. He assents, and I ask, "What do you know of social distancing?" He says, "To tell you the truth, it doesn''t make a lot of sense. doi = 10.1177/2374373520918739 id = cord-309650-6xz9gjq0 author = Chou, Roger title = Update Alert 4: Epidemiology of and Risk Factors for Coronavirus Infection in Health Care Workers date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Specific risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 transmission among health care workers in a university hospital Pandemic peak SARS-CoV-2 infection and seroconversion rates in London frontline health-care workers Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among health care workers in a tertiary community hospital Asymptomatic infection by SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers: a study in a large teaching hospital in Wuhan, China Dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positivity and seroprevalence among high-risk health care workers and hospital staff Risk factors of healthcare workers with Corona Virus Disease 2019: a retrospective cohort study in a designated hospital of Wuhan in China Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease outbreak: a cross-sectional study Analysis of the infection status of the health care workers in Wuhan during the COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional study SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in a hospital in doi = 10.7326/l20-1134 id = cord-253214-ypt2s8ek author = Choudhary, Bharat title = Management Concern for Non-COVID Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has released guidelines for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) testing in India and has been updating it frequently. The current version (April 9, 2020) [1] focusses on symptoms of COVID-19 infection and any epidemiological link (either foreign travel history, direct contact of COVID-19 patient, health worker or if patient coming from hot spot area) to maximize the sensitivity of the screening criteria. Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) is one of the criteria in the ICMR COVID-19 screening guidelines and it includes the presence of fever and cough and/ or respiratory distress [1] , though certain additional symptoms have subsequently been added [2] . Moreover, respiratory problems are common in children, and many non-COVID-19 conditions could manifest as respiratory distress even in this COVID-19 pandemic. It may also lead to delay in management of non-COVID conditions, since many facilities are not available for children in common isolation area. doi = 10.1007/s13312-020-1874-y id = cord-298676-8wm95ghd author = Choudhery, Mahmood S title = Stem Cell Therapy for Covid‐19: Possibilities and Challenges date = 2020-08-07 keywords = cell; covid-19 summary = As a result, several clinical trials have been registered using stem cells for Covid‐19 treatment that aim to use different cell sources, dosage and importantly diverse targeted patient groups. Considering initial promising results in a small group of critically ill covid-19 patients, a number of clinical trials have been registered using MSCs (Table 1 -3). These stem cell-based trials for Covid-19 will evaluate different sources, numbers, and patient groups for treatment. As there is limited available data regarding stem cell use for Covid-19 patients, the review has discussed a number of relevant implications imperative for understanding the logic, associated mechanisms and relevant problems for a successful stem cell therapy for Covid-19. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy of inflammatory lung diseases: current understanding and future perspectives Clinical remission of a critically ill COVID -19 patient treated by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells Rationale for the clinical use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1002/cbin.11440 id = cord-300997-z903uyht author = Choudhury, Ehsanul Karim title = An Invited Commentary on “The Surgeon and the COVID-19 pandemic” date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = • This is an insightful perspective from surgeons working in Italy and the USA on the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of surgeons. • Surgeons have so far been side-lined to supportive roles in this crisis and the focus has been on emergency and intensive care. • Re-establishment of Elective surgery will focus initially on cancer patients that have been delayed. This perspective from experienced surgeons working in the USA and Italy will mirror conversations being held in theatres, healthcare offices and surgical management meetings across the world. The surgical challenges to this point have been relatively straightforward -cancelling almost all elective activity, telemedicine clinics, moth-balling endoscopy services, emergency Much of this perspective looks at the challenges of re-establishing elective surgical services. Most countries have seen reduced emergency patient activity during the pandemic and a rebound surge in demand is likely as work, travel and sport resume. The Surgeon and the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.046 id = cord-263064-n4c0m5hn author = Choudhury, Ivana title = COVID-19 as a Possible Cause of Functional Exhaustion of CD4 and CD8 T-cells and Persistent Cause of Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; Staphylococcus; patient summary = We report a case of a 73-year-old male with a history of diabetes mellitus, osteomyelitis, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia who recently completed an extended intravenous course of cefazolin eight days back, and presented with MSSA bacteremia complicated by epidural abscess, endocarditis, and aortic root abscess. A 73-year-old male recently treated for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia secondary to presumed source of non-healing diabetic foot ulcer (completed a six weeks course of intravenous (IV) cefazolin eight days ago, negative transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)) presented to our emergency department with lower back pain with extension to the left flank region, urinary incontinence, and an altered mental status. For a patient with MSSA bacteremia and COVID-19, such as ours, CD4 and CD8 Tcell functional exhaustion may be why our patient required an extended course of IV antibiotic therapy. Our patient presented with a recurrent and persistent MSSA bacteremia and osteomyelitis, complicated by a spinal epidural abscess, bioprosthetic valve endocarditis and aortic root abscess despite appropriate antibiotic therapy. doi = 10.7759/cureus.9000 id = cord-348755-2g5gi1du author = Chow, D. S. title = Development and External Validation of a Prognostic Tool for COVID-19 Critical Disease date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The purpose of this study is to develop and externally validate a prognostic model/clinical tool for predicting COVID-19 critical disease at presentation to medical care. 21 This study describes the development and external validation of a multivariate regression model and associated clinical tool to predict risk of COVID-19 critical disease, presented utilizing All rights reserved. For the derivation cohort, a total of 3,208 COVID-19 tests were conducted over the study period, After feature selection, the following factors associated with greatest increased risk of critical disease were used in model training: age, gender, total number of comorbidities (which included cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity), BMI, respiratory All rights reserved. In this study, we developed and externally validated a predictive model and clinical tool that can be used to prognosticate the likelihood of COVID-19 critical disease based on data available early in a patient''s presentation. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.06.20093435 id = cord-349297-de6vwlh5 author = Chow, D. S. title = The disproportionate rise in COVID-19 cases among Hispanic/Latinx in disadvantaged communities of Orange County, California: A socioeconomic case-series date = 2020-05-07 keywords = Latinx; covid-19; preprint summary = The purpose of this study is to describe race-ethnic and socioeconomic disparities associated with COVID-19 in patients in our community in Orange County, California and understand the role of individual-level factors, neighborhood-level factors, and access to care on outcomes. The pattern of race-ethnic disparities in COVID-19 outcomes emerging throughout the United States begs the question of what social factors may influence a highly transmissible, rapidly spreading novel coronavirus. We observed significant disparities in race-ethnic distribution among COVID-19 cases with noncritical and critical disease when compared to county demographics ( Figure 5 ). While recent epidemiologic reports on COVID-19 have observed disparities in incidence, morbidity, and mortality among underserved and minority populations, including the Hispanic/Latinx community, there remains a poor understanding about which social determinants may contribute to these disparities. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.04.20090878 doi: medRxiv preprint 11 COVID-19 cases who live in dense households and low-income communities highlights the importance of understanding community-level factors during a pandemic. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.04.20090878 id = cord-295681-l414z6gc author = Chow, Justin title = Cardiovascular Collapse in COVID-19 Infection: The Role of Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VA-ECMO) date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19; ECMO summary = COVID-19 has been associated with cardiovascular complications including acute cardiac injury, heart failure and cardiogenic shock. We identified potential clinical scenarios (cardiac injury, myocardial infarction with and without obstructive coronary artery disease, viral myocarditis, and decompensated heart failure) leading to CS and risk factors for poor/uncertain benefit (age, sepsis, mixed/predominantly vasodilatory shock, prothrombotic state and/or coagulopathy, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure or high-risk prognostic scores) specific to using VA-ECMO as BTR in COVID-19 infection. We identified potential clinical scenarios (cardiac injury, myocardial infarction with and without obstructive coronary artery disease, viral myocarditis, and decompensated heart failure) leading to CS and risk factors for poor/uncertain benefit (age, sepsis, mixed/predominantly vasodilatory shock, prothrombotic state and/or coagulopathy, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure or high-risk prognostic scores) specific to using VA-ECMO as BTR in COVID-19 infection. Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.cjco.2020.04.003 id = cord-262945-zfcz0hpd author = Chow, Lai Chee title = Thrombosis and Bleeding as Presentation of COVID-19 Infection with Polycythemia Vera. A Case Report date = 2020-10-04 keywords = covid-19; polycythemia summary = In this case report, we describe our first case of COVID-19 pneumonia that was complicated by cerebral venous thrombosis and bleeding in a patient with polycythemia vera. We report a case of an elderly patient with underlying polycythemia vera, diagnosed This with COVID-19 pneumonia which was complicated by cerebral venous thrombosis. We describe a case of cerebral venous thrombosis in COVID-19 infection with underlying polycythemia vera a b Fig. 1 a Axial non-contrast-enhanced CT showed ill-defined hypodensities at both basal ganglia and thalami, predominantly on the left, suggestive of the venous infarct. Retrospectively, the patient should have been started on low molecular weight heparin while she was hospitalized based on prothrombotic tendencies of both coronavirus infection and polycythemia vera [11] . COVID-19 infection in a patient with polycythemia vera may present with bleeding and thrombotic manifestations. It can also be used to monitor response to treatment of thrombosis in polycythemia vera patients in the context of COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00537-0 id = cord-352937-htmp0avc author = Chow, Velda Ling Yu title = Recommendations for surgical management of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma during COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19; patient; surgical summary = Comprehensive preoperative work‐up, careful patient selection, attention to details perioperation and multidisciplinary approach is essential in ensuring optimal outcomes after salvage surgery for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. In accordance with that suggested by the hospital infection control unit, if resources allow, patients should be quarantined in hospital 14 days prior to surgery followed by two sets of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for nucleic acid sequence homology in nasopharyngeal and throat swabs taken 24 hours apart. However, when performing AGP for unknown, suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients, WHO, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and CHP recommend full barrier protection to avoid disease transmission to health care providers. However, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, outpatient services and endoscopy services have been reduced by 60% and 80% respectively to minimize social contact, conserve PPE, and reduce the risk of viral transmission amongst patients and health care providers. Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings doi = 10.1002/lio2.417 id = cord-350919-by4zwniq author = Chowdhuri, Indrajit title = Significant decrease of lightning activities during COVID-19 lockdown period over Kolkata megacity in India date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; Kolkata summary = The purpose of this study is to understand the effect of lockdown on air pollutants and to analyze pre-monsoon (April and May) cloud-to-ground and inter-cloud lightning activity in relation to air pollutants i.e. suspended Particulate matter (PM10), Nitrogen dioxides (NO2) Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Ozone (O3) and Aerosol concentration (AC) in a polluted tropical urban megacities like Kolkata. On the other hand, the concentration of NO 2 on the troposphere has a major effect on J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Although different studies have included a lockdown impact on improving air quality in urban areas, changes in air quality and air pollutants and the impact on the climate of microregions such as megacities have not yet been discussed. And to compare the pre-monsoon cloud-lightning activities affecting these air pollutants during the COVID-19 lockdown period and some pre-lockdown periods in the Kolkata megacity area. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141321 id = cord-035137-uxtaw02u author = Chowdhury, Anis Z. title = Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Developing Countries: Lessons from Selected Countries of the Global South date = 2020-11-10 keywords = COVID-19; Health; Kerala; PPE; Vietnam; country summary = But most national authorities outside of East Asia did not take adequate early precautionary measures speedily enough to contain the spread of the outbreak, typically by promoting safe ''physical distancing'', obligatory use of masks in public areas, and other measures to reduce the spread and likelihood of infection. Government capacity to respond depends crucially on system capacity and capabilities-e.g., authorities'' ability to speedily trace, isolate and treat the infected-and available fiscal resources-e.g., to quickly enhance testing capacity and secure personal protective equipment (PPE). Finally, it draws some implications of different policy responses in East Asia, Southeast Asia-especially Vietnam, and India''s Kerala state-Argentina, Brazil and Peru, that are relevant for other countries. And where communities or clusters had significant infection rates, urgent, targeted measures could have helped ''turn the tide'' on COVID-19 with decisive early actions, as in China, Korea and Vietnam, without imposing nationwide ''stay in shelter'' or ''shelter in place'' lockdowns, 16 or restrictions on movements of people within its borders. doi = 10.1057/s41301-020-00256-y id = cord-164374-d3zojh1g author = Chowdhury, Aritra title = Symbolic Semantic Segmentation and Interpretation of COVID-19 Lung Infections in Chest CT volumes based on Emergent Languages date = 2020-08-22 keywords = COVID-19; segmentation summary = title: Symbolic Semantic Segmentation and Interpretation of COVID-19 Lung Infections in Chest CT volumes based on Emergent Languages Inspired by human communication of complex ideas through language, we propose a symbolic framework based on emergent languages for the segmentation of COVID-19 infections in CT scans of lungs. We propose a symbolic, game theoretic approach based on emergent languages to understand segmentation outputs in the context of lung infections in chest CT scans. We show, how we can significantly improve the performance of deep learning based segmentation networks by incorporating a symbolic layer that generates emergent language sentences. In this section, we detail relevant work in the area of segmentation of CT, medical image analysis of COVID-19 data, Emergent Languages and model interpretability in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) Therefore, we consider our symbolic semantic segmentation framework to provide a different paradigm of deep learning based segmentation, where we use the emergent symbolic language to understand and interpret the models with respect to the inputs and outputs. doi = nan id = cord-343535-r8rsbfs3 author = Chowdhury, Mohammad Asaduzzaman title = Prospect of biobased antiviral face mask to limit the coronavirus outbreak date = 2020-10-03 keywords = COVID-19; face; mask summary = This is the first study that has endeavoured to explore the design and fabrication of an antiviral face mask using licorice root extract, which has antimicrobial properties due to glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and glycyrrhizin (GL). Theoretical estimation signifies that an 85 L/min rate of airflow through the face mask is possible which ensures good breathability over an extensive range of pressure drops and pore sizes. Finally, it can be concluded that licorice root membrane may be used to produce a biobased face mask to control COVID-19 spread. No study on the development of biobased face masks using licorice root membrane was found in the literature. In this paper, we have proposed the potential of the licorice root membrane as a nanofiber that can be used in the production of a face mask. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110294 id = cord-204125-fvd6d44c author = Chowdhury, Muhammad E. H. title = An early warning tool for predicting mortality risk of COVID-19 patients using machine learning date = 2020-07-29 keywords = covid-19; patient; risk summary = Lactate dehydrogenase, neutrophils (%), lymphocyte (%), high sensitive C-reactive protein, and age acquired at hospital admission were identified as key predictors of death by multi-tree XGBoost model. The prognostic model, nomogram and LNLCA score can help in early detection of high mortality risk of COVID-19 patients, which will help doctors to improve the management of patient stratification. [21] reported a machine learning approach to select three biomarkers (lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), lymphocyte and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)) and using them to predict individual patients mortality, 10 days ahead with more than 90 percent accuracy. Although several predictive prognostic models are proposed for the early detection of individuals at high risk of COVID-19 mortality, a major gap remains in the design of state-of-the-art interpretable machine learning based algorithms and high performance quantitative scoring system to classify the most selective predictive biomarkers of patient death. doi = nan id = cord-272843-fis10xbi author = Chowdhury, Rajiv title = Cardiometabolic Health: Key in Reducing Adverse COVID-19 Outcomes date = 2020-08-19 keywords = Health; covid-19; outcome summary = Whilst current public health measures focused on good hygiene practices and limiting person-to-person transmission contribute effectively in managing the COVID-19 pandemic, they will not prevent all individuals from becoming infected. The value of beneficial health behaviours and a healthy lifestyle to improve immune functioning and lower adverse consequences of COVID-19 are increasingly being emphasized. Here we discuss seven key health behaviours that may assist in reducing unfavourable COVID-19 outcomes whilst having important co-beneficial impacts on non-communicable disease prevention (Figure 1) . Furthermore, smoking is known to be associated with viral infections and severity (e.g., influenza) as smokers are more likely to have poorer lung function/capacity [11] , contract microbial diseases (through structural changes in the respiratory tract, decreased immunity) [12] , and perform repetitive hand-to-mouth movements. While being conscious of implementation challenges, proposed actions provide guidance on health behaviours improving immune and cardiorespiratory function that may reduce adverse COVID-19 outcomes. doi = 10.5334/gh.879 id = cord-306270-9bsr2jz0 author = Chowdhury, Rajiv title = Long-term strategies to control COVID-19 in low and middle-income countries: an options overview of community-based, non-pharmacological interventions date = 2020-07-13 keywords = covid-19; lockdown; strategy summary = In low and middle-income countries (LMICs), strict social distancing measures (e.g., nationwide lockdown) in response to the COVID-19 pandemic are unsustainable in the long-term due to knock-on socioeconomic and psychological effects. Among these, a sustained mitigation-only approach (adopted in many high-income countries) may not be feasible in most LMIC settings given the absence of nationwide population surveillance, generalised testing, contact tracing and critical care infrastructure needed to tackle the likely resurgence of infections. In conclusion, while we propose three community-based, non-pharmacological options for LMICs, a suitable measure should be context-specific and based on: (1) epidemiological considerations, (2) social and economic costs, (3) existing health systems capabilities and (4) future-proof plans to implement and sustain the strategy. Similar to the high-income nations, low and middle-income countries (LMICs) also responded to COVID-19 by implementing various population-level measures, including strict nationwide lockdowns and physical distancing [3] . doi = 10.1007/s10654-020-00660-1 id = cord-310159-l9hfmmbc author = Chowdhury, Subhankar title = COVID-19 and type 1 diabetes: dealing with the difficult duo date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; DKA; diabetes; t1d summary = Since there are a significant number of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with unique concerns and challenges during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we reviewed existing literature, relevant websites, and related guidelines to form this narrative review to help address key questions in this area. While T2D and its associated comorbidities have established themselves as risk factors for increased hospitalisation, requirement of intensive care, and mortality with COVID-19, early anecdotal reports from global infection hotspots suggested that children with diabetes had a similar disease pattern compared with children without diabetes (less severe manifestations than adults) [23, 24] . On the contrary, a large population cohort study assessing the risk of in-hospital death for individuals registered with a General Practice in England showed that people with T1D had 3•50 (3•15-3•89) odds of dying in hospital with COVID-19 compared with those without diabetes which was attenuated to 2•86 when also adjusted for previous hospital admissions with coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, or heart failure [14] . doi = 10.1007/s13410-020-00846-z id = cord-278620-mezsjdyb author = Choy, Kay W. title = An urgent call to clinicians and researchers: 2020 acuity required when assessing and reporting laboratory abnormalities in COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 2 As study authors compare the significance of laboratory marker results between intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU groups, severe and less severe disease groups, or survivors and non-survivors, in addition to assessment of statistical significance of a marker between the two groups, the biological (and analytical) variation of the marker should be considered as well as the biological significance of the value difference. A meta-analysis of four studies on the role of procalcitonin in patients with severe COVID-19 shows that increased procalcitonin values (above the normal reference limit) are associated with nearly fivefold higher risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection (odds ratio (OR), 4.76; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.74-8.29). 2 In a study by Daly et al., implementation of ADA glucose sample handling recommendations resulted in a 2.7-fold increased detection of GDM compared with usual hospital practices. doi = 10.1111/imj.14883 id = cord-325421-1ysn0kyr author = Christensen, Johanna title = Covid-19 Viremia, Serologies and Clinical Course in a Case Series of Transplant Recipients date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = In this preliminary report, we find that immunocompromised transplant patients had higher rates of RNAemia (67%) than reported in the general population (15%), seeming absence of allo-immune injury despite systemic inflammation and formation of IgG overtime after recovery from infection. 8, 9 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f In this first case series, we report the characteristics, inflammatory immune response, biomarkers of graft injury along with SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia and serological response in a small cohort of kidney/liver transplant patients. Between, March 2020 and May 2020, six symptomatic kidney transplant recipients presented to the Virginia Commonwealth University hospital and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. While it is not yet established if J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f seroconversion confers immunity in the general population, 8, 9 the low re-infection rates and early reports of favorable efficacy of convalescent plasma in patients with severe COVID-19 manifestations [15] [16] [17] [18] suggest that this may be true. doi = 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.08.042 id = cord-306958-8bx8kxxh author = Christensen, Sarah R. title = Political and personal reactions to COVID-19 during initial weeks of social distancing in the United States date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19; U.S.; pandemic summary = This study examines individual attitudes, behaviors, anxieties, mental health impacts, and knowledge early in the pandemic response, as well as those outcomes by sociodemographic characteristics and political ideology. Four items asked respondents to indicate agreement on a 7-point scale that "events related to COVID-19 had interrupted" their social life, home life, work or vocational life, and/or hurt their mental health. Chi-square, t, and F tests were used to examine the influence of demographic characteristics, political ideology, and mental health on attitudes, knowledge, anxieties, behavior change, and impact variables. Initial covariate selection included all variables that were significant (p <0.05) in bivariate tests, including: political ideology, bias score for consumed news media, attitudes toward global warming and vaccination, sex, race, poverty level, and education. In the adjusted logistic regression model ( Table 2 ) liberals had 5.7 (95%CI: 3.3-9.7) and moderates had 2.5 (95%CI 1.5-4.3) times the odds of responding that the government had not done enough in response to COVID-19 compared to conservatives. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239693 id = cord-353059-39msyuxb author = Chroboczek, T. title = Beneficial effect of corticosteroids in severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a propensity score matching analysis. date = 2020-05-13 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate determinants of the prognosis of the disease in 70 patients with COVID-19 severe pneumonia (i.e. requiring at least 3 liters of oxygen) hospitalized between 10 March and 9 April, 2020, in the Centre Hospitalier Alpes Leman, France. The patient''s demographic information (age and gender), clinical characteristics (fever, cough, dyspnea and oxygen dose requirement at day 1 of hospitalization, dysosmia, dysgeusia), and duration from symptom''s onset (i.e. time point when the symptoms were first noticed by patients or their relatives) to admission were collected from the electronic medical system. In this study, we showed that corticosteroids prescription is likely to prevent the worsening of COVID-19 severe pneumonia, as its administration was associated with a lower risk of orotracheal intubation and ventilation in the ICU. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.08.20094755 id = cord-302442-jhio7mrl author = Chrzanowski, Wojciech title = Can Stem Cells Beat COVID-19: Advancing Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles Toward Mainstream Medicine for Lung Injuries Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infections date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cell summary = Stem cell therapies and, more recently, their secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), are emerging as new promising treatments, which could attenuate inflammation but also regenerate the lung damage caused by COVID-19. In this review article, we outline the mechanisms of cytokine storm and lung damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus leading to COVID-19 disease and how mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their secreted EVs can be utilized to tackle this damage by harnessing their regenerative properties, which gives them potential enhanced clinical utility compared to other investigated pharmacological treatments. The safety profile and efficacy of MSCs are well-established based on the results from a number of completed clinical studies investigating the therapeutic potential of these therapies in lung diseases such as ARDS (Matthay et al., 2019; and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (Namba, 2019) , cardiovascular diseases (Kim et al., 2015; Suvakov et al., 2020) , diabetes (Thakkar et al., 2015; Cho et al., 2018) , and spinal cord injury (Xu and Yang, 2019) . doi = 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00554 id = cord-274448-lzxhtnfi author = Chua, Alfredo title = Changing the Landscape of Medical Oncology Training at the National University Hospital in the Philippines during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; training summary = title: Changing the Landscape of Medical Oncology Training at the National University Hospital in the Philippines during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic Serving as one of the few training institutions of medical oncology in the Philippines, the University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital was faced with challenges brought by the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Furthermore, the Philippine Society of Medical Oncology (PSMO) designates topics to each training institution for monthly round-table discussions tackling interesting cases with dilemmas in management. With the ECQ and the temporary closure of the Cancer Institute, the medical oncology training program was essentially put on hold starting the second week of March. Prioritizing the safety of both patients and healthcare providers, continuation of cancer care amidst the COVID-19 pandemic has been the overall goal [2] [3] [4] . During discussions, emphasis was given on the important considerations in the management of cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s13187-020-01786-2 id = cord-322913-sq9mq6f1 author = Ciabattini, Annalisa title = Shelter from the cytokine storm: pitfalls and prospects in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for an elderly population date = 2020-11-06 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; age; response; vaccine summary = The complex and still unclear immunopathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, together with the progressive age-related decline of immune responses, and the lack of clear correlates of protection, make the design of vaccination strategies for older people extremely challenging. The complex and still unclear immunopathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, together with the progressive age-related decline of innate and adaptive immune responses, and the lack of a clear correlate of protection, make the design of vaccination strategies for older people extremely challenging (Fig. 3 ). doi = 10.1007/s00281-020-00821-0 id = cord-280223-6ro2deuv author = Ciacchini, Benedetta title = Reluctance to seek pediatric care during the COVID-19 pandemic and the risks of delayed diagnosis date = 2020-06-29 keywords = A&E; COVID-19 summary = While COVID-19 per se does not seem to represent a significant threat to the pediatric population, which generally presents a benign course and a low lethality, the current emergency might negatively affect the care of pediatric patients and overall children welfare. All these cases share a significant diagnostic delay caused by the parents'' reluctance to seek medical attention, seen as a potential risk factor for COVID-19 contagion. While COVID-19 per se does not seem to represent a significant threat to the pediatric population, the current emergency might cause indirect detrimental consequences © The Author(s). On the other hand, it has been shown that in the context of the current pandemic the population is discouraged from accessing hospitals even when urgent medical intervention would be mandatory, resulting in a greater severity of the patient''s conditions at the time of A&E admission. doi = 10.1186/s13052-020-00849-w id = cord-273758-hhd8xnve author = Ciardullo, S. title = Impact of diabetes on COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality: a retrospective study from Northern Italy date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Nonetheless, it remains controversial whether diabetes could be considered an independent risk factor for greater severity of illness and death, with some studies showing a detrimental effect [5] [6] [7] and others a neutral influence [8] [9] [10] , also depending on adjustment for confounding variables. As expected, patients who experienced in-hospital death were older (78 vs 68 years, p < 0.001) and had a higher prevalence of most comorbidities including CVD (46.4% vs 32.5%, p = 0.007) and hypertension (78.1 vs 56.8%, p < 0.001), whereas only a trend was found for diabetes (23.2 vs 15.6%, p = 0.064) and no significant differences were found in gender distribution. In the present study we show that among patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in a single center in Northern Italy, a history of diabetes was associated with an increased mortality risk, which was independent from several confounding factors and comorbidities. doi = 10.1007/s40618-020-01382-7 id = cord-355015-e681jmix author = Cici, Remziye title = Determination of anxiety levels and perspectives on the nursing profession among candidate nurses with relation to the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-08-10 keywords = anxiety; covid-19 summary = PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the anxiety level of candidate nurses and capture their perspective on the nursing profession in light of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. The candidate''s perspective on the profession was captured with help of two survey questions: first, "What was your perspective on the nursing profession before and during the COVID-19 pandemic?", to which the answer choices were "positive," "negative," and "undecided." The second question asked, "Are you willing to practice your profession in the future?" and the answer choices were "yes" and "no." Self-assessments of the influence of the pandemic on mental health and the fear with regard to the risk of contagion were also captured with questions with the answers "yes and no." In summary, in our study, it was found that anxiety levels increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and perspectives on the profession showed a negative trend due to the pandemic among candidate nurses. Determination of anxiety levels and perspectives on the nursing profession among candidate nurses with relation to the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1111/ppc.12601 id = cord-350589-h6hotlqk author = Cieszanowski, Andrzej title = Management of patients with COVID-19 in radiology departments, and indications regarding imaging studies – recommendations of the Polish Medical Society of Radiology date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Knowledge on the COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, as well as on the management of infected patients, remain new issues. 7. Indications for imaging studies in patients with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. • Personnel receive mandatory training in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) [8] -especially the removal of masks, goggles, face shields, gowns, and aprons. • A patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus awaiting examination does not leave a designated area of the RD waiting room [8] . Personal protective equipment for staff in contact with patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection Chest X-ray CXR with a portable X-ray machine is recommended as the first and primary imaging study, offering adequate lung assessment in the majority of cases, while making transit of the contagious patient within the hospital unnecessary. Staff of an RD examining a patient with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection must be provided with adequate PPE doi = 10.5114/pjr.2020.95022 id = cord-032929-hqfzlddn author = Ciftci, Bahadir title = May regional anesthesia be a better choice for the COVID-19 pandemic? date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In this report, we would like to share our regional anesthesia experiences in patients under investigation for COVID-19 that underwent surgery. According to practice recommendations on neuraxial anesthesia and peripheral nerve blocks during the COVID-19 by the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA) and European Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Therapy (ESRA) (https://www.asra.com/page/2905/practice-recommendations-on-neuraxial-anesthesia-and-peripheral-nerveblocks-dur), we preferred regional anesthesia over general anesthesia for these patients to reduce the need for airway manipulation. The blocks were performed in the operating room prepared for just COVID-19 or COVID-19-suspected patients. These techniques are also the cornerstones for any patient suspected to be COVID-19 positive. In summary, regional anesthesia techniques may be safer for both anesthesiologists and 2019-nCoV patients, if the required precautions are taken. Regional anesthesia in patients with suspected COVID-19 infection Practical considerations for performing regional anesthesia: lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic Not applicable.Authors'' contributions BC: writing, literature scanning, study design, data. doi = 10.1186/s42077-020-00095-6 id = cord-255294-x0ezeaz6 author = Cilia, Roberto title = Effects of COVID‐19 on Parkinson''s disease clinical features: a community‐based case‐control study date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; Parkinson summary = Out of the 1092 records obtained by searching the Besta Institute clinical software for patients fulfilling the following criteria (i) International Classification of Diseases, Ninth-Revision, Clinical Modification code for parkinsonism 332.0, (ii) resident in the Lombardy region, northern Italy (which is by far the most affected area (>80.000 cases) with the highest case-fatality (>15.000 deaths) in Italy, as of to May 11 th , 2020), [16] (ii) visited at least once from January 01 st , 2019 to December 31 st , 2019, we performed a random selection of 150 PD for subsequent remote interview by a neurologist experienced in movement disorders (by video-consultation or telephone), [2, 17, 18] which was performed between April 15 th and May 4 th , 2020. Motor aspects of experiences of daily living and the severity of treatment-related motor complications were assessed using the Movement Disorders Society Unified PD Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) parts II and IV, respectively; [20] non-motor symptoms (NMS) were assessed using of the Italian version of the NMS Scale (NMSS); [21] overall changes of motor and nonmotor features was additionally rated using the Clinical Impression of Severity Index for Parkinson''s Disease (CISI-PD). doi = 10.1002/mds.28170 id = cord-347490-9eyq4j14 author = Cimerman, Sergio title = Deep Impact of COVID-19 in the HealthCare of Latin America: the case of Brazil date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 1 From February 25, 2020, when the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), was firstly confirmed in Brazil, proceeding as an imported case from Italy, up to April 17, 2020, more than 81,000 cases have been reported in the Latin America and Caribbean region. 1, 4 Sadly, also the last years'' vaccine coverages in multiple countries of Latin America, but also some areas of individual nations, have significantly decrease, allowing the imminent menace of imported cases and spreading with local transmission of this once not reported old diseases, such as is especially the case of measles, that in fact, due to forced migration from Venezuela arrived especially to Roraima and Amazonas to lead to thousands of cases in the region. Currently, epidemiological data from Brazil clearly show that there is an unexpected increase in the number of hospitalizations due to severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) (Figure 1 ), especially two weeks after the first case diagnosed in São Paulo, coinciding with the disease incubation period. doi = 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.04.005 id = cord-332979-eln7n6zb author = Ciminelli, G. title = How Emergency Care Congestion Increases Covid-19 Mortality: Evidence from Lombardy, Italy date = 2020-10-29 keywords = ICU; Lombardy; covid-19 summary = 6 This paper analyzes how much system congestion may have contributed to the high mortality rates observed during Lombardy''s first Covid-19 outbreak, using distance to the ICU as a proxy for access to emergency care. We proxy for system congestion using data on calls to the emergency line and find that the additional effects of Covid-19 on mortality in municipalities that are farther away from the ICU is stronger in days and areas characterized by an abnormal volume of calls to the emergency line, pointing to system congestion as a plausible explanation. We analyzed how emergency care congestion may have contributed to the high mortality rates observed in Lombardy during its first Covid-19 outbreak, using distance to the ICU as a proxy for access to critical care. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.27.20221085 id = cord-319912-fc9tmx96 author = Ciminelli, Gabriele title = COVID-19 in Italy: An Analysis of Death Registry Data date = 2020-09-16 keywords = Italy; covid-19; death summary = In the Veneto region, which embraced mass testing, contact tracing, and at-home care provision, COVID-19-induced mortality was, respectively, three and six times smaller than in neighboring Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy. This result helps to rationalize the serious undercounting of COVID-19 fatalities in official statistics, which do not include deaths in nursing homes. We zoom in on Lombardy, the worst affected region, to test whether COVID-19 had an additional effect on mortality in municipalities with a higher share of people living in nursing homes (see the Online Appendix for details on the estimation). A plausible estimate suggests that true deaths were about 60% higher than what was officially reported during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy. We use highly granular daily death registry data for thousands of municipalities in Italy''s north to conduct a precise estimation of the true effect of COVID-19 on the mortality rate and compare the real death toll with what is reported in official statistics. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa165 id = cord-340305-jtvn9tlm author = Cimolai, Nevio title = A Minimalist Strategy Towards Temporarily Defining Protection for COVID-19 date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; antibody summary = At this time, the best correlates with protection from natural coronavirus infections are systemic neutralizing antibody and mucosal IgA. Others have found strong correlations between neutralizing antibodies and EIA-detected antibodies to various SARS-CoV-2 antigens [41, 42] .Some have found diversity in immune responses contingent on the nature of presenting disease [38, 43] . With the availability of viral antigen, most scientists in the know-how would be able to fashion a test for antibody determination in short order and most would likely choose an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (or nearly equivalent non-enzymebased assay) for its potential of automation and widespread use. Sensitive and specific detection of low-level antibody responses in mild Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus infections A highly specific and sensitive serological assay detects SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in COVID-19 patients that correlate with neutralization SARS-CoV-2 assays to detect functional antibody responses that block ACE2 recognition in vaccinated animals and infected patients doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00533-4 id = cord-338413-6vpfgwie author = Cinelli, Eleonora title = Teledermatology for patient management, dermatology education and research during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Teledermatology for patient management, dermatology education and research during the COVID‐19 pandemic 2 Here, we would like to report our Italian experience in providing medical care and ensuring educational opportunities for medical students and dermatology residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. If visits can be carried out by video consultations, patients can benefit from a teledermatology service of our hospital. Instead, we have focused on providing online material for medical students in each department to improve knowledge of skin diseases, and how these specific outpatient or inpatient services work. Each resident is designated to a specific work group, where they either contribute to update a COVID-19 and dermatology newsletter examining the disease impact on skin diseases and their treatment, to contact our patients by telephone and email, or to assist in producing videos for medical students'' teaching. doi = 10.1111/ajd.13345 id = cord-254653-4ffuivil author = Cinelli, Matteo title = The COVID-19 social media infodemic date = 2020-10-06 keywords = covid-19; platform; questionable summary = We address the diffusion of information about the COVID-19 with a massive data analysis on Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Reddit and Gab. We analyze engagement and interest in the COVID-19 topic and provide a differential assessment on the evolution of the discourse on a global scale for each platform and their users. We fit information spreading with epidemic models characterizing the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] for each social media platform. Unlike previous works, we do not only focus on models that imply specific growth mechanisms, but also on phenomenological models that emphasize the reproducibility of empirical data 41 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Most of the epidemiological models focus on the basic reproduction number R 0 , representing the expected number of new infectors directly generated by an infected individual for a given time period 42 . Furthermore, we model the spread of information using epidemic models and provide basic growth parameters for each social media platform. doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-73510-5 id = cord-294933-oc2glu4a author = Cinesi Gómez, César title = Clinical consensus recommendations regarding non-invasive respiratory support in the adult patient with acute respiratory failure secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; NIMV; SARS; patient; respiratory summary = The document provides clinical recommendations for the noninvasive respiratory support (noninvasive ventilation, high flow oxygen therapy with nasal cannula) in any patient with suspected or confirmed presentation of COVID-19 with acute respiratory failure. The document provides clinical recommendations for the noninvasive respiratory support (noninvasive ventilation, high flow oxygen therapy with nasal cannula) in any patient with suspected or confirmed presentation of COVID-19 with acute respiratory failure. The present document has been developed by consensus among the scientific societies involved in acute respiratory failure in adult patients, and seeks to provide a more detailed description of the recommendations on the use of non-invasive respiratory support (NIRS) in the management of acute respiratory failure (ARF) secondary to infection by the newly emergent SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which causes so-called COVID-19 disease, as a complement to the information emitted by the Spanish Ministry of Health, Consumer Affairs and Social Wellbeing (Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social [MSC]), 1,2 which is frequently updated and establishes a series of general recommendations. doi = 10.1016/j.medine.2020.03.002 id = cord-335257-4uwoe841 author = Cingolani, A. title = Baricitinib as rescue therapy in a patient with COVID-19 with no complete response to sarilumab date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6 summary = A patient with COVID-19-related severe respiratory failure, with insufficient response to an antiretroviral therapy, hydroxychloroquine and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) antagonist therapy, presented a prompt resolution of the respiratory function and improvement in the radiological picture after baricitinib at an oral dose of 4 mg per day for 2 weeks. To contribute to the correct timing of administration of baricitinib, we report the case of a patient with a respiratory failure linked to COVID-19, with only partial improvement after sarilumab, who had a favorable outcome after 2 weeks of consequent oral treatment with the anti-Janus kinasis (JAK1 and JAK2) inhibitor baricitinib. The clinical and radiological evolution during sarilumab and baricitinib treatments according to respiratory, inflammatory and plasma cytokine parameters are reported in Fig. 1 . We presented here the case of a 71-year-old male patients with COVID19, who had an incomplete response to local standardized treatment and intravenous IL-6 antagonist drug (sarilumab) who performed a successful rescue therapy with baricitinib. doi = 10.1007/s15010-020-01476-7 id = cord-299656-iyb5r7e2 author = Cioffi, Andrea title = La diminution des décès liés à la COVID-19 et le risque de sous-estimer la pandémie date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Rigid public health policies have been favoured by the rapid and exponential increase in infections and deaths COVID-19-related. However, despite the increase in infections, the mortality of COVID-19 is decreasing, especially in countries such as Italy, Germany and the USA. The risk is to encourage a further increase in infections with 2 major public health and bioethical issues. Therefore, in both cases there would be the medico-legal and ethical responsibility of the governments which -without yet knowing the reasons for this reduction in mortality, not having available vaccines or definitive therapies and without knowing the long-term effects of COVID-19 -have decreased the rigidity of preventive public health policies. Therefore, it will be essential to maintain high attention and not underestimate the increases in COVID-19 infections otherwise there is a risk that world governments will become accomplices to damage the health of all citizens. doi = 10.1016/j.jemep.2020.100601 id = cord-252804-u7tz6xzz author = Ciotti, Marco title = COVID-19 Outbreak: An Overview date = 2020-04-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Wuhan summary = Inoculation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from patients with pneumonia of unknown origin into human airway epithelial cells and Vero E6 and Huh7 cell lines led to the isolation of a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, previously named 2019-nCov [1] . As soon as on January 7, 2020, the Chinese health authorities had declared that a novel coronavirus was responsible for this outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan, a European network of academic and public laboratories designed an rRT-PCR protocol based on the comparison and alignment of previously available SARS-CoV and bat-related coronavirus genome sequences as well as five sequences derived from the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 made available by the Chinese authorities [23] . Regarding the sites under positive selective pressure found on the Spike glycoprotein, the results have shown that amino acid position 536 in COVID-19 has an Asn residue, while the Bat SARS-like coronavirus has a Gln 4 DOI: 10.1159/000507423 residue; the SARS virus, instead, has an Asp residue. Phylogenetic analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes showed that the novel coronavirus responsible for the pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China, belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus, subgenus Sarbecovirus [37] . doi = 10.1159/000507423 id = cord-332078-vl309ss7 author = Cipollaro, Lucio title = Musculoskeletal symptoms in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) patients date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; clinical summary = Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis Clinical characteristics of laboratory confirmed positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China: A retrospective single center analysis Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms Clinical characteristics and outcomes of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China (2019): a single-centered, retrospective study Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical characteristics of non-critically ill patients with novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in a Fangcang Hospital Analysis of epidemiological and clinical features in older patients with Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) out of Wuhan A cross-sectional comparison of epidemiological and clinical features of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan and outside Wuhan, China doi = 10.1186/s13018-020-01702-w id = cord-299261-ew99nraq author = Cipriano, L. E. title = IMPACT OF UNIVERSITY RE-OPENING ON TOTAL COMMUNITY COVID-19 BURDEN date = 2020-09-18 keywords = covid-19; infection; population; student summary = In a scenario in which students immediately engage in a 24% contact reduction compared to pre-COVID levels, the total number of infections in the community increases by 87% (from 3,900 without the students to 7,299 infections with the students), with 71% of the incremental infections occurring in the general population, causing social and economic restrictions to be re-engaged 3 weeks earlier and an incremental 17 COVID-19 deaths. The timing and magnitude of the city''s COVID-19 outbreak, excluding any impacts from students, is determined by the initial number of COVID-19 infections in the community, the level of participation in physical distancing, the responsiveness of the community to increasing critical care cases and COVID-19 deaths, and the proportion of contacts that are protected with mask wearing (Appendix Figures 5-7) . 16 In the base case, we also assume that students are equally responsive as the general population to COVID-19 outcomes in the community reducing their contacts in response to high numbers of critical care hospitalizations and deaths. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.18.20197467 id = cord-281376-1xdj06m7 author = Cirilo, E. R. title = One Study of COVID-19 Spreading at The United States - Brazil - Colombia date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; preprint summary = Thus, we used a database on WHO Coronavirus, Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulations to describe the most recent COVID-19 development patterns in these countries, which we saw. In this context, it was decided to adjust the parameters of the SIRD model over time, based on data made available by WHO, using non-linear least squares methods [13] [14] . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.29.20184465 doi: medRxiv preprint cretization of the ordinary dierential equation system was performed using the Finite Dierence Method. The resulting linear system of non-linear equations was solved iteratively by the Gauss-Seidel method until the convergence criterion was overcome. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.29.20184465 doi: medRxiv preprint • the governing equations system (2.4) is solved by a convergent methodology to any time; . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.29.20184465 doi: medRxiv preprint Finally, we emphasize that the COVID-19''s dynamic of the Brazil and Colombia are the same, but as delay. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.29.20184465 id = cord-294371-xot2oj2t author = Citgez, Bulent title = Management of Breast Cancer during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = In this review, we tried to explain how to prevent the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer patients. In this process, as in many other types of cancer, there are also challenges in the management of breast cancer treatment due to the limited use of resources and the working discipline of the healthcare staff according to the pandemic conditions. High-priority: Recommendations are applied to patients whose condition is either clinically unstable or who have life-threatening cancer burden and requires immediate hospital treatment. [7] Diagnostic imaging for an abnormal mammogram or for suspicious symptoms of breast cancer, biopsies for BI-RADS 4 or 5 lesions, and breast MRI for the extent of disease evaluation or pre-chemotherapy assessment are still being performed in hospitals having sufficient resources because pandemic may be long-lasting and this may threaten patients'' lives in the long run. ER+ early breast cancer patients should have neoadjuvant endocrine therapy before surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.14744/semb.2020.23326 id = cord-283440-8du0s33p author = Ciuca, Ioana M title = COVID-19 in Children: An Ample Review date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; child summary = The aim of this review was to describe the current knowledge about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) in children, from epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory perspectives, including knowledge on the disease course, treatment, and prognosis. This review highlights that COVID-19 in children is similar to the disease in the adult population, but with particularities regarding clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, chest imaging, and treatment. It started at the end of 2019, when many adult patients with a new form of pneumonia that was frequently fatal were admitted to Chinese hospitals; this illness was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). [11] [12] [13] This study aimed to review the current data on SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, from epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory perspectives, including data on the disease course, treatment, and prognosis. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s257180 id = cord-326622-r77kqshi author = Civil, Ian D title = Research and Publishing in the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Research and Publishing in the COVID-19 Pandemic Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Injury journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/injury Research and Publishing in the COVID-19 Pandemic Medical research has been the cornerstone in discoveries of better ways to prevent and treat diseases [1] . Any crisis generates opportunities for new learning and past experience suggests research publication does not slow down during or after a pandemic. While it is recognised that human resources will be significantly stretched and distracted in 2020, Injury reiterates its mission to accept, review and publish important trauma-related research and all the editors are confident that the current COVID pandemic will provide as many new research opportunities as it takes away. The journal will do everything possible to ensure submitted papers are reviewed and published in a timely way. Anomalies of the 1919 influenza pandemic remain unexplained after 100 years doi = 10.1016/j.injury.2020.04.008 id = cord-306210-ny3vvu9h author = Clarfield, A. Mark title = Age, ageing, ageism and “age-itation” in the Age of COVID-19: rights and obligations relating to older persons in Israel as observed through the lens of medical ethics date = 2020-11-12 keywords = ICU; Israel; age; covid-19; old; person summary = Furthermore, advancing age (from about 60 on), even in those older persons without any accompanying illnesses, is a strong and independent risk factor for pneumonia, need for an ICU bed and death from the virus. Recommendations include the Ministry of Health publishing clear guidelines as to risk factors and offering sensible advice on how to practice physical (not "social") distancing without exacerbating an older person''s sense of social isolation. Although we are dealing with a fast and erratically moving target, with the present situation in mind this paper will elucidate relevant issues and offer policy recommendations germane to when and how older persons can minimize risk and at some point in the future return to their pre-COVID-19 routine in Israel. A step-by-step proposal 1) With respect to the at-risk populations (those with relevant medical illnesses and older age), so far, even though the number of infected person is rising once again, at the date of writing (late October, 2020) the program recommended herein is still voluntary. doi = 10.1186/s13584-020-00416-y id = cord-307342-3gkiukh4 author = Clark, Eva title = Why contact tracing efforts have failed to curb COVID-19 transmission in much of the U.S date = 2020-08-06 keywords = U.S.; contact; covid-19 summary = By late April 2020, public discourse in the U.S. had shifted toward the idea of using more targeted case-based mitigation tactics (e.g., contact tracing) to combat COVID-19 transmission while allowing for the safe "re-opening" of society, in an effort to reduce the social, economic, and political ramifications associated with stricter approaches. This viewpoint offers a discussion of why testing-tracing efforts failed to sufficiently mitigate COVID-19 across much of the nation, with the hope that such deliberation will help the U.S. public health community better plan for the future. Partly for this reason, our nation rushed to espouse the idea of targeted, case-based COVID-19 management [3] [4] [5] [6] , focusing on expanded testing and contact tracing, while disregarding several major obstacles that set us apart from countries that succeeded in mounting a timely, targeted response. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1155 id = cord-297093-ld89vmct author = Clark, Kristina E N title = Safety of intravenous Anakinra in COVID-19 with evidence of hyperinflammation, a case series date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; CRP; patient summary = CONCLUSION: Intravenous anakinra is safe to use in patients with COVID-19 and evidence of supra-added bacterial infection. These patients all showed evidence of hyperinflammation with raised inflammatory markers, and CRP, and were given intravenous anakinra, with safe and successful use, suggesting the potential benefit from IL-1 blockade in this subgroup of patients with confirmed COVID-19. We present four cases of immunosuppressed patients, receiving beneficial effects from the use of intravenous anakinra to treat severe COVID-19 with hyperinflammation and concomitant bacterial infections. Our case series supports the hypothesis of IL-1 blockade as an important disease modifying treatment in those patients with severe late stage COVID-19, with evidence of cytokine storm. We believe that administering intravenous anakinra at the height of the cytokine storm has profound beneficial effects, both clinically and biochemically on patients with severe COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1093/rap/rkaa040 id = cord-253958-8lhzgqfr author = Clark, T. W. title = Diagnostic accuracy of a host response point-of-care test for identifying COVID-19 date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; June summary = The sample size for this sub-study was driven by consideration for estimating sensitivity of FebriDx MxA for the identification of COVID-19 (as defined by the reference standard of detection of SARS-CoV-2 by PCR on respiratory samples) and of the methods proposed by Riley et al 12 for multivariable predictive models. As the antiviral host response to SARS-CoV-2 would be expected to wane over time, but detection of viral RNA by PCR may persist for several weeks, a secondary analysis was pre-specified to assess diagnostic accuracy in those who have had duration of less than seven days. Although direct comparison of accuracy was not possible due to samples size, the sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of FebriDx appeared comparable for patients presenting before and after 7 days of symptom duration. In this large, real-world study we have shown that that the detection of the antiviral host response protein MxA using the FebriDx point-of-care test had high sensitivity for the identification of COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.27.20114512 id = cord-030138-250u4nxi author = Clark-Ginsberg, Aaron title = Maintaining critical infrastructure resilience to natural hazards during the COVID-19 pandemic: hurricane preparations by US energy companies date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; PJM; resilience summary = title: Maintaining critical infrastructure resilience to natural hazards during the COVID-19 pandemic: hurricane preparations by US energy companies To do so, the commentary focuses on the steps that one energy organization, the US regional electric transmission operator (RTO) PJM, is taking to ensuring critical infrastructure resilience during the upcoming hurricane season in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Policymakers working to maintain critical infrastructure resilience to natural hazards during the COVID-19 pandemic can take several lessons from PJM''s experience preparing for the hurricane season and use them to enhance resilience. This commentary overviewed how policymakers can maintain critical infrastructure resilience to natural hazards during the COVID-19 pandemic by describing the activities that PJM was undertaking to prepare for the upcoming hurricane season. doi = 10.1186/s43065-020-00010-1 id = cord-253393-3y5bb8f0 author = Clarke, Mattea title = Establishing prison-led contact tracing to prevent outbreaks of COVID-19 in prisons in Ireland date = 2020-06-22 keywords = IPS; covid-19 summary = METHODS: The IPS National Infection Control Team, in collaboration with the National Quality Improvement (QI) team and Health Service Executive (HSE) in Ireland, implemented a programme to develop and train in-prison contact tracing teams (CTTs). Within the IPS, contact tracing is commenced for all confirmed and highly probable cases of COVID-19 amongst both detainees and prison sta (see Box 1 for case definitions). 7 Furthermore, the absence of any confirmed cases of COVID-19 amongst detainees in the IPS means that it is not possible to draw any conclusions about the e ectiveness of this contact tracing approach in preventing transmission or outbreaks within the prison estate in Ireland. Every country is likely to need to implement a range of measures to prevent and control outbreaks of COVID-19 in PPDs. A partnership approach involving community public health expertise, QI input and support and prison resources can provide an e ective mechanism for contact tracing of COVID-19 cases within the vulnerable prison setting. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa092 id = cord-311758-wof4yi39 author = Clauw, Daniel J. title = Considering the potential for an increase in chronic pain after the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The experience of living within this pandemic has disrupted daily life across all sectors, including those living with chronic pain (CP), those infected with the coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV2, healthcare providers and essential workers, as well as those who remained physically healthy. Specific possibilities might include: (1) CP as part of a postviral syndrome or the result of viral-associated organ damage; (2) worsening of CP due to exacerbation of preexisting pain physical or mental complaints; and (3) CP newly triggered in individuals not infected with COVID by exacerbation of risk factors (poor sleep, inactivity, fear, anxiety, and depression). In a small study of 22 subjects (21 of whom were healthcare workers) infected during the SARS epidemic, a chronic post-SARS syndrome consisting of fatigue, diffuse myalgia, depression, and nonrestorative sleep persisted for almost 2 years. doi = 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001950 id = cord-300132-lbbibqv3 author = Clifford, Christopher T. title = Association between COVID-19 diagnosis and presenting chief complaint from New York City triage data date = 2020-11-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Association between COVID-19 diagnosis and presenting chief complaint from New York City triage data Conclusion: A novel high risk COVID-19 patient population was identified from chief complaint data, which is different from current suggested CDC guidelines, and may help triage systems to better isolate COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: A novel high risk COVID-19 patient population was identified from chief complaint data, which is different from current suggested CDC guidelines, and may help triage systems to better isolate COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to investigate the association between different triage chief complaints and COVID-19 status by retroactively looking at a large set of COVID-19 RT-PCR testing done in the ED. It is important for physicians in the ED to test elderly patients for COVID-19 if they present with atypical chief complaints as described above in order to reduce spread of the disease amongst a vulnerable population and increase quality of care. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.006 id = cord-302336-zj3oixvk author = Clift, Ash K title = Living risk prediction algorithm (QCOVID) for risk of hospital admission and mortality from coronavirus 19 in adults: national derivation and validation cohort study date = 2020-10-21 keywords = covid-19; death; model; risk summary = 13 The use of primary care datasets with linkage to registries such as death records, hospital admissions data, and covid-19 testing results represents a novel approach to clinical risk prediction modelling for covid-19. Patients entered the cohort on 24 January 2020 (date of first confirmed case of covid-19 in the UK) and were followed up until they had the outcome of interest or the end of the first study period (30 April 2020), which was the date up to which linked data were available at the time of the derivation of the model, or the second time period (1 May 2020 until 30 June 2020) for the temporal cohort validation. 25 D statistics (a discrimination measure that quantifies the separation in survival between patients with different levels of predicted risks) and Harrell''s C statistics (a discrimination metric that quantifies the extent to which people with higher risk scores have earlier events) were evaluated at 97 days (the maximum followup period available at the time of the derivation of the model) and 60 days for the second temporal validation, with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. doi = 10.1136/bmj.m3731 id = cord-337720-kmwft059 author = Closson, Kalysha title = When Home is Not a Safe Place: Impacts of Social Distancing Directives on Women Living with HIV date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; HIV summary = As HIV care, research participation, and workplace settings are being transitioned to virtual and telephone-based methods, women living with HIV experiencing violence are less able to connect to critical social and protective networks [18] . As such, necessary social distancing measures have the potential to impact the rates and consequences of IPV, increasing social isolation and mental health concerns, which taken together can hinder women living with HIV''s access to, and use of, HIV treatment and violence support, further than they already experience [9, 17] . As social distancing measures limit access to supports, such as family, friends, and health care provides, that help women living with HIV cope with experiences of violence and histories of trauma, research is needed to understand the unique ways in which women living with HIV have developed resilience and coping strategies during COVID-19 restrictions and how these can be best supported. doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-02941-y id = cord-305110-mujpekyu author = Cloud, David H. title = Medical Isolation and Solitary Confinement: Balancing Health and Humanity in US Jails and Prisons During COVID-19 date = 2020-07-06 keywords = covid-19; isolation summary = Critical public health tools to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 are medical isolation and quarantine, but use of these tools is complicated in prisons and jails where decades of overuse of punitive solitary confinement is the norm. 10 Many advocates fear that use of isolation to curb transmission of COVID-19 in correctional facilities will complicate the emerging crisis, as incarcerated people become reluctant to report symptoms for fear of being moved to solitary confinement, those who do report symptoms will be forced to endure an experience known to cause psychological and physical harm, and system-wide unrest will be triggered in institutions where fears about being placed in medical isolation could run rampant. Yet, quarantine and medical isolation in response to COVID-19 are necessary to halt the spread of infection; without them, containment of disease transmission will be exceedingly difficult if not impossible, posing significant health risks to incarcerated people, correctional healthcare providers, security staff, and the families and communities to which workers return at the end of each shift. doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-05968-y id = cord-265169-bmwdpzqe author = Co, Christian Oliver C. title = Acute Stroke Care Algorithm in a Private Tertiary Hospital in the Philippines During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Third World Country Experience date = 2020-06-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = METHODS: Infection control recommendations, emergency department protocols and stroke response pathways utilized prior to the COVID 19 pandemic within our institution were evaluated by our stroke team in collaboration with the multidisciplinary healthcare services. Our algorithm ensures proper resource management while optimizing acute stroke care during the COVID-19 pandemic in our local setting. For this reason, we have made it a practice that all patients referred to the stroke team are treated as possible or suspected cases of COVID-19 throughout the brain attack pathway until workup results are released. While ongoing telemedicine consultation, the MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) or CT (Computed Tomography) department is pre-alerted as soon as there is a decision for imaging to allow radiology technicians time to don their proper PPEs. Acute stroke patients to undergo imaging will utilize dedicated MRI or CT machines without perfusion studies, solely for use of possible or suspected COVID-19 patients, pending COVID-19 results. doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105059 id = cord-265833-vj5nrip6 author = Coates, P Toby title = The Forgotten Fallen: painful reality of a pandemic date = 2020-06-15 keywords = covid-19 summary = When COVID-19 became a global pandemic, health professionals were particularly concerned of the potential risk it might impose on the most vulnerable groups, including our kidney and kidney pancreas transplant recipients. Emerging data from the US and Europe indicated the risk of early deaths for hospitalised transplant recipients is at least 20% 1 , and these patients experienced more rapid disease progression and lower lymphocyte counts than immunocompetent patients with COVID-19 2 . For those who did not suffer from the direct and devastating impact of the disease, COVID-19 added a layer of complexity including fear, anxiety and apprehension, making it extremely difficult to care for these patients who are immunosuppressive therapy who all presented acute rejection after stopping their medications during the social distancing "stay at home" orders, and the dilemma''s faced by these patients are global. COVID-19 infection in kidney transplant recipients Covid-19 and Kidney Transplantation. Kidney transplantation trends in South Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic. Unusually high rates of acute rejection during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Cause for concern? doi = 10.1016/j.kint.2020.06.002 id = cord-339336-vea7a1rm author = Coates, P. Toby title = A Kidney International “Journal of the COVID-19 Year” in Kidney Transplantation date = 2020-10-19 keywords = covid-19 summary = Population based mortality data provided on 4298 patients from Spain and France were reported to the Registry covering the period from 1 st February 2020 till 30 th April 2020. A second report in this issue of the Journal uses the French Cristal Registry in combination with the COVID-19 specific registry to provide a more detailed insight to COVID-19 in France -the IMPORTANT study (6) . Over 42,000 kidney transplant recipients and 16000 wait listed patients are studied in this report which covers the peak of the first wave pandemic in M An initial report from the French SOT COVID Registry suggests high mortality due to Covid-19 in recipients of kidney transplants ZA Results from the ERA-EDTA Registry indicate a high mortality due to COVID-19 in dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients across Europe IMPact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the moRTAlity of renal transplant recipients and candidates: a French Nationwide registry sTudy (IMPORTANT) COVID-19 Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients at the Epicenter of pandemics doi = 10.1016/j.kint.2020.10.006 id = cord-222664-4qyrtzhu author = Coban, Mathew title = Attacking COVID-19 Progression using Multi-Drug Therapy for Synergetic Target Engagement date = 2020-07-06 keywords = Ace2; COVID-19; Caulfield; Fig; SARS; Tmprss2; protein summary = We have therefore initiated a computational dynamics drug pipeline using molecular modeling, structure simulation, docking and machine learning models to predict the inhibitory activity of several million compounds against two essential SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins and their host protein interactors; S/Ace2, Tmprss2, Cathepsins L and K, and Mpro to prevent binding, membrane fusion and replication of the virus, respectively. Using a computational pipeline that aimed to expeditiously identify lead compounds against COVID-19, we combined compound library preparation, molecular modeling, and structure simulations to generate an ensemble of conformations and increase high quality docking outcomes against two essential SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins and their host protein interactions; S/Ace2, Tmprss2, Cathepsin L and K, and M pro that are known to control both viral binding, entry and virus replication (Fig. 1A) . doi = nan id = cord-327486-hu1clc79 author = Cobianchi, Lorenzo title = To a New Normal: Surgery and COVID-19 during the Transition Phase date = 2020-06-02 keywords = Phase; covid-19 summary = Addressing such topics now in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic may allow medical systems and surgical departments to become stronger in response to the challenges of the current situation, thereby develop antifragile strategies so that they will be better equipped to handle future unexpected challenges. The potential COVID-19 related risks of surgery should routinely be part of the informed consent process that every patient agrees to before hospital admission. In the Emergency Phase, the potential added risks of surgery if a patient is COVID-positive have been largely underrated due to the need for rapid decision making and the urgency of the surgery performed. Some members of the surgical staff in many departments were redeployed to the care of hospitalized COVID-19 patients during the emergency phase. The lessons learned from the COVID-19 emergency must lead to new strategies for a substantial rearrangement of the routine surgical practice; ensuring that the quality standards and the safety of workers and patients are preserved. doi = 10.1097/sla.0000000000004083 id = cord-292341-uo54ghf3 author = Cocconcelli, Elisabetta title = Clinical Features and Chest Imaging as Predictors of Intensity of Care in Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; CXR; HIMC; LUS summary = Univariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with level of care revealed that sex, age, smoking history, FiO2, pO2 in room air at admission, bacterial co-infections developed during hospitalization, CVDs, metabolic and oncologic diseases and chest X-ray global score had significant positive association with a higher level of care in the entire study population (Table 3) . Univariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with level of care revealed that sex, age, smoking history, FiO2, pO2 in room air at admission, bacterial co-infections developed during hospitalization, CVDs, metabolic and oncologic diseases and chest X-ray global score had significant positive association with a higher level of care in the entire study population (Table 3) . This is a retrospective analysis of clinical features and radiographic severity scores in patients with COVID-19 and how these parameters on hospital admission correlate with different levels of medical care (i.e., HIMC vs. doi = 10.3390/jcm9092990 id = cord-284470-so8bq046 author = Coe, Taylor M. title = Practical Techniques to Adapt Surgical Resident Education to the COVID-19 Era date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Practical Techniques to Adapt Surgical Resident Education to the COVID-19 Era 2 Herein, we describe several practical strategies for resident education focused on operative preparation, educational didactics and skills development and simulation, that transcend the geographical and temporal restrictions brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic (Figure 1 ). Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, video-based education (VBE) has become an increasingly utilized, effective technique for both knowledge acquisition and operating room preparation. Utilization of online audience response systems and small group-based learning, such as through ZOOM™ breakout rooms, provides a means for not only engaging learners remotely, but also providing instructors an opportunity to assess content understanding and knowledge deficits. These flexible recommendations allow surgical residency programs the opportunity to maintain a rigorous educational experience despite the limitations imposed by COVID-19. Is Video-Based Education an Effective Method in Surgical Education? doi = 10.1097/sla.0000000000003993 id = cord-291476-c2i14ili author = Coe, William H. title = The Impact of COVID-19 on Inpatient Psychiatry Resident Supervision date = 2020-10-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To the Editor: As an intern during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, the first author (WC) worked for an entire month on an inpatient adolescent psychiatry unit without ever seeing his attending in person. Both the American Academy of Geriatric Psychiatry (AAGP) and National Neuroscience Curriculum Initiative (NNCI) have created web-based didactics for residents [1, 2] , but these are intended to be additive resources and do not directly address changes to clinical supervision or patient care as a result of the pandemic. Before the pandemic, the 22-bed adolescent unit (for patients ages 13-18) included two clinical teams, each consisting of one attending, one intern, one medical student, and 2-3 social workers. Before the pandemic, teams would come together for morning huddle, rounds, and occasional family meetings or new admissions, but spent a majority of their time in separate work rooms. doi = 10.1007/s40596-020-01343-5 id = cord-307540-dr5m9pfk author = Coelho, Flávio C. title = Assessing the spread of COVID-19 in Brazil: Mobility, morbidity and social vulnerability date = 2020-09-18 keywords = Paulo; covid-19; region summary = Probabilistic models were used to calculate the probability of COVID-19 spread from São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the initial hotspots, using mobility data from the pre-epidemic period, while multivariate cluster analysis of socio-economic indices was done to identify areas with similar social vulnerability. To identify regions with high geographical and social vulnerability, we proposed a classification scheme based on three main criteria: population mobility, socio-demographic-economic characteristics, and the available health care infrastructure in terms of hospital capacity. To assess the probability of COVID-19 spreading within Brazil, in the absence of mobility restrictions, we first calculated the effective distance (E f (i,j)) between micro-regions using the air travel data. We computed the effective distance, E f (i,j), between each micro-region and the two COVID-19''s hotspots, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. Mostly urban micro-regions, with above-average life expectancy, with comparatively less social inequality, less population living in extreme poverty, better access to water supply and sewage disposal services, higher education. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238214 id = cord-286413-a7wue2e3 author = Cohen, Isaac V. title = Cardiac adverse events associated with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine exposure in 20 years of drug safety surveillance reports date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; SLE summary = title: Cardiac adverse events associated with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine exposure in 20 years of drug safety surveillance reports The cardiac AEs of these therapeutics are of increased concern since a subset of patients infected with COVID-19 present with cardiac injury, suggesting a relevant cardiovascular involvement in the pathophysiology of the disease 22 . The goal of this study is to reanalyze the extensive clinical data of CQ and HCQ cardiac AEs collected during the last 20 years to derive the strength of the associations and, more importantly, contributing risk factors. In our study we analyzed 702,274 FDA adverse event reports divided into CQ, HCQ and control cohorts to determine their association with cardiac AEs when taking into account other factors. The regression model was instrumental to exclude this aspirin association from the quantification of the direct cardiac side effects of CQ and HCQ, which remained significant after adjustment ( Generalizability of results to COVID-19 treatment with CQ and HCQ. doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-76258-0 id = cord-349899-3hprecor author = Cohen, J. A. title = Schools are not islands: Balancing COVID-19 risk and educational benefits using structural and temporal countermeasures date = 2020-09-10 keywords = September; covid-19; school summary = We compared seven school reopening strategies that vary the degree of countermeasures within schools to mitigate COVID-19 transmission, including the use of face masks, physical distancing, classroom cohorting, screening, testing, and contact tracing, as well as schedule changes to reduce the number of students in school. For each scenario, we calculated the percentage of schools that would have at least one person arriving at school with an active COVID-19 infection on the first day of school; the percentage of in-person school days that would be lost due to scheduled distance learning, symptomatic screening or quarantine; the cumulative infection rate for students, staff and teachers over the first three months of school; and the effective reproduction number averaged over the first three months of school within the community. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.08.20190942 id = cord-340564-3fu914lk author = Cohen, Joseph Paul title = Predicting COVID-19 Pneumonia Severity on Chest X-ray With Deep Learning date = 2020-07-28 keywords = covid-19; image; model summary = In this study, we present a severity score prediction model for COVID-19 pneumonia for frontal chest X-ray images. A neural network model that was pre-trained on large (non-COVID-19) chest X-ray datasets is used to construct features for COVID-19 images which are predictive for our task. Results This study finds that training a regression model on a subset of the outputs from this pre-trained chest X-ray model predicts our geographic extent score (range 0-8) with 1.14 mean absolute error (MAE) and our lung opacity score (range 0-6) with 0.78 MAE. In this work, we built and studied a model which predicts the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia, based on CXRs, to be used as an assistive tool when managing patient care. This "pre-training" step was performed on a large set of data in order to construct general representations about lungs and other aspects of CXRs that we would have been unable to achieve on the small set of COVID-19 images available. doi = 10.7759/cureus.9448 id = cord-316485-t6xfjqkb author = Cohn-Schwartz, Ella title = Societal views of older adults as vulnerable and a burden to society during the COVID-19 outbreak: Results from an Israeli nationally representative sample date = 2020-09-03 keywords = adult; covid-19 summary = OBJECTIVES: To examine the factors associated with older adults'' perceptions of ageism in society during the COVID-19 outbreak, in particular the portrayal of older people as a burden and as vulnerable METHODS: Data are based on a nationally-representative survey of adults aged 50+ in Israel, conducted during the COVID-19 outbreak (N=888). The independent variables were dying anxiety, experiences of age-based discriminations and social resources RESULTS: Participants who believed older adults were perceived as a burden during the COVID-19 outbreak had higher dying anxiety and reported more age-based discrimination. Participants who believed older adults were perceived as vulnerable had higher dying anxiety and were less likely to live with children DISCUSSION: The daily lives of older adults can impact their perceptions of societal ageism during the COVID-19 outbreak Individuals who thought that older adults are perceived as a burden were also older, had worse health, reported higher dying anxiety, experienced age-based discrimination in healthcare, were less likely to live with children and had less contact with their family and friends. doi = 10.1093/geronb/gbaa150 id = cord-025176-f0frlpwh author = Coimbra, Raul title = Resuming elective surgical services in times of COVID-19 infection date = 2020-05-19 keywords = covid-19; patient; surgical summary = doi = 10.1136/tsaco-2020-000511 id = cord-284786-pua14ogz author = Coker, Eric S. title = The Effects of Air Pollution on COVID-19 Related Mortality in Northern Italy date = 2020-08-04 keywords = Italy; covid-19; death; mortality summary = In this paper, we empirically investigate the ecologic association between long-term concentrations of area-level fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and excess deaths in the first quarter of 2020 in municipalities of Northern Italy. We estimate a negative binomial model of excessive deaths on historical PM 2.5 concentrations and a series of control variables that may plausibly affect both PM 2.5 concentration and mortality, including population density; the spatial concentration of the industrial manufacturing sites; climatic conditions observed during the first quarter of 2020; and the demographic composition of the municipal population among others. Among the covariates, PM is the concentration of fine particulate matter in municipality i and is the associated parameter, which we expect positive and statistically different from zero; X is a vector of control variables that adjusts for the potential confounding effects and includes the (log of) total population as the offset while is a normally-distributed error term. doi = 10.1007/s10640-020-00486-1 id = cord-260854-v7wgb6mr author = Colafrancesco, Serena title = COVID-19 gone bad: A new character in the spectrum of the hyperferritinemic syndrome? date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; MAS; SARS; patient summary = The severe form of COVID-19 share several clinical and laboratory features with four entities gathered under the term "hyperferritinemic syndrome" and including macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), adult-onset Still''s disease (AOSD), catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome (CAPS) and septic shock. COVID-19 systemic inflammatory reaction and "hyperferritinemic syndromes" are all characterized by high serum ferritin and a life-threatening hyper-inflammation sustained by a cytokines storm which eventually leads to multi-organ failure. In this review, we analyze the possible epidemiological and molecular mechanisms responsible for hyper-inflammation in patients with severe COVID-19 and we underline the similarities between this condition and "hyperferritinemic syndromes" which would allow considering this entity as the fifth member of the spectrum of inflammatory conditions. The umbrella term "hyperferritinemic syndrome" encompasses four clinical conditions, macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), adult-onset Still''s disease (AOSD), catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome (CAPS), and septic shock, all characterized by high serum ferritin and a life -threatening hyper-inflammation sustained by a cytokines storm which eventually leads to multi -organ failure [1] . doi = 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102573 id = cord-353615-9aj5yxkd author = Colaneri, Marta title = Running out of bullets: the challenging management of acute hepatitis and SARS‐COV‐2 from the SMatteo COvid19 Registry (SMACORE) date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Since several of the currently administered drugs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) are possibly hepatotoxic, the management of patients with COVID‐19 and liver failure is still an almost unexplored field. Beyond the well-known catastrophic pulmonary effects of coronavirus disease 2019 , the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has also been associated with a significant damage to other organ systems, including kidney, heart, vessels and liver (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) . et al (12) , patients with SARS-CoV-2 and chronic HBV co-infection with liver injury and coagulation dysfunction were more likely to develop severe illness and had higher mortality. Clinical characteristics of non-ICU hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and liver injury: A retrospective study Clinical Characteristics of Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 and Hepatitis B virus Co-infection Characteristics of liver function in patients with SARS-CoV-2 and chronic HBV co-infection doi = 10.1111/liv.14609 id = cord-288998-0by0bkgs author = Colarusso, Chiara title = A lesson from a saboteur: high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) impact in COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-04 keywords = ACE2; SARS; covid-19 summary = In the attempt to understand how the virus spreads and how to pharmacologically abolish it, it was highlighted that SARS‐CoV‐2 infects human cells by means of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and SARS‐CoV‐2 main protease (M(pro)). Our attention has been focused on the role of ACE2 in that its blockade by the virus increases Bradykinin and its metabolites, well known to facilitate inflammation in the lung (responsible for cough and fever), facilitate both the coagulation and complement system, three mechanisms that are typical of angioedema, cardiovascular dysfunction and sepsis, pathologies which symptoms occur in COVID‐19 patients. Once SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 , the enzyme is blocked, therefore, leading to what we are actually assisting in terms of high blood pressure in COVID-19 patients and pulmonary edema up to angioedema, which underlies the fact that physiologically ACE2 cleaves several bioactive peptides, among which [des-Arg 9 ]bradykinin ([des-Arg 9 ]BK) (Vickers et al. doi = 10.1111/bph.15154 id = cord-258669-ubw6mdzi author = Colebunders, Robert title = A call for strengthened evidence on targeted, non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 for the protection of vulnerable individuals in sub-Saharan Africa date = 2020-08-27 keywords = Africa; covid-19; saharan summary = We suggest investigating the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of distributing COVID-19 prevention kits to households with persons at increased risk for severe COVID-19 disease. Here, we call for the generation and strengthening of evidence to guide non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19, which we illustrate with a practical proposal for assessing the impact of targeted protection of at-risk individuals in settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the early implementation of lockdown measures for COVID-19 control may have contributed to the (initially) low mortality observed in most sub-Saharan Africa countries, the collateral damage resulting from this strategy is becoming increasingly apparent. We therefore propose to complement the extant containment measures in sub-Saharan Africa with more targeted protection strategies, aiming at protecting people at risk of severe COVID-19 disease. One strategy could be to distribute COVID-19 prevention kits to households with persons at increased risk for severe COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.060 id = cord-290471-xg9d4dex author = Coleman, Brian C title = Adapting to disruption of research during the COVID-19 pandemic while testing nonpharmacological approaches to pain management date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; PMC; pain; pandemic summary = Sudden changes in the delivery of pain management interventions will probably alter treatment effects measured via PMC PCTs. Through the use of harmonized instruments and surveys, we are capturing these changes and plan to monitor the impact on research practices, as well as on health outcomes. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Department of Defense (DoD) Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Pain Management Collaboratory (PMC) is currently supporting 11 large-scale, multisite, embedded pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) in military and veteran health systems to evaluate nonpharmacological approaches and integrated pain care models to manage pain and important comorbidities [12] . The rapidly evolving pandemic brought heightened focus of frequent PMC Work Group discussions, which unearthed both immediate and longer-term issues related to effects of the pandemic on the management of chronic pain and our ability to test and deliver integrated care solutions to individuals in at-risk military and veteran populations. doi = 10.1093/tbm/ibaa074 id = cord-279559-mob8dbcr author = Coleman, Carl H. title = Equitably Sharing the Benefits and Burdens of Research: Covid‐19 Raises the Stakes date = 2020-05-14 keywords = clinical; covid-19 summary = In the context of Covid‐19, key issues include providing support to clinical trials in low‐ and middle‐income countries, without taking needed resources away from other critical clinical and public health needs; designing recruitment strategies likely to generate sufficient enrollment from groups that have been disproportionately burdened by the virus, such as African Americans; supporting studies designed to improve outcomes in high‐risk environments, such as nursing homes and group homes for the developmentally disabled; and ensuring that the medical products resulting from research are made available throughout the world at an affordable price. 6 The global community must commit to supporting clinical trials in LMICs that contribute to the development of locally relevant interventions, while also ensuring that these efforts do not take resources away from other critical clinical and public health needs. 10 These and other strategies to overcome racial disparities in research will be particularly important in Covid-19 clinical trials, given that the disease is infecting and killing African Americans at a disproportionately high rate. doi = 10.1002/eahr.500055 id = cord-259605-6qa17pfb author = Coleman, Julia R. title = Maintaining Trauma Care Access During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Urban, Level-1 Trauma Center''s Experience date = 2020-05-01 keywords = covid-19; trauma summary = This Surgical Perspectives centers around an urban, Level-1 trauma center''s experience in meeting the challenge to maintain trauma care access and capability during the COVID-19 pandemic. As we increased our ICU capacity for COVID-19 patients, we dedicated the surgical Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. Our current teams include trauma, emergency general surgery, and SICU, with a staggered "home cohort" on call and available if any provider becomes ill or demand increases. This is best done by helping other trauma centers identify patients requiring transfer to high level of care and patients with potentially nonsurvivable injuries, as well as letting them know availability to receive transfers and/or consultations through telehealth platforms. Additionally, immediate response of trauma attending surgeon at all levels of alerts has increased quick triage and assessment of the need for additional personnel and resources. doi = 10.1097/sla.0000000000004001 id = cord-323966-vj9za3cx author = Collier, Karole T. title = COVID 19: Surgery & the question of race date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; african summary = These factors work synergistically with poor social determinants of health to increase vulnerability to COVID-19 and result in egregious disparities in infection rates and morbidity/mortality. In this moment, our response to African American COVID disparities is critical and signifies our call to action for all vulnerable populations affected. As AIDS spread across the U.S., it exposed structural vulnerability within African American communities and the ways in which poor pre-existing health infrastructure contributed to outcome disparities. 3 The AIDS epidemic is the only modern day health crisis we can compare to COVID-19; its lessons require us to have truthful reflection and discussion regarding our progress with disparities and the associations of race with health outcomes. Shortly before our nation had its first surge of COVID-19 patients, the American College of Surgeons published a perspective piece with a specific call to action in addressing disparities and surgical access. doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.05.026 id = cord-032285-gkd1wb09 author = Collier, Paul title = Reforming the UK financial system to promote regional development in post-COVID Britain date = 2020-08-29 keywords = COVID; SME; finance summary = The provision of external investment finance for SMEs from banks depends upon collateral, while venture capital, which finances on prospects, depends upon the commercial viability of generating the extensive local knowledge on which judgments must be based. In section IV, we turn to a solution: combining the exceptional capacity of national government to raise finance, with incentivecompatible devolved decision-taking to venture capital with the capacity to deploy it to the minority of SMEs with genuine opportunities for scale-up. Our proposition is that this uncertainty differentially disadvantages finance for SMEs. We know from a new global analysis of large firms, based on 12,000 public CEO briefings to shareholders, that by May 2020 ''uncertainty'' was the word they most commonly used to describe the problems posed by COVID (Hassan et al., 2020) ). An implication is that although large firms continue to have access to finance for investment during COVID uncertainty, they may be reluctant to commit resources to an expansion of production. doi = 10.1093/oxrep/graa028 id = cord-321088-5gu7rnhj author = Collins, Caitlin title = Stress and the Surgical Resident in the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-25 keywords = COVID-19; GAD-7; resident summary = The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on the surgical resident training experience, assess possible sources of stress or anxiety among surgery residents, and examine how patterns of anxiety vary by resident rank. DESIGN: We developed and disseminated a survey, which included the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (GAD-7), to all general and integrated plastic surgery residents in their clinical years of training at the University of California, San Francisco. We hypothesized that the COVID-19 pandemic and the resultant surge planning required to prepare for it would have a marked impact on the surgical resident training experience and that the inflexible realities of this time would have a significant emotional toll on surgical residents across different ranks and hospital sites. Because we were interested in the impact of COVID-19 on clinically active surgical residents, general and plastic surgery residents in protected research years were excluded from the survey. doi = 10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.07.031 id = cord-030927-wo8r8zny author = Collins, Curtis D title = Perspectives from the frontline: A pharmacy department’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = Patient monitoring, interprofessional communication, and intervention documentation by pharmacy staff was facilitated through the development of a COVID-19–specific care bundle integrated into the electronic medical record. 3, 4 Many of these treatments also come with the potential for significant toxicity and a need for close monitoring, which requires the NOTE PHARMACY DEPARTMENT''S RESPONSE TO COVID-19 PANDEMIC leadership of the pharmacist as a key part of the multidisciplinary team. The primary objectives of this analysis are to describe strategies used to standardize pharmacy processes to optimize the management of patients with COVID-19 and to quantify the volume and scope of pharmacist interventions during the peak of our pandemic response. • Results of a retrospective descriptive analysis show the quantity and scope of interventions clinical pharmacists are making in the care of patients with COVID-19. The study quantified the volume and scope of interventions by clinical pharmacists in the care of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 at our institution. doi = 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa176 id = cord-254218-2wsf7xix author = Collins, Jemima T. title = The Clinical Frailty Scale: Estimating the Prevalence of Frailty in Older Patients Hospitalised with COVID-19. The COPE Study date = 2020-09-21 keywords = CFS; COVID-19 summary = Our aims were to assess the prevalence of frailty in older patients hospitalised with COVID-19, their sex and age distribution, and the completion rate of the CFS tool in evaluating frailty. Results: A total of 1277 older patients with COVID-19, aged ≥ 65 (79.9 ± 8.1) years were included in the study, with 98.5% having fully completed CFS. In this European multi-centre cohort study-the COVID-19 in Older People (COPE) study -we aim to describe frailty prevalence estimates in more detail in older people hospitalised with COVID-19, their sex and age distribution, and the completion rate of the CFS. The COPE study primary aims are to evaluate the association of frailty with clinical outcomes and mortality in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19; a full study protocol can be found elsewhere [7] . Our results show that the prevalence of frailty is high (66.9%), when assessed using the CFS in a population aged 65 years and above hospitalised with COVID-19. doi = 10.3390/geriatrics5030058 id = cord-270868-4s3q2i6v author = Collins, Lauren F. title = Clinical characteristics, comorbidities and outcomes among persons with HIV hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; HIV; PWH summary = title: Clinical characteristics, comorbidities and outcomes among persons with HIV hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia BACKGROUND: There are limited data describing the presenting characteristics and outcomes among US persons with HIV (PWH) requiring hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CONCLUSION: The multisite series in the Southern United States provides characteristics and early outcomes of hospitalized PWH with COVID-19. To understand how COVID-19 may affect persons with HIV (PWH) in the Southern United States, a prematurely aging population with a high comorbidity burden [3, 4] , we analyzed cases among hospitalized PWH in Atlanta, Georgia. The prevalence and burden of non-AIDS comorbidities among women living with or at-risk for HIV infection in the United States Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area Characteristics and clinical outcomes of adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19 -Georgia doi = 10.1097/qad.0000000000002632 id = cord-274147-jvymoene author = Collins, Obiora C. title = Estimating the impact of lock-down, quarantine and sensitization in a COVID-19 outbreak: lessons from the COVID-19 outbreak in China date = 2020-09-17 keywords = China; covid-19 summary = Using real data on the COVID-19 outbreak from 22 January 2020 to 30 March 2020, we developed a mathematical model to investigate the impact of control measures in reducing the spread of the disease. The results of the analyses reveal that, using the data from China, implementing all possible control measures best reduced the rate of secondary infections. In this study, we will explore the control of COVID-19 using a mathematical model with China as a case study and the results could be useful for other countries with a COVID-19 outbreak. In this study, data from China was used to develop a mathematical model for a COVID-19 outbreak that includes the primary control measures used. Using all the data up to 30 March resulted in an R 0 > 1, confirming that the control measures implemented in China were effective in COVID-19 control and, where possible, should be implemented in other countries. doi = 10.7717/peerj.9933 id = cord-293315-kx4x2g24 author = Colmenero, I. title = SARS‐CoV‐2 endothelial infection causes COVID‐19 chilblains: histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultraestructural study of 7 paediatric cases date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; case summary = title: SARS‐CoV‐2 endothelial infection causes COVID‐19 chilblains: histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultraestructural study of 7 paediatric cases CONCLUSIONS: Although the clinical and histopathological features were similar to other forms of chilblains, the presence of viral particles in the endothelium and the histological evidence of vascular damage, support a causal relation of the lesions with SARS‐CoV‐2. 4 Most patients have been negative for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) when tested by PCR of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs, and less than 50% have a history of exposure to positive household contacts or previous history of mild upper respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms. Lymphocytic vascular damage was the hallmark feature in biopsies from our 7 patients with COVID-19 related chilblains. 25 We have demonstrated the presence of viral particles within endothelial cells in lesional skin biopsies from patients presenting with chilblains during the COVID-19 pandemic. Chilblain-like lesions: a case series of 41 patients during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1111/bjd.19327 id = cord-355283-ny1ju7vc author = Colombo, L. title = How to manage thromboembolic risk in patient with SARS-CoV-2-related disease in the Emergency Department: a case report of cardiogenic shock due to massive pulmonary embolism date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: How to manage thromboembolic risk in patient with SARS-CoV-2-related disease in the Emergency Department: a case report of cardiogenic shock due to massive pulmonary embolism Although the most known feature of SARS-CoV-2 associated infection is a mild to severe pneumonia, increasing evidence suggests the existence of an infection-associated risk of both arterial and venous thromboembolism (VTE), but the exact magnitude of this phenomenon is still unknown. Only a few months have passed since the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) , have spread all over the world, resulting in more than 17 million cases, more than 670,000 infection-related deaths [1] and a global health threat that has no comparison in the last decades. High incidence of venous thromboembolic events in anticoagulated severe COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101185 id = cord-316345-a1cirnya author = Comas, Carmina title = COVID‐19 and pregnancy: An opportunity to correct an historic gender bias date = 2020-08-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Unfortunately, this bias seems to be maintained in the COVID‐19 epidemic: most current guidelines for diagnosing SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy apply the same standard criteria as for the general population. Unfortunately, this bias seems to be maintained in the COVID-19 epidemic: most current guidelines for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy apply the same standard criteria as for the general population. This pandemic is an opportunity to begin redressing this historic gender bias against pregnant women, and to achieve this, we recommend two actions that are easy to implement, and would have a large impact. Indeed, despite significant variation in protocols between hospitals, most current guidelines for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy apply the same standard criteria as for the general population, namely performing one of the available molecular tests, such as quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. doi = 10.1002/jmv.26350 id = cord-030578-8c77d59p author = Combs, Joshua C. title = SARS CoV-2: a review of current treatment regimens date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = While supportive treatment remains the standard of care, additional therapeutic regimens including antivirals, monoclonal antibodies, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, immunoenhancers, vitamins, systemic steroids, inhalants, anticoagulants, and convalescent plasma are showing promise. While supportive treatment remains the standard of care, additional therapeutic regimens are showing promise. Categorically, current treatment options can be broken into the following: antiviral, monoclonal antibody, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, immunoenhancer, vitamin, systemic steroid, inhalant, anticoagulant, and convalescent plasma [2, 3] . Monoclonal antibodies such as Tocilizumab, Sarilumab, and Bevacizumab have shown promise in reduction of disease severity by limiting interleukin-6 production, thereby lessening the cytokine storm and associated acute respiratory distress syndrome seen in severe COVID-19 cases [3] . Systemic steroids and inhalant treatments such as nitric oxide are not recommended for individual treatment of COVID-19 but may be effective as supportive therapy in those with severe viral-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome [2] . doi = 10.1097/grh.0000000000000041 id = cord-285397-rc65rv6r author = Comfort, Louise title = Crisis Decision Making on a Global Scale: Transition from Cognition to Collective Action under Threat of COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; KCDC; March; public summary = Yet, decades of diminished investment by constituent nations and corresponding charges of mismanagement have left the existing international governance mechanisms, such as WHO, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and the Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), without the resources, personnel, monitoring systems or global operational networks necessary to mount an early and effective response. Drawing on research from decision making in complex, dynamic conditions (Hutchins 1995; Comfort 2007; Kahneman 2012) , we examine four basic functions -cognition, communication, coordination, and control-that appear central to governmental decision processes in all countries as public officials grapple with how to recognize, respond, and recover from this deadly, invisible threat. The following section briefly characterizes the policy actions taken by three countries in response to the threat of COVID-19 but focuses on the function of cognition as the initial step toward building effective communication, coordination and control of the pandemic. doi = 10.1111/puar.13252 id = cord-349415-q0g0uqj6 author = Commodari, Elena title = Adolescents in Quarantine During COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Perceived Health Risk, Beliefs, Psychological Experiences and Expectations for the Future date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; italian; risk summary = In this scenario, this study aimed to provide a general overview of the perceived risk related to COVID-19 and the psychological experience of quarantine in a large sample of Italian adolescents. Nine hundred and seventy eight adolescents (males = 339; females = 639) living in 13 Italian regions and attending upper secondary school (age range: 13–20, M = 16.57, SD = 1.20), responded to an internet-based questionnaire about perceived health risk related to COVID-19, knowledge and information on measures to control the pandemic, beliefs and opinions on stage two of the quarantine, and psychological experiences related to quarantine. Moreover, it explored perceived health risk related to COVID-19, knowledge and information on measures to control the pandemic, beliefs and opinions on stage two of the quarantine, routines and habits of life that adolescents miss most (such as going out with friends, meeting boyfriend or girlfriend, going to visit their relatives, for a total of six items), and psychological experiences related to quarantine. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.559951 id = cord-353173-5c4n4tsf author = Comunian, Silvia title = Air Pollution and COVID-19: The Role of Particulate Matter in the Spread and Increase of COVID-19’s Morbidity and Mortality date = 2020-06-22 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; PM10; PM2.5 summary = Concerning the effect of PM pollution and the spread of viruses in the population, several recent studies have analyzed whether the different areas of the world with a high and rapid increase in COVID-19''s contagion were correlated to a greater level of air pollution. The authors conclude that there is a statistically significant relationship between short-term exposure to higher air pollution and an increased risk of COVID-19 infection. The authors conclude that there is a statistically significant relationship between short-term exposure to higher air pollution and an increased risk of COVID-19 infection. The microbiological analysis revealed the presence of pathogens adsorbed to the particles [31] , and in alveolar cells and in the Summing up, the exposure to polluting agents alters the immune response of the lung cells and induces an increase in oxidative and inflammatory stress. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17124487 id = cord-345910-o78scael author = Conejero, Ismaël title = Épidémie de COVID-19 et prise en charge des conduites suicidaires: challenge et perspectives date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = L''objectif de cette revue de la littérature est d''analyser l''impact de la pandémie de Covid-19 sur les dimensions du processus suicidaire, son interaction avec les différents facteurs de risque. The aim of this review is to analyze the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the dimensions of the suicidal process and its interaction with the various risk factors. Au-delà de la mortalité liée aux complications directes de l''infection, le risque d''une « vague » de suicides est redouté par la communauté scientifique [2] et les autorités politiques [3] . ont mis en évidence une association entre perception de soi altérée et sentiment de solitude en situation de confinement dû à la pandémie de COVID-19 La crise de Covid-19 est inédite à de nombreux égards, et pourrait exacerber certaines dimensions du processus suicidaire à travers son impact psychique, social, économique ou encore biologique. L''atteinte inflammatoire et neuropsychiatrique associée à l''infection est une fenêtre pour mieux appréhender l''impact de ces processus sur les conduites suicidaires. doi = 10.1016/j.encep.2020.05.001 id = cord-322332-0pi3wcv5 author = Conforti, Claudio title = Doxycycline, a widely used antibiotic in dermatology with a possible anti‐inflammatory action against IL‐6 in COVID‐19 outbreak date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = An open-label nonrandomized clinical trial suggested that chloroquine and its less toxic metabolite, hydroxychloroquine, may be effective against COVID-19. In fact, in addition to its well-defined antibiotic effects (bacteriostatic action by inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis), in vitro studies have shown doxycycline to exert anti-inflammatory effects at low (20-40 mg/day) and high (100 or 200 mg/day) doses with inhibitory action on metalloproteases and modulating effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. 7 The anti-inflammatory properties of doxycycline and other components of tetracycline has been demonstrated for several inflammatory airway diseases, including, acute respiratory distress syndrome. 8 Thereby, low doxycycline doses have been shown to be more effective than high doses to prevent induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6) in inflammatory diseases. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1111/dth.13437 id = cord-343739-t3z6ghyp author = Conforti, Claudio title = Management of advanced melanoma in the COVID‐19 era date = 2020-05-14 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-343739-t3z6ghyp cord_uid: t3z6ghyp For patients undergoing treatment with immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs for chronic dermatological diseases, such as psoriasis, several guidelines suggest to assess on a case-by-case basis the initiation of a new therapy with a biological drug as well as the possible suspension in case of positivity. 2 Apart from psoriasis, which can sometimes also be treated in an alternative way, we must focus our attention on the most fragile patients in dermatology, that is, oncologic patients suffering from advanced melanoma. In fact, we should remember that cancer-related treatments may cause immunosuppression, and the first available data suggest that patients with cancer have a risk of excess mortality due to SARS-CoV-2. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): facts and controversies COVID-19 and psoriasis: is it time to limit treatment with immunosuppressants? Oncology practice during the COVID-19 pandemic AIOM, Rischio infettivo da Coronavirus Covid-19: indicazioni per l''oncologia Cancer patient management during the covid-19 pandemic doi = 10.1111/dth.13444 id = cord-285960-1zuhilmu author = Conly, John title = Use of medical face masks versus particulate respirators as a component of personal protective equipment for health care workers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; SARS; transmission summary = The report by the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China supports person-to-person droplet and fomite transmission during close unprotected contact with the vast majority of the investigated infection clusters occurring within families, with a household secondary attack rate varying between 3 and 10%, a finding that is not consistent with airborne transmission. Based on the scientific evidence accumulated to date, our view is that SARS-CoV-2 is not spread by the airborne route to any significant extent and the use of particulate respirators offers no advantage over medical masks as a component of personal protective equipment for the routine care of patients with COVID-19 in the health care setting. The findings from multiple systematic reviews and meta analyses over the last decade have not demonstrated any significant difference in the clinical effectiveness of particulate respirators compared to the use of medical masks when used by HCWs in multiple health care settings for the prevention of respiratory virus infections, including influenza [57] [58] [59] . doi = 10.1186/s13756-020-00779-6 id = cord-280147-xvzi1i0v author = Consoli, Letizia title = 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia complications: the importance of lung ultrasound date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Herein, we report a case of a patient affected by COVID-19 pneumonia referred in the emergency department of our institution on April 4, 2020, with peculiar lung ultrasound findings. In January 2020, Chinese scientists isolated a novel coronavirus from patients affected by viral pneumonia, denominated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), and in February 2020, the World Health Organization designated as COVID-19 the coronavirus disease caused by SARS-COV-2. As indicated in a report from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention on 44,500 SARS-COV-2 patients, severe respiratory symptoms were found in 14% of cases, characterized by dyspnea, hypoxia, or > 50% lung involvement on imaging. On the other hand, ultrasound may produce a real-time and dynamic evaluation, even in Convex array probe showed the absence pleural sliding at the left lung with a "barcode sign" at the M-mode evaluation cases with critical complications of severe COVID-19 pneumonia, such as pneumothorax. doi = 10.1007/s40477-020-00494-3 id = cord-339517-93nuovsj author = Consolo, Ugo title = Epidemiological Aspects and Psychological Reactions to COVID-19 of Dental Practitioners in the Northern Italy Districts of Modena and Reggio Emilia date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; dental; patient summary = The one-way ANOVA showed a main effect of age group for perceived patient''s likelihood of contracting the infection (F 2,353 -Statistic = 1157, p < 0.001), and reported levels of concern about the professional future ( To the question "During clinical activity, which measures do you use to prevent COVID-19 infection?", dentists replied highlighting a good knowledge of what is reported in the most recent indications from the literature. To the question "Which aids do you think could help dental professionals during COVID-19 pandemic?", for which two preferences could be expressed, the dentists replied indicating "Economic relieves from Italian government" (65.7%), "Social security institutions support and subsidy" (44.1%)," Economic relieves from dental associations" (32.1%) and "Improvement of communication with patients" (8.1%). doi = 10.3390/ijerph17103459 id = cord-351555-hsgsuor2 author = Constantinou, Constantina title = Developing a holistic contingency plan: Challenges and dilemmas for cancer patients during the COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cancer; patient; treatment summary = Zhang et al, 21 reported that patients who had their last anti-tumor treatment (including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation) within 14 days prior to infection with SARS-CoV-2 had a significantly increased risk of developing severe events (HR = 4.079, 95% CI 1.086-15.322, P = .037). 37, 38 In order to achieve this, in the most affected areas medical specialists, including oncologists, were asked to provide their assistance in managing patients suffering from COVID-19 requiring hospitalization in ICUs or in the departments of infectious or respiratory diseases or general internal medicine. 40 Currently, there are no official reports of how the treatment of cancer patients has been affected by the lack of resources and limited access to healthcare due to the COVID-19 pandemic in most afflicted countries. The decision should be based on the cancer type and stage, the clinical condition of the patient, the treatment indicated for the condition, the patient''s response to anticancer therapy, and the potential risks for an infection with SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1002/cam4.3271 id = cord-305270-vos341i1 author = Conte, Luana title = Targeting the gut–lung microbiota axis by means of a high-fibre diet and probiotics may have anti-inflammatory effects in COVID-19 infection date = 2020-06-29 keywords = SARS; covid-19; probiotic summary = title: Targeting the gut–lung microbiota axis by means of a high-fibre diet and probiotics may have anti-inflammatory effects in COVID-19 infection 16 Targeting the gut-lung microbiota axis by means of a high-fibre diet and probiotics may have anti-inflammatory effects in COVID-19 infection keywords: anti-inflammatory effects, COVID-19 infection, gut-lung microbiota aixs, high-fibre diet, probiotics, SARS-CoV-2 Among dietary supplements, potential new treatments against COVID-19 infection could be based on probiotics, 17, 22 which might not only reduce colonisation by pathogenic species but also increase commensal bacterial growth in the respiratory tract. Although there is no clinical evidence that targeting the gut-lung microbiota axis would play a therapeutic role in COVID-19 infection, we believe that the manipulation of microbial patterns through the use of probiotics, prebiotics and a high-fibre diet may help to reduce cell inflammation, maintain a healthy gut microbial diversity and strengthen the immune system. doi = 10.1177/1753466620937170 id = cord-349565-g1emvmdu author = Conti, Clara Benedetta title = Bleeding in COVID-19 severe pneumonia: The other side of abnormal coagulation pattern? date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = In the available studies, COVID-19 patients showed alterations of coagulation test, with significant increase of D-Dimer levels associated with severity of illness and adverse outcomes (2). In this scenario, we describe two cases of spontaneous abdominal internal bleeding in hospitalized patients with bilateral interstitial pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2 throat swab positive, supported with C-PAP ventilation, as the invasive ventilation was not recommended for both. Suddenly, after 10 days from the admission, similarly to the first case we described, the patient complained of severe abdominal pain, with clinical signs of hemorrhagic shock. CT scan showed large pelvic blood collection (size:16 x 10 cm) not dissociable from the right ileo-psoas muscle (Fig 1B) , with two late enhanced spots, both of 5 mm, as sign of active bleeding. During the SARS COV-1 epidemic in 2003, spontaneous pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax were reported in patients treated with NIV or C-PAP. doi = 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.05.002 id = cord-282730-pawasfh4 author = Contreras, Carlo M. title = Telemedicine: Patient-Provider Clinical Engagement During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; patient; telemedicine summary = RESULTS: At many institutions, the number of telemedicine visits dramatically increased within days following the institution of novel coronavirus pandemic restrictions on in-person clinical encounters. To minimize interruption of crucial clinical services and the associated revenue, a rapid transition from in-person outpatient visits to telemedicine encounters was implemented by many academic medical centers and adopted by surgery departments throughout the country. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) sought to decrease in-person medical visits by issuing a temporary and emergency relaxation of telemedicine rules via the 1135 waiver and the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act. Enacted on March 6, 2020, this act allowed Original Medicare enrollees the same telemedicine benefits that had been extended to Medicare Advantage enrollees in January 2020. In addition, on March 13, 2020 the FCC funded the Rural Health Care Program that aims to make telemedicine services available to geographically remote patients. doi = 10.1007/s11605-020-04623-5 id = cord-308069-iydjrmhh author = Contreras, Sebastián title = Statistically-based methodology for revealing real contagion trends and correcting delay-induced errors in the assessment of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We address the existence of different delays in the report of new cases, induced by the incubation time of the virus and testing-diagnosis time gaps, and other error sources related to the sensitivity/specificity of the tests used to diagnose COVID-19. In a previous work , we proposed a methodology to obtain real-time estimations of the Effective Reproduction Number R t directly from raw data, which was satisfactorily applied to evaluate the panorama of the COVID-19 spread in different countries and to forecast its evolution (Medina-Ortiz et al., 2020a) . We present an analogous methodology to estimate the number of discharged/recovered individuals, based on the reported evolution of the viral infection, the performance of the different tests for its diagnosis, and the case fatality, which can be easily adapted for a particular country. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110087 id = cord-355847-1ru15s5a author = Convertino, Irma title = Exploring pharmacological approaches for managing cytokine storm associated with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-06-11 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; TNF summary = Several drugs, endowed with modulating activity on cytokine pathways, including anti-IL-6, anti-TNF, and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, currently approved for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, have been suggested or could be yet taken into account for experimental use in COVID-19 patients with ARDS and/or pneumonia ( Fig. 1 ). In addition, a multicenter open-label randomized clinical trial is studying the benefit risk profile of siltuximab, as a single therapeutic option or in combination with anakinra, at a single dose of 11 mg/kg, in comparison with tocilizumab or anakinra, alone or in combination, in ARDS patients with COVID-19 [20] . Based on the results expected with tocilizumab and siltuximab, other anti-IL-6 drugs, currently approved for rheumatoid arthritis, namely sarilumab and sirukumab, could be studied in ARDS and pneumonia patients with COVID-19. Anti-JAK drugs (such as ruxolitinib, tofacitinib, baricitinib, oclacitinib, fedratinib, upadacitinib, and peficitinib) [39] should be considered also among the options for clinical investigations in COVID-19-related ARDS and pneumonia patients. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03020-3 id = cord-305405-me4gebvm author = Conway, J. title = Characteristics of patients with diabetes hospitalised for COVID-19 infection-a brief case series report date = 2020-09-21 keywords = covid-19; diabetes; patient summary = Other features of patients with diabetes and COVID-19 infection included long duration of diabetes, less tight glycaemic control and common use of ACE inhibitors, ARBs and NSAIDs. In December 2019, a pneumonia like illness was first reported in Wuhan-China caused by a new coronavirus named corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) which then spread to cause a global pandemic. A meta-analysis of 8 Chinese studies to assess the prevalence of comorbidities in 46,248 infected patients with COVID-19, median age 46.0 years (51.6%) men, diabetes mellitus was the second most prevalent comorbidity (8%) after hypertension (17%) and higher than cardiovascular (5%) and respiratory diseases (2%). 4 In addition to the Chinese studies, subsequent international studies have demonstrated that diabetes was a frequent comorbidity and a risk factor for adverse outcomes of COVID-19 infection such as higher rates of ICU admissions and refractoriness to anti-viral and anti-inflammatory therapies. doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108460 id = cord-282535-gnuhjs32 author = Cook, Gordon title = Real‐world assessment of the clinical impact of symptomatic infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (COVID‐19 disease) in patients with Multiple Myeloma receiving systemic anti‐cancer therapy. date = 2020-05-21 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = title: Real‐world assessment of the clinical impact of symptomatic infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (COVID‐19 disease) in patients with Multiple Myeloma receiving systemic anti‐cancer therapy. . The UK index case was identified on the 31 st of January, 2020 and given the rapid spread and high mortality rate of COVID-19, it is imperative to define the impact on patients with co-existing medical conditions (3) . Multiple Myeloma (MM), the second most common haematological malignancy, is a cancer of the mature B-cell lineage and is associated with both cellular and humoral immune dysfunction that renders patients susceptible to infections, especially of the respiratory tract (4) (5) (6) (7) . This coupled with a median age at presentation of 70 years in a population with frequent co-existing medical conditions, means the outcomes of MM patients infected with COVID-19 warrants particular attention. doi = 10.1111/bjh.16874 id = cord-309482-frawgvk7 author = Cook, T. M. title = Kicking on while it’s still kicking off – getting surgery and anaesthesia restarted after COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; NHS; patient summary = Together, these actions have enabled treatment of all those needing hospital care for COVID-19 and avoided the unfettered increase in mortality that would have accompanied an overwhelmed healthcare service. Meticulous pre-operative patient isolation for 14 days combined with antigen testing, that is, detecting viral RNA with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests and ensuring no symptoms or pyrexia in the last week is recommended by many, and aims to deliver a patient who is not infected or incubating COVID-19. The prolonged, variable incubation period, the potential to infect while asymptomatic, unreliable antigen tests and extended duration of viral shedding mean that isolation and screening based on symptoms and antigen tests, while reassuring and pragmatic, will not guarantee a COVID-19-free patient. Repatriation of these key elements to their proper places in peri-operative pathways is a prerequisite to any return to pre-pandemic levels of planned surgery. Guidance for Pre-Operative Chest CT imaging for elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 Pandemic Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh doi = 10.1111/anae.15128 id = cord-339919-4ko4lwjz author = Cook, T. M. title = The importance of hypertension as a risk factor for severe illness and mortality in COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Reviewing the literature that reports rates of hypertension amongst included patients indicates a consistent association with more severe disease and increased mortality. It is difficult from individual reports to determine whether hypertension is a risk factor for development of symptomatic disease or hospitalisation or for more severe disease. It is difficult from individual reports to determine whether hypertension is a risk factor for development of symptomatic disease or hospitalisation or for more severe disease. Hypertension is included in many reports as a ''risk factor'' for COVID-19 but there has been a lack of clarity as to whether this means risk factor for acquiring the disease, the severity of disease or for poor outcomes. The association of hypertension with its potential microvascular disease, with more severe disease and poor outcomes from COVID-19, is therefore an important consideration. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study doi = 10.1111/anae.15103 id = cord-329796-h7ins2a8 author = Coombe, J. title = The impact of COVID-19 on the reproductive health of people living in Australia: findings from an online survey date = 2020-08-11 keywords = Australia; COVID-19; SRH summary = In this paper, we report on the results from the first survey and explore the impact of Australia-wide lockdown on reproductive health including pregnancy intentions and contraception access. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.10.20172163 id = cord-258018-29vtxz89 author = Cooper, Ian title = A SIR model assumption for the spread of COVID-19 in different communities date = 2020-06-28 keywords = COVID-19; SIR; model summary = The data in [29] for China, South Korea, India, Australia, USA, Italy and the state of Texas (communities) are organised in the form of time-series where the rows are recordings in time (from January to June, 2020), and the three columns are, the total cases I d tot (first column), number of infected individuals I d (second column) and deaths D d (third column). Assuming the published data are reliable, the SIR model (1) can be applied to assess the spread of the COVID-19 disease and predict the number of infected, removed and recovered populations and deaths in the communities, accommodating at the same time possible surges in the number of susceptible individuals. In this work, we have augmented the classic SIR model with the ability to accommodate surges in the number of susceptible individuals, supplemented by recorded data from China, South Korea, India, Australia, USA and the state of Texas to provide insights into the spread of COVID-19 in communities. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110057 id = cord-276483-4yp4beuh author = Cooper, Isabella D title = Relationships between hyperinsulinaemia, magnesium, vitamin D, thrombosis and COVID-19: rationale for clinical management date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; increase; insulin; vitamin summary = Risk factors for COVID-19 patients with poorer outcomes include pre-existing conditions: obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease (CVD), heart failure, hypertension, low oxygen saturation capacity, cancer, elevated: ferritin, C reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer. Hyperinsulinaemia decreases cholesterol sulfurylation to cholesterol sulfate, as low vitamin D regulation due to magnesium depletion and/or vitamin D sequestration and/or diminished activation capacity decreases sulfotransferase enzyme SULT2B1b activity, consequently decreasing plasma membrane negative charge between red blood cells, platelets and endothelial cells, thus increasing agglutination and thrombosis. Years of hyperinsulinaemia that would manifest overt pathologies such as obesity, CVD, hypertension and cancer would come with an already heavy-risk burden list, which includes: increased haemoglobin glycation damage, intracellular haem-oxidation with reduced antioxidative capacity, increased haem-oxygenase haem catabolism thus producing increased endogenous carbon monoxide production, leading to increased risk of DVT and subsequent PE and decreased mitochondrial vitamin D hydroxylase activation. doi = 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001356 id = cord-311125-v9ddes3c author = Cooper, Keiland W. title = COVID-19 and the chemical senses: supporting players take center stage date = 2020-07-01 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; cell; olfactory summary = Given data suggesting that ACE2 is necessary for SARS-CoV2 to infect host cells, researchers have used a variety of approaches to discern the pattern of expression of ACE2 and other viral entry proteins across the tissue landscape, with the goal of inferring possible target cells and disease mechanisms. It remains unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 (given that it likely does not directly infect OSNs, and thus cannot pass directly through the olfactory nerve, see However, scSeq and immunostaining of the mouse OB has revealed -as in the nose -that bulb neurons do not express detectable levels of ACE2 ( Figure 2 ) . This model suggests that neural function is altered indirectly due to sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection of peripheral support cells, including (but not limited to) local inflammation and changes in OSN gene expression and ciliary structure. Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia doi = 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.032 id = cord-347356-uc9dqhyq author = Cooper, TJ title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outcomes in HIV/AIDS patients: a systematic review date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; HIV; SARS summary = OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to systematically review current studies reporting on clinical outcomes in people living with HIV (PLHIV) infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). The aim of this systematic review was to identify studies that discuss PLHIV who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 and that report whether coinfection results in a greater risk of adverse outcomes and, furthermore, whether controlled HIV infection vs. A comprehensive literature search was carried out in Global Health, SCOPUS, Medline and EMBASE to identify articles that discussed HIV-positive patients and the clinical implications of HIV infection in COVID-19 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines [13] . [21] , also highlighted a case study of a HIV patient with SARS-CoV2 co-infection, diagnosis of viral pneumonia was made on clinical examination and chest CT findings. doi = 10.1111/hiv.12911 id = cord-309089-ex9nh1yi author = Coperchini, Francesca title = The Cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system date = 2020-05-11 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; CXCL10; MERS; SARS summary = Since the first reports on COVID-19 disease, it appeared clear that Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) accounted for a significant number of deaths among infected patients and that ARDS should be regarded as the hallmark immune-mediated clinical consequence in SARS-CoV-2, similarly to what described for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections [11] . As shown by previous data in the literature, increased circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (eg, Interferon γ, interleukin (IL-) 1B, IL-6, IL-12) and chemokines (CXCL10, and CCL2) are associated with pulmonary inflammation and extensive lung involvement in SARS patients, similarly to what happens in MERS-CoV infection [13] . In mice infected with SARS-CoV, the clinical features of the syndrome showed an age-dependent increase in severity (similarly to what observed in humans), which was related to an increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, paralleled by a reduction in T-cell responses [78] . doi = 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.003 id = cord-315574-jq1p5t8w author = Copland, Michael title = Canadian Society of Nephrology COVID-19 Rapid Response Team Home Dialysis Recommendations date = 2020-05-29 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = KEY FINDINGS: We identified 7 broad areas of home dialysis practice management that may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: (1) peritoneal dialysis catheter placement, (2) home dialysis training, (3) home dialysis management, (4) personal protective equipment, (5) product delivery, (6) minimizing direct health care provider and patient contact, and (7) assisted peritoneal dialysis in the community. We suggest that home dialysis be preferentially offered to all patients who require chronic kidney replacement therapy, as a means of reducing COVID-19 transmission risk to themselves, to other patients, and to health care workers, by reducing contact with clinics and hospitals, compared with in-center HD. We have also suggested surgical mask use when members of the health team must interact with home dialysis patients due to the high risk of COVID-19 complications in this population. doi = 10.1177/2054358120928153 id = cord-264080-fbp9rr5z author = Coppola, Alessandro title = An Invited Commentary on: Optimizing response in surgical systems during and after COVID-19 pandemic: lessons from China and the UK – Perspective. Zheng Liu (IJS-D-20-00464) date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: An Invited Commentary on: Optimizing response in surgical systems during and after COVID-19 pandemic: lessons from China and the UK – Perspective. Zheng Liu (IJS-D-20-00464) Liu and colleagues (1) reported on the surgical measures adopted at the beginning of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. As reported by the American College of Surgeons, continuation of ''elective'' surgical care have to be frequently evaluated and adapted if needed, based on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on local resources. How reported by different international surgical societies (4-5) cancers should be considered like life-threatening diseases and changing treatment protocols or postponing surgery should be adopted only in really selected cases. As the dynamic scenario of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve, decisions regarding the screening test, alternative strategies improving outpatients services, and perfection of surgery indications remain individualized in the context of patients, providers, institutional factors, and available resources. doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.048 id = cord-341684-buj8u63b author = Corbet, Shaen title = Any port in a storm: Cryptocurrency safe-havens during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-07 keywords = covid-19; pandemic summary = Controlling for the polarity and subjectivity of social media data based on the development of the COVID-19 outbreak, we analyse the relationships between the largest cryptocurrencies and such time-varying realisation as to the scale of the economic shock centralised within the rapidly-escalating pandemic. We find evidence of significant growth in both returns and volumes traded, indicating that large cryptocurrencies acted as a store of value during this period of exceptional financial market stress. Such techniques allow for analysis not only of sentiment based on the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, but also as to interlinkages between such sentiment and cryptocurrencies as a safe-haven asset in such time of extreme financial market panic. When considering the role of negative sentiment relating to the outbreak and development of the COVID-19 pandemic, our results suggest that there developed significant and pronounced timevarying price-volatility effects as investors identified both the severity and nature of the pandemic''s growth trajectory and potential economic repercussions. doi = 10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109377 id = cord-268883-nf4fm7r7 author = Corchuelo, Jairo title = Oral manifestations in a patient with a history of asymptomatic COVID-19. Case Report date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; oral summary = This case shows that the problems that arise in the oral mucosa in patients with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection can be monitored through interdisciplinary teleconsultation during the pandemic with the support of information technology currently available worldwide. Due to the use of intensified therapeutic methods possibly aggravated by SARS-CoV-2, an increase in cases with oropharyngeal symptoms / conditions, dental-oral problems associated with soft tissues, saliva production (dry mouth) as side effects, could be predicted, even after recovering from COVID-19. Taking into account that Candida albicans is part of the oral microbiome and that there were favorable events for its pathological development, such as the decrease in salivation manifested in the patient by the sensation of dry mouth, in addition to the frequent use of antibiotics and a mild predisposing factor such as the female sex (Zegarelli 1993) and the successful response to nystatin treatment, we can clinically confirm candida infection The hyperpigmentation of the gums in the anterior teeth due to the aesthetic problem that it represents for the patient is the one that causes of most concern. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.071 id = cord-266382-co3n724s author = Cordeiro-Rodrigues, Luís title = Social Justice for Public Health: The COVID-19 Response in Portugal date = 2020-11-09 keywords = COVID-19; Portugal; portuguese summary = The Portuguese case study suggests that enhancing social justice towards socio-economically vulnerable groups correlates with the prevention of the spread of COVID-19; these benefits to public health can be explained by the fact that those policies create social distancing and less exposure to the COVID-19 virus and other contagious diseases and also remove disincentives to the use of healthcare services. I wish to argue, in this case study analysis, that the social justice measures implemented by the Portuguese government played an important role in effectively promoting public health during the current pandemic. In other words, the existing correlation between Portuguese social justice policies and positive outcomes for public health, which mitigated the spread of COVID-19, can be explained by the fact that those policies allowed and encouraged conditions for more social-distancing to take place, and thereby less infections of COVID-19 and other contagious diseases to occur; further, by providing incentives for the socio-economically vulnerable population to use the nation''s health services, the policies expedited detection of infections, thereby reducing the probability of an infection spread. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10058-z id = cord-318512-5wvnw8li author = Coronado, Pluvio J. title = Health-related quality of life and resilience in peri- and postmenopausal women during Covid-19 confinement date = 2020-09-28 keywords = Cervantes; covid-19 summary = Objective To assess the impact of confinement due to the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and resilience in periand postmenopausal women. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a statistically significant association between Cervantes-SF scores and living with others (β-coefficient -10.2; p < 0.001), use of antidepressants (β 9.3; p < 0.001), physical activity (β -8.6; p < 0.001) and sexual activity (β -2.7; p < 0.001). Additionally, in peri-and postmenopausal women, forced alterations in lifestyle habits resulting from quarantine such us changes in interpersonal relationships, nutrition habits, exercise, or sexuality could lead to an aggravation of their menopausal symptoms and a loss of health-related quality of life (HRQoL), particularly in terms of psycho-behavioral aspects and romantic relationships [8] . The findings of this study indicate that the HRQoL and resilience of peri-and postmenopausal women confined due to the Covid-19 pandemic are influenced by several demographic descriptors related to their lifestyle and environment. doi = 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.09.004 id = cord-335550-l7opl6b1 author = Coronini-Cronberg, Sophie title = Health inequalities: the hidden cost of COVID-19 in NHS hospital trusts? date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; Emergency; NHS summary = 14 Both the restriction of non-urgent clinical services and the precipitous decline in Emergency Department attendances will affect marginalised groups disproportionately by restricting access to care 6 and therefore exacerbating health inequalities. In terms of public messaging, although some channels are beginning to nuance advice, such as ''for lifethreatening emergencies, call 999 for an ambulance'', there is an urgent need to communicate clearly and in lay language so that those with emergency health needs should continue to attend Emergency Departments or use other NHS services such as general practices and urgent care centres. 16 To address this, NHS employers have been mandated to increase testing to support staff retention, 17 provide more comprehensive personal protective equipment 18 and clearly communicate pay arrangements for instances of self-isolation. 34 As the first deaths among clinicians are announced with a disproportionate number of deaths in health professionals from minority ethnic backgrounds, there will be intense post hoc scrutiny of systematic differences between groups and whether the NHS adequately protected its staff. doi = 10.1177/0141076820925230 id = cord-301067-wk3cf0b7 author = Corpus-Mendoza, Asiel N. title = Decrease of mobility, electricity demand, and NO2 emissions on COVID-19 times and their feedback on prevention measures date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; air summary = As a consequence of the prevention measures implemented to contain the virus, cities around the world are experiencing a decrease in urban mobility and electricity demand that have positively affected the air quality. At the same time, we analyse the evolution of confirmed COVID-19 cases and compare them with the start of prevention measures and changes in sectors affected in different countries to discuss the effectiveness in time in which they are applied. These measures are classified in 5 categories in the original dataset, however, we reclassify them and discuss them in terms of their effects on health, and economy, but mainly on the environment by analysing changes in mobility, electricity generation, and air quality index (AQI) before and after the pandemic. At the same time, the analysis of changes in mobility and electricity demand along the evaluation of T D and I CR from the I C curves allow to discuss the timely execution of the prevention measures, which works as a feedback to consider and plan actions for the current pandemic or future global events. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143382 id = cord-295276-fic96llm author = Corpuz, Jeff Clyde G title = COVID-19: spiritual interventions for the living and the dead date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The most immediate need is to provide care for those infected by the COVID-19, providing assistance in their healing process and giving spiritual support to the bereaved family members. 2 Specifically, the authors address the possible physical and mental health intervention for funeral directors and those handling the dead. The author adds to their findings the spiritual and religious intervention for the dead by providing spiritual care to both the dead and the bereaved family members. The most immediate need is to provide care for those infected by the COVID-19, provide assistance in their healing process and give spiritual support to the bereaved family members. Religious leaders must provide immediate attention to also care for the bereaved family members who are grieving. The author suggests that creative funeral rites, liturgical and sacramental services be provided to remember the dead and to ease the grief of the bereaved family members. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa167 id = cord-337452-zql4zhyk author = Corral, L. title = GLUCOCOVID: A controlled trial of methylprednisolone in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We aimed to determine whether a 6-day course of intravenous methylprednisolone (MP) improves outcome in patients with SARS CoV-2 infection at risk of developing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Conclusions A short course of MP had a beneficial effect on the clinical outcome of severe COVID-19 pneumonia, decreasing the risk of the composite end point of admission to ICU, NIV or death. These considerations motivated us to design and conduct a pragmatic, randomized, controlled trial (GLUCOCOVID) to explore the role of a short course of MP in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia at risk of developing respiratory failure and ARDS. We designed a pragmatic, partially randomized trial, including a clinician''s preference arm in an attempt to avoid inclusion bias in the current setting in which many physicians feel glucocorticoids may have a All rights reserved. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.17.20133579 doi: medRxiv preprint beneficial effect in COVID-19 despite the absence of controlled clinical trials. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.17.20133579 id = cord-264976-6n9cdex6 author = Corse, Tanner title = Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients with Pre-existing, Compromised Immune Systems: A Review of Case Reports date = 2020-10-18 keywords = SARS; covid-19; table summary = The high rate of positive outcomes suggests that heart transplant recipients with COVID-19 on immunosuppressants are not at an increased risk of mortality unless the patient develops complications such as ARDS and/or requires ICU care and ventilation. Since the overall 16.9% mortality rate of the SARS-CoV-2-infected kidney transplant recipient on immunosuppressants is attributed to death of older (>50 years) patients with comorbidities and/or secondary complications (Table 3) , the 16.9% mortality rate does not seem to be abnormally high because it is in line with the rates reported by others for different COVID-19 patients populations. In another report [72] , Katz-Greenberg et al., described the clinical outcomes of 20 kidney-transplant recipients (ages 30 to 73 years) who were infected by SARS-CoV-2, and showed that only 3 patients (2 males aged 72 and 73 and 1 female aged 63) died, suggesting a 15% mortality that is related to advancing age [72] , which agrees with our review of the published case reports. doi = 10.7150/ijms.50537 id = cord-258602-dnzqiq8k author = Cortegiani, A. title = Rationale and Evidence on the use of Tocilizumab in COVID-19: A Systematic Review date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6 summary = METHODS: MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, pre-print repositories (bioRxiv and medRxiv) and two trial Registries were searched for studies on the use of tocilizumab in COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral pneumonia, and/or sepsis until 20(th) June 2020. The aim of this review was to describe the rationale and summarize the available evidence, direct and indirect, regarding the use of tocilizumab for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to identify and describe ongoing clinical trials with this drug. We sought pre-clinical and clinical studies addressing the use of tocilizumab for treating COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral pneumonia, and/or sepsis. In order to find prepublication manuscripts, we surveyed the pre-print repositories biorRxiv and medRxiv from inception to 20 th June 2020 for clinical or pre-clinical studies about the use of tocilizumab in COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral pneumonia, and/or sepsis. Finally, to identify clinical trials studying treatment with tocilizumab for COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral pneumonia, and/or sepsis, we sought trials registered prior to 20 th June 2020 in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry and Clinicatrial.gov. doi = 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.07.003 id = cord-303819-w1785lap author = Cortegiani, Andrea title = Update I. A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 date = 2020-07-11 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; patient summary = MATERIALS AND METHODS: MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE and two pre-print repositories (bioRxiv, medRxiv) were searched from inception to 8th June 2020 for RCTs and nonrandomized studies (retrospective and prospective, including single-arm, studies) addressing the use of CQ/HCQ in any dose or combination for COVID-19. Low and moderate risk of bias studies suggest that treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 with CQ/HCQ may not reduce risk of death, compared to standard care. Journal Pre-proof PICO question: The current review covers studies comparing adult patients with or at risk of COVID-19 (P) who had been administered CQ or related formulations, alone or in combination with other drugs (I) to those given standard care or other regimens or drugs (C). Risk of QT Interval Prolongation Associated With Use of Hydroxychloroquine With or Without Concomitant Azithromycin Among Hospitalized Patients Testing Positive for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Assessment of QT Intervals in a Case Series of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Treated With Hydroxychloroquine Alone or in Combination With Azithromycin in an Intensive Care Unit doi = 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.06.019 id = cord-290314-ldv9hsv1 author = Cortis, Dominic title = On Determining the Age Distribution of COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-15 keywords = covid-19 summary = The higher rate of mortality of COVID-19 in elderly individuals has been discussed in many reports. National Office statistics tend to group age distribution in three cohorts: less than 15 years old (youths), 15 to 64 years old (working population), and above 65 years old (elderly). The distribution of expected cases based on standard population statistics is compared to the same distribution for observed COVID-19 cases together with the old age dependency ratio (OADR) being the ratio of elderly to working population for each study. The proportion of COVID-19 confirmed cases for youths is lower in China (1.55%, 0.89%) than South Korea (4.04%) as individuals with mild symptoms would have not been tested as in South Korea. Age distributions can also partially explain why some countries such as Turkey have a low COVID-19 mortality rate despite the high number of cases. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00202 id = cord-329055-ftwlmi7w author = Costa, Klinger Vagner Teixeira da title = Smell and taste disorders: warning signs for SARS-CoV-2 infection() date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Smell and taste disorders: warning signs for SARS-CoV-2 infection() Due to the worldwide demand for tests to identify patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, health strategies are severely hindered by the lack of tests that can guide the correct and immediate isolation of positive cases of COVID-19. In the last few weeks, it was observed that the loss of smell/taste associated with COVID-19 has been a frequent complaint, mainly identified when evaluating the patient with appropriate tools. In fact, the loss of smell/taste does not depend on nasal obstruction/rhinorrhea and can begin even before the typical signs/symptoms of COVID-19, thus becoming warning signs even in oligosymptomatic patients and, especially, in ଝ Please cite this article as: Costa KV, Carnaúba AT. Smell and taste disorders: warning signs for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Loss of smell and taste in combination with other symptoms is a strong predictor of COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.05.003 id = cord-306375-cs4s2o8y author = Costa-Santos, C. title = COVID-19 surveillance - a descriptive study on data quality issues date = 2020-11-05 keywords = covid-19; dataset; datum summary = Nevertheless, to our knowledge, there is no study performing a structured assessment of data quality issues from the datasets provided by National Surveillance Systems for research purposes during the COVID-19 pandemic. This updated database had an inconsistent manifest, including some variables presented in a different format (for example, instead of a variable with the outcome of the patient, the second dataset presented two dates: death and recovery date), or with different definitions (for example, variable age was defined as the age at the time of COVID-19 onset or as age at the time of COVID-19 notification, in the first and second datasets, respectively), which raised concerns regarding their use for valid research and replication of the analysis made using the first version of data. The DGSAugust dataset included 38520 COVID-19 cases diagnosed between March and June, less 4,003 cases (9%) than the daily public report provided by Portuguese Directorate-General of Health. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.03.20225565 id = cord-277889-8u685f45 author = Costela-Ruiz, Víctor J. title = SARS-CoV-2 infection: the role of cytokines in COVID-19 disease date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; CSF; IL-10; IL-6; SARS; patient summary = The majority of patients infected with COVID-19 have normal or reduced white cell counts and lymphocytopenia, and those with severe disease have shown significantly elevated levels of neutrophils, dimer-D, and urea in blood, with a continuing decrease in lymphocytes. detected elevated levels of the antagonistic receptor of IL-1 (IL-1Ra) in 14 severe cases of COVID-19, and this marker has been associated with increased viral load, loss of pulmonary function, lung damage, and mortality risk [55] . observed that its expression during infection with an influenza virus had negative effects on CD8 + memory T cells [71] .Various studies of COVID-19 patients have detected elevated IL-4 levels as part of the cytokine storm associated with severe respiratory symptoms [16, 17, 43, 72] . Elevated IL-17 levels have been reported in patients with SARS-CoV-2 as part of the cytokine storm [17] , and they have been associated with the viral load and disease severity [56] . doi = 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.001 id = cord-351187-kxouck2q author = Cothran, Thomas P. title = A Brewing Storm: The Neuropsychological Sequelae of Hyperinflammation due to COVID-19 date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Cothran, Thomas P.; Kellman, Suzanne; Singh, Shifali; Beck, Jonathan S.; Powell, Karina J.; Bolton, Corey J.; Tam, Joyce W. The goal of this letter is to highlight the importance of understanding and assessing potential COVID-19 neuropsychological sequelae that may result from the effects of hyperinflammation. For severe cases of COVID-19, the effects of cytokine storm syndrome, coagulation disorders, and hypoxia warrant special attention as potential direct and indirect causes of long-term cognitive impairment. Research efforts will need to consider possible iatrogenic complications, as treatments for COVID-19 symptoms, including medications, mechanical ventilation, and prolonged hospitalization, may have unanticipated, adverse effects on cognition. Severe COVID-19 infection triggers a complex inflammatory response that may result in cytokine storm syndrome, stroke, hypoxia, and/or delirium -each a threat to cognitive health. Meanwhile, screening for cognitive changes with possible referral to neuropsychology, monitoring of potential psychiatric symptoms, and recommending rehabilitation services as needed will likely be beneficial as patients continue to recover from COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.008 id = cord-356041-tc2cumv2 author = Cotrin, Paula title = Healthcare Workers in Brazil during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey date = 2020-10-09 keywords = Brazil; PPE; covid-19 summary = This study compared the impact of COVID-19 pandemic among three categories of healthcare workers in Brazil: physicians, nurses, and dentists, about workload, income, protection, training, feelings, behavior, and level of concern and anxiety. The healthcare workers reported a significant impact of COVID-19 pandemic in their income, workload and anxiety, with differences among physicians, nurses and dentists. This way, this study aimed to compare the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the healthcare workers: physicians, nurses, and dentists, regarding workload, income, PPE, training, behavior, feelings, and level of anxiety. Inclusion criteria were: healthcare workers (physicians, nurses or dentists), above 22 years of age, working in the front line of the pandemic in private and public hospitals, healthcare units and private clinics, but not necessarily with direct contact with COVID-19 infected patients. doi = 10.1177/0046958020963711 id = cord-296598-aelpasay author = Coughlin, Lara N. title = Considerations for remote delivery of behavioral economic interventions for substance use disorder during COVID-19 and beyond date = 2020-10-04 keywords = COVID-19; SFAS; substance summary = The response to the COVID-19 crisis has created direct pressure on health care providers to deliver virtual care, and has created the opportunity to develop innovations in remote treatment for people with substance use disorders. Behavioral economic treatments, such as contingency management, the substance-free activity session, and episodic future thinking, are positioned to leverage remote monitoring of substance use and to use personalized medicine frameworks to deliver remote interventions in the COVID-19 era and beyond. Behavioral economic interventions are positioned to leverage remote substance use monitoring and remote care technology to enhance the delivery of SUD care during COVID-19 and beyond. Contingency Management (CM): Reinforces a goal behavior (e.g., abstinence) by providing rewards, such as gift cards, prizes, or money, based on an incentive schedule (e.g., $10 for a negative urine sample) Support from numerous randomized clinical trials across SUDs -Recent and ongoing development of remote monitoring technologies permit abstinence verification without in-office visits reducing barriers to implementation -Incentive schedules may be most effective if they account for increased slips due to a spectrum of increased stressors during the pandemic -Funding for incentives remains a concern, particularly as healthcare systems are losing money during COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108150 id = cord-308964-y18nru1d author = Couper, Keith title = COVID-19 in cardiac arrest and infection risk to rescuers: a systematic review date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; compression; study summary = The aim of this review was to identify the potential risk of transmission 33 associated with key interventions (chest compressions, defibrillation, cardiopulmonary 34 resuscitation) to inform international treatment recommendations. The aim of this review was to identify the potential risk of transmission 33 associated with key interventions (chest compressions, defibrillation, cardiopulmonary 34 resuscitation) to inform international treatment recommendations. Methods: We undertook a systematic review comprising three questions: 1) aerosol 37 generation associated with key interventions; 2) risk of airborne infection transmission 38 associated with key interventions; and 3) the effect of different personal protective 39 equipment strategies. Methods: We undertook a systematic review comprising three questions: 1) aerosol 37 generation associated with key interventions; 2) risk of airborne infection transmission 38 associated with key interventions; and 3) the effect of different personal protective 39 equipment strategies. Our first two research questions examined the association between key resuscitation 99 interventions (chest compressions, defibrillation, CPR) and aerosol generation and airborne 100 transmission of infection. doi = 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.04.022 id = cord-352607-71986j7i author = Cournoyer Lemaire, Elise title = Extraordinary times call for extraordinary measures: the use of music to communicate public health recommendations against the spread of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19; music summary = To promote the population''s adherence to COVID-19 public health preventive measures, the Quebec (Canada) government solicited the assistance of local music artists. More specifically, music is discussed in terms of its powerful capacity to reach out to a large population pool; to capture the population''s attention quickly and massively in spite of age, language, or cultural barriers; to effectively communicate messages; and to affect individuals'' behaviours. In an attempt to prompt the population to adhere to the public health recommendations to prevent the spread of COVID-19, it appeared instinctive for the government to request assistance from local music artists. This commentary aims to briefly explain how music may facilitate individuals'' adherence to such measures through its well-established capacity to reach out and capture people''s attention, to communicate effectively, and to affect individuals'' behaviours. However, while research supports music''s capacity to modulate individuals'' behaviours, its impact on populations'' adherence with public health recommendations more specifically is unknown. doi = 10.17269/s41997-020-00379-2 id = cord-272444-3qm29srx author = Courtney, Alona title = CRC COVID: Colorectal Cancer Services during COVID-19 pandemic. Study protocol for service evaluation date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; cancer; phase summary = The aim of the CRC COVID study is to describe the changes in colorectal cancer services in the UK and USA in response to the pandemic and to understand the long-term impact. Phase 2 is a monthly prospective data collection of service provision that aims to determine the impact of the service modifications on the long-term cancer specific outcomes compared to the national standards. Phase 3 aims to predict costs attributable to the modifications of the CRC services and additional resources required to treat patients whose treatment has been affected by the pandemic. The aim of the CRC COVID study is to describe the changes in colorectal cancer services in the UK and USA in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and to understand the long-term impact. Phase 2 investigates the provision of colorectal cancer services during the COVID-19 pandemic by evaluating the performance of each unit against the National Bowel Cancer Audit outcomes [16] . doi = 10.1016/j.isjp.2020.07.005 id = cord-278192-wbpk99yh author = Courtney, Alona title = The B-MaP-C study: Breast cancer Management Pathways during the COVID-19 pandemic. Study protocol date = 2020-07-29 keywords = breast; cancer; covid-19 summary = METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a multi-centre collaborative audit of consecutive breast cancer patients undergoing treatment decisions during the acute and recovery phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary aim of the B-MaP-C study is to audit and describe breast cancer management of patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic against pre-COVID-19 management practice in the UK. This is a multi-centre collaborative audit of consecutive breast cancer patients undergoing treatment decisions during the acute and recovery phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. They recommended to record and analyse the impact of treatment alterations during the pandemic on the cancer specific patient outcomes [12] . The primary aim of the B-MaP-C study is to audit and describe breast cancer management during the COVID-19 pandemic against standard pre-COVID-19 management practice. This is a multi-centre collaborative study of consecutive patients with breast cancer undergoing MDT treatment decisions during the acute and recovery phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.isjp.2020.07.003 id = cord-294400-65lwy0dg author = Cowan, Henry R. title = Is schizophrenia research relevant during the COVID-19 pandemic? date = 2020-04-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This commentary argues that schizophrenia research is more relevant than ever during this public health crisis, because of the likelihood that the COVID-19 pandemic may lead to increased incidence of psychotic disorders. Researchers in many areas are likely asking themselves similar questions right now, about whether their work is relevant during the COVID-19 pandemic. And as research and funding priorities are re-examined in response to the pandemic, we may face tough questions about our work''s relevance in the months and years to come. Recalling Coburn and McCain, certain voices are already working to sway public opinion against allegedly wasteful research spending-see, for example, a recent Fox News article castigating the US Department of Health and Human Services for funding a small veterinary study on amino levels in dog urine during the COVID-19 crisis (Olson, 2020) . Viral infection and immune responses may impact psychotic disorders by multiple pathways in utero, in childhood, and in adulthood. Is schizophrenia research relevant during the COVID-19 pandemic? doi = 10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.002 id = cord-292234-8o4kfhe1 author = Cox, Louis Anthony title = Should air pollution health effects assumptions be tested? Fine particulate matter and COVID-19 mortality as an example date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; Cox; PM2.5 summary = One purpose of this paper is to discuss and illustrate how nonparametric and graphical (Bayesian network) methods can help to implement this approach in practice, taking as an illustrative example the question of whether a data set provides evidence that past levels of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution increase risks of COVID-19-associated mortality. The WoE approach does not require that causal judgments have more precise conceptual or operational meanings (e.g., distinguishing between necessary, sufficient, or contributing causes; or between direct and indirect effects; or providing an explicit philosophical or logical basis for defining causal effect); or make unambiguous predictions (e.g., about whether or by how much reducing air pollution levels would reduce health risks, given levels of other causally relevant variables); or that such predictions be tested against data before the conclusions are accepted and used to make policy recommendations. doi = 10.1016/j.gloepi.2020.100033 id = cord-261980-bm0benu2 author = Cox, Mougnyan title = Neuroendovascular Treatment of Acute Stroke during Covid-19: A Guide from the Frontlines date = 2020-05-29 keywords = covid-19; patient; thrombectomy summary = In this paper, we detail our experience with mechanical thrombectomy for acute stroke during this time when any patient could potentially be COVID positive. It remains to be seen whether this increase in the number of acute stroke patients with LVO requiring mechanical thrombectomy will be sustained, but the effects are the same with respect to time and effort on the part of nursing and the rest of the neurointerventional team. Almost all of the patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy during the month of April at our institution were of unknown COVID-19 status at the time of intervention, requiring significant modifications to our usual workflow to accommodate the necessities of infection control. Our single-institution experience shows that acute stroke patients with LVO are at least as high and likely higher than during the pre-COVID era, with increasing demands on nursing and the rest of the neurointerventional staff to adequately care for these patients while minimizing exposure to themselves and others. doi = 10.1016/j.jradnu.2020.05.007 id = cord-353872-hajtlw9k author = Cox, Shereen title = To dispense or not to dispense: Lessons to be learnt from ethical challenges faced by pharmacists in the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; pharmacist summary = This paper seeks to 1) highlight some of the ethical challenges of dispensing hydroxychloroquine by pharmacists during the COVID‐19 pandemic, 2) identify some of the responses to these issues from various regulatory authorities in the USA, and 3) recommend approaches to assist pharmacists in their decision‐making process, especially in LMICs. hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine in COVID-19 patients. LMICs. 17 The experience of dispensing hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19 highlighted ethical issues that may have generated moral distress among some pharmacists due to the uncertainties regarding the drug. Governments and local pharmacy groups in LMICs may be able to decide on a DUR policy for in-demand medications during epidemics in their countries to guide pharmacists on judiciously dispensing to prevent panic prescribing, off-label use, and hoarding of these drugs. If similar policies regarding indication-based prescribing or enhanced DUR are adopted, there is another challenge to be adAs the global demand for these drugs increases during the COVID pandemic, pharmacists are faced with another issue of managing resources during a period where demand exceeds supply. doi = 10.1111/dewb.12284 id = cord-276945-gly0stxm author = Coxon, Kirstie title = The impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on maternity care in Europe date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; PPE summary = This observation, also seen in other countries which gather and report case ethnicity (Khunti et al., 2020) , has shocked many; the reasons are not fully understood, but it is clear that people with BAME ethnicity, whether they are pregnant women, members of the public, essential workers or health care providers, need to be pro-actively protected from contracting COVID-19. Yet women and midwives remain very much affected; care during pregnancy, birth and the postnatal weeks has changed radically and fast, and basic elements of the midwife-woman relationship such as meeting in person and providing a comforting touch have been upended in an attempt to maintain distance and reduce cross-infection. Commonalities include concerns around supply of PPE, high numbers of healthcare staff affected by the virus, and steps taken to reduce pregnant women''s exposure to health settings by switching to online and telephone consultations where possible. doi = 10.1016/j.midw.2020.102779 id = cord-349360-dv4lxx52 author = Cozza, Valerio title = I-ACTSS-COVID-19—the Italian acute care and trauma surgery survey for COVID-19 pandemic outbreak date = 2020-06-24 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = We have designed the first Italian survey on the effect of COVID-19 outbreak on Acute Care Surgery activity and submitted it to emergency surgeons in all the country to evaluate the experiences, trends, attitudes and possible educational outcomes that this emergency brought to light. -Section one: general information of the respondents (type of hospital, Italian region of origin, hospital role, hospital and ICU capacity, date of first COVID-19 + isolation, specific COVID-19 + pathway and ward); -Section two: general and specific questions about Surgical activity (impact of COVID-19 + outbreak on surgery workload, changing in acute care surgery and trauma workload and organization, identification of a specific triage, theatre, ward, for both suspected and COVID-19 + surgical patients, any change to the approach to most common surgical emergencies, any change to the laparoscopic approach, any specific online or on field training on COVID-19 +; doi = 10.1007/s13304-020-00832-4 id = cord-331891-a6b1xanm author = Cozzi, Diletta title = Chest X-ray in new Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: findings and correlation with clinical outcome date = 2020-06-09 keywords = CXR; RALE; covid-19 summary = MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study involving patients with clinical-epidemiological suspect of COVID-19 infection, who performed CXRs at the emergency department (ED) of our University Hospital from March 1 to March 31, 2020. Radiological evaluation of patients with clinical-epidemiological suspect of COVID-19 is mandatory, especially in the emergency department (ED) while waiting for RT-PCR results, in order to have a rapid evaluation of thoracic involvement. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to better understand the main radiographic features of COVID-19 pneumonia, by describing the main CXR findings in a selected cohort of patients, also correlating the radiological appearance with RT-PCR examination and patients outcome (intended as discharged or hospitalized into a medicine department or intensive care unit). An independent and retrospective review of each CXR was performed by two thoracic radiologists in order to define the number of radiological suspects of COVID-19 infection; after this, they defined the predominant pattern of COVID-19 pneumonia presentation in patients with a positive RT-PCR. doi = 10.1007/s11547-020-01232-9 id = cord-326708-92lsnv4g author = Craig, J. title = Estimating critical care capacity needs and gaps in Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-04 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = Comparing current national capacities to estimated needs at outbreak peak, we found that 31of 50 countries (62%) do not have a sufficient number of hospital beds per 100,000 people if 100% of patients with severe infections seek out health services and assuming that all hospital beds are empty and available for use by patients with COVID-19. Only four countries (Cabo Verde, Egypt, Gabon, and South Africa) have a sufficient number of ventilators to meet projected national needs if 100% of severely infected individuals seek health services assuming all ventilators are functioning and available for COVID-19 patients, while 35 other countries require two or more additional ventilators per 100,000 people. The average number of hospital beds needed at the peak of respective national COVID-19 outbreaks across 52 countries assuming 100% of infected patients with severe symptoms seek out health services was 131.7 beds per 100,000 people (SD: 9.2) ranging from 96.8 per 100,000 in Egypt to 137.8 beds per 100,000 in Equatorial Guinea. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.02.20120147 id = cord-334776-hvgbg0gu author = Craig, Lyn title = Dual‐earner Parent Couples’ Work and Care during COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; father; work summary = Prior to COVID-19-related restrictions, mothers'' average daily time allocation to housework and household management and active care combined was about 1 hour and 40 minutes more than fathers'' (5.78 vs 4.09 hours per day, p. However, the relative gender gap narrowed from 41 to 36 percent, largely because during COVID-19 fathers'' active care for children was 64 percent higher than it had been before, compared to only a 50 percent increase by mothers. However, compared to before COVID-19, the increases in childcare (though not housework/household management) were proportionally higher for fathers, which narrowed relative gender differences in care. Overall, the results suggest that both fathers and mothers were more dissatisfied with how they shared housework and unpaid care with their partner during COVID-19, but the dissatisfaction was much more extreme amongst women, from a much higher base to start with. doi = 10.1111/gwao.12497 id = cord-026371-5jrvkk60 author = Craighead, Christopher W. title = Pandemics and Supply Chain Management Research: Toward a Theoretical Toolbox date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; chain; firm; pandemic; resource; supply; theory summary = doi = 10.1111/deci.12468 id = cord-325558-xpr54hvo author = Cral, Wilson Gustavo title = COVID-19 and oral radiology date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Dear Editors, The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its impact on people''s quality of life and the practice of health professionals have been the subject of many studies aiming to establish protective procedures in hospital and clinical practice environments. In dentistry, more specifically in the oral radiology field, certain procedures must be strictly followed when performing radiographic techniques to reduce the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission. Patients and their companions should always wear masks, protective aprons, and shoe protectors in the clinical setting, and should be carefully asked about previous risk exposure (i.e., travel and contact with possible infected persons) and whether they have experienced any symptoms in the last 14 days. 1 Although aerosol-generating procedures are not performed in oral radiology, contact with the patient''s oral cavity may result in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.5624/isd.2020.50.2.181 id = cord-334309-rddznfax author = Craver, Randall title = Fatal Eosinophilic Myocarditis in a Healthy 17-Year-Old Male with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2c) date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Fatal Eosinophilic Myocarditis in a Healthy 17-Year-Old Male with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2c) Postmortem nasopharyngeal swabs detected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) known to cause coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Myocardial damage, myocarditis, and cardiomyopathy is often referred to in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . There is little information regarding cardiac complications in children [11] [12] [13] We present a previously healthy 17 year male old dying suddenly with an eosinophilic myocarditis (EM) in which a nasopharyngeal swab detected SARS-CoV-2 at autopsy (Figs. The question of whether this is a direct complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection, or if this is an idiopathic eosinophilic myocarditis in which the stress of the COVID-19 contributed to the cardiac decompensation cannot be answered definitively at this time. doi = 10.1080/15513815.2020.1761491 id = cord-326406-n0qi6gs8 author = Creed, Marina title = Mild COVID-19 infection despite chronic B cell depletion in a patient with aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder. date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Mild COVID-19 infection despite chronic B cell depletion in a patient with aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder. Here, we report a 59-year-old woman with aquaporin-4-positive (AQPR4+) neuromyelitis Optica treated with rituximab who developed mild respiratory symptoms with COVID-19, despite B cell depletion at the time of infection. To infect the host, SARS-CoV-2 uses the viral receptors ACE2 and TMPRSS2, which are membrane associated proteins expressed in many cells throughout the body, particularly the respiratory system 2 . Most cases are mild, but in a number of patients, the disease evolves into an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 3 or a dysregulated immune system state leading to cytokine storm, most often in older adults, requiring intensive care and resulting in increased mortality 4 . Here, we describe an AQPR4+ NMOSD patient treated with rituximab who developed mild COVID-19 infection despite B cell depletion. doi = 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102199 id = cord-322957-clf8f90t author = Crespo, Javier title = Resumption of activity in gastroenterology departments. Recommendations by SEPD, AEEH, GETECCU and AEG date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; IBD; SARS; patient summary = The general objectives of these recommendations include: • To protect our patients against the risks of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and to provide them with high-quality care. These recommendations are based on the sparse, changing evidence available, and will be updated in the future according to daily needs and the availability of expendable materials to suit them; in each department they will be implemented depending upon the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in each region, and the burden the pandemic has represented for each hospital. These recommendations are based on the sparse, changing evidence available, and will be updated in the future according to daily needs and the availability of expendable materials to suit them; in each department they will be implemented depending upon the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in each region, and the burden the pandemic has represented for each hospital. doi = 10.1016/j.gastre.2020.04.001 id = cord-279363-4almssg6 author = Crespo, Roland Mojica title = Pandemia COVID-19, la nueva emergencia sanitaria de preocupación internacional: una revisión date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; SARS; que summary = En ese momento, a este nuevo coronavirus se le llamó 2019-nCoV (del inglés: 2019-novel coronavirus) y fue identificado por las autoridades sanitarias chinas como el agente causal de estos casos de neumonía atípica 1,3,4 . Hacia final de mes, el día 30 de enero la OMS declaró la enfermedad causada por el nuevo coronavirus como una emergencia de salud pública de preocupación internacional, ya que para aquel momento se habían reportado casos en todas las regiones de la OMS en solo un mes 9,11 . Concretamente la RNVE en su informe n°29 del día 7 de mayo enumera los principales síntomas presentados por el conjunto de la población española, hasta la fecha y a base de una muestra de 217,543 casos, de la siguiente manera: Entre estos hallazgos, es comúnmente observar la leucopenia y linfopenia, siendo esta última característica de COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.semerg.2020.05.010 id = cord-265813-2onv9mvl author = Criado, Paulo Ricardo title = Are the cutaneous manifestations during or due to SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 frequent or not? Revision of possible pathophysiologic mechanisms date = 2020-06-02 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; TMPRSS2; cutaneous summary = RESULTS: The pathophysiology of the disease is multifactorial: association with innate immune response, hypercoagulability state, lung tissue damage, neurological and/or gastrointestinal tract involvement, monocytic/macrophage activation syndrome, culminating in exaggerated cytokine secretion, called "cytokine storm", which leads to worsening and death. Until the present day, the cardinal points in severe COVID-19 are upregulated innate immune human response; hypercoagulable state; polymorphous clinical manifestations, due to pulmonary tissue damage, neurological and/ or gastrointestinal tract involvement; and fatal outcome in severe cases of macrophage activation syndrome-like (MAS) [102] . Excessive activation of inflammatory mediators creating a "cytokine storm", leading to damage to the endothelium; formation of multiple thromboses in the microvasculature of the skin; changes in the cellular component of immunity with activation of the complement system, as well as, the possibility of direct entry of SARS-CoV-2 entry via receptor ACE2 and protease TMPRSS2 in the human endothelial cell in dermal blood vessels cannot be excluded such as possible mechanisms if the possibility of virus circulation in the blood is proved. doi = 10.1007/s00011-020-01370-w id = cord-347553-d7q6u7vj author = Criado, Paulo Ricardo title = Lessons from dermatology about inflammatory responses in Covid‐19 date = 2020-07-12 keywords = ACE2; MAS; SARS; TMPRSS2; cell; covid-19 summary = The antithrombotic effect of chloroquine analogues has been attributed to a range of mechanisms, including reduction in red blood cell aggregation, inhibition of platelet aggregation and adhesion, reduction in blood viscosity and enhancement of antiplatelet activity 86 Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine were indicated for treat patients with COVID-19, under in vitro effects due to capacity as 87 : (a) an inhibitor of endocytic pathways through an elevation of endosomal pH, and (b) these drugs shown to interfere with the terminal glycosylation of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), which acts as a plasma membrane receptor for both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. 61 99 Procoagulant factors, such F I G U R E 5 Clinical outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients/Covid-19, immune system responses, systemic and possible cutaneous manifestations.① The outcome spectrum is probably related to intrinsic host factors. ③ In a selected group of patients, with moderate and severe Covid-19, some authors proposed that a genetic background in these subjects might determinate one new immune response as ④ ''second wave'' of cytokines production, the ''CSS'' in response to the SARS-CoV-2 infection, similar to Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS-like/sHLH). doi = 10.1002/rmv.2130 id = cord-306646-6c7n0xir author = Crimi, Claudia title = Resumption of Respiratory Outpatient Services in the COVID-19 era: experience from Southern Italy date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = This manuscript describes the experience of a Southern Italy Respiratory Unit for safely resuming outpatient respiratory services and preventing COVID-19 transmission. The Sars-CoV-2 infection is mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets 3 and close contact, and both respiratory clinicians and patients are at increased risk for transmission during the outpatient visit and the pulmonary function testing procedures. Therefore, a plan to manage the health issues of people with pre-existing chronic lung conditions is essential to prevent an inevitably indirect effect of COVID-19 on these frail patients that could be devastating, increasing deaths and disabilities. We need to change the way we provided care to patients so far and co-habit with the "silent enemy", since chronic severe medical conditions still exist despite COVID-19, and we need to take care of them taking urgent and effective actions in continuing to assist chronic respiratory diseases while preventing infection dissemination. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.210 id = cord-325197-j1uo8qmf author = Crimi, Ettore title = Epigenetic susceptibility to severe respiratory viral infections: pathogenic and therapeutic implications: a narrative review date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS; epigenetic; influenza summary = Viruses causing severe pulmonary illness can use epigenetic-regulated mechanisms during host–pathogen interaction to interfere with innate and adaptive immunity, adequacy of inflammatory response, and overall outcome of viral infections. In this article, we provide an update on epigenetic-sensitive mechanisms and repurposed drugs interfering with epigenetic pathways which may be clinically suitable for risk stratification and beneficial for treatment of patients affected by severe viral respiratory infections. The goal of the review was to provide an appropriate pathogenic scenario in which epigenetic-sensitive mechanisms and epidrugs may be clinically useful to stratify risk and treatment of patients in ICU affected by severe viral respiratory infections. Here, we give an update on clinical evidence about the usefulness of novel and FDA-approved drugs interfering with epigenetic pathways, which were applied to ICU patients affected by highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus and CoV, with a particular interest about the novel SARS-CoV-2 (Table 4 ). doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2020.06.060 id = cord-258577-uo55dj39 author = Crockett, Jennifer L. title = Rapid Conversion from Clinic to Telehealth Behavioral Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; HIPAA; provider; telehealth summary = We describe here the impact, changes, and outcomes achieved by a large, multifaceted ABA clinical program that has (a) ongoing data that forecasted and tracked changes, (b) staff well practiced with data-based shifts in operations (behavior), and (c) up-to-date information (data) on policy and regulations. In this article, we (a) describe the various legal, ethical, and logistical considerations for designing a telehealth service delivery model; (b) describe the steps needed to scale up the model across an organization; and (c) provide data demonstrating our transition from primarily in-person to primarily telehealth appointments over a 2-week period. Specifically, the rules and regulations for transitioning behavioral services to telehealth largely come from four main sources: professional ethics codes (e.g., APA, 2017; Behavior Analyst Certification Board [BACB] , 2019), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 1 insurance regulations, and state licensure laws. In addition to documenting changes in child behavior and collateral effects (e.g., parent functioning), it is also important to evaluate client and provider satisfaction with a telehealth service delivery model. doi = 10.1007/s40617-020-00499-8 id = cord-347789-ou4unny6 author = Croll, Leah title = The psychosocial implications of COVID-19 for a neurology program in a pandemic epicenter date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; faculty summary = Objective We discuss the psychosocial implications of the COVID-19 pandemic as self-reported by housestaff and faculty in the NYU Langone Health Department of Neurology, and summarize how our program is responding to these ongoing challenges. Objective We discuss the psychosocial implications of the COVID-19 pandemic as self-reported by housestaff and faculty in the NYU Langone Health Department of Neurology, and summarize how our program is responding to these ongoing challenges. Results Among 130 total survey respondents (91/191 faculty [48%] and 37/62 housestaff [60%]), substantial proportions of both groups self-reported having increased fear (79%), anxiety (83%) and depression (38%) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Among 130 total survey respondents (91/191 faculty [48%] and 37/62 housestaff [60%]), substantial proportions of both groups self-reported having increased fear (79%), anxiety (83%) and depression (38%) during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117034 id = cord-310974-hz37yf39 author = Crolley, Valerie E. title = COVID-19 in cancer patients on systemic anti-cancer therapies: outcomes from the CAPITOL (COVID-19 Cancer PatIenT Outcomes in North London) cohort study date = 2020-10-23 keywords = SACT; covid-19; patient summary = The primary outcome of this study was to evaluate the association between a diagnosis of COVID-19 and mortality in oncology patients on active systemic anti-cancer treatment. This is reflected in work elsewhere, including a European study of 890 patients which reported worse outcomes in haematological cancer patients infected with COVID-19, 9,20 as well as data from Hubei, China. Alternatively, other studies found that treatment with immunotherapy did not impact mortality negatively in COVID-19 positive cancer patients, 11 and it is hypothesised that immunotherapy may reduce the risk of developing the cytokine storm primarily responsible for the development of ARDS in COVID-19. Patients on active cancer treatment are more likely to be infected with COVID-19 if they are being treated with chemotherapy, particularly high-dose chemotherapy; treatment with immunotherapy and hormonal treatments had no significant impact on the chances of contracting COVID-19, while targeted treatment appeared to have a protective effect. doi = 10.1177/1758835920971147 id = cord-323092-j2u0ny2u author = Crosby, James C. title = COVID‐19: A review of therapeutics under investigation date = 2020-04-19 keywords = COVID-19; LPV; SARS; patient summary = The World Health Organization (WHO) has released general guidelines for managing the illness caused by the virus (COVID-19), which includes supportive care similar to other viral pneumonias: airway and respiratory support, empiric antibiotics for secondary bacterial infection, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) management. 2 While these treatments are thought to offer the best chance of survival for the approximately 20% of COVID-19 cases that progress to severe disease, limited health care resources and the speed at which the pandemic has developed are pressuring clinicians and scientists to provide therapeutics that specifically target SARS-CoV-2 and improve mortality. 32, 33 There are a number of promising studies that have demonstrated shorter hospital stays, lower mortality rates, and reduced viral loads in SARS-CoV-1 and H1N1 influenza infected patients treated with convalescent plasma. There is another single ongoing observational trial examining the efficacy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 inactivated convalescent plasma in COVID-19 patients, the results of which remain to be seen. doi = 10.1002/emp2.12081 id = cord-344909-0o55l4iy author = Cross, Robert W. title = Use of convalescent serum reduces severity of COVID-19 in nonhuman primates date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = However, and importantly, lower levels of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory compartments, reduced gross and histopathological lesion severity in the lungs, and reductions in several parameters associated with coagulation and inflammatory processes were observed in monkeys that received convalescent sera versus untreated controls. Differences in clinical parameters of the LD-treated group with untreated control animals from this study or historical control animals were minimal; however, the lack of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in the BAL samples from all of the LD-treated animals and reduced lung pathology suggest that an antiviral effect was present despite the lower concentration of neutralizing antibodies in the dose of convalescent sera administered. PRNT50 assays were performed on pooled convalescent sera from AGMs challenged with the homologous isolate of SARS-CoV-2 in previous studies (Cross et al., 2020; Woolsey et al., 2020) compared with control animals on day 2 post infection (d) and doi = 10.1101/2020.10.14.340091 id = cord-353058-3r6jw5ij author = Crotti, Lia title = COVID-19 treatments, QT interval and arrhythmic risk: the need for an international Registry on Arrhythmias date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Indeed, there are already few studies that evaluated QTc and arrhythmic risk in hospitalized COVID-19 patients treated with different QT-prolonging drugs (i.e. hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir). Saleh M et al 10 evaluated 201 COVID-19 patients who during hospitalization received chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine as a monotherapy (61%) or in association with azithromycin (59%). Similar to previous study 9% of patients showed a QTc>500 msec on treatment (3.5% had discontinuation of therapy), but no torsades de pointes or arrhythmic death were reported. To favor the collection of these data in a big number of affected patients and to monitor the occurrence of arrhythmic events in the context of the SARS-CoV2 infection, the International Registry on Arrhythmias in COVID-19 (COVIDAR), was recently established and endorsed by EHRA and ERN GUARD-Heart. The Effect of Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin on the Corrected QT Interval in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial doi = 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.05.024 id = cord-276879-u39a6nwc author = Crotty, Frances title = Nursing homes: the titanic of cruise ships – will residential aged care facilities survive the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic? date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; RACF summary = 11 This group identified three main issues leading to failure to contain the outbreak: first, inadequate communication and management guidelines for RACF; second, delay in the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) to the sector; and third, failure to control the spread of the virus within facilities. The Communicable Diseases Network Australia has released National Guidelines for the Prevention, Control and Public Health Management of COVID-19 Outbreaks in Residential Care Facilities. A centralised government-funded pool of appropriately trained staff skilled in both infection prevention and care of the elderly would have been useful to deploy at Newmarch House during the outbreak as many of their staff were required to quarantine. Two other options could be considered if the health care system were to become overwhelmed and rationing required limiting access to hospitals: cohorting to specific COVID-19 facilities and cohorting within the resident''s own RACF. doi = 10.1111/imj.14966 id = cord-322693-q3h15hd6 author = Crowley, Des title = Prison and opportunities for the management of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; prison summary = The many risks and challenges of managing COVID-19 in prisons have been reported and include: overcrowded prison environments, the poor general heath profile of prisoners, the quality of prison healthcare services, existing high levels of communicable diseases, and the inability to comply with most social distancing and hand hygiene rules. 1 However, little attention has been focused on the opportunities that prison healthcare can provide in the management of COVID-19 and other public health concerns. 9, 10 There is now an opportunity to revisit this deficit and use the present focus on COVID-19 management to advocate for increased harm reduction services and the decriminalisation of drug users as measures to reduce present and future communicable infections. 4, 5 Transitioning back to the community Reducing prison populations is a critical aspect of the management of COVID-19 in prisons. Global, regional, and country-level coverage of interventions to prevent and manage HIV and hepatitis C among people who inject drugs: a systematic review doi = 10.3399/bjgpopen20x101106 id = cord-331060-b3z1zb4t author = Cruickshank, Marilyn title = COVID‐19: Lessons to be learnt from a once‐in‐a‐century global pandemic date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; outbreak summary = Some of this includes the extent to which humans develop a protective immune response to COVID-19 via antibodies (The World Health Organization, 2020), the extent to which asymptomatic people can spread the infection (Bai et al., 2020; Kimball et al., 2020) , whether the use of face masks by asymptomatic members of the community can affect transmission (Feng et al., 2020) , the significance of the loss of smell as an early predictive or differential symptom of disease, the role of herd immunity and whether infection confers immunity, and if so, for how long. Once the number of new cases have stabilised, there can be a move to mitigation strategies which might not necessarily stop the spread, but can help to protect those most at risk of severe disease by isolating suspected cases and their households, while continuing to implement social distancing measures for older people and others at high risk. doi = 10.1111/jocn.15365 id = cord-254340-e1x0z3rh author = Cruz, Christian Joy Pattawi title = Exploring the young demographic profile of COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong: Evidence from migration and travel history data date = 2020-06-26 keywords = Hong; Kong; case; covid-19 summary = Using detailed case data from Hong Kong''s Centre for Health Department and Immigration Department, we analyze the sex and age distribution of the confirmed cases along with their recent travel histories and immigration flows for the period January to April 2020. Our analysis highlights Hong Kong''s high proportion of imported cases and large overseas student population in developing COVID-19 hotspot areas such as the United Kingdom. Our study includes an examination of the age and sex distribution of the COVID-19 confirmed cases in Hong Kong and an exploration of how the different measures to combat this outbreak resulted in a relatively low number of cases and deaths. In this paper, we highlight the potential impact of the young profile of the confirmed cases on the total number of mortalities and the effect of early, aggressive policy measures including travel bans, enforced quarantines and contact-tracing imposed by the Hong Kong government as early as January 27, 2020 in containing the spread of the COVID-19. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0235306 id = cord-285060-hzyf7w0k author = Cruz, Misael C. title = Adapting to the contemporary normal in cancer management and workflow during COVID-19 situation in the Philippines: Multi-cancer center collaborative approach date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = • Cancer management adapting to the current state of health during COVID-19 pandemic. • Measures to be adopted in cancer management and workflow after COVID-19 pandemic. Phase III shows the treatment management process for those with confirmed COVID-19, and those who will proceed with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Phase IV includes the disposition plan after intervention for confirmed COVID-19, and resumption of regular schedule for chemotherapy or radiation therapy for those without COVID-19 (Figure 1 ). Patient prioritization protocol for planning, and start of radiation therapy was based on the following case category 7-10 : Patients classified as suspected/probable/confirmed COVID-19 will follow the infectious control committee protocol based on DOH-Philippine Society of Molecular and Infectious Diseases guidelines 4 . Philippine Society of Medical Oncology (PSMO) Guide on cancer care in the time of Covid-19 Pandemic. Cancer patient management during COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.06.008 id = cord-352123-0bflqj1c author = Csiszar, Anna title = Companion animals likely do not spread COVID-19 but may get infected themselves date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; animal summary = Recent evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2, similar to other coronaviruses, can infect several species of animals, including companion animals such as dogs, cats, and ferrets although their viral loads remain low. In late March 2020, the Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC) in Belgium reported that a pet cat was diagnosed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 [21, 22] , showing that felines living in the household of people with COVID-19 are at risk of contracting the disease and may potentially spread the virus. On April 23, it was reported that two pet cats in New York state have tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2, which are the first confirmed COVID-19 cases in companion animals in the USA [22] . In the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the situation is rapidly evolving and in the light of the recent evidence, we should be aware of the possibility that humans can be potentially infected with COVID-19 by animals, including by pet cats, dogs, or other domesticated species. doi = 10.1007/s11357-020-00248-3 id = cord-263754-iv21q46l author = Cuadrado, Antonio title = Can activation of NRF2 be a strategy against COVID-19? date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; NRF2; anti summary = Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is largely the result of a dysregulated host response, followed by damage to alveolar cells and lung fibrosis. Here we propose that a multi-faceted anti-inflammatory strategy based on pharmacological activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2), can be deployed against the virus. The safety and efficacy information of these modulators in humans, together with their well-documented cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical models, highlight the potential of this armamentarium for deployment to the battlefield against COVID-19. The isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SFN), originally isolated from broccoli, a cruciferous vegetable, as an inducer of the classical NRF2 target, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) [76] , is the most potent naturally occurring NRF2 activator, with well-documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [77] . Protective mechanism of sulforaphane in Nrf2 and anti-lung injury in ARDS rabbits doi = 10.1016/j.tips.2020.07.003 id = cord-317628-1inxq7t5 author = Cuccarese, Michael F. title = Functional immune mapping with deep-learning enabled phenomics applied to immunomodulatory and COVID-19 drug discovery date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; SARS; TGF; TNF; Thermo; cell; compound summary = We deploy the platform to develop phenotypic models of active SARS-CoV-2 infection and of COVID-19-associated cytokine storm, surfacing compounds with demonstrated clinical benefit and identifying several new candidates for drug repurposing. We used these capabilities to rapidly develop high-throughput-ready disease models for both SARS-CoV-2 viral infection and the resulting cytokine storm, and immediately launched large-scale drug screens that recapitulated known effective and ineffective therapies and, more importantly, identified several new potential treatments for both SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-associated cytokine storm. To define the model, we evaluated the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection in multiple cell types, of which three resulted in robust phenoprints as compared to either mock infected or inactivated virus control populations: Calu3 (a lung adenocarcinoma line), Vero (an immortalized interferondeficient African green monkey kidney line 55 ), and primary Human Renal Cortical Epithelium (HRCE) (Fig. 5C, Fig. S6D ). doi = 10.1101/2020.08.02.233064 id = cord-013269-u1e0kzmm author = Cucinotta, Domenico title = Primum non nocere (first do no harm). The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic course in oldest in Italy date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Maybe a bad strategy and lack of timely intervention togheter with concurrent social events, comorbidities of oldest persons, bed rest, inadequate nutritional support and drugs'' side effects and infection of health professionals proved fatal for many. Different opinions among scientists, as occurred recently in COVID-19 pandemia in Italy, combined with the difficulties due to comorbidities and dependency of oldest persons have resulted in strategic errors, a significant part of which proved fatal for the patient and catastrofic for the society. On January 18 the Medical Literature Guide Amedeo (1) drowes the attention to a study of the Imperial College of London on the real high number of cases in Wuhan and on 23 the Chinese government put millions of people in quarantine, with severe travel restriction starting from 25. bas a consequence of the lack of a timely intervention with no appropriate prevention methodologies, virus entered into hospitals, nursing homes, day centers and doctor''s offices. et al Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China doi = 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9624 id = cord-279571-chiadufa author = Cui, Xiaoyang title = Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with the Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Multicenter Study date = 2020-07-24 keywords = AKI; COVID-19; patient summary = Compared with patients without AKI, patients with AKI had more severe organ dysfunction, as indicated by a higher level of disease severity status, higher sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score on admission, an increased prevalence of shock, and a higher level of respiratory support. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that admission SOFA score was an independent risk factor for AKI in COVID-19 patients, and patients with AKI had higher in-hospital mortality. In particular, acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common, serious complication in critically ill patients, which may result in increased mortality, longer hospital stays, and higher medical costs [5] . The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and impact on mortality of AKI in critically ill patients with COVID-19. In our study, AKI patients had a significant higher mortality rate after adjusting for admission SOFA score, severity status, respiratory support method, and shock. doi = 10.1159/000509517 id = cord-331046-440kruco author = Culp, Brian M. title = COVID-19 Impact on Young Arthroplasty Surgeons date = 2020-04-24 keywords = covid-19; surgeon summary = RESULTS: Nearly 40% of our surveyed group responded ranging from residents, fellows, and early career surgeons. Finally, we assessed early practice surgeons regarding compensation and employment status, as well as advancement in career stage/partner/tenure, modification of practice nature to cover medical patients/COVID-19 patients, and further implications within payment models and future job opportunities. These changes and challenges have been reported in other countries as well and while the international impact may vary it demonstrates a widespread disruption to the orthopaedic community at large.(1) The purpose of this study was to look specifically at the impact of COVID-19 on young arthroplasty surgeons either in the late stages of training or in the 1 st five years of practice. Orthopaedic practices should be conscious of these implications upon young arthroplasty surgeons, and extend additional resources including loans, counseling, or educational support as they face the current COVID-19 crisis in a different way than their more seasoned colleagues. doi = 10.1016/j.arth.2020.04.058 id = cord-304966-w2voi8en author = Cummings, Cori title = Blacks Are Less Likely to Present With Strokes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observations From the Buckle of the Stroke Belt date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; black summary = 2 Despite concern for increased risk of stroke, many centers reported a significant decline in number of patients presenting with strokes during the pandemic. [3] [4] [5] This alarming drop raised concern that patients with stroke may be reluctant to seek medical care in the setting of the pandemic. Other studies have reported a decline in stroke presentations throughout the United States and the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, our study is unique because it presents patient-level data in an area of high stroke rate and significant racial disparity. An important finding in our study is that a lower percentage of Black patients presented with strokes during the pandemic. This finding is alarming, as many studies have highlighted existing racial disparities in stroke care, with Black patients having both higher risk factors as well as higher in-hospital mortality and burden of stroke disability. doi = 10.1161/strokeaha.120.031121 id = cord-352737-3ttrx3lf author = Cunha, Lucas Leite title = Remodeling of the Immune Response With Aging: Immunosenescence and Its Potential Impact on COVID-19 Immune Response date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; age; cell summary = Enhancing the efficacy of the adaptive immune response may be an important issue both for infection resolution as well as for the appropriate generation of immunity upon vaccination, while inhibiting inflamm-aging will likely emerge as a potential complementary therapeutic approach in the management of patients with severe COVID-19. Enhancing the efficacy of the adaptive immune response may be an important issue both for infection resolution as well as for the appropriate generation of immunity upon vaccination, while inhibiting inflamm-aging will likely emerge as a potential complementary therapeutic approach in the management of patients with severe COVID-19. Interestingly, polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the elderly are less capable of modulating the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1 (TREM-1)-induced oxidative bursts, suggesting that TREM-1 signal transduction altered with aging may be one of the mediators of the decrease in microbicidal potential of innate immune cells in older adults (41) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01748 id = cord-355311-x6cozo6b author = Cunningham, Conor title = Why physical activity matters for older adults in a time of pandemic date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Despite the importance of these Public Health and Social Measures (PHSM), they present challenges to maintaining a physically active lifestyle, particularly for older adults. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic physical inactivity was one of the most important public health challenges facing older adults globally. The stress and anxiety that people are experiencing during the pandemic may also impair an individual''s immune defence, and in this regard it is critical that older adults aim to maintain recommended levels of physical activity to help boost immune function and mitigate the deleterious effects that inactivity and social isolation may place on the immune system [19] . It is imperative that PA should continue to be promoted during this crisis Governments, public health agencies, health professionals, and community-based organisations and networks must support older adults to be physically active during COVID-19 to decrease the negative physiological and psychological impact of sedentary behaviours. doi = 10.1186/s11556-020-00249-3 id = cord-348807-9xxc5hyl author = Cuomo, Raphael E. title = Sub-national longitudinal and geospatial analysis of COVID-19 tweets date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; States; United summary = METHODS: In an effort to better understand the impacts of COVID-19, we concurrently assessed the geospatial and longitudinal distributions of Twitter messages about COVID-19 which were posted between March 3rd and April 13th and compared these results with the number of confirmed cases reported for sub-national levels of the United States. This study suggests that, across subnational areas within the United States, there exists a highly variable threshold of perceived dangerousness and/or intrusiveness required to activate outbreak-related conversations on social media platforms such as Twitter, a finding that can inform future outbreak communication and health promotion strategies. Concurrent geospatial and longitudinal analyses also indicate that predominantly rural areas of the United States increased engagement in COVID-19 social media conversations at later stages of the study timeframe. This study is unique in that it uses Twitter data as a proxy measure for assessing the concurrent longitudinal and geospatial distributions of attention to COVID-19 across local and regional communities in the United States. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241330 id = cord-352401-tmt1pmw9 author = Curatola, Antonietta title = Use of Handheld Transceiver for Hospital Healthcare Workers-Caregiver Communication During the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in Pediatric Emergency Department date = 2020-04-13 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Use of Handheld Transceiver for Hospital Healthcare Workers-Caregiver Communication During the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in Pediatric Emergency Department On 11th March, World Health Organization has declared Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Thus far, all pediatric cases in China with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection were mild cases, and no deaths had been reported. 2 The transmission of the 2019-nCov infection happened through the respiratory droplets by infected patients, but coronavirus can also be transmitted by contact with contaminated objects, such as phones, toys and doorknobs 3 ; however, also asymptomatic cases play a critical role in the transmission process. Children are considered suspected if they presented fever, cough, breathing difficulties, gastrointestinal symptoms or are related with a cluster outbreak or close contact with 2019-nCoV infected/suspected cases. It has been reported that about 15% of all HCWs become infected by COVID-19 after 10 days of work in emergency department (ED), due to the contact with the patients. doi = 10.1097/inf.0000000000002689 id = cord-305281-vlsy1ofk author = Cuschieri, Sarah title = Dealing with COVID-19 in small European island states: Cyprus, Iceland and Malta date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COVID-19; Cyprus summary = The aim of this article was to compare and contrast the COVID-19 situation, restrictions, preparedness, management and the healthcare systems between the small population island states of Cyprus, Iceland and Malta. Like the rest of the Infrastructural changes were made to Iceland''s and Malta''s state hospitals, with an increase in intensive care unit (ICU) beds and ventilators to accommodate potential COVID-19 surges in critical cases [1, 7] . A number of similar restrictions and mandatory legislations were instituted by the governments of the three small Island countries as seen in Table 1 with a Public Health Emergency declared by each country [1, 3, 9, 10] . The Republic of Cyprus was observed to have had the best curbing ability of the viral infection (up till the time of writing) out of the three small Islands as restrictions were eased, including the re-opening of the airports. doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105261 id = cord-261891-yiiz9s53 author = Czernichow, Sébastien title = Obesity doubles mortality in patients hospitalized for SARS‐CoV‐2 in Paris hospitals, France: a cohort study on 5795 patients date = 2020-08-20 keywords = BMI; covid-19; obesity summary = 8 Preliminary data from different cohorts of patients infected by COVID-19 of small sample size (lower than 400 patients), with short follow-up or with poorly described BMI indicate poorer prognosis in people with obesity compared to other patients. However, it is not possible to conclude from these results that obesity is an independent factor of mortality for patients infected with COVID-19 due to the small sample sizes of these studies, neither to have a precise estimate of obesity size effect due to the absence of BMI categories and incomplete follow-up. We imputed missing BMI category using predictive mean matching considering as the following as explaining variables: comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, sleep apnea, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, cancer), smoking status, sex, age and indirect information regarding BMI value (obesity from free-text reports, variables extracted from 4-digits E66 ICD-10 codes and malnutrition ICD-10 codes). doi = 10.1002/oby.23014 id = cord-317878-bqpj0ey0 author = Czick, Maureen title = COVID’s Razor: RAS Imbalance, the Common Denominator Across Disparate, Unexpected Aspects of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-11 keywords = ACE2; AII; RAS; ace; angiotensin; at1; at2; covid-19 summary = Silent hypoxia, atypical acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), stroke, olfactory loss, myocarditis, and increased mortality rates in the elderly, in men, in African-Americans, and in patients with obesity, diabetes, and cancer—all bear the fingerprints of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) imbalance, suggesting that RAS is the common culprit. Subpopulations manifesting higher rates of COVID-19 mortality-including hypertensives, the elderly, the obese, diabetics, men, and African-Americans-correlate with preexisting RAS imbalance, with ACE overactivity and/or ACE2 underactivity priming these patients for more severe COVID-19 outcomes. 159 Males generally have higher levels of RAS than premenopausal females, 160 perhaps explaining why male hypertensive rats show a greater blood pressure decrease with ACEIs. 161 Estrogen downregulates the expression of the AT1 gene 162, 163 and suppresses both ROS production in vascular smooth muscle and the enzymatic activity of ACE. doi = 10.2147/dmso.s265518 id = cord-355549-6xnjj5h5 author = Cécile, Couchoud title = Low incidence of SARS-CoV-2, risk factors of mortality and the course of illness in the French national cohort of dialysis patients. date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; France; patient summary = The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of COVID-19 disease in the French national population of dialysis patients, their course of illness and to identify the risk factors associated with mortality. The aim of this first report from the French REIN registry is to describe the population of infected dialysis patients and their course of illness, estimate the incidence and lethality of COVID-19 disease and identify the risk factors associated with the probability of death. This can also be associated with the implementation of all the necessary preventive actions prone by the SFNDT, including 1/wearing a mask during transport and for the entire period of care, 2/systematic tracking of patients and screening at the entrance to dialysis units based on fever and symptoms or contact with an infected person and 3/restricting areas for COVID-19 cases (18),. doi = 10.1016/j.kint.2020.07.042 id = cord-266088-485m5ped author = Cénat, Jude Mary title = Social inequalities and collateral damages of the COVID-19 pandemic: when basic needs challenge mental health care date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Social inequalities and collateral damages of the COVID-19 pandemic: when basic needs challenge mental health care However, programs that address social inequalities and the non-fulfillment of basic needs are urgently needed, both in HIC and in LMICs. Indeed, beyond the fear of the virus or the isolation of confinement, an increasing number of people go to bed hungry and worried about what their family will eat the next day. The WHO''s definition of mental health and well-being of individuals includes the fulfillment of basic human needs and rights and recommends interventions that are based on an ecosystemic approach targeting a wide range of social and psychological determinants, including social inequalities, poverty and precariousness. Food, housing and financial insecurities which prevent people from seeking mental health care, even when urgently needed, are a global issue that concern both HIC and LMICs (Cénat 2020) . doi = 10.1007/s00038-020-01426-y id = cord-288020-vhtr3l0w author = Côté, Andréanne title = Early prediction of the risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019: A key step in therapeutic decision making date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19; HNC summary = In the present study, the blood sampling and assessment of risk factors used to determine the HNC-LL risk score were performed on the day of hospital admission. Previous studies have reported that an important proportion (>20%) of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 present with a marked elevation of circulating biomarkers of inflammation (CRP, Ferritin), cardiovascular damage (Troponin) and thrombo-embolism (D-Dimers), identifying subgroups of patients at high risk of in-hospital morbidity and mortality [7] [8] [9] . Predictive scores that include blood biomarkers of inflammation may help to target the subset of patients who should receive dexamethasone or other anti-inflammatory therapy at an early stage of the disease and could aid in the optimal design of new therapeutic trials. Development and validation of the HNC-LL score for predicting the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 doi = 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102948 id = cord-266120-bcya8jrs author = D''Ascanio, Luca title = Letter to the editor regarding “corona-steps for tracheotomy in codid-19 patients: a staff-safe method for airway management” date = 2020-04-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = This procedure, as already described by Wei et al, 2 prevents the expired infected air to come out under pressure ("champagne effect") from the patient''s lower airways through the tracheostomy site after deflation of the endotracheal tube cuff with a consequent reduction of HCWs'' risk of contamination. (3) In order to minimize HCWs'' intraoperative time exposure to patients'' aerosolized secretions, we connect the tracheostomy cannula with a Halyard closed suction system ® (which is attached to the ventilator at the end of the procedure) before trachea opening and cannula insertion into the trachea (Figure 1) . The time interval between deflation of the endotracheal tube cuff and connection of the cuffed tracheostomy cannula-Halyard closed suction system ® to the ventilator ("air exposure time", AET) is one of the most risky phases 2 for HCWs'' contamination since the patient''s lower airways are not totally "excluded" (not connected to the ventilator system) from the external environment. doi = 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104731 id = cord-034952-hctfmjhv author = D''Avanzo, Barbara title = What changed in the Italian internal medicine and geriatric wards during the lockdown date = 2020-11-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = With this background, a total of 48 internal medicine or geriatric wards among the 93 adhering to the register REPOSI [1] answered an online questionnaire aimed to investigate the characteristics and activities of converted and non-converted wards in the crucial period of the first wave of the epidemic, 22 February-4 May 2020. Rules and prescribed procedures implemented for ward conversions were fulfilled and personal protection devices for patients and professionals made available, even though they were judged fully adequate in only 40% of the CWs and 14% of the NCWS. Follow-up of patients discharged from hospital was initiated in 11 (55%) CWs and in 10 (36%) NCWs. The country distribution of the converted wards mirrors that of the pandemic and witnesses the efforts made in Italy by the internists [3] to guarantee appropriate care for those infected. Unfortunately, we collected no information on the number of patients transferred from internal medicine and geriatric ward to intensive care units. doi = 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.10.024 id = cord-255461-i5kw4z5g author = D''Marco, Luis title = Diabetic Kidney Disease and COVID-19: The Crash of Two Pandemics date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes and estimations report that ∼30-40% of DM patients will develop DKD. In this regard, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with most of the excess of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with diabetes. Due to how quickly it has spread, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, will probably emerge as one of the most relevant infectious diseases of this century. Evidence reported that COVID-19 represents a real threat for patients with comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic impairment (6, 7) . Indeed, more severe cases with higher rates of mortality have been reported in older patients and in those with chronic illnesses such as cardiovascular disease. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19 doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00199 id = cord-259905-msefg1ww author = DA SILVA, MICHAEL title = COVID-19 and Health-Related Authority Allocation Puzzles date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; allocation; authority; federal summary = Several recent COVID-19-related controversies independently raise unique concerns but jointly highlight the need to reflect on a more basic question: How can and/or should authority, and thus responsibility, over healthcare and public health law and policy be allocated within (and possibly across) countries? Although the controversies take different forms across the globe, the underlying issues are perfectly general, arising in "federal" countries, like the United States and Canada, and more "centralized" ones, like France and Israel, where all formal powers rest with a single level of government but administrative authority rests with more "local" actors who often have broad discretion to act without close oversight. Some view North American federal governments'' particular failures to secure adequate resources prior to the pandemic reaching the continent as favoring North American countries'' "decentralized" approach to healthcare and public health law and policy, but distribution of the goods those countries do possess is unequal across their constituent units (states/provinces) and inefficient in the sense of ensuring PPE are where they are most needed. doi = 10.1017/s0963180120000468 id = cord-276199-akoxd44f author = DEFAR, A. title = Knowledge, Practice and associated factors towards the Prevention of COVID-19 among high-risk groups: A cross-sectional study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia date = 2020-08-16 keywords = COVID-19; prevention summary = title: Knowledge, Practice and associated factors towards the Prevention of COVID-19 among high-risk groups: A cross-sectional study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Therefore, this study aims to assess knowledge, practices and associated factors that can contribute to the prevention of COVID-19 among high-risk groups in Addis Ababa. Older age, occupation (being a health worker), middle income, experience of respiratory illness and religion were significantly associated with being knowledgeable about the prevention methods for COVID-19. Older age, occupation (being a health worker), middle income, experience of respiratory illness and religion were significantly associated with being knowledgeable about the prevention methods for COVID-19. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge, practices, and associated factors towards the prevention of COVID-19 among the high-risk groups of Addis Ababa community. Using logistic regression analysis, the study found that occupation, religion, income, and knowledge on the transmission and prevention of COVID-19 were found to be associated with the practice of precautionary measures against COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.14.20172429 id = cord-024634-ciuynofm author = DOBBS, Mary title = National Governance of Public Health Responses in a Pandemic? date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; approach; state summary = Whilst each state shares values and goals of strong public health and also a resilient economy, with both closely intertwined in the long term, there is clearly no broad global consensus on the balance between values and approaches to them. Consequently, any decision-making is based on the precautionary principle (whether express or otherwise) and it becomes more challenging to identify clear pathways to address the pandemic effectively that also minimise countervailing riskssomething that may in itself justify national rather than international approaches, even whilst benefiting from the centralisation and sharing of scientific data. If one returns to the three core approaches and presumes that they are each effective in principleherd immunity will arise, case numbers and severity can be controlled and/or the disease can be eradicated within the populationsimply reflect on the global nature of our society and the continued shifting nature of our populations. doi = 10.1017/err.2020.39 id = cord-346596-uahjsqzh author = DOYEN, Denis title = Characteristics of cardiac injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 49 The most frequent abnormalities were electrocardiographic and/or echocardiographic signs 50 of left ventricular (LV) abnormalities (87% of patients with cardiac injury), right ventricular 51 (RV) systolic dysfunction (47%), pericardial effusion (43%), new-onset atrial arrhythmias 52 (33%), LV relaxation impairment (33%) and LV systolic dysfunction (13%). 49 The most frequent abnormalities were electrocardiographic and/or echocardiographic signs 50 of left ventricular (LV) abnormalities (87% of patients with cardiac injury), right ventricular 51 (RV) systolic dysfunction (47%), pericardial effusion (43%), new-onset atrial arrhythmias 52 (33%), LV relaxation impairment (33%) and LV systolic dysfunction (13%). 5, 6 Moreover in studies also 69 considering electrocardiographic and/or echocardiographic abnormalities to define cardiac 70 injury, the latter were not described, limited to assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic 71 function 2,4,7 or were described in non-critically ill patients. doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.056 id = cord-258402-9s57thvn author = Dabas, Vineet title = Management of Orthopaedic Accidental Emergencies Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic: Our Experience in Preparing to Live with Corona date = 2020-09-10 keywords = covid-19; patient; surgery summary = INTRODUCTION: With increasing prevalence of coronavirus cases (including among health care providers), the current advice for orthopaedic surgeons is to favor non-operative management of most injuries and reduce face-to-face follow-up. The standard operating procedures (SOPs) were implemented which were based upon the recommendations of ICMR, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GOI and Indian Orthopaedic Association (IOA) [10] , and targeted to provide optimum healthcare at a minimum risk to the treating team as well as other patients admitted to the hospital. Among the non-COVID-19 suspects, who were shifted to non-isolation zone, those who could be managed conservatively were given adequate primary treatment like fluids, analgesics and splintage and were discharged at the earliest so as to minimize the risk of infection transmission to them as well as health care workers. doi = 10.1007/s43465-020-00252-x id = cord-343917-67qjqxqh author = Dabrowska, Dominika title = Staying Ahead of the Curve: Modified Approach to Emergency Caesarean Section Under General Anaesthesia in COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; anaesthesia; patient summary = The aim of this review is to highlight the key recommendations related to obstetric anaesthesia from scientific bodies in the United Kingdom and United States and to summarize recently developed and implemented clinical pathways for care of obstetric patients – specifically those requiring urgent general anaesthesia for caesarean section within a large maternity unit in London. The need to perform an emergency operative delivery in a timely manner while ensuring clinicians are suitably equipped and protected represents a uniquely challenging scenario, given the higher risk of viral transmission with aerosol generating procedures. In order to minimise delays to delivery in obstetric emergencies that require general anaesthesia, the following actions should be taken prior to patient''s arrival to operating theatre while anaesthetic/scrub teams don PPE and prepare for intubation: Step 4: Safe administration of GA The equipment/ drugs that need to be available include: · Video laryngoscope. doi = 10.5152/tjar.2020.280420 id = cord-307378-cx1jz7wf author = Dadar, Maryam title = The association between the incidence of COVID-19 and the distance from the virus epicenter in Iran date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; iranian summary = Since the first official report of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the city of Qom in mid-February, Iran has become the country most affected by the COVID-19 epidemic in the Middle East. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the distance from the epicenter of the infection (Qom) or demographic factors such as population density and the ratio of the elderly population are associated with the incidence of COVID-19 in different Iranian provinces. Through regression analysis, this study aimed to evaluate whether the distance of different Iranian provinces from the epicenter of the infection (Qom) was associated with the incidence of COVID-19 at the early stages of the epidemic in Iran. COVID-19 has spread to all 31 Iranian provinces, and the city of Tehran, the densely populated capital with over 13 million people located 150 km northeast of Qom, leads the country in COVID-19 cases ( Table 1) . doi = 10.1007/s00705-020-04774-5 id = cord-257429-k1rgljmu author = Daga, S. title = Employing a Systematic Approach to Biobanking and Analyzing Genetic and Clinical Data for Advancing COVID-19 Research date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID; July; international summary = The GEN-COVID Multicenter Study was designed to collect and systematize biological samples and clinical data across multiple hospitals and health facilities in Italy with the purpose of deriving patient-level phenotypic and genotypic data and the specific intention to make samples and data available to COVID-19 researchers globally. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.20161307 doi: medRxiv preprint complete datasets are then used within the GEN-COVID Multicenter Study for identifying multi-organ involvement in COVID-19, defining genetic parameters for infection susceptibility within the population, and mapping genetically COVID-19 severity and clinical complexity among patients. In order to ensure a collection that could be, as much as possible, comprehensive and representative of the Italian population, hospitals from across Italy, local healthcare units, and departments of preventive medicine were involved in collecting samples and associated patient-level data for the GEN-COVID Multicenter Study. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.24.20161307 id = cord-276984-npgalqoz author = Dahl Mathiasen, Victor title = Uneventful case of COVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19; transplant summary = Kidney transplant recipients have been reported at a particularly high risk of severe COVID-19 illness due to chronic immunosuppression and coexisting conditions. Kidney transplant recipients have been reported at a particularly high risk of severe COVID-19 illness due to chronic immunosuppression and coexisting conditions. Fourteen days after admission, the patient still had discrete coughing and intermittent fever, and was referred to a COVID-19 drive-in test unit for an oropharyngeal swab, which was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using PCR. We present a case of mild COVID-19 in a patient in immunosuppressive therapy due to kidney transplantation. Tacrolimus and prednisolone were continued in our patient, although recently published data show that immunosuppressive therapy is often discontinued in kidney transplant recipients. 4 Immunosuppressive therapy was relatively modest in this case, while other risk factors favouring a severe course of COVID-19, such as hypertension, chronic kidney disease and obesity, were present. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-237427 id = cord-266079-nv28ppft author = Dai, Jinghong title = Corticosteroid treatment in severe COVID-19 pneumonia: two cases and literature review date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; corticosteroid; patient summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia, firstly reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, has rapidly spread around the world with high mortality rate among critically ill patients. In the following sections, we present two representative confirmed severe COVID-19 cases according to WHO interim guidance [1] who have received corticosteroid treatment during their hospitalization. Clark Russell and his colleagues [4] summarized the available clinical evidence on corticosteroid therapy in severe COVID-19 [5] , Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) [6] and influenza [7] against corticosteroid use in 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia, except in the setting of a clinical trial. Reports showed that the proper use of corticosteroids could reduce the mortality of critically ill SARS patients and shorten their hospital stay without causing secondary infections and other complications [8] . reported that methylprednisolone treatment might be beneficial for patients with COVID-19 who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [10] . doi = 10.1007/s10067-020-05172-7 id = cord-309981-4p3ybrn1 author = Dai, Ling-Ling title = Anxiety and depressive symptoms among COVID-19 patients in Jianghan Fangcang Shelter Hospital in Wuhan, China date = 2020-08-28 keywords = China; Fangcang; covid-19 summary = From February 23, 2020, to February 26, 2020, we obtained sociodemographic and clinical characteristics information of COVID-19 patients in Jianghan Fangcang Shelter Hospital (Wuhan, China) and assessed their mental health status and sleep quality. As with other infectious diseases, preliminary evidence suggests that COVID-19 also causes public panic and mental health stress; symptoms of anxiety and depression are common psychological reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic, and may be associated with sociodemographic factors and sleep quality [6] [7] [8] [9] . This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and poor sleep quality among 307 patients in Jianghan Fangcang Shelter Hospital in Wuhan, China, 2 months after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, using one-sample-tests, it was determined that both SAS (42.92±7.30) and SDS (39.77±10.11) scores of the participants of our study were higher than Chinese norms (SAS, 29.78±10.07, n = 1158; SDS, 33.46±8.55, n = 1340) (both P<0.001) [26] , indicating more severe levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms among COVID-19 patients admitted to Fangcang hospitals, compared with the general public. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238416 id = cord-345315-y3bdjnhg author = Dai, Yaoyao title = Identifying the outbreak signal of COVID-19 before the response of the traditional disease monitoring system date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; China; ILI summary = We performed a comparative study to determine the feasibility of the early detection of the COVID-19 outbreak in China based on influenza surveillance data and the internet-based Baidu search index to evaluate the timelines of the alert signals compared with the traditional case reporting and response systems. The findings from this study suggest that monitoring abnormal surges of ILI and identifying peaks of online searches of key terms can provide early signals of novel disease outbreaks. In this study, we performed a comparative study to discuss the early warning capability, timelines, and validity of alert signals for the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in China based on the surveillance data of influenza-like illness (ILI) and the Baidu Search Index (BSI) compared with the traditional case reporting system. doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008758 id = cord-281686-edpyn8fd author = Dalamaga, Maria title = 19 treatment regimens? date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = These agents could attenuate ARDS and help control SARS-CoV-2 via multiple mechanisms including: 1) inhibition of viral replication; 2) decrease of iron availability; 3) upregulation of B cells; 4) improvement of the neutralizing anti-viral antibody titer; 5) inhibition of endothelial inflammation and 6) prevention of pulmonary fibrosis and lung decline via reduction of pulmonary iron accumulation. Interestingly, iron chelation has been shown in vitro to suppress endothelial inflammation in viral infection, which is the main pathophysiologic mechanism behind systemic organ involvement induced by SARS-CoV-2, by inhibiting IL-6 synthesis through decreasing NF-kB. Interestingly, iron chelation has been shown in vitro to suppress endothelial inflammation in viral infection, which is the main pathophysiologic mechanism behind systemic organ involvement induced by SARS-CoV-2, by inhibiting IL-6 synthesis through decreasing NF-kB. It could also be reasonable to speculate that iron chelators may prevent the development of pulmonary fibrosis and lung function decline following COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154260 id = cord-347737-guldy3cq author = Dalan, Rinkoo title = Metformin, Neutrophils and COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Recent reports have shown that that sera from patients with COVID-19 have elevated levels of NETS such as cell-free DNA, myeloperoxidase(MPO)-DNA, and citrullinated histone H3 (Cit-H3), highly specific markers of NETs and these were associated with markers of inflammation [10] . Metformin has been shown to reduce neutrophil count in polycystic ovarian disease [13] and reduce neutrophil lymphocyte ratio in patients with diabetes [14] . Metformin has been associated with a decrease in neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), an acute phase protein released by neutrophils and is known to be elevated in patients with diabetes [17] . While beneficial mechanistic links through neutrophils can be suggested with the use of metformin, it is important to realise that a relatively high rate of mortality in patients with co-existing diabetes has been reported in COVID-19 [20] . Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) is elevated in type 2 diabetics with carotid artery stenosis and reduced under metformin treatment. doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108230 id = cord-252616-aobuhwbi author = Dalla Costa, Gloria title = Real-time assessment of COVID-19 prevalence among multiple sclerosis patients: a multicenter European study date = 2020-07-02 keywords = covid-19; radar summary = We assessed the prevalence and impact of COVID-19 among multiple sclerosis (MS) patients across Europe by leveraging participant data collected as part of the ongoing EU IMI2 RADAR-CNS major programme aimed at finding new ways of monitoring neurological disorders using wearable devices and smartphone technology. Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse in Central Nervous System Disorders (RADAR-CNS) is an Innovative Medicine Initiative-funded project aimed at monitoring major depressive disorders, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis (MS) using wearable devices and smartphone technology [2] . Through the ongoing remote monitoring of MS patients in Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04519-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. However, the study highlights the importance of remote monitoring technologies that have shed some light on the impact of COVID-19 in our MS patients in real time and may provide support to health authorities in monitoring and containing the pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04519-x id = cord-264412-2dwk06yd author = Dallavalle, Gianfranco title = Migraine Symptoms Improvement During the COVID-19 Lockdown in a Cohort of Children and Adolescents date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; migraine; symptom summary = As the COVID-19 emergency may have affected the levels of stress perceived by children and adolescents with migraine, the present study was aimed to understand the effect of COVID-19 emergency on symptoms intensity and frequency in pediatric patients. As the COVID-19 emergency may have affected the levels of stress perceived by children and adolescents with migraine, the present study was aimed to understand the effect of COVID-19 emergency on symptoms intensity and frequency in pediatric patients. Discussion: A significant reduction of migraine symptoms intensity and frequency was observed in pediatric patients during the COVID-19 lockdown phase in northern Italy. Discussion: A significant reduction of migraine symptoms intensity and frequency was observed in pediatric patients during the COVID-19 lockdown phase in northern Italy. This study highlighted a significant reduction of the intensity and frequency of migraine symptoms in the present cohort of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 lockdown phase in northern Italy. doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.579047 id = cord-352770-6mz9abmc author = Daly, Michael title = Psychological distress and adaptation to the COVID-19 crisis in the United States date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19; March summary = This study identified substantial increases in distress in the US during the emergence of the COVID-19 crisis that largely diminished in the weeks that followed and suggests that population level resilience in mental health may be occurring in response to the pandemic. The objective of the present was to examine how psychological distress has changed during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States and to examine whether there are population sub-groups who are particularly vulnerable to persistent distress during the crisis, including those with pre-existing mental health diagnoses. Consistent with other studies examining mental health (e.g. Daly et al., 2020; McGinty et al., 2020) , we found evidence that distress increased from mid-March to early-April, 2020 as the pandemic first emerged in the US. Substantial increases in distress in the US during the emergence of the COVID-19 crisis largely diminished in the weeks that followed and this suggests that population level resilience in mental health may be occurring in response to the pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.035 id = cord-323570-jpicmqpq author = Dambha-Miller, Hajira title = Drug treatments affecting ACE2 in COVID-19 infection: a systematic review protocol date = 2020-07-15 keywords = ACE2; covid-19 summary = The following data will be extracted and verified by one of the five members of the review team (AA, HDM, CW, SH, SK): (1) drug class; (2) drug name; (3) duration of treatment; (4) effect on ACE2 level (defined as upregulation, or downregulation, or no effect); (5) model (for example, human, mouse); (6) site of ACE2 receptor (for example, lung, brain); (7) study design; (8) study population (including disease state studied for human and animal model studies); (9) sample size; and (10) country. Summary This review will deliver timely and key answers to an important question amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: do any routinely prescribed drugs up-or down-regulate levels of ACE2 expression or activity, and therefore play a potential role in disease transmission? The strengths of this review protocol include its broad search strategy; inclusion of both human and animal studies;and the intention to rapidly assess and synthesise the evidence to meet the pressing research needs of the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors believe that this will be the first systematic review assessing associations between drug exposure and levels of ACE2 expression or activity for drugs routinely prescribed in the UK. doi = 10.3399/bjgpopen20x101115 id = cord-303204-xaio3nx6 author = Dami, Fabrice title = Lausanne medical dispatch centre’s response to COVID-19 date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A second non-emergency medical help-line dispatch is located in the same building, handles 800 calls per day and is staffed with registered nurses only. Figure 1 shows the number of calls received and ambulances dispatched (total and COVID-19 suspected). Inappropriate calls were reduced to between five and ten per day once State and nationwide dedicated information helplines were set from March 6th to answers general questions about COVID-19; the State''s help line received 2′500 calls per day. At the same time, the non-emergency help line increased its incoming calls volume from 800 to 2′500 per day. Some lessons learned so far from COVID-19 include: a non-emergency medical dispatch and specific help lines may save your dispatch from drowning; protect your staff; have a B plan (such as deported-based dispatch); and maintain protocols for downgrading your response. doi = 10.1186/s13049-020-00735-8 id = cord-315756-g6g34uvh author = Danchin, A. title = Immunity after COVID-19: protection or sensitization ? date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Then we use a compartmental epidemic model structured by immunity level (taken here as age classes) that we fit on available data; this allows to derive quantitative insights into the future number of severe cases and deaths. Note that in both cases the results depend on the total epidemic infection rate, which is between α t = 5.7% (present) and the group immunity rate 1 − 1/R 0 (i.e., 70% for R 0 = 3.3). Note first that the relatively controlled nature of the 2003 SARS epidemic did not allow us to draw conclusions on how the 2003 epidemic influenced the infected (too few cases); by contrast, if a sensitizing process in the immune response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 exists, the pandemic nature of the 2019/20 COVID-19 outbreak will likely have noticeable effects on the overall population health state. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.21.20108860 id = cord-292546-un0blb3w author = Dandachi, Dima title = Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes in a Multicenter Registry of Patients with HIV and Coronavirus Disease-19 date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; HIV; PWH summary = BACKGROUND: People with HIV (PWH) may have numerous risk factors for acquiring Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and developing severe outcomes, but current data are conflicting. [12] [13] [14] [15] Some of these studies reported that PWH with COVID-19 had similar clinical characteristics and comparable risk of severe disease to the general population. Study variables included patient demographics, HIV-associated variables, underlying medical problems, COVID-19 clinical presentation as reported by patients, laboratory values, treatment, and clinical outcomes. In a multivariable analysis, older age, lower CD4 count, chronic lung disease, hypertension, and high comorbidity burden were significantly associated with severe outcomes (Table 4) . As reported in multiple other studies in people without HIV, we found that age, chronic lung disease, and comorbidity burden were associated with increased rates of severe outcomes. In addition, among HIV-specific factors, we found that a lower CD4 count (< 200 cells/mm3) was associated with poor outcomes, including higher hospitalization rates, lower ICU-free survival, and overall survival. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1339 id = cord-285370-qv64xzjh author = Dandel, Michael title = Cardiac manifestations of COVID-19 infection: the role of echocardiography in patient management date = 2020-08-24 keywords = covid-19 summary = Comparing the clinical and echocardiographic (ECHO) characteristics of patients treated in the intensive-care unit (ICU) with those of inpatients who did not necessitate intensive care, the study revealed valuable data which provide important insights into the highly complex and still barely known issue of cardiac manifestations related to COVID-19 infection. It has been observed that almost one third of the hospitalized non-critically ill COVID-19 infected patients can exhibit pulmonary hypertension (PH) and/or right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and that patients who necessitate cardiorespiratory therapy in an ICU can develop isolated RV failure (RVF), more often associated with increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) related to high-pressure mechanical ventilation or derived from pulmonary embolism and/or small pulmonary vessel in situ thrombosis [2] . doi = 10.1007/s15010-020-01507-3 id = cord-281875-lq015thu author = Daneshjou, Roxana title = Pernio-like eruption associated with COVID-19 in Skin of Color date = 2020-07-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Recently, the skin manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection have emerged, with reports and series documenting petechial eruptions, transient livedo reticularis, erythematous rashes, urticaria, primary varicella-like like presentations, and pernio-like eruption. 4, 6, 7 Several case series and case reports have been published with photos documenting the pernio-like eruption associated with COVID-19; however, most published photos have been in individuals with Fitzpatrick skin types (FST) I or II. 8 Given the disparities in dermatological educational resources, we present a series of seven patients with diverse skin types from FST III to V with pernio-like eruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. At time of presentation to a dermatologist, patients reported having a pernio-like eruption from a range of 2 weeks to 8 weeks. Additional data establishing the causal link between COVID-19 and pernio-like eruption is needed; in order to facilitate understanding of the appearance of these lesions, we present clinical images across diverse skin types. doi = 10.1016/j.jdcr.2020.07.009 id = cord-313267-dc8z4jzo author = Daneshkhah, Ali title = The Role of Vitamin D in Suppressing Cytokine Storm in COVID-19 Patients and Associated Mortality date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; Vit summary = The substantially higher age-specific CFR and the age-specific ratio of confirmed cases in Italy and Spain (countries with low mean 25OHD level) suggest a potential link between severe Vit D deficiency and severe COVID-19, which can lead to a higher CFR. Our analysis of the published data on the status of Vit D and CRP levels (in the US) and laboratory data (CRP levels) reported from 792 patients in China suggests that a proper supplementation of Vit D across populations may reduce the number of severe COVID-19 cases by up to 15 percentage points by lowering the risk factors related to cytokine storm. This could be a reason for the notably higher ratio of confirmed elderly patients with COVID-19 in Italy and Spain compared to other countries, since the age distribution of the countries (shown in Figure 4 (b)) cannot fully explain the reported numbers. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.08.20058578 id = cord-256223-g7gw02pf author = Dang, Anh Kim title = Evidence of COVID-19 Impacts on Occupations During the First Vietnamese National Lockdown date = 2020-09-03 keywords = Thi; Vietnam; covid-19 summary = BACKGROUND: Although "social isolation" protects the life and health of Vietnamese citizens from the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, it also triggers massive reductions in the economic activities of the country. OBJECTIVE: our study aimed to identify negative impacts of COVID-19 on occupations of Vietnamese people during the first national lockdown, including the quality and quantity of jobs as well as adverse problems at work due to COVID-19. Therefore, our study aimed to address the question of how the COVID-19 has impacted the occupations of Vietnamese people during social isolation, including the quality and quantity of jobs, identifying the vulnerable groups as well as adverse problems at work due to COVID-19. In addition, compared to health workers, professional educators were less likely to suffer from "Disclosure and discrimination related to COVID-19 work exposure." Consistent with previous studies, quarantined health workers tend to report significantly more stigmatization and rejection from people in their local neighborhoods or were unable to resume their job [35] , and normal life as families member considered their jobs was too risky [33] . doi = 10.5334/aogh.2976 id = cord-347024-8fhb0j68 author = Dang, Q. title = COVID-19 In Shang Hai: It is Worth Learning from the Successful Experience in Preventing and Controlling the Overseas Epidemic Situation date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; China; Shanghai summary = The model first uses the sparse graph model to analyze the international epidemic spread network to find countries and regions related to Shanghai. We established a variety of regression models to fit the existing growth curve, and predicted the growth of Shanghai cases from April 4th to 19th without blocking international traffic. Therefore, through the sparse network model based on & , we constructed the data matrix of the actual case statistics of 188 countries and regions in the world from January 19th to April 4th, and plotted the COVID-19 international network. After identifying 30 countries and regions related to Shanghai, we can further establish a regression model to fit the epidemic growth data of Shanghai from January 19 to April 4. After establishing a regression model, we use data from 30 countries and regions related to Shanghai from April 4 to April 19 for 15 days to predict Shanghai''s epidemic growth curve without the international traffic blockade, and compare it with real data. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.13.20100164 id = cord-268758-2o2dwulc author = Daniel, Krupa title = Repeat cesarean section in a COVID-19 positive mother in the United States date = 2020-10-22 keywords = covid-19; infection summary = In our report, we present a case of repeat cesarean section in a 29-year-old Ecuadorian mother who contracted COVID-19 and traveled to the United States during her last trimester of pregnancy. 1 Also, a recent case report from Switzerland describes a second trimester miscarriage in a COVID-19 positive patient. 3 Case reports of pregnant women diagnosed in the third trimester of pregnancy show negative rRT-PCR testing for 2019-nCoV in the amniotic fluid, cord blood, and neonatal throat swabs. 4, 5 Some case reports published show adverse neonatal outcomes such as fetal distress, pre-mature labor, and abnormal liver function, but again all neonatal testing for COVID-19 remained negative. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a c/s delivery with maternal COVID-19 infection in the United States. The patient and delivered baby had a favorable outcome, as do most mothers and neonates with COVID-19 infection, as noted in available literature. doi = 10.1177/2050313x20945536 id = cord-302692-hlt879ef author = Daniel, Michael G. title = Symptom Shame in the COVID-19 Era: Battling Our Instincts date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Consequently, it is not unusual to encounter healthcare providers in offices and hospitals with upper respiratory symptoms. However, a sick healthcare provider with COVID-19 puts an entire work group at risk (Table 1) . Optimally, healthcare providers with upper respiratory symptoms will recognize that they might have contracted COVID-19 and self-isolate. However, several barriers discourage healthcare providers from accepting and reporting COVID-19 symptoms. A prevailing concern during the COVID-19 crisis is that symptom shame will not be vigorously discouraged to reduce the burden of replacing healthcare providers within a system that chronically lacks reserves. Their current guidelines recommend that physicians remain at work after contact with a patient with COVID-19 but self-isolate if they develop symptoms or have a prolonged exposure to a positive household member. The current pandemic is not the time for a healthcare provider to be sent home because they are too sick. doi = 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000724 id = cord-321586-lgbod553 author = Danielli, Shaun title = Economic interventions to ameliorate the impact of COVID-19 on the economy and health: an international comparison date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Economic interventions to ameliorate the impact of COVID-19 on the economy and health: an international comparison METHODS: The authors carried out a review of publicly available information on the economic intervention''s countries have put in place to ameliorate the impact of COVID-19. RESULTS: The strategies and scale of economic interventions have been broad, ranging from 2.5% to a reported 50% of Gross Domestic Product. 1 Economic interventions are also crucial in this response as the World Health Organization defines one of the biggest determinants of health is income 2 with lives significantly shortened by socioeconomic inequality. The authors carried out a review of publicly available information on the economic interventions countries have put in place to ameliorate the impact of COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic and countries'' responses are an evolving situation, and the information presented here was correct as of 24 May 2020. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa104 id = cord-309705-el5rembl author = Dantés, Héctor Gómez title = Prevention and control of Aedes transmitted infections in the post-pandemic scenario of COVID-19: challenges and opportunities for the region of the Americas date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; control; health summary = The occurrence of arboviral diseases with COVID-19 in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region presents challenges and opportunities for strengthening health services, surveillance and control programs. The fear of contagion by COVID-19 is constraining people with arboviral diseases to search for care which can lead to an increase in serious cases and could disrupt the operation of vector-control programs due to the reluctance of residents to open their doors to health personnel. Despite having limited information on the direct impact on human health of the interaction of arboviral diseases with COVID-19, (12) it is essential that all efforts be made to protect populations at risk (13) since Aedes-transmitted diseases (ATDs) mainly affect vulnerable populations living in poor urban or rural areas and in houses with limited access to sewerage and drinking water services. Given the emergence of COVID-19, it is essential that countries commit to supporting this Plan of Action and strengthen their surveillance and control programs in an integrated way where new epidemiological circumstances are seen as challenges and opportunities and much less as disbeliefs or limitations. doi = 10.1590/0074-02760200284 id = cord-339835-ze9ay2rm author = Daphna-Tekoah, Shir title = Listening to Hospital Personnel’s Narratives during the COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; Guide; Listening; hospital; need summary = As a means to address the changing needs of our hospital''s HCWs, we conducted a narrative analysis study in the early stages of the covid-19 outbreak. By paying close attention the narratives of the hospital staff, we were able to address an additional aim, namely, to initiate the establishment of a data-based foundation for both immediate and future interventions, thereby expanding knowledge regarding the psychological mechanisms and strategies that front-line personnel use to cope with exposure to traumatic situations. Sharon, a nurse, summed up this opinion very succinctly as: "Corona-it is not extra work, it is completely different work." Against the background of this commonly held perspective, the third stage of the Listening Guide analytic technique nonetheless enabled us, the interviewers, to identify multiple voices that revealed different aspects of HCWs'' experiences and needs, including their attitudes towards the coronavirus pandemic, the staff and the hospital, and their own needs. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17176413 id = cord-307285-bxy0zsc7 author = Dar Odeh, Najla title = COVID-19: Present and Future Challenges for Dental Practice date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; dental; patient summary = Realizing the severity of outcomes associated with this disease and its high rate of transmission, dentists were instructed by regulatory authorities, such as the American Dental Association, to stop providing treatment to dental patients except those who have emergency complaints. In vitro studies have shown that azithromycin is active against Zika and Ebola viruses, [18] [19] [20] and is able to prevent severe respiratory tract infections when administrated to patients suffering viral infection [12] However, the efficacy of azithromycin in combination with hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 patients has not been confirmed yet [21, 22] , and more studies are needed to further investigate its clinical effects. Following the recommended cross-infection control procedures, spreading awareness based on evidence and not misconceptions, identifying emergency cases indicated for dental treatment, and practicing effective tele-dentistry when needed can all be helpful for dental patients and community as a whole. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17093151 id = cord-336194-5v395xae author = Darafsheh, Arash title = Mitigating disruptions, and scalability of radiation oncology physics work during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; patient; physics summary = The recent outbreak of the novel COVID-19 respiratory disease around the world, first detected in Wuhan, China, in 2019, is caused by a new coronavirus, called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is the seventh coronavirus known to infect humans. 21 According to medical physics practice guidelines, the physicists are involved to a varying degree in administration, clinical services, education, informatics, equipment performance evaluation, quality assurance, and safety. A modest portion of radiation oncology in the United States is practiced in small-sized clinics with 1-2 full time equivalent (FTE) individuals responsible for the medical physics activities. The large clinic includes more than ten physicists, more than 6 linacs, special treatment programs, MR simulator, MRIgRT and proton therapy, and both medical physics graduate and residency education programs. The main objective of medical physics practice, for previously stated categories, continues to be safe, efficient, and uninterrupted delivery of RT while maintaining safety of all staff, patients, and caregivers during the disease outbreak. doi = 10.1002/acm2.12896 id = cord-249477-ux15lv31 author = Darius, Philipp title = How the Far-Right Polarises Twitter: ''Highjacking'' Hashtags in Times of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-12 keywords = AFD; covid-19 summary = For the example of COVID-19 related hashtags and their retweet networks, we examine the case of partisan accounts of the German far-right party Alternative f"ur Deutschland (AfD) and their potential use of ''hashjacking'' in May 2020. We see that right-wing partisans are actively and effectively polarising the discourse by ''hashjacking'' COVID-19 related hashtags, like #CoronaVirusDE or #FlattenTheCurve. It is important to know the dynamics of social media discourse, when engaging in it: A small group of political partisans, in our case of the far-right AfD, systematically polarises discussions on public hashtags to influence public opinion formation and leverage their own content. As alternative communication channels (social platforms and messengers) are particularly attractive for right-wing populist and radical-right politicians, we assume that COVID-19 related hashtags, like #CoronaVirusDE and #Flatten-TheCurve, have been systematically targeted by German far-right partisans of #AFD. doi = nan id = cord-314171-431buxxr author = Dariya, Begum title = Understanding novel COVID-19: its impact on organ failure and risk assessment for diabetic and cancer patients date = 2020-05-06 keywords = ACE2; CoV-2; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = In this review article, we have presented the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection in comorbid patients and discussed organ failure caused by this virus. The mRNA and protein ACE2 expression levels are higher in these patients with cardiac disease, creating an increased risk for severe COVID-19 complications, including heart failure. After SARS-CoV-2 binds with ACE2, the virus degrades it, and thus the free angiotensin II induces acute lung injury [58] . Thus, targeting the binding site of the ACE2 receptor and SARS-CoV-2 with antibodies or therapeutic drugs might provide a successful treatment strategy. Moreover, this also increases the level of soluble ACE2 that competitively binds with SARS-CoV-2, causing delayed entry of the virus into cells and protecting against lung injury. The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 doi = 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.001 id = cord-340283-5w444i1g author = Das, Anupam title = Erythematous‐oedematous type of chilblain‐like lesions and COVID‐19 : an Indian perspective date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Therefore, the temporal association, complaints of the peculiar neurological sensation followed by development of erythema and swelling in our patients, supports the probable association of the cutaneous manifestations, with COVID-19. 6 In one of the largest series published from Spain, cutaneous manifestations were pseudochilblains (19%), vesicular eruptions (9%), urticaria (19%), maculopapular rashes (47%) and livedo (6%). 7 In another series published from Italy, authors noticed an outbreak of chilblain-like lesions in Italy contemporary to COVID-19 epidemic, who reported two varieties of lesions, namely erythematous-oedematous type and blistering type. Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: a first perspective A dermatologic manifestation of COVID-19: transient livedo reticularis Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: a rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases Chilblain-like lesions during COVID-19 epidemic: a preliminary study on 63 patients Chilblain-like lesions on feet and hands during the COVID-19 Pandemic doi = 10.1111/dth.13912 id = cord-297477-o7kydesb author = Das, Ashis Kumar title = Epidemiology of COVID-19 and Predictors of Recovery in the Republic of Korea date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; Korea summary = OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology of confirmed COVID-19 patients in the Republic of Korea and identify predictors of recovery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using publicly available data for confirmed COVID-19 cases from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from January 20, 2020, to April 30, 2020, we undertook descriptive analyses of cases stratified by sex, age group, place of exposure, date of confirmation, and province. CONCLUSIONS: Our study adds to the very limited evidence base on potential predictors of recovery among confirmed COVID-19 cases. According to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), there have been 10,804 confirmed cases and 254 deaths due to COVID-19 as of May 05, 2020 [4] . We present the epidemiology of COVID-19 in the Republic of Korea using data from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and identify the predictors of recovery from the disease. doi = 10.1155/2020/7291698 id = cord-346024-7e6px71s author = Das, Dipayan title = Truncated inception net: COVID-19 outbreak screening using chest X-rays date = 2020-06-25 keywords = Inception; Net; covid-19 summary = In this paper, motivated by the fact that X-ray imaging systems are more prevalent and cheaper than CT scan systems, a deep learning-based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model, which we call Truncated Inception Net, is proposed to screen COVID-19 positive CXRs from other non-COVID and/or healthy cases. In this work, considering the fact that X-ray imaging systems are more prevalent and cheaper than CT scan systems, we use deep learning to screen COVID-19 using CXRs. We propose a CNN-based model, which we call Truncated Inception Net, solely based on the Inception Net V3 architecture [27] (Fig. 2 ). On the whole, through this work, we demonstrate that the Truncated Inception Net deep learning model is a viable option for COVID-19 screening and it outperforms the state-of-the-art results for COVID-19 positive cases, on the obtained and manually combined datasets. In this work, we have proposed the Truncated Inception Net deep learning model to detect COVID-19 positive patients using chest X-rays. doi = 10.1007/s13246-020-00888-x id = cord-303216-1pbuywz6 author = Das, Gaurav title = Neurological Insights of COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = If scientific reports relevant to the SARS-CoV-2 virus are noted, it can be seen that the virus owes much of its killer properties to its unique structure that has a stronger binding affinity with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) protein, which the viruses utilize as an entry point to gain accesses to its hosts. The intriguing part though is that recently reported studies have noted altered mental health in some COVID-19 patients showing symptoms like anosmia and ageusia thereby indicating a neuroinvasive nature of the virus. The neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 have been recently recognized from CT scan images and MRI scan of the brain of a patient who contracted COVID-19 and showed symptoms of necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy. The brain reportedly, like most other organs, expresses the hACE2 considered to be the entry point of the SARS-CoV-2 viruses in humans and is therefore not immune to viral infection. doi = 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00201 id = cord-295145-ry4e2izd author = Das, Pratik title = In-Silico approach for identification of effective and stable inhibitors for COVID-19 main protease (M(pro)) from flavonoid based phytochemical constituents of Calendula officinalis date = 2020-07-24 keywords = PRO; covid-19; figure; ligand summary = In-Silico Docking showed that major phytochemicals of Calendula officinals i.e. rutin, isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D, calendoflaside, narcissin, calendulaglycoside B, calenduloside, calendoflavoside have better binding energy than the native ligand (inhibitor N3). Our in silico (Virtual molecular docking and Molecular dynamics simulation) studies pointed out that flavonoid based phytochemicals of calendula (rutin, isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D, calendoflaside) may be highly effective for inhibiting M(pro) which is the main protease for SARS-CoV-2 causing the deadly disease COVID-19. Docking study has shown that Calendoflaside also interacted with 16 amino acid residue among which 15 (Arg188, Asp187, Met165, His163, Ser144, Glu166, Phe140, Leu141, Cys145, Gly143, Asn142, Leu27, Met49, Gln189, His41) coincides with that of the native ligand which gives us a clear idea that Calendoflaside also binds to major amino acid residue responsible for inhibition of COVID-19 main protease (M pro ). Apo-form of COVID-19 main protease (apo-M pro ), top three (Rutin, Isorhamnetin-3-O-b-D, Calendoflaside) docked ligands with higher binding affinity and the crystal structure of COVID-19 M pro with inhibitor N3 have been selected to find out their system stability, flexibility, and other dynamic properties through 100 ns MD simulation. doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1796799 id = cord-301026-spgidqh3 author = Das, Shaoli title = In silico Drug Repurposing to combat COVID-19 based on Pharmacogenomics of Patient Transcriptomic Data date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; drug summary = Next, using the available drug perturbational data sets from the Broad Institute Connectivity map (CMAP project 14 , we assessed how the candidate drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2-interacting proteins affect the pathways that are altered after COVID-19 or SARS infection in a time-dependent manner. To get a pathway-based estimation instead of individual genes, we calculated ssGSEA scores for the differentially enriched pathways in COVID-19 or SARS infection for all drug-treated cell lines at different dose/time points. Thereafter, combining the potential human interactome of SARS-CoV-2 from a recently published study 9 and SARS-CoV-1-interacting proteins curated in another publication 8 with drug target databases 10, 11 , drug perturbational data sets 14 , and drug sensitivity screening data sets 15 , we propose a map of the drugs that can be effective in COVID-19 treatment. Next, using the available drug perturbational data sets from the Broad Institute CMAP project, we assessed how the candidate drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2-interacting proteins affect the pathways that are altered after COVID-19 or SARS infection in a time-dependent manner. doi = 10.21203/rs.3.rs-39128/v1 id = cord-280227-4v4mbej4 author = Dasgupta, Prokar title = Covid‐19 and urology date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = It is thought that kidney cells are particularly prone to invasion by the virus, as evidenced by the numbers of kidney dysfunction cases in COVID-19 patients, and this may be attributable to the presence of angiotensin-converting 2 enzyme receptors on a small percentage of these cells to which the SARS-CoV-2 virus has an affinity. The article further discusses the difficulty for medical students and trainees, transplant clinics and oncology, focusing on China, Italy and the UK. The use of webinars for presentation of cases and social media, such as Twitter''s Journal Club (https://twitter.com/iurojc), can allow such remote discussions to take place. COVID-19 pandemic -is virtual urology clinic the answer to keeping the cancer pathway moving? Global challenges to urology practice during the COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 and urology: a comprehensive review of the literature Bolstering the surgical response to COVID-19: how virtual technology will save lives and safeguard surgical practice doi = 10.1111/bju.15104 id = cord-266113-3fp46sov author = Dashti‐Khavidaki, Simin title = Considerations for Statin Therapy in Patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Current coronavirus pandemic named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus outbreak during the current century after severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses.1 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an immunopathologic event and main cause of death following COVID-19. The main mechanism of ARDS is uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response and cytokine storm following release of proinflammatory cytokines (such as interferons (IFN), interleukines (IL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and chemokines.2-3 So, some Chinese researchers proposed or used anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment regimen of patients with COVID-19.3-4. The current coronavirus pandemic is an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). 2, 23 Thus, initiating statins in patients with COVID-19 may increase the risk and severity of myopathies and acute kidney injury. doi = 10.1002/phar.2397 id = cord-295475-o3ns4cfn author = Dastan, Farzaneh title = Tocilizumab administration in a refractory case of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In the current case, we faced a refractory COVID-19 case who did not respond to conventional therapeutic agents and tocilizumab administered as a salvage therapy. In contrast to hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab may be a useful agent in severe cases who have not responded to conventional therapy (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine and antivirals) and those patients with elevated levels of IL-6 [3] . However, while tocilizumab is a promising agent against COVID-19, it is not an appropriate agent in patients with active or latent tuberculosis, bacterial and fungal infections, multi-organ failure, and gastrointestinal perforation [7] . In conclusion, tocilizumab may be considered a salvage therapeutic agent in COVID-19 patients who did not respond to other agents. COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: A pilot observational study Clinical Course of COVID-19 in a Liver Transplant Recipient on Hemodialysis and Response to Tocilizumab Therapy: A Case Report Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106043 id = cord-276549-r5l4pse8 author = Dastoli, Stefano title = Are erythema multiforme and urticaria related to a better outcome of COVID‐19? date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Eosinopenia has been associated in up to 81% of cases 3 and was proposed as possible diagnostic marker for the disease. 5 We can speculate that the non-drug related EM and U might be associated to systemic eosinophilia secondary to a strong response to COVID-19, and therefore possibly to a better outcome of the disease. 9 U not related to drug reaction was reported in up to 4% of COVID-19 patients, 10 In conclusion, we might suppose that EM and U, when associated to eosinophilia, could be related to a better outcome of COVID-19. Clinical features of 85 fatal cases of COVID-19 from Wuhan: a retrospective observational study COVID-19, chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases and eosinophils-observations from reported clinical case series Eosinophil responses during COVID-19 infections and coronavirus vaccination Clinical and histopathological study of skin dermatoses in patients affected by COVID-19 infection in the Northern part of Italy doi = 10.1111/dth.13681 id = cord-295138-xud3y0ko author = Datta, Niloy R. title = Strategies to maximize available resources with minimum cost escalation for improving radiotherapy accessibility in the post COVID-19 era : An analysis for Asia date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19; HFRT summary = title: Strategies to maximize available resources with minimum cost escalation for improving radiotherapy accessibility in the post COVID-19 era : An analysis for Asia Thus, maximal utilization of the available RT infrastructure with minimum additional costs could be possible by adopting HFRT with or without increased working hours to improve the RT coverage. 19 Strategies for maximal utilization of radiotherapy infrastructure with minimal cost escalation It is assumed that RT centers presently functioning have adequate RT personnel to run their existing facilities for an eight-hour normal working hours of a department. The strategies presented here could be applicable to any center and could enhance cancer care capability not only in Asia but also in any other region thereby providing a cost-effective solution with additional returns on investment. Breast radiotherapy under COVID-19 pandemic resource constraints --approaches to defer or shorten treatment from a Comprehensive Cancer Center in the United States Teleradiotherapy network: applications and feasibility for providing cost-effective comprehensive radiotherapy care in low-and middle-income group countries for cancer patients doi = 10.1016/j.adro.2020.09.005 id = cord-282598-ghh16h43 author = Dattilo, Wesley title = COVID-19 most vulnerable Mexican cities lack the public health infrastructure to face the pandemic: a new temporally-explicit model date = 2020-04-14 keywords = covid-19; international; mexican summary = 10.20061192 doi: medRxiv preprint Recently, a wide array of epidemiological models have been developed to guide public health 23 actors in containing the rapid dissemination of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome 24 coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), cause of COVID-19. Based on our model, we show 32 that the most important cities within the Mexican air transportation network are the most 33 vulnerable to COVID-19, with all assessed public health infrastructure being insufficient to face 34 the modeled scenario for the pandemic after 100 days. Based on our model, we show 32 that the most important cities within the Mexican air transportation network are the most 33 vulnerable to COVID-19, with all assessed public health infrastructure being insufficient to face 34 the modeled scenario for the pandemic after 100 days. We found that most vulnerable cities lack of the required public health infrastructure (i.e., number of inpatient and intensive care unit beds) to face this new pandemic, overloading in all cases after 100 days. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.10.20061192 id = cord-272015-1anph6qi author = Dauby, Nicolas title = The unfinished story of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19: the right anti-inflammatory dose at the right moment? date = 2020-10-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The observation by Lammers et al (Lammers et al.) that early HCQ treatment after admission at low dosage (2400 mg in total) is associated with lower risk of admission in intensive care unit coincides with large observational studies showing a lower mortality rate in patients exposed to HCQ therapy compared to no or other treatment. Another recent large cohort study of patients on low-dose HCQ for inflammatory disorders reported an association between chronic HCQ use and reduced mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection (Gentry et al. The association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine and hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients Low-dose hydroxychloroquine therapy and mortality in hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a nationwide observational study of 8075 participants Use of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalised COVID-19 patients is associated with reduced mortality: Findings from the observational multicentre Italian CORIST study Longterm hydroxychloroquine use in patients with rheumatic conditions and development of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.032 id = cord-312519-31mrmgmk author = Dauerman, Harold L. title = The Unbearable Thrombus of COVID-19: Primary PCI, Thrombus, and COVID-19 date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Via detailed angiographic comparison to a COVID-19-negative control group, they observed a dramatic increase in thrombus burden that may compliment prior insights into the pathophysiology of the COVID-19 pandemic. High thrombus burden in patients with COVID-19 presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients with COVID-19: clinical and angiographic outcomes Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction care in Hong Kong Reduction in ST-segment elevation cardiac catheterization laboratory activations in the United States during COVID-19 pandemic Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on ST-segmentelevation myocardial infarction presentations and in-hospital outcomes Angiographic stent thrombosis after routine use of drug-eluting stents in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the importance of thrombus burden Management of acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic Acute myocardial infarction after laboratory-confirmed influenza infection doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.027 id = cord-321267-ihd30qi0 author = Daughton, Christian G. title = Natural experiment concept to accelerate the Re-purposing of existing therapeutics for Covid-19 date = 2020-05-15 keywords = SARS; covid-19; drug; nerd summary = Proposed here is a new but simple concept that would capitalize on the opportunity presented by the on-going natural experiment involving the collection of data from epidemiological surveillance screening and diagnostic testing for clinical treatment. These drug usage data would be collected for several major test groups those who test positive for active SARS-CoV-2 infection (using molecular methods) and those who test negative for current infection but also test positive for past infection (using serologic antibody tests). (1) As Covid-19 epidemiological surveillance screening and diagnostic testing proceeds, a national database would be continually populated with drug usage data collected from each case among three different combinations of sub-groups based upon whether they tested positive or negative for active SARS-CoV-2 infection or tested positive for past SARS-CoV-2 infection (see Table 1 ). doi = 10.1016/j.gloepi.2020.100026 id = cord-301264-lkfhtb1w author = Davahli, Mohammad Reza title = The Hospitality Industry in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Current Topics and Research Methods date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; hospitality; industry; pandemic; paper summary = The reviewed articles focused on different aspects of the hospitality industry, including hospitality workers'' issues, loss of jobs, revenue impact, the COVID-19 spreading patterns in the industry, market demand, prospects for recovery of the hospitality industry, safety and health, travel behavior, and preference of customers. The reported approaches include simulation and scenario modeling for discovering the COVID-19 spreading patterns, field surveys, secondary data analysis, discussing the resumption of activities during and after the pandemic, comparing the COVID-19 pandemic with previous public health crises, and measuring the impact of the pandemic in terms of economics. The studies reported impacts of the pandemic on different aspects of the hospitality industry, including job loss, revenue losses, access to loans, market demand, emerging new markets, hostile behaviors towards foreigners, and issues of hospitality workers and hotel cleaners. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17207366 id = cord-255101-l5ssz750 author = Daval, Mary title = Efficacy of local budesonide therapy in the management of persistent hyposmia in COVID-19 patients without signs of severity: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; des; les summary = Objectif principal: Evaluer l''efficacité du budésonide en traitement local intranasal (lavage de nez), en complément de la rééducation olfactive, dans la prise en charge de la perte d''odorat de patients COVID-19 sans signes de gravité et présentant une persistance de l''hyposmie 30 jours après le début des symptômes. L''objectif de cet essai randomisé contrôlé, bicentrique, est d''évaluer l''efficacité du budésonide en traitement local intranasal (lavage de nez), en complément de la rééducation olfactive, dans la prise en charge de la perte d''odorat de patients COVID-19 sans signes de gravité et présentant une persistance de l''hyposmie 30 jours après le début des symptômes. Evaluer l''efficacité du budésonide en traitement local intranasal (lavage de nez), en complément de la rééducation olfactive, dans la prise en charge de la perte d''odorat de patients COVID-19 sans signes de gravité et présentant une persistance de l''hyposmie 30 jours après le début des symptômes. doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-04585-8 id = cord-285111-qjclp51i author = Davanzo, Riccardo title = Breastfeeding and coronavirus disease‐2019: Ad interim indications of the Italian Society of Neonatology endorsed by the Union of European Neonatal & Perinatal Societies date = 2020-04-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; mother summary = The Italian Society on Neonatology (SIN) after reviewing the limited scientific knowledge on the compatibility of breastfeeding in the COVID‐19 mother and the available statements from Health Care Organizations has issued the following indications that have been endorsed by the Union of European Neonatal & Perinatal Societies (UENPS). • If a breastfeeding mother and her newborn infant are managed jointly, measures aimed at preventing the transmission of the viral infection should be put in place: avoid kissing the neonate, protect him from adult coughing and respiratory secretions (wear a mask during feeding and intimate contact with the baby), wash hands, in particular, before feeding, suspend visits. We recognize that this guidance might be subject to change in the future when further knowledge will be acquired about the COVID-19 pandemic, its perinatal transmission, and clinical characteristics of cases of neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1111/mcn.13010 id = cord-030556-usyvz5fj author = Dave, M. title = Open-book examinations date = 2020-08-14 keywords = covid-19 summary = https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-020-2006-8 themselves have often had little knowledge about the importance of optimising their dental health as part of their medical condition and some have not accessed dental care for many years. Sir, as a specialist registrar in training in special care dentistry I have been working in an urgent dental care (UDC) hub providing care for shielded, vulnerable and COVID positive patients in a rural county. Traditionally, closed book examinations such as multiple-choice questions, where learners are not permitted to have any supportive material with them, are the preferred format for UK dental courses. 1 In open-book examinations, learners have access to supportive material such as revision notes, books and online resources thereby testing the application of knowledge rather than its recall. With such an hypothesis in mind, it is recommended to postpone dental treatment of a recently recovered COVID-19 patient who still suffers from these persistent symptoms until complete resolution. Influence of open-and closed-book tests on medical students'' learning approaches doi = 10.1038/s41415-020-2008-6 id = cord-253933-29tedkf8 author = David, Abel P. title = Tracheostomy guidelines developed at a large academic medical center during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; SARS summary = 1 As an aerosol-generating procedure (AGP), tracheostomy is associated with high droplet and particle generation, placing health care providers at increased risk for transmission of respiratory viral infections. Factors relevant to our review included optimal timing of tracheostomy, duration of viral shedding in patients with COVID-19, risk to procedural teams from aerosol generation during tracheostomy, ICU capacity, and availability of PPE. In the context of the current pandemic, Tay et al conducted a literature review of tracheostomies performed during the SARS epidemic and concluded the following: (a) proper PPE (N95 mask, surgical cap, gown, goggles, and gloves) is of utmost importance; (b) surgical tracheostomy is preferably performed in a negative pressure ICU room by experienced providers with meticulous planning and seamless communication; (c) aerosol generation should be minimized through patient paralysis, ventilation hold during creation of tracheal window, and utilization of HEPA-filtered suction systems. doi = 10.1002/hed.26191 id = cord-031493-w8agvg9g author = Davido, Benjamin title = Possible therapies of Post-COVID-19 chronic symptoms() date = 2020-09-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-031493-w8agvg9g authors: Davido, Benjamin; Seang, Sophie; Barizien, Nicolas; Tubiana, Roland; de Truchis, Pierre title: Possible therapies of Post-COVID-19 chronic symptoms() date: 2020-09-06 journal: Clin Microbiol Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.001 sha: doc_id: 31493 cord_uid: w8agvg9g nan responsible for dysautonomia in patients with persistent symptoms following acute SARS-23 COV2 infection. Physicians must keep in mind that COVID-19 is not only a disease 24 responsible for lung injury and its sequel but may affect other organs as olfactory and 25 gustatory dysfunction and as such, should inform the general audience, especially young 26 individuals that are the most concerned [2] . Actually, we did not state that these symptoms of autonomic impairment do not require 28 specific treatment, but we believe it must be a case by case management depending on the breathing/hyperventilation syndrome in adults Efficacy of 68 Therapies for Postural Tachycardia Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-69 analysis doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.001 id = cord-295479-mcfqs7vf author = Davido, Benjamin title = Post-COVID-19 chronic symptoms: a post-infectious entity?() date = 2020-07-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-295479-mcfqs7vf authors: Davido, Benjamin; Seang, Sophie; Tubiana, Roland; de Truchis, Pierre title: Post-COVID-19 chronic symptoms: a post-infectious entity?() date: 2020-07-23 journal: Clin Microbiol Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.028 sha: doc_id: 295479 cord_uid: mcfqs7vf nan COVID-19 : point épidémiologique du 21 mai Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris'' response to the COVID-19 88 pandemic Anosmia and Ageusia: Common Findings 90 in COVID-19 Patients Patients Recovered from COVID-19 Active Epstein-Barr virus infection in 95 post-viral fatigue syndrome serological IgG antibody response on the Abbott Architect for established SARS-CoV-99 2 infection Neurologic manifestations in hospitalized patients 102 with COVID-19: The ALBACOVID registry Cerebrovascular disease in patients with COVID-19: 106 neuroimaging, histological and clinical description Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children during the covid-19 Chikungunya-Induced Arthritis in Reunion Island: A 113 Long-Term Observational Follow-Up Study Showing Frequently Persistent Joint 114 Some Cases of Persistent Chikungunya Immunoglobulin M Positivity, and 115 No Anticyclic Citrullinated Peptide Seroconversi doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.028 id = cord-315864-zadogqiu author = Davido, Benjamin title = nImpact of medical care including anti-infective agents use on the prognosis of COVID-19 hospitalized patients over time date = 2020-08-02 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; ICU summary = Conclusion: The present study revealed a significant decrease of admission in ICU over time probably related to multiple factors, including a better indication of pulmonary CT-scan, of oxygen therapy, and a suitable prescription of anti-infective agents. The following data were collected from patient''s medical charts: -Patient characteristics: age, sex, diabetes, cardiovascular risk factors, smoking habits, obesity, chronic pulmonary disease, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) [11] , -Infection characteristics: delay between onset of symptoms and admission, presence of super-infection, C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell count (WBC) at admission, percentage of lung injuries on CT-scan if applicable, positive PCR amplifying the betacoronavirus E gene and the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp gene on nasopharyngeal swab or sputum, -Treatment characteristics: requiring ICU support with invasive ventilation and associated therapeutic strategies (e.g. oxygen, anti-infective agents), -Endpoint was defined as unfavorable outcome assessed by the requirement of a transfer in ICU for invasive ventilation and/or death within 30 days, -Patients were followed-up until hospital discharge. doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106129 id = cord-030984-2mqn4ihm author = Davies, Anna title = Riskscapes and the socio-spatial challenges of climate change date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; Müller; Special; change; climate; risk; riskscape summary = As with climate vulnerabilities and public and environmental health (Faber, 2015; Gebreyes and Theodory, 2018; Klinenberg, 2002; Solomon et al., 2016) , emerging accounts of the COVID-19 pandemic indicate that communities facing elevated threats to their lives and livelihoods are those who are elderly, experience chronic medical conditions, and are socially, politically and economically marginalised (CDC, 2020; Manderson and Levine, 2020; Raffaetà, 2020) . Building on his earlier work (Beck, [1986] 2005), Beck''s (2009) "world risk society" thesis highlights the growing prominence of large-scale technological and industrial processes in modernity that has given rise to unstable global financial markets and climate change and associated threats for the broader public. For example, political and economic actors and institutions across the world are refashioning previous capital accumulation strategies and their spatial and ecological "fixes" through financial instruments and market-based mechanisms that seek to mitigate against and adapt people and places to environmental disasters, terrorist threats and the climate crisis (Castree and Christophers, 2015; Gotham and Greenberg, 2014; Knox-Hayes, 2013; Ouma et al., 2018) . doi = 10.1093/cjres/rsaa016 id = cord-353904-dieaqxmi author = Davies, M. title = Remdesivir in treatment of COVID-19: A systematic benefit-risk assessment date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; remdesivir; risk summary = A systematic benefit-risk assessment was designed and conducted to strengthen the ongoing understanding of the benefit-risk balance for remdesivir in COVID-19 treatment by using a structured method which uses all available data. Conclusions: Preliminary clinical trial results suggest a favourable benefit-risk profile for remdesivir compared to placebo, however there is limited safety data available at the current time. The benefits included in the value tree include key endpoints included in clinical trial protocols for studies assessing the efficacy of remdesivir in severe COVID-19 disease. Primary endpoint data available from the Adaptive COVID 19 trial [26] have also suggested a shorter time to recovery in patients treated with remdesivir, with non-significant reduced mortality risk. Preliminary clinical trial results suggest a favourable benefit-risk profile for remdesivir compared to placebo, however there is limited safety data available at the current time. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.07.20093898 id = cord-271855-k8zlptas author = Davis, Corey S. title = Opioid Policy Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic - and Beyond date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; OUD summary = In an attempt to reduce preventable harm to individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD), federal, state, and local governments have temporarily modified law and policy to increase access to OUD treatment and divert some individuals at high risk away from the correctional system. In this Commentary, we briefly describe how people with OUD are at increased risk for COVID-19, discuss existing policy barriers to evidence-based prevention and treatment for individuals with OUD, explain the temporary rollbacks of those barriers, and argue that these changes should be made permanent. 3 Opioid agonist medications for OUD, methadone and buprenorphine, reduce all-cause mortality by as much as fifty percent and are associated with positive changes in a number of other outcomes including reductions in overdose, resumed use, and HIV infections. 5 Finally, the provision of sterile syringes dramatically reduces the risk of bloodborne disease transmission related to sharing syringes for intravenous opioid use, and syringe services programs effectively link individuals with OUD to evidence-based treatment. doi = 10.1097/adm.0000000000000679 id = cord-341381-jzjhhn23 author = Davis, M. title = Intimate Partner Violence Victimization and Perpetration among U.S. Adults during COVID-19: A Brief Report date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; IPV summary = Importance: Anecdotal evidence such as increased calls to domestic violence (DV) hotlines across the globe suggest that there may be an increase of IPV prevalence in association with the COVID-19 outbreak; however, no study has investigated this phenomenon empirically. Participants self-reported demographic data and recent health histories, including COVID-19 tests results, related symptoms and degree of personal social distancing. Results: In this study, self-reported COVID-19 impacted respondents had an increased risk of IPV victimization and perpetration. For participants who reported testing positive to COVID-19, the odds of using psychological IPV (Exp[B] =3.24, [1.18, 8.89] p <.05) and physical IPV (Exp[B]=3.02, [1.12, 8.17] p <.05) against an intimate partner increased by more than 3 times. Spearman nonparametric correlation analyses were used to determine whether IPV victimization and perpetration were significantly associated with COVID-19 status and social distancing restrictions. We examined group differences by state-level intensity of positive COVID-19 cases in relationship to IPV using GLM (see Table 2 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.06.08.20125914 id = cord-303081-sjxrvs4p author = Davis, M. M. title = Parents'' Likelihood to Vaccinate Their Children and Themselves Against COVID-19 date = 2020-11-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We fit separate regression models of parents'' likelihood to vaccinate themselves and their children against COVID-19, using bivariate and multivariable approaches in analyses weighted to be nationally representative. We fit separate regression models of parents'' likelihood to vaccinate themselves and their children against COVID-19, using bivariate and multivariable approaches in analyses weighted to be nationally representative. To assess factors associated with parents'' likelihood to vaccinate themselves and their children against COVID-19, we fielded a national household survey in English and Spanish from June 5-10, 2020. In this national survey, only approximately 60% of U.S. parents stated that they are likely to vaccinate their children or themselves against COVID-19. In this national survey, only approximately 60% of U.S. parents stated that they are likely to vaccinate their children or themselves against COVID-19. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.10.20228759 doi: medRxiv preprint Addressing parents'' hesitancy to vaccinate themselves and their children against COVID-19 will likely be essential to achieve herd immunity. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.10.20228759 id = cord-347091-wbjpa5st author = Davis, Matthew R. title = That Escalated Quickly: Remdesivir''s Place in Therapy for COVID-19 date = 2020-07-10 keywords = ACTT-1; COVID-19; patient summary = In the intention-to-treat population, no difference was observed in time to clinical improvement in the remdesivir group compared to patients receiving placebo (median 21 days [IQR [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] There was also no difference in discharges by day 14 (25% vs. However, due to an evolving understanding of the protracted nature of COVID-19 disease progression, trial statisticians blinded to study data proposed a change in the primary outcome to time to recovery, defined as the first day a patient satisfies ordinal scale categories 1, 2, or 3. While these data support a small benefit of remdesivir in this patient population in terms of time to clinical improvement, there does not appear to be a difference in progression of severity of disease or death, likely because of the low incidence rate of these end points in mild-moderately ill patients. doi = 10.1007/s40121-020-00318-1 id = cord-320499-76o2zj0v author = Davoodi, Lotfollah title = Hydroxychloroquine-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome in COVID-19: a rare case report date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ summary = One such medication includes the antimalarial hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which recently reported as a possible therapy for shortening the duration of COVID-19 symptoms, reducing inflammatory reactions to infection, impairing the exacerbation of pneumonia and boosting lung imaging findings. Here, we report on the case of a 42-year-old woman, presented with fever and dry cough, who had COVID-19 and 2 days later presented with a pruritic erythematous maculopapular rash, which started from the distal of upper extremities and rapidly, involved the entire body. One of the drugs prescribed to improve the condition of COVID-19 patients is the antimalarial hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which recently reported as a supportive drug for shortening the duration of COVID-19 symptoms, reducing inflammatory reactions to infection, impairing the exacerbation of pneumonia and boosting lung imaging findings [3] . doi = 10.1093/omcr/omaa042 id = cord-305959-x061q8t7 author = Davoudi-Monfared, Effat title = A Randomized Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Interferon β-1a in Treatment of Severe COVID-19 date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; IFN; SARS; patient summary = As the primary outcome, time to the clinical response was not significantly different between the IFN and the control groups (9.7 ± 5.8 versus 8.3 ± 4.9 days, respectively, P = 0.95). The vital signs at the time of hospital admission were not statistically different, except respiratory rate was significantly higher in the IFN group (22 versus 20, respectively, P ϭ 0.009). As a primary outcome, the time to clinical response was not significantly different between the IFN and control groups (9.7 Ϯ 5.8 versus 8.3 Ϯ 4.9 days, respectively, P ϭ 0.95), which is shown in the Kaplan-Meier plot (Fig. 2) . On day 0, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the components Interferon ␤-1a in Treatment of Severe COVID19 Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy of this scale. The present study was the first randomized, open-label, controlled trial that assessed the efficacy and safety of IFN ␤-1a in the treatment of patients diagnosed with severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1128/aac.01061-20 id = cord-272989-14exeaud author = Dawoud, Dalia title = Pharmacy practice research priorities during the COVID-19 pandemic: Recommendations of a panel of experts convened by FIP Pharmacy Practice Research Special Interest Group date = 2020-08-26 keywords = Adm; COVID-19; Social summary = A panel of leading journal editors was convened by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Pharmacy Practice Research Special Interest Group to discuss the current status of COVID-19 related research, provide their recommendations, and identify focal points for pharmacy practice, social pharmacy, and education research moving forward. From assessing the clinical and cost effectiveness of COVID-19 therapies and vaccines to assessing different models of pharmaceutical services and education delivery, these priorities will ensure that our practice is informed by the best quality scientific evidence at this very challenging time. 3 Pharmacists desire and need evidence to inform practice, and without credible and scientifically sound research studies, partly due to the rush to publish, there is not only a pandemic but an "infodemic". 3, 4 Hence, there is an urgent need to focus our research efforts to provide pharmacists and other healthcare providers with trusted information and evidence to inform patient care, pharmacy practice, and policy changes in the midst of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.08.020 id = cord-314719-qi8gilkr author = Dawson, David L. title = COVID-19: Psychological Flexibility, Coping, Mental Health, and Wellbeing in the UK during the pandemic date = 2020-07-30 keywords = covid-19; flexibility; outcome; psychological summary = In planned regression models, psychological flexibility demonstrated incremental predictive validity for all distress and wellbeing outcomes (over and above both demographic characteristics and COVID-19-specific coping responses). Studies that have tracked the long-term sequelae of previous coronavirus pandemics (such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome [SARS] in 2002) suggest that psychological difficulties -including PTSD, depression, anxiety, stress, and impaired quality of life -can sustain for months and even years post-outbreak, particularly for those who contract the virus or who are directly exposed to it through their occupational roles (e.g., Bonanno et al., 2008; Chan & Huak, 2004; Hui et al., 2005; Kwek et al., 2006; A. In these five models, psychological flexibility explained an additional 5-18% of outcome variance -over and above demographic characteristics and COVID-19-specific coping responses (as measured by the Brief COPE). Whilst associations generally (inversely) paralleled those observed for avoidant coping, psychological flexibility accounted for unique variance in both distress and wellbeing -including COVID-19-specific distress (IES-6) and worry. doi = 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.010 id = cord-252084-04zbbyii author = Dawson, P. title = Loss of Taste and Smell as Distinguishing Symptoms of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; taste summary = Among individuals with COVID-19 enrolled in a household study, loss of taste and/or smell was the fourth most commonly reported symptom (26/42; 62%), and among household contacts, it had the highest positive predictive value (83%; 95% CI: 55-95%) for COVID-19. Among the 64 household members of COVID-19 index cases, loss of taste and/or smell was reported by 12 individuals, of whom 10 were positive for SARS-CoV-2. The positive predictive value (PPV) of any loss of taste and/or smell for COVID-19 (83%, 95% CI: 55-95%) was higher than for fever (subjective or measured) and cough, two of the three classic symptoms, and equal to the third, shortness of breath (83%, 95% CI: 44-97%) ( Table 2) . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.13.20101006 doi: medRxiv preprint absence of confirmatory laboratory testing, criteria for a probable COVID-19 case now include loss of taste and/or smell in conjunction with other non-classic symptoms. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.13.20101006 id = cord-341435-b36h69r1 author = Dawson, Patrick title = Loss of Taste and Smell as Distinguishing Symptoms of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-21 keywords = COVID-19; taste summary = In a household study, loss of taste and/or smell was the fourth most reported symptom (26/42; 62%) among COVID-19 case-patients and had the highest positive predictive value (83%; 95% CI: 55–95%) among household contacts. This investigation provided an opportunity to identify household COVID-19 cases and describe their symptom profiles, including loss of taste and smell, prior to diagnosis. Among the 64 household members of COVID-19 index cases, loss of taste and/or smell was reported by 12 individuals, of whom 10 were positive for SARS-CoV-2. The positive predictive value (PPV) of any loss of taste and/or smell (83%, 95% CI: 55-95%) was higher than for fever (subjective or measured) and cough, two of the three classic symptoms, and equal to the third, shortness of breath (83%, 95% CI: 44-97%) ( Table 1 ). In the absence of confirmatory laboratory testing, CSTE criteria for a probable COVID-19 case now include loss of taste and/or smell in conjunction with other non-classic symptoms (3). doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa799 id = cord-291393-iht5zndl author = De Angelis, Giulia title = Confirmed or unconfirmed cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Italian patients: a retrospective analysis of clinical features date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = METHODS: On March 31, 2020, hospitalized patients who presented with fever and/or respiratory symptoms, exposures, and presence of lung imaging features consistent with 2019-nCoV pneumonia were included. Because of substantial pneumonia-related morbidity and mortality [3] , testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection of patients who meet the suspected-case definition for COVID-19 [4] is central for their management. We comparatively explored the clinical features of 165 patients with laboratory confirmed or unconfirmed 2019-nCoV pneumonia admitted to COVID-19 wards of the Fondazione Policlinico A. We tested the hypothesis that negative patients did not differ from SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive patients by comparing features of 165 cases with clinically diagnosed 2019-nCoV pneumonia in our hospital. doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05504-7 id = cord-319853-jr8x5emx author = De Castro, Leonardo title = A fair allocation approach to the ethics of scarce resources in the context of a pandemic: The need to prioritize the worst‐off in the Philippines date = 2020-09-23 keywords = Philippines; covid-19; health; need; pandemic summary = . Indeed, health equity as a consideration has an enormously wide reach and relevance." 14 This approach considers the impact of how health-related resources have been allocated or distributed and looks at the issues over a period that precedes the onset of the COVID-19 emergency and extends beyond the expected end of the current pandemic. This paper discusses the fairness of allocation measures in relation to the dispensing of adequate information, the provision of isolation and quarantine facilities, the availability of healthcare services and providers, and the criteria for triage in the hospital setting. In this section of the paper, the neglect of these principles, especially the prioritization of the worst off, in public healthcare decision-making is examined in relation to three problems within the Philippines in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: paternalistic decision-making complicated by false information, failure to be mindful of literacy levels, and failure to account for language and other barriers. doi = 10.1111/dewb.12293 id = cord-317477-h3c5kddj author = De Coninck, David title = Perceived vulnerability to disease and attitudes towards public health measures: COVID-19 in Flanders, Belgium date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19; belgian; public summary = We aim to show how perceived vulnerability to disease, personality characteristics, opinion on news media coverage and consumption of news media, and socio-economic and socio-psychological perceptions are related to attitudes towards public health measures in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Subsequently, we conducted stepwise linear regressions to investigate associations of perceived vulnerability to disease, personality characteristics, consumption of and opinion on news media, and socio-economic and sociopsychological perceptions, with attitudes towards public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in Flanders, Belgium. To answer our main research question, we conducted two stepwise linear regressions to investigate associations between on the one hand perceived vulnerability to disease (GA and PI), personality characteristics, opinion on and consumption of news media, socio-psychological and economic perceptions (independent variables), and on the other hand the belief that the current measures are necessary to protect the Belgian population (dependent variable; Table 3 ) and that the Belgian government is handling the COVID-19 crisis well (dependent variable; Table 4 ). doi = 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110220 id = cord-267645-39sao4nu author = De Felice, Francesca title = A snapshot on radiotherapy for head and neck cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey of the Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology (AIRO) head and neck working group date = 2020-10-06 keywords = ESTRO; HNC; covid-19 summary = OBJECTIVES: The objective of the paper was to assess real-life experience in the management of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in radiotherapy departments and to evaluate the variability in terms of adherence to American Society of Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) and European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO) recommendations. Questions were set up in two main sections: (1) how the general management of HNC patients and hospital organization were changed in the acute phase of the outbreak (March 2020-May 2020) compared to the pre-COVID-19 period (October 2019-December 2019) and (2) how the management of different HNC primary tumors, including laryngeal, hypopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, salivary gland tumor, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and nasal/paranasal sinus cancer was changed. doi = 10.1007/s11547-020-01296-7 id = cord-344382-vge4ho2v author = De Flora, Silvio title = Rationale for the use of N‐acetylcysteine in both prevention and adjuvant therapy of COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; GSH; NAC; SARS summary = 5 Elderly individuals maintain a chronic low level of inflammation that is associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine production, a condition that increases the severity of viral infections in this population and that could be attenuated by administration of antioxidants. 36 A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical trial in 5 ICUs in the USA and Canada showed that the intravenous administration of NAC (70 mg/ kg body weight), every 8 hours for 10 days, effectively repleted GSH in red blood cells, decreased the number of days of acute lung injury, and significantly increased the cardiac index. 50 NAC inhibited the pulmonary inflammation and edema as well as myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, total cells, neutrophils, macrophages, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand-10 (CXCL-10) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and reduced the levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein and mRNA in the lungs of BALB/c mice inoculated intranasally with A/swine/HeBei/012/2008/ H9N2 influenza virus. doi = 10.1096/fj.202001807 id = cord-351092-b01o6f69 author = De Francesco, Maria A. title = Pneumocystis jirevocii and SARS-CoV-2 Co-Infection: A Common Feature in Transplant Recipients? date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; Pneumocystis; SARS summary = Here we describe, for the first time in Europe, a fatal case of co-infection between SARS-CoV-2 and Pneumocystis jirevocii in a kidney transplant recipient. Pneumocystis jirevocii pneumonia is an opportunistic infection affecting patients with cellular immunity defects due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections or iatrogenic immunosuppression [15, 16] . Here, we report the fatal case of a SARS-CoV-2 and Pneumocystis jirevocii co-infection in a kidney transplant recipient. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first case of co-infection between SARS-CoV-2 and Pneumocystis jirevocii reported in Europe in a kidney transplant recipient. Pneumocystis jirevocii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: Delayed diagnosis and poor outcomes in non-HIV infected individuals Acute respiratory failure due to Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection: Outcome and associated features Critical care management and outcome of severe Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with and without HIV infection doi = 10.3390/vaccines8030544 id = cord-259618-kl0aq0ut author = De Leo, Diego title = The fight against COVID-19: a report from the Italian trenches date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; old summary = On the other hand, in the present situation, caregivers of people with dementia are also exposed to extra stress: limited opportunities to offer the usual level of care; food and cleaning management more problematic; worries and concerns for the possibility of contaminating an older adult that would not survive the disease; and, in a situation like the Italian one, the many "badanti" (carers from Eastern Europe) without a regular contract (Rugolotto et al., 2017) , now impeded to reach the home of the older adults they take care of because they are intercepted by the police at check points. Unfortunately, this elementary strategy to guarantee that health professionals were sufficiently protected toward the virus was not applied with due care, and up to date the number of doctors who died from the infection during their professional activity is unbearable (109 victims, at the time of writing). doi = 10.1017/s1041610220000630 id = cord-272349-cqzfjg5t author = De Lorenzo, Antonino title = Fat mass affects nutritional status of ICU COVID-19 patients date = 2020-08-03 keywords = BMI; COVID-19; FM%; ICU summary = METHODS: Prospective observational study of 22 adult patients, affected by COVID-19 pneumonia and admitted to the ICU and classified in two sets: (10) lean and (12) obese, according to FM% and age (De Lorenzo classification). Obesity, measured as body mass index (BMI), is reported to associate with increase the risk of developing severe pneumonia in COVID-19 [1] . Indeed, the risk correlated to obesity with COVID-19 severity is greater in metabolic associated fatty liver patients [2] . Aim of this prospective observational study, in patients admitted to ICU for COVID-19, is to evaluate the relationship between FM% and immune-inflammatory response, after 10 days in ICU. Rather than considering only the BMI, patients recruited in this study were categorized in two sets: "lean" or "obese" according to FM% and age, based on criteria presented by De Lorenzo [15] . Obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease doi = 10.1186/s12967-020-02464-z id = cord-269690-6r2bfydw author = De Lorenzo, Rebecca title = Residual clinical damage after COVID-19: A retrospective and prospective observational cohort study date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; follow; patient summary = Primary outcome was need of follow-up, defined as the presence at follow-up of at least one among: respiratory rate (RR) >20 breaths/min, uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) requiring therapeutic change, moderate to very severe dyspnoea, malnutrition, or new-onset cognitive impairment, according to validated scores. At regression tree analysis, the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (PaO(2)/FiO(2)) and body mass index (BMI) at ED presentation, and age emerged as independent predictors of the need of follow-up. Demographical data (i.e. age, gender, and ethnicity), comorbidities (i.e. hypertension, HTN, coronary artery disease, CAD, diabetes mellitus, DM, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD, chronic kidney disease, CKD, active cancer, and current psychiatric disorder according to DSM-5), as well as body mass index (BMI), axillary body temperature, and laboratory values (i.e. the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure, PaO 2 in mmHg, to fractional inspired oxygen, FiO 2 , expressed as a fraction, PaO 2 /FiO 2 , white blood cell count, WBC, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, NLR, liver enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase, LDH, C-reactive protein, CRP, estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR using the CKD-EPI equation) at ED presentation were extracted for all patients. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239570 id = cord-310123-h7i49pdb author = De Smet, Robert title = Frailty and mortality in hospitalized older adults with COVID-19: retrospective observational study date = 2020-06-09 keywords = CFS; COVID-19 summary = ABSTRACT Objectives To determine the association between frailty and short-term mortality in older adults hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Mortality was significantly but weakly associated with age (Spearman r = 14 0.241, P = 0.03) and CFS score (r = 0.282, P = 0.011), baseline lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (r = 0.301, 15 P = 0.009), lymphocyte count (r = -0.262, P = 0.02) and RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct, r = -0.285, P = 16 0.015). Therefore, the aim of this retrospective observational study was 42 to describe outcomes in hospitalized geriatric COVID-19 patients according to their age, degree of 43 frailty and place of residence. A recent study from Italy showed that in N=105 COVID-19 patients, frailty as 150 assessed by the fraity index was associated with in-hospital mortality or ICU admission, independent 151 of age and sex. In summary, we showed that age and frailty were significantly but weakly associated with mortality 190 among hospitalized older adults affected by COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.06.008 id = cord-332150-j76726no author = De Stefano, Ludovico title = A “Window of Therapeutic Opportunity” for Anti-Cytokine Therapy in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cytokine; patient summary = The main challenge for effective administration of anti-cytokine therapy in COVID-19 will be therefore to better define a precise "window of therapeutic opportunity." Only considering a more specific set of criteria able to integrate information on direct viral damage, the cytokine burden, and the patient''s immune vulnerability, it will be possible to decide, carefully balancing both benefits and risks, the appropriateness of using immunosuppressive drugs even in patients affected primarily by an infectious disease. Discovery of virus and host genomic factors will undoubtedly support risk stratification and targeted treatment; however, as genomic studies require long times before entering clinical practice, it is urgent to integrate easily accessible information on the dynamics and pathogenicity of the immune response during the different phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Accordingly, longitudinal immune profiling of hospitalized COVID-19 cases with different outcomes has recently shown that, despite similar levels of inflammatory cytokines in the first 10 days from symptom onset, patients with less severe disease evolution also express mediators of wound healing and tissue repair (41) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.572635 id = cord-290677-3gdcyrrz author = De Virgiliis, Francesco title = Lung innervation in the eye of a cytokine storm: neuroimmune interactions and COVID-19 date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cell; lung summary = In line with these findings, virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in humans seems to be mediated by the vagus nerve 53 , raising the possibility that the dyspnoea and respiratory failure observed in patients with severe COVID-19 is exacerbated by neuroimmune crosstalk in the lungs. A plausible hypothesis is that these NAMs act in concert with neuronal cells to control inflammation, and that malfunctioning of this system in older or immunocompromised people could contribute to the cytokine storm and ARDS in patients with severe COVID-19 or other respiratory virus infections. In the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, specific tissueresident macrophages that are involved in modulating inflammation following viral infection are in close contact with vagal fibres innervating the lungs, and this ''neuroimmune synapse'' could be one of the keys to controlling aberrant inflammation in patients with severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1038/s41582-020-0402-y id = cord-298200-rjlya399 author = De los Santos, J. A. A. title = Impact of COVID-19 on the Psychological Well-Being and Turnover Intentions of Frontline Nurses in the Community: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Philippines date = 2020-08-06 keywords = August; COVID-19 summary = Bivariate analysis and Spearman Rho coefficients were used to assess relationships between fear of COVID-19, nurses'' characteristics, and other key study variables (job satisfaction, psychological distress, and turnover intentions). Results showed that fear of COVID-19 influenced the nurses'' psychological distress and turnover intentions (organizational and professional). . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.05.20167411 doi: medRxiv preprint organization, job role, and hospital characteristics including facility size and type of hospital), an increased level of fear of COVID-19 is associated with increased psychological distress (β =0.357; p=0.001), as well as increased organizational (β =0.241, p=0.001) and professional (β =0.221, p=0.001) turnover intentions. This study''s primary goal was to assess the fear of COVID-19 and its influence on the psychological well-being and turnover intentions among nurses assigned to care and manage COVID-19 patients outside the hospital setting. Nonetheless, fear of COVID-19 has brought enormous stress and psychological distress to the nurses, influencing their high turnover intentions. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.05.20167411 id = cord-266813-5tttyl5o author = DeFilippis, Ersilia M. title = Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A View From Trainees on the Front Line date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; CPR summary = Yet, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has raised new questions, including issues of clinician safety during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, aerosolizing procedures should be performed with personal protective equipment (PPE) consisting of eye protection, N95 respirators, gloves, and gowns in airborne infection isolation rooms given the higher risk of viral transmission. Key Words: advance care planning ◼ coronavirus ◼ cardiopulmonary resuscitation ◼ personal protective equipment Second, when CPR is performed, it should be done as safely as possible. Moreover, all patients at hospitals in regions with a high prevalence of COVID-19 should be assumed to have COVID-19 at the time of cardiac arrest, and providers should use appropriate PPE. The importance of addressing advance care planning and decisions about do-not-resuscitate orders during novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Hospitals consider universal do-not-resuscitate orders for coronavirus patients. doi = 10.1161/circulationaha.120.047260 id = cord-310862-53g4hjtp author = DeFilippis, Ersilia M. title = Challenges in Heart Transplantation in the Era of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = For listed patients who are hospitalized without a strict contraindication to durable left ventricular assist device implantation, left ventricular assist device as a bridge to transplant may be a viable strategy to get at-risk patients home and out of the hospital, minimizing their exposure to COVID-19. Important organ procurement organization measures in the United States include expansion of the Uniform Donor Risk Assessment Interview, which now includes targeted questions on exposure to COVID-19. If donors test positive for COVID-19, their organs should not be used for transplant, although they could be considered for scientific purposes to better understand the effects of the virus on the myocardium. 3 For patients who require HT during this pandemic, rapid polymerase chain reaction testing to exclude community-or hospital-acquired COVID-19 infection is required, and extra precautions should be taken to mitigate the risk of postoperative exposure. First cases of COVID-19 in heart transplantation from China doi = 10.1161/circulationaha.120.047096 id = cord-335323-p7cv79ig author = DeSerres, Joshua J. title = Best Practice Guidelines for the Management of Acute Craniomaxillofacial Trauma During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-11 keywords = CMF; COVID-19; PCR summary = The authors have proposed an algorithm for management of CMF trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic to ensure that urgent and emergent CMF injuries are addressed appropriately while optimizing the safety of surgeons and other healthcare providers. So far there has been a significant mortality of otolaryngologists and ophthalmologists in the Wuhan region, thought to be related to exposure to aerosolized virus from the nasal and oral airway mucosa from high risk procedures such as CMF trauma and sinus operations and in some patients despite the use of N95 masks. 19, 20 Given that the majority of CMF trauma procedures involve violation of the mucosa of the oral cavity and sinuses, these patients place the surgeons and the remainder of the operating room staff at high risk of exposure during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1097/scs.0000000000006654 id = cord-289335-9agazyre author = DeWit, Andrew title = An Integrated Approach to Sustainable Development, National Resilience, and COVID-19 Responses: The Case of Japan date = 2020-08-13 keywords = Agenda; COVID-19; Japan summary = title: An Integrated Approach to Sustainable Development, National Resilience, and COVID-19 Responses: The Case of Japan Japan''s integrated solutions show that pandemic response can include accelerated decarbonization and resilient, sustainable development. National Resilience Plans (NRP) and disaster reconstruction; economic risk countermeasures; and "Post 2020 Olympic Games" legacy investment in Society 5.0, SDGs-inclusive society. Having analysed Japan''s financial stimulus in responding to COVID-19 response from section 2 to 3, we turn to examine how integrated financial and economic stimulus can foster a rights-based, low carbon, resilient and sustainable recovery. Specifically concerning fiscal countermeasures to COVID-19 and its economic fallout, failure to include climate action risks accelerated global warming. The 2030 Agenda thus embodies the shared responsibility and global solidarity essential to making COVID-19 recovery a major step in the long journey back from planetary boundaries and towards sustainable and resilient communities. doi = 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101808 id = cord-268040-6i0bmnee author = Dean, Elizabeth title = Translating COVID-19 Evidence to Maximize Physical Therapists’ Impact and Public Health Response date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; health; physical summary = Physical therapists need to redouble their efforts to address NCDs by assessing patients for risk factors and manifestations and institute evidence-based health education (smoking cessation, whole-food plant-based nutrition, weight control, physical activity/exercise), and/or support patients'' efforts when these are managed by other professionals. This being the era of NCDs, 46 physical therapists have long been urged to exploit lifestyle and behavioral medicine competencies, 47 to reverse NCDs and their risk factors, eg, atherosclerosis, smoking, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, often within days or weeks, and atherosclerosis within one year or more. Consistent with the recent report of the Lancet EAT Commission, 57 the American College of Lifestyle Medicine advocates a whole-food plant-based nutrition to maximize health, prevent disease particularly NCDs, reverse these conditions, and reduce disability, premature death and socioeconomic burdens associated with them. Prevention and outcome of COVID-19 could be substantially impacted with exploitation of non-invasive strategies including health and lifestyle education and exercise, that are subsumed within contemporary physical therapist practice. doi = 10.1093/ptj/pzaa115 id = cord-299025-9bcploh4 author = Dean, Preston title = The impact of public health interventions on critical illness in the pediatric emergency department during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic date = 2020-08-10 keywords = STS; covid-19 summary = title: The impact of public health interventions on critical illness in the pediatric emergency department during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic STUDY OBJECTIVE: The impact of public health interventions during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic on critical illness in children has not been studied. We seek to determine the impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 related public health interventions on emergency healthcare utilization and frequency of critical illness in children. Total patient visits (ED and urgent care), shock trauma suite (STS) volume, and measures of critical illness were compared between the SARS‐CoV‐2 period (December 31, 2019 to May 14, 2020) and the same period for the previous 5 years combined. Moreover, the impact of public health interventions on the timing of changes in critical illness and injury patterns in children has not been studied. The study objective is to describe the impact of public health interventions during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on critical illness presenting to the PED. doi = 10.1002/emp2.12220 id = cord-276374-i37ygb2z author = Deasy, Jacob title = Forecasting ultra-early intensive care strain from COVID-19 in England date = 2020-03-23 keywords = England; ICU; covid-19 summary = Here we present an attempt at an agile short-range forecast based on published real-time COVID-19 case data from the seven National Health Service commissioning regions in England (East of England, London, Midlands, North East and Yorkshire, North West, South East and South West). In this paper we use published COVID-19 diagnosis data for England to generate the earliest possible estimates of additional ICU demand due to infections in the coming days, based on cautious epidemiological data from the literature and under the assumption that the current increase in cases represents the exponential phase of an outbreak rather than a change in ascertainment. 19.20039057 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 4: Projected regional COVID-19 ICU occupancy as a percentage of regional capacity in the seven National Health Service commissioning regions in England. Our data suggests that traditional ICU capacity could be rapidly consumed over a period of approximately 14 days from the time of modelling/writing, such figures hide substantial regional heterogeneity, with London and the Midlands demonstrating the most rapid growth. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.19.20039057 id = cord-025768-tz5jajeb author = Deaton, B. James title = Food security and Canada's agricultural system challenged by COVID‐19 date = 2020-04-26 keywords = COVID-19; Canada; food summary = doi = 10.1111/cjag.12227 id = cord-312036-5867bc6i author = Decker, Annegrit title = Prolonged SARS‐CoV‐2 shedding and mild course of COVID‐19 in a patient after recent heart transplantation date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Here, we present a 62‐year old male COVID‐19 patient with recent heart transplantation who developed only mild symptoms, but had prolonged virus shedding, and summarize the available data on COVID‐19 in cardiac allograft recipients. [5] [6] [7] Here, we report a mild course of SARS-CoV-2 infection with prolonged virus persistence in a patient only five months after heart transplantation. In fact, in 71.8 % of patients with COVID-19 after heart transplant, immunosuppressive agents have been (partially) discontinued or reduced in dose (Table 1) , thus potentially increasing the risk of organ rejection. 19 In our case, continuation of the immunosuppressant regime was associated with a mild course of COVID-19, though we observed a transient increase in CRP and IL-6. Although the cardiovascular system seems to be a critical target site of SARS-CoV-2 infection, a mild course of COVID-19 is possible even in a high-risk patient after recent heart transplantation. doi = 10.1111/ajt.16133 id = cord-279138-dmhphgp5 author = Deek, Sarah A. title = Chronic Exposure to Air Pollution Implications on COVID-19 Severity date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; HPA summary = Populations in areas with higher levels of air pollution both indoors and outdoors show increased mortality rates when infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this paper, fine particulate matter (PM) is identified as a source of disrupted activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis; therefore, a contributable variable to COVID-19 mortality. Populations in areas with higher levels of air pollution both indoors and outdoors show increased mortality rates when infected with coronavirus disease 2019 . In this paper, fine particulate matter (PM) is identified as a source of disrupted activation of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; therefore, a contributable variable to COVID-19 mortality. Therefore, chronic exposure to fine PM may be contributable variable that disrupts HPA system activation typically associated with the altered regulation of circulating glucocorticoids resulting in inefficient or delayed immune response to COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110303 id = cord-304429-qmcrvufu author = Deepmala, title = Analysis and prediction of Covid-19 spreading through Bayesian modelling with a case study of Uttar Pradesh, India date = 2020-08-31 keywords = India; covid-19 summary = This study focuses on the analysis and the prediction of the epidemic situation of COVID-19 in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, using logistic and Gompertz nonlinear regression model, which are accord with the statistical law of epidemiology. By using the results of the non-linear models fitted by least square estimation (LSE), we define the prior distribution of the parameters of the Bayesian non-linear models for estimating and predicting the cumulative and the daily confirmed, deceased, and recovered cases of Uttar Pradesh state. Figures 2, 3 and 4 show the cumulative and the daily number of confirmed cases, deceased cases, and recovered cases of COVID-19 in Uttar Pradesh respectively and the fitted curve by the Baysian non-linear regression model using the prior information. Also, Watanabe Akaike information criterion (WAIC) is computed from the fitting of Bayesian Gompertz and logistic models to the data of the cumulative confirmed cases, cumulative deceased cases, and cumulative recovered cases of COVID-19 in UP, India. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.25.20180265 id = cord-291387-04inonzh author = Deering, Thomas F. title = COllaboration is a Valuable International/Interdisciplinary Directive for Electrophysiology Progress: NOvel & Tangible Important Lessons Learned COVID-EP: NOT ILL Digital health lessons learned from the COVID experience can improve arrhythmic outcomes date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; approach; digital summary = Accordingly, the need to establish collaborative, multidisciplinary efforts, such as those being coordinated by the Alliance for Advancing Bioelectronic Medicine, 7 to accelerate digital cooperation across specialties with the goal of creating a singular message and a unified electronic vision, will be necessary if our efforts to limit the negative clinical impact of arrhythmic disease is to be successful. Accordingly, as a specialty, we should pause; contemplate and consider how we-as individuals, as institutions, and as the leading global arrhythmia societies-might apply and adapt some of the potentially vast digital approaches, adopted to fight the COVID pandemic, to transform educational efforts; augment clinical programs; expand patient access; catalyze research and ultimately improve patient outcomes. If we hope to apply successfully the lessons that we can learn from the application of digital health innovations during the COVID-19 crisis and realize the goal of generating a foundation on which we can accelerate progress in eradicating arrhythmic suffering and death, several steps are mandatory. doi = 10.1016/j.cvdhj.2020.06.003 id = cord-270654-cz2y6ta9 author = Deftereos, Spyridon G. title = The Greek study in the effects of colchicine in COvid-19 complications prevention (GRECCO-19 study): Rationale and study design date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19; Dimitrios; patient summary = Among its potential mechanisms of action is the non-selective inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome which is thought to be a major pathophysiologic component in the clinical course of patients with COVID-19. Among its potential mechanisms of action is the non-selective inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome which is thought to be a major pathophysiologic component in the clinical course of patients with COVID-19. Based on the aforementioned data, the question which arises is whether colchicine, administered in a relatively low dose, could potentially have an effect the patients'' clinical course by limiting the myocardial necrosis and pneumonia development in the context of COVID-19. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ORF3a protein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting TRAF3-dependent ubiquitination of ASC Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Viroporin 3a Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome Colchicine therapy in acute coronary syndrome patients acts on caspase-1 to suppress NLRP3 inflammasome monocyte activation doi = 10.1016/j.hjc.2020.03.002 id = cord-328601-gi6rr2np author = Degiorgio, Sophie title = COVID-19 related acute decline in paediatric admissions in Malta, a population-based study date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COVID-19; Malta summary = This population-based study was carried out in order to ascertain whether there were any differences in numbers or characteristics of acute paediatric medical admissions during the first wave of COVID-19 in Malta compared with the corresponding 2019 period. This population-based study was carried out in order to determine whether there were any significant differences in acute paediatric admissions during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malta compared to the same period in the previous year. Furthermore, on dividing all admissions into communicable (infectious) and non-communicable (non-infectious) cases following school closures, a significant difference was noted between the study and control period. There was a significant negative correlation between daily acute paediatric medical admissions and the number of active COVID-19 cases in Malta (p=0.005) ( Table 4 ). This study has demonstrated a significant drop in paediatric admissions in Malta between 2019 and 2020, which negatively correlated with Malta''s first wave of COVID-19 cases. doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105251 id = cord-269526-3npk3u5t author = Dehghanbanadaki, Hojat title = Bibliometric analysis of global scientific research on Coronavirus (COVID-19) date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Methods: We extracted all COVID-19 documents indexed in the Scopus from December 1, 2019, to April 1, 2020, without any language limitation and determined their bibliometric characteristics, including document type, open accessibility status, citation counting, H-index, top cited documents, the most productive countries, institutions and journals, international collaboration, the most frequent terms and keywords, journal bibliographic coupling and cocitations. The most frequent terms were COVID (n = 983 repeats), patient (n = 741 repeats), SARS-CoV (n = 593 repeats), China (n = 497 repeats), case (n = 464 repeats), nCoV (n = 417 repeats), outbreak (n = 355 repeats), infection (n = 344 repeats), novel coronavirus (n = 324 repeats), Wuhan (n = 269 repeats), Coronavirus (n =243 repeats), virus (n = 204 repeats), pneumonia (n = 195 repeats), Coronavirus disease (n = 170 repeats), treatment (n = 162 repeats), transmission (n = 158 repeats), study (n = 156 repeats), data (n = 151 repeats), country (n = 137 repeats), and epidemic (n = 136 repeats). doi = 10.34171/mjiri.34.51 id = cord-259077-ls4h8ht5 author = Dehghani, Payam title = North American COVID-19 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NACMI) registry: Rationale, design, and implications() date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; STEMI summary = METHODS: The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) and The Canadian Association of Interventional Cardiology (CAIC) in conjunction with the American College of Cardiology Interventional Council have collaborated to create a multi-center observational registry, North American COVID-19 ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NACMI). The registry will enroll patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection with concomitant ST-segment elevation or new LBBB on ECG with clinical suspicion of myocardial ischemia at the time of presentation to the hospital or that developed while in the hospital. In the non-official social media platform, discussions within and eventually between a 93-member CAIC cardiologist WhatsApp group from Canada, and 49member SCAI Emerging Leader Mentorship current and former Fellow group representing most of the United States was instrumental in linking like-minded individuals resulting in refining the registry protocol as well as publishing ongoing guidance in approaching COVID-19 positive or PUI patients in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. doi = 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.05.006 id = cord-343415-lj2trn85 author = Del Barba, Paolo title = COVID‐19 cardiac involvement in a 38‐day old infant date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We report the case of an infant who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and developed mild cardiovascular inflammation, a novelty for patients of very young age, that contributes to defining the puzzling nature of this disease in pediatric patients. 1 COVID-19 may indeed have cardiac complications, including myocarditis, 2 and up to 31% of children have myocardial enzyme elevation, mainly creatine kinase MB, despite no specific sign or symptom of clinical cardiac disease. For the first time, we report the case of an infant affected by COVID-19 with documented mild cardiac involvement. The chest computed tomograpghy scan was not performed, thus avoiding the exposure to Abbreviations: ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. We suggest that SARS-CoV-2 cardiac involvement should always be taken into account also in children; while our case was mild, it might be of concern especially in patients with other underlying conditions. doi = 10.1002/ppul.24895 id = cord-350059-c25md0vm author = Delgado, Diego title = Personal Safety during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Realities and Perspectives of Healthcare Workers in Latin America † date = 2020-04-18 keywords = America; covid-19 summary = The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reality and perceptions about personal safety among healthcare workers practicing in countries of Latin America during the current COVID-19 outbreak. Section 2 comprised four items and was designed to evaluate access to PPE (gel hand sanitizer, disposable gloves, disposable gowns, disposable masks, N95 masks, facial protective shields), access to personal safety policies and procedures (yes or no), access to COVID-19 diagnostic and treatment algorithms (yes or no), access to telemedicine to evaluate and follow up with patients (yes or no), and institutional support with human resources in case healthcare workers are sick (10-point Likert scale; 0 = no resources, 10 = full access to resources). In this survey study of healthcare professionals working in Latin America, we reported limited access to essential personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17082798 id = cord-321878-bnjupaik author = Deliwala, Smit S. title = A 29-Year-Old Male with a Fatal Case of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) and Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (VILI) date = 2020-07-23 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; Type summary = title: A 29-Year-Old Male with a Fatal Case of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) and Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (VILI) Patient: Male, 29-year-old Final Diagnosis: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) • COVID-19 •multi organ failure/septic shock • pneumothorax Symptoms: Cough • dyspnea • fatigue • myalgia Medication:— Clinical Procedure: Mechanical ventilation • thoracentesis Specialty: Critical Care Medicine OBJECTIVE: Unknown ethiology BACKGROUND: COVID-19 patients that develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) "CARDS" behave differently compared to patients with classic forms of ARDS. In previous cases of SARS patients, pneumothorax was noted at 14-37 days after the initial diagnosis [16] , suggesting that a sustained period of lung inflammation serves as a pre-requisite, a similar time course as our patient Recently a scoring system was proposed to predict the risk of developing critical illness in COVID-19, allowing early interventions and resource allocation to mitigate the high disease burden [17] . doi = 10.12659/ajcr.926136 id = cord-337796-6qs6m7h7 author = Della Rosa, Asia title = What does COVID‐19 distract us from? A migration studies perspective on the inequities of attention date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-337796-6qs6m7h7 cord_uid: 6qs6m7h7 In our spaces of exclusion from wealth and rights, now absent from public discourse, it is in the camps where COVID-19 will be most deadly (Oishi and Alam 2020) , and yet migrants themselves are already being constructed as potential public health risks. These spaces of exclusion, exposure and condemnation to suffering this disease have no public health infrastructure nor hope of practising ''social distancing'' (Médecins sans Frontières 2020). These people are those whose suffering we long ago decided to distance ourselves from socially. Against ascendant and narrow nationalisms, we must respond with a mass mobilisation of care and the evacuation of these spaces of exception cum graveyards. Why don''t health care frontline professionals do more for segregated Roma? Evacuation of squalid Greek camps more urgent than ever over COVID-19 fears Discrimination as a health systems response to forced migration doi = 10.1111/1469-8676.12899 id = cord-337220-yv7qdvzi author = Demeke, Addis title = Biosensor and molecular-based methods for the detection of human coronaviruses: A review date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; detection summary = This assay involves simultaneous 130 reverse transcription and isothermal amplification using loop-mediated amplification (RT-131 LAMP) for RNA, followed by Cas12 detection of predefined coronavirus sequences, after which 132 cleavage of a reporter molecule confirms detection of the E and N genes of SARS-CoV-2. Rapid lateral flow-based assays for anti-COVID-19 antibodies (IgM and IgG) are under 147 development which will play an important role in the epidemiological investigation of the 148 disease [9] . Therefore, the convalescent plasma has been used as 155 therapy for the treatment of critically ill COVID-19 patients [26, 27] The biosensor was developed by using a spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 immobilized onto the 237 FET graphene sheet (a two-dimensional sheet of hexagonal oriented carbon atom) with 1-pyrene 238 butyric acid N-hydroxy succinimide ester (PBASE) (Figure 1) . Rapid and visual detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) by a reverse transcription 473 loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay doi = 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101662 id = cord-196129-3zfeamgs author = Demertzis, Konstantinos title = Flattening the COVID-19 Curve: The"Greek"case in the Global Pandemic date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; Greece; SARS summary = Focusing on the peculiarities of the disease spreading in Greece, both in epidemiological and in implementation terms, this paper applies an exploratory analysis of COVID-19 temporal spread in Greece and proposes a methodological approach for the modeling and prediction of the disease based on the Regression Splines algorithm and the change rate of the total infections. Within this context, this paper applies an exploratory analysis of COVID-19 temporal spread in Greece and proposes a methodological approach for the modeling and prediction of the disease based on the Regression Splines algorithm and the change rate of the total infections. This paper studied the COVID-19 temporal spread in Greece and proposed an innovative, realistic, and highly reliable methodology for forecasting the flattening of the curve, based on the spline and logistic regression algorithm, along with the complex network analysis. doi = nan id = cord-326718-jboiufoq author = Deming, Meagan E. title = COVID-19 and Lessons to Be Learned from Prior Coronavirus Outbreaks date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS summary = In addition, three novel CoVs have emerged as zoonotic human infections in the past 17 years; SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), and the 2019 novel CoV (SARS-CoV-2) (2) have each been associated with lower respiratory symptoms, progressing in a subset of individuals to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. Interestingly NL63, an hCoV that also uses angiotensin converting enzyme 2 as the host receptor, but typically causes mild upper respiratory disease, was the cause of a cluster of severe pediatric pneumonias in China in 2018, during which half of the patients were identified with viruses containing a specific substitution in the spike glycoprotein that enhanced binding to and entry via angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (4). It can be hypothesized that the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, with its PERSPECTIVE structural similarity and higher affinity binding to angiotensin converting enzyme 2, provokes a similar mechanism of lung pathology leading to ARDS with severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1513/annalsats.202002-149ps id = cord-277576-3dvt6uj7 author = Demir, Erol title = COVID‐19 in kidney transplant recipients: A multicenter experience in Istanbul date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; kidney; patient summary = INTRODUCTION: Management of COVID‐19 in kidney transplant recipients should include treatment of the infection, regulation of immunosuppression, and supportive therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Kidney transplant recipients diagnosed with COVID‐19 from five major transplant centers in Istanbul, Turkey, were included in this retrospective cohort study. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Although uremia and kidney transplantation are not considered a risk factor in COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 often causes a moderate or severe infection in kidney transplant recipients. Kidney transplant recipients diagnosed with COVID-19 from five major transplant centers in Istanbul, Turkey, were included in this retrospective cohort study. 2, 4, 5 To the best of our knowledge, the use of favipiravir and anakinra in the treatment of COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients has not been previously reported. In conclusion, COVID-19 has been seen to more commonly cause moderate or severe pneumonia in kidney transplant recipients, possibly due to immunosuppressive therapy. doi = 10.1111/tid.13371 id = cord-350390-ukoi8jyg author = Demkina, A. E. title = Risk factors for outcomes of COVID-19 patients: an observational study of 795 572 patients in Russia date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = Objective To investigate the impact of factors including whether COVID-19 was clinically or laboratory-diagnosed, influenza vaccination, former or current tuberculosis, HIV, and other comorbidities on the hospitalized patients'' outcomes. According to the previously published data, age, male sex, endocrine disorders, and cardiovascular diseases increased the length of hospital stay, the risk of death, and transfer to the ICU. Conclusions Influenza vaccination could reduce the severity of the hospitalized patients'' clinical outcomes, including mortality, regardless of age, social, and economic group. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors including ICD-10 code, influenza vaccination, TB and HIV comorbidities that could impact on the length of a hospital stay, ICU and invasive mechanical ventilation requirements in relation with COVID-19 mortality on a nation-level sample of 541 377 subjects with completed inpatient treatment. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.02.20224253 id = cord-132120-u5s5heqm author = Dempsey, Walter title = The Hypothesis of Testing: Paradoxes arising out of reported coronavirus case-counts date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; error summary = While expanded testing is a laudable goal, selection bias will impact estimates of disease prevalence and the effective reproduction number until the entire population is sampled. Fourth, we show that cross-country comparisons are difficult at best with population size, sampling fraction, and data quality all interacting to impact null hypothesis testing. This points to a critical issue in the current media practices in communication of case-count data: two countries with the same testing strategy (i.e., E I [ρ I,Y ] equal) can yield wildly different estimates due to population size. Supposing COVID-19 positive individuals are 2 times more likely to get tested than those individuals who are COVID-19 negative, the question is "What is the sample size from a SRS that would yield equivalent MSE in the estimated prevalence?" Using the above MSE result, Meng showed the effective sample size is equal to n ef f ≤ doi = nan id = cord-343325-cbrly7f5 author = Denault, André Y. title = A proposed lung ultrasound and phenotypic algorithm for the care of COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; ROX; respiratory summary = title: A proposed lung ultrasound and phenotypic algorithm for the care of COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure We propose a management algorithm that combines the respiratory rate and oxygenation index with bedside lung ultrasound examination and monitoring that could help determine earlier the requirement for intubation and other surveillance of COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure. His phenotype changed from an H-type to an (D) L-type (courtesy of Dr. Emmanuel Charbonney and Dr. Lawrence Leroux) Lung ultrasound in COVID-19 respiratory failure therapy with a high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) with an increased fraction of inspired oxygen (F I O 2 ). 51 Lung ultrasound can also impact clinical decision-making in patients with acute respiratory failure 52, 53 and provide comprehensive monitoring of regional lung aeration changes that could be used to predict response to prone positioning with improved right (Figs 6 and 7) [54] [55] [56] or higher positive end-expiratory pressure strategy. doi = 10.1007/s12630-020-01704-6 id = cord-298163-220l6xhq author = Deng, Chu-Xia title = Glucocorticoids save lives in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-07-07 keywords = covid-19 summary = Recent studies showed that glucocorticoid drugs, which are easily available as pills on pharmacy shelves worldwide, could save lives of COVID-19 patients. These observations provide experimental and clinical evidence that medium-to-low-dose glucocorticoids may play a protective role in the respiratory and digestive systems by activating ACE2 and suppressing cytokine storm. This work, entitled "Glucocorticoids improve severe or critical COVID-19 by activating ACE2 and reducing IL-6 levels" is now published in the current issue of IJBS [3] . The inhibition of glucocorticoids to production of IL-6 certainly serves as a good predictive value for suppressing cytokine storm for COVID-19 patients at severe-to-critical stages. believed that up-regulation of ACE2 by glucocorticoids in the patients with severe or critical condition may also serve as a life-saving mechanism in addition to their role in suppressing cytokine storm [3] . Glucocorticoids improve severe or critical COVID-19 by activating ACE2 and reducing IL-6 levels doi = 10.7150/ijbs.49125 id = cord-330126-sny9w9y8 author = Deng, Fuxue title = Corticosteroids in diabetes patients infected with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-25 keywords = China; covid-19 summary = A large national analysis investigating the comorbidity and its effect on 1590 patients with COVID-19 from 575 hospitals around mainland China showed that diabetes (8.2%) is the second most prevalent comorbidity following hypertension (16.9%), and its hazard ratio (HR) is 1.59 with 95% confidence interval (CI) between 1.03 and 2.45 after adjusting for age and smoking status [1] . An analysis of medical history, symptoms and signs, demographic data, and laboratory and CT results from 174 consecutive patients with COVID-19 revealed that diabetes is a risk factor for COVID-19 and a poor prognostic predictor of the disease [2] . Therefore, patients with diabetes and prediabetes who were infected with COVID-19 are a huge population in China and need close attention and care in treatment. An Expert Consensus on the Use of Corticosteroid in Patients with 2019-nCoV Pneumonia in China mentioned the dispute and controversy about corticosteroid usage for patients with COVID-19 and suggested that glucocorticoids should be administered with caution. doi = 10.1007/s11845-020-02287-3 id = cord-331947-s97h7sxj author = Deng, H.-J. title = Cytokine biomarkers of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-03 keywords = June; covid-19 summary = Cytokines that can classify populations in different states of SARS-CoV-2 infection were first screened in cross-sectional serum samples from 184 subjects by 2 statistical analyses. Three cytokines, M-CSF, IL-8 and SCF, which were clustered into 3 different correlation groups and had relatively small fluctuations during SARS-CoV-2 infection, were selected for the construction of a multiclass classification model. Further searching led to a single cytokine, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which classified severe from nonsevere COVID-19 patients with a sensitivity of 84.6% and a specificity of 97.9% under a cutoff value of 1128 pg/ml. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.31.20118315 doi: medRxiv preprint Cross-sectional serum samples were obtained from 184 subjects, including 37 healthy controls, 37 asymptomatic individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 confirmed by RT-PCR, 97 nonsevere or moderate COVID-19 inpatients, and 13 severe COVID -19 patients. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.31.20118315 doi: medRxiv preprint CoV-2 infection, including healthy controls and asymptomatic infection, nonsevere and severe COVID-19 patients, might be involved in the immune or inflammatory response induced by the virus. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.31.20118315 id = cord-262936-yo6jf3ng author = Deng, Jia-gang title = Carry forward advantages of traditional medicines in prevention and control of outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; chinese; medicine summary = This paper manly reviews the achievements of the implementation of the epidemic prevention and control plan, advances of scientific basic studies on SARS-CoV-2, analysis and screening of potential targets and pathways of antiviral compounds based on network pharmacology and development of antiviral food dual-use products. After the outbreak of COVID-19, the research team of GXUCM responded actively, and the application for two special science and technology projects to prevent and control pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 in Guangxi in 2020 was approved, including Sino-Singapore cooperation for evaluating the effectiveness and application of Guangxi Zhuang/Yao medicines against In summary, this paper manly contents achievements of the implementation of the epidemic prevention and control plan, advance of scientific basic studies on SARS-CoV-2, analysis and screening of potential targets and pathways of antiviral compounds based on network pharmacology and development of antiviral food dual-use products. doi = 10.1016/j.chmed.2020.05.003 id = cord-300559-vuuxthx2 author = Deng, Ming title = Obesity as a Potential Predictor of Disease Severity in Young COVID‐19 Patients: A Retrospective Study date = 2020-06-29 keywords = covid-19; patient; severe summary = Logistic regression analysis showed that male, high body mass index (especially obesity), elevated fasting blood glucose and urinary protein positive are all risk factors for severe young COVID‐19 patients. The analysis showed that a high body mass index (especially obesity), an elevated FBG level, an elevated LDH level, and urinary protein positivity were all risk factors for severe COVID-19 in these young patients. A recently published study from China also showed that in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease patients, obesity can increase the risk for severe COVID-19 by about 6-fold [22] . Notably, in the present study, all of the severely or critically ill COVID-19 patients were males, an observation which may also be related to the distribution of obesity in China. Obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease doi = 10.1002/oby.22943 id = cord-338005-kbkvk94k author = Deng, Qing title = Semiquantitative lung ultrasound scores in the evaluation and follow-up of critically ill patients with COVID-19: a single-center study date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; LUS summary = title: Semiquantitative lung ultrasound scores in the evaluation and follow-up of critically ill patients with COVID-19: a single-center study CONCLUSION: Our scoring system provides a more quantitative use of LUS findings and accurate evaluation of lung damage for critically ill patients with COVID-19. The timely and accurate evaluation of lung lesions is very important in the treatment of patients with COVID-19, and chest computed tomography (CT) is considered the ''gold-standard'' imaging technique (9) . In this study, by analyzing ultrasonic data in 128 cases, we aimed to summarize the findings of LUS and to explore the value of semiquantitative LUS scores in the evaluation and follow-up of critically ill patients with COVID-19. We used an LUS score for the first time, to our knowledge, to evaluate and follow-up pneumonia in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Our study showed that semiquantitative LUS scores were highly correlated with chest CT scores and could be effectively used to evaluate the lung lesions of patients with severe pneumonia. doi = 10.1016/j.acra.2020.07.002 id = cord-289919-iqa5pxda author = Deng, Shichang title = Perceived Severity of COVID-19 and Post-pandemic Consumption Willingness: The Roles of Boredom and Sensation-Seeking date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; China; pandemic; severity summary = Study 1 surveyed 1464 Chinese people in March 2020, found the perceived severity of COVID-19 during the pandemic significantly increased the willingness to consume post-pandemic, and boredom stemming from limited activities and sensation-seeking expressions mediated this effect. We suggest that after the COVID-19 pandemic is effectively controlled, people are highly likely to engage in a variety of consumption activities precisely because shopping is a complex stimulus that can relieve consumers'' boredom state (Sundström et al., 2019) and satisfy their sensation-seeking needs (Punj, 2011; Deng and Gao, 2015) . Study 1 aims to use the questionnaire modeling method to test H1 and H2 (i.e., whether perceived severity of COVID-19 increased ones'' post-pandemic consumption willingness through the mediating roles of boredom from limited activities and sensation-seeking expressions). doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567784 id = cord-271813-nroflfmc author = Deng, Wang title = Positive results for patients with COVID-19 discharged form hospital in Chongqing, China date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = METHODS: In the study, 576 patients with COVID-19 discharged from hospital in Chongqing, China from January 24, 2020, to March 10, 2020 were evaluated by viral nucleic acid tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) to determine if they could be released from quarantine. CONCLUSIONS: Multi-site screening of SARS-CoV-2 including nasal and pharyngeal swabs, stool and sputum specimens could be considered to improve the diagnosis, treatment and infection control in patients with COVID-19. Among them, 61 patients had positive results of SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, which provided the important information and clinical evidence for the improved management of patients recovered from COVID-19. The study revealed the clinical features of recovered patients with the recurrence of positive results of SARS-CoV-2.Multi-site screening including nasal and pharyngeal swabs, stool and sputum specimens could be considered to improve the diagnosis, treatment and infection control in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05151-y id = cord-312434-yx24golq author = Deng, Ziqin title = Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis of Human Coronaviruses: Prospects and Implications for COVID-19 Research date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; coronavirus; human summary = Here, we apply bibliometric analysis along with visualization tools to analyze 15,207 publications related to human coronavirus from the Scopus database, using indicators on publication and citation, journal, country or territory, affiliation and international cooperation, author, and keyword co-occurrence cluster. Therefore, in order to accurately, effectively and systematically reveal connections within the human coronavirus field, our study applied bibliometrics and visualization methods to analyze human coronaviruses-related publications and citations, countries and affiliations, as well as journal performance, author impact and keyword cooccurrence cluster. According to these keywords, human coronavirus diseases like "SARS, " "MERS" and COVID-19 may have something worthwhile for comparison with other "infectious diseases" like "influenza" in their epidemiological characteristics; "healthcare workers, " "transmission, " "surveillance, " "quarantine, " or "isolation" may be the focuses of these studies, which can help to promote current disease control and prevention measures. doi = 10.3389/fcimb.2020.581404 id = cord-258844-b4d79m1f author = Denning, M. title = DETERMINANTS OF BURNOUT AND OTHER ASPECTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN HEALTHCARE WORKERS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A MULTINATIONAL CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY date = 2020-07-18 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Methods From 22nd March 2020 to 18th June 2020, healthcare workers from the United Kingdom, Poland, and Singapore were invited to participate using a self-administered questionnaire comprising the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ), Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to evaluate safety culture, burnout and anxiety/depression. Significant predictors of burnout included patient-facing roles: doctor (OR 2.10; 95% CI 1.49-2.95), nurse (OR 1.38; 95% CI 1.04-1.84), and other clinical staff (OR 2.02; 95% CI 1.45-2.82); being redeployed (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.02-1.58), bottom quartile SAQ score (OR 2.43; 95% CI 1.98-2.99), anxiety (OR 4.87; 95% CI 3.92-6.06) and depression (OR 4.06; 95% CI 3.04-5.42). This study aims to describe the prevalence and predictors of burnout, anxiety and depression in healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic. The survey consisted of four parts; demographic questions followed by 3 validated psychometric instruments; the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire, Oldenburg Burnout Inventory and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.16.20155622 id = cord-336822-cw37jrt2 author = Dennison Himmelfarb, Cheryl R. title = Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Implications for Cardiovascular and Socially At-risk Populations date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; cardiovascular; disease summary = Dennison Himmelfarb and Baptiste discuss the implications of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) for cardiovascular and socially at-risk populations COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease caused by the newly discovered pathogen, SARS-CoV-2, a novel RNA-dependent RNA polymerase betacoronavirus that is thought to derive from bats At this time, there are no specific vaccines or treatments for COVID-19 The best way to prevent and slow transmission is to be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes, and how it spreads There is substantial concern that socially at-risk persons and those with cardiovascular conditions could experience delays in seeking healthcare as a result of self-isolation, low health and digital literacy, or lack of a primary care medical home. As information about COVID-19 is rapidly evolving, it is imperative that healthcare providers reinforce the general prevention guidelines in addition to recommendations for persons with cardiovascular disease by the American Heart Association, Heart Failure Society of America, and American College of Cardiology. doi = 10.1097/jcn.0000000000000710 id = cord-277801-auq3msc6 author = Deora, Harsh title = Adapting Neurosurgery Practice During The Covid-19 Pandemic In The Indian Subcontinent date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; OPD; pandemic; practice summary = Material and Methods An online questionnaire-based survey was prepared, with questions related to the COVID specific themes of precautions taken in outpatient services and operation theaters, the influence of social media, the economic loss incurred, and the perceptible impact of telemedicine and webinars. An online questionnaire-based survey was prepared, with questions related to the COVID specific themes of precautions taken in outpatient services and operation theaters, the influence of social media, the economic loss incurred, and the perceptible impact of telemedicine and webinars. Suspension of elective procedures, severe curtailment of the regular outpatient appointments, drastic modifications of the normal OPD/OR practices and apprehensions related to inadequacy of safety provided by PPE usage and financial losses of private establishments were some of the visible themes in our survey results. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.07.038 id = cord-258011-19yfwvki author = Deprest, Jan title = SARS‐CoV2 (COVID‐19) infection: is fetal surgery in times of national disasters reasonable? date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = 10 From a fetal intervention perspective, we need to appreciate that doing an invasive procedure in a SARS-CoV2 positive woman potentially increases the risk of vertical transmission, similar to what was observed in HIV positive women prior to the introduction of antiviral therapies. With open fetal surgery, the risk of mother-child transmission is likely higher than with needle and fetoscopic procedures as the fetus is exposed to more maternal blood and the fetal skin integrity is usually breached in these interventions. SARS-CoV2 negative patients planned to undergo fetal intervention should be informed that exposure to healthcare professionals, other patients or hospital staff increases their risk of contracting the virus. 5 The risk for an asymptomatic SARS-CoV2-positive pregnant mother to progress to overt COVID-19 disease is unknown, though most sources quote it as ''low'' and not higher than health-and age-equivalent women. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes doi = 10.1002/pd.5702 id = cord-293055-8scoocvx author = Deressa, W. title = Availability of personal protective equipment and satisfaction of healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; November; PPE; international summary = Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess factors associated with the satisfaction level of healthcare workers with regard to the availability and use of proper PPE during the current COVID-19 pandemic. The independent predictors of the respondents satisfaction level about PPE were male gender (adjusted OR=1.39, 95% CI:1.05-1.85), healthcare workers who reported that PPE was adequately available in the hospital (adjusted OR=7.53, 95% CI:5.08-11.16), and preparedness to provide care to COVID-19 cases (adjusted OR=1.65, 95% CI:1.22-2.12). The purpose of this study was to assess the self-reported availability and use of PPE as well as satisfaction level of HCPs practicing in public hospitals in Addis Ababa during the current COVID-19 pandemic. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.30.20223149 doi: medRxiv preprint Table 5 shows the satisfaction level of HCPs with regard to the current availability and use of PPE in the study hospitals, and 54.7% (n=584) and 17.5% (n=187) of the respondents reported that they were unsatisfied or somewhat unsatisfied with the availability of PPE, respectively. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.30.20223149 id = cord-287957-diyz54qy author = Deriba, Berhanu Senbeta title = Patient Satisfaction and Associated Factors During COVID-19 Pandemic in North Shoa Health Care Facilities date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; North; patient; study summary = title: Patient Satisfaction and Associated Factors During COVID-19 Pandemic in North Shoa Health Care Facilities Therefore, this study aimed to assess patient satisfaction and associated factors among chronic patients who had a follow-up in North Shoa healthcare facilities. Therefore, this study aimed to assess patient satisfaction and associated factors during the COVID-19 pandemic among chronic patients who had follow-up at public health facilities in the North Shoa Zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Patients who maintained and observed better social distancing at the registration place, waiting for the outpatient department, laboratory, and pharmacy services as a means of the COVID-19 prevention in the healthcare facilities were significantly associated with patient satisfaction. Availability of sign and direction indicators, availability of ordering drugs, social distancing status in the healthcare facility, availability of alcohol, and sanitizer for hand cleaning at the healthcare facility entrance to prevent and control COVID-19 were factors associated with the satisfaction of patients with chronic diseases. doi = 10.2147/ppa.s276254 id = cord-319022-1twsxzcd author = Desai, Antonio title = The role of anti-hypertensive treatment, comorbidities and early introduction of LMWH in the setting of COVID-19: A retrospective, observational study in Northern Italy() date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; ace summary = BACKGROUND: There is a great deal of debate about the role of cardiovascular comorbidities and the chronic use of antihypertensive agents (such as ACE-I and ARBs) on mortality on COVID-19 patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of chronic treatment with ACE-I or ARBs and other clinical predictors on in-hospital mortality in a cohort of COVID-19 patients. As for today, there are discordant results regarding the use of either angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) as for their possible impact on COVID-19 mortality. We found that ACE-I, which acts by inhibiting the conversion from angiotensin I to angiotensin II, showed a trend in protecting from mortality from COVID-19 and was significant in delaying mortality as shown by multivariate Cox regression analysis unlike ARBs, which antagonize the effects of angiotensin II on its receptors 2,3 . Association of Inpatient Use of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers with Mortality Among Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized With COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.09.062 id = cord-255941-uc6z0vuu author = Desai, Mauli title = “The Importance of Considering Olfactory Dysfunction During the COVID-19 Pandemic and in Clinical Practice” date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The emergence of a worldwide pandemic due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and frequent reports of smell loss in COVID-19 infected patients has brought new attention to this very important sense. Data is emerging that smell impairment is a prominent symptom in COVID-19 and that this coronavirus behaves differently in causing olfactory dysfunction compared to other respiratory viruses. Olfactory dysfunction negatively impacts quality of life, as sense of smell is important for flavor perception and the enjoyment of food. Allergists and immunologists frequently encounter anosmia and hyposmia in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and will likely see more infection-induced olfactory dysfunction in the era of COVID-19. Globally, as of August 15th 2020, more than 20 million confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 59 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO).(1) Early in the 60 global pandemic, evidence emerged that many people with COVID-19 present with loss of smell 61 and/or taste. doi = 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.10.036 id = cord-322337-4xhwm3k4 author = Desai, P. S. title = Sentiment Informed Timeseries Analyzing AI (SITALA) to curb the spread of COVID-19 in Houston date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; SITALA summary = The present study introduces a new AI model, viz., Sentiment Informed Timeseries Analyzing AI (SITALA), that has been trained on COVID-19 test positivity data and news sentiment from over 2750 news articles for the Harris county. The model forecasts that in order to curb the spread of coronavirus in Houston, a sustained negative news sentiment will be desirable. This study attempts to develop a multivariate artificial intelligence (AI) model to analyze timeseries of COVID-19 positivity and news sentiment. The AI model is inspired by Google''s Wavenet (11) architecture and uses IBM Watson Discovery News (12) to mine COVID-19 sentiment in the news articles. The COVID-19 test positivity data for Harris county was obtained from the website of Texas Department of State Health Services (https://dshs.texas.gov/coronavirus/additionaldata.aspx). SITALA forecast (gray window) shows how maintaining a negative sentiment in the news about the spread of COVID-19 can be beneficial to control and 15 eventually decrease test positivity. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.22.20159863 id = cord-337163-i8ysgucd author = Desai, Rupak title = COVID-19 and Shock: A Cautionary Tale for Elderly Patients from a Pooled Analysis date = 2020-04-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = Although the awareness of the natural progression of COVID-19 is increasing with cardiovascular risk factors and older age being frequently identified as major risk factors for poor survival in COVID-19 patients, our knowledge remains limited on the pooled prevalence of shock and its impact on predicting mortality in COVID-19 infection. While the predominant complication of COVID-19 is an acute respiratory illness which could lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome, COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular complications and sepsis have a heightened risk of developing shock with potential in-hospital mortality during the disease course. In this meta-analysis, the elderly population had a higher burden of shock compared to the younger cohort. More data are required on the prevalence of shock, its predictors and their impact on the survival of elderly COVID-19 patients to effectively maneuver supportive resuscitation measures on time. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study doi = 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.04.014 id = cord-342929-y8857da3 author = Desai, Urvi title = Guidance for Resumption of Routine Electrodiagnostic Testing during the COVID‐19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; EDX summary = The resumption of non‐urgent electrodiagnostic (EDX) testing faces unique challenges due to the long duration of the procedure and direct close contact with patients, including studies with risk of exposure to oropharyngeal secretions. We provide consensus guidance for resumption of EDX testing, addressing scheduling, patient arrival and registration, use of personal protective equipment, COVID‐19 screening and testing, the performance of EDX in outpatient and inpatient settings, cleaning and maintenance of the EDX equipment and laboratory, balancing trainee safety and training requirements, and patient care issues. The goals of this consensus guidance are to minimize disease transmission in patients and healthcare personnel (HCP), to identify and appropriately triage persons with possible COVID-19 infections, and to balance efficient use of PPE with protecting HCP, while providing EDX services to patients. In response to member requests, the AANEM Quality and Patient Safety Committee (QPSC) developed this practice guidance for resumption of routine EDX services in the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1002/mus.26990 id = cord-022603-rgb409fo author = Descatha, A. title = Prise en charge en urgence d’un salarié avec suspicion d’une symptomatologie COVID-19 date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = L''objectif de ce travail est une mise au point des particularités de la prise en charge de suspicion de COVID-19 parmi les travailleurs. La base des protocoles est la même que celle habituellement mise en place dans les entreprises, mais adaptée à la situation particulière du COVID-19 qui a été considérée comme un motif de recours en lui-même [3, 4] . Après la prise en charge de la personne, bien prévenir le service de santé au travail et suivre ses consignes [6] [7] [8] , y compris pour l''hygiène du poste de travail et le suivi des salariés. En cas de problème ou de gravité, appel du SAMU au 15 ; • après la prise en charge de la personne, bien prévenir le service de santé au travail et suivre ses consignes, y compris pour l''hygiène du poste de travail et le suivi des salariés. doi = 10.1016/j.admp.2020.03.835 id = cord-280423-v3r7vo0o author = Desmazes‐Dufeu, Nadine title = Discordant courses of COVID‐19 in a cohabiting couple of lung transplant recipients date = 2020-07-31 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Solid organ transplant recipients are perceived to be at increased risk of severe COVID‐19 due to their chronic use of immunosuppressive drugs (ISDs) and to their associated conditions. We report here two cases of COVID‐19 in a cohabiting couple of lung transplant recipients for cystic fibrosis, who had different ISDs management and who developed discordant courses of their disease. We report here two cases of synchronic COVID-19 in a cohabiting couple of lung transplant recipients for cystic fibrosis but who had discordant courses of their disease. 13 While lymphopenia and lower CD4 + and CD8 + lymphocytes count have been associated with worst outcome and prolonged viral shedding in the general population of COVID-19 patients, 14 other reports suggested that ISDs per se might diminish the "cytokine storm" underlying the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and subsequent mortality. doi = 10.1111/tid.13410 id = cord-258500-zuuwqw9t author = Desroches, Melissa L. title = Impact of COVID-19: Nursing challenges to meeting the care needs of people with developmental disabilities date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19; care summary = These disparate COVID-19 outcomes are not surprising given the health disparities faced by people with DD at baseline prior to the pandemic, including poorer health outcomes 7 , limited access to needed health care services 8 , participation in fewer prevention and health promotion activities 7 , increased risk for chronic health conditions 7 , and earlier age of death when compared to the general population 9. These Medicaid funded institutions consist of 4 or more beds for individuals with intellectual disability or related conditions and provide active health or rehabilitative services that meet specific standards of care 14 waivers allow states the flexibility to provide care in smaller, more individualized home and community-based settings, including group homes, supervised apartments, foster homes, supported living settings, and the family home 13 . doi = 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.101015 id = cord-355122-x3v80bdp author = Desterke, Christophe title = PPARγ cistrome repression during activation of lung monocyte-macrophages in severe COVID-19 date = 2020-09-25 keywords = SARS; Supplemental; cell; covid-19; figure; lung summary = Overall, these results demonstrate for the first time, the involvement of the PPARγ complex in severe COVID-19 lung disease and suggest strongly its role in the major monocyte / macrophage-mediated inflammatory storm. A differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis was performed on lung biopsies from COVID-19 patients and healthy donors; this revealed widespread repression of many gene pathways in COVID-19 lungs (Supplemental Figures 4A-4B) , which could affect major functionalities of the cells in this organ. Specifically, the gene-set enrichment analysis (performed using the ''hallmarks'' gene set of the MsigDB database) highlighted repression of the mitosis spindle and p53 pathway (cell cycle gatekeeper) in samples of COVID-19 lungs compared to those of healthy donors (NES = -3.45 and -2.77, respectively, with p-value<0.001, Supplemental Figure 5A ). Mononuclear cells, monocytes, and macrophages were found in positions similar to the COVID-19 lung samples, suggesting major infiltrations in this tissue (Supplemental Figure 4E ) and confirming the results of the ''xcell'' immune score analysis (Supplemental Figure 4C ). doi = 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101611 id = cord-328698-eeg1k5a6 author = Detoc, Maëlle title = Intention to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial and to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in France during the pandemic date = 2020-09-17 keywords = covid-19; vaccine summary = Older age, male gender, fear about COVID-19, being a healthcare worker and individual perceived risk were associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Older age, male gender, being a healthcare worker and individual perceived risk were associated with potential acceptance to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial. In multivariable analysis, older age, male gender, fear about COVID-19, be healthcare workers and individual perceived risk remained associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. However, individuals who considered themselves at-risk for COVID-19 infection were more prone to accept to participate in a clinical trial for a vaccine. This observation suggests that in the pandemics context, individuals are more prone to participate in a clinical trial for a vaccine. However, a greater proportion of respondents to our survey declared they had been vaccinated against 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza, so this observation may suggest that the respondents are more pro-vaccine than the general population in France, and more often healthcare workers. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.041 id = cord-035176-oryjjoiw author = Detterline, Stephanie title = An internal medicine residency’s response to the COVID-19 crisis: caring for our residents while caring for our patients date = 2020-10-29 keywords = COVID-19; resident summary = OBJECTIVE: Our large community hospital based internal medicine residency sought to develop and evaluate a crisis response to the demands of the COVID-19 pandemic to meet our residents'' educational and wellness needs. In the context of this system wide response, our IM residency program also initiated a crisis plan to meet the clinical needs of surging patient volumes as well as maintain education for our residents. We describe our residency''s response to the COVID-19 crisis along with our early outcome data as a contribution to what we expect to be a new body of scholarly work: how residencies might best navigate a worldwide pandemic that creates strains on healthcare systems and GME programs. Preliminary feedback from our residents indicates an overall positive evaluation of our crisis response to meet their well-being and educational needs during the first weeks of our system''s surge during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1080/20009666.2020.1807218 id = cord-340511-syy9okhi author = Dettori, Marco title = Air pollutants and risk of death due to COVID-19 in Italy date = 2020-11-11 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; italian summary = The link between air pollutants and COVID-19 mortality among Italian provinces was studied implementing a linear regression model, whereas the wide set of variables were examined by means of LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation), relating the spatial component of COVID-19 related data with a mix of environmental variables as explanatory variables. In particular, it has aimed to study the role of air pollutants and a set of environmental variables, selected from recent observations [10, 17] , in relation to the number of deaths per each Italian province affected by COVID-19. The wide set of variables were examined by means of LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation), relating the spatial component of COVID-19 related data (i.e., cases and deaths per province) with a mix of environmental variables as explanatory variables, such as annual average of PM 2,5 and PM 10 , NO 2 , numbers of trees per 100 inhabitants and urban green areas, number of vehicles and cycle paths, as reported in Table 1 . doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110459 id = cord-344609-sjekuh4d author = Devaraj, Anand title = Important lessons for infection control in radiology departments during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Important lessons for infection control in radiology departments during the COVID-19 pandemic In the latest online publications of European Radiology, Gutzeit et al [1] , Deng et al [2] and Politi et al [3] have produced guidance on the critically important subject of infection control in radiology departments. All three articles stress the importance of staff training as well as the need for identifying key personnel with responsibilities for infection control specifically within the radiology department. The authors also emphasize the need for establishing "clean" and "infected" zones in hospitals, including separate CT scanners with dedicated transfer routes for patients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia. Some aspects of the guidance will not be readily transferrable to all institutions and countries, such as the recommendation for dedicated isolation and observation wards for clinical staff, following work in high COVID-19 intensity wards. Prevention and control measures in radiology department for COVID-19 doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-06873-y id = cord-319170-idv2cio4 author = Devita, Maria title = The psychological and cognitive impact of Covid-19 on individuals with neurocognitive impairments: research topics and remote intervention proposals date = 2020-06-24 keywords = covid-19; individual summary = An increasing amount of data is becoming available on the psychological and social problems resulting from Covid-19 and the interventions to tackle them in the general population [3] ; yet little attention is being paid to elderly population and, in particular, to a frail subgroup of this age: individuals with neurocognitive disorders. Finally, also the possible motor impairments associated to quarantine should not be underestimated: a forced reduction of motor/physical activity can cause, particularly in older individuals with neurocognitive disorders, a progressive loss of personal and instrumental autonomy, as well as a possible worsening of other agingrelated clinical problems, as sarcopenia, with a consequent increased risk of falls, and subsequent medical geriatrics complications. Although the face-to-face clinical visit is undoubtedly always fundamental for cognitive impairment diagnosis and follow-up, remote assessment could be a valid transitional measure for public health needs in the coming months, and would guarantee continuity in patient care (against the currently imposed, though necessary, interruption), while reducing the risk of contagion and the consequent potential negative outcome of infection. doi = 10.1007/s40520-020-01637-6 id = cord-334367-w96iqo6q author = Devlin, John W. title = Strategies to Optimize ICU Liberation (A to F) Bundle Performance in Critically Ill Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-06-12 keywords = ICU; bundle; covid-19; patient summary = The combination of a novel disease, resource limitations, and risks to medical personnel health have created new barriers to implementing the ICU Liberation ("A" for Assessment, Prevention, and Manage pain; "B" for Both Spontaneous Awakening Trials and Spontaneous Breathing Trials; "C" for Choice of Analgesia and Sedation; "D" for Delirium Assess, Prevent, and Manage; "E" for Early Mobility and Exercise; and "F" for Family Engagement and Empowerment [ABCDEF]) Bundle, a proven ICU care approach that reduces delirium, shortens mechanical ventilation duration, prevents post-ICU syndrome, and reduces healthcare costs. A domino effect results from: 1) changes to critical care hierarchy, priorities, and ICU team composition; 2) significant personal protective equipment shortages cause; 3) reduced/restricted physical bedside presence favoring; 4) increased depth of sedation and use of neuromuscular blockade; 5) which exacerbate drug shortages; and 6) which require prolonged use of limited ventilator resources. doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000139 id = cord-298301-p1zj6jg9 author = Dey, Lopamudra title = Machine Learning Techniques for Sequence-based Prediction of Viral-Host Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and Human Proteins date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; PPI; SARS; human; protein summary = title: Machine Learning Techniques for Sequence-based Prediction of Viral-Host Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and Human Proteins A total of 1326 potential human target proteins of SARS-CoV-2 have been predicted by the proposed ensemble model and validated using gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. In this article, we have tried to predict the target human proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus based on their protein sequences combining amino acid composition, pseudo amino acid composition, and conjoint triad features using machine learning techniques. Subsequently, after feature reduction, we have used some popular supervised learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), Random Forest (RF) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) along with a deep multi-layer perceptron model and ensemble techniques (Voting classifier, XGBoost, AdaBoost) for classification and prediction. A total of 3 sets of sequence-based features, namely, amino acid composition, conjoint triad, and pseudo amino acid composition of the human proteins are considered to train the machine learning models. doi = 10.1016/j.bj.2020.08.003 id = cord-288997-cb7ndzqt author = Dey, Thonmoy Josh title = Ethnicity and COVID-19 - A commentary on “World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)” (Int J Surg 2020;76:71-6) date = 2020-09-11 keywords = BAME; covid-19 summary = title: Ethnicity and COVID-19 A commentary on "World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)" (Int J Surg 2020;76:71-6) For this commentary, we focus on the role of comorbidity, deprivation and occupation in the disproportionately high infection and mortality rates amongst Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic (BAME) individuals. This review, undertaken by Public Health England (PHE), showed that when accounting for age, sex, deprivation, demographics and ethnicity, people of Bangladeshi ethnicity had around twice the risk of death compared to people of White British ethnicity. Comorbidity has been identified as an important risk factor for adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19 [6] [7] , and several cardiometabolic conditions are over-represented in some of the minority ethnic groups discussed above. For instance, data from the Health Improvement Network database of over 400,000 patients in London showed that people of Asian and Black ethnic groups had a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes compared to the White British population [8] . doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.08.046 id = cord-118214-jna34p8p author = Dhakal, Parashar title = IVACS: Intelligent Voice Assistant for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Self-Assessment date = 2020-09-06 keywords = COVID-19; IVACS; participant summary = title: IVACS: Intelligent Voice Assistant for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Self-Assessment We propose an intelligent voice-based assistant for COVID-19 self-assessment (IVACS). Other researchers worked on the development of a voice-based assistant using amazon Alexa to help medical first responders in the treatment process [11] . Our experiment''s main objective was to study the performance of the proposed IVACS and the participants individually and as a team for the self-assessment of COVID-19. In the process of experiment, different parameters such as errors committed by participants and IVACS, the number of interaction between IVACS and participants, the effect of IVACS on participant''s performance, and total testing time were measured. In this section, we also presented the CDC and WHO recommended protocol to follow in the self-assessment of COVID-19 based on which the IVACS decision logic was built. doi = nan id = cord-342324-it6zcyht author = Dhaliwal, Ruban title = Letter to the Editor: “Our Response to COVID-19 as Endocrinologists and Diabetologists” date = 2020-05-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = Thus, there is a need for close monitoring of serum calcium levels in symptomatic COVID patients, and adherence with calcitriol and calcium supplements as prescribed and follow sick-day guidelines (4). Second area of concern is the potential for interruption of parenteral treatments in patients with osteoporosis during this pandemic, many of whom are in the high-risk group for COVID-19 infection because of advanced age and/or comorbidities. While administration of intravenous zoledronic acid can be delayed for a few months to a year, such time-lapse latitude does not apply to subcutaneous denosumab because of the potential for the so-called "rebound fractures" (5), although there is no consensus on this complication (6) . Finally, timing the transition of treatment from anabolic (teriparatide, abaloparatide, romosozumab) to injectable antiresorptive therapy (zoledronic acid, denosumab) during a pandemic is also important. Letter to the Editor: Severe Rebound-Associated Vertebral Fractures After Denosumab Discontinuation doi = 10.1210/clinem/dgaa254 id = cord-279255-v861kk0i author = Dhama, Kuldeep title = Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19 date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; MERS; SARS; Wuhan; clinical; coronavirus; human; infection; novel; outbreak summary = Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Recently, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , emerged in late 2019, and it has posed a global health threat, causing an ongoing pandemic in many countries and territories (1) . Health workers worldwide are currently making efforts to control further disease outbreaks caused by the novel CoV (originally named 2019-nCoV), which was first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, on 12 December 2019. doi = 10.1128/cmr.00028-20 id = cord-327063-ea7a1xfl author = Dhama, Kuldeep title = SARS-CoV-2 jumping the species barrier: zoonotic lessons from SARS, MERS and recent advances to combat this pandemic virus date = 2020-08-02 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; Health; MERS; SARS; human summary = The present review presents a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, with emphasis on the role of animals and their jumping the cross-species barriers, experiences learned from SARSand MERS-CoVs, zoonotic links, and spillover events, transmission to humans and rapid spread, and highlights the new advances in diagnosis, vaccine and therapies, preventive and control measures, one health concept along with recent research developments to counter this pandemic disease. Further research exploring the SARS-CoV-2 associated zoonosis and mechanisms accounting for its initial transmission from animals to humans, will lead to sort out the spread of this virus as well as design and develop appropriate prevention and control strategies to counter COVID-19. The present comprehensive manuscript presents an overview on COVID-19, an emerging SARS-CoV-2 infectious disease while focusing mainly on the events and circumstantial evidences with regards to this virus jumping the species barriers, sharing a few lessons learned from SARS-and MERS-CoVs, zoonotic spillover events (zoonosis), acquiring transmission ability to infect humans, and adopting appropriate preventive and control measures [42] . doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101830 id = cord-253124-s3pa4n8a author = Dhamad, Ahmed E. title = COVID-19: molecular and serological detection methods date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; method summary = Since COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared as a pandemic disease by the World Health Organization in early 2020, many countries, organizations and companies have tried to find the best way to diagnose the virus and contain its spreading. And the top keywords that searched were: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, genomic RNA, protein structure, ACE2, transmission, symptoms, molecular detection methods, serological detection methods, rRT-PCR, ID NOW COVID-19, isothermal amplification, CRISPR, SARS-CoV-2 DETECTR, LAMP, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), Lateral flow assay (LFA) and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this method (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 DETECTR), the RNA virus is extracted from a specimen and designated regions of N2, E, RP genes are amplified at 62 C for 20 min by specific primes through Reverse Transcription Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) approach Lamb et al., 2020; Hong et al., 2004) . Unlike molecular methods, serological methods (also called antibody tests) can be applied to detect past and current SARS-CoV-2 infection and monitor the progress of the disease periods and immune response. doi = 10.7717/peerj.10180 id = cord-348139-bx1rt5ko author = Dhamne, Chetan title = Comment on: The COVID‐19 pandemic: A rapid global response for children with cancer from SIOP, COG, SIOP‐E, SIOP‐PODC, IPSO, PROS, CCI, and St Jude Global date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 1, 2 The document highlights the six most curable cancers with practical advice for their management during the COVID-19 pandemic, and includes adaptations for low-to middle-income countries (LMICs). While we share the broad consensus outlined here, we faced several unique challenges at our hospital-a large tertiary cancer care center in Mumbai, now at the epicenter of the outbreak in India-compelling us to take several steps to mitigate the impact of the pandemic, which may be of benefit to others affected similarly in healthcare settings closer to ours. 3, 4 Within this larger response, we tailored management of pediatric cancers to meet the twin objectives of retaining hard-fought recent improvements in disease outcomes of largely curable malignancies, 5, 6 while balancing resource constraints from disruption of services, and evolving strategies for the inevitable cancer with COVID-19 patient surge. Early advice on managing children with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic and a call for sharing experiences doi = 10.1002/pbc.28462 id = cord-333200-yka7wfbi author = Dhampalwar, Swapnil title = Treatment armamentarium of COVID-19: Evolving strategies & evidence so far date = 2020-07-16 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Keeping up with this current pace of information, we review the clinical studies of different therapeutic options available to treat SARS-CoV-2. (20) Since, these studies with CQ & HCQ have different therapeutic regimens, heterogenous study population, unequal arms to compare, ill-defined outcomes, and non-reproducible results; further randomized trials are needed before recommending the routine use of HCQ in mild COVID-19. Since Favipiravir and Lopinavir-ritonavir did not provide significant benefits in viral clearance or clinical improvement in severe disease, further randomized trials are necessary before recommending these drugs in clinical practice. A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an openlabel non-randomized clinical trial No Evidence of Rapid Antiviral Clearance or Clinical Benefit with the Combination of Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Infection doi = 10.1016/j.jceh.2020.07.001 id = cord-341575-8hv8rx6h author = Dhar, S. K. title = IL-6 and IL-10 as predictors of disease severity in COVID 19 patients: Results from Meta-analysis and Regression date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; IL-10; IL-6 summary = This study performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to establish association between induced cytokines and COVID-19 disease severity to help in prognosis and clinical management. Results of the meta-analysis studies described before [11] [12] [13] [14] concluded elevated levels of cytokines in severe COVID-19 patients but did not proceed to establish significance of the markers as a classifier of patient groups. A more recent study 23 presented univariate classifiers for severe and non-severe patient groups using levels of is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint Meta-analysis for SMD value of each marker using a random-effects model showed moderate and statistically significant elevation in severe patients for only two cytokines viz. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.15.20175844 doi: medRxiv preprint However, meta-analysis across multiple studies did not indicate any significant change in the CD4+/CD8+ T-cell count ratio in severe COVID-19 patients 48 . doi = 10.1101/2020.08.15.20175844 id = cord-275696-xag08e8h author = Dharamsi, A. title = Enhancing departmental preparedness for COVID-19 using rapid cycle in situ simulation date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19; ISS summary = In response to COVID-19, we developed a rapid-cycle in situ simulation (ISS) programme to facilitate identification and resolution of systems-based latent safety threats. Rapid cycle simulation has been described previously in medical education as a way of providing real time feedback and opportunities for learners to practice [7] , and there are examples of in situ simulation being used in an iterative fashion to find solutions to latent safety threats over months to years [7, 8] . Given our experience from SARS, our ISS team understood that the highest risk of this emerging respiratory pathogen would be in the case of a critically-ill patient presenting to triage and ultimately requiring aerosol-generating procedures in the ED [8, 9] . The rapid-cycle ISS programme was created to identify latent safety threats (LST) to staff and mitigate these with innovative solutions that could subsequently be tested in the next simulation. This rapid-cycle ISS programme provides an opportunity to identify and iteratively address latent safety threats in caring for patients with possible COVID-19 in a time-sensitive fashion. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.06.020 id = cord-246958-in0m5jnk author = Dharawat, Arkin title = Drink bleach or do what now? Covid-HeRA: A dataset for risk-informed health decision making in the presence of COVID19 misinformation date = 2020-10-17 keywords = COVID-19; misinformation summary = In contrast with previous works that treat misinformation as a binary classification task, we build a novel health risk assessment misinformation benchmark dataset, Covid-HeRA, that contains social media posts annotated on a finer scale, based on whether the message content is: a) real news, b) inaccurate or misinformation or c) refutes/rebuts a specific claim or news article. To this end, we frame the task as a multi-class classification problem, where each social media post is categorized as: a) Real News/Claims, i.e., reliable correct information, b) Refutes/Rebuts, i.e., refutation or rebuttal of an incorrect statement, c) Not severe, i.e., misinformation but unlikely to result in risky behavioral changes or harmful decisions, d) Possibly severe misinformation, with possible severe health-related impact and e) Highly severe misinformation with increased potential risks for any individual following the advice & suggestions expressed in the social media post content. doi = nan id = cord-024080-eh3ztsv5 author = Dheda, Keertan title = Diagnosis of COVID-19: Considerations, Controversies and Challenges in South Africa date = 2020-04-17 keywords = PCR; SARS; covid-19 summary = Recent data from infections in special contexts such as cruise liners (9) and in close contacts of COVID-19 patients (10) have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2-specific RT-PCR may be positive in the early phase of the disease, and that viral shedding in the asymptomatic phase and in the early prodromal phase can be considerable. (19) This false negativity phenomenon may be due to several factors, including a low viral load below the detection limit of the assay, low sample volume or cellular mass during acquisition, sampling location (upper versus lower respiratory tract), sample degradation during transport or storage, sample processing methodology and the timing of sampling in relation to the stage of the disease (RT-PCR positivity may progressively increase during the course of the disease). In patients with more severe diseases, including those with lower respiratory tract infection, but also in individuals with mild disease, high viral loads can be detected often for several days after the resolution of symptoms. doi = 10.18772/26180197.2020.v2nsia1 id = cord-309733-x4crng5j author = Dhesi, Z. title = Organisms causing secondary pneumonias in COVID-19 patients at 5 UK ICUs as detected with the FilmArray test date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = title: Organisms causing secondary pneumonias in COVID-19 patients at 5 UK ICUs as detected with the FilmArray test COVID-19 ICU patients with clinically-suspected secondary infection at 5 UK hospitals were tested with the FilmArray at point of care. The programme incorporates an RCT, run across 12 UK hospitals, in which ICU patients with suspected hospital-acquired or ventilator-associated pneumonia (HAP/VAP) are randomised to have either (a) standard empirical therapy or (b) to have the BioFire FilmArray Pneumonia Panel test (bioMérieux) to support early treatment decisions (8) . The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in recruitment to the INHALE trial being paused and, under the exigencies of the circumstances, we developed an observational sub-study to investigate the utility of the FilmArray Pneumonia Panel for the diagnosis and characterisation of secondary bacterial infection in COVID-19 ICU patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.22.20131573 id = cord-277315-e26oc883 author = Dhiman, Sapna title = Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs date = 2020-10-06 keywords = CSI; caregiver; child; covid-19 summary = Caregivers not using tele-rehabilitation along with a perception of it being a poor medium for rehabilitation were at greater risks for poor mental health whereas a negative perception on homecare therapy were strongly associated with higher psychological symptoms and strain. The overall result of the study shows a high prevalence of depressive symptoms among caregivers tending children with special needs during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Apart from it, we found several demographic, social factors and services related to care of child are associated with depression, stress, anxiety symptoms and perceived strain. Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs doi = 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103790 id = cord-307868-bsmni8sh author = Dhungana, Nimesh title = Human dignity and cross-border migrants in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; India; Nepal summary = The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, and the resultant lock-downs and cross-border travel restrictions have reinvigorated public debates about the vulnerability of the global migrants, together with the responsibility of the States to ensure a dignified treatment of migrants. Situating within the debates on capability-based development and human dignity and drawing on emerging evidence from Nepal, this opinion piece seeks to explore how returnee Nepali labour migrants from India are subject to dignity violation within the government''s response to the COVID-19. The paper tentatively concludes that the Nepali government''s decision to seal its open border with India, and its subsequent interventions to curtail the flow of outbreak have undermined the human dignity of Nepali migrants, defined as a combination of internal capability and external capability (Nussbaum, 2011) . Finally, the intersecting crisis of COVID-19 and cross-border migration in Nepal has renewed political discourse and demands surrounding the rights and dignity of poor migrants. doi = 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105174 id = cord-273554-dm3mwbyp author = Dhuyvetter, Amanda title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Pregnancy: The Experience at an Urban Safety Net Hospital date = 2020-10-31 keywords = covid-19 summary = The purpose of this study is to characterize COVID-19 infection in pregnancy in a population of women getting prenatal care at an urban safety-net hospital. In this population of pregnant women at high risk for severe COVID-19 infection, only mild disease was observed. There are conflicting data on disease course in pregnancy [4, 5] , with obesity and gestational diabetes risks for severe infection in pregnant women [6, 7] . In this report of low-income minority women giving birth at a safety net hospital, the diagnosis of COVID-19 was relatively common, and despite a high prevalence of comorbid conditions, disease course was uniformly mild. SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospitalized pregnant women: Reasons for admission and pregnancy characteristics-eight U.S. health care centers Universal SARS-CoV-2 testing on admission to the labor and delivery unit: Low prevalence among asymptomatic obstetric patients doi = 10.1007/s10900-020-00940-7 id = cord-320149-3q4q98a6 author = Di Carlo, Davide Tiziano title = Exploring the clinical association between neurological symptoms and COVID-19 pandemic outbreak: a systematic review of current literature date = 2020-08-01 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = An increasing body of evidence suggests that patients with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) might have a heterogeneous spectrum of neurological symptoms METHODS: A systematic search of two databases was performed for studies published up to May 29th, 2020. The pathophysiology of this association is under investigation and warrants additional studies, Physicians should be aware of this possible association because during the epidemic period of COVID-19, early recognition of neurologic manifestations otherwise not explained would raise the suspect of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Our systematic review of 2499 patients reported the occurrence of a wide spectrum of neurologic complications in hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection, supporting the possible neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2. Recently, several case reports described the occurrence of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke (see supplementary material 1), confirming the association of cerebrovascular complications with severe COVID-19 infection, older age, and the presence of multiple comorbidity [46, 47] . doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-09978-y id = cord-342841-b1rucgmg author = Di Carlo, Francesco title = Telepsychiatry and other cutting edge technologies in Covid‐19 pandemic: bridging the distance in mental health assistance date = 2020-09-18 keywords = covid-19; health; internet; patient summary = Zohu et al (2020) reported that the decrease of hospital visits led to a reduction of routine psychiatric care for many patients with mental disorders in China, during the COVID-19 outbreak. Telemental health services can be particularly useful and appropriate for the support of both patients and health care workers during this pandemic, allowing providing assistance and care to those who need it by reducing the risk of infection. Patients with depressive disorders have been shown to benefit from TP, as reported by several studies in which patients'' symptoms improved more in the telemental health group than in the traditional setting ones. Evidence from several studies has underlined that the use of TP for delivering mental healthcare services can improve symptoms of depression among older adults. During this pandemic period several Authors all over the world underlined the need to promote online mental health care services and encourage their use [13, 63, 64] . doi = 10.1111/ijcp.13716 id = cord-327006-m847xdzk author = Di Castelnuovo, A. title = Low dose hydroxychloroquine is associated with lower mortality in COVID-19: a meta-analysis of 26 studies and 44,521 patients date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; November summary = Results: A total of 26 articles were found (N=44,521 COVID-19 patients, including N=7,324 from 4 randomized clinical trials (RCTs)); 10 studies were valuable for analysing the association of HCQ+AZM. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.01.20223958 doi: medRxiv preprint Therefore, we decided to conduct an updated meta-analysis on observational and RCT studies on HCQ use and the mortality outcome in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Pooling of data from 22 observational studies, which accounted for 86.2% of the total weight, the use of HCQ has been associated with 25% lower mortality risk (pooled risk ratio: 0.75, 95%CI: 0.63 to 0.89; high level of heterogeneity: I 2 =80%, random effects). In a meta-analysis of 26 studies (4 RCTs) involving 44,814 COVID-19 patients, the use of HCQ was associated with a 21% lower risk of total mortality. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.01.20223958 id = cord-315970-m5o962yw author = Di Ciaula, Agostino title = COVID‐19, internists and resilience: the north‐south Italy outbreak. date = 2020-06-01 keywords = Italy; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = The rates of infected subjects and deaths in Italy (whole country and regional level) per 100,000 residents were calculated considering the official number of residents derived from the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT). Figure 1 summarizes the daily progression in the cumulative number of COVID-19 positive subjects and in the incidence of deaths related to COVID-19 in southern and northern Italy, since the start of the outbreak. On the national "lockdown" day (March 12), in northern Italy there was a total of 14,335 infected patients and 997 COVID-19 related deaths. Following the COVID-19 outbreak, the local Apulian government firstly increased the number of available beds in the units of intensive care, pneumology, and infectious diseases across the Region. In the most affected regions (northern Italy, mainly Lombardy) serious concerns existed about the effective capacity of the national health system to adequately face the burden of disease. doi = 10.1111/eci.13299 id = cord-276044-z7rupgfo author = Di Crosta, Adolfo title = Individual Differences, Economic Stability, and Fear of Contagion as Risk Factors for PTSD Symptoms in the COVID-19 Emergency date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19; IES; PTSD summary = The aim of the present study is to report the prevalence of high psychological distress due to the COVID-19 pandemic on the general population, especially considering that this aspect is consistently associated with PTSD symptoms. A logistic regression on the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R) scores was used to test the risk factors that predict the possibility to develop PTSD symptoms due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The results, highlighted in the present study, extend our understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic''s impact on the population''s mental health, by identifying individuals at high-risk of developing PTSD. These studies highlighted a significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in determining high levels of psychological distress, showing, also, differences related to gender with females reporting higher IES-R scores. In the present study we specifically focus on the role of individual differences, perception of economic stability, and psychological factors (including neuroticism and fear for the COVID-19 pandemic) in predicting symptoms of PTSD. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567367 id = cord-256351-q8lkhklw author = Di Giorgio, Angelo title = Health status of patients with Autoimmune Liver Disease during SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in northern Italy date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Health status of patients with Autoimmune Liver Disease during SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in northern Italy Twenty-six per cent (n= 39) developed mild/moderate respiratory symptoms likely due to an underlying SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, since the NPS was not carried out, they were classified as suspected cases of COVID-19. cases; the majority of them (3/4 patients, 75%) presented with a mild or moderate clinical phenotype (1 was asymptomatic) whilst 1 patient died ; this patient had risk factors for complicated COVID-19 described in the general population, including old age and associated comorbidities. We previously reported our review of past outbreaks of coronavirus infections and our preliminary experience with these patients followed in our center, and we suggested that immunocompromised patients (adults and children) are not at increased risk of COVID-19 complicated course compared to the general population (3). However we recently reported the uneventful course of patients with inflammatory bowel disease who were under IS or immunomodulating drugs, including antimetabolites, during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic (4). doi = 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.05.008 id = cord-320025-omz1fou9 author = Di Girolamo, Nicola title = Characteristics of scientific articles on COVID-19 published during the initial 3 months of the pandemic date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; H1N1; article summary = In conclusions, compared to the H1N1 pandemic, the majority of early publications on COVID-19 does not provide new information, possibly diluting the original data published on this disease and consequently slowing down the development of a valid knowledge base on this disease. The purpose of the present meta-epidemiological study is to identify the proportion of primary and secondary articles, to identify the proportion of studies that report limitations in their abstracts and to compare publishing patterns during COVID-19 and during the only other pandemic of the XXI century, the 2009 H1N1 swine influenza. We extracted from each article the following information: ''title'', ''abstract'', ''DOI'''', ''number of authors'', ''journal'', ''date of creation'', ''first author'', ''country of the first institution of the first author'', ''article type'' (primary/secondary, defined below), ''study design'' (defined below), ''number of patients included'' (only for human medical research), ''presence of objective in the abstract'', ''presence of limitation in the abstract'', ''main conclusion'' (Additional file 2B). doi = 10.1007/s11192-020-03632-0 id = cord-318484-b21myin4 author = Di Lorenzo, G. title = Evaluating the adequacy of Prima Covid-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test for the assessment of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus date = 2020-06-03 keywords = Covid-19; Rapid summary = In spite of some limitation owing especially to the choice of a self selected population sample, we conclude that Prima Lab Covid-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test represents a low-cost, easily applicable and reproducible tool in detecting SARS-Cov-2 diffusion in the general population. Since the Rapid Test is most likely to produce negative results in the early stages of infection, it is possible that the 10/90 (11.1%) negative subjects with a positive RT-PCR that SARS-CoV-2 was detectable but antibodies seroconversion has not started yet. The Covid-19 IgG/IgM Rapid test represents a low-cost and easily applicable tool in detecting SARS-Cov-2 diffusion in the general population with the capability to identify quite reliably subjects who have been or have not been exposed to the virus in the recent or distant past, as suggested by the presence or absence of specific IgG. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.30.20117424 id = cord-255221-v4r2ek6a author = Di Lorenzo, Giuseppe title = Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Italy: Analysis of Risk Factors and Proposed Remedial Measures date = 2020-04-09 keywords = Italy; covid-19 summary = Until March 28, 2020, there were ∼90,000 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease in Italy, with 26,000 in-patients, 3,800 patients in intensive care units (ICUs), 40,000 positive in home isolation, and 10,000 deaths, according to the Italian Civil Protection bulletin 1 . Italy currently has the highest COVID-19 mortality rate worldwide, even compared to the People''s Republic of China where the number of COVID-19 deaths totaled over 3,000 cases, including potential re-infections. The Lombardy region has a higher number of intensive care and resuscitation beds compared to southern Italy; unfortunately, these places are fast running out of hospital beds and facing challenges in the provision of primary care for conditions other than COVID-19, necessitating the transfer of numerous patients to other regions 4 . doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00140 id = cord-334881-x9nxxled author = Di Lorenzo, Giuseppe title = COVID 19 therapies and anti-cancer drugs: A systematic review of recent literature date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; drug; patient; treatment summary = BACKGROUND: It is reasonable to think that cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, targeted therapy or immunotherapy could have a more aggressive course if positive for Coronavirus disease CoV-2 (COVID19). METHODS: We conducted a literature review on https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/, https://scholar.google.com, www.arxiv.org, www.biorxiv.org, of all articles published using the keywords COVID-19 therapy or treatment and cancer until May 2, 2020. Sarilumab is an interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor antagonist indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response or intolerance to one or more disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (53). AIFA has licensed a randomized phase 2 trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f baricitinib in addition to the usual treatment in patients with pneumonia in COVID-19 (Barcivid study) (74). doi = 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102991 id = cord-258067-par61wwh author = Di Martino, Marcello title = Elective Surgery During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic (COVID-19): A Morbimortality Analysis and Recommendations on Patient Prioritisation and Security Measures date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Conclusions The patients undergoing the surgical procedures showed high rates of COVID-19 infection and postoperative complications, especially the patients with oncological diseases. The following variables were analysed: age; sex; functional status (defined according to the ECOG scale) (21); personal background; diagnosis; type of surgical intervention; the timing of SARS-CoV-2 infection; the treatment required (Table 1) ; the severity of the respiratory infection (according to the BRCSS) (20) ; and postoperative complications (according to the Dindo-Clavien classification) (19) . Ten (16.9%) of the oncological patients, one (1%) of those operated on electively for benign diseases and four (7%) of the urgent surgery group presented with a SARS-CoV-2 infection, with statistically significant differences in the infection rate of the three groups (p = 0.004) ( Table 2) . Patients undergoing elective surgery before and during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic showed a high rate of postoperative complications, with a SARS-CoV-2 infection rate of up to 16% in patients undergoing oncologic surgical procedures. doi = 10.1016/j.cireng.2020.06.005 id = cord-313836-mcm0xmzw author = Di Micco, Pierpaolo title = Venous Thromboembolism and Its Association with COVID-19: Still an Open Debate date = 2020-09-27 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The virus was named COVID-19 and because of its ability to cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (i.e., SARS) this infection has also been defined as SARS-CoV2.Furthermore, an association between COVID-19 infection and venous thromboembolism has been reported in several series around the world.For this reason, methods used to improve diagnostic tools, pharmacological thromboprophylaxis and type of anticoagulants are discussed in this expert opinion. For this reason, in the literature, some authors reported a positive experience with therapeutic doses of low molecular weight heparin in patients with severe COVID-19 reporting a reduction of mortality and mortality associated withDIC or PE [13] . Empirical systemic anticoagulation is associated with decreased venous thromboembolism in critically ill influenza A H1N1 acute respiratory distress syndrome patients Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia doi = 10.3390/medicina56100506 id = cord-273968-ym79axlo author = Di Renzo, Gian Carlo title = COVID-19 in Pregnancy: Consider Thromboembolic Disorders and Thromboprophylaxis date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In non-pregnant patients admitted to the intensive care unit with COVID-19 pneumonia, the frequency of venous thromboembolic disorders is 25% (20/81) ascertained by ultrasound examination of the lower extremities (1). In another series of 184 patients with proven COVID-19 pneumonia, 31% had venous or arterial thromboembolism (defined as acute pulmonary embolism, ischemic stroke, deep vein thrombosis, or myocardial infarction) (2) . Given that normal pregnant women have evidence of increased generation of thrombin and a prothrombotic state, as well as increased intravascular inflammation which is exaggerated in the context of infection, such patients may be at an increased risk for thrombosis when affected by COVID-19. This body of evidence should be considered by obstetricians caring for pregnant women affected by COVID-19. Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.017 id = cord-279511-s9h1jzzs author = Di Stefano, Vincenzo title = Significant reduction of physical activity in patients with neuromuscular disease during COVID-19 pandemic: the long-term consequences of quarantine date = 2020-07-13 keywords = NMD; covid-19 summary = title: Significant reduction of physical activity in patients with neuromuscular disease during COVID-19 pandemic: the long-term consequences of quarantine Hence, the aim of this study was to estimate the levels of PA, measured as energy expenditure (MET–minute/week), among patients with neuromuscular disease (NMD) before and during the last week of quarantine. In healthy controls, a significant reduction of PA was reported during quarantine compared to before quarantine for vigorous-intensity PA (p = 0.04), moderate-intensity PA (p = 0.01), walking activity (p < 0.0001), total PA level (p < 0.0001) and MVPA level (p = 0.001). Finally, it has to be considered that a more sensible muscle mass loss is reported following physical inactivity in older people and in neuromuscular disease, compared to healthy young subjects [10, 13] . This was in agreement with a recent study that reported a high level of total weekly energy expenditure before the COVID-19 quarantine in healthy subjects [25] . doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-10064-6 id = cord-313353-uwwih8v3 author = Di Tano, Giuseppe title = Late Pulmonary Embolism after COVID-19 Pneumonia despite Adequate Rivaroxaban Treatment date = 2020-06-18 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who are receiving non-vitamin K antagonists or direct oral anticoagulants for chronic disease are usually switched to heparin treatment during hospitalization. Four weeks after discharge he experienced an episode of an acute pulmonary embolism while on rivaroxaban therapy with adequate drug plasma levels, and in the absence of strong predisposing risk factors. During the acute infection phase, patients chronically managed with antithrombotic agents (non-vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs)) are usually switched to alternative parenteral antithrombotic medications such as low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) [2, 3] . In conclusion, our case highlights the risk of later thrombotic complications after COVID-19 infection despite appropriate oral anticoagulant therapy and raises some concern about the underlying mechanism. In patients on chronic oral anticoagulant therapy, discharged after hospitalization for acute COVID-19, close monitoring is recommended, and LMWH replacement should be considered only until evidence of complete remission of disease. doi = 10.12890/2020_001790 id = cord-268058-1ry3z2vb author = Di, Biao title = Identification and validation of predictive factors for progression to severe COVID-19 pneumonia by proteomics date = 2020-10-03 keywords = Fig; covid-19 summary = Differential expression (DE) analysis between patients and healthy controls identified 43 and 47 significantly upregulated and downregulated proteins, respectively (Fig. 1b, c, Supplementary Table S3 ). The validation results indicate 8 (S100A8, OAF, 40S ribosomal protein S28 (RPS28), SOD2, MB, GSTO1, D-dopachrome decarboxylase (DDT) and CAPNS1) out of the 10 upregulated proteins are of significantly higher detection rate by PRM in the progression to severe samples than the moderate ones (P < 0.05, Wilcoxon rank sum test, Fig. 1h, Supplementary Figs. In addition, random forest analysis of the combined ELISA data of these three proteins also indicate a strong predictive power (AUC = 0.904, CI: 0.89-0.91) for severe patient detection ( Supplementary Fig. 10b, c) . doi = 10.1038/s41392-020-00333-1 id = cord-308906-et7duogt author = Di, Gaohong title = Simple and Effective Primary Assessment of Emergency Patients in a COVID-19 Outbreak Area: A Retrospective, Observational Study date = 2020-08-20 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = METHODS: We assessed medical data regarding all patients who underwent emergency surgery at the main campus of Wuhan Union Hospital from January 23, 2020, to February 15, 2020. Before February 15, 2020, we did not perform throat swab tests on all emergency patients to screen for COVID-19 infection at the time of admission, due to a lack of diagnostic reagents. The ability to screen and identify patients infected with COVID-19 that were admitted to the emergency department at the main campus of Wuhan Union Hospital was complicated by the variability in the clinical presentation of infected individuals. 6 During this study, no chest CT scans or throat swabs were taken as routine COVID-19 screening measures for emergency surgery patients due to the shortage of medical resources. The COVID-19 cases in this study were confirmed in the postoperative period using chest CT scans and throat swabs that detected viral nucleic acid using qRT-PCR assays. doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s263950 id = cord-265197-kxfj3ziu author = DiMaria, Christina N title = Cognitive Bias in the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In the pandemic of corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19), recognizing and creating strategies to minimize these biases is crucial to optimize medical care for our patients. We describe a case of a 68-year-old male with decreased appetite, subjective fears, dry cough, and confusion presenting during the corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. This case brings into question how we approach medical decision making during the COVID-19 pandemic. On review of the case, the presenting symptoms were vague, yet we focused on dry cough and fever to lead us to a diagnosis of COVID-19. Recognition and strategies to prevent cognitive biases, especially during a pandemic, are crucial to optimize medical care for our patients. Although cognitive biases are known contributors to cognitive errors, we still are not sure of all the ways they play into medical decision making during this COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.7759/cureus.9019 id = cord-268425-xg8xnjf9 author = DiNicolantonio, James J. title = Harnessing Adenosine A2A Receptors as a Strategy for Suppressing the Lung Inflammation and Thrombotic Complications of COVID-19: Potential of Pentoxifylline and Dipyridamole date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; PTX; SARS summary = 5 Importantly, neutrophils, whose activation and transit into lung interstitial tissue and alveolar space is a key mediator of the respiratory distress syndrome associated with COVID-19, are highly responsive to the functionally suppressive effects of A2AR, as are the endothelial cells whose activation attracts and enables transendothelial passage of activated neutrophils. Most studies with DIP have focused on its platelet-stabilizing effects -which presumably could provide some protection from SARS-CoV-2''s pro-thrombotic effects -but experimental studies also show that DIP can act on neutrophils to suppress superoxide production, adhesion to endothelial cells, and, in a mouse model of anti-phospholipid syndrome (a sometime feature of COVID-19), NETosis formation. 79 Supplemental glucosamine may likewise up-regulate the type 1 interferon responses to viruses, while exerting anti-inflammatory effects that render it protective in rodent models of sepsis and lung inflammation induced by LPS or cigarette smoke. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110051 id = cord-332234-6jursf4h author = Diaferio, Lucia title = Cross-sectional survey on impact of paediatric COVID-19 among Italian paediatricians: report from the SIAIP rhino-sinusitis and conjunctivitis committee date = 2020-10-06 keywords = Italy; covid-19 summary = CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to provide a comprehensive review of COVID-19 knowledge and impact among paediatricians in Italy about allergic asthma and upper airway involvement. The questionnaire was conceived and pretested in April 2020, by a working group of experts of the Italian Paediatric Society for Allergy and Immunology (SIAIP) based on their personal clinical experience and on the extensive review of most relevant international literature on COVID-19 infection searched on MEDLINE, EMBASE and SCOPUS. Among these patients, according to the 75% of responders, a maximum rate of 20% were affected by allergic rhino-conjunctivitis and in particular in the North of Italy while in the Centre and in the South there was a higher incidence (P = 0.09). Among these patients, according to the 75% of responders, a maximum rate of 20% were affected by allergic rhino-conjunctivitis and in particular in the North of Italy while in the Centre and in the South there was a higher incidence (P = 0.09). doi = 10.1186/s13052-020-00906-4 id = cord-259087-hckz3yk0 author = Diago-Sempere, E. title = Evaluation of Convalescent Plasma versus Standard of Care for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalazed Patients: study protocol for a phase 2 randomized, open-label, controlled, multicenter trial date = 2020-08-04 keywords = August; COVID-19; medRxiv; preprint summary = title: Evaluation of Convalescent Plasma versus Standard of Care for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalazed Patients: study protocol for a phase 2 randomized, open-label, controlled, multicenter trial Discussion: This clinical trial is designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of passive immunotherapy with convalescent plasma for the treatment of adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19. However, the actual benefits and risks of the intervention remain to be established, particularly in this This clinical trial is designed to evaluate passive immunotherapy with convalescent plasma for the treatment of adult patients hospitalized with non-severe COVID-19. Due to the existing uncertainties on the potential role of convalescent plasma in adult patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia, we consider that the publication of the study protocol will help other researchers to understand the rationale behind our clinical trial design and may is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint doi = 10.1101/2020.07.31.20165720 id = cord-325128-r53up0ug author = Diamantis, Sylvain title = SARS-cov-2 related deaths in French long-term care facilities: the “confinement disease” is probably more deleterious than the COVID-19 itself date = 2020-05-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: SARS-cov-2 related deaths in French long-term care facilities: the "confinement disease" is probably more deleterious than the COVID-19 itself To date coronavirus SARS-cov-2 has infected 2.2 million people and has killed more than 5 150,000. The residents of long-7 term care facilities (LTCFs) typically combine those two features and are thus particularly at 8 risk. To date, more than 60% of the French LTCFs have 10 reported at least one case of COVID-19 among their residents. We intervened in one LTCF located in the Southern Île-de-France region that had registered 15 more than 24 deaths related to COVID-19 among the 140 residents in 5 days. Disproportionate mortality due to COVID-19 in LTCFs is not a fatality. Continuous provision 30 of pragmatic medicine and wellness care will limit the devastating impact of this infection in 31 dependent elderly people. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory 43 infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected: Interim guidance V doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.04.023 id = cord-257789-pdybfft6 author = Diamond, Betty title = SARS-CoV-2 and interferon blockade date = 2020-11-09 keywords = ACE2; SARS; covid-19 summary = We propose that SARS-CoV-2 activates the innate immune system through the renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-bradykinin pathways, blocks interferon production and reduces an effective adaptive immune response. Here we propose that the systemic inflammation seen in Covid-19 patients results from the activation of two intersecting systems, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the kallikrein-bradykinin system (Diamond 2020) . The engagement of these pathways helps explain how severe Covid-19 infection is characterized by massive inflammation in multiple target organs, a poor anti-viral response with little production of interferon, and little participation of the adaptive immune system. As we have hypothesized that some of the inflammation induced in severe, and perhaps even moderate, Covid-19 is the result of dysregulation of the RAS and kallikrein-bradykinin pathways, the associated players serve as potential therapeutic targets ( Fig. 1 ) As mentioned above, ACE inhibitors and AT1 blockers (ARBs) are approved and safe drugs. doi = 10.1186/s10020-020-00231-w id = cord-325313-yj25zkx6 author = Diao, Bo title = Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-02-20 keywords = cell; covid-19 summary = METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the counts of total T cells, CD4+, CD8+ T cell subsets, and serum cytokine concentration from inpatient data of 522 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, admitted into two hospitals in Wuhan from December 2019 to January 2020, and 40 healthy controls, who came to the hospitals for routine physical examination. Our results thus provide a preliminary demonstration of T cell exhaustion during COVID-19 infection and suggest that more aggressive early intervention may be required in patients with low T lymphocyte counts. Furthermore, statistical analysis showed that the percentage of PD-1 + CD8 + T cells from ICU patients was significantly higher than from both Non-ICU cases and healthy controls ( Figure 3B) , indicating that SARS-CoV-2 viruses induce T cell exhaustion in COVID-19 patients, particularly in those requiring ICU care. doi = 10.1101/2020.02.18.20024364 id = cord-333932-aqcllik0 author = Diao, Bo title = Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-05-01 keywords = CD8; covid-19 summary = Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the counts of T cells and serum cytokine concentration from data of 522 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and 40 healthy controls. Our results thus provide a preliminary demonstration of T cell exhaustion during COVID-19 infection and suggest that more urgent, early intervention may be required in patients with low T lymphocyte counts. The expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the predicted receptor of SARS-CoV-2 viruses, is absent on T cells (11) , suggesting that the depressed T counts in COVID-19 patients mentioned above (Figure 1 ) were likely not caused by direct infection of T cells. We demonstrate here that COVID-19 patients have very high levels of serum IL-10 following SARS-CoV-2 infection, while also displaying high levels of the PD-1 and Tim-3 exhaustion markers on their T cells, suggesting that IL-10 might be mechanistically responsible. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00827 id = cord-342523-52t7dh4n author = Dibner, Julia J. title = Direct COVID-19 Infection of Enterocytes: The Role of Hypochlorhydria date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The current report describes a need for selective stool testing to explore fecal shedding of viral RNA and presents a hypothesis for direct infection of enterocytes in cases of hypochlorhydria. Clinical and virological aspects of enteric COVID-19 disease have been reviewed, with authors suggesting the need for study of possible fecal-oral transmission (1, 3) . The purposes of this brief report are to emphasize the importance of testing stool samples under certain conditions and to suggest a novel route of direct enterocyte infection by COVID-19 in cases of developmental or acquired hypochlorhydria. Although there is observational evidence that long-term or high-level use of PPI is associated with an increased risk of testing positive for COVID-19 (10), certain histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) and a PPI have been observed to improve disease outcome in patients already infected with COVID-19 virus (11) . doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.08.002 id = cord-285056-b2iltrqx author = Dichter, Martin N. title = COVID-19: it is time to balance infection management and person-centered care to maintain mental health of people living in German nursing homes date = 2020-05-12 keywords = covid-19; home; nursing summary = title: COVID-19: it is time to balance infection management and person-centered care to maintain mental health of people living in German nursing homes In cases where people with cognitive impairment (e.g. dementia) and challenging behavior need to be isolated, this is usually done in a separate unit or room (e.g. in the rooms of a closed day care facility which can be a subsidiary facility of a nursing home) and often with a caregiver who is then responsible only for that particular resident. Therefore, infection management and person-centered care have to be weighed carefully in order to maintain the residents'' social participation, mental health, and quality of life. Based on this information, residents and caregivers have to negotiate the implementation of infection management measures and to deal with the need for the provision of person-centered care under the current circumstances. doi = 10.1017/s1041610220000897 id = cord-266744-31p212aq author = Dick, Lachlan title = Changes in Emergency General Surgery During Covid-19 in Scotland: A Prospective Cohort Study date = 2020-08-28 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = title: Changes in Emergency General Surgery During Covid-19 in Scotland: A Prospective Cohort Study The proportion of patients undergoing surgery increased (19.1 vs 42.3 per cent, p = < 0.05) as did the mean operating time (102.4 vs 145.7 min, p = < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Covid-19 has significantly impacted the number of admissions to emergency general surgery. Of the 36 patients undergoing surgery during 2020, 5 (13.9 per cent) had a change in the surgical procedure. Furthermore, in our cohort, only 50 per cent of patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis underwent Covid-19 testing. Furthermore, 12 (75 per cent) patients were deemed to require surgical management as opposed to the intercollegiate recommendation of a conservative approach [9] again suggesting an increase in severity. Covid-19 has significantly impacted the number of admissions to emergency general surgery. Author''s reply-clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing surgeries during the incubation period of COVID-19 infection doi = 10.1007/s00268-020-05760-3 id = cord-333793-4pvjc4un author = Dickens, Borame L title = Strategies at points of entry to reduce importation risk of COVID-19 cases and re-open travel date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; traveller summary = METHODS: To estimate active case exportation risk from 153 countries with recorded COVID-19 cases and deaths, we created a simple data-driven framework to calculate the number of infectious and upcoming infectious individuals out of 100 000 000 potential travellers from each country, and assessed six importation risk reduction strategies; Strategy 1 (S1) has no screening on entry, S2 tests all travellers and isolates test positives where those who test negative at 7 days are permitted entry, S3 the equivalent but for a 14 day period, S4 quarantines all travellers for 7 days where all are subsequently permitted entry, S5 the equivalent for 14 days and S6 the testing of all travellers and prevention of entry for those who test positive. doi = 10.1093/jtm/taaa141 id = cord-335347-vxl2flbn author = Diercks, Gillian R. title = Asymptomatic COVID-19 Infection in a Child with Nasal Foreign Body date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 viral particles have been shown to remain viable for up to 3 hours 10 , raising concern about risk of exposure for healthcare workers during aerosol generating procedures (APGs), including endoscopy, in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx and upper airway. Prior to bringing the patient to the operating room, COVID-19 testing was pursued given concerns about the potential for asymptomatic infection in the pediatric population, and generation of aerosolized respiratory secretions during nasal endoscopy, suctioning and foreign body removal, in order to optimize protection of the perioperative care team and surgical staff. Preoperative planning and SARS-CoV2 testing is of particular importance for the pediatric population given the high proportion of SARS-CoV-2 infected children who are asymptomatic or exhibit minimal symptoms of COVID-19, but who may harbor significant viral loads in the nasopharynx and upper airway, placing healthcare workers at particular risk. doi = 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110092 id = cord-263625-gqzly8xw author = Dighe, Amy title = Response to COVID-19 in South Korea and implications for lifting stringent interventions date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; Korea; Republic; South summary = BACKGROUND: After experiencing a sharp growth in COVID-19 cases early in the pandemic, South Korea rapidly controlled transmission while implementing less stringent national social distancing measures than countries in Europe and the USA. CONCLUSIONS: Whilst early adoption of testing and contact tracing is likely to be important for South Korea''s successful outbreak control, other factors including regional implementation of strong social distancing measures likely also contributed. Despite a rapid growth of cases early in the global timescale, South Korea has brought the transmission of the causative agent of COVID-19 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) under control with less stringent national social distancing policies relative to countries such as Italy, France, and the UK [36] . This analysis of South Korea''s response to COVID-19 highlights how, despite a sharp growth in cases early in the pandemic, transmission was rapidly controlled, resulting in a relatively small epidemic made up of large linked clusters. doi = 10.1186/s12916-020-01791-8 id = cord-284453-topozldw author = Dimri, V. P. title = Understanding Trend of the Covid-19 Fatalities in India date = 2020-06-17 keywords = India; covid-19 summary = In order to forecast the COVID-19 pandemic behavior in India, we first examined the total number of confirmed cases and the rate of daily increase in the number of cases reported in India ( Fig. 1a and b) . Note that the early segment of the curve is fitted with data, whereas the remaining segment is predicted based on the SIR model.This model assumes that it is a rational portrayal of the one-stage epidemic and represents the dynamic process of COVID-19 infections in a population over a specific time.Hence, the forecast is as good as data are. In this note, we have presented the analysis of short-term forecasting of COVID-19 infections in India based on SIR, quadratic and exponential approaches. Shows results from SIR model: (a) total number of predicted together with observed cases, and (b) number of COVID-19 cases per day in India. doi = 10.1007/s12594-020-1492-2 id = cord-351343-zdh8ms1z author = Din, Anwarud title = STATIONARY DISTRIBUTION AND EXTINCTION OF STOCHASTIC CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) EPIDEMIC MODEL date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The most basic stochastic epidemic models are those involving global transmission, meaning that infection rates depend only on the type and state of the individuals involved, and not on their location in the population. In the recent study, we proposed a stochastic epidemic model for the transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 with a changing environment considering long term behavior. The present section is devoted to formulation of a model based on stochastic theory for studying the transmissions dynamic of the novel virus i.e., COVID-19 pandemic. This section is about studying the existence and uniqueness of solution of the proposed stochastic COVID-19 model (1). Proof: To prove the theorem, we shall apply direct integration to the proposed stochastic COVID-19 model (1) . With the help of stochastic theory, we developed a model for the novel COVID-19 keeping in view the characteristic of the disease to investigate the transmission dynamics with changing population environment. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110036 id = cord-304063-yb8rfd8r author = Din, Misbahud title = COVID‐19 and dengue coepidemics: A double trouble for overburdened health systems in developing countries date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = With the deadly Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by novel severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spreading every corner of the developing and developed countries, the threat of another viral disease is now looming large on the horizon. In the coming days, the developing countries might also be facing the dengue fever outbreak, a viral disease known to be spread by mosquito vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus 1. COVID-19 and dengue coepidemics: A double trouble for overburdened health systems in developing countries There are also cases of misdiagnosis and coinfection of both the outbreaks as they share clinical manifestation and laboratory features. Measures should be taken to distinguish cases with fever and headache from COVID-19 and dengue fever and these atypical symptoms must trigger alerts in developing countries with high dengue fever incidence. Currently, the community transmission of COVID-19 is on the rise in developing countries and it is feared that the number of cases and deaths would increase in near future. doi = 10.1002/jmv.26348 id = cord-284829-dge21g0g author = Dinakaran, Damodharan title = Neuropsychiatric aspects of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Selective Review date = 2020-05-30 keywords = Barre; COVID-19; SARS summary = In this selective review, the authors present the neuropsychiatric manifestations and postulated mechanisms of COVID-19. Though the most common presentation is a self limiting viral illness with fever and dry cough, severe infection is reported in 15-20% of the affected population (26) . In about 5% of the severely ill patients, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), Multi organ involvement and septic shock leads to further clinical deterioration. Acute polyradiculopathy (Guillain Barre Syndrome -GBS) has been reported related to SARS-CoV-2 infection (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) . The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Neurological Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study Guillain Barre syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection: A case report doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102188 id = cord-318980-8cclwzob author = Dindarloo, Kavoos title = Pattern of disinfectants use and their adverse effects on the consumers after COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; disinfectant; hand; participant summary = BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of disinfectants use within outbreak of COVID-19 and estimate their adverse effects on the consumer''s health. Health tips to prevent the spread of COVID-19 include regular hand washing, covering the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, full cooking, avoiding close contact with a person who has symptoms of a respiratory illness such as cough and sneezing, and disinfecting surfaces [2] . Repeated use of sodium hypochlorite bleach with inappropriate concentrations can cause damage Fig. 3 The surfaces disinfected by participants to the skin of the hands and respiratory problems for these people. Alcohol-based solutions and sodium hypochlorite bleach are the most widely used disinfectants by participants after the outbreak of Coronavirus. Advices to use methanol instead of ethanol for disinfecting hands and surfaces and drink alcohol to remove the virus from the body were those that have led to poisoning, blindness and even death in some people. doi = 10.1007/s40201-020-00548-y id = cord-301402-andxwyi3 author = Ding, Benjamin Tze Keong title = Operating in a Pandemic: Lessons and Strategies from an Orthopaedic Unit at the Epicenter of COVID-19 in Singapore date = 2020-05-06 keywords = N95; PPE; covid-19; patient summary = ➤. When performing an operation on a patient who has suspected or confirmed infection with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), personal protection equipment should include hair covers, face shields or goggles, N95 respirator masks, a blood-borne pathogen-resistant surgical gown, shoe covers, and double-gloving with single-use gloves. The components used to accomplish this level of protection when dealing with patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection include gloves, gowns, eye protection, hair covers, shoe covers, and an N95 particulate respirator 13 (U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Healthcertified N95, European Union standard filtering face piece [FFP]2, or equivalent) that is fitted to the individual. Surgical masks are loose-fitting devices that provide a physical barrier without restricting airborne contaminants and are used in our institution for health-care worker interaction with all patients unless they were suspected of or confirmed as having COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.2106/jbjs.20.00568 id = cord-348777-pk9y6vfp author = Ding, Cheng title = Effect of Corticosteroid Therapy on the Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Clearance in Patients with Mild COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS summary = title: Effect of Corticosteroid Therapy on the Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Clearance in Patients with Mild COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study This study aims to investigate the association between corticosteroid therapy and the duration of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) clearance among patients with mild COVID-19. Our observational results revealed that corticosteroid therapy had no positive effect on the durations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance among patients with mild COVID-19. Results from this study suggested that patients with mild COVID-19 may not benefit from corticosteroid therapy in terms of the duration of SARS-CoV-2 clearance. doi = 10.1007/s40121-020-00337-y id = cord-319519-mb9ofh12 author = Ding, J. title = A network-informed analysis of SARS-CoV-2 and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis genes'' interactions points to Neutrophil Extracellular Traps as mediators of thrombosis in COVID-19 date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; HLH; SARS; gene summary = The algorithm establishes the shortest path between 118 the candidate genes and the known host interacting proteins with SARS-CoV-2 and calculates an 119 overall connectivity score for the network (a smaller value represents a greater connectivity) ( Fig 120 1 and Supplementary Table S1 ). The network-informed analysis presented in this paper, 262 revealed that 1) the top GO biological function associated with HLH genes is neutrophil 263 degranulation, consistent with a recent report highlighting the undervalued role of neutrophils in 264 HLH 36 ; 2) HLH genes are significantly enriched with the SARS-CoV-2 human interactome; 3) the 265 top-ranked HLH gene, AP3B1, has roles in cargo loading of type II pneumocytes, where it may 266 interact with SARS-CoV-2 to disturb surfactant physiological functions to promote 267 inflammation/pro-coagulation activities; 4) diseases/syndromes-associated with increased release 268 of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) may predict vulnerable populations, including those 269 affecting children. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.01.20144121 id = cord-344264-7fkaj1h8 author = Ding, Jinli title = Experience on radiological examinations and infection prevention for COVID-19 in radiology department date = 2020-03-31 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = Within one month, the novel coronavirus rapidly spread across the whole of China through droplet transmission and contact transmission, and the reported number of confirmed COVID-19 cases demonstrated a rising trend. For suspected case, it presents at least two of the following conditions: ① fever and/or respiratory symptoms (eg, cough, myalgia, fatigue); ② imaging features of viral pneumonia; ③ normal or low white blood cell count or reduced lymphocyte in early onset. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China The diagnosis and treatment scheme of the novel coronavirus pneumonia (6th trial version) (General Office of the National Health Commission Expert consensus of radiological examination scheme and infection prevention of the 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia Infection prevention in radiological examination of novel coronavirus pneumonia: expert recommendation from the Chinese Society of Imaging Technology (First edition) doi = 10.1016/j.jrid.2020.03.006 id = cord-289088-7uoia564 author = Ding, Qiang title = The clinical characteristics of pneumonia patients coinfected with 2019 novel coronavirus and influenza virus in Wuhan, China date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: The clinical characteristics of pneumonia patients coinfected with 2019 novel coronavirus and influenza virus in Wuhan, China In conclusion, those patients with both COVID‐19 and influenza virus infection did not appear to show a more severe condition because based on the laboratory findings, imaging studies, and patient prognosis, they showed similar clinical characteristics as those patients with COVID‐19 infection only. In this study, we describe the clinical characteristics of those patients who got infected with COVID-19 as well as influenza virus. On one hand, this study showed that the clinical characteristics of patients with both COVID-19 and influenza virus infection were similar to those of COVID-19 infection, but the symptoms of nasal tampon and pharyngalgia may be more prone to appear, which would be more convinced when more cases included. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1002/jmv.25781 id = cord-349898-nvi8h77t author = Dinh, Ly title = COVID‐19 pandemic and information diffusion analysis on Twitter date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19; SIR; Twitter summary = Specifically, we compare COVID-19 virus''s (a) SIR -modeled and (b) empirically observed diffusion patterns with (c) information cascades of retweeting, quote tweeting, and replying behaviors on Twitter social network to understand the relationships between information and virus diffusion. The first two networks are created to capture the diffusion of the COVID-19 virus in the entire population, via an SIR simulated model (SIRsim) and an observed model based on reported data about infected (I), and removed (R) cases (SIRemp). The third network is constructed from information cascades on Twitter (we call this INFOcas), where infected (I) are tweets that interacted with the original tweets about COVID-19 by either retweeting, quoting, or replying, and removed (R) include tweets that are no longer interacted with for a defined period. doi = 10.1002/pra2.252 id = cord-303660-2bxpqhro author = Direkoglu, C. title = Worldwide and Regional Forecasting of Coronavirus (Covid-19) Spread using a Deep Learning Model date = 2020-05-26 keywords = China; covid-19 summary = We design a deep neural network, which consist of Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) layer, dropout layer, and fully connected layers, to analyze the reported Covid-19 cases and predict the possible future scenarios for the spread in China, Europe, Middle East and worldwide. Forecasting cumulative total number of Covid-19 cases worldwide using a model with RMSE of 39699 predicts that outbreak size may reach to 2,600,000 within the next 10 days and continue to grow linearly. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.23.20111039 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 8 : Forecasting cumulative total number of deaths from Covid-19 worldwide using a model with RMSE of 5657.1; predicts that the death toll may increase to 100,000 within the next 10 days. We design a deep learning model to forecast the spread of the novel coronavirus, Covid-19, in China, Europe, Middle East region and worldwide. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.23.20111039 id = cord-344246-sf9cymhc author = Diriba, Kuma title = The effect of coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV) during pregnancy and the possibility of vertical maternal–fetal transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; pregnant summary = Previous outbreaks of coronaviruses include the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV epidemic in 2003 [2] and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV in 2012 [3] , while the newly emergent coronavirus, initially referred to as 2019-nCoV and subsequently termed SARS-CoV-2, the disease it produces has been termed COVID-19, which causes respiratory infection and can progress to severe pneumonia and, in a small number of cases, death [4] . A systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed to assess the effect of coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV) during pregnancy and its possibility of vertical maternal-fetal transmission following the methodological framework suggested by Arksey and O''Malley [15] . The primary outcome variable of this study was the pregnancy outcomes observed, listed as follows: preterm birth (PTB; either before 37 or 34 weeks of gestation), preeclampsia, preterm prelabor rupture of membranes, (pPROM), fetal growth restriction (FGR), miscarriage, maternal death, mode of delivery and other clinical feature, laboratory findings and coexisting disease. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes doi = 10.1186/s40001-020-00439-w id = cord-325896-vbwo2djw author = Dirlikov, Emilio title = CDC Deployments to State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Health Departments for COVID-19 Emergency Public Health Response — United States, January 21–July 25, 2020 date = 2020-10-02 keywords = CDC; COVID-19; health summary = During January 21-July 25, in response to official requests for assistance, 1,009 CDC staff members participated in 208 CDC deployment teams to assist 55 state, tribal, local, and territorial health departments with COVID-19 emergency public health response activities (Figure 1)*; some persons deployed multiple times. Location of deployments* by CDC staff members to state, tribal, local, and territorial health departments -United States, January 21-July 25, 2020 and mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in high-risk congregate settings, which often include populations at increased risk for severe COVID-19-associated outcomes, such as longterm care facilities (53 teams; 26%), food processing facilities (24 teams; 12%), correctional facilities (12; 6%), and settings that provide services to persons experiencing homelessness (10; 5%). CDC continues to respond to official requests for assistance from state, tribal, local, and territorial health departments toward supporting COVID-19 emergency public health response activities, including through the deployment of CDC staff members. doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6939a3 id = cord-292629-5kh46tks author = Divala, Titus title = Africa faces difficult choices in responding to COVID-19 date = 2020-05-12 keywords = covid-19 summary = To flatten the curve, some African governments have imposed stringent public health measures (lockdown) based on physical distancing to reduce transmission. We used Spiegelhalter''s approach to compare age-group specific infection fatality ratios from COVID-19 to background (non-COVID-19) mortality risk in Malawi, South Africa, the UK, and India. 3-5 This assumes COVID-19 infection fatality ratios similar to China, but true age-specific casefatality rates might be higher with fragile health systems. We estimate that in the UK, having COVID-19 confers risk of death equivalent to approximately 12 months of background mortality risk, averaged across all age groups. By contrast, in Malawi this risk is equivalent to 4 months of background mortality (appendix). This reflects higher background mortality rates in Malawi, underscoring the fragility of health under normal circumstances. Without a context-specific, ethical approach to physical distancing, unintended harms from stringent lockdown could pose more harm than the direct effects of COVID-19 itself. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31056-4 id = cord-286084-2275xvxb author = Dixit, Alok title = Ivermectin: Potential Role as Repurposed Drug for COVID-19 date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; IVM; SARS summary = Currently there is no effective treatment for coronavirus infection; major effort is to develop vaccine against the virus and development of therapeutic drugs for the disease. IVM is shown to be effective in vitro against RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), dengue virus (DENV), influenza, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and Zika virus (14) . Currently, remdesivir is a promising potential therapy for COVID-19 due to its broad-spectrum and potent in vitro activity against several novel coronavirus (nCoVs), including SARS-CoV-2 with EC 50 (half maximal effective concentration) and EC 90 (concentration to induce 90% maximal response) values of 0.77 μM and 1.76 μM, respectively (8). IVM which is a widely used as antiparasitic drug has shown to have antiviral activity in in vitro studies against HIV, dengue, influenza, VEEV and Zika virus. Studies are available for its use against RNA virus and have also been tested for its effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. doi = 10.21315/mjms2020.27.4.15 id = cord-337142-3n9edoy8 author = Djakpo, Dodji Kossi title = Blood routine test in mild and common 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) patients date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; HGB summary = The CBCs of these patients, following a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, were retrospectively analyzed and a significant P<0.05 was found after a full statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS). CBC analysis revealed changes in the levels of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and C-reactive protein (CRP). This report aims at investigating the significant changes observed in the CBC of mild and common COVID-19 patients. In addition, the present study found a statistical difference between comorbid groups for these five laboratory parameters: RBC (P=0.001), HGB (P=0.004), HCT (P=0.01), MCV (P=0.01), and CRP (P=0.027). In summary, the present study has shown the CBCs of 208 mild and common COVID-19 cases and the most likely laboratory findings in these patients were abnormalities in RBCs, HGB, HCT, and CRP. doi = 10.1042/bsr20200817 id = cord-334864-aak4wlgs author = Djalante, Riyanti title = COVID-19 and the ASEAN responses: Comparison and analysis through policy science date = 2020-10-22 keywords = ASEAN; April; covid-19 summary = We argue that existing regional health collaboration since 2003 and coupled with the One-ASEAN-One Response framework should have provided a strong foundation for the region to deal with the impact of COVID-19. Although, between March and April 2020, ASEAN reconvened and utilised its existing health regional mechanism to try to have a coherent response to COVID-19 impacts. Although, between March and April 2020, ASEAN reconvened and utilised its existing health regional mechanism to try to have a coherent response to COVID-19 impacts. To compare these responses utilising policy science viewpoints and identify lessons learnt on how to strengthen regional responses and in the long term, the health systems resilience of ASEAN and its member states. Toward broader ASEAN health system resilience This paper has documented and analysed ASEAN as a regional organisation and the 10 member states respond to COVID-19. In March and April 2020, ASEAN has actively reconvened and utilised its existing health regional mechanism to try to have a coherent response to COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100129 id = cord-218324-gqiapgiv author = Dlotko, Pawel title = Visualising the Evolution of English Covid-19 Cases with Topological Data Analysis Ball Mapper date = 2020-04-07 keywords = ball; covid-19 summary = Using the Topological Data Analysis Ball Mapper algorithm we construct an abstract representation of NUTS3 level economic data, overlaying onto it the confirmed cases of Covid-19 in England. Where summary statistics speak of trends, and maps of cases help get a visual handle on the spatial scale, Topological Data Analysis (TDA) after Carlsson (2009) and particularly the Ball Mapper (BM) algorithm of D lotko (2019) can quickly highlight patterns within the characteristics of communities for policy to attend to. This short note, firstly, contributes a first look at how BM produces an abstract two dimensional representation of NUTS3 data and how, by doing so, we can see where in the characteristic space cases are particularly fast rising in terms of number of infections. This contribution to the literature owes much to the pioneering work in combining high, and low, frequency data to marry annually updated regional characteristics with the daily information on Covid-19 cases. doi = nan id = cord-294304-9w6zt778 author = Doanvo, Anhvinh title = Machine Learning Maps Research Needs in COVID-19 Literature date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; PCA; SARS summary = The projection values of COVID-19 abstracts on PC2 were lower and associated with 11 emergent COVID-19 clinical-, modeling-or field-based (CMF) research -such as observational, 12 clinical, and epidemiological studies -exemplified by stem terms "patient", "pandem", "estim", 13 and "case". 14 Furthermore, we developed a framework that improves upon existing bibliometric studies 15 in three key ways; namely, our approach (1) maps connections between publications by relying 16 directly on the abstracts instead of the narrow information gained from metadata as in other 17 bibliometric analyses, including those from other fields 9,10 ; (2) uses ML to explore latent 18 semantic information of vast scale and complexity to identify hidden trends; and (3) does not 19 rely on any a priori knowledge of what topics we expect coronavirus literature to cover but 20 rather highlights them without any preconceived assumptions. doi = 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100123 id = cord-326272-ya3r0h1t author = Dobesh, Paul P. title = Coagulopathy, Venous Thromboembolism, and Anticoagulation in Patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; VTE; patient summary = 30 Other trials have evaluated VTE rates in CUS screened ICU patients with COVID-19 receiving pharmacologic prophylaxis with rates as high as 69% to 85%, which are higher than reported in typical ICU patients (Table 3) . Most hospitalized patients with COVID-19 are over age 40 years and have a number of risk factors for VTE, such as pneumonia, obesity, immobility, respiratory disease, elevated D-dimer levels, as well as potentially underlying heart failure, smoking, varicose veins, cancer, and previous VTE. 82 An observational cohort study of critically ill patients with severe ARDS from H1N1 viral pneumonia demonstrated that empiric systemic heparinization titrated to a goal heparin level of 0.3 -0.7 anti-Xa units/mL was significantly better at reducing VTE rates than standard prophylactic doses of either UFH or LMWH. 32 As discussed previously, a number of observational studies have reported higher than expected rates of VTE in critically ill patients with COVID-19, despite the use of standard dose anticoagulant prophylaxis. doi = 10.1002/phar.2465 id = cord-209619-hy27h1nd author = Dobin, Daniel title = Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities of Covid-19 attacks rates in Suffolk County communities date = 2020-04-25 keywords = attack; covid-19 summary = title: Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities of Covid-19 attacks rates in Suffolk County communities We investigated the dependence of Covid-19 attack rates on demographic and socioeconomic factors for the communities in Suffolk County (Long Island, New York State), presently the 5th most-affected county in the United States. Confirming the previous observations that minorities are disproportionately impacted by the Covid-19 disease, we found that the attack rate is strongly correlated with the minority population proportion, with an alarmingly high $sim4$-fold attack rate increase for Black and Hispanic populations. In this work, we investigated the dependence of Covid-19 attack rate on racial/ethnic composition and several socioeconomic metrics for the communities in Suffolk County (Long Island, New York state), presently the 5th most affected county in the United States. We found that the attack rate is strongly correlated with the minority population percentage, confirming the previous observation that minorities are much stronger affected by the Covid-19 disease. doi = nan id = cord-255694-cdpsy36f author = Dobler, Claudia C. title = Poor quality research and clinical practice during COVID-19 date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; research summary = title: Poor quality research and clinical practice during COVID-19 Breathe Chief Editor @ClaudiaCDobler on how #COVID19 amplifies flaws in clinical research and practice https://bit.ly/3cX0jpO COVID-19, however, also highlights and amplifies some of the challenges clinical research and practice are facing in general. There are numerous trials on different drug interventions competing for the same pool of COVID-19 patients, many with poor study design (e.g. small sample size, no comparator group, not randomised, single centre and no study protocol publicly available) [1] . On 17 May 2020, 1528 studies were registered on ClinicalTrials.gov using the term "COVID", of which only three were randomised trials to assess NIPPV, despite the urgent need for evidence to inform clinical practice in this area. Clinicians'' cognitive biases: a potential barrier to implementation of evidence-based clinical practice COVID-19 amplifies flaws in clinical research and practice doi = 10.1183/20734735.0112-2020 id = cord-325938-hb6fvgem author = Dobler, Claudia C. title = Non-Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; NIPPV summary = Amid increasing concerns of medical professionals about the harms associated with invasive ventilation, there is interest to explore the role of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in the treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to In this commentary we aim to summarize what is known about the role of NIPPV in patients with AHRF and ARDS due to COVID-19 and other viral infections, point out evidence gaps and make a case for consideration of NIPVV as a possible alternative to early intubation in patients with COVID-19. Severity of respiratory failure and outcome of patients needing a ventilatory support in the Emergency Department during Italian novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 outbreak: Preliminary data on the role of Helmet CPAP and Non-Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.10.001 id = cord-311477-gm0vg53l author = Doboszewska, Urszula title = Targeting zinc metalloenzymes in COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; zinc summary = We attempt to integrate data on the effects of agents targeting zinc fingers in viral metalloenzymes (zinc fingers targeting agents), which cause removal of zinc from the proteins, thus destabilizing the proteins and leading to increased intracellular concentration of zinc ions, and other agents which induce changes in intracellular levels of zinc (zinc ionophores), with data on consequences of altered level of intracellular zinc, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2 and related pathogens. Chloroquine, an old antimalarial drug (Blount, 1967) , was demonstrated to block virus infection at low micromolar concentration in Vero E6 cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 , thus suggesting the possible use of chloroquine in patients with COVID-19. With regard to COVID-19, a novel drug would target labile zinc fingers in SARS-CoV-2 proteins, thus destroying the proteins and producing an increase in intracellular concentration of zinc ions. doi = 10.1111/bph.15199 id = cord-009749-mdkuf5bd author = Dobran, Mauro title = Letter to the editor by Dobran Mauro, Paracino Riccardo, and Iacoangeli Maurizio regarding “Neurosurgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: update from Lombardy, northern Italy.” Zoia C, Bongetta D, Veiceschi P, Cenzato M, Di Meco F, Locatelli D, Boeris D, Fontanella MM. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2020 Mar 28. doi: 10.1007/s00701-020-04305-w date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Letter to the editor by Dobran Mauro, Paracino Riccardo, and Iacoangeli Maurizio regarding "Neurosurgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: update from Lombardy, northern Italy." Zoia C, Bongetta D, Veiceschi P, Cenzato M, Di Meco F, Locatelli D, Boeris D, Fontanella MM. Fontanella "Neurosurgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: update from Lombardy, northern Italy" [4] . In Italy since February 2020 spread a massive coronavirus disease (COVID-19) with a great number of infected patients and deaths. To contrast the infection spread on March 2020 in Italy was declared the lockdown and the neurosurgical activity of the Department of Neurosurgery AOU Ancona-Italy was centered on emergency and oncological pathology. In nonhospitalized patients admitted to hospital for urgent surgery, a swab test is performed but, because of the long time for its result, when a surgical procedure is urgent a pulmonary CT scan is performed to search for a COVID-19 pneumonia. Neurosurgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: update from Lombardy, northern Italy doi = 10.1007/s00701-020-04332-7 id = cord-283663-odrkfguc author = Dobson, Dre''Von A. title = COVID‐19 pandemic perspectives: A scientific silver lining? date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; science summary = This forum examines potentially positive changes that have occurred within the scientific community amid the chaotic pandemic. In forcing scientists away from their lab benches, COVID‐19 has created time and space for more conversations about science and experimental design. Amid the many negative impacts COVID-19 has had on science and the scientific community, are there positives that have been overlooked? These observations suggest that even after this pandemic is over, prioritizing videoconferencing over teleconferencing for scientific communications will enhance involvement and interaction across our field. Of course, transforming the scientific community into an inclusive, equitable, problem-solving task force requires that we carry this commitment beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Staying connected over distances, collaborating with scientists outside of our disciplines, valuing time for planning and reviewing data, and affirming our commitment to diversity within our ranks should not end when the COVID-19 pandemic is over. doi = 10.1002/rth2.12432 id = cord-274677-7kcoodyv author = Dobson, Hanna title = Burnout and psychological distress amongst Australian healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19; psychological summary = RESULTS: HCWs showed significant symptoms of moderate-severe level depression (21%), anxiety (20%) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 29%), associated with burnout, prior psychiatric history, profession and resilience. Demographic data were reported, including occupation (senior medial staff, junior medical staff, nursing, allied health, other), gender (male, female, non-binary), age, past psychiatric history and years of experience. The primary outcome was self-reported levels of psychological distress (symptoms of depression, anxiety and PTSD) experienced during the 2 weeks prior to the survey. The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; range 0-27), 10 seven-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7; range 0-21), 11 22-item Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R; range 0-88), 12 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC10, range 0-40), 13 and Stanford Professional Fulfilment Index (PFI; burnout range 0-40) 14 were used to assess the severity of symptoms of depression, anxiety, PTSD, resilience and burnout, respectively. Rates of burnout, depression, anxiety and PTSD differed across the professions sampled; senior medical staff reported the lowest levels of psychological distress. doi = 10.1177/1039856220965045 id = cord-260039-k9rs3dql author = Doerre, A. title = Age- and Sex-Specific Modelling of the COVID-19 Epidemic date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; October; contact; rate summary = Aim: The aim of our study is to develop an ageand sex-specific model of COVID-19 transmission and to explore how contact changes effect COVID-19 infection and death rates. We develop an SEIRD-model that incorporates age-and sex-specific contacts, which shape transmission rates. The model can be used to develop scenarios which address the effects of age-and gender-specific changes in contacts due to the closing of schools, kindergarten and shops, or work in home office, as well as to explore the effect lifting of these measures. Incorporating age-and sex-specific contact rates in a COVID-19 compartment model permits exploration of the effects of changes in mitigation measures on the two genders. Our projections do not set out to forecast the actual number of COVID-19 infections in a time span of about two months, they rather assess the effect of increased contacts on the infection and mortality risks of the two genders and the various age groups. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.06.20207951 id = cord-252843-vd81pftu author = Doherty, Tanya title = Building back from the ground up: the vital role of communities date = 2020-10-07 keywords = South; covid-19 summary = Governments in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) followed the approaches adopted by the Global North and advocated by international bodies such as the WHO, and instituted varying degrees of nationwide stay at home orders (lockdowns) from strict restrictions (such as in South Africa, India and Zimbabwe) to weakly enforced lockdown as in Brazil. ► Investing in community cadres and organisations has the potential to build social solidarity, mitigate the impact of COVID-19 and strengthen intersectoral collaboration and safety nets for future crises. While LMIC governments have focussed almost exclusively on reducing COVID-19 case numbers, many communities organised themselves with ''ground-up'' mitigation measures to address the worsening unintended effects. The intense lockdown periods and burden of COVID-19-related illness have revealed the inadequacies of strained, under-resourced public health facilities, and in some instances inept LMIC governments'' responses to crises; and the critical role of resilient, mobilised community structures. doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003928 id = cord-277755-wglxa801 author = Dohlman, Jenny C. title = COVID-19 and Ophthalmologic Education: A Call to Innovate date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = At my own institution, residents have been redistributed from operating rooms and clinics, now cancelled, to essential care only, covering our eye-specific emergency room, inpatient ophthalmology consults and a COVID step-down unit. Across the country, many of my peers have been redeployed from ophthalmology entirely, working exclusively in COVID ICUs, general emergency rooms, and general medicine floors as the clinical demands of the pandemic have outpaced the human resources necessary to care for these patients. 2 While it is apparent that surgical and clinical training have suffered over the past few months as a result of this shift in priorities, it is also true that this challenge has led to rapid innovation in how we teach, learn, and exchange ideas. 5 While it is evident that the education of current trainees in ophthalmology has been severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, this challenge has also led to rapid innovation in the spheres of education, telemedicine, and research that otherwise never could have happened on such a large and sweeping scale. doi = 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.06.045 id = cord-258877-6hy37qxa author = Dolgikh, S. title = Covid-19 vs BCG Universal Immunization: Statistical Significance at Six Months of Exposure date = 2020-09-08 keywords = BCG; covid-19 summary = The intent of this work was to analyze publicly available Covid-19 epidemiological data by reporting national and subnational jurisdictions with respect to the hypothesized induced immunity population-scale protection resulting from a universal BCG vaccination policy (UBIP), current or previous, and attempt both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the hypothesis of correlation between a current or previous UBIP in the jurisdiction and a milder scenario of Covid-19 epidemics; to verify the assumptions, results and conclusions of the earlier studies [1, 2, [4] [5] [6] with a specific objective to determine, in a quantitative analysis, the constraints and confidence of the correlation and null hypotheses. We use qualitative methods such as case comparison, trend analysis and quantitative ones such evaluation of statistical parameters to analyze trends in development of the epidemiological situation across monitored jurisdictions with the intent to evaluate the significance of the correlation hypothesis between the impact of Covid-19 epidemics and a record of universal BCG immunization. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.06.20189423 id = cord-275136-7atkrkhd author = Dolin, Raphael title = Remdesivir — An Important First Step date = 2020-05-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = have provided in the Journal the first report of an effective treatment for Covid-19, resulting from a rigorously designed and conducted clinical trial. On May 1, 2020, the Food and Drug Administration issued an Emergency Use Authorization for remdesivir to treat adults and children with severe Covid-19. However, the effect on time to recovery was observed largely in patients who entered the study in the severe disease stratum (12 days in remdesivir recipients, as compared with 18 days in placebo recipients). The findings in the trial suggest that the timing of initiation of treatment with an antiviral such as remdesivir, as well as the underlying clinical status of the patient, may have important effects on the outcomes of therapy. In an accompanying article by Goldman et al., investigators studied the effects of remdesivir on Covid-19 outcomes when treatment was given for 5 days as compared with 10 days. shows that remdesivir provides moderate clinical benefit in the treatment of patients with Covid-19. doi = 10.1056/nejme2018715 id = cord-309171-kgc7lgjp author = Dolinger, Michael T. title = Pediatric Crohn''s Disease and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) and COVID-19 Treated with Infliximab date = 2020-05-21 keywords = TNF; covid-19 summary = We describe a case of severe COVID-19 infection in a recently diagnosed pediatric Crohn''s disease patient successfully treated with Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) blockade. Cytokine profile revealed rising levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, higher than those described in either inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or severe COVID-19 alone. The patient was treated with infliximab for TNF-α blockade to address both moderately to severely active Crohn''s disease and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) temporally related to COVID-19. 2 We describe a pediatric patient recently diagnosed with Crohn''s disease who developed severe COVID-19 infection successfully treated with infliximab. This is the first reported case of a patient with recently diagnosed Crohn''s disease with suspected MIS-C temporally related to COVID-19 treated with infliximab to co-manage both entities. doi = 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002809 id = cord-318116-u0swlpug author = Dolores García-Cosío, M. title = Trasplante cardiaco durante la pandemia por coronavirus: organización asistencial y características de los pacientes infectados date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19; pacientes summary = Se mantuvieron las visitas de los pacientes con un TxC más reciente (los primeros 3 meses siguientes al trasplante) en un circuito de protección para la asistencia ambulatoria en nuestro hospital. En nuestro centro se estableció un área sin coronavirus, denominada área intermedia (AI), para evaluar a los pacientes con alto riesgo (receptores de trasplante de órgano sólido, pacientes con un dispositivo de asistencia ventricular y pacientes oncológicos) que requerían una evaluación por sospecha de COVID-19. Se identificó a 15 pacientes con TxC que presentaron un cuadro clínico compatible con COVID-19, y se programaron para ellos llamadas telefónicas 2 veces por semana. La incidencia de la COVID-19 en nuestra población con TxC fue del 8%, a pesar de la indicación de medidas intensivas de protección para esta población en alto riesgo. Según los resultados del presente estudio, puede establecerse un seguimiento seguro de los pacientes con TxC durante la pandemia de COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.recesp.2020.08.019 id = cord-309619-glb2y82u author = Domingo, Pere title = The four horsemen of a viral Apocalypse: The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) date = 2020-07-29 keywords = ACE2; Ang; COVID-19; IFN; SARS; TNF summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2 lights the wick by infecting alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) and downregulating the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2)/angiotensin (Ang-1–7)/Mas1R axis. SARS-CoV induces the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 TACE TNF-a converting enzyme TBK1 TANK-binding kinase 1 TLR toll-like receptor TMPRSS2 type II transmembrane serine protease TNF-a tumor necrosis alpha TRAF3 TNF receptor-associated factor 3 XCR1 XCL1 (Chemokine [C motif] ligand 1) and XCL3 (Chemokine [C motif] ligand 3) receptor production of double-membrane vesicles that lack PRRs and can then replicate in these vesicles [18] . COVID-19 patients have high serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, IL-10, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferon gamma-induced protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage SARS-CoV-2 infects primarily type II pneumocytes through binding to the ACE2 receptor. ACE2 = Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; SARS-CoV-2 = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Ang II = Angiotensin II; ROS = Reactive oxygen species; AT1R = Angiotensin 1 receptor; ADAM17 = A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 17; TNF-a = Tumor necrosis factor alpha; TMPRSS2 = transmembrane protease serine 2. doi = 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102887 id = cord-344048-lx9krl5v author = Domínguez-Salas, Sara title = Psycho-Emotional Approach to the Psychological Distress Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study date = 2020-06-28 keywords = COVID-19; information; psychological summary = The objective of this study is to analyze psychological distress in a sample of Spanish population, identifying the predictive nature of the information received, the preventive measures taken, level of concern, beliefs, and knowledge about the infection. The variables that showed a predictive ability were sex, age, number of hours consulting information on COVID-19, assessment of the information provided by the media in terms of accessibility, assessment of the information available on the prognosis of the disease, washing hands with hydroalcoholic solution, degree of concern about COVID-19, degree of concern to become infected, belief about the likelihood of survival if infected, level of confidence in the diagnostic ability of the health system, risk of getting infected, the belief about the effectiveness of preventive measures, and the need to offer psychological support to the general population ( Table 5 ). doi = 10.3390/healthcare8030190 id = cord-315157-2p45frlk author = Donell, Simon T. title = Preparation for the next COVID-19 wave: The European Hip Society and European Knee Associates recommendations date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; European; patient; wave summary = PURPOSE: To plan for the continuance of elective hip and knee arthroplasty during a resurgence or new wave of COVID-19 infections. The recommendations focus on the preparation phase and, in particular, the actions that the individual surgeon needs to undertake to continue with, and practice, elective arthroplasty during the next wave, as well as planning their personal and their family''s lives. CONCLUSIONS: The recommendations for planning to continue elective hip and knee arthroplasty during a new phase of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic provide a framework to reduce the risk of a complete shutdown of elective surgery. The aim is to help orthopaedic surgeons across Europe (and a wider global audience) with a special interest in elective hip and knee arthroplasty prepare for the resurgence or new outbreak of COVID-19 in their locality. This paper reports the recommendations for individual surgeons on how to prepare for a new lockdown to minimise this impact on their elective hip and knee arthroplasty practice. doi = 10.1007/s00167-020-06213-z id = cord-343072-3wuh6k6g author = Dong, Mengying title = Understand Research Hotspots Surrounding COVID-19 and Other Coronavirus Infections Using Topic Modeling date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COVID-19; research; topic summary = title: Understand Research Hotspots Surrounding COVID-19 and Other Coronavirus Infections Using Topic Modeling (9) and Md Mahbub Hossain MBBS (10) have performed bibliometric analysis to evaluate the scientific literature on coronavirus infections as well as COVID-19, basing on indicators such as the number of articles, the productivity of authors, geographic distribution of articles and prominent keywords. The purpose of this work was to conduct LDA modeling for semantic and quantitative evaluations of the current status of literature on CoV infections as well as COVID-19, identify broad research topics and how these topics interact with one another. We found that topics of clinical characterization, epidemiology, and virus transmission are hotspots for COVID-19 at present, while research on pathogenesis, therapeutics, virus diagnostics, vaccines and viral genomics are urgently needed. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.26.20044164 doi: medRxiv preprint 5 total, 1,482 articles were identified as COVID-19-related research. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.26.20044164 id = cord-312926-j9jybblr author = Dong, W. title = Early Awake Prone and Lateral Position in Non-intubated Severe and Critical Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan: A Respective Cohort Study date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Background Previous studies suggest applying prone position (PP) and lateral position (LP) in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) for their efficacy in improving oxygenation and lung recruitment.This paper aims to share clinical experiences and outcome of using PP and LP in combination with oxygen therapy (OT) and Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in severe and critical patients with COVID-19. Conclusion: Clinical outcomes of early application of PP and LP in combination with OT and NIV in severe and critical patients with COVID-19 indicated well tolerance of the therapy and resulted in improving patients'' oxygenation in a safe and effective manner. Based on previous clinical experiences in managing patients with severe acute respiratory infection, we used early prone position (PP) and lateral position (LP) in combination with oxygen therapy (OT) and non-invasive ventilation (NIV), as supportive therapies, to treat severe and critical patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.09.20091454 id = cord-345432-nyklmyw0 author = Dong, Zai-Quan title = The social psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical staff in China: A cross-sectional study date = 2020-06-01 keywords = China; HEI; covid-19 summary = The questionnaires consisted of five parts: basic demographic information and epidemiological exposure; occupational and psychological impact; concerns during the episode; coping strategies; and the Huaxi Emotional-Distress Index (HEI). The psychological impact of stressful events was related to worrying about their physical health, having close COVID-19 infected acquaintances and family relationship issues. Our study examines the emotional states, psychosocial factors, and coping strategies of medical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic in order to provide a basis for psychological intervention and other types of support for this group. The questionnaire consisted of five parts: basic demographic information and exposure to the COVID-19 outbreak; occupational and psychological impact; concerns during the episode; coping strategies; and the Huaxi Emotional-Distress Index. The present study suggests that 24.2% of medical staff reported high levels of psychological issues, including anxiety and depressive emotion, sometimes severe. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak doi = 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.59 id = cord-261006-2xh3f07i author = Dong, Zhiyong title = Recommendations to Manage Patients for Bariatric Surgery in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience from China date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Recommendations to Manage Patients for Bariatric Surgery in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience from China For the prehospital evaluation, we recommend (1) that consultation be conducted virtually by means of WeChat, email, or telephone, to investigate whether patients may have COVID-19 by asking about symptoms or any history of recent travel to epidemic areas. For the preoperative evaluation, we recommend (1) reevaluation of epidemiological information to exclude COVID-19-infected if necessary; (2) re-evaluate whether there is any history of fever or respiratory symptoms; confirm the results of lung CT, nucleic acid test, routine blood examinations, and other relevant tests. Repeat the PCR if necessary in case of a false positive; (3) complete a preoperative examination of cardiopulmonary function; use continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to improve lung ventilation and systemic hypoxia in cases of obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS); for cardiopulmonary insufficiency or severe complications, there should be an online consultation of the departments of anesthesia, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, and other relevant departments to plan the surgical timing and provide individualized diagnosis and treatment [12] . Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1007/s11695-020-04741-8 id = cord-275353-ezrmuw48 author = Donma, Mustafa Metin title = The Effects of Allium Sativum on Immunity within the Scope of COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-06-02 keywords = cell; covid-19; garlic summary = Compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Leptin''s role in boosting proinflammatory cytokines and in appetite decreasing suggest the possible beneficial effect of decreasing the concentration of this proinflammatory adipose tissue hormone in relieving some symptoms detected during COVID-19 infection. In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature. It is a well-known fact that immune dysfunction plays an important role in the development and progress of several diseases and this functional food may contribute to the prevention and treatment of pathologies such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disorders, gastric ulcer, and even cancer [17, 18] . Decreased leptin concentrations caused by garlic may be helpful to alleviate appetite loss observed in patients with COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109934 id = cord-336845-7ofgekoj author = Donthu, Naveen title = Effects of COVID-19 on Business and Research date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; consumer; outbreak; pandemic; society summary = In total, there are 12 papers that cover different industry sectors (e.g., tourism, retail, higher education), changes in consumer behavior and businesses, ethical issues, and aspects related to employees and leadership. We should also make an effort to learn from the consequences of pandemic outbreaks to prepare our societies for if-and, more likely, when-this happens again. Our societies are more open than ever; we rely on the importing of important products, such as food, energy, and medical equipment, rather than sourcing them from close to where they are needed; and there are limited efforts to prepare for pandemic outbreaks. The first contribution, by Jagdish Sheth, is titled "Impact of COVID-19 on Consumer Behavior: Will the Old Habits Return or Die?" It explores how the current pandemic has affected several aspects of consumers'' lives, ranging from personal mobility to retail shopping, attendance at major life events like marriage ceremonies, having children, and relocation. doi = 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.008 id = cord-311926-n7co0jtu author = Donà, Daniele title = COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspective of an Italian Tertiary Care Pediatric Center date = 2020-09-01 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Predicting a rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus within our region, the Department for Women''s and Children''s Health promptly decided (i) to revise the distribution of the clinical areas in order to create both designated COVID-19 and COVID-19-free areas with their own access, (ii) to reinforce infection prevention control (IPC) measures for all healthcare workers and administrative staff and (iii) to adopt the new "double-gate approach": a phone call pre-triage and nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 detection before the admission of all patients and caregivers. • to ensure the protection of the healthcare workers, as the top priority; • to rigorously implement all the conventional rules emanated by the WHO for preventing the infection • to minimize the risk of admitting into hospital asymptomatic COVID-19 positive patients; • to adapt/transform some hospital areas in order to be able to admit and treat suspected/confirmed; COVID-19 pediatric patients Predicting a rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus within our region, in the afternoon of February 24th the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Padua University Hospital called for an emergency meeting with all the department chairmen and the mandates received were: doi = 10.3390/healthcare8030311 id = cord-327933-u0fcs3yg author = Doná, Daniele title = Pediatric transplantation in Europe during the COVID‐19 pandemic: early impact on activity and healthcare date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; pediatric summary = Indeed, although severe outcomes (including deaths) have been reported in the pediatric population 6 , relatively fewer children with COVID-19 require hospitalization or admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) 7 . The survey included relevant questions to: i) assess pediatric transplantation activity, including living-donation issues; ii) identify the protocols adopted to prevent and manage SARS-CoV-2 infection at the hospital level; iii) evaluate the impact of these practices on the healthcare of transplanted children; and iv), describe the management of confirmed COVID-19 cases among the special population of pediatric transplant recipients and candidates. In eight centers (44%) outpatient visits were performed only after a telephone pretriage excluding epidemiological (e.g., close contact with a known COVID-19 case) and clinical risk factors (e.g., ongoing fever or respiratory symptoms in the patient or in the caregiver) for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Due to lack of experience in treating affected pediatric transplant patients, hospital admission criteria for suspected and confirmed COVID-19 cases varied between ERN-TransplantChild centers. doi = 10.1111/ctr.14063 id = cord-287136-3cml1shh author = Dopfer, Christian title = COVID-19 related reduction in pediatric emergency healthcare utilization – a concerning trend date = 2020-09-07 keywords = covid-19; table summary = RESULTS: In the four weeks after lockdown in Germany began, we observed a massive drop of 63.8% in pediatric emergency healthcare utilization (mean daily visits 26.8 ± SEM 1.5 in 2019 vs. Severe cases of COVID-19 remained comparatively low in Germany (n = 163,175 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections with 6.692 fatalities as of May 4th 2020 [13] ), and the healthcare system has thus far been spared an untenable influx of critically ill patients. When we compared daily visit frequencies between 2019 and 2020, we observed a striking reduction in the number of patients presenting to the ED after March 16th 2020, the day that school closures and a nationwide lockdown began (Fig. 1a) . The proportion of daily patients with infectious diseases or signs and symptoms of infection, however, did not differ significantly between calendar weeks 12 to 15 from one year to another (Table 1 ; Fig. 2e ). doi = 10.1186/s12887-020-02303-6 id = cord-274251-2x1nltpn author = Doran, S.L.F. title = COVID-19 infection in patients following hepato-pancreatico-biliary intervention: An early experience date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Doran, S.L.F.; Patel, P.H.; Chaudry, A.; Pollok, J.M.; Pollok, J.M.; Kumar, S.; Bhogal, R.H. title: COVID-19 infection in patients following hepato-pancreatico-biliary intervention: An early experience We report our experience of 3 patients developing COVID-19 infection after hepato-pancreatico-biliary intervention in March 2020 during the initial outbreak in the United Kingdom. Initial post-operative CXR was normal but the patient remained intubated, spiking temperatures with high FiO2 and noradrenaline requirements and a COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed. On POD 5 he developed an acute kidney injury and CXR demonstrated right lower collapse with right basal atelectasis. This case series strongly supports the routine testing of patients and clinical staff to reduce the potential complications of surgery on patients with COVID-19. Whilst all 3 patients were clinically stable on discharge, the risk of adverse outcomes in patients particularly after major abdominal surgery in the COVID-19 era is very real and requires vigilance. doi = 10.1016/j.ejso.2020.04.045 id = cord-291588-tp89j1kk author = Dorche, Maryam Sharifian title = Neurological complications of coronavirus infection; a comparative review and lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-07 keywords = Barré; COVID-19; Guillain; SARS; patient summary = During the current pandemic, 370 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection out of 37 studies (Table 3) were reported to suffer from AIS or transient ischemic attack (TIA). (145) Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy(ANE) which was reported in 8 patients (Table 3) with COVID-19 is a distinct entity defined as rapid onset of neurological symptoms often secondary to a viral infection such as herpes viruses and influenza. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: Retrospective case series Evolution and resolution of brain involvement associated with SARS-CoV2 infection: A close Clinical -Paraclinical follow up study of a case EEG Findings in Acutely Ill Patients Investigated for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: A Small Case Series Preliminary Report. Guillain-Barré syndrome in a patient infected with SARS-CoV-2, a case report Guillain-Barré Syndrome as a Neurological Complication of Novel COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report and Review of the Literature doi = 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117085 id = cord-334638-au5sqzxw author = Dores, Artemisa R. title = The Use of New Digital Information and Communication Technologies in Psychological Counseling during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; internet summary = The aims of this work were to (a) analyze how the attitudes of professionals in the field of psychology have changed in relation to the use of ICTs in the context of psychological monitoring during the lockdown; (b) assess whether the practice of psychological counseling and therapy includes greater use of ICTs during the lockdown period; (c) identify the factors that potentially have affected such changes; and (d) study the possible adoption of guidelines for at-distance psychological monitoring by psychologists who are using ICTs during the period of physical distance This study aimed to explore psychologists'' attitudes and practices related with the use of ICTs before and during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown period, for identification of the main changes that have occurred in the provision of counseling and therapy. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17207663 id = cord-260723-y4ow6n8r author = Dorey-Stein, Zachariah L. title = Case Series: Failure of imaging & biochemical markers to capture disease progression in COVID-19 date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We report four individuals admitted for acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19 who demonstrated significant clinical improvement prior to discharge and subsequently were readmitted with worsening respiratory failure, elevated inflammatory markers and worsening chest imaging. In this case series we report four individuals admitted for acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19 who demonstrated significant clinical improvement prior to discharge and subsequently were readmitted with worsening respiratory failure and significant new findings on admission computed tomography (CT) of the chest. Due to an increasing oxygen requirement, rising inflammatory markers, and a worsening left upper lobe opacity she was treated with methylprednisolone 500 mg daily and hydroxychloroquine for presumed cytokine storm. His oxygen requirement was weaned to 3 liters and inflammatory markers trended down, and he was discharged on the sixth day of his admission back to a skilled nursing facility to complete a 6-day course of prednisone 40 mg daily. doi = 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101227 id = cord-310605-r63sg73c author = Dorward, D. A. title = Tissue-specific tolerance in fatal Covid-19 date = 2020-07-04 keywords = RNA; SARS; cell; covid-19 summary = Here we report an aberrant immune response in fatal Covid-19, principally involving the lung and reticuloendothelial system, that is not clearly topologically associated with the virus, indicating tissue-specific tolerance of SARS-CoV-2. This supports prioritising pathogen tolerance as a therapeutic strategy in Covid-19, by better understanding non-injurious organ-specific viral tolerance mechanisms and targeting aberrant macrophage and plasma cell responses. As analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA confirmed presence in numerous organs, detailed histological analysis of multiple tissues was undertaken on every patient to determine the associated pathological consequences and inflammatory responses. The present study shows that fatal Covid-19 is associated with variable but widespread distribution of viral RNA and protein but with a discordant inflammatory response to local viral presence, both between and within tissues, demonstrating tissue-specific tolerance of SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.02.20145003 id = cord-351184-kcc3p3ow author = Dotters-Katz, Sarah K. title = Considerations for Obstetric Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; care; patient summary = Because no treatment, no vaccine and no herd immunity exist, social distancing is the best mechanism available to protect patients and health care workers from infection. In this review, we will discuss the available evidence related to COVID-19 surrounding pregnancy, then discuss management considerations for infected pregnant women (and those who are persons under investigation), as well as noninfected pregnant women, during this time. The report from China by the World Health Organization included 147 pregnant women, 8% of whom developed severe disease (defined as respiratory rate >30 or oxygen saturation <93%), and 1% developed critical infection (defined as need for mechanical ventilation or other system failure and ICU admission). Though, based on limited data, COVID-19 does not appear to be associated with worse outcomes in pregnant women than in the general population, many challenges still exist for the obstetric care provider. Infected, but otherwise low-risk pregnant women with mild disease do not need clinical assessment, and may be tested based on local practices. doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1710051 id = cord-307100-w33e2078 author = Douedi, Steven title = Successful Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in COVID-19 Pregnant Women: An Institutional Approach date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Case series Patients: Female, 26-year-old • Female, 27-year-old • Female, 19-year-old Final Diagnosis: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) • COVID-19 Symptoms: Fever • hypoxia • shortness of breath Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Cesarian section • mechanical ventilation Specialty: Critical Care Medicine • Infectious Diseases • Medicine, General and Internal • Obstetrics and Gynecology OBJECTIVE: Management of emergency care BACKGROUND: Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has been defined as a pandemic infecting millions of individuals with a significantly high mortality and morbidity rate. The purpose of this case series is to present 3 patients in their trimester who underwent emergent cesarean sections and were successfully managed in the intensive care unit. All 3 patients were successfully extubated, and all 3 infants tested negative for COVID-19, suggesting no vertical transmission; although, further studies are needed to confirm this finding. These cases describe successful cesarean deliveries of babies in pregnant patients suffering from severe COVID-19 infection and requiring mechanical ventilation and ICU care. doi = 10.12659/ajcr.925513 id = cord-328640-4g7revha author = Douedi, Steven title = Novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): A case report and review of treatments date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = This virus is known to cause severe bilateral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which can lead to difficulty breathing requiring mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit management. [1, 4] We present a case of elderly female presenting with fever, cough, and shortness of breath found to be positive for COVID-19 and started on high-dose IV ascorbic acid, anti-interleukin-6, hydroxychloroquine, and remdesivir requiring high ventilator settings and eventually requiring vasopressors and continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD). [13] While further studies are in need to provide concrete evidence on the use of hydroxychloroquine, clinical trials from China have already shown promising results for COVID-19 and several countries around the world have begun using these medications. Further studies and clinical trials are required to fully understand the role of remdesivir and other medications in COVID-19 infected patients. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000020207 id = cord-032599-b4lcqzcv author = Doumbia-Henry, Cleopatra title = Shipping and COVID-19: protecting seafarers as frontline workers date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19; IMO; seafarer summary = There has been extraordinary cooperation among all the relevant United Nations agencies-the International Maritime Organization (IMO), International Labour Organization (ILO), World Health Organization (WHO) and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)-maritime stakeholders and in particular shipping and ports, to collectively address the pandemic and minimize the risk for global trade and on human health. On 8 June, the IMO Secretary-General and the Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) called on governments to facilitate crew changes and ensure crew well-being by facilitating repatriation and the safe return home of seafarers, marine personnel, fishing vessel personnel, offshore energy sector personnel and service provider personnel at ports as "key workers" providing an essential service, regardless of nationality when in their jurisdiction, and to exempt them from travel restrictions. 22 The stakeholders in the maritime industry have called on governments to ensure that, when implementing measures to protect public health and address COVID-19, they do not introduce obstacles to ship and port operations, including the movement of seafarers and marine personnel, as defined by IMO instruments and the MLC 2006. doi = 10.1007/s13437-020-00217-9 id = cord-339614-28s205p8 author = Dover, Jeffrey S. title = A Path to Resume Aesthetic Care: Executive Summary of Project AesCert Guidance Supplement—Practical Considerations for Aesthetic Medicine Professionals Supporting Clinic Preparedness in Response to the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak date = 2020-05-01 keywords = Guidance; PPE; covid-19; office; patient; procedure; treatment summary = Patient communication-establishing appropriate expectations for office visits and attendant risks; Clinic schedule management-considerations for schedule modification to convert non-treatment interactions to telehealth consultations, separate patients from one another in the office and avoid unnecessary staff contact; Facility management-physical modification of office common areas and treatment rooms, as well as check-in and check-out procedures, to promote safe practices and physical distancing; Cleaning procedures-discussion of disinfection methods and practices in each office area, ranging from medical instruments and treatment rooms to administrative items and reception areas; Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for providers, staff and patients-recommendations for PPE types and use depending upon procedure-based risk assessment, and recognizing current global equipment shortages; Employee health screening and training-procedures and methods for identifying staff members who may be unwell before, during, and after work, and training of staff to identify potential COVID-19 presentation in coworkers, patients, and other office visitors; risks associated with exposure to known or suspected COVID-19-positive individuals are also discussed; Patient health and screening-procedures and methods for symptom recognition in patients before, during, and after office visits, with follow-up monitoring where appropriate; Remedial measures following onsite symptom presentation-a framework for addressing isolation of symptomatic individuals, office containment and disinfection, and contact tracing; Treatment room setup-preparing and securing treatment rooms for patient entry to contain office contamination and reduce overall potential COVID-19 exposure; and Aesthetic treatment considerations-pretreatment preparation and precautions, and other suggestions for minimizing risk of transmission in performing the most common types of office-based aesthetic procedures, such as neurotoxin and dermal filler injections, noninvasive body contouring, lasers and other similar energy-emitting devices, and a range of medical skin care treatments. doi = 10.1089/fpsam.2020.0239 id = cord-335213-0cji7tzq author = Dowd, Jennifer Beam title = Demographic science aids in understanding the spread and fatality rates of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; Italy summary = We examine the role of age structure in deaths thus far in Italy and South Korea and illustrate how the pandemic could unfold in populations with similar population sizes but different age structures, showing a dramatically higher burden of mortality in countries with older versus younger populations. We examine the role of age structure in deaths thus far in Italy and South Korea and illustrate how the pandemic could unfold in populations with similar population sizes but different age structures, showing a dramatically higher burden of mortality in countries with older versus younger populations. Fig. 1 contains population pyramids to illustrate how population age structure interacts with high COVID-19 mortality rates at older ages to generate large differences across populations in the number of deaths, holding constant assumed rates of infection prevalence (10%) and age−sex-specific CFRs (Italy) (14) . doi = 10.1073/pnas.2004911117 id = cord-309739-3smgv1ma author = Doyle, Andrew J title = Blood Component Use in Critical Care in Patients with COVID‐19 Infection: A Single Centre Experience date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; ECMO summary = title: Blood Component Use in Critical Care in Patients with COVID‐19 Infection: A Single Centre Experience At present it has not been described whether there is an increased blood component requirement in patients with COVID-19 infection. Restrictive transfusion practice of red blood cells in critical care and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has similar survival outcomes to liberal transfusion practice (Herbert et al, 1999; Klein, 2013; Doyle et al, 2020) . Patients requiring ECMO have increased use of blood components particularly if they bleed (Doyle et al, 2020; Agerstrand, 2020) . Despite the increased demands of healthcare resources at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, it appears that the infection itself does not cause a significant increase in blood component use in comparison to previous data from critical care (Chohan et al, 2003) . This is in comparison 0.46 units per day in patients not requiring ECMO in critical care prior to the COVID-19 outbreak (Chohan et al, 2003) . doi = 10.1111/bjh.17007 id = cord-350935-p6euuop3 author = Doğan, Tunca title = CROssBAR: Comprehensive Resource of Biomedical Relations with Deep Learning Applications and Knowledge Graph Representations date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; protein summary = We aimed to address this issue by constructing a new biological and biomedical data resource, CROssBAR, a comprehensive system that integrates large-scale biomedical data from various resources and store them in a new NoSQL database, enrich these data with deep-learning-based prediction of relations between numerous biomedical entities, rigorously analyse the enriched data to obtain biologically meaningful modules and display them to users via easy-to-interpret, interactive and heterogenous knowledge graph (KG) representations within an open access, user-friendly and online web-service at https://crossbar.kansil.org. In this project, we aimed to address the current shortcomings by developing a comprehensive open access biomedical system entitled CROssBAR via integrating various biological databases to each other, inferring the missing relations between existing data points, and constructing informative knowledge graphs based on specific biomedical components/terms such as a disease/phenotype, biological process, gene/protein and drug/compound, or specific combinations of them. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.14.296889 id = cord-338864-yzcvxwpb author = Dragovic, Milan title = Emergency department mental health presentations before and during the COVID-19 outbreak in Western Australia date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Emergency department mental health presentations before and during the COVID-19 outbreak in Western Australia METHOD: Changes in the number, and type, of mental health presentations to Western Australia EDs were examined between January and May 2020, and compared to 2019. RESULTS: Data showed an unexpected decrease in the number of mental health presentations, compared to 2019, which was temporally coincident with the rise in local COVID-19 cases. CONCLUSION: A rise in local COVID-19 cases was associated with a decrease in mental health presentations to EDs. This has important implications for the planning and provision of healthcare services in the current pandemic. For example, calls to mental health helplines increased by 30%, 19, 20 suggesting that individuals found other ways to access care without travelling to EDs. Given evidence suggesting that helpline and telephone counselling services have a positive impact on suicide ideation and prevention, 21-23 the recent release of government funding to community organisations is much needed. doi = 10.1177/1039856220960673 id = cord-300094-xynwf38q author = Drak Alsibai, Kinan title = Detection of Hemosiderin-Laden Macrophages in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of COVID-19 Patients: Is Perls Stain a Potential Indicator of Oxidative Alveolar Damage? date = 2020-06-05 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Detection of Hemosiderin-Laden Macrophages in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of COVID-19 Patients: Is Perls Stain a Potential Indicator of Oxidative Alveolar Damage? Consequently, the pulmonary lesions described on chest computed tomography scan are thought to be the result of the inability to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen and the release of oxidative iron from the hemes, which overwhelm the natural defenses against pulmonary oxidative stress and may eventually result in bilateral ground-glass-like opacities in COVID-19 patients. It is evident that confirmation of the utility of Golde score using Perls stain or immunocytochemical technique to detect ferric iron as an indicator of pulmonary damage in COVID-19 patients requires validation by a series of cytological examination of BAL, while taking the necessary technical precautions as fresh BAL of COV-ID-19 patients is considered a high-risk infectious fluid for the laboratory team. doi = 10.1159/000508020 id = cord-348202-6we8e60b author = Drake, Daniel H. title = Echo in Pandemic: Front Line Perspective, Expanding Role of Ultrasound and Ethics of Resource Allocation date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; care; patient summary = During a declared health care crisis, providers must be familiar with the ethical principles, organizational structure, practical application, and gravity of limited resource allocation. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) associated acute cardiomyopathy is common in critical care patients and is associated with a high mortality. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) associated acute cardiomyopathy is common in critical care patients and is associated with a high mortality. Echocardiography has been most useful for 1) initial assessment of patients with respiratory complaints who are seen in the COVID-19 evaluation pathway but may have another etiology for their symptoms, 2) assessment of cardiac function in critical care patients, where SARS-CoV-2 associated cardiomyopathy is prevalent and 3) volume assessment of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), where sparing unnecessary fluids is mandatory. Ethical Considerations for Decision Making Regarding Allocation of Mechanical Ventilators During a Severe Influenza Pandemic or Other Public Health Emergency doi = 10.1016/j.echo.2020.04.007 id = cord-328810-ifovibzi author = Drefahl, Sven title = A population-based cohort study of socio-demographic risk factors for COVID-19 deaths in Sweden date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; Sweden summary = In this study, data on all recorded COVID-19 deaths in Sweden up to May 7, 2020 are linked to high-quality and accurate individual-level background data from administrative registers of the total population. Owing to the special provision of new data from the Swedish authorities, we have access to data on all recorded COVID-19 deaths in Sweden up to May 7, 2020 linked to high-quality and accurate individual-level background data from administrative registers. Here, we examine how the risk of death varies across fundamental sociodemographic characteristics, including age, sex, civil status, individual disposable income, region of residence, and country of birth. Table 1 shows an increasing risk of dying from COVID-19 by increasing age, as well as excess mortality for men, widowed, primary educated, those with low income, those from highincome countries (HIC), and those living in Stockholm county. Among individuals in working ages, as compared to retirees, males experience even higher mortality relative to females, and education and income are stronger predictors of dying from COVID-19. doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-18926-3 id = cord-258416-1jrbu8ox author = Drenovska, Kossara title = Covid‐19 pandemic and the skin date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; patient; skin summary = Following patients with psoriasis on biological therapy, as well as other inflammatory and autoimmune cutaneous disorders such as atopic dermatitis, pemphigus, pemphigoid diseases, and skin cancer provoked the interest of dermatologists. Here, we summarize skin conditions during the COVID‐19 pandemic, patient information, and expert recommendations and give an overview about the registries launched to document skin changes during COVID‐19, as well as details about certain patient groups infected with SARS‐CoV‐2, for example, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and autoimmune bullous diseases. 33 In a French prospective study on the incidence and types of COVID-19-associated cutaneous manifestations, skin involvement was reported in only 4.9% (five patients of 103) and presented as erythematous rash (two patients) and urticaria (two patients). Future case-controlled studies may potentially confirm AGA as a predictive factor for increased COVID-19 severity and contribute to the development of antiandrogen therapy for SARSNeonatal rashes Skin rashes in newborns of COVID-19-infected mothers were reported in two boys out of four infants from China. doi = 10.1111/ijd.15189 id = cord-275924-mmcszoxb author = Drew, David A. title = Rapid implementation of mobile technology for real-time epidemiology of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-06 keywords = covid-19; preprint summary = We established the COronavirus Pandemic Epidemiology (COPE) consortium to bring together scientists with expertise in big data research and epidemiology to develop a COVID-19 Symptom Tracker mobile application that we launched in the UK on March 24, 2020 and the US on March 29, 2020 garnering more than 2.25 million users to date. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.02.20051334 doi: medRxiv preprint of scientists with expertise in big data research and translational epidemiology to interrogate the COVID-19 pandemic in the largest and most diverse patient population assembled to-date. By collecting participant-reported geospatial data, highlighted as a critical need for pandemic epidemiologic research (16), we can rapidly identify populations 5 with highly prevalent symptoms that may emerge as hot spots for outbreaks. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.02.20051334 doi: medRxiv preprint Concerningly, 20% of individuals report complex symptoms (cough and/or fatigue plus at least one of anosmia, diarrhea, or fever) but have not yet received testing, representing a substantial population who appear to be at greater risk for the disease. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.02.20051334 id = cord-271308-nypkr537 author = Drexler, Richard title = Involvement of Medical Students During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study date = 2020-08-30 keywords = COVID-19; medical; student summary = Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affects the education of medical students around the world and countries have had differing responses in dealing with this dynamic situation. Final year students had already been working in hospitals since before the outbreak, with 35.0% of them assisting doctors in the treatment of COVID-19 positive patients during their placements. The final year students were asked about the changing workload since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, contact to COVID-19 positive patients, possible infection, and the impact on future residencies. To evaluate the usefulness and gratitude of the voluntary work during COVID-19 pandemic, the 17 volunteering students were confronted with several statements that were answered using a 5-Point Likert Scale (Figure 1) . In addition, volunteers'' work was appreciated and valued more by the medical staff in comparison to final year students conducting their clinical placements (p<0.01). doi = 10.7759/cureus.10147 id = cord-335007-27a3h2lo author = Dreyer, Nancy A. title = Self-reported symptoms from exposure to Covid-19 provide support to clinical diagnosis, triage and prognosis: An exploratory analysis date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID+; covid-19; participant summary = title: Self-reported symptoms from exposure to Covid-19 provide support to clinical diagnosis, triage and prognosis: An exploratory analysis We identify factors indicating COVID-19 positivity in non-hospitalized patients and prognosticators of moderate-to-severe disease. METHODS: Appeals conducted in April-June 2020 in social media, collaborating medical societies and patient advocacy groups recruited 20,476 participants ≥18 years who believed they had COVID-19 exposure. Volunteers consented on-line and reported height, weight, concomitant illnesses, medication and supplement use, residential, occupational or community COVID-19 exposure, symptoms and symptom severity on a 4-point scale. We build on these models using community-driven research to characterize symptoms indicative of a positive COVID-19 viral test result and identify risk factors for development of serious symptoms of COVID-19 infection outside the hospital setting. Anosmia and ageusia were the most likely symptoms indicative of a positive test results, and participants reporting either of these had more symptoms and of greater severity [8] . doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101909 id = cord-273775-ncfzz3kh author = Drissi, Farouk title = Re: “Strategy for the practice of digestive and oncologic surgery in COVID-19 epidemic situation”. As regards the detection of coronavirus in peritoneal fluid date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-273775-ncfzz3kh title: Re: "Strategy for the practice of digestive and oncologic surgery in COVID-19 epidemic situation". As regards the detection of coronavirus in peritoneal fluid cord_uid: ncfzz3kh The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been responsible for numerous cases of contamination within medical staff. That said, the presence of the coronavirus in peritoneal fluid, which would induce a risk of contamination in digestive surgery, is currently under debate. have recommended that in case of doubt or insufficient experience in laparoscopic surgery, an approach by laparotomy is to be favored [1] . Strategy for the practice of digestive and oncologic surgery in COVID-19 epidemic situation COVID-19 not detected in peritoneal fluid: a case of laparoscopic appendicectomy for acute appendicitis in a COVID-19-infected patient SARS-CoV-2 is present in peritoneal fluid in COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 in the peritoneal fluid: does this evidence oblige to introduce new rules? Presentation of a Case Report doi = 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2020.10.008 id = cord-268524-lr51ubz5 author = Droit-Volet, Sylvie title = Time and Covid-19 stress in the lockdown situation: Time free, «Dying» of boredom and sadness date = 2020-08-10 keywords = covid-19; lockdown; time summary = This time experience was not explained by the levels of perceived stress or anxiety, although these were considerable, but rather by the increase in boredom and sadness felt in the lockdown situation. The aim of the present study was thus to conduct a scale survey on a large sample of an as yet untested population-French people-in order to assess not only the perceived stress related to Covid-19 but also the emotions (happiness, boredom, arousal) felt during as compared to before the lockdown and their links to the subjective experience of time. There is thus a risk in this period of pandemic that the chronic stress related to Covid-19 and its corollaries (anxiety, fear of death) are particularly high and therefore impact the subjective experience of time by speeding up the perceived passage of time. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0236465 id = cord-297327-19dfgfz6 author = Drożdżal, Sylwester title = COVID-19: Pain Management in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection—Molecular Mechanisms, Challenges, and Perspectives date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; SARS; pain; patient summary = Many patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection will suffer from severe pain and require reliable pain assessment to provide adequate analgesia, often with multiple drugs, including opioids, nonPutative mechanisms of myalgia and headache during viral infection. Many patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection will suffer from severe pain and require reliable pain assessment to provide adequate analgesia, often with multiple drugs, including opioids, non-steroidal inflammatory drugs or analgosedation [52] . Recently, concerns about the possible higher frequency of adverse effects and exacerbation of symptoms of viral respiratory tract infections, such as COVID-19, in patients treated with NSAIDs have been raised [67] . There are reports of a significantly higher use of opioids because of sedation requirements during respiratory failure caused by SARS-CoV-2, which highlights the importance of undertaking a study aiming to determine efficacious and safe procedures of pain management in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.3390/brainsci10070465 id = cord-332110-6fmc5mbs author = Drury, John title = COVID‐19 in context: Why do people die in emergencies? It’s probably not because of collective psychology date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; emergency summary = Examining the evidence in emergencies suggests three main reasons why there are avoidable fatalities: (1) under-reaction to threat, (2) systemic factors, and (3) mismanagement. We then examine how far they help us understand what has happened in the case of COVID-19 in the UK context, before discussing the real collective psychology of emergencies. Under-reaction, system, and mismanagement in the COVID-19 response in the United Kingdom Unlike fires, earthquakes, floods, and bombings, which tend to be short-term events which occur in one place, the effects of the current pandemic are dispersed in time and space. And when we examine some of the major problems in response and outcomes 9 in the COVID-19 crisis, prima facie our three-fold classification above fits better than explanations in terms of public selfishness, thoughtlessness, and over-reaction. doi = 10.1111/bjso.12393 id = cord-252528-rgnhfcbx author = Du, Fenghe title = COVID-19: the role of excessive cytokine release and potential ACE2 down-regulation in promoting hypercoagulable state associated with severe illness date = 2020-07-16 keywords = ACE2; IFN; IL-6; SARS; covid-19 summary = • Anti-inflammatory therapies, including tocilizumab, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine, which can be promising treatment to control excessive cytokine release in severe COVID-19, have the potential to reduce the risk of vascular thrombotic events, but more clinical data are needed for optimum instruction of drug use and drug selection. By interpreting the pathological mechanisms, we aim to illustrate that excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine release and potential ACE2 down-regulation can promote the hypercoagulable state in severe COVID19 , and propose that the anti-inflammatory medications, as well as ACEI/ARB, can benefit severe COVID-19 patients by reducing the risk of vascular thrombotic events. doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02224-2 id = cord-315367-e0frkhe6 author = Du, Houwei title = The effect of vascular risk factor burden on the severity of COVID-19 illness, a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-09-21 keywords = covid-19; factor; risk; vascular summary = After adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities as potential confounders, vascular risk factor burden remained associated with an increasing risk of severe COVID-19 illness. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with increasing vascular risk factor burden have an increasing risk of severe COVID-19 disease, and this population might benefit from specific COVID-19 prevention (e.g., self-isolation) and early hospital treatment measures. We therefore investigated the association between the number of vascular risk factors and severe COVID-19 disease in this observational retrospective study. Previous studies also showed individual vascular risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes were more frequent in severe COVID-19 patients [3, 14] . Association between vascular risk factor burden and severe COVID-19 illness adjusted for comorbidity, and sensitivity analyses using the E-value approach. Association between vascular risk factor burden and severe COVID-19 illness adjusted for laboratory and chest CT findings, and sensitivity analyses using the Evalue approach. doi = 10.1186/s12931-020-01510-0 id = cord-319089-hxpoy4gd author = Du, Li title = Prevalence of depression during the SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 pandemics: A protocol for overview of systematic reviews date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Prevalence of depression during the SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 pandemics: A protocol for overview of systematic reviews BACKGROUND: The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has emerged to be the biggest global health threat worldwide. METHODS: Two independent reviewers will conduct comprehensively searches in PubMed, EMBASE.com, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Chinese biomedical literature database (CBM), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wan fang Database, Chongqing VIP (CQVIP). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public: a systematic review and meta-analysis Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis Psychological effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in health professionals: a systematic review with meta-analysis doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000022235 id = cord-296265-mat1x862 author = Du, Na title = Clinical characteristics of family-clustered onset of coronavirus disease 2019 in Jilin Province, China date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = All eight patients tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), based on samples from throat swab samples confirmed by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Changchun city. The first patient presented with fever (maximum 39.0° C), cough without sputum, and obvious breathing difficulties and was admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University on 28 January 2020, 9 days after his travel back from Wuhan, the epidemic center of COVID-19. He received a diagnosis of COVID-19 on 1 February due to a positive test for viral RNA based on the throat swab; and the CT scan revealed ground-glass opacities in both lungs ( Figure 6 ). Pt-5 was given a diagnosis of COVID-19 on 30 January because of the positive nucleic acid in the throat swab, and ground glass opacities in both lungs revealed by CT scan (Figure 7) . doi = 10.1080/21505594.2020.1816075 id = cord-295829-e1tk8qvw author = Dua, Anahita title = DVT Protocol Optimization to Minimize Healthcare Worker Exposure in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-11 keywords = DVT; covid-19 summary = OBJECTIVES: There are no societal ultrasound guidelines detailing appropriate patient selection for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) imaging in COVID-19 patients nor are there protocol recommendations aimed at decreasing exposure time for ultrasound technologists. METHODS: A novel two-pronged algorithm was implemented to limit the DVT ultrasound studies on COVID-19 patients prospectively which included direct physician communication with the care team and a COVID-19 specific imaging protocol was instated to reduce ultrasound technologist exposure. At our institution, we do not anticoagulation for muscular calf veins (soleal, gastrocnemial) After implementation of this algorithm by the vascular laboratory only, all DVT US on COVID-18 19 positive patients were reviewed to determine how many US orders were deemed unnecessary 19 by the ordering provider and canceled based on the algorithm. Where there was no difference between groups 4 in demographics, serum D-dimer values, and DVT or PE positivity rates, the time to perform the 5 COVID-19 focused ultrasound was significantly lower (Table III) pneumonia, as well as particular patterns in hematologic testing including lymphopenia. doi = 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.08.005 id = cord-305226-9iedjcr6 author = Dua, Anisha B title = Challenges, collaboration, and innovation in rheumatology education during the COVID-19 pandemic: leveraging new ways to teach date = 2020-10-16 keywords = covid-19; education; learning; rheumatology summary = We aim to outline the impacts on formal education programs presented by these unprecedented disruptions, describe the development and deployment of online teaching, reflect on the challenges and opportunities for technology-enabled learning and use of social media for education, and give some international perspectives on impacts on postgraduate rheumatology training outside the USA. In this manuscript we aim to outline the impacts on formal education programs presented by these COVID-related disruptions, describe the development and deployment of online teaching, reflect on the challenges and opportunities for technology-enabled learning, and use of social media for education, and give some international perspectives on impacts on postgraduate rheumatology training outside the USA. Technology-based learning offers great potential to reduce inequity in medical education worldwide, enhance learnercentered knowledge delivery, address the anticipated rheumatology workforce shortage, and prepare new providers to practice effectively in our twenty-first century health systems. doi = 10.1007/s10067-020-05449-x id = cord-314014-d9jwy5b6 author = Duan, Hongxia title = Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general Chinese population: Changes, predictors and psychosocial correlates date = 2020-08-18 keywords = covid-19; stress summary = Furthermore, the use of negative coping strategy plays a potential intermediating role in the stress-related increase in hostility, while social support acts as a buffer in hostility in the general population under high stress. Therefore, the first aim of the current study was to explore the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health of a general Chinese population sample during the course of acute pandemic activity the peak of the outbreak (January 31 st to February 9 th ) to the epidemic''s remission phase (15 th to 28 th of March) at the individual level. The second aim was to examine whether perceived stress level to the COVID-19 pandemic would predict an increase in hostility and whether coping strategies would play a potential intermediating role in the relationship between stress and hostility. Regression analysis showed that younger age, lower income, higher perceived stress to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as current quarantine experience (measured at T2) are risk factors of depression deterioration. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113396 id = cord-321768-oevswvvd author = Duan, Ya-qi title = Deficiency of Tfh Cells and Germinal Center in Deceased COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = In this study, we examined the immune cell compositions in the lung tissues and hilar lymph nodes using immunohistochemistry on 6 deceased COVID-19 patients and 4 focal organizing pneumonia (FOP) patients who underwent lung surgery and served as controls. In contrast to the FOP patients, Tfh cells and germinal center formation were largely absent in the draining hilar lymph nodes in the deceased COVID-19 patients. Characterization of compositions of the immune cells within the lung tissues and draining hilar lymph nodes from the postmortem specimens might provide valuable insights on how the immune responses in the deceased patients were dysregulated and offer new strategies for treatment. To gain insight into the human immune responses during a fatal SARS-CoV2 infection, we performed postmortem autopsy studies of the immune cell compositions within the lung tissues and hilar lymph nodes using immunohistochemistry on 6 deceased COVID-19 patients, and 4 FOP patients who underwent lung surgery served as controls. doi = 10.1007/s11596-020-2225-x id = cord-263365-ymnbktm5 author = Dube, Geoffrey K. title = COVID‐19 infection in pancreas transplant recipients date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = 1 Clinical manifestations of COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, range from asymptomatic infection to mild upper respiratory tract symptoms or viral pneumonia. We present here the first four cases of COVID-19 disease reported in PT recipients, with one case being a presumptive diagnosis based on suggestive symptoms and known nosocomial exposure in the absence of confirmatory PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2. First, the main presenting symptoms in our PT recipients (fever in 100%, cough in 75%) were similar to what is reported in the non-transplant population. The clinical deterioration of patient 3 after 10 days highlights the importance of close monitoring of suspected or confirmed COVID-19 in PT recipients followed in the outpatient setting until complete symptom resolution. When our patients informed us of symptoms consistent with COVID-19 infection, we held mycophenolate in 3 of our patients and temporarily held tacrolimus in 1 patient on monotherapy, a strategy similar to that employed in other solid organ transplant recipients at our center. doi = 10.1111/tid.13359 id = cord-294108-uvnh0s9r author = Dube, Taru title = Repurposed Drugs, Molecular Vaccines, Immune‐Modulators, and Nanotherapeutics to Treat and Prevent COVID‐19 Associated with SARS‐CoV‐2, a Deadly Nanovector date = 2020-10-25 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; FDA; Phase; RNA; SARS; patient; vaccine; virus summary = [2, [8] [9] [10] This article discusses SARS-CoV-2 nanostructure, the virus biology in connection to its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and potential and future therapeutic options including repurposed drugs, vaccine/protein therapies, immune therapies, and nanotherapeutics. Mechanisms such as inhibition of viral enzymes (DNA and RNA polymerases, 3CL pro, TMPRSS2, reverse transcriptase, neuraminidase, endonucleases, and other proteases) or processes such as ACE2 cellular receptor inhibitors and endosomal acidification mediators prohibiting viral fusion; molecules interfering with glycosylation of the viral protein, viral assembly, new viral particle transport, and release, and immunomodulation of cytokine release can be potential targets in developing various antiviral drugs for the SARS-CoV-2. [85] A randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase IV clinical trial assessing the safety and efficacy of umifenovir as an adjuvant therapy to the combined therapeutic regimen of IFN 1a, lopinavir/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine in moderate to severe COVID-19 patients (NCT04350684) is underway. doi = 10.1002/adtp.202000172 id = cord-351280-13vz8rg8 author = Dubicka, Bernadka title = Editorial: How in the world are we handling COVID‐19? date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; CYP summary = Instead of our planned debate series, we therefore commissioned a series of reflections on the impact of the pandemic on child and adolescent mental health throughout the world. Instead of our planned debate series, we therefore commissioned a series of reflections on the impact of the pandemic on child and adolescent mental health throughout the world. Children''s mental health has not always been at the forefront of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and in some parts of the world, the disparities between need and service provision are stark. The authors argue that building young people''s resilience through the COVID-19 crisis should involve more than tracking their mental health or ''giving voice'' to their experiences. Debate: Recognising and responding to the mental health needs of young people in the era of COVID-19 Debate: Emergency mental health presentations of young people during the COVID-19 lockdown doi = 10.1111/camh.12417 id = cord-324507-w32pe2pz author = Dubé, Mirette title = COVID-19 pandemic preparation: using simulation for systems-based learning to prepare the largest healthcare workforce and system in Canada date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; Canada; simulation; system summary = Our provincial simulation program in the province of Alberta, Canada (population = 4.37 million; geographic area = 661,848 km(2)), has rapidly responded to this need by leading the intake, design, development, planning, and co-facilitation of over 400 acute care simulations across our province in both urban and rural Emergency Departments, Intensive Care Units, Operating Rooms, Labor and Delivery Units, Urgent Care Centers, Diagnostic Imaging and In-patient Units over a 5-week period to an estimated 30,000 learners of real frontline team members. The goal of this paper is to share the unique features and advantages of using a centralized provincial simulation response team, preparedness using learning and systems integration methods, and to share the highest risk and highest frequency outcomes from analyzing a mass volume of COVID-19 simulation data across the largest health authority in Canada. doi = 10.1186/s41077-020-00138-w id = cord-356174-40k6m7l0 author = Ducloyer, Mathilde title = Complete post-mortem data in a fatal case of COVID-19: clinical, radiological and pathological correlations date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; PMCT; SARS; lung summary = A reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction test was positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) using a nasopharyngeal swab sample. Post-mortem virology studies detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1 lineage) in the nasopharynx, plasma, lung biopsies, pleural effusion and faeces confirming the persistence of viral ribonucleic acid 48 h after death. This case is one of the first to describe complete post-mortem data for a COVID-19 death and highlights the ability of PMCT to detect severe involvement of the lungs before autopsy in an apparently natural death. The present pathology results are concordant with previously reported findings and reinforce the disease pathogenesis hypothesis of combined viral replication with an inappropriate immune response. Concerning the post-mortem virology data, this case demonstrated that RNA from SARS-CoV-2 was still detectable in blood, faeces, the lungs and the upper airways more than 48 h after death. doi = 10.1007/s00414-020-02390-1 id = cord-306856-swiskyuf author = Ducournau, F. title = COVID-19: Initial experience of an international group of hand surgeons date = 2020-04-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = A hand surgeon and an assistant from the Wuhan region were infected on 22nd January 2020 whilst operating on a COVID-19 patient. The questionnaire focused on the existing protocols in five key areas: operating theatres, surgeons'' meeting rooms, wards, emergency rooms and external consultations. The purpose of this study was to describe the different measures that have been put in place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic by hand surgeons throughout the world. The purpose of this study was to describe the different measures that have been put in place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic by hand surgeons throughout the world. The purpose of this study was to describe the different measures that have been put in place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic by hand surgeons throughout the world. Preparing for a COVID-19 pandemic: a review of operating room outbreak response measures in a large tertiary hospital in Singapore doi = 10.1016/j.hansur.2020.04.001 id = cord-340512-wjbh1z8y author = Dugas, M. title = COVID-19 in Children with Brain-Based Developmental Disabilities: A Rapid Review date = 2020-05-06 keywords = child; covid-19 summary = To assess whether children with brain-based developmental disabilities were more likely to develop COVID-19 and have complications or poorer outcomes following infection. We conducted a two-week rapid review on studies with primary data regarding children aged between zero and 18 years old with brain-based developmental disabilities, or who were at risk of developing such disabilities, with confirmed or suspected COVID-19. Of the 50 COVID-19 pediatric patients reported in the included studies, a total of seven children were at risk of developing brain-based disabilities. We considered any study with primary data that included children aged between zero and 18 with a brain-based developmental disability or at risk of developing such disability with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (see Appendix 3 for full list). Our rapid review has identified knowledge gaps in the literature regarding the effects of COVID-19 in children with developmental brain-based disabilities, and those at risk of developing such disabilities. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.01.20088021 id = cord-354376-ghxy727r author = Duggan, Nicole M. title = Best practice recommendations for point-of-care lung ultrasound in patients with suspected COVID-19 date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; POCUS summary = title: Best practice recommendations for point-of-care lung ultrasound in patients with suspected COVID-19 Abstract Background Lung point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a critical tool for evaluating patients with dyspnea in the emergency department (ED), including patients with suspected COVID-19. A 6-zone scanning protocol which prioritizes obtaining images in these locations optimizes provider positioning, and minimizes time spent scanning which can reduce risk to health care workers performing POCUS. INTRODUCTION 26 27 Lung point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is an invaluable tool for assessing emergency 28 department (ED) patients with dyspnea (1-3). Unfortunately, given these properties, the time spent scanning potentially 44 infectious patients and the multi-use nature of ultrasound machines makes POCUS a possible Recognizing the dissonance between the clinical utility of POCUS and the added risk of nosocomial spread, emergency medicine and ultrasound professional organizations have 48 published guidelines outlining safe use of ultrasound in the setting of COVID-19 (12, 20-22). doi = 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.06.033 id = cord-294700-pb5k21da author = Dulek, Daniel E title = Multidisciplinary Guidance Regarding the Use of Immunomodulatory Therapies for Acute COVID-19 in Pediatric Patients date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; IVIG; SARS; css; patient; severe summary = Although the majority of SARS-CoV-2 infections in pediatric populations result in minimal or mild COVID-19 in the acute phase of infection, a small subset of children develop severe and even critical disease in this phase with concomitant inflammation that may benefit from immunomodulation. The framework presented herein offers an approach to decision-making regarding immunomodulatory therapy for severe or critical pediatric COVID-19 and is informed by currently available data, while awaiting results of placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials. Given the lack of available results from randomized-controlled trials of immunomodulatory therapy in children with COVID-19, the risk-benefit ratio for most pediatric patients points toward supportive care as the key management strategy. In the absence of such opportunity, and recognizing that definitive evidence is lacking, consideration for use of immunomodulatory agents in cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection with clinical and biochemical evidence of cytokine storm physiology (e.g., features of secondary HLH) should be limited to patients with clear evidence of critical COVID-19 disease and risk for multi-organ failure. doi = 10.1093/jpids/piaa098 id = cord-269105-yuphgyrn author = Dumantepe, Mert title = Subsegmental Thrombus in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Immunothrombosis or Pulmonary Embolism? Data Analysis of Hospitalised Patients With Coronavirus Disease date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Thrombotic complications due to considerable inflammation, cytokine-mediated microvascular damage and pulmonary immunothrombosis formation seem to have emerged as an important issue in people infected with COVID-19. Cytokine-mediated microvascular damage, hypoxia, systemic inflammation, microangiopathy, coagulation pathway activation, and eventual immunothrombosis development have been described as key features of severe COVID-19 [4] . COVID-19 infection is related with high morbidity and mortality, mainly due to respiratory failure, with microvascular hyaline membrane and pulmonary immunothrombosis formation presumably playing a crucial role. In patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, presenting with disease progression or worsening of respiratory symptoms and significant elevation of D-Dimer levels, more attention should be paid to the occurrence of potential pulmonary embolism (PE) with or without deep venous thrombosis (DVT). During the study period, four COVID-19 pneumonia patients in conjunction with high-risk PE were treated with EKOS ™ Acoustic Pulse Thrombolysis ( [11] . Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.08.003 id = cord-325645-rvj4b26t author = Dumas, Tara M. title = What Does Adolescent Substance Use Look Like During the COVID-19 Pandemic? Examining Changes in Frequency, Social Contexts, and Pandemic-Related Predictors date = 2020-07-18 keywords = COVID-19; adolescent; substance summary = METHODS: Canadian adolescents (n = 1,054, M(age) = 16.68, standard deviation = .78) completed an online survey, in which they reported on their frequency of alcohol use, binge drinking, cannabis use, and vaping in the 3 weeks before and directly after social distancing practices had taken effect. Concerns for how social distancing would affect peer reputation was a significant predictor of face-to-face substance use with friends among adolescents with low self-reported popularity, and a significant predictor of solitary substance use among average and high popularity teens. H2: Most adolescents who use substances during the COVID-19 crisis will do so within a peer context (i.e., face-to-face or using technology) as opposed to a solitary context; H3: Adolescents higher in self-reported popularity will be more likely to engage in peer substance use during the COVID-19 crisis, especially when they feel greater concern for how social distancing will affect their reputation; doi = 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.06.018 id = cord-270935-t9pym9k0 author = Dumyati, Ghinwa title = Does Universal Testing for COVID-19 Work for Everyone? date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; test summary = Strategies to address COVID-19 infections among nursing home residents vary based on the availability for SARS-CoV-2 tests, the incorporation of tests into broader surveillance efforts, and using results to help mitigate the spread of COVID-19 by identifying asymptomatic and presymptomatic infections. Dr. Jump reports support for this work in part through the Cleveland Geriatric Research 50 While there is general agreement that increased access to testing is important for personal and 23 public health, the selection and use of diagnostic tests to mitigate COVID-19 infections in post-24 acute and long-term care settings is complex and should be tailored to individual sites. Because he met the nursing 36 home''s enhanced screening criteria for COVID-19 (Table 1) , 1 he was placed on transmission-37 based precautions and a laboratory test for SARS-CoV-2 was ordered. doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.08.013 id = cord-034603-9gso0zib author = Dungar, Keval Dhanji title = Can surgery continue safely during a pandemic? A commentary on “Surgical activity during the Covid-19 pandemic: Results for 112 patients in a French tertiary care center, a quality improvement study” date = 2020-11-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = A commentary on "Surgical activity during the Covid-19 pandemic: Results for 112 patients in a French tertiary care center, a quality improvement study" We read with great interest the quality improvement study by Philouze et al [1] which detailed the organisation of the institution during the COVID-19 pandemic, which allowed diversion of maximal resources to manage the surge in COVID-19 cases whilst ensuring emergency, oncological and transplantation surgeries were able to continue. The study demonstrated that with stringent screening protocols, clear pathways to manage proven and suspected COVID positive patients, as well as strict compliance with infection control and personal protective equipment (PPE), surgery was safely carried out during the pandemic. A UK study showed that using ''COVID-19 free'' hospitals, where the patients were neither suspected nor proven to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus, enabled safe elective surgery to proceed without serious adverse outcomes [4] . Surgical activity during the Covid-19 pandemic: Results for 112 patients in a French tertiary care center, a quality improvement study doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.10.031 id = cord-300855-vba552kh author = Dungar, Keval Dhanji title = The lessons to learn with regards to hospital admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic, a Commentary on “acute care surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: Changes in volume, causes and complications. A multicentre retrospective cohort study” date = 2020-10-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: The lessons to learn with regards to hospital admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic, a Commentary on "acute care surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: Changes in volume, causes and complications. We read with great interest the study by Cano-Valderrama et al [1] which compared the number of acute care surgery procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic with a control period. Acute Care Surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: Changes in volume, causes and complications. Delayed access to care and late presentations in children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a snapshot J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f survey of 4075 paediatricians in the UK and Ireland The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer deaths due to delays in diagnosis in England, UK: a national, population-based, modelling study Please enter the name of the registry, the hyperlink to the registration and the unique identifying number of the study. doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.10.001 id = cord-308218-0rztvk9g author = Dunham, Alexandra M. title = A Bioethical Perspective for Navigating Moral Dilemmas Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; clinician; moral summary = Real life dilemmas about how to allocate resources and provide care in hot-spot cities make explicit the need for careful ethical analysis, 5,6 but the need runs far deeper than that; even when not trading some lives against others, the responsibilities of both individual clinicians and the broader healthcare system are changing in the face of this crisis. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention addresses the question of COVID-19 patient care for pregnant healthcare workers by placing the burden on facilities "to consider limiting exposure" to "confirmed or suspected COVID-19, especially during higher risk procedures" but acknowledges challenges of "staffing availability." 29 The limited staffing ability of many health systemsbecause of long-standing understaffing or clinician illness-is going to require the use of redeployment strategies. doi = 10.5435/jaaos-d-20-00371 id = cord-324387-mnucvmr1 author = Dunn, Michael title = ‘Your country needs you’: the ethics of allocating staff to high-risk clinical roles in the management of patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; professional; risk summary = title: ''Your country needs you'': the ethics of allocating staff to high-risk clinical roles in the management of patients with COVID-19 In line with a dominant view in the medical ethics literature, we claim, first, that no individual health professional has a specific, positive obligation to treat a patient when doing so places that professional at risk of harm, and so there is a clear ethical tension in any reallocation process in this context. In line with a dominant view in the medical ethics literature, we claim, first, that no individual health professional has a specific, positive obligation to treat a patient when doing so places that professional at risk of harm, and so there is a clear ethical tension in any reallocation process in this context. The COVID-19 pandemic is leading to increasing asymmetries of need across the whole health service, and reallocating clinical staff becomes an important responsive strategy, when staffing levels are finite, to address this issue. doi = 10.1136/medethics-2020-106284 id = cord-321593-x6mdkyq6 author = Dunnick, N. Reed title = Most Adaptable to Change date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; Radiology summary = These and other measures are slowing the increase in new cases and giving healthcare facilities more time to gather the materials needed to care for these patients. Healthcare facilities have curtailed routine medical care in order to focus on COVID-19 patients. As a result, many radiologists are able to work from home, using workstations connected to the PACS and supported by the medical center or department''s information technology team. As our academic medical centers have expanded, often incorporating community hospitals, one of the things most valued by those physicians working remotely is access to tumor boards and other multidisciplinary conferences. Radiologists, many of whom are already suffering from "burnout" can make use of this COVID-19 downtime by taking care of ourselves, engaging in personal development, supporting others, or participating in continuing medical education or maintenance of certification credits. Must a radiologist come into the hospital or outpatient imaging center to use the same workstation he or she has at home? doi = 10.1016/j.acra.2020.04.037 id = cord-317560-jhthcw20 author = Duong, Lisa title = Letter to the Editor: Neurohospitalist and COVID-19 date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We are in agreement that COVID-19 should not have reduced the incidence or prevalence of stroke as well as other neurological diseases and emergencies. The number of neurological consultations as well as stroke alert activations has decreased by 50% during the past three months, April, May and June of this year, 2020 compared with the same time period in 2019. The second most common incidents from those patient consultations were stroke. Six patients, however, presented to hospital with normal neurological status only to develop strokes while hospitalized. Similar to observation around the world, the total number of neurological consultations has dropped during the past three months while there is increasing recognition of neurological manifestation of COVID-19. Further observation and reviews are needed to understand the full neurological manifestations of this highly infectious, communicable respiratory syndrome, COVID-19. COVID-19 does not reduce stroke-related emergencies Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a COVID-19 patient doi = 10.1007/s13760-020-01470-8 id = cord-269969-xl1ooxoj author = Duong, Tuyen Van title = Digital Healthy Diet Literacy and Self-Perceived Eating Behavior Change during COVID-19 Pandemic among Undergraduate Nursing and Medical Students: A Rapid Online Survey date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; DDL summary = title: Digital Healthy Diet Literacy and Self-Perceived Eating Behavior Change during COVID-19 Pandemic among Undergraduate Nursing and Medical Students: A Rapid Online Survey We examined the psychometric properties of digital healthy diet literacy (DDL) and its association with eating behavior changes during the COVID-19 pandemic among nursing and medical students. We conducted a cross-sectional study from 7 April to 31 May 2020 at 10 public universities in Vietnam, in which 7616 undergraduate students aged 19–27 completed an online survey to assess socio-demographics, clinical parameters, health literacy (HL), DDL, and health-related behaviors. We examined the psychometric properties of an expanded digital healthy diet literacy (DDL) domain of health literacy to investigate associations between DDL and eating behavior changes during the COVID-19 pandemic among nursing and medical students at 10 public universities in Vietnam. In this study, our findings illustrate that higher scores of health literacy and digital healthy diet literacy were positively associated with healthier eating behavior during the pandemic for both nursing and medical students. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17197185 id = cord-327481-m9r0p84v author = Duployez, Nicolas title = Clinico-Biological Features and Clonal Hematopoiesis in Patients with Severe COVID-19 date = 2020-07-21 keywords = TET2; covid-19; patient summary = The purpose of this study was to identify biological factors (particularly leukocyte subtypes and inflammatory markers) associated with a risk of clinical deterioration (i.e., orotracheal intubation (OTI)) and to determine whether CH was likely to influence clinical and biological behavior in patients with severe COVID-19 requiring hospitalization. Here, we describe clinical and biological features, including the screening of CHIP mutants in a well-annotated cohort of 122 hospitalized patients with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 (55% requiring OTI). In this report, we describe clinical and biological features, including the screening of CHIP mutants, in a well-annotated cohort of 122 hospitalized patients with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 (55% requiring orotracheal intubation (OTI) in the intensive care unit (ICU)) at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille (CHU Lille, France). The purpose of this study was to identify biological factors (particularly leukocyte subtypes and inflammatory markers) associated with a risk of clinical deterioration (i.e., OTI) and to determine whether CH was likely to influence clinical and biological behavior in patients with severe COVID-19 requiring hospitalization. doi = 10.3390/cancers12071992 id = cord-322386-fkmrzitm author = Duran, Emine title = Vital corner of diagnostic challenge: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis or COVID-19 pneumonia? date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Inevitably, COVID-19 ranks first in differential diagnosis of all patients with respiratory symptoms and signs in current pandemic days. EGPA was diagnosed depending on coexistence of asthma, eosinophilia in peripheral blood, MPO-ANCA positivity and paranasal CT abnormality (Table 1) . In current pandemic days, COVID-19 positions the first in differential diagnosis of all patients with respiratory symptoms and signs. 9 EGPA is a disease characterised by systemic necrotising vasculitis and eosinophilia that can occur in patients with asthma. In that case, the patient had eosinophilia, bilateral GGO in lung and skin lesion, but he had no asthma and ANCA tests results were negative. 13 To investigate other causes of GGO in patients who have atypical CT findings for COVID-19 pneumonia with negative RT-PCR test result is important. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases doi = 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218533 id = cord-347547-makm0j09 author = Duran-Frigola, Miquel title = Bioactivity Profile Similarities to Expand the Repertoire of COVID-19 Drugs date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; compound summary = By comparing the set of drugs reported to be potentially active against SARS-CoV-2 to a universe of 1 million bioactive molecules, we identify compounds that display analogous chemical and functional features to the current COVID-19 candidates. Searches can be filtered by level of evidence and mechanism of action, and results can be restricted to drug molecules or include the much broader space of bioactive compounds. Indeed, we conducted a limited review of the most relevant scientific literature and identified over 200 compounds that are potentially active against COVID-19 with different levels of experimental support, from purely computational predictions to preclinical and drugs already in clinical trials. We use the list of COVID-19 compounds extracted from the literature, with different levels of experimental evidence, as bait to search for compounds with similar bioactivity or chemical features among the 800,000 molecules contained in the CC. doi = 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00420 id = cord-307702-n74wvika author = Durant, Thomas J S title = Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Laboratory Utilization date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = METHODS: We performed a retrospective assessment of laboratory test order and specimen container utilization at a single, urban tertiary care medical center. We performed a retrospective assessment of laboratory test order and specimen container utilization at a single, urban tertiary care medical center. Total testing volumes were calculated during the first and last two-weeks of the observation period and used as reference points to examine the absolute and relative differences in test order volume between the pre-pandemic and COVID-19 surge periods. Total testing volumes were calculated during the first and last two-weeks of the observation period and used as reference points to examine the absolute and relative differences in test order volume between the pre-pandemic and COVID-19 surge periods. While volume increases were seen for laboratory tests related to COVID-19 diagnostics and management, including some with limited evidence to support their use, overall testing volumes decreased substantially. doi = 10.1093/jalm/jfaa121 id = cord-340303-1xd5tntx author = Durmuş, Veli title = Tendencias epidémicas en los diez principales países con más casos de COVID-19 en comparación con Turquía date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; Turkey summary = The present study aimed to compare the COVID-19 epidemic parameters in Turkey with the top ten countries that reported the highest number of confirmed cases worldwide on April 25, 2020. The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID19) , which was first reported in Wuhan, China, in late 2019, quickly spread to more than 200 countries as the number of cases rises daily, as of April 25, 2020 (Fig. 1 ). 4 In order to measure the severity of the disease that causes death, several studies have discussed the case-fatality rate (CFR) during a specified time period by country. As of April 25, 2020, the top 10 countries with the most reported COVID-19 cases were the United States (US), Spain, Italy, France, Germany, the United Kingdom (UK), Turkey, Iran, China, and Russia, respectively. doi = 10.1016/j.vacun.2020.08.003 id = cord-317567-19ssakh7 author = Duroi, Iris title = Fatal Ischaemic Stroke During COVID-19 and Acute Lung Injury date = 2020-05-26 keywords = covid-19 summary = We describe a patient with acute ischaemic stroke while suffering from COVID-19 and respiratory failure, necessitating mechanical ventilation. Prolonged deep sedation during mechanical ventilation of COVID-19 patients may delay the diagnosis of stroke. Neurological problems in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are common, varying from encephalopathy, confusion and agitation, to acute stroke [1] . Here, we report a fatal ischaemic stroke in a patient with severe COVID-19 complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). There are several reports of acute ischaemic stroke in patients with COVID-19 [4, 5] . We report a fatal ischaemic stroke due to thrombotic occlusion of the left carotid artery without an apparent cardiac cause. In conclusion, we have described the occurrence of thrombotic stroke as a potential complication of severe COVID-19 with respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation. The procoagulant pattern of patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome doi = 10.12890/2020_001732 id = cord-301900-t4y4954h author = Durotoye, Idayat title = Pertinent roles of African higher institutions in the COVID‐19 pandemic response: The University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; An African Model date = 2020-05-25 keywords = University; covid-19 summary = 4 The Unilorin health services was setup to meet the health needs of students and staff of the University community within a clinic facility that operates in collaboration with the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, where cases that require specialist''s attention are referred. First, a 3-minute in-house produced video (on COVID-19 preventive measures) was aired weekly at film shows organized for students; shared through multiple social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Facebook, and Twitter; and displayed on digital devices across the university campuses. On invitation from local television and radio media houses, live interviews on COVID-19 preventive measures were organized, aired, and streamed as corporate social responsibilities. 11 In the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak in Nigeria, a community-based rural healthcare outreach was organized to four adjourning rural communities next to the University. Using role-plays and didactic approaches within focal groups, 12 communities were educated, respectively, on good hand hygiene, 7 social distancing, good respiratory hygiene, and other COVID-19 prevention strategies 13 in their local languages. doi = 10.1002/hpm.2984 id = cord-305057-elglyass author = Dutt, Tina title = Thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19: Anti-FXa—the Missing Factor? date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; ITU summary = Klok and colleagues reported a 31% cumulative incidence of venous and arterial thrombosis, increasing to 49% after adjustment for competing risk of death, despite anticoagulant therapy in patients admitted to the intensive therapy unit (ITU). The authors advised that anticoagulant treatment should be guided by anti-factor Xa (anti-FXa) activity and that higher targets would likely be required (5) . We reviewed anti-FXa activity in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 infection, all receiving pharmacological thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin 40 mg once daily, creatinine clearance of .30 ml/min, and platelet count of .30 3 10 9 /L (7). Patients admitted with COVID-19 now receive weight-adjusted LMWH thromboprophylaxis with anti-FXa-guided dose escalation/reduction to achieve target anticoagulation levels. Taken in the clinical context, patients who require higher levels of ventilation or develop ARDS may warrant increased doses of LMWH thromboprophylaxis, resulting in discordant anti-FXa activity. doi = 10.1164/rccm.202005-1654le id = cord-322645-ipzntrm2 author = Dutta, Anwesha title = The local governance of COVID-19: Disease prevention and social security in rural India date = 2020-10-17 keywords = COVID-19; India; Kerala; local; state summary = Importantly, instructions issued by the DM in order to implement policies related to disease control and social protection are ultimately The following sections further explore how local institutions have been operationalized to fulfill these activities as well as their implications -both for the structure and functions of panchayats in India as well as for the COVID-19 response and recovery. Through a combination of interviews with mid and low-level bureaucrats and a review of policy documents, we show how the urgency of COVID-19 response has galvanized new kinds of cross-sectoral and multi-scalar interaction between administrative units involved in coordinating responses, as local governments have assumed central responsibility in the implementation of disease control and social security mechanisms. Through a combination of interviews with mid and low-level bureaucrats and a review of policy documents, we show how the urgency of COVID-19 response has galvanized new kinds of cross-sectoral and multi-scalar interaction between administrative units involved in coordinating responses, as local governments have assumed central responsibility in the implementation of disease control and social security mechanisms. doi = 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105234 id = cord-271698-n9qd14oe author = Dy, Louie Florendo title = A COVID-19 infection risk model for frontline health care workers date = 2020-08-08 keywords = covid-19; risk summary = In this study, we formulate a theoretical model to calculate the risk of being infected in health care facilities considering the following factors: the average number of encounters with a suspected COVID-19 patient per hour; interaction time for each encounter; work shift duration or exposure time; crowd density, which may depend on the amount of space available in a given location; and availability and effectiveness of protective gears and facilities provided for the frontline health care workers. doi = 10.1007/s13721-020-00258-3 id = cord-301474-nuaq50vi author = Dyck, Jason R.B. title = The Impact of COVID-19 on Diabetes Research in Canada date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Thus, continuation of ongoing research projects involving diabetes, as well as new projects examining how diabetes affects patients with COVID-19, are essential to the health of Canadians and global populations. In a similar way that each government around the world has a different approach to dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, the universities/research institutes across Canada also appear to be responding differently in terms of the restrictions placed on research activities. Thus, despite this COVID-19 pandemic and the need to protect the health of Canadians, a measured and sensible balance must be found that protects our citizens from this immediate health concern but also allows diabetes research to continue. If this approach is adopted, Canadian researchers can assist in helping to fight the COVID-19 pandemic but also protect the long-term health of Canadians at risk of developing diabetes or of those who currently have diabetes. doi = 10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.05.002 id = cord-315587-jelh8o3v author = Dye, C. title = The scale and dynamics of COVID-19 epidemics across Europe date = 2020-06-29 keywords = June; covid-19 summary = Here we investigate how the scale and dynamics of COVID-19 epidemics differ among 26 European countries in which the numbers of reported deaths varied more than 100-fold. Here we investigate how the scale and dynamics of COVID-19 epidemics differ among 26 European countries in which the numbers of reported deaths varied more than 100-fold. This empirical analysis highlights the benefits of intervening early to curtail COVID-19 epidemics: the cumulative number of deaths reported in each country by 20 June was 60-200 times the number reported by the date of lockdown. Fig 1 was constructed with a compartmental model of SARS CoV-2 transmission, framed in ordinary differential equations, and representing a homogeneously mixing population divided among susceptible, exposed, infectious and recovered or died (SEIR), as follows: (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.26.20131144 id = cord-303516-1yfaxlp5 author = Dyer, Jessica title = The Psychosocial Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Youth Living with HIV in Western Kenya date = 2020-08-20 keywords = ALHIV; covid-19 summary = The objective of this study was to assess psychosocial effects of COVID-19 among adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) in Kenya and to assess the feasibility of conducting behavioral surveys by phone. COVID-19-related disruptions in social contact and health service delivery could negatively affect psychosocial and clinical outcomes, as well as reduce participation in research, among the approximately 190,000 ALHIV in Kenya [2] . The Data-informed Stepped Care to Improve Adolescent Outcomes (DiSC) cohort includes 1386 ALHIV ages 10-24 years receiving HIV care at nine health facilities in Western Kenya. All participants had previously provided informed consent at enrollment, and ethical review committees of Maseno University in Kenya and University of Washington, Seattle, United States, approved the phone interviews and additional COVID-19 questions. It will be important to follow ALHIV over a longer period to understand sustained impact of social distancing and other COVID-19 effects such as adolescent mental health, resilience, and social support. doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-03005-x id = cord-315246-b477kabe author = Dziedzic, Arkadiusz title = Special Care Dentistry and COVID-19 Outbreak: What Lesson Should We Learn? date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19; dental summary = The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the declaration of pandemic by the World Health Organization have made an enormous impact on medical and dental care across the world. The current COVID-19 situation may teach dental teams a better approach and optimal ways concerning the management of patients with special needs, by bringing people together to discuss and optimize standards of care, as often happens in challenging situations. As the impact of COVID-19 on wellbeing and mental health appears to be significant, dental services will need to be able to provide some sort of ''psychological counselling and reassurance'' prior to dental care to vulnerable individuals with complex pre-existing conditions and special requirements. This is a primary role of reorganized dental services to minimize an indirect impact of COVID-19 on oral health; therefore, preparation seems to be another key word for special dental care ''evolution'' in the nearest future. doi = 10.3390/dj8020046 id = cord-349618-s85oi17h author = Dziedzic, Arkadiusz title = Challenges of Oral Medicine Specialistsat the time of COVID‐19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; oral summary = Deferred diagnosis of a malignant condition when suspected or even dysplasia in oral leucoplakia cases vastly implies the clinical outcome, influencing treatment and prognosis, subsequently (Meng et al, 2020) .Suspended routine care provision for patients with other, less severe conditions (hyposalivation, oral lichen planus, oral candidiasis, and recurrent aphthous stomatitis -RAS)could have a significant impact on the patients'' well-being and quality of life, if oral medicine cases are not managed consistently and timely. All rights reserved affect the salivary glands function , and the inhibitory role of saliva in prevention and protection from viral infections can be considerably diminished in case hyposalivation (Farshidfar and Hamedani, 2020) .As the negative impact of COVID-19 infection on oral health seems to be multidirectional (Dziedzic and Wojtyczka, 2020) , patients should be encouraged to maintain safely their access to health systems, particularly in case of urgency/emergency problems, and a clear concept for prioritizing procedures in OM with a careful triaging becomes pivotal, as proposed by The Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCSE) ( Table 1, RCSE 2020) . doi = 10.1111/odi.13520 id = cord-256227-nl90gljl author = Dzobo, Mathias title = COVID-19: a perspective for lifting lockdown in Zimbabwe date = 2020-04-30 keywords = Zimbabwe; covid-19 summary = Zimbabwe has been affected by the pandemic, and in response, the government has set up an array of measures, including a national lockdown, to curb transmission. The government is now considering strategies to lift the lockdown given the current sporadic cases and the potential for a new cycle of Covid-19 outbreak if containment measures are not in place. Among the WHO criteria that countries need to consider before lifting lockdowns is the ability of health systems to quickly detect, test, isolate, and treat new cases, as well as to trace close contacts. Widespread Covid-19 testing will likely generate large amounts of epidemiological data that the government can use to assess risks and predict disease patterns in Zimbabwe. Before the lockdown is lifted, the government will need to come up with measures of preventing the spread and importation of Covid-19. Coronavirus-19 Disease (COVID-19): a case series of early suspects reported and the implications towards the response to the pandemic in Zimbabwe doi = 10.11604/pamj.2020.35.2.23059 id = cord-352720-z1cvjc2y author = Díaz-Corvillón, Pilar title = Routine screening for SARS CoV-2 in unselected pregnant women at delivery date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = While initial evidence suggests that pregnant women were not at increased risk for COVID-19, neither developed a more severe disease compared to non-pregnant adults [3, 4] , recent reports suggest increased rates of preterm birth [5] , pneumonia and intensive care unit admission [6] , and maternal mortality [6, 7] . The main objective of this study was to assess point-prevalence of SARS CoV-2 infection in unselected obstetrical population at the time of delivery and to describe the presentation and clinical evolution of confirmed cases. women were screened for COVID-19 clinical symptoms including fever, cough and shortness of breath by trained personnel, and RT-PCR for SARS CoV-2 (Allplex TM 2019-nCoV Assay [17] ) was performed by nasopharyngeal swab, unless a prior test with no more than 48 hours to admission was reported. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239887 id = cord-264614-2x7cdul3 author = Díaz-Guio, Diego Andrés title = COVID-19: Biosafety in the Intensive Care Unit date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; PPE; SARS summary = PURPOSE OF REVIEW: COVID-19 is a new, highly transmissible disease to which healthcare workers (HCWs) are exposed, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU). This article aims to show the different strategies to prevent the widespread of the disease to critical care healthcare workers based on the review of the recent literature and the author''s experience with the personal protective equipment (PPE) in the care of patients with COVID-19 and work on human factors in crisis management. Nonetheless, to date, there is no robust evidence that medical masks are inferior to N95/FFP2 respirators for protecting healthcare workers against laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 during patients care and non-AGPs [31] . While personal protective equipment is an essential part of safety to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission, it must be employed appropriately, together with frequent hand hygiene, and mastering specific techniques and non-technical skills like awareness, closed-loop communication, leadership, team working, appropriate resource management, and cognitive aids [14, 34] . doi = 10.1007/s40475-020-00208-z id = cord-302517-7vmyxbe9 author = Díaz-Pérez, Carolina title = Acutely altered mental status as the main clinical presentation of multiple strokes in critically ill patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Acutely altered mental status as the main clinical presentation of multiple strokes in critically ill patients with COVID-19 We present two critically ill patients with COVID-19 who presented acutely altered mental status as the main manifestation of multiple strokes. CONCLUSION: Acutely altered mental status might be the main manifestation of multiple brain infarctions in critically ill COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 patients who presented acutely altered mental status as the main manifestation of multiple strokes. Although the most common findings in stroke are focal neurological deficits, ischemic lesions in those patients might be due to multifocal and distal vessel occlusions which could more frequently manifest as an altered mental status [9] . In conclusion, acutely altered mental status might be the main manifestation of multiple brain infarctions in critically ill COVID-19 patients and should be specially considered in those with suspected COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04679-w id = cord-257312-z6rmd0sg author = Dörr, Rolf title = Protecting patients and healthcare personnel from COVID-19: considerations for practice and outpatient care in cardiology date = 2020-04-16 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Protecting patients and healthcare personnel from COVID-19: considerations for practice and outpatient care in cardiology If there is any suspicion of acute coronavirus infection, the planned cardiology visit should be postponed, and the patient should be immediately referred to an outpatient coronavirus center for SARS-CoV-2 laboratory testing. Among 5179 patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, there was no evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events or death from any cause over a median of 3.2 years. Consider a lung CT scan as firstline testing method in patients with acute dyspnea and elevated body temperature In patients with acute dyspnea of unknown origin and elevated body temperature, a lung CT scan may be considered for confirmation of COVID-19. COVID-19 pandemic and cardiac imaging: EACVI recommendations on precautions, indications, prioritization, and protection for patients and healthcare personnel doi = 10.1007/s00059-020-04922-2 id = cord-328113-eczjjc2v author = D’Alessandro, Angelo title = Serum Proteomics in COVID-19 Patients: Altered Coagulation and Complement Status as a Function of IL-6 Level date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; SARS; figure; patient summary = Subjects seen at Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York−Presbyterian Hospital included 33 COVID-19-positive patients, as determined by SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid testing of nasopharyngeal swabs; in this group, the severity of the disease was inferred from serum levels of IL-6, which were determined by CLIAcertified ELISA-based measurements. Sera of COVID-19 patients, especially those with IL-6 levels >10 pg/mL, contained increased levels of multiple proteins in the acute phase response that is initiated by IL-6specifically components of the coagulation and complement cascades (top enriched pathway, p-value: 1.6 × 10 −31 ; Figure 2 ). Other RBC-derived proteins (i.e., band 3, anion exchanger 1 (AE1; the most abundant RBC membrane protein), peroxiredoxins 2 and 6, catalase, and Journal of Proteome Research pubs.acs.org/jpr Article biliverdin reductase B) correlated significantly with HBA and HBB levels, despite not reaching significance when compared to COVID-19-negative subjects, suggesting that minimal hemolysis was present in a subset of the most severely ill patients in our study ( Figure 4A ), perhaps due to mechanical ventilation or other iatrogenic interventions−including the sample collection protocol adopted in this study. doi = 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00365 id = cord-305389-n5cppi72 author = D’Alonzo, Daniele title = COVID-19 and pneumonia: a role for the uPA/uPAR system date = 2020-06-18 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; FPR1; UPARANT; receptor summary = Here, we highlight recent findings on the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)/uPA receptor (uPAR) system that suggest its potential role as a main orchestrator of fatal progression to pulmonary, kidney, and heart failure in patients with coronavirus. Given its lack of a transmembrane domain, GPI-anchored uPAR has high mobility on the cell surface and can interact with later partners with the ability to communicate with the internal cell compartment to produce downstream intracellular signaling mediated by effector molecules, such as the focal adhesion kinase, Src, and Akt. uPAR binds vitronectin, and multiple cell receptors, such as different types of transmembrane receptor [the formyl peptide receptors (FPRs), integrins, and VEGFR2 [23] ], establishing crosstalk between membrane-bound uPAR and its co-receptors. Serum plasminogen activator urokinase receptor predicts elevated risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with sepsis and is positively associated with disease severity, inflammation and mortality doi = 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.06.013 id = cord-340094-u3x4g8ul author = D’Alò, Gian Loreto title = Microbial contamination of the surface of mobile phones and implications for the containment of the Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Microbial contamination of the surface of mobile phones and implications for the containment of the Covid-19 pandemic We read with interest the review by Olsen & colleagues (2020) [1] underlining the possible role of mobile phones (MPs) as possible source of microbial infection. At the same time, the paper pointed out that, among the 56 identified investigations regarding the microbiological contamination of the surface of the MPs, only one study focused on the presence of viruses (specifically, the authors searched for viral RNA [1] ). In light of Covid-19 pandemic, such procedures could be implemented also in the community, as a preventive measure to reduce the spread of the virus as well as other pathogens. Covid-19 and mobile phone hygiene in healthcare settings Taking Screenshots of the Invisible: A Study on Bacterial Contamination of Mobile Phones from University Students of Healthcare Professions in doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101870 id = cord-313503-wvgwf9n3 author = D’Amico, Randy S. title = Neurosurgical/Head and Neck drape to Prevent Aerosolization of COVID-19 - The Lenox Hill Hospital/Northwell Health solution. date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; drape summary = title: Neurosurgical/Head and Neck drape to Prevent Aerosolization of COVID-19 The Lenox Hill Hospital/Northwell Health solution. Although COVID-19 screening and testing guidelines have been proposed and adopted by many hospitals, these may not adequately protect the operating room personnel who are in proximity to the patient for prolonged periods. There are concerning reports of especially high transmission rates of COVID-19 in trans-mucosal head and neck procedures conducted by otolaryngologists and neurosurgeons, despite attempts at wearing what constitutes appropriate PPE. 3 Here we describe the simple intraoperative technique we utilize at Lenox Hill Hospital/Northwell Health for all cranial, endonasal, spinal, and neuro-interventional cases to limit the intraoperative transmission COVID-19 to essential staff in the operating rooms and the endovascular suite who are at a substantially higher risk of exposure to the disease. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.07.133 id = cord-265111-d44ireu5 author = D’Ardes, Damiano title = Duration of COVID-19: Data from an Italian Cohort and Potential Role for Steroids date = 2020-08-31 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = A longer duration of COVID-19 with delayed clinical healing (symptom-free) occurred in patients presenting at admission a lower PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio (p < 0.001), a more severe clinical presentation (p = 0.001) and a lower lymphocyte count (p = 0.035). All adult patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 according to World Health Organization (WHO) interim guidance: they had clinical symptoms of COVID-19 and confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection through instrumental signs and a positive result on RT-PCR assays of nasopharyngeal swab specimens. The specific inclusive criteria were as follows: (1) patients confirmed by positive detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from nasopharyngeal/throat swabs by RT-PCR with clinical data suggesting for COVID-19, (2) patients aged more than 18 years old and (3) patients with a known date of performing different RT-PCR assays. Disease severity and lower lymphocyte levels at admission also predict longer SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding. doi = 10.3390/microorganisms8091327 id = cord-311816-j8c2lk7y author = D’Elia, Emilia title = Coronavirus Disease 2019: Where are we and Where are we Going? Intersections Between Coronavirus Disease 2019 and the Heart date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 11, 12 An important issue related to the CV impact of COVID-19 is the development of myocardial injury in infected patients, as reported in two Chinese studies by Shi et al. While it is true that in the acute phase of the pandemic many HF patients avoided the emergency room because they were afraid of being infected by COVID-19 in the hospital (with a consequent reduction of HF hospitalisations), it is also true that many complicated cases are now being observed. How much will cardiac injury or pulmonary embolism due to COVID-19 affect the natural history of patients with chronic HF following the acute phase of the infection? Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic Association of cardiac injurt with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) doi = 10.15420/cfr.2020.11 id = cord-269009-0i2bvt77 author = D’Souza, Rohan title = A critical review of the pathophysiology of thrombotic complications and clinical practice recommendations for thromboprophylaxis in pregnant patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Should patients develop coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pneumonia requiring hospital admission for treatment of hypoxia, the risk for thromboembolic complications increases greatly. 2 As pregnancy is a prothrombotic state, the possibility of an increased risk of thrombosis in pregnant women with COVID-19 has become an area of concern, and a number of international organiPatients with severe COVID-19 may be at risk for pulmonary thromboembolic complications through at least two distinct mechanisms -immunothrombosis and hospital-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE). 12 A recent study of patients with severe COVID-19 demonstrated a correlation between IL-6 and fibrinogen levels, 3 further supporting the theory that massive activation of the acute phase response, with increased production of coagulation factors, appears to be the predominant prothrombotic mechanism in COVID-19. A critical review of the pathophysiology of thrombotic complications and clinical practice recommendations for thromboprophylaxis in pregnant patients with COVID-19 doi = 10.1111/aogs.13962 id = cord-346560-jir00627 author = ELGhamrawy, S. M. title = Diagnosis and Prediction Model for COVID19 Patients Response to Treatment based on Convolutional Neural Networks and Whale Optimization Algorithm Using CT Images date = 2020-04-21 keywords = AIMDP; COVID-19 summary = To accurately detect the signs of COVID-19 in CT images, a Feature Selection phased bases on Whale Optimization Algorithm (FSWOA) is proposed for selecting the most relevant patient''s features. For this reason, in the diagnosing and classification phase of AIMDP, further evaluation from lab tests (RT-PCR and CBC) are used to exclude other causes and accurately diagnosis COVID-19, and doesn''t only depend on CT images for diagnosing Finally, AIMDP has a prediction phase that gives a probability of patient ability to respond to the COVID-19 treatment based on different inputs given for the patient like his age, infection stage, respiratory failure, multi-organ failure and the treatment regimens. In the proposed model, different AI techniques are used based on their functionality on six main phases, as shown in figure 2 , namely, the pre-processing, segmentation, feature selection, classification, Prediction and diagnosis recommendation phase. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.16.20063990 id = cord-338654-ma9ayu80 author = Eaton, Lisa A. title = Social and behavioral health responses to COVID-19: lessons learned from four decades of an HIV pandemic date = 2020-04-25 keywords = COVID-19; HIV; social summary = The current state of COVID-19 disease transmission has left our public health approaches to be heavily dependent on social and behavioral change strategies to halt transmissions. We focus on multiple levels of intervention including intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and social factors, each of which provide a reference point for understanding and elaborating on social/behavioral lessons learned from HIV prevention and treatment research. We focus on multiple levels of intervention including intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and social factors, each of which provide a reference point for understanding and elaborating on social/behavioral lessons learned from HIV prevention and treatment research. The model has multiple foci, including intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and social factors, each of which provide a reference point for understanding and elaborating on social/behavioral lessons learned from HIV prevention and treatment research. Interventions to address stigma have been developed that target individuals, health care workers, communities, and social figures, which will likely find new purpose in COVID-19 (Andersson et al., 2020; Rao et al., 2019; Stangl et al., 2013) . doi = 10.1007/s10865-020-00157-y id = cord-347778-b2ufs25y author = Ebigbo, Alanna title = Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gastrointestinal endoscopy in Africa date = 2020-08-07 keywords = Africa; covid-19 summary = Methods A web-based survey was conducted by the International Working Group of the European Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and the World Endoscopy Organization to determine the impact and effects the COVID-19 pandemic has had on endoscopists in African countries. As with all other fields of medical practice, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted gastrointestinal endoscopy, especially with regards to triage and prioritization of patients and procedures, cleaning and disinfection of equipment as well as protection of health care workers (HCW) [11, 12] . To acquire information on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in SSA including changes in endoscopic activity, availability of PPE, use of pre-endoscopic screening measures, and capacity of endoscopy units in general, a web-based survey with 29 questions (Appendix 1) was distributed to 86 gastroenterology and endoscopy centres across northern and central Africa and SSA. doi = 10.1055/a-1210-4274 id = cord-322385-sc2vxxnn author = Ebinger, J. title = SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Across a Diverse Cohort of Healthcare Workers date = 2020-08-04 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Main Outcomes: Using Bayesian and multi-variate analyses, we estimated seroprevalence and factors associated with seropositivity and antibody titers, including pre-existing demographic and clinical characteristics; potential Covid-19 illness related exposures; and, symptoms consistent with Covid-19 infection. Recognizing the range of factors that might influence antibody status in a given individual, we focused our study on not only estimating seroprevalence but also on identifying factors associated with seropositivity and relative antibody levels within the following three categories: (1) pre-existing demographic and clinical characteristics; (2) potential Covid-19 illness related exposures; and, (3) Covid-19 illness related response variables (i.e. different types of self-reported symptoms). In adjusted analyses, we compared differences between serology status (i.e. antibody positive versus negative) in each variable of interest, grouped into one of three categories: (1) preexisting demographic and clinical characteristics (e.g. age, gender, ethnicity, race, and selfreported medical comorbidities); (2) Covid-19 related exposures (e.g. self-reported medical diagnosis of Covid-19 illness, household member with Covid-19 illness, number of people living in the home including children, type of home dwelling, etc); and, (3) Covid-19 related response variables (e.g. self-reported fever, chills, dry cough, anosmia, nausea, myalgias, etc.). doi = 10.1101/2020.07.31.20163055 id = cord-319706-2e9jrv0s author = Ebinger, Joseph E. title = Pre-existing traits associated with Covid-19 illness severity date = 2020-07-23 keywords = SARS; african; covid-19; patient summary = For all patients considered to have Covid-19, based on direct or documented laboratory test result and suggestive signs and/or symptoms, we obtained information from the electronic health record (EHR) and verified data for the following demographic and clinical characteristics: age at the time of diagnosis; sex; race; ethnicity; smoking status defined as current versus prior, never, or unknown; comorbidities, including obesity, as clinically assessed and documented by a provider with ICD-10 coding; and, chronic use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) medications. For the primary outcome of illness severity, categorized by escalating levels of care (i.e., hospitalization, intensive care, intubation), the pre-existing characteristics that demonstrated statistical significance in age-and sex-adjusted models included older age, male sex, African American race, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and the Elixhauser comorbidity score ( Table 2 ; Fig 3) . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0236240 id = cord-289522-7u3d6nfc author = Ebrahimi, Mina title = COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Laboratory Findings, Comorbidities, and Clinical Outcomes Comparing Medical Staff versus the General Population date = 2020-10-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Laboratory Findings, Comorbidities, and Clinical Outcomes Comparing Medical Staff versus the General Population This review compared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) laboratory findings, comorbidities, and clinical outcomes in patients from the general population versus medical staff to aid diagnosis of COVID-19 in a more timely, efficient, and accurate way. Two reviewers separately extracted the data from included studies, considering key characteristics including author, publication year, country, type of study, sample size, laboratory findings, comorbidities, and final clinical outcomes. Further analysis revealed the frequency of clinical manifestations in infected medical staff were similar to patients in the general public (Table 3) . The findings of this COVID-19 meta-analysis review revealed that the normal or abnormal outcome of a patient''s laboratory results may shed light on the stage of the disease and its progression. Laboratory findings, signs and symptoms, clinical outcomes of Patients with COVID-19 Infection: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.5.02 id = cord-339121-w16e8lw1 author = Ebuenyi, Ikenna D title = COVID-19 as social disability: the opportunity of social empathy for empowerment date = 2020-08-23 keywords = COVID-19; disability summary = 4 6 The COVID-19 experience may offer contextual experience of the prepandemic lives of persons with disabilities and in doing so foster greater social responsibility and opportunities for change and a more inclusive society. Summary box ► COVID-19 has conferred new experiential knowledge on society and a rare opportunity to better understand the social model of disability and to improve the lives of persons with disabilities. ► The COVID-19 experience may offer contextual knowledge of the prepandemic lives of persons with disabilities and foster greater social awareness, responsibility and opportunities for change towards a more inclusive society. ► We have learnt from COVID-19 that inclusive healthcare and universal access should be the new normal, that its provision as a social good is both unifying and empowering for society as a whole. We have a rare opportunity to understand and better the lives of persons with disabilities for whom some aspects of the COVID-19 experience are enduring. doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003039 id = cord-312849-vgzvpwz9 author = Eckbo, Eric J. title = Evaluation of the BioFire® COVID-19 Test and Respiratory Panel 2.1 for Rapid Identification of SARS-CoV-2 in Nasopharyngeal Swab Samples date = 2020-11-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Evaluation of the BioFire® COVID-19 Test and Respiratory Panel 2.1 for Rapid Identification of SARS-CoV-2 in Nasopharyngeal Swab Samples The BioFire® COVID-19 Test and Respiratory Panel 2.1 (RP2.1) are rapid, fully automated assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swabs. We evaluated the performance characteristics of these tests in comparison to a laboratory-developed real-time PCR assay targeting the viral RdRP and E genes. This report describes the results of an independent evaluation of the performance characteristics of the BioFire COVID-19 Test and the RP2.1 for detection of SARS-CoV-2. The BioFire COVID-19 Test and Respiratory Panel 2.1 are easy-to-use, highly sensitive, and rapid assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swab specimens. This evaluation demonstrates that the assays perform comparably to our laboratory developed real-time PCR assay, with 100% agreement in testing results for clinical specimens and acceptable performance at their stated limits of detection. doi = 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115260 id = cord-298295-epxd03pt author = Eckermann, M. title = 3d Virtual Patho-Histology of Lung Tissue from Covid-19 Patients based on Phase Contrast X-ray Tomography date = 2020-06-23 keywords = Fig; covid-19; sample; tissue summary = We present a new approach of three-dimensional (3d) virtual histology and patho-histology based on multi-scale phase contrast x-ray tomography, and use this to investigate the parenchymal-architecture of unstained lung tissue from patients who succumbed to Covid-19. Based on this first proof-of-concept study, we can propose multi-scale phase contrast x-ray tomography as a novel tool to unravel the patho-physiology of Covid-19, extending conventional histology by a third dimension and allowing for a full quantification of tissue remodeling.By combining parallel and cone beam geometry, autopsy samples with a cross section of 4mm are scanned and reconstructed at a resolution and image quality which allows for the segmentation of individual cells. The 3d virtual pathohistology approach for Covid-19 presented here was realized by implementing a novel multi-scale phase contrast x-ray tomography concept, with dedicated xray optics and instrumentation to image the tissue structure on multiple length scales, while at the same time covering large reconstruction volumes. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.21.20134882 id = cord-286560-lhbp4nn0 author = Eckermann, Marina title = 3D virtual pathohistology of lung tissue from Covid-19 patients based on phase contrast X-ray tomography date = 2020-08-20 keywords = covid-19; figure; tissue summary = We present a three-dimensional (3D) approach for virtual histology and histopathology based on multi-scale phase contrast x-ray tomography, and use this to investigate the parenchymal architecture of unstained lung tissue from patients who succumbed to Covid-19. Based on this first proof-of-concept study, we propose multi-scale phase contrast x-ray tomography as a tool to unravel the pathophysiology of Covid-19, extending conventional histology by a third dimension and allowing for full quantification of tissue remodeling. Overview and regions-of-interest (ROI) scans were recorded on the same paraffinembedded sample, covering a maximum tissue cross section of 8 mm by stitching different tomograms, and with a minimum voxel size of 167 nm in certain ROIs. Scale-bridging and dynamic ROI selection in close spatial and temporal proximity was implemented with dedicated instrumentation the GINIX endstation of the beamline P10/PETRA III (DESY, Hamburg) (Salditt et al., 2015) . doi = 10.7554/elife.60408 id = cord-322256-mv9ll0h4 author = Edelman, E. Jennifer title = Confronting Another Pandemic: Lessons from HIV can Inform Our COVID-19 Response date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; HIV summary = We reflect on how this relates to (1) testing, including contact tracing; (2) health system redesign; (3) telehealth; (4) health disparities; (5) political denial, with inadequate and uncoordinated governmental response; (6) occupational exposure; and (7) complex reactions among healthcare providers. Experiences with HIV and partner services has taught us the critical role of public health collaboration to promote contact tracing to ensure that individuals who have been exposed to an infectious disease receive appropriate counseling, testing, and treatment [2] . The differences in routes of transmission render COVID-19 many fold more dangerous than HIV in the health care setting and mandates the need for ensuring adequate PPE for healthcare workers and others providing care for individuals exposed by aerosols and contact with patients with COVID-19 and cannot be overstated. doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-02908-z id = cord-288647-qul4sz7w author = Edigin, Ehizogie title = Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on medical postgraduate training in the United States date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on medical postgraduate training in the United States However, the impact of COVID-19 on medical postgraduate training of residents and fellows in the US has not been adequately discussed in the literature. The non-COVID patient volume on the inpatient services of some hospitals has also markedly reduced. This markedly reduced patient volume in the inpatient service has limited trainee education. If these travel and visa restrictions cause a delay in new trainees from commencing work on time, there may be a potential shortage of medical personnel available to care for patients on 1 July 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to affect the recruitment process for postgraduate training positions. Every year thousands of medical students and doctors travel from all over the world to interview for first-year residency positions across different teaching hospitals in the US. Medical student education in the time of COVID-19 doi = 10.1080/10872981.2020.1774318 id = cord-323631-r31sfq90 author = Edul, Vanina Siham Kanoore title = Microcirculation alterations in severe COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-10-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = PURPOSE: To assess the presence of sublingual microcirculatory and skin perfusion alterations in COVID-19 pneumonia. Compared to previously reported normal values, total and perfused vascular density (21.9 ± 3.9 and 21.0 ± 3.5 mm/mm(2)) and heterogeneity flow index (0.91 ± 0.24) were high; and the proportion of perfused vessels (0.96 ± 0.03), microvascular flow index (2.79 ± 0.10), and red blood cell velocity (1124 ± 161 μm/s) were reduced. Sublingual microcirculation was characterized by decreases in the proportion of perfused vessel and flow velocity along with high vascular densities. Microvascular thrombosis has recently been diagnosed in patients with COVID-19, and it has been proposed to mediate the pathogenesis of organ injury in this disease [1] . Recently, sublingual microcirculatory abnormalities were shown in 12 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia [5] . Thus, our goal was to assess the characteristics of sublingual microcirculation and skin perfusion in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.10.002 id = cord-327394-mwbmi88i author = Edwards, Jodi-Ann title = Lessons Learned at a COVID-19 designated hospital date = 2020-08-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = The Department of Surgery implemented drastic changes to address the hospital''s needs while remaining committed to the education of surgical residents. They ensured resident safety, continued surgical education, participation and contribution to the care of COVID-19 patients. (2) A Surgical Emergency Advanced Line Service (SEALS) team, composed of residents and a supervising attending, was assigned to assist with procedural solutions for all inpatients, including placement of arterial, central venous, dialysis, and midline catheters. (3) The remaining surgical residents were redeployed to the medical floors, emergency department and ICUs. Throughout redeployment, residents adhered to the ACGME Big Four governance under the Stage 3 Pandemic Emergency status: duty hour regulations, having faculty supervision, and adequate resources including PPE. Our procedure service (SEALS) allowed primary teams to focus on medical care without the burden of procedures and surgical residents to practice their skills and manage critically ill patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.07.029 id = cord-311872-09jzyyin author = Effenberger, Maria title = Systemic inflammation as fuel for acute liver injury in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; IL-6 summary = AIMS: We explored a link between systemic IL-6, related acute phase proteins and liver injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. In December 2019, a series of patients with pneumonia caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported from Wuhan, Hubei province in China [1] . Previous studies found that ACE2 expression is related to the severity of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by SARS-CoV infection, and mediates the production of cytokines in ARDS [11, 12] . In line with a critical impact of systemic inflammation and specifically IL-6 on liver injury, we noted a direct correlation between acute phase proteins and IL-6 in the serum of COVID-19 patients with elevated AST. Based on previous reports and our study, with the limitation of the Cross-sectional design, we propose that the systemic inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection to COVID-19 patients serves as a fuel of hepatic injury. Clinical characteristics of non-ICU hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and liver injury: A retrospective study doi = 10.1016/j.dld.2020.08.004 id = cord-346758-pi1hf6xg author = Egerup, P. title = Impact of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at delivery in women, partners and newborns date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; September summary = Two smaller case reports from China documented SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in newborns with COVID-19 positive mothers indicating possible vertical transmission. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and impact of SARS-CoV-2 in parturient women, their partners and newborns. We here report the results of a prospective cohort study with unselected serological testing in 1,313 parturient women, 1,189 partners and 1,206 newborns to identify if SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with obstetric and neonatal complications. The serum from the blood samples from women, partners and newborns were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgM and IgG). There was no significant difference between pre-pregnancy characteristics in relation to SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, except blood type and that women with antibodies reported more COVID-19-like symptoms (p=0.025). In this prospective cohort study with serological testing of parturient women, partners and newborns we found no association between COVID-19 and obstetric-or neonatal complications. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.14.20191106 id = cord-342555-5r9aa7u5 author = Eghtesadi, Marzieh title = Breaking Social Isolation Amidst COVID‐19: A Viewpoint on Improving Access to Technology in Long‐Term Care Facilities date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = For older patients isolated in LTC facilities, providing them with these technology-dependent amenities and social contacts could potentially decrease their sense of loneliness and increase their self-perceived health, similarly to the benefits seen with physically going outdoors. Whether it be in the context of social isolation to control a local gastroenteritis outbreak to a large-scale pandemic, giving older adults in LTC facilities the opportunity to access technology would enable them to maintain social contact and communication. [1] [2] [3] As providers in the time of COVID-19, if we ignore symptoms of a mild respiratory infection and continue to work (historically considered a point of pride in much of medical culture), we now risk becoming superspreaders of a deadly disease, putting not only our most vulnerable patients but also scores of our colleagues (and all their patients) in serious danger. doi = 10.1111/jgs.16478 id = cord-315685-ute3dxwu author = Ehaideb, Salleh N. title = Evidence of a wide gap between COVID-19 in humans and animal models: a systematic review date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; model summary = The systematic search identified 101 studies and 326 preprints, of which 400 articles were excluded because they were reviews, non-original articles, unrelated to the COVID-19 infection, or experimental animals that do not support SARS-CoV-2 replication such as pigs, ducks, and chickens ( Fig. 1 and Additional file 2). The aims were to investigate the pathogenesis of COVID-19 (n = 15), testing drugs and vaccines (n = 14), the host Table 1 Search strategy and selection criteria We searched the MEDLINE, as well as BioRxiv and MedRxiv preprint servers for original research describing or using an animal model of SARS-CoV-2 induced COVID published in English from January 1, 2020, to May 20, 2020. We used the search terms (COVID-19) OR (SARS-CoV-2) AND, (animal models), (hamsters), (nonhuman primates), (macaques), (rodent), (mice), (rats), (ferrets), (rabbits), (cats), and (dogs). We used the search terms (COVID-19) OR (SARS-CoV-2) AND, (animal models), (hamsters), (nonhuman primates), (macaques), (rodent), (mice), (rats), (ferrets), (rabbits), (cats), and (dogs). doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03304-8 id = cord-275447-nx45kwn6 author = Ehrenpreis, Eli D. title = Rapid Review: Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents and Aminosalicylates in COVID-19 Infections date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; IBD summary = Since 5-ASAs are a mainstay treatment for inflammatory bowel disease, the authors review the pharmacology of both classes of drugs and discuss the potential relevance of 5-ASAs in the ongoing discussion of medication use in patients infected with COVID-19. T here has been recent controversy regarding the risk that ibuprofen (and possibly other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, NSAIDs) may worsen the clinical course of patients that are infected with COVID-19. It is therefore the purpose of this brief review to inform practitioners treating patients with 5-ASAs about the potential relationships between 5-ASAs and NSAIDs. At the time of this writing, both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have not recommended the avoidance of ibuprofen in patients with known or suspected COVID-19 infections. doi = 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001371 id = cord-320092-0qnvydux author = Ehsani, Sepehr title = COVID-19 and iron dysregulation: distant sequence similarity between hepcidin and the novel coronavirus spike glycoprotein date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; hepcidin; iron; protein; spike summary = An implication of this preliminary observation is to suggest a potential route of investigation in the coronavirus research field making use of an already-established literature on the interplay of local and systemic iron regulation, cytokine-mediated inflammatory processes, respiratory infections and the hepcidin protein. c The position of the disulfide bonds in the sequence of the mature human hepcidin is illustrated along with the potential palmitoylation residues (ten cysteines) of the cytoplasmic tail of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. If the sequence similarity reported here is actually playing a significant role at the cellular level, could it be that, although the cellular localizations appear to be different based on current knowledge, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein cytoplasmic tail can partly mimic the structure of hepcidin and interact with ferroportin? In addition, a notyet-fully-established link of relevance here is the observations of a Kawasaki-disease-like systemic vasculitis syndrome in children infected with the novel Fig. 3 Summary of salient facets of coronavirus spike protein and human hepcidin biology. doi = 10.1186/s13062-020-00275-2 id = cord-344705-co0nk7pt author = Eichler, Hans‐Georg title = Clinical trials for Covid‐19: can we better use the short window of opportunity? date = 2020-05-14 keywords = clinical; covid-19; trial summary = We here discuss actions that all stakeholders in the clinical trial ecosystem need to take to ensure that the window of opportunity during this pandemic will not shut, both for patients in need of treatment and for researchers to conduct decision‐relevant clinical trials. Many small stand-alone trials and observational studies of single-agent interventions are currently running or in planning; many of these will likely not deliver robust results that could support regulatory and patient-level treatment decisions. We here discuss actions that all stakeholders in the clinical trial ecosystem need to take to ensure that the window of opportunity during this pandemic will not shut, both for patients in need of treatment and for researchers to conduct decision-relevant clinical trials. Now is the time to ensure that the window of opportunity will not shut, both for patients in need of treatment and for researchers to conduct clinical trials that deliver. doi = 10.1002/cpt.1891 id = cord-280210-6xivdgvt author = Eichner, E. Randy title = Writing on Sports Medicine in Pandemic Times date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; asthma summary = So I try to keep up with epidemiology, even though at this writing, in May 2020, more than 10,000 scientific or medical articles have already appeared on this novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, that causes the disease COVID-19. So, against all odds, I will start with thoughts on infections and epidemics, on our primal fear of contagion, and on quarantine or "social distancing." Then, I will address four questions I have received that are relevant to athletes. Now is the time to read John Barry''s "The Great Influenza," on the deadliest plague in history, the influenza pandemic from early 1918 to early 1920 that killed up to 100 million people worldwide. Early in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome panic, a Boston neurosurgeon called for Massachusetts to quarantine "irresponsible" carriers of human immunodeficiency virus on Penikese Island. Question 3: If athletes test positive for the antibody, are they immune to this Coronavirus? doi = 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000731 id = cord-276181-5gh0i394 author = Eimer, J. title = Tocilizumab shortens time on mechanical ventilation and length of hospital stay in patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = Conclusions: Treatment of critically ill patients with ARDS due to COVID-19 with tocilizumab was not associated with reduced 30-day all-cause mortality, but shorter duration on ventilatory support as well as shorter overall length of stay in hospital and in ICU. Several small studies from China and Europe have reported promising results of the treatment with tocilizumab in patients with COVID-19, preventing the need for admission to an intensive care unit and improving clinical outcomes (4, 5) . In this retrospective cohort study, the administration of tocilizumab did not reduce all cause mortality but was associated with a shorter time on mechanical ventilation and a shorter length of stay in hospital and in ICU in critically ill patients with ARDS due to COVID-19. In summary, our findings indicate that treatment with tocilizumab of critically ill patients with severe ARDS due to COVID-19 may reduce time on mechanical ventilation and overall length of stay in ICU and in hospital. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.29.20164160 id = cord-344198-jaagi88b author = Eimer, J. title = Tocilizumab shortens time on mechanical ventilation and length of hospital stay in patients with severe COVID‐19: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Tocilizumab shortens time on mechanical ventilation and length of hospital stay in patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study Dear Editor, Amongst patients with COVID-19 who require treatment in intensive care for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), mortality rates have been reported between 16 and 78% [1] . Patients over 18 years with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were eligible when admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for severe ARDS and were followed for 30 days from admission to ICU until discharge from hospital or until death, whichever occurred first. In this retrospective cohort study, the administration of tocilizumab did not reduce all-cause mortality but was associated with a shorter time on mechanical ventilation and a shorter length of stay in hospital and in ICU in critically ill patients with ARDS due to COVID-19. doi = 10.1111/joim.13162 id = cord-318167-b25g6zkp author = Einollahi, Behzad title = A patient affected by critical COVID-19 pneumonia, successfully treated with convalescent plasma date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = A number of studies reported that CP therapy is also one of the few promising medications for the management of critically ill COVID-19 patients, useful to decrease the viral load, improve the patients clinical outcome, reducing their mortality rate, increasing the probability of extubation and containing the length of hospital stay [9, 10, 11, 12, 13] . In conclusion, emergency therapy with probably CP contributed to heal our critically ill COVID-19 patient, thanks to the antibodies from CP seemingly suppressing the viraemia, which in most viral diseases peaks during the first 7 days since infection [16] . Feasibility, safety, clinical, and laboratory effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a study protocol Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma doi = 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102995 id = cord-291366-d5d9l0xr author = Eirale, Cristiano title = Medical recommendations for home-confined footballers’ training during the COVID-19 pandemic: from evidence to practical application date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; exercise; training summary = In this period, there is an important reduction, or even a Medical recommendations for home-confined footballers'' training during the COVID-19 pandemic: from evidence to practical application AUTHORS: Cristiano Eirale 1 , Giannicola Bisciotti 1,2 , Alessandro Corsini 3 , Christophe Baudot 1 , Gerard Saillant 1 , Hakim Chalabi 1,2 1 Paris Saint Germain FC, France 2 Aspetar Sports and Orthopedics Hospital-Doha, Qatar 3 Internazionale Milano FC, Italy ABSTRACT: In early 2020, the world is facing a global emergency called COVID-19. Therefore, considering both the high and dramatic specificity of the current pandemic period and the absence of evidence concerning sport activity during the COVID-19 pandemic [26] , the training rules mentioned below are mainly based on the principle of "maximal caution" [27] . For these reasons, we do not recommend any kind of training in case of fever following a COVID infection and, due to the lack of evidence, the principle of maximal prudence should be followed upon return to sport. doi = 10.5114/biolsport.2020.94348 id = cord-316422-wmkv5hd3 author = Eisenberg, Matthew D. title = Financial Risk for COVID-19-like Respiratory Hospitalizations in Consumer-Directed Health Plans date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = INTRODUCTION: : This study aims to quantify out-of-pocket spending associated with respiratory hospitalizations for conditions similar to those caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to compare out-of-pocket spending differences among those enrolled in consumer-directed health plans and in traditional, low-deductible plans. It compared unadjusted out-of-pocket spending among consumer-directed health plan enrollees to traditional plan enrollees using difference of mean significance tests and repeated the analysis separately by age category and by calendar year quarter. 2 Many individuals aged <65 years are enrolled in consumer-directed health plans (CDHPs), 3 and an analysis of early COVID-19 hospitalizations found that 55% occurred among this age group. 5 Given the high cost of respiratory-related hospitalizations, 7, 8 COVID-19 may come with a significant financial burden among enrollees in CDHPs relative to those in traditional, low-deductible health plans. Average out-of-pocket (OOP) spending comparing consumer-directed health plan (CDHP) and traditional plan enrollees with a respiratory-related hospitalization, by age group and quarter of year. doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.008 id = cord-327214-kcbxyhhh author = Eketunde, Adenike O title = A Review of Postmortem Findings in Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus originated in Wuhan, China, and has spread rapidly across the world. According to Merad and Martin''s study, the hyper inflammation in severe COVID-19 patients shared similarities with cytokine release syndromes, including macrophages activation syndrome. Minimally invasive autopsies of three COVID-19 patients in Chongqing, China revealed damage to the alveolar structure with minor serous and fibrin exudation and hyaline membrane formation [8] . The hypercoagulable state has been linked to a poor prognosis in patients with severe COVID-19, which leads to a microthrombi formation in the lungs, lower limbs, hands, brain, heart, liver, and kidneys, as a result of the activation of the coagulation pathway. There is a strong association with the hyperinflammatory state, which can be explained by most of the signs and symptoms that are exhibited by COVID-19 patients, including most of the pathological findings. Fatal eosinophilic myocarditis in a healthy 17-year-old male with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2c) doi = 10.7759/cureus.9438 id = cord-258965-g47n531n author = Ekpenyong, Bernadine title = Assessment of Knowledge, Practice and Guidelines towards the Novel COVID-19 among Eye Care Practitioners in Nigeria–A Survey-Based Study date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; Nigeria; PPE; ecp summary = The aim of this study was to explore knowledge, practice of risk and guidelines of the novel corona virus disease (COVID-19) infection among the eye care practitioners and the potential associated factors. ECPs in Nigeria displayed good knowledge about COVID-19 and provided eye care services during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria, despite the majority not receiving any training on the use of PPEs with concerns over attending to patients. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge and practice of COVID-19 exposure risk among ECPs as well as understand their confidence in current Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH) guidelines for identifying possible COVID-19 cases, knowledge of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) recommendations and training in its usage when managing such cases. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on practitioners, their family members and practices, including questions on their confidence in the current FMoH guidelines for identifying possible COVID-19 cases, their knowledge of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) recommendations, and training in its usage during consultation were assessed. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17145141 id = cord-032073-8eguv697 author = El Fakiri, K. title = Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Moroccan Children date = 2020-07-12 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) in a Moroccan pediatric population. Patients were classified as follows: Asymptomatic infection (children without manifestations of clinical symptoms of COVID-19 testing positive to SARS-COV-2); Acute upper respiratory tract infection (children with fever, cough, pharyngeal pain, nasal congestion, fatigue, headache, myalgia or discomfort, and without signs of pneumonia by chest imaging or sepsis); Mild pneumonia (when children have a fever, respiratory symptoms such as cough, and chest imaging indicating pneumonia, but not reaching the criteria of severe pneumonia); Severe pneumonia (when any of the following criteria are present: (i) increased respiratory rate: ≥60 breaths/min (<2 years), ≥40 breaths/min (between 2 and 5 years), ≥30 breaths/min (≥5 years); (ii) oxygen saturation <94%; (iii) hypoxia; (iv) disturbance of consciousness; and, (v) food refusal or feeding difficulty, with signs of dehydration); Treatment was prescribed according to the Moroccan Ministry of Health recommendations [5] . doi = 10.1007/s13312-020-1958-8 id = cord-337020-7dhx8f4x author = El Haj, Mohamad title = High depression and anxiety in people with Alzheimer''s disease living in retirement homes during the Covid-19 crisis date = 2020-07-13 keywords = Alzheimer; covid-19 summary = title: High depression and anxiety in people with Alzheimer''s disease living in retirement homes during the Covid-19 crisis We studied the mental health of participants with Alzheimer''s disease (AD) residing in retirement homes during the Covid-19 crisis. On-site colleagues were asked to verify, in the medical records, that a diagnosis of probable dementia AD was made by a neurologist or geriatrician according to clinical criteria developed by the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer''s Association criteria for probable Alzheimer''s disease (McKhann et al., 2011) and that the participants had been assessed with the Mini Mental State Exam (Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975) within three months before the study to provide an recent assessment of their cognitive status. We thus evaluated self-reported indicators of depression and anxiety to assess the mental health of participants with AD who have been living in retirement homes during the Covid-19 crisis. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113294 id = cord-260702-1ljyk8uw author = El Hamichi, Sophia title = Pandemics, climate change, and the eye date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; change; climate; world summary = Global climate change is primarily a sequel of human''s impact on the planet. To address climate change, the United Nations (UN) established the Paris Agreement, setting a target, limiting average warming to 2°C, urging the world to urgently reduce emissions. Similarly, the United States Energy Information Administration has reported Fig. 1 Graphic depicting the cycle between climate change and zoonoses a predicted 11.5% reduction in emissions during 2020, as a ramification of the pandemic [13] . Benefit: reduction of air pollutants through medical planning The American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) had provided recommendations and guidelines for ophthalmologists around the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although greenhouse emissions may drop after the COVID-19 pandemic, their effect on air temperatures would take 40 years to centuries to perceive changes considering how long the gases persist in the air. Impact of climate change on air and waterborne disease doi = 10.1007/s00417-020-04947-7 id = cord-352781-aqh9zxgh author = El Homsi, Maria title = Review of Chest CT Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-06-07 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; Disease summary = Here, we review the pertinent clinical findings and the current published data describing chest CT findings in COVID-19 pneumonia, the diagnostic performance of CT for diagnosis, including differential diagnosis, as well the evolving role of imaging in this disease. In the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American College of Radiology (ACR), the Society of Thoracic Radiology (STR), and the American Society of Emergency Radiology (ASER) issued their position statements recommending against the use of CT for widespread screening and diagnosis of COVID-19, instead reserving CT for those cases with clinical suspicion for complications like abscess or empyema [76] [77] [78] . Clinical Features and Chest CT Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Single-Center Study in Relation Between Chest CT Findings and Clinical Conditions of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Multicenter Study Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases doi = 10.1016/j.ejro.2020.100239 id = cord-318755-fip8wj6y author = El Kassas, Mohamed title = Liver transplantation in the era of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; LTX; Mohamed; liver summary = Management of immunosuppressive therapy and drug-drug interactions in liver transplant recipients infected with COVID-19 should be cautiously practiced to prevent rejection and effectively treat the underlying infection. Although healthcare facilities are overwhelmed with management of COVID-19 patients & health resources are being rapidly consumed, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), recommended against postponing transplantation. Patients with advanced liver disease and those after LTX represent vulnerable patient cohorts with an increased risk of infection and/or a severe course of COVID-19 Because of the immunosuppressed state they have [59] . Available data on coronavirus before and during outbreaks suggest that immunosuppressed patients are not at increased risk of severe pulmonary disease compared to the general population; however, immunosuppression may prolong viral shedding in post-transplant patients with COVID-19 if they are already infected [36, 60] . doi = 10.1016/j.ajg.2020.04.019 id = cord-301405-7ijaxk4v author = El Mouden, Zakariyaa Ait title = Towards Using Graph Analytics for Tracking Covid-19 date = 2020-12-31 keywords = covid-19; datum; graph summary = The purpose of this paper is to introduce a graph-based approach of communities detection in the novel coronavirus Covid-19 countries'' datasets. Recent works combined between spectral methods and deep learning models, such as the case of [24] where the authors presented their deep clustering approach to cluster data using both neural networks and graph analytics. Our proposed approach consists of a SC based communities detection where the objective is to have an unsupervised grouping of countries having similar behaviors of Covid-19 spreading. In this paper, we proposed a graph-based approach for clustering Covid-19 data using spectral clustering. Ongoing work intends to link the different processes of the model, developed with two different programming languages (Java and R) to build a model able to cluster heterogeneous data based on graph analytics and spectral clustering for communities'' detection. An application of spectral clustering approach to detect communities in data modeled by graphs doi = 10.1016/j.procs.2020.10.029 id = cord-314942-eym2rh8v author = El Tabaa, Manar Mohammed title = New putative insights into neprilysin (NEP)-dependent pharmacotherapeutic role of roflumilast in treating COVID-19 date = 2020-10-01 keywords = IL-6; SARS; covid-19; inflammatory summary = Being a highly selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors (PDE4i), roflumilast acts by enhancing the level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), that probably potentiates its anti-inflammatory action via increasing neprilysin (NEP) activity. Because activating NEP was previously reported to mitigate several airway inflammatory ailments; this review thoroughly discusses the proposed NEP-based therapeutic properties of roflumilast, which may be of great importance in curing COVID-19. Additionally, breaking ET-1 by NEP will prolong the anti-inflammatory effect of 716 roflumilast via maintaining the high cAMP level which is underscored to play an 717 important role in improving the immune system of highly risk COVID-19 groups 718 (Graf et al., 1995; Raker et al., 2016) . Degrading ET-1 can also inhibit pulmonary fibrosis via blocking the ET-1-induced transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and at the same time, maintain the high level of cAMP which may contribute for long-term anti-inflammatory effect of roflumilast. doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173615 id = cord-295527-d5laummv author = El-Baba, Firas title = Prolonged RNA shedding of the 2019 novel coronavirus in an asymptomatic patient with a VP shunt date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Prolonged RNA shedding of the 2019 novel coronavirus in an asymptomatic patient with a VP shunt A 33-year-old man with paranoid schizophrenia and a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt was sent to our institution from an inpatient psychiatric facility due to concerns for the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). A 33-year-old man with paranoid schizophrenia and a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt was sent to our institution from an inpatient psychiatric facility due to concerns for the 2019 novel coronavirus . A 33-year-old man with paranoid schizophrenia and a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt was sent to our institution from an inpatient psychiatric facility due to concerns for the COVID-19. ► A VP shunt may predispose individuals to prolonged viral shedding of the novel coronavirus. Factors associated with prolonged viral RNA shedding in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Persistent viral shedding lasting over 60 days in a mild COVID-19 patient with ongoing positive SARS-CoV-2 doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-237720 id = cord-299911-v95pf3eg author = El-Ghiaty, Mahmoud A. title = Cytochrome P450-mediated drug interactions in COVID-19 patients: current findings and possible mechanisms date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; SARS; drug; p450 summary = Based on the conclusions drawn from the currently rapidly evolving knowledge about COVID-19, our hypothesis is built on the potential modulation of CYPs activity by the inflammatory environment provoked by SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the pathologic involvement of the liver which harbors the majority of the drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs). Systemic inflammation and immune response represent a substantial element in many acute and chronic diseases which is strongly implicated in altering drug pharmacokinetics through, mainly, modulating the expression and activity of DMEs. As a main contributor to the metabolic biotransformation of most drugs, CYPs are widely involved in such disease-drug interactions [19] . For decades, IL-6 has been recognized as the major inflammatory element that provokes a significant repressive effect on the expression and activity of different CYPs. Human recombinant interleukin 6 (rhIL-6) has shown concentration-dependent blocking of phenobarbital-mediated induction of CYP2B1/2 mRNA and activity in rat hepatocytes [48] . doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110033 id = cord-258767-f6wrgn6z author = El-Khatib, Ziad title = The Association between Out-of-Pocket Expenditure and COVID-19 Mortality Globally date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We matched different datasets, through three steps: (i) matching the mortality by country with Growth Domestic Product (GDP); (ii) combining data of the Gini index of net income inequality within countries [11] ; and (iii) linking the data for each country health expenditure through out-of-pocket payments per capita in international dollars at purchasing power parity. The median N COVID-19 cases Interquartile range (IQR) per income category was 109 (52; 482), 768 (136; 4794) (p < 0.01) and 3754 (843; 15,834) (p < 0.01) in the respective order from low-to high-middleincome. In the linear regression analysis, adjusted for the Gini index and GDP income category, we found a positive association between out-of-pocket expenditure and mortality (r = 4.6, p = 0.04) (Figure 1 ). The median out-of-pocket expenditure was 37.7 (15.1; 50.6), 206.6 (99.9; 327.5) and 692.1 (470.3; 860.7) in low-, middleand high-income countries. All authors contributed to the outline, content and critical revision of the commentary. doi = 10.2991/jegh.k.200725.001 id = cord-030018-sabmw7wf author = El-Shabrawi, Mortada title = Infant and child health and healthcare before and after COVID-19 pandemic: will it be the same ever? date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; Health; child; pandemic summary = BACKGROUND: The novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) current pandemic is an unpreceded global health crisis. COVID-19 pandemic proved rapidly to be a major international medical problem that has many sequences on infants, children, and adolescents. There is an urging challenge of how to provide the required healthcare needed by infants and children in due time and place avoiding the possibility to catch SARS-CoV-2 infection if they go to seek medical advice at hospitals or healthcare facilities. The mandatory lockdown and inevitable social distancing measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic has forced the governments in many countries to close nurseries, child care centers, schools, training centers, and higher education facilities as universities and institutions. So far, the COVID-19 crisis has had a great impact on child health and healthcare all over the world, not only from the medical aspect, but also from the social, psychologic, economic, and educational aspects. doi = 10.1186/s43054-020-00039-7 id = cord-278984-0zof6s4d author = El-Tallawy, Salah N. title = Pain Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; chronic; opioid; pain; patient summary = Understanding both the general problems facing chronic pain patients as well as specific problems in the COVID-19 era including deconditioning, increased mental health concerns, financial burdens, and potential for medication-induced immune-suppression is vital in the appropriate management of patients. Understanding both the general problems facing chronic pain patients as well as specific problems in the COVID-19 era including deconditioning, increased mental health concerns, financial burdens, and potential for medication-induced immune-suppression is vital in the appropriate management of patients. Recent recommendations for the safe use of non-opioid analgesics, opioid analgesics, and interventional pain management procedures are vital to know and understand specifically during the pandemic era. Immunosuppression as a result of medication, whether chronic opioid therapy or the use of oral or injectable steroids (e.g., in interventional pain procedures), is especially concerning during a time of global pandemic. Telemedicine has become an effective way of providing necessary medical services to patients with chronic pain during the COVID-19 epidemic. doi = 10.1007/s40122-020-00190-4 id = cord-296950-9dldbs6o author = El-Zein, Rayan S title = COVID-19-associated meningoencephalitis treated with intravenous immunoglobulin date = 2020-09-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Neurologic manifestations in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported such as anosmia, ageusia, ataxia, seizures, haemorrhagic necrotising encephalopathy, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. The SARS-CoV-2 CSF PCR was negative; however, a high index of suspicion remained due to the temporal relationship of his current symptoms and the recent COVID-19 pneumonia. Our report describes a case of encephalitis associated with SARS-CoV-2 which showed clinical improvement with IVIg therapy. Moriguchi et al 5 described what appears to be the first case of COVID-19-associated meningoencephalitis presenting with convulsions and confirmed with a positive SARS-CoV-2 CSF PCR; their patient had abnormal MRI findings of the medial temporal lobe and was treated with favipiravir. Paniz-Mondolfi et al 6 reported a case of COVID-19-associated pneumonia in a 74 years old with Parkinson''s who succumbed to his illness on day 11; however, SARS-CoV-2 was found in the brain capillary endothelium and neuronal cell bodies on postmortem examination. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-237364 id = cord-286365-fy0a8mb4 author = ElHawary, Hassan title = Bibliometric Analysis of Early COVID-19 Research: The Top 50 Cited Papers date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = CONCLUSION: By highlighting the characteristics of the top 50 cited COVID-19-related articles, the authors hope to disseminate information that could assist researchers to identify the important topics, study characteristics, and gaps in the literature. To that end, the goal of this study was to present a bibliometric analysis to identify and dissect the characteristics of the top 50 cited COVID-19-related articles published early on following the outbreak. 62 The majority of the highly cited research assessed COVID-19''s clinical presentation and disease description while only 7 papers discussed potential treatment. While this limitation is present with any bibliometric analysis, the main goal of this study was to highlight the characteristics of the highly cited research articles early during the COVID-19 pandemic and the dynamic nature of citation count should not diminish the value of the information presented here. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study doi = 10.1177/1178633720962935 id = cord-288732-k763ejqb author = ElMajjaoui, Sanaa title = COVID-19, Brachytherapy, and Gynecologic Cancers: a Moroccan Experience date = 2020-07-15 keywords = cancer; covid-19 summary = More recently, the American Brachytherapy Society published some clarifications in this regard and international expert consensus recommendations of radiation therapy for gynecologic malignancies during the COVID-19 pandemic were published (https://www.americanbrachytherapy.org/about-abs/abs-news/abs-statement-on-coronavirus/, Gynecol Oncol 15, 2020). In the majority of cases, the treatment is based on EBRT (exclusive in early stages and with concurrent chemotherapy in locally advanced stages), followed by intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) which constitutes a cornerstone in its management [4] . For patients over 70 years of age or with significant comorbidities (chronic respiratory or cardiac pathology, immunosuppression, etc.) who have small tumors or responding well to external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), a more shortened schedule of 9 Gy per fraction in 2 fractions at 1 week apart may be considered. Efficacy and toxicity of concomitant cisplatin with external beam pelvic radiotherapy and two high-dose-rate brachytherapy insertions for the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00402-0 id = cord-305283-1bg1ykui author = ElSeirafi, Mohamed MA. title = Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in critically ill adults with COVID-19 infection in Bahrain: A report of 5 cases date = 2020-06-23 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = We had experience in treating five critically ill patients with severe lung injury who were COVID-19 positive with tocilizumab. We had experience in treating five critically ill patients with severe lung injury who were COVID-19 positive with tocilizumab. The patient improved significantly on the third day following tocilizumab injection and rt-PCR test for COVID-19 was negative on the fourth day. Nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 was positive and the patient was initiated on oral hydroxychloroquine 200 mg twice daily along with ceftriaxone, piperacillin/tazobactam, aizthromycin, ribavirin, pegylated interferon (received single dose) and plasma therapy (two doses). Patient improved the following day with a negative COVID-19 test results twice on alternate days and the patient was discharge from ICU. We observed in the present study that COVID-19 patients with severe lung injury responded dramatically following the introduction of tocilizumab. Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: A single center study of 100 patients in doi = 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101139 id = cord-340650-mwsa326c author = Elangovan, E. J. title = Rationale and prognosis of repurposed drugs with risk stratification of patients in oxygen support in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-10-06 keywords = October; TCZ; covid-19; patient summary = Inclusion criteria for the study were: i) randomized (RCT) or non-randomized clinical trials (nRCT), prospective or retrospective observational studies (cohort study and case series) ii) research articles, preprints and preliminary reports with comparators (Treatment Vs. Control) or combination of treatment modalities or studies without control group iii) study population could be any age, sex and any region in the world, diagnosed with COVID-19 with either laboratory test-confirmed or Chest computer tomography (CT) iv) any one of these outcomes reported: mortality rate, recovery rate, viral clearance period, clinical improvement of patients in oxygen therapy or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) after drug treatment. The following features were extracted: author, study type, date of publication, study period, study place, drug name, cohort size, gender, age, severity condition (mild, moderate, severe and critical); treatment combination, time from symptom onset to the treatment, dosage details, exclusion criteria of drug; precondition of patients (PaO2:FiO2, SpO2 levels, respiratory rate), comorbidity, patients requiring respiratory support such as low flow oxygen support, high flow or Non-Invasive mechanical Ventilation (NIV), IMV or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (during admission and follow-up); clinical improvement length, viral clearance period; mortality rate; recovery rate and adverse effects. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.04.20206516 id = cord-312678-81gnmxbk author = Elayeh, Eman title = Before and after case reporting: A comparison of the knowledge, attitude and practices of the Jordanian population towards COVID-19 date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; Jordan; knowledge; participant summary = Our research group initiated a study to ascertain the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of Jordanians toward COVID-19 prior to any initial case report in Jordan. Therefore, the initial aim of this study was to evaluate the overall knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of Jordanian citizens to the ongoing international situation regarding the emergence and pandemic nature of COVID-19. where N is the sample size, Zα: type one error = 1.96 when α = 5%; Zβ: type two error = 1.28 when β = 10%; Q = 1-P: expected non-prevalence; P = proportion in the population possessing the characteristic of interest (based on the estimate that 50% of the respondents knew general information about COVID-19, its routes of transmission and the main preventative measures), d = one-half of the desired interval of confidence, in this study d = 5%. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240780 id = cord-340535-78bpvtuf author = Elbay, Rümeysa Yeni title = Depression, Anxiety, Stress Levels of Physicians and Associated Factors In Covid-19 Pandemics date = 2020-05-27 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = AIM: To investigate anxiety, stress, and depression levels of physicians during the Covid-19 outbreak and explored associated factors in both clinical and general site. Factors found to be associated with higher DAS-21 total scores in frontline workers were as follows: increased weekly working hours, increased number of Covid-19 patients cared for, lower level of support from peers and supervisors, lower logistic support, and lower feelings of competence during Covid-19 related tasks. In an early study investigating immediate psychological response during Covid-19 epidemic among general population in China, 53.8% of participants rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate or severe (1) . In another study investigating long term psychological effects of SARS outbreak on healthcare workers, 23% of staff were found to have moderate or severe depressive symptoms in a 3year follow-up (4) . Based on this perspective, here, we aimed to investigate anxiety, stress and depression levels of physicians during Covid-19 outbreak and explored associated factors in both clinical and general site. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113130 id = cord-312252-4l3ok44o author = Elbeddini, Ali title = Barriers to conducting deprescribing in the elderly population amid the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; Canada; elderly summary = Barriers to deprescribing before the pandemic include patient and system related factors, such as resistance to change, patient''s knowledge deficit about deprescribing, lack of alternatives for treatment of disease, uncoordinated delivery of health services, prescriber''s attitudes and/or experience, limited availability of guidelines for deprescribing, and lack of evidence on preventative therapy. Some of these barriers can be mitigated by using the following interventions:patient education, prioritization of non-pharmacological therapy, incorporation of electronic health record (EHR), continuous prescriber education, and development of research studies on deprescribing. Barriers to deprescribing before COVID-19, such as resistance to change, knowledge deficit about deprescribing, and lack of alternatives for treatment of disease, uncoordinated delivery of health services, prescribers'' attitudes and/or experience, limited availability of guidelines for deprescribing, and lack of evidence on preventative therapy need to be managed through different interventions. doi = 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.05.025 id = cord-327017-b2refzfw author = Elbeddini, Ali title = Pharmacist intervention amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: from direct patient care to telemedicine date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Pharmacist intervention amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: from direct patient care to telemedicine Telehealth has been shown to be a resource-effective way to deliver pharmacist services and to enhance patient care [3] . Fortunately, many pharmacy services can be delivered over the phone, but the question arises about whether the quality of care by virtual means is on par with that of direct patient care. A randomized controlled trial looked at a telemedicine consultation device known as "GeriMedRisk" in the long-term care setting, and concluded that it feasible intervention to deliver virtual healthcare services to geriatric patients [6] . This could drastically improve the access to and quality of patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic, but also moving forward. While many pharmacists currently use deprescribing as a means to optimize their patients'' health, it is not clear whether this practice is ideal during the pandemic. Many healthcare providers, including pharmacists, play an important role in delivering this service to patients. doi = 10.1186/s40545-020-00229-z id = cord-330877-nsx4b4rm author = Elcioglu, Omer Celal title = COVİD-19 infection in a membranous nephropathy patient treated with rituximab date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = In this period, one of our group of patients who are challenging us for follow-up and treatment are those who should start or continue to use immunosuppressive therapy. In order to contribute to the accumulation of knowledge in this area, we wanted to report a patient who was followed up with the diagnosis of COVID-19 and had been administered rituximab very recently due to a nephrotic syndrome caused by membranous nephropathy. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related coronavirus disease-19 (COVID19) cases, which emerged in Wuhan [1] , China in December 2019 and soon became a pandemic [2] , started to appear in our country in March 2020. A 48-year old male who was admitted to the emergency clinic with cough, high fever and headache for 4 days was hospitalized on March 15, 2020 with a pre-diagnosis of COVID 19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1007/s13730-020-00524-3 id = cord-308159-qqxsrp87 author = Elder, Colby title = Expectant management of pneumothorax in intubated COVID-19 positive patients: a case series date = 2020-09-21 keywords = covid-19; pneumothorax summary = Historically, a small pneumothorax has been shown to be successfully treated without chest tube insertion, but this management has yet to be proven in COVID-19 pneumonia patients. CASE PRESENTATION: In this series we report four cases of patients with respiratory distress who tested positive for COVID-19 via nasopharyngeal swab and developed ventilator-induced pneumothoraces which were successfully managed with observation alone. CONCLUSIONS: Management of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia on positive pressure ventilation who develop small stable pneumothoraces can be safely observed without chest tube insertion. We present four cases of pneumothorax in COVID-19 positive patients who were managed without chest tube placement despite being on positive pressure ventilation. His FiO2 was weaned to 40% and on hospital day 4 his chest x-ray (CXR) showed extensive subcutaneous emphysema and bilateral tiny apical pneumothoraces (Fig. 1b) . Expectant management can be quite precarious in this population, but we believe these cases show that observation in ventilated COVID-19 positive patients with a small pneumothorax may be an appropriate option. doi = 10.1186/s13019-020-01297-7 id = cord-290429-0d34abdo author = Elengoe, Asita title = COVID-19 Outbreak in Malaysia date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic outbreak emerged in December 2019 from Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China and spread to the rest of the world. They reported that the virus had 96.3% genetic similarity with a Yunnan bat coronavirus RaTG13 and 70% homology with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [2] . On the 12 th January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the cause of this epidemic outbreak was a novel coronavirus discovered in 2019 (2019-nCoV) or SARS-CoV-2 and named the disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [3] . Coronavirus COVID-19 cases spiked across Asia after a mass gathering in Malaysia. The origin, transmission, and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak -An update on the status Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention, and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review doi = 10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.3.08 id = cord-305760-43qxf408 author = Elgendi, M. title = The Evaluation of Deep Neural Networks and X-Ray as a Practical Alternative for Diagnosis and Management of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-16 keywords = covid-19 summary = Results show that ResNet-50 is the optimal pretrained neural network for the detection of COVID-19, using three different cross-validation ratios, based on training time, accuracy, and network size. 7 reported an accuracy of 98% on a balanced dataset for detecting COVID-19 after investigating three pretrained neural networks. Sethy and Behera 8 explored 10 different pretrained neural networks, reporting an accuracy of 93% on a balanced dataset, for detecting COVID-19 on X-ray images. Apostolopoulos and Bessiana 11 evaluated five pretrained neural networks, scoring 98% of accuracy on an However, these attempts did not make clear which existing deep learning method would be the most efficient and robust for COVID-19 compared to many others. After investigating 16 different pretrained neural networks, our results showed that ResNet-50 is the optimal pretrained deep learning network for detection of COVID-19 in HRCT chest X-ray images. Automatic detection of coronavirus disease (covid-19) using x-ray images and deep convolutional neural networks doi = 10.1101/2020.05.12.20099481 id = cord-285872-rnayrws3 author = Elgendi, Mohamed title = The Performance of Deep Neural Networks in Differentiating Chest X-Rays of COVID-19 Patients From Other Bacterial and Viral Pneumonias date = 2020-08-18 keywords = covid-19; network summary = Our results show that DarkNet-19 is the optimal pre-trained neural network for the detection of radiographic features of COVID-19 pneumonia, scoring an overall accuracy of 94.28% over 5,854 X-ray images. Sethy and Behera (8) explored 10 different pre-trained neural networks, reporting an accuracy of 93% on a balanced dataset, for detecting COVID-19 on X-ray images. Our study aims to determine the optimal learning method, by investigating different types of pre-trained networks on a balanced dataset, for COVID-19 testing. To determine the optimal existing pre-trained neural network for the detection of COVID-19, we used the CoronaHack-Chest X-Ray-Dataset. Inception-v3 and ShuffleNet achieved an overall validation accuracy below 90% suggesting that these neural networks are not robust enough for detecting COVID-19 compared to, for example, ResNet-50 and DarkNet-19. After investigating 17 different pre-trained neural networks, our results showed that DarkNet-19 is the optimal pre-trained deep learning network for detection of imaging patterns of COVID-19 pneumonia on chest radiographs. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00550 id = cord-335265-kuc3v5m9 author = Elghazawy, Hagar title = Implementation of breast cancer continuum of care in low- and middle-income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; LMIC; breast; cancer; patient summary = • Healthcare workers are at high risk of being infected with the virus; at least 2629 were infected, of whom 8.3% died, since the onset of the outbreak in Italy [43] ; • Use extensive infection control measures and personal protective equipment when dealing with infected patients [44, 45] ; • Reduce direct communication by using cyberspace capacities to communicate with each other and the patients, and perform virtual MDT meetings [37] ; • Divide BC teams (surgeons, medical and radiation oncologists, technicians) into tandem operation teams (ideally 50% on-site, 50% off-site) to reduce risk of exposure to infection with ideally regular alternation every 2 weeks (to overcome the incubation period of the 14-day half-life of SARS-CoV-2) [30] ; • Supply pathologists who perform fine-needle aspiration of breast lesions with enhanced biosafety precautions (i.e., procedure room with adequate ventilation, hand hygiene, wearing personal protective equipment including surgical mask, eye protection and gown) if possible, because they may be at increased risk for exposure to infected droplets [46] ; • Extend the infusion unit and radiation therapy working hours from early morning to late evening, to accommodate any delayed patients with appropriate distancing and isolation [32] ; • Support the presence of organizations that can provide oncological home care, applying ''double triage'' protocol to ensure the continuity of care and protect healthcare professionals from the exposure to infection [47] ; • Allocate older healthcare workers and those with comorbidities to off-site duties, if possible [42] . doi = 10.2217/fon-2020-0574 id = cord-296692-t5p09le8 author = Elgin, T.G. title = The changing landscape of SARS-CoV-2: Implications for the maternal-infant dyad date = 2020-09-07 keywords = China; SARS; clinical; covid-19; pregnant summary = In December of 2019 cases of an unknown viral pneumonia were reported from Wuhan, Hubei, China Although much uncertainty remains, regarding the natural history and demographics of COVID19 , the virus appears to primarily cause infection in adults over 51 with case fatality rates increasing dramatically with age [5] . There are, however, emerging case reports of pregnant mothers who test positive for COVID-19 infection and who remain either completely asymptomatic [23] and or manifest mild symptoms in the subsequent 24 hours following delivery. Although clinical evidence is lacking, the case numbers to date of COVID-19 in pregnancy remain very low [32] and case reports of two neonates who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 shortly after birth lends some credence to the concern. Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) from infected pregnant mothers to neonates: A review An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes doi = 10.3233/npm-200460 id = cord-355850-jgcjscjq author = Elhadi, Muhammed title = Assessment of Healthcare Workers’ Levels of Preparedness and Awareness Regarding COVID-19 Infection in Low-Resource Settings date = 2020-06-18 keywords = Libya; covid-19; knowledge summary = title: Assessment of Healthcare Workers'' Levels of Preparedness and Awareness Regarding COVID-19 Infection in Low-Resource Settings Less than 7% of participants received training on how to manage COVID-19 cases, whereas 20.6% of doctors and 26.3% of nurses felt that they were personally prepared for the outbreak. The questionnaire evaluates information sources, training experience with COVID-19, diagnosis and management of COVID-19 patients, use of PPE, safety precautions, isolation procedures, measures to prevent infection, and reporting procedures. In conclusion, our study has illuminated the current level of knowledge and awareness of COVID-19 among doctors and nurses, with special consideration for those working in departments responsible for caring for COVID-19 patients. The respondents had a lower level of preparedness, which highlights the importance of education and training programs for healthcare workers, to control and prevent infection from COVID-19. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0330 id = cord-298094-ctikhqvr author = Elias, Pierre title = The Prognostic Value of Electrocardiogram at Presentation to Emergency Department in Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19; ECG; patient summary = The principal findings of this study include: (1) rapid clinical deterioration is common in admitted patients, with 53% of intubations occurring within 48 hours, (2) 33% of admitted patients either died or required mechanical ventilation within fourteen days of COVID-19 diagnosis, and (3) combining abnormal ECG and abnormal respiratory vital signs quickly identifies a group of patients at high risk for mechanical ventilation or death. In this study, we sought to determine if data available early in a patient''s emergency department presentation (demographics, comorbidities, vital signs, and ECG) could prognosticate the composite outcome of mechanical ventilation or death by 48 hours after COVID-19 diagnosis. In this study, we sought to determine if data available early in a patient''s emergency department presentation (demographics, comorbidities, vital signs, and ECG) could prognosticate the composite outcome of mechanical ventilation or death by 48 hours after COVID-19 diagnosis. doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.028 id = cord-289907-wzctqkd7 author = Elimian, K. O. title = Descriptive epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 in Nigeria, 27 February–6 June 2020 date = 2020-09-11 keywords = Nigeria; covid-19 summary = A descriptive analysis of the clinical characteristics, treatment modalities and outcomes of the first 32 COVID-19 patients admitted to Mainland Hospital in Lagos State, Nigeria, found that two-thirds of patients were male, and the mean age was 38.1 years [7] . Through NCDC''s surveillance and laboratory network as well as coordination of state PHEOCs, epidemiological information on COVID-19 cases are captured into a real-time networked platform called Surveillance Outbreak Response Management and Analysis System (SORMAS). During the study period, 36 states plus FCT had reported confirmed COVID-19 cases; all states were actively monitoring for cases through the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response system (IDSR) system [9] . Laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 was done by Residential setting c Residential setting of each person tested for COVID-19 was based on the population size and administrative/ legal criteria for the reporting Local Government Areas (LGA) as recorded by field staff, in line with common classification of urban and rural classification in Nigeria [12] . doi = 10.1017/s095026882000206x id = cord-276641-40r4mitg author = Elkhouly, Enas A title = Should cancer treatment be continued during the COVID-19 pandemic? A single Egyptian institution experience date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; MCOD; patient summary = The aim of this article is based on the fact that the potential threat of COVID-19 to immunocompromised cancer patients as a result of their disease or the treatment delivered is thought to be significant, so it is of great importance to study the best measures to be used by oncology centres to prevent or limit the exposure of cancer patients to COVID-19 and to provide cancer treatment to patients in need, as safely and as correctly as possible. After the appearance of COVID-19 in Egypt, it should be a must to take a rapid action by MCOD, until the arrival of national strategies from higher authorities, so the outpatients were classified into two groups: Group 1 patients under follow-up either as control or hormonal therapy (HT) and Group 2 patients under active treatments (surgery, chemotherapy (ChT), radiotherapy (RT), biological therapy or immunotherapy) either as neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment or for metastatic disease. doi = 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1077 id = cord-260762-1kuj5dzz author = Elledge, Christen R. title = Radiation therapy for gynecologic malignancies during the COVID-19 pandemic: International expert consensus recommendations date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; Cancer; patient summary = For each stage and clinical scenario in cervical, endometrial, vulvar, vaginal and ovarian cancer, specific recommendations regarding dose, technique, and timing were provided by the panel. RESULTS: Expert review and discussion generated consensus recommendations to guide radiation oncologists treating gynecologic malignancies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific recommendations have been provided for common clinical scenarios encountered in gynecologic radiation oncology with a focus on strategies to reduce patient and staff exposure to COVID-19. An international panel of experts of gynecologic radiation oncology convened to review relevant literature and discuss recommendations regarding the timing and delivery of RT for patients with gynecologic malignancies. An international expert consensus panel comprised of ten experts in gynecologic radiation oncology have reviewed the relevant literature and developed clinical practice recommendations to assist radiation oncologists treating gynecologic malignancies during the COVID-19 pandemic. A phase II trial of radiation therapy and weekly cisplatin chemotherapy for the treatment of locally-advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: A gynecologic oncology group study doi = 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.06.486 id = cord-274184-hm516x6p author = Elli, Luca title = Endoscopy during the Covid-19 outbreak: experience and recommendations from a single center in a high-incidence scenario date = 2020-04-27 keywords = PCR; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = From the abovementioned reasons we must deduce that: -in high SARS-CoV-2 incidence areas where PCR assays are not extensively performed, Covid-19 cannot be ruled out by simple clinical examination or epidemiological link; -the greatest amount of efforts and precautions are required to minimize the spread of the disease and to preserve medical staff from infection. In our current situation, which is characterized by high incidence of Covid-19 and relative scarcity of surveillance assays in asymptomatic subjects, for the abovementioned reasons we recommend different modalities of individual protection based on a strict clinical and epidemiological stratification of patients with potential SARS-CoV-2 infection undergoing endoscopic examination. In this setting, regardless of the classification of patients (high/low-risk, , in order to prevent the medical staff from becoming infected, we suggest high-performance personal protection equipment, i.e. a N95 or FFP2/FFP3 respirator, a hairnet, a double pair of gloves, a disposable waterproof surgical gown, a face shield (which we prefer because it allows to protect, and then spare, respirators) or goggles, and work safety clogs (Table 1) . doi = 10.1016/j.dld.2020.04.018 id = cord-310623-zbjgr9jk author = Ellington, Sascha title = Characteristics of Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status — United States, January 22–June 7, 2020 date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = These findings suggest that among women of reproductive age with COVID-19, pregnant women are more likely to be hospitalized and at increased risk for ICU admission and receipt of mechanical ventilation compared with nonpregnant women, but their risk for death is similar. These findings suggest that among women of reproductive age with COVID-19, pregnant women are more likely to be hospitalized and at increased risk for ICU admission and receipt of mechanical ventilation * https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html. In contrast, however, ICU admission and receipt of mechanical ventilation are distinct proxies for illness severity (8) , and after adjusting for age, presence of underlying conditions, and race/ethnicity, the risks for both (N = 91,412) , by pregnancy status, age group, and race/ethnicity, and relative risk for these outcomes comparing pregnant women to nonpregnant women aged 15-44 years -United States, January 22-June 7, 2020 Among reproductive-age women with SARS-CoV-2 infection, pregnancy was associated with hospitalization and increased risk for intensive care unit admission, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, but not with death. doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6925a1 id = cord-285711-2utcn0hw author = Elliott, Robert title = COVID-19 Related Mortality During Management of a Hepatic Abscess date = 2020-09-22 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11th, 2020, COVID-19 has challenged healthcare systems to limit the spread of community and hospital-acquired of disease. In the setting of an ongoing pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), healthcare systems have been challenged to limit in-hospital transmission of the virus; a task noted to be incredibly difficult given the suggestion of what appears to be fairly high viral transmissibility (3, 4) . We presented a case of a patient death from SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to the implementation of universal masking. In addition, now having lived this experience with universal masking, we question: (1) if there might be a survival advantage to short-interval masking during the height of seasonal influenza activity and (2) if there may be a benefit to expanded use of N95 respirators in the IR suite during AGP-type interventions performed on individuals presenting with respiratory infections not limited to Covid-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jradnu.2020.09.001 id = cord-271048-tq1sk01g author = Ellis, R. title = Operating during the COVID-19 pandemic: How to reduce medical error date = 2020-04-13 keywords = COVID-19; PPE summary = Many surgical colleagues are being trained in managing unwell patients suffering with coronavirus on the wards, others have been supporting emergency departments and intensive care units. Despite covering an increasing number of patients admitted with COVID-19, surgeons will still be dealing with emergency surgical admissions and will continue to operate on emergency cases. In light of these new and unfamiliar challenges, there are resources available to help surgeons revise their knowledge of acute medicine and receive updates on COVID-19 via webinars 5, 6 ; critical care websites with up to date guidelines and handbooks (such as the intensive care society: www.ics.ac.uk/ICS/handbooks.aspx); Systemic Training in Acute Illness Recognition and Treatment for Surgery (START) course, that includes a human factors presentation, on the RCS website; Non-Technical Skills for Surgeons course (NOTSS) presentations are available on the RCS Edinburgh website (www.rcsed.ac.uk) to both members and non-members. doi = 10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.04.002 id = cord-344682-4vpm7m1h author = Ellison, E Christopher title = Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Surgical Training and Learner Well-Being: Report of a Survey of General Surgery and Other Surgical Specialty Educators date = 2020-09-12 keywords = ACGME; COVID-19; stage; surgical summary = title: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Surgical Training and Learner Well-Being: Report of a Survey of General Surgery and Other Surgical Specialty Educators It included both closedand open-ended questions and the self-reported stages of GME during the COVID-19 pandemic as defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Respondents reported the Sponsoring Institution''s (SI)ACGME Stage as either Stage 1: business as usual; Stage 2: increased but manageable clinical demand; or Stage 3: crossing a threshold beyond which the increase in volume and/or severity of illness creates an extraordinary circumstance where routine care education and delivery must be reconfigured to focus only on patient care. The experience with the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for institutions to develop disaster plans that include disruption to educational programs that not only include the "rules of engagement" around clinical redeployment but also the continuation of didactics and psychological counseling and other supportive infrastructure including childcare that are critical to sustain the wellness of learners. doi = 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.08.766 id = cord-255495-xnoppq3y author = Elrashdy, Fatma title = On the potential role of exosomes in the COVID-19 reinfection/reactivation opportunity date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; RNA; SARS summary = It is possible that this "Trojan horse" strategy represents possible explanation for the re-appearance of the viral RNA in the recovered COVID-19 patients 7–14 day post discharge, suggesting that viral material was hidden within such exosomes or extracellular vesicles during this "silence" time period and then started to re-spread again. The fact that SARS-CoV-2 can be present within the vacuoles or double membrane vesicles (DMVs) within the host cells was proven by the careful post-mortem histopathological analysis of the renal samples of patients with COVID-19 by light microscopy, electron microscopic examination, and immunostaining (Farkash et al., 2020; Su et al., 2020) . Is this "Trojan horse" strategy of the release of the SARS-CoV-2-loaded exosomes or EDMVs represent a reasonable explanation for the appearance of the viral RNA in the recovered COVID-19 patients 7-14 day post discharge? doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1790426 id = cord-284175-5rre1kbn author = Elsaid, Ossama title = Ventricular Fibrillation Storm in Coronavirus 2019 date = 2020-08-29 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Herein, we describe the clinical course of an otherwise healthy patient who experienced persistent ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation which is believed to be directly related to inflammation, as opposed to acute myocardial injury or medications that can prolong the QT interval. One study reported ventricular tachycardia (VT)/VF in 5.9% (11/187) of COVID-19 patients (Table 2 3-9 ), with elevated troponin-T increasing risk, suggesting that myocardial injury precipitates arrhythmia 2 . Tocilizumab was shown to have a robust shortening of the QTc prolongation induced by abundant inflammatory cytokines in patients with acute rheumatoid arthritis 16 . As such, this report suggests that the hyper-inflammatory state in COVID-19 patients can induce ventricular arrhythmias, which may cease abruptly following a reduction in inflammation, in our case from convalescent serum and/or hydrocortisone therapy. QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes in patients with COVID-19 treated with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin doi = 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.08.033 id = cord-327360-4qpk99x9 author = Elsawah, Hozaifa Khalil title = Hydroxychloroquine for treatment of non‐severe COVID‐19 patients; systematic review and meta‐analysis of controlled clinical trials date = 2020-08-18 keywords = HCQ; Hydroxychloroquine; covid-19 summary = The objectives are to summarize efficacy of HCQ use in COVID-19 relative to control based on available clinical trials indicated by all possible improvements of the disease This article is protected by copyright. There are three types of variables; 1) independent variable is HCQ therapy, 2) dependent variables include viral clearance in the pharyngeal swab, clinical progression (increase in the baseline severity), radiological progression, adverse effects, and mortality, 3) confounders include usual treatment that varied among studies, age, sex, disease onset, and different HCQ doses. The present meta-analysis targeted non-severe COVID-19 patients to assess the efficacy and safety of HCQ based on the available evidence. No evidence of clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection with oxygen requirement: results of a study using routinely collected data to emulate a target trial Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19: A review and a debate based on available clinical trials/case studies doi = 10.1002/jmv.26442 id = cord-303659-mzez7v4d author = Elsayed, Sarah M title = The Possibility and Cause of Relapse After Previously Recovering From COVID-19: A Systematic Review date = 2020-09-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; relapse summary = There are reports of patients who tested positive for SARS-Cov-2 after clinical recovery and initial clearance of the virus. There have been reports of patients who tested positive for SARS-Cov-2 after clinical recovery and initial documented clearance of the virus. The publications included COVID-19 positive patient data and the relapse of disease was confirmed by PCR; the full text was available for these publications. Data were collected in the following categories when available: Study design; Study country; Patient demographics; Clinical signs and symptoms; Laboratory findings; Imaging studies; Dynamics of the oropharyngeal swab test; Treatment of the first presentation; The clinical picture of relapse; Day of a positive result after confirmed negative We tabulated the data using Microsoft Excel (2010, Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA). The study reports a total of 11 patients (6 females and 5 males), all from China, who tested positive for COVID-19. doi = 10.7759/cureus.10264 id = cord-349474-pprxwij6 author = Elshami, Wiam title = The radiology workforce’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Middle East, North Africa and India date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; fear; pandemic; study summary = Introduction This study aimed to investigate the response of the radiology workforce to the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on professional practice in India and eight other Middle Eastern and North African countries. The survey collected information related to the following themes: (1) demographic characteristics, (2) the impact of COVID-19 on radiology practice, and (3) fear and (4) anxiety emanating from the global pandemic. The respondents reported experiences of work-related stress (42.9%), high COVID-19 fear score (83.3% ) and anxiety (10%) during the study period. The respondents reported experiences of work-related stress (42.9%), high COVID-19 fear score (83.3% ) and anxiety (10%) during the study period. Moreover, our ability to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on radiology practices and associated factors, such as fear and anxiety, among the RWF provided more insight into the psychological needs of medical workers to continue providing quality service. doi = 10.1016/j.radi.2020.09.016 id = cord-260180-kojb8efv author = Elsoukkary, Sarah S. title = Autopsy Findings in 32 Patients with COVID-19: A Single-Institution Experience date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; SARS; case; patient summary = METHODS: We report the clinicopathologic findings from 32 autopsy studies conducted on patients who died of COVID-19 including routine gross and microscopic examination with applicable special and immunohistochemical staining techniques. The purpose of this study is to describe clinical and pathologic findings in major organ systems of patients who died from SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we described the unique and multisystem clinical and pathologic findings in 32 autopsies of patients who died from the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. On histologic examination, we observed findings secondary to the patients'' preexisting conditions in the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys, as well as changes secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection such as various stages of DAD and multiple thromboemboli in large and small vessels in multiple organs. While the lung findings are most significant for the majority of those infected, other organ systems are frequently involved including with widespread microscopic thromboses in numerous organs, as well as liver, kidney, and lymph node pathology. doi = 10.1159/000511325 id = cord-314211-tv1nhojk author = Eltoukhy, Abdelrahman E. E. title = Data Analytics for Predicting COVID-19 Cases in Top Affected Countries: Observations and Recommendations date = 2020-09-27 keywords = August; case; covid-19; number summary = The number of COVID-19 cases can be accurately predicted by considering historical data of reported cases alongside some external factors that affect the spread of the virus. [37] have proposed an AI-based algorithm for predicting COVID-19 cases using a hybrid Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) with a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model. These important factors include population, median age index, public and private healthcare expenditure, air quality as a CO 2 trend, seasonality as month of data collection, number of arrivals in the country/territory, and education index. First, there is no previous study that simultaneously considers the historical data of the number of COVID-19 cases and most of the external factors that affect the spread of the virus. These external factors include population, median age index, public and private healthcare expenditure, air quality as a CO 2 trend, seasonality as month of data collection, number of arrivals in the country/territory, and education index. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17197080 id = cord-351691-3egwvb59 author = Elzupir, Amin O. title = Caffeine and caffeine-containing pharmaceuticals as promising inhibitors for 3-chymotrypsin-like protease of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-10-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = This study investigates the inhibitory effect of SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL(pro)) using caffeine and caffeine-containing pharmaceuticals (3CPs) based on molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations by means of molecular mechanics-Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MMPBSA) and molecular mechanics-generalized-Born surface area (MMGBSA). Of these 3CPs, seven drugs approved by the US-Food and Drug Administration have shown a good binding affinity to the catalytic residues of 3CL(pro) of His(41) and Cys(145): caffeine, theophylline, dyphylline, pentoxifylline, linagliptin, bromotheophylline and istradefylline. This study demonstrates the inhibitory effect of 3CL pro by means of approved caffeine and caffeine-containing pharmaceuticals (3CPs) using the molecular docking approach. An investigation into the identification of potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease using molecular docking study Elucidating biophysical basis of binding of inhibitors to SARS-CoV-2 main protease by using molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1835732 id = cord-287607-d3k26aar author = Emamaullee, Juliet title = Rapid Adaptation of a Surgical Research Unit to Conduct Clinical Trials during the Coronavirus-19 Pandemic. date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; clinical; study summary = Ongoing ''Stay at Home'' orders and institutional policies mandating ''Work from Home'' for non-essential employees, which includes most research personnel, have impacted the ability to implement and conduct clinical studies. At the same time, plans were implemented to continue collection of data to achieve endpoints, safely enroll and follow participants in studies offering potential benefit, and quickly implement new COVID-19 clinical trials. These efforts were directed at the identification of the following areas that would require modification: minimization of direct patient care for routine study activities, logistics of research staff working from home, and study-specific protocol deviations, enrollment pauses, and remote site monitoring visits (Figure 3) . Sponsors were highly responsive, providing amendments to allow for study adjustments, including suspension of enrollment when appropriate for a specific study, protocol modifications to allow for remote follow up and designed for participant safety as well as to assure that data collection to achieve endpoints could be collected, and implementation of remote monitoring, etc. doi = 10.1016/j.jss.2020.06.049 id = cord-281148-bbnbnwte author = Emara, Khaled title = What orthopedic surgeons need to know about Covid-19 pandemic() date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In this article, we provide a brief review for Orthopedic surgeons as regard COVID-19 virus microbiology, epidemiology, clinical picture, and diagnosis. The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19, also known as SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus 21 disease 2019, is considered a major public concern that propagates steadily by the 22 increased number of the infected cases and the mortality rate. The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19, also known as SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus 21 disease 2019, is considered a major public concern that propagates steadily by the 22 increased number of the infected cases and the mortality rate. Alpha Patients are infectious in asymptomatic period before the appearance of symptoms, 54 thorough the disease, and on clinical recovery [9] . Incubation period between contacting the virus to the appearance of symptoms varies 56 widely between two days and 28 days with mean at five days [10] . doi = 10.1016/j.jor.2020.05.016 id = cord-344375-pr6jlc5c author = Emert, Roger title = COVID-19 and hypercoagulability in the outpatient setting date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In the inpatient setting, patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infections leading to pneumonia and hypoxic respiratory failure demonstrate elevated D-dimer and fibrinogen, evidencing a hypercoagulable state [5] . [6] In patients with severe COVID, elevated D-dimer correlated positively with increased 28-day mortality [7] and current guidelines recommend therapeutic anti-Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f coagulation in the setting of elevated D-dimers, as a high incidence of VTE has been reported on prophylactic dosing [8] . It stands to reason that viral infection from COVID-19, which has demonstrated remarkable elevations in hematological markers of coagulation [12] , would increase this risk further, especially as similar findings were seen in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a related coronavirus [13] . A recent prospective study of autopsy findings from consecutive deaths from COVID-19 found thromboembolic events to an important feature of mortality, with only a small proportion of patients characterized from the outpatient setting [18] . doi = 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.05.031 id = cord-280361-242yq90p author = Emmanuel, Stip title = Psychiatric adverse events with hydrochloroquine during COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; Chloroquine summary = Psychiatric adverse events with hydrochloroquine during COVID-19 Pandemic. For instance, the FDA has authorized clinicians to prescribe chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for patients admitted to hospital with covid-19, and in parallel there were warnings from scientific advisers that no randomized controlled trial has been completed to date to support the drugs'' safety and efficacy in this COVID-19 population (Lenzer 2020 , Owens 2020 insomnia and psychomotor agitation. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the prevention or treatment of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Africa: caution for inappropriate off-label use in healthcare settings Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro Psychosis following chloroquine ingestion: a 10-year comparative study from a malaria-hyperendemic district of India Psychosis likely induced by hydropxychloroquine in a patient with chronic Q fever: a case report and clinically relevant review of pharmacology Toxic psychosis during chloroquine treatment Serious psychiatric symptoms after chloroquine treatment following experimental malaria infection doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102203 id = cord-283843-qgpxauj1 author = Endstrasser, Franz title = The negative impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on pain and physical function in patients with end-stage hip or knee osteoarthritis date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate pain, functional impairment, mental health, and daily activity in patients with end-stage hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA) during the COVID-19 lockdown. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 lockdown had a significant impact on pain, joint function, physical function, and physical activity in patients with end-stage hip and knee OA. Since no study has yet investigated the development of clinical symptoms of patients with end-stage hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA) waiting for arthroplasty surgery, the purpose of this study was to investigate the course of (1) pain, (2) functional impairment, (3) mental health, and (4) daily activities during the course of COVID-19 lockdown. The present study hypothesized that the COVID-19 lockdown will limit physical activity, which will consequently increase clinical symptoms and decrease physical and mental function in patients with end-stage hip and knee OA. doi = 10.1007/s00167-020-06104-3 id = cord-305969-yy4f4x5i author = Eng, John title = Imaging Publications in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Applying New Research Results to Clinical Practice date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Most articles examining CT''s diagnostic performance focus on its sensitivity for diagnosing COVID-19 pneumonia against the reference standard, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (2). Since a patient''s COVID-19 status is typically unknown at time of presentation, sensitivity and specificity are not the most clinically useful indicators of diagnostic test performance. In addition, assume a COVID-19 prevalence of 15%, (the approximate percentage of positive results found in RT-PCR tests being performed at Johns Hopkins Medicine hospitals at the present time). Although the preceding example was meant to be illustrative, the calculation demonstrates similar results-relatively low PPV and high NPV for CT-across plausible ranges of sensitivity, specificity, and prevalence (Fig 2) . In reality, there is probably no single "true" sensitivity, specificity, or predictive value that would apply to all clinical practice settings. doi = 10.1148/radiol.2020201724 id = cord-306652-e9zvyftn author = Eng, Oliver S. title = Apples to Oranges: Ethical Considerations in COVID-19 Surgical Recovery date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = As the COVID-19 pandemic approaches peak incidence in many areas, recovery and emergence plans including the re-initiation of surgical cases are underway. Keywords: COVID-19, recovery, surgical ethics As the COVID-19 pandemic approaches peak incidence in many areas, recovery and emergence plans including the re-initiation of surgical cases are underway. Last but not least, we need to share with patients the possible uncertainty of long-term operative outcomes during the COVID-19 era to engage them in shared decision making, weighing the risks of infection against the benefits of surgery and adding in consideration of consumption of resources beyond the individual surgeon in this unprecedented time of public health stress. Medically-Necessary, Time-Sensitive Procedures: A Scoring System to Ethically and Efficiently Manage Resource Scarcity and Provider Risk During the COVID-19 Pandemic Management of Cancer Surgery Cases During the COVID-19 Pandemic : Considerations doi = 10.1097/sla.0000000000004082 id = cord-300621-0e35o0rk author = Engelman, Daniel T. title = Commentary: Rethinking Surgical Protocols in the Covid-19 Era date = 2020-04-13 keywords = covid-19 summary = Central Message: In the current era of the SARS-CoV-2 (a.k.a. Covid-19) pandemic, routine preoperative nasal swabbing for identification of Staph carriers in our patient population should be reconsidered. In this issue of the Journal, Mayeur and colleagues 2 suggest that the routine practice of nasal screening for Staphyloccus aureus before surgery may compromise healthcare professional safety during the swabbing and testing process. Logic dictates that until a more critical assessment is made of the risk posed by this practice, routine preoperative nasal swabbing for identification of Staph carriers in our patient population should be reconsidered. The risk of bacterial resistance with routine, rather than selective, nasal decontamination is far outweighed by the advantage of avoiding any additional Covid-19 infection risk in our healthcare workers. Does nasal screening for Staphyloccus aureus before surgery compromise healthcare professional safety in COVID-19 era? Effect of a preoperative decontamination protocol on surgical site infections in patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery with hardware implantation doi = 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.04.015 id = cord-296420-n3vyhqpd author = England, Andrew title = Modifications to mobile chest radiography technique during the COVID-19 pandemic – implications of X-raying through side room windows date = 2020-08-03 keywords = ISAK; covid-19; image summary = Conclusions Undertaking mobile X-ray examinations through side room windows is potentially feasible but does require an increase in tube output and is likely to be limited by minor reductions in image quality. To evaluate the effect on image quality, radiation dose and tube life of undertaking X-ray examinations through glass side room windows. As part of the early response to Covid-19 practitioners at the University of Washington, in the United States, reported on the option of imaging patients directly through glass windows in isolation / side rooms (13) . An X-ray beam directed through a glass window would normally go against standard radiographic practices, in that exposure factors would need to be modified and that there could be artefacts and image quality issues arising from such techniques. Within our work, we presented the results of a novel experiment which sought to provide initial image quality and dose data regarding the practice of X-ray imaging through glass windows. doi = 10.1016/j.radi.2020.07.015 id = cord-287785-rs306oyq author = English, Mike title = Systems and implementation science should be part of the COVID-19 response in low resource settings date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; LRS summary = A recently published ''call to action'' to accelerate clinical research around COVID-19 in LRS [2] acknowledged the need for such learning and that COVID-19, and the response to it, might disrupt weak health systems resulting in harm directly and through unintended consequences. However, although this prior call to action stated that ''evaluations of affordable and implementable interventions of all types-behavioural, organisational, medical, and supportive-are a priority'', scant attention seems devoted to this agenda even in the published COVID-19 research priorities of WHO or the African Academy of Sciences [3, 4] . Specifically, organised learning health systems are increasingly used in high-income countries for the purposes of such evaluations but are rare in LRS although some examples are emerging [6, 8] . All authors are involved in research on health systems or implementation science and receive funding for such work. doi = 10.1186/s12916-020-01696-6 id = cord-262399-yqtbhdwh author = English, W. title = Suspected appendicitis and COVID-19, a change in investigation and management—a multicentre cohort study date = 2020-11-09 keywords = appendicitis; covid-19 summary = On 25 March 2020, Intercollegiate guidelines were published in the UK to promote safe surgical provision during the COVID-19 outbreak advocating non-operative management or avoidance of laparoscopy when surgery is essential. Due to the UK''s evolving COVID-19 pandemic, initial intercollegiate general surgery guidance was released on 26 March 2020 recommending significant changes to practice to all patients in all UK hospitals [5] . In an attempt to avoid the risks of surgical intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic [6] , non-operative management with antibiotics has been suggested as a treatment option [14, 15] . The primary aim of this observational study is to determine if the COVID-19 pandemic increases the use of non-operative management in appendicitis. Following introduction of the initial Intercollegiate guidelines patients were more commonly managed non-operatively, spending fewer days in hospital without increase in complication or readmission rate. doi = 10.1007/s00423-020-02023-6 id = cord-300911-cl7s47wb author = English, W. title = Surgical training during the COVID‐19 pandemic – the cloud with a silver lining? date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = General surgical training has not been immune to these necessary changes, anecdotally resulting in reduced operating frequency, procedure number and case type available to higher surgical trainees. No trainee was explicitly scheduled to cover the emergency (CEPOD) theatre over this period, although when working overnight they would be responsible for performing urgent operations with consultant input as necessary. The total number of cases performed was 54 ( Hartmann''s procedure Our experience shows that despite the significant changes to surgical services during the COVID-19 pandemic, the possibility of operative training remains. As a result, within our unit, it has been possible for trainees to maintain some regular operating and training. There has been a measurable effect on training; less operating, more emergency driven case mix and a predominantly open approach. Although there has been the opportunity to operate, this is not a substitute for full-time training and we anticipate that this exceptional period will result in the majority of trainees having to extend their training. doi = 10.1002/bjs.11801 id = cord-302526-g70hhisy author = English, W. title = Investigation and management of suspected appendicitis during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: English, W.; Habib Bedwani, N.; Smith, C.; Shatkar, V. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in widespread change to the organization and delivery of emergency general surgery services in the United Kingdom 1,2 . We prospectively collected data on the investigation and management of patients with suspected appendicitis between 26 March and 6 May 2020. We retrospectively collected data on patients undergoing appendicectomy (28 February -25 March 2020) to compare our operative approach and histology. Our primary outcome was to determine if SARS CoV-2 diagnosis altered the management of appendicitis, secondary outcomes included; negative appendicectomy rate (NAR), length of stay (LOS) and readmission rate. There was a difference in LOS between patients undergoing conservative versus operative management for appendicitis (1 versus 3 days; P = 0⋅066 non-significant). The COVID-19 pandemic has placed an unprecedented demand on health services demonstrating a need for data on its effect on surgical care and outcomes 6 . doi = 10.1002/bjs.11787 id = cord-344715-i7qxe40b author = Entress, Rebecca title = Managing Mass Fatalities during COVID‐19: Lessons for Promoting Community Resilience During Global Pandemics date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; Haiti; MFM summary = This article concludes by providing governments with practical lessons on how to manage mass fatalities to facilitate and promote community resilience. For example, when one Detroit hospital reached morgue capacity, bodies of COVID-19 victims were stacked in empty hospital rooms, without regard for how those deceased and their family members expected bodies to be treated following death (Young, Carpenter, and Murphy 2020) . To address the issue, areas throughout the United States, including New York, Louisiana, and Florida prepared for mass fatalities by using refrigerated trailers as temporary morgues to hold bodies of patients deceased from COVID-19 (Hirt and Priest 2020; Similar to COVID-19, following the Haiti earthquake, the deceased were buried in mass graves and family members sorted through bodies to identify loved ones (McEntire, Sadiq, and Gupta 2012). Drawing from one of the author''s experience during the Haiti earthquake, this viewpoint article provides governments with practical lessons on how to manage mass fatalities during the COVID-19 pandemic to better facilitate and promote community resilience. doi = 10.1111/puar.13232 id = cord-295113-2c4o4hd6 author = Enwemeka, Chukuka Samuel title = Light as a potential treatment for pandemic coronavirus infections: A perspective date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19; Finsen; blue; light summary = This paper cites several studies showing that phototherapy has immense potential to reduce the impact of coronavirus diseases, and offers suggested ways that the healthcare industry can integrate modern light technologies in the fight against COVID-19 and other infections. Furthermore, as detailed below, laboratory experiments show that red and near infrared light, with wavelengths approximately in the range of 600 -700 nm and 700 -1000 nm respectively, have the potential to reduce lung J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof inflammation and fibrosis, and hence acute respiratory disorder syndrome, a major cause of death in every coronavirus pandemic, including the prevailing COVID-19 pandemic. Antimicrobial blue light may serve another useful purpose in reducing the COVID-19 pandemic; it could be used effectively to sanitize equipment, tools, hospital facilities, emergency care vehicles, homes, and the general environment as pilot studies have shown [54] [55] [56] . doi = 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111891 id = cord-282085-r3w90vg8 author = Epperly, D. E. title = COVID-19 Viral Loads, Environment, Ventilation, Masks, Exposure Time, And Severity : A Pragmatic Guide Of Estimates date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19; Illness; Influenza summary = This study uses measured amounts of SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients from a published and peer-reviewed study and known Influenza A challenge doses from a published and peer-reviewed study and known ASHRAE Office Ventilation standards and an Outdoor Air Exchange model to estimate the time necessary to cause various exposure levels and resulting infection potential in various indoor and outdoor settings of both Influenza A and COVID-19. The estimates in this study also present an initial framework and specific quantitative examples for better understanding of the effects of ventilation on aerosolized transmission, and the immunology related to challenge doses, and the potential for low-level viral load exposure to result in some level of immunity without symptoms of illness (asymptomatic infection). doi = 10.1101/2020.10.03.20206110 id = cord-302939-z0071rwa author = Erdeve, Ömer title = The Turkish Neonatal Society proposal for the management of COVID-19 in the neonatal intensive care unit date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; NICU; SARS; mother summary = • NICUs should prepare emergency plans for COVID-19 to ensure the optimal management of potential victims • The assigned team should coordinate the hospitalization and maintenance of the patient with suspected COVID-19 • In the presence of high-risk factors, it is recommended that the newborn should be admitted and taken into an isolation ward in the NICU as soon as possible • Samples of the patient should be taken by staff that is trained and designated by the NICU • Newborns may be born prematurely and the most common non-specific initial symptoms include respiratory distress, shortness of breath, cyanosis, increased heart rate, lethargy, fever, feeding intolerance and vomiting • The SARS-CoV-2 has not been detected in breast milk, but the choice to breastfeed should be the mother''s and the families • There is no effective anti-coronavirus treatment yet and treatment is generally supportive doi = 10.14744/turkpediatriars.2020.43788 id = cord-311043-nidu7om2 author = Erdinc, Burak title = Spontaneous Retroperitoneal Bleed Coincided With Massive Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis as Initial Presentation of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = SARS-CoV-2 infection is known to cause a hypercoagulable state resulting in acute thrombotic events, including venous thromboembolism, acute myocardial infarction, acute stroke, acute limb ischemia, and clotting of ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) and CRRT (continuous renal replacement therapy) catheters. We herein present a case of a patient with COVID-19 complicated by spontaneous retroperitoneal bleeding and massive deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which was later complicated by compartment syndrome. This case emphasizes that COVID-19 induced hypercoagulable state can cause massive thrombosis, and patients might need anticoagulation therapy. It is quite interesting that our patient presented with spontaneous retroperitoneal bleeding and also massive DVT causing compartment syndrome. Patients with severe COVID-19 have a high tendency to develop hypercoagulable state and its acute thrombotic complications affecting different organ systems in critically ill patients. doi = 10.7759/cureus.9772 id = cord-283368-j2vjylum author = Erika, Poggiali title = Triage decision-making at the time of COVID-19 infection: the Piacenza strategy date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19; Emergency summary = Unfortunately, with the global and severe spread of COVID-19 and the dramatically increased number of infected patients in Piacenza, despite being a relatively small city, our hospital became one of the epicentres of the Italian epidemic with 2276 cases and 447 deaths at this moment. Data reported in the literature confirmed that lung US gives results like chest CT scan and superior to chest X-ray in patients with According to the current appraisal of the WHO, we strongly believe that preventive measures and early diagnosis of COVID-19 are crucial to interrupt virus spread and avoid local outbreaks. Our experience demonstrates that in the epidemic phase of COVID-19, diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia is a real challenge for emergency physicians and point-of-care lung US can help us to early detect pulmonary and pleural findings in patients without respiratory symptoms and/or fever. doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02350-y id = cord-268716-lbxmteyn author = Erokhin, Vasilii title = Impacts of COVID-19 on Trade and Economic Aspects of Food Security: Evidence from 45 Developing Countries date = 2020-08-10 keywords = ARDL; Africa; COVID-19; Food; Security summary = The consecutive application of the autoregressive distributed lag method, Yamamoto''s causality test, and variance decomposition analysis allowed the authors to find the food insecurity effects of COVID-19 to be more perceptible in upper-middle-income economies than in the least developed countries. According to the FAO [2] , out of 65 developing economies and LDCs where recent adverse impacts of the economic downturn due to the COVID-19 pandemic on food security have been strongest, 52 countries rely heavily on agricultural imports. (3) revealing the impacts of food inflation and currency exchange volatilities amid the global health crisis on economic access to food in domestic markets; and (4) detailing the analysis of above-mentioned health, food security, trade, and economic parameters across an array of developing economies and LDCs. The approach employed in this study is to assess the relationships between the food security parameter, on one side, and health and macroeconomic variables that affect availability and access pillars of food security, on the other. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165775 id = cord-327842-5h54azyy author = Ertan, Deniz title = COVID-19: urgency for distancing from domestic violence date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; domestic; violence summary = Several countries have reported a significant increase in domestic violence cases since the COVID-19-induced lockdowns and physical distancing measures were implemented. The COVID-19 health crisis is exacerbating another pre-existing public health problem by increasing the severity and frequency of domestic violence, thus demonstrating the need to adopt significant and long-term measures. METHODS: This paper describes preventive measures and action plans to combat violence against women and children during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the United Nations Women policy brief, a significant increase in violence against women and children (VAWC) cases has been reported in several countries since the COVID-19-induced lockdown and physical distancing measures have been implemented (UN Women, 2020) . In the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the confinement measures may have amplified this increased risk of VAWC. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of preventive measures and action plans to combat domestic violence. doi = 10.1080/20008198.2020.1800245 id = cord-349008-x750xe8n author = Ertl-Wagner, Birgit B. title = Preparedness for the COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary pediatric radiology department date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; pandemic summary = doi = 10.1007/s00247-020-04704-2 id = cord-253431-fjds5cdr author = Erukainure, Ochuko L. title = Targeting the initiation and termination codons of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as possible therapy against COVID-19: the role of novel harpagide 5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from Clerodendrum volubile P Beauv. (Labiatae) date = 2020-11-03 keywords = 5-O; COVID-19; SARS; figure summary = title: Targeting the initiation and termination codons of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as possible therapy against COVID-19: the role of novel harpagide 5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from Clerodendrum volubile P Beauv. Ligand-protein interactions between viral protein (SARS-CoV-2 spike protein), the host receptor target (ACE2) and Harpagide 5-O-b-D-glucopyranoside are presented in Figures 5-7 . Harpagide 5-O-b-D-glucopyranoside displayed a good binding in complex with the host receptor target, initiation and termination sequence of the viral spike protein messenger RNA compared to all studied standard drugs with binding affinities of À7.5, À6.4 and 6.3 kcal mol À1 respectively (Table 5) . In the present study, we investigated the epidemiology of COVID-19 and the potentials of harpagide 5-O-b-D-glucopyranoside, a new iridoid glycoside isolated from C. At molecular level, the viral envelope spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor within the host are central to COVID-19 pathogenesis and response to therapeutic interventions among other biological factors . doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1840439 id = cord-280043-bm0qkrod author = Esagian, Stepan M. title = Challenges in Abdominal Organ Transplantation During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; transplant summary = As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has rapidly evolved into a global pandemic, abdominal organ transplantation programs are currently facing multiple challenges. According to the report of the first case series from China, a significant proportion of patients (23.7%) suffered from comorbidities, which are commonly seen in abdominal transplant candidates, including hypertension (15.0%), diabetes mellitus (7.2%), hepatitis B infection (2.1%), cancer (0.9%), chronic kidney disease (0.7%) and immunodeficiency (0.2%) (7) . Although data for abdominal organ transplant candidates and recipients are still limited, emerging reports have indicated that these patients may present with atypical COVID-19 manifestations. These guidelines address three potential standpoints the epidemic confronts transplantation systems with; first, the risk of donor-derived SARS-CoV-2 infection, which although has not been reported thus far in neither organ or blood product recipients, extensive donor screening protocols have been implemented in many transplant centers in pandemic areas. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00287 id = cord-266932-567lbktm author = Escalard, Simon title = Early Brain Imaging Shows Increased Severity of Acute Ischemic Strokes With Large Vessel Occlusion in COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Early Brain Imaging Shows Increased Severity of Acute Ischemic Strokes With Large Vessel Occlusion in COVID-19 Patients METHODS: We performed a comparative cohort study between patients with COVID-19 who had anterior circulation large vessel occlusion and early brain imaging within 3 hours from onset, in our institution during the 6 first weeks of the COVID-19 outbreak and a control group admitted during the same calendar period in 2019. Patients with COVID-19 had more severe strokes than patients without COVID-19, with a significantly lower clot burden score (median: 6.5 versus 8, P=0.016), higher rate of multivessel occlusion (50% versus 8.8%, P=0.005), lower DWI-ASPECTS (Diffusion-Weighted Imaging–Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Scores; median: 5 versus 8, P=0.006), and higher infarct core volume (median: 58 versus 6 mL, P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Early brain imaging showed higher severity large vessel occlusion strokes in patients with COVID-19. Early brain imaging showed higher severity of anterior circulation large vessel occlusion strokes in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1161/strokeaha.120.031011 id = cord-335653-t3pvm8f9 author = Escalon, Miguel X. title = The immediate impact of the Coronavirus pandemic and resulting adaptations in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation medical education and practice date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; PM&R; survey summary = The COVID‐19 pandemic has caused PM&R to revisit traditional routines in medical education and adapt to new practices to enhance educational experiences while still maintaining safe social distance between physicians, trainees and patients. In an attempt to capture the mood and environment of the time, and inform the survey, the investigators compiled experiences and feelings of COVID-19''s effects on the landscape of the field of physiatry from persons committed to the field: a medical student, an intern, a resident, a residency program director and a department chair. The survey was designed to provide a series of questions customized to the responder''s level of education (Medical Student, Intern, Resident/Fellow or Attending Physician). While some PM&R residents, including many in New York City, would ultimately participate in acute medical care of persons with COVID-19 due to high disease burden on their institutions, 3 the majority of the country shifted their focus to inpatient rehabilitation and remote clinical management, as evidenced by our survey results. doi = 10.1002/pmrj.12455 id = cord-350375-07l9hqsr author = Escher, Allan R title = An Ounce of Prevention: Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Mass Gatherings date = 2020-03-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = Widespread, non-stop, and often sensational coverage of the coronavirus (COVID-19) has caught many governments flat-footed in efforts to protect the health and safety of their citizens. In response to the current global health event, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. Mass gatherings present a historic challenge in protecting the health and safety of attendees. Global sporting events, such as the Olympics and the World Cup, pose unique health risks to attendees and host nations. The WHO defines a mass gathering as a "concentration of people at a specific location for a specific purpose over a set period of time which has the potential to strain the planning and response resources of the country or community" [3] . In response, the WHO recently published, "Key planning recommendations for Mass Gatherings in the context of the current COVID-19 outbreak (Interim guidance)" [1] . World Health Organization: Public Health for Mass gatherings: Key Considerations doi = 10.7759/cureus.7345 id = cord-315064-2mgv9j6n author = Escher, Felicitas title = Detection of viral SARS‐CoV‐2 genomes and histopathological changes in endomyocardial biopsies date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; Germany; SARS summary = Accordingly, we prospectively analysed endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) from a cohort of 104 samples of patients with suspected myocarditis or unexplained heart disease for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-qPCR and hints for histopathological injury. Up to 8 EMBs each of 104 patients [mean age: 57.90 ± 16.37 years; left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): 33.7 ± 14.6%, sex: n = 79 male/25 female] with suspected myocarditis or unexplained heart failure were analysed between 3 February and 26 March 2020 in German clinical centres in accordance with SARS-CoV2 spread in Germany. In this study, we established for the first time the evidence of SARS-CoV-2 genome detection in 5 of 104 EMBs of patients with suspected myocarditis or unexplained heart failure. Our finding of SARS-CoV-2 genome detection in EMBs of patients suffering from myocarditis/inflammatory cardiomyopathy cannot rule out or confirm the infection of cardiac cells but revealed incremental insights into organ-specific infection of SARS-CoV-2 using possibly macrophage migration as a shuttle from the lung to the heart. doi = 10.1002/ehf2.12805 id = cord-293136-lfwqzf8m author = Escosa‐García, Luis title = Ten key points about COVID‐19 in children: the shadows on the wall date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child summary = It was initially named Pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome (PIMS) temporally associated with COVID-19 by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) 18 To date, some cases of neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported 27 28 . Recent data from a German study indicate that viral loads in the very young (age group 0-6 years) do not significantly differ from those of adults 44 To put it briefly, SARS-CoV-2 PCR of nasopharyngeal swab is considered the gold standard diagnostic test for acute COVID-19 disease. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: a single center''s observational study Characteristics and Outcomes of Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units doi = 10.1002/ppul.25025 id = cord-354866-5yzalrri author = Esenwa, Charles title = The effect of COVID-19 on stroke hospitalizations in New York City date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; stroke summary = During the baseline period up to February 25, 2020, the daily stroke admission rate was stable, with the slope of the regression describing the number of admissions over time equal to -0.33 (se = 1.21), not significantly different from 0 (p = 0.79), with daily admissions averaging 41. During the baseline period, the weekly stroke admission rate was stable, with the slope of the regression describing the number of admissions over time equal to -0.33 (se = 1.21) which does not significantly differ from 0 (p = 0.79). During the pandemic period, the number of arriving acute strokes decreased an average of 4.4 per week (i.e., the slope was -4.4, with se = 1.00), which differs significantly from 0 (p=0.005), with weekly admissions averaging 23, a 44% reduction versus baseline. doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105114 id = cord-253800-cdyiwru9 author = Eshraghi, Adrien A. title = Potential Mechanisms for COVID-19 Induced Anosmia and Dysgeusia date = 2020-09-16 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19 summary = While fever, cough, and dyspnea are common symptoms, loss of smell (anosmia) and taste (dysgeusia) are increasingly reported in asymptomatic individuals that later test positive for COVID-19. In addition, anosmia and dysgeusia also present in cases of head trauma and as rare side effects of common medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and intranasal zinc (Malaty and Malaty, 2013; Schofield and Doty, 2019) . There is also a possibility that stem and other cells of taste buds express COVID-19 receptors leading to direct infection, cell death, and gustatory dysfunction (Xu et al., 2020) . Thus, objective measurements of dysgeusia in COVID-19 patients are urgently needed to validate and quantify this association.Gustatory function can be evaluated using a validated test where patients rate taste intensity of standardized salty, sweet, sour, and bitter solutions on a scorecard (Landis et al., 2009; Doty, 2018; Vaira et al., 2020) . doi = 10.3389/fphys.2020.01039 id = cord-262249-9jutus1c author = Eshraghian, Ahad title = Reduced rate of hospital admissions for liver-related morbidities during the initial COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-06-29 keywords = covid-19 summary = We analysed hospital admissions for liver-related morbidities between Feb 19, 2020 (the date of the first confirmed patient with COVID-19 in the country), and April 30, 2020. The Model For End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score for patients with cirrhosis admitted during the COVID-19 outbreak was 17·07 (SD 4·05) versus 15·18 (3·45) during the control time period (p<0·001). The mean admission rates for gastrointestinal bleeding (IRR 2·50, 95% CI 1·34-4·64), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (1·78, 1·02-3·13), hepatic encephalopathy (1·94, 1·12-3·38) and hepatorenal syndrome (1·95, 1·18-3·23) were significantly lower during the COVID-19 outbreak than in the corresponding control period in the previous year (appendix p 2). Our results showed a significant decrease in the number of hospital admissions for liver-related disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the control period in the previous year at a large hepatobiliary referral centre. Additionally, our results suggest that MELD scores for patients with liver cirrhosis admitted to hospital and the mean duration of hospital stay were higher during the COVID-19 outbreak than the control period. doi = 10.1016/s2468-1253(20)30207-7 id = cord-288025-skkpkqw6 author = Eslami, Hadi title = The role of environmental factors to transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Human-to-human transmission of the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurs most often when people are in the incubation stage of the disease or are carriers and have no symptoms. Therefore, in this study, was discussed the role of environmental factors and conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind speed as well as food, water and sewage, air, insects, inanimate surfaces, and hands in COVID-19 transmission. This study aimed to investigate the effect and role of various factors, including environmental factors (climate change, water transfer, air, and food), disinfection of surfaces, and hands in the transmission and prevalence of COVID-19 pandemics. The most well-known methods of surface disinfection to remove SARS-CoV-2 virus are, in short, the use of ethyl alcohol (62-70%), or hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) or sodium hypochlorite (0.1%, dilution ratio 1 to 50) with a contact time of 1 min (Henwood 2020; WHO 2014) . doi = 10.1186/s13568-020-01028-0 id = cord-262954-saqo900k author = Esme, Mert title = Older Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019; A Nationwide Study in Turkey date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; age; patient summary = In this study we aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized older adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Turkey. Through multivariate analysis of the causes of death in older patients, we found that male gender, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, dementia, cancer, admission to intensive care unit, computed tomography finding compatible with COVID-19 were all significantly associated with mortality in entire cohort. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that individuals older than age 65 comprise 17% of the total population in the United States, though they are responsible for 31% of infections, 45% of hospitalizations, 53% of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and 80% of deaths caused by . Clinical characteristics and outcomes of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China (2019): a single-centered, retrospective study doi = 10.1093/gerona/glaa219 id = cord-354472-zixnvehs author = Esposito, A. title = Why is chest CT important for early diagnosis of COVID-19? Prevalence matters date = 2020-04-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In our routine daily practice in Lombardy region, the epicenters of COVID-19 epidemics in Italy, CT imaging resulted pervasively altered in COVID-19 patients, even in the early stages of the disease, exactly as widely reported from the recent COVID-19 outbreak in China 6, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] As a matter of fact, chest CT has been included among the diagnostic criteria during the most rampant phase of epidemic spreading in Wuhan 16 . A more informative approach to measure the effective performance of a diagnostic test used to screen a given population, e.g. patients with clinical suspicion of COVID-19, should measure the fraction of true positive and true negative patients correctly identified among all the positive and negative results, hence the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and the Negative Predictive Value (NPV). Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases CT Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia in 62 Patients in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1101/2020.03.30.20047985 id = cord-341175-rks0l0q0 author = Essa, Musthafa Mohamed title = Possible role of tryptophan and melatonin in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-21 keywords = covid-19 summary = 4 Until the development of vaccines and better therapeutics, there is an urgent need for strategies to control respiratory infection and to boost immune functions for patients suffering from COVID-19. Dietary fatty acids affecting the pro-inflammatory cytokines have been suggested to affect the metabolic fate of Trp. Tryptophan and its metabolites including melatonin have the capacity to improve the immune system and reduce inflammation in various conditions. [7] [8] [9] Here, we discuss the potential of using tryptophan and its metabolites including melatonin to boost the immune system in fighting COVID-19 infection (see Figure 1) . Increasing evidence from several studies show that tryptophan and its metabolites including melatonin can reduce inflammatory reactions and enhance the immune system. [7] [8] [9] There may also be a possibility that serotonin levels are altered in COVID-19 patients because of mental stress, which suggest a role for Trp in treatment. doi = 10.1177/1178646920951832 id = cord-274554-vtg6l651 author = Essadek, Aziz title = Mental health of French students during the Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-25 keywords = covid-19 summary = This study evaluates the impact of Covid-19 on the mental health of 8004 French students in the East part of France, which has been the first and hardest hit region by the Covid-19 pandemic. This is, to our knowledge, the largest study conducted on mental health of students during the pandemic. A significant proportion of students might require psychological support, especially because the high distress scores suggest that the epidemic and confinement have favored the emergence of post-traumatic stress symptoms. Three mental health scales, previously validated in French, were used to measure the level of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9 ≥ 10), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder, GAD-7 ≥ 7) and distress (Impact of Event Scale-Revised, IES-R ≥ 26). Conclusion: A significant proportion of students probably required psychological support during the Covid-19 pandemic, especially because the high distress scores suggest that the virus and the confinement have favored the emergence of post-traumatic stress symptoms 10 . doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.042 id = cord-304313-nuz5yvht author = Esser, Charlotte title = COVID-19 research: toxicological input urgently needed! date = 2020-06-05 keywords = AHR; covid-19 summary = A literature search and the authors'' own interests immediately identify a number of areas, where toxicological and environmental health issues arise, and such expertise is necessary. The toxic effects of smoking are a long-term area of research for toxicologists, and there are hard-core toxicological mechanisms to be discovered and addressed here, such as the role of oxidative stress, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling, and latent inflammatory responses. A possible contribution of high air pollution exposure to disease severity, for instance, due to its pro-inflammatory effects and the respiratory or cardiac damage it causes, was pointed out by Italian researchers, whose data suggest such a link (Fattorini and Regoli 2020) for Northern Italy, or by American and Chinese researchers for California and Wuhan, respectively. Role of the chronic air pollution levels in the Covid-19 outbreak risk in Italy doi = 10.1007/s00204-020-02803-5 id = cord-344291-i5wqlzif author = Estalella, Gemma Martinez title = GESTIÓN Y LIDERAZGO DE LOS SERVICIOS DE ENFERMERÍA EN EL PLAN DE EMERGENCIA DE LA PANDEMIA COVID-19: LA EXPERIENCIA DEL HOSPITAL CLÍNIC DE BARCELONA date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; los summary = Lastly, it will be necessary to continue with an in-depth analysis of the situation and of the actions carried out in order to identify the areas for improvement as well as to evaluate the overall nature of the process Keywords: Hospital administration; clinical governance; lidership; pandemic; nursing care Introducción La crisis sanitaria generada por la pandemia del Covid-19 a nivel internacional 1,2 ha supuesto una emergencia sanitaria y social a nivel mundial que requiere una acción efectiva e inmediata de los centros asistenciales. En un esfuerzo coordinado por combatir el COVID-19 en Barcelona, el Hospital Clinic de Barcelona (HCB) en colaboración estrecha con el Departamento de Salud y otros centros clínicos, está gestionando la crisis asistencial en su ámbito territorial de Barcelona Eixample Esquerra para garantizar que los pacientes reciban los mejores cuidados posibles. doi = 10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.05.002 id = cord-335648-lbmhprjn author = Estrich, Cameron G. title = Estimating COVID-19 prevalence and infection control practices among US dentists date = 2020-10-15 keywords = PPE; SARS; covid-19 summary = Dentists from every US state (n = 2,195) answered questions about COVID-19–associated symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 infection, mental and physical health conditions, and infection control procedures used in their primary dental practices. As early as March 2020, Journal of Dental Research published the infection control guidelines that dentists at Wuhan University used, 7 and, in April and May 2020, the American Dental Association (ADA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), respectively, released interim guidance on infection control protocols and changes to the practice and office environments. In this article, we used the first month of study data to estimate the prevalence of COVID-19 among US dentists and to determine the rate of compliance with CDC and ADA infection prevention and control procedures. 14, 15 Respondents who reported providing oral health care in the past month were asked about infection prevention or control procedures in their primary dental practice. doi = 10.1016/j.adaj.2020.09.005 id = cord-028972-1athnjkh author = Etemad, Hamid title = Managing uncertain consequences of a global crisis: SMEs encountering adversities, losses, and new opportunities date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; crisis; entrepreneurial; information; time; uncertainty summary = The rapidly emerging evidence suggests that the capable, far-sighted, and innovative enterprises perceived the slow-downs, or stoppages in some cases, as an opportunity for starting, or increasing, their alternative ways of sustaining activities, including on-line and remote activities and involvements, in order to compensate for the shrinkage in their pre-COVID demands, while the short-sighted or severely resource-constrained SMEs faced the difficult decision of closure in favor of "survival or self-preservation" strategy, thus losing expansion opportunities. In short, a small firm''s potential exposure to cross-sectional and longitudinal risks and uncertainties is also likely to depend on information on a combination of influential factors, some of which are discussed above; prominent 9 Similar arguments apply to national preparedness and national security over time to shield individual and corporate citizens from bearing short-term or long-term high costs-the national costs per capita may pale relative to the immeasurable costs of human mortalities paid by the deceased people and their families, the massive unemployment, or high costs related to shortages in major crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s10843-020-00279-z id = cord-338626-x0d3qlj2 author = Etkin, Yana title = Acute arterial thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 in the New York City area date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We describe the clinical presentation, management, and outcomes of acute arterial ischemia and concomitant infection at the epicenter of cases in the United States. METHODS: Patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection between March 1, 2020 and May 15, 2020 with an acute arterial thromboembolic event were reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: While the mechanism of thromboembolic events in patients with COVID-19 remains unclear, the occurrence of such complication is associated with acute arterial ischemia which results in a high limb loss and mortality. From the world''s largest experience with COVID-19, we report the clinical presentation, While the mechanism of thromboembolic events in patients with COVID-19 remains unclear, the 102 occurrence of such complication is associated with acute arterial ischemia which results in a 103 high limb loss and mortality. Twenty-two (45%) patients 164 presented with signs of acute arterial ischemia and were subsequently diagnosed with COVIDThe rate of limb loss was 18% and overall, in-hospital mortality was 46%. doi = 10.1016/j.avsg.2020.08.085 id = cord-330870-l0ryikhv author = Eubanks, Allison title = Obstetric Simulation for a Pandemic date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; patient summary = Conclusion: In the current COVID-19 pandemic, simulating obstetrical patient care from presentation to the hospital triage through postpartum care can prepare teams for even the most complicated patients while increasing their ability to protect themselves and their patients. Conclusion: In the current COVID-19 pandemic, simulating obstetrical patient care from presentation to the hospital triage through postpartum care can prepare teams for even the most complicated patients while increasing their ability to protect themselves and their patients. Communication, teamwork, and process efficiency are dramatically increased with simulations, which is why they are quickly being adapted as an essential part of medical training for small team events like codes and postpartum hemorrhages and large-scale, multi-hospital emergencies, disasters, and pandemics. The Ebola outbreak in 2014-2016 was the most recent event that demonstrated a need for pandemic and disaster preparedness throughout the country, as hospitals quickly realized they did not have plans for admitting, transporting, and caring for these highly contagious patients 6, 8, 15, 16 . doi = 10.1016/j.semperi.2020.151294 id = cord-034629-uusqhsnf author = Eufemia, Luca title = Peacebuilding in times of COVID-19: risk-adapted strategies of cooperation and development projects date = 2020-11-04 keywords = CDP; COVID-19; Colombia; strategy summary = The lack of funding, the low degrees of political K and policy processes at the regional and local level, methodological inconsistencies in the design of participatory approaches and the increased violence against community leaders are preventing the effective implementations of these programs and their cooperation with CDPs. Notwithstanding these developments, COVID-19 also provides opportunities to promote peace and to advance peacebuilding. An interview protocol was developed to guide semi-structured interviews with project managers and stakeholders of Colombian CDPs. The questionnaire comprises four main blocks: (i) context: expertise (e.g. peace-related, national, and international) gender, and age; (ii) information about the reference CDP: scale (e.g. local, regional, or national), duration, approximate funding, project role, and project team; (iii) the perceived impact of COVID-19 on project implementation: immediate perception of issue extent, proximity, immediate responses, first effects, and perception regarding governmental responses at all levels (local, regional, and national), as well as of funding agencies and direct donors; and (iv) risk-adapted strategies: evaluation of existing strategies, adoption of new strategies and assets, and the future outlook on desirable risk-adapted strategies. doi = 10.1007/s42597-020-00040-2 id = cord-344262-5yk1keg3 author = Evans, Lauran K. title = COVID-19 Drive-Through Point of Screening and Testing (POST) System: A Safe, Efficient, and Adaptable Model for Nasopharyngeal Swab Collection date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; POST; PPE summary = METHODS: Initially, a small drive-through site was constructed at a converted tuberculosis clinic, but due to an increase in testing needs, an expanded point of screening and testing (POST) system was developed in an event center parking lot to administer tests to a higher volume of patients. CONCLUSIONS: This POST drive-through system serves as an efficient, safe, and adaptable model for high volume COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swabbing that the authors recommend other COVID-19 testing sites nationwide consider adopting for their own use. The authors also believe that the WCHD POST system, similar to those previously reported in the literature, represents a particularly efficient, safe, and adaptable model for COVID-19 testing, and recommend that other COVID-19 testing sites nationwide consider adopting it for their own purposes. The following parameters were collected from the WCHD: COVID-19 tests performed each day, number of required staff and their responsibilities, positive COVID-19 tests per week, PPE use per shift, distances of the POST system route via measurement wheel, and safety concerns. doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.313 id = cord-284965-6hss53nu author = Evans, M. V. title = Reconciling model predictions with low reported cases of COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa: Insights from Madagascar date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; Madagascar summary = We show that the current incidence of COVID-19 cases can be explained by any combination of the late introduction of first imported cases, early implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), and low case detection rates. There are three leading potential explanations for the lower observed burden of 89 COVID-19 in SSA: 1) low case detection, 2) region-specific epidemiology (e.g., different R0), and 90 . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.15.20149195 doi: medRxiv preprint Our exercise shows that the current incidence of COVID-19 in Madagascar can be 145 explained by the early and effective implementation of NPIs and low case detection rates, both of 146 which are supported by strong anecdotal evidence. We demonstrate that the 220 current trend in reported cases in Madagascar can be explained by its early stage in the epidemic, 221 combined with low detection rates and lower contact rates from NPIs ( Fig. 2A) . doi = 10.1101/2020.07.15.20149195 id = cord-317622-o10ntfi8 author = Evans, Ronald M. title = Shining Light on the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Vitamin D Receptor Checkpoint in Defense of Unregulated Wound Healing date = 2020-09-11 keywords = SARS; VDR; covid-19 summary = In patients, severity of liver disease correlates inversely with VDR expression, levels of vitamin D, and metabolites (Oh et al., 2020) , and hepatocellular injury directly with progressive COVID-19 (Henry et al., 2020; Ji et al., 2020) . Similar effects were observed in non-lung models; e.g., vitamin D deficiency (or VDR knockout) was associated with increased renin and Ang II (and IL-6 and TGFb) levels in diabetic mice (Zhang et al., 2008) . Human intestinal organoids (ACE2 expressing), suggesting a gut enterocyte reservoir for SARS-CoV-2, fuel viral spread and cytokine response in COVID-19 pathogenesis, another potential enteric-phase inflammatory hurdle to oral vitamin D administration (Clevers, 2020) . Heightened basal RAS (e.g., reduced ACE2 expression, higher Ang II levels) activation and inflammatory states (Ajilore and Thames, 2020; Albert and Ridker, 2004; Suthanthiran et al., 2000; Vinciguerra and Greco, 2020) , reported in African Americans, are associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes and relevant risk co-morbidities (e.g., hypertension, diabetes), some linked to vitamin D deficiency (Rostand, 2010; Yancy, 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.09.007 id = cord-350529-yqtu059x author = Evans, Samantha title = Implementation of a clinical pathway for the surgical treatment of colorectal cancer during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-07-12 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = INTRODUCTION: This report summarises the early experience of implementing elective colorectal cancer surgery during the COVID‐19 pandemic METHODS: A pathway to minimize the risk of including COVID‐19 positive patients for elective surgery was established. The safe implementation of colorectal cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic is challenging due to restriction [i.e. hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) beds], staff shortages (i.e. anaesthetists, ICU personnel), health and safety of the operating room team members, and the concerns of postoperative COVID-19-associated complications and mortality (1) . To maximise the accuracy of testing, multiple test methods were employed: 1) during a telephone clinic patients were asked about any COVID-19 related symptoms, 2) asymptomatic patients were swabbed for PCR testing in a dedicated clinic room through a separate entrance from the main hospital, 3) the day before the planned operation a CT thorax was performed at the independent radiology institute. doi = 10.1111/codi.15247 id = cord-327989-6p39cx2e author = Everaert, Bert title = Emerging cardiological issues during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 2 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China, presenting with elevated high-sensitive cardiac troponin I levels had a higher frequency of complications such as ARDS (58.5% vs. All rights reserved risk factors or pre-existing coronary artery disease are at high risk during this COVID-19 pandemic and that cardiac injury is an important predictor of adverse outcomes. As with other viral conditions such as influenza and SARS-CoV 4 , direct myocardial infection of the virus can lead to an acute form of viral myocarditis (1 in 3 patients presenting with SARS during the Toronto outbreak). the aforementioned New York study, true obstructive myocardial infarctions do occur, as many patients with COVID-19 present with underlying cardiovascular disease or cardiac risk factors. 11 Moreover, in animal studies of SARS-CoV-1 and ARDS, ACE2 as well as ARB treatment (losartan) improved the acute lung injury 12, 13 and clinical studies in COVID-19 patients with these agents are currently active and recruiting patients (NCT04287686 and NCT04312009 or NCT04311177, respectively). doi = 10.1111/eci.13270 id = cord-314423-6kuefmol author = Experton, B. title = A Multi-Factor Risk Model for Severe Covid-19 for Vaccine Prioritization and Monitoring Based on a 15 Million Medicare Cohort date = 2020-11-03 keywords = Medicare; covid-19; risk summary = Methods: We present an integrated multi-factor risk model for severe Covid-19 using de-identified Medicare claims from which we extracted demographic and clinical data for a cohort of 15 million Medicare beneficiaries with 770,000 Covid-19 cases, and socio-economic data at the county and zip code level from the CDC Social Vulnerability Index. The independent variables included in our severe Covid-19 risk models are: beneficiary age, sex, ethnicity, insurance coverage and residential zip code, prior health care utilization (prior hospitalization(s), skilled nursing home admissions, etc.) as a measure for disease severity and frailty, the individual''s multiple chronic conditions with in addition to the CMS chronic condition flags, Humetrix compiled diagnostic categories using specific ICD-10 code algorithms, medications grouped by pharmaceutical class, vaccinations before Covid-19 diagnosis, and other variables starting October 1, 2019 (see Supplemental Methods in the Appendix). doi = 10.1101/2020.10.28.20219816 id = cord-327106-drwvzw5l author = Eyawo, Oghenowede title = Rethinking the Central Role of Equity in the Global Governance of Pandemic Response date = 2020-08-25 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; health summary = The global health governance of pandemic preparedness and response needs to move further away from the advocacy of a one-size-fits-all approach that tends to prioritize the interests of high-income countries towards a context-sensitive approach that gives equity a central role in guiding our pandemic preparedness and response strategies. On the other hand, we find the failure of commission-high-income countries (HICs) battle to buy out ventilators, personal protective equipment, and diagnostic tests on the global market, which freezes out any real possibility of LMICs getting these resources. The global health governance response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been largely modelled from the perspective of HICs without due consideration for how and whether it provides a feasible parallel strategy for LMICs. A predominant reliance on extemporaneous prevention measures, such as stay at home orders, frequent handwashing, long-term social distancing, and business closures cannot be easily or effectively translated into the LMIC context without major political and economic changes. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10001-2 id = cord-347780-jrbiww9j author = FAYSSOIL, Abdallah title = The Right Ventricle in COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: FAYSSOIL, Abdallah; MUSTAFIC, Hazrije; MANSENCAL, Nicolas title: The Right Ventricle in COVID-19 Patients In addition, COVID-19 patients disclose a hyper coagulate state avec a significant incidence of pulmonary thrombotic complications, aggravated the RV afterload is associated with excess mortality in ARDS (4). Finally, the RV function, measured by the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), the right ventricular fractional area change (RVFAC) and the right ventricular longitudinal strain, is a significant predictive factor of mortality in COVID-19 infected patients (6) . In this context, in addition with the left ventricular function analysis, it is of importance to check and assess the right ventricle in COVD-19 infected patients, particularly in critical situation. Diagnostic workup, etiologies and management of acute right ventricle failure : A state-of-the-art paper Acute Pulmonary Embolism Associated with COVID-19 Pneumonia Detected by Pulmonary CT Prognostic Value of Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain in Patients with COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.06.007 id = cord-298056-svwtfshi author = Fabio, Ciceri title = Early predictors of clinical outcomes of COVID-19 outbreak in Milan, Italy date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; patient summary = Multivariable analysis showed older age, coronary artery disease, cancer, low lymphocyte count and high RALE score as factors independently associated with an increased risk of mortality. CONCLUSION: In a large cohort of COVID-19 patients of European origin, main risk factors for mortality were older age, comorbidities, low lymphocyte count and high RALE. 14 In this report we describe the demographical, clinical, radiological and laboratory characteristics, as well as the clinical outcomes and the risk factors for mortality, of the first 500 patients with COVID-19 admitted to San Raffaele Scientific Institute, a tertiary care academic hospital in Milan, Italy. With a clinical observation longer than one months from the last patient admitted, w e were able to identify early predictors of mortality related to patient characteristics, radiological and laboratory findings at hospital admission for COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108509 id = cord-285207-hsbzcpl3 author = Facchin, Federico title = COVID-19: Initial experience of hand surgeons in Northern Italy date = 2020-05-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = for sharing how an international group of hand surgeons managed surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic [1] . Our healthcare facility created an internal study group called Plastic Surgeons Against COVID-19 (PSAC) to deal with specific issues related to the pandemic [4] . An analysis of the cases treated in one month from the beginning of the lockdown (9 th March -9 th April 2020) confirmed the impact of COVID-19 in hand surgery and dictated the need for precise screening to limit the spread of the infection (Table 1) . We agree that hand surgery units need to share COVID-19 preventive protocols to allow elective and non-elective procedures to continue safely. COVID-19: Initial experience of an international group of hand surgeons Effectiveness of preventive measures against Covid-19 in a Plastic Surgery Unit in the epicenter of the pandemic in Italy doi = 10.1016/j.hansur.2020.04.007 id = cord-320067-929h6arn author = Facheris, Paola title = Complicated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in a psoriatic patient treated with ixekizumab date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Complicated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in a psoriatic patient treated with ixekizumab The patient was hospitalized and treated with hydroxychloroquine 400 mg BID p.o. the first day followed by 200mg BID, ceftriaxone 1g BID IM, and noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in courses of prone ventilation. The patient was discharged after 22 days, with 97% oxygen saturation on walking test. COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a new variant beta-coronavirus first isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with interstitial pneumonia. COVID-19 is characterized most commonly by fever and cough, although the clinical picture may range from completely asymptomatic to bilateral interstitial pneumonia. Can we use interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced cytokine release syndrome (CRS)? Chinese Trial Clinical Registry.A randomized, open-label, controlled trial for the efficacy and safety of Adalimumab Injection in the treatment of patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia doi = 10.1111/ijd.15008 id = cord-256020-wrui3i2l author = Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun title = Understanding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-08-26 keywords = ACE-2; COVID-19; CoV-2; MERS; SARS; figure summary = The disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a zoonotic pathogen that acquired mutations as it crossed the species barrier from bat to pangolin enabling it to infect humans. 5 The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough, and pneumonia, which makes the disease enormously dangerous with a high case fatality rate. 11 Symptoms of human SARS-CoV-1 infections include headache, fever and respiratory complications such as cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia. 81 The main goal of SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis is to accurately detect the virus and to minimize further transmissions by timely isolation and treatment of infected patients. 112 This implies that variation in ACE-2 expression in COVID-19 patients is likely to affect susceptibility, symptoms and intervention outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations doi = 10.1177/0300060520949077 id = cord-340381-qfp5p6gv author = Faddoul, Annibal title = L’anesthésie au temps du COVID date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Ces deux risques ont conduit dans un premier temps à une reprise progressive de l''activité chirurgicale avec une sélection des interventions [1] puis à des mesures préventives qui ont rendu plus complexe la prise en charge des patients opérés aussi bien en urgence que de façon programmée. La consultation d''anesthésie doit maintenant intégrer un dépistage de la COVID-19 qui repose dans un premier temps sur un questionnaire standardisé (que le patient soit vu en présentiel ou en téléconsultation). Il est donc nécessaire d''aménager les locaux de consultations pour faire en sorte que les patients ne se trouvent pas ensemble dans des pièces peu ou mal ventilées ou ne puissent être contaminés suite à la manipulation de revues ou d''autres objets. Les patients qui ont des signes cliniques d''infection COVID-19 doivent donc être déprogrammés pour la chirurgie réglée et reprogrammée dans un délai de plusieurs semaines en fonction de l''évolution du tableau clinique. doi = 10.1016/j.pratan.2020.07.010 id = cord-031023-njs5d635 author = Fadulelmola, Ahmed title = The impact of COVID-19 infection on hip fractures 30-day mortality date = 2020-08-27 keywords = covid-19; hip summary = COVID-19 testing and chest x-ray for patients presenting with hip fractures, helps in early planning of high-risk surgeries and allows counselling of the patients and family using realistic prognosis. The hip fractures 30-day mortality associated with COVID-19 infection was assessed, but due to the small sample size, the analysis was limited to descriptive statistics to avoid Type I error. This study presents the first evidence of high (50%) 30-day mortality in fragility hip fractures associated with COVID-19 infection. However, our study reported a clinically important difference in the 30-day mortality between COVID-19 positive and COVID-19 negative hip fractures patients. We have postulated a ''''third hit'''' theory, however, further research will be needed to assess the immune response before and after surgery in hip fractures associated with COVID-19 infection. On the basis of our study, hip fractures associated with COVID-19 infection have a high 30-day mortality. doi = 10.1177/1460408620951352 id = cord-334122-3c1i25vc author = Fahad, Ahmed Muhi title = Spontaneous pneumothorax as a complication in COVID‐19 male patient: A case report date = 2020-09-21 keywords = covid-19 summary = Here, the patient presents with pneumothorax after 21 days of initial symptoms of COVID-19 infection and negative PCR. 1 The patient CT scan of the chest is characteristic for COVID-19 infection as it may show bilateral ground-glass appearance with peripheral distribution, and the other features may be present but they are uncommon like lung cavity, pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, and pneumothorax. The next day, the patient was sent for a new chest radiograph that shows fully expanded right lung with parenchymal shadows as seen in Figure 3 and basic blood investigations that were normal. In this case, spontaneous pneumothorax was developed after 21 days of initial COVID-19 symptoms and after the result of PCR was negative. 4 While in Burcin et al and Suphi et al case reports, both patients were present with spontaneous pneumothorax in addition to other features of COVID-19 infection initially. org/0000-0003-3748-681X Ahmed Salih Alshewered https://orcid. doi = 10.1002/ccr3.3378 id = cord-267117-e53jvt92 author = Fahd Al‐Muhanna, Afnan title = COVID‐19: Impact and challenges at breast imaging unit date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A Series of pneumonia cases of unknown cause were reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019, later found to be related to the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Since then, COVID-19 epidemic is spreading all over the world, 2 with a significant impact on the health care system and were announced to be pandemic by WHO 30 January 2020, 3 By 24 April 2020, the WHO reported 2,626,321 confirmed cases globally with 181,938 deaths. Breast imaging is a high demand specialty, mainly if you work at tertiary care academic institute, which makes us enthusiastic about setting a list of policies and procedures to overcome the challenges we face with the COVID-19 pandemic. All breast imaging studied should be delayed for known or suspected COVID-19 patients as per our hospital infection control policy. doi = 10.1111/tbj.13891 id = cord-316080-y6ypbdtu author = Fajnzylber, J. M. title = SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load is Associated with Increased Disease Severity and Mortality date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We quantified SARS-CoV-2 viral load from participants with a diverse range of COVID-19 severity, including those requiring hospitalization, outpatients with mild disease, and individuals with resolved infection. Amongst the participants hospitalized with COVID-19, higher prevalence of detectable SARS-CoV-2 plasma viral load was associated with worse respiratory disease severity, lower absolute lymphocyte counts, and increased markers of inflammation, including C-reactive protein and IL-6. Amongst hospitalized individuals, the majority still 92 had detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the time of initial sample collection, including 50% with variable, individuals with detectable plasma, nasopharyngeal or sputum viral loads had 124 significantly lower absolute lymphocyte counts, and higher CRP and IL-6 levels compared to 125 those without detectable plasma viremia (Fig 2b-d) . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.15.20131789 doi: medRxiv preprint DISCUSSION 151 We report a comprehensive analysis of SARS-CoV-2 respiratory tract, plasma, and urine viral 152 loads of 235 participants who were either hospitalized with COVID-19, evaluated as 153 symptomatic outpatients, or had recovered from COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.15.20131789 id = cord-344985-3mu9rrql author = Fakhruddin, Bapon title = Are we there yet? The transition from response to recovery for the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; pandemic; recovery; response summary = While the COVID-19 pandemic has already had far-reaching socioeconomic consequences commonly associated with natural hazards (such as disruption to society, economic damage, and loss of lives), the response of governments around the world has been unparalleled and unlike anything seen before. Pandemics indeed force us to think beyond typical emergency management structures; the cycles of the disaster risk management in the case of biological and other natural hazards are not exactly the same and no one-size-fits-all approach may be used. Pandemics indeed force us to think beyond typical emergency management structures; the cycles of the disaster risk management in the case of biological and other natural hazards are not exactly the same and no one-size-fits-all approach may be used. Necessary for an effective recovery, the pandemic response needs to be a holistic response, combined with an improved data ecosystem between the public health system and the community. doi = 10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100102 id = cord-316095-jzyb4jn5 author = Falahchai, Mehran title = Dental care management during the COVID‐19 outbreak date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; dental; patient summary = Sixteen English papers were enrolled to answer questions about procedures that are allowed to perform during the COVID‐19 outbreak, patients who are in priority to receive dental care services, the conditions and necessities for patient admission, waiting room and operatory room, and personal protective equipment (PPE) that is necessary for dental clinicians and the office staff. Considering the generation of high amounts of droplets and aerosols during routine dental procedures, the conventional protective measures that are routinely followed by dental clinicians are no longer efficient for prevention of COVID-19 transmission. Urgent dental treatments include management of conditions that require immediate attention such as alleviation of severe pain with/without the risk of infection and balancing the patient load in the hospital emergency departments. According to the data acquired from the screening questionnaires, patients who need emergency/urgent dental treatment can be divided into three groups of apparently healthy, suspected, and confirmed cases. doi = 10.1111/scd.12523 id = cord-274481-k1dp1ilv author = Falavigna, Maicon title = Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of COVID-19. The task-force/consensus guideline of the Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine, the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases and the Brazilian Society of Pulmonology and Tisiology date = 2020 keywords = COVID-19; anti; clinical; evidence; patient summary = Summary of the evidence: the systematic review identified three comparative clinical trials with available data on the effects of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in COVID-19 patients: two open randomized clinical trials (29, 30) in a patient population with mild to moderate disease, and one cohort study. Recommendation 2 -we suggest against the routine use the hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine plus azithromycin combination for treatment of COVID-19 patients (weak recommendation; Level of Evidence very low). Recommendation 4 -We suggest the use of empirical oseltamivir treatment in patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or flu-like syndrome with risk factors for complications when a diagnosis of influenza cannot be ruled out (weak recommendation; Level of Evidence very low). Summary of the evidence -two randomized clinical trials assessed the use of lopinavir/ritonavir in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.5935/0103-507x.20200039 id = cord-342386-t5b8wpe2 author = Falcone, Rino title = All We Need Is Trust: How the COVID-19 Outbreak Reconfigured Trust in Italian Public Institutions date = 2020-10-02 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; authority; italian; public; trust summary = Since overall trust in public authorities did not decrease after March 11 in the whole sample, this indicates a leveling in trust attribution across the country after the introduction of new measures, which in turn could be interpreted as a shift in the perception of the emergency: whereas in early March, a significant part of the Italian population still believed the outbreak to be somehow contained to specific regions, and thus a local problem unlikely to affect everybody in the same way, the nationwide interventions announced on March 11 made it crystal clear to all that COVID-19 was indeed a national concern. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561747 id = cord-271867-n563yqw4 author = Falicov, Celia title = Expanding Possibilities: Flexibility and Solidarity with Under Resourced Immigrant Families During the Covid‐19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-14 keywords = Falicov; Rocío; client; covid-19; family; health summary = We compare and contrast the learnings of flexibility of time, space, procedures or attendance we acquired in this clinical community setting during regular times, with the new challenges families and therapists face, and the adaptations needed to continue to work with our clients in culturally responsive and empowering ways during the Covid‐19 pandemic. During Covid-19, the SRFC physicians, pharmacy team, medical students, staff, volunteers, mental health team, social workers, and promotoras (experienced community members who are core staff and act as "trust bridges" to the community (Beck, 2005) ) have come together to continue to provide health, mental health care and emotional support through telemedicine and delivery of medications and food to patients'' homes. Relying on our learnings about providing services to under resourced families and communities in regular times, during the Covid-19 pandemic we expand the limits of what appears possible in a variety of new ways. doi = 10.1111/famp.12578 id = cord-270419-krrd074l author = Falkenhain‐López, Daniel title = SARS‐Coronavirus‐2 and acute urticaria date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-270419-krrd074l cord_uid: krrd074l A 51-year-old otherwise healthy woman presented to the emergency department with a 3-day history of dry cough and arthralgias. The patient did not present angioedema or bronchospasm, and there was no swelling of the tongue, uvula, or peritonsillar area. Blood test showed lymphopenia and elevated C-reactive proThe association between urticaria and infectious diseases has been discussed for more than 100 years. However, this association with virus infections has rarely been reported in the literature. We report a case of a woman with no previous history of urtiWe consider it important to emphasize that SARS-CoV-2 and acute urticaria may be associated. Furthermore, the skin lesions might appear before the onset of the main respiratory symptoms, occurring at the early phase of the infection as part of the clinical presentation of COVID-19. COVID-19 can present with a rash and be mistaken for Dengue Urticarial eruption in COVID-19 infection Association between urticaria and virus infections: a systematic review doi = 10.1111/ijd.14950 id = cord-310073-ncj500af author = Falkingham, J. title = Sleepless in Lockdown: unpacking differences in sleep loss during the coronavirus pandemicin the UK date = 2020-07-21 keywords = BAME; covid-19; sleep summary = Conclusions: The pandemic has widened the disparity of sleep deprivation across different groups, with women with young children, key workers and people of BAME heritage all experiencing difficulty in sleeping, which in turn may negatively affect mental and physical health and well-being. Table 2 shows that the prevalence of sleep loss varied according to a range of factors, including those associated with Covid-19 itself, i.e. having had symptoms that could be coronavirus and being a key worker, as well as factors associated with anxiety and stress from the lockdown -including having at least one child aged 0-4 or school-aged children at home, no partner at home, being concerned about current or future financial circumstances, feeling lonely and having a prior sleep loss problem. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.19.20157255 id = cord-270530-abiuiiff author = Fan, D.-P. title = Inf-Net: Automatic COVID-19 Lung Infection Segmentation from CT Scans date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; Inf; Net summary = To address these challenges, a novel COVID-19 Lung Infection Segmentation Deep Network (Inf-Net) is proposed to automatically identify infected regions from chest CT scans. To address above issues, we propose a novel COVID-19 Lung Infection Segmentation Deep Network (Inf-Net) for CT Scans. Moreover, to alleviate the shortage of labeled data, we also provide a semi-supervised segmentation system, which only requires a few labeled COVID-19 infection images and then enables the model to leverage unlabeled data. Therefore, we extend Semi-Inf-Net to a multi-class lung infection labeling framework so that it can provide richer information for the further diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. Specifically, we utilize the infection segmentation results provided by Semi-Inf-Net to guide the multi-class labeling of different types of lung infections. This framework can take full advantage of the infection segmentation results provided by Semi-Inf-Net and effectively improve the performance of multi-class infection labeling. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.22.20074948 id = cord-330136-o8df8szx author = Fan, Hua title = Cardiac injuries in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: Not to be ignored date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 40 non-survivors had test result of hs-TnI，they were divided into two groups based on cardiac injury，Further analysis revealed that non-survivors with elevated hs-TnI levels on admission had shorter duration from symptom onset to death, and TnI elevation was related to the dismal prognosis. The mortality of critically ill COVID-19 patients is high, but its mechanism is not clear at present, and it might be related to the virus-induced acute lung injury, inflammatory factor storm. Our study discovered that the level of hs-TnI increased in many patients on admission, indicating that cardiac injury occurred in the early stage of the disease.The incidence rate of cardiac injury among patients at admission was 16.44%, with the non-survivors having an incidence rate of as high as 25.53%. Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.024 id = cord-257099-8k28vkgf author = Fan, Jingchun title = The epidemiology of reverse transmission of COVID-19 in Gansu Province, China date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; Iran summary = To provide support to Chinese citizens who are currently overseas in 96 significant COVID-19 outbreak regions, to minimize their risk of COVID-19 infection, the Chinese 97 government has sent charter planes to evacuate Chinese citizens from a number of 98 COVID-19-affected countries, particularly Italy [14] and Iran [15] to designated provinces. here the epidemiological characteristics and the clinical features of 311 Chinese people evacuated 107 from Iran to the quarantine centre of Gansu Province. On arrival at Lanzhou 116 airport in Gansu Province, the returnees were isolated in a designated hotel and screened using 117 clinical tools i.e. thermometer, and questions concerning any symptoms, any history of close 118 contact with any known infected people or any persons with symptoms suggestive of COVID-19. There was a total of 311 overseas Chinese evacuated from Iran to Gansu Province, China, arriving 150 on 3-4 March ( Figure 1 ). doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101741 id = cord-268179-bmtfanax author = Fan, Jingchun title = Bibliometric Analysis on COVID-19: A Comparison of Research Between English and Chinese Studies date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; China; chinese; english summary = Conclusions: The publications in English have enabled medical practitioners and scientists to share/exchange information, while on the other hand, the publications in the Chinese language have provided complementary educational approaches for the local medical practitioners to understand the essential and key information to manage COVID-19 in the relatively remote regions of China, for the general population with a general level of education. We set either twice or four times as the minimum frequency of keywords occurrence in English or Chinese publications, respectively, reflecting the number of included studies (143 or 721, respectively) and the consequent analysis results. The publications in English have enabled doctors/scientists to share/exchange information at the international level; the publications in the Chinese language provides complementary educational approaches for the local doctors to understand the essential and key information to manage COVID-19 in the relatively remote regions of China for the general population. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00477 id = cord-339861-yq1qeo5d author = Fan, Jingchun title = The Epidemiology of COVID-19 in the Gansu and Jinlin Provinces, China date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19; China; Province summary = While most publications by clinicians and researchers have been focusing on the epicenter of COVID-19, i.e., Wuhan, China, this manuscript aims to cover the epidemiology of the COVID-19 infection in the Northern region of China, namely the Gansu (Northwest) and Jilin (Northeast) Provinces. We hypothesize that the general population continues to face dangerous SARS-CoV-2 viral transmission from distant locations, including from the epicenter (Wuhan, Hubei Province, China) , if no effective measures are implemented, despite considerable precautions being undertaken by the provincial governmental authorities. In northern China, the sequential procedures that were adopted were as follows: city lockdown, use of road blocks except for essential travel, maintenance of social distancing, restrictions on social gatherings, mandatory wearing of face masks in public, closure of manufacturing facilities and schools, temperature checking at building entrances, reporting of whereabouts and health condition via QR code app, and remote online working and schooling in the Gansu and Jilin Provinces during the first wave of COVID-19. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.555550 id = cord-347890-kx5vka0o author = Fan, Qian title = Association Between ABO Blood Group System and COVID-19 Susceptibility in Wuhan date = 2020-07-21 keywords = ABO; COVID-19; blood summary = Hence, we performed a case-control study to explore the relationship between the ABO blood group and COVID-19 in Wuhan and further classified the populations according to gender. As shown in Table 2 , we performed a combined association analysis between ABO blood group and COVID-19, which showed a statistically significant difference in COVID-19 infection among those with blood type A (P = 0.04, OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.02-1.73) but not blood types B, AB or O (P = 0.48, OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.66-1.23; P=0.61, OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.53-1.46; and P = 0.23, OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.58-1.15, respectively). In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the contribution of the ABO blood group to COVID-19 susceptibility in Wuhan by employing a case-control association analysis. doi = 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00404 id = cord-255367-do9jw51z author = Fan, Qianqian title = Spontaneous pneumothorax and subpleural bullae in a patient with COVID-19: a 92-day observation date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Spontaneous pneumothorax and subpleural bullae in a patient with COVID-19: a 92-day observation This report describes a patient with COVID-19 who developed spontaneous pneumothorax and subpleural bullae during the course of the infection. This report describes the complete clinical course in a patient with COVID-19, who developed spontaneous pneumothorax and subpleural bullae simultaneously. Consecutive chest CT scans demonstrated an eventual resolution of the pneumothorax and subpleural bullae on day 92, after recovery from pneumonia (Fig. 2B) . However, this report revealed that subpleural bullae and pneumothorax could completely resolve after recovery from COVID-19. This report described the complete radiological and clinical course of a COVID-19 patient with spontaneous pneumothorax and subpleural bullae. It indicated subpleural consolidation with a persistent cough might be a risk factor of spontaneous pneumothorax and subpleural bullae in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa305 id = cord-337297-fkw8780t author = Fan, Siyuan title = Neurological Manifestations in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Retrospective Study date = 2020-07-10 keywords = AIS; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Methods: This retrospective single-center case series analyzed critically ill patients with COVID-19 at the intensive care unit of Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China from February 5 to April 2, 2020. Herein, we conducted a retrospective study to analyze the neurological manifestations of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in intensive care units (ICU) to explore various pathophysiological mechanisms that could contribute to neurological complications in these patients. COVID-19, corona virus disease 2019; AIS, acute ischemic stroke; WBC, white blood cell; ALT, alanine transaminase, cTnI, High-sensitive cardiac troponin I; NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; LDL-C, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; IQR, interquartile range. The clinical spectrum of neurological complications in critically ill patients with COVID-19 was broad, including delirium, acute ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, flaccid paralysis and rhabdomyolysis. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.00806 id = cord-285051-jmdfyydc author = Fan, Wen-juan title = Effect of advanced nursing care on psychological disorder in patients with COVID-19: A protocol of systematic review date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Effect of advanced nursing care on psychological disorder in patients with COVID-19: A protocol of systematic review BACKGROUND: This study will explore the effect of advanced nursing care (ANC) on psychological disorder (PD) in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). RESULTS: This study will explore the effect of ANC on PD in patients with COVID-19 through outcome indicators. [12] A variety of studies reported that patients who received or even cured with this condition often experience psychological disorder (PD), including depression, and anxiety. Therefore, this study will aim to assess the effect of ANC on managing PD in patients with COVID-19. The present study will include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on investigating the effect of ANC on PD in patients with COVID-19, irrespective language, and publication status. Thus, this study is the first one to systematically and comprehensively appraise the effects of ANC on PD in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000021026 id = cord-335108-5u3578ws author = Fang, C. title = Extent of pulmonary thromboembolic disease in patients with COVID-19 on CT: relationship with pulmonary parenchymal disease date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; PTD summary = Abstract Aim To report the severity and extent of pulmonary thromboembolic disease (PTD) in COVID-19 patients undergoing computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in a tertiary centre. The aim of the present study was to report the severity and extent of PTD in patients with confirmed COVID-19 who have undergone CTPA imaging in a tertiary centre. The secondary aims are (1) to assess the effectiveness of the British Society of Thoracic Imaging (BSTI) current guidance on the pattern and extent of lung parenchymal abnormalities in COVID-19, and (2) to assess whether there is any difference in the patterns and severity of pulmonary parenchymal disease on CT in COVID-19 patients with and without PTD. CT patterns and severity of lung parenchymal disease, severity and extent of PTD, presence of CT signs of pulmonary hypertension, CT features of possible fibrosis, and intrathoracic lymph node enlargement were reviewed. doi = 10.1016/j.crad.2020.07.002 id = cord-318204-t024w7h6 author = Fang, Ferric C title = The Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19-- Frequently-Asked Questions date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = As communities attempt to re-open following periods of shutdown, the detection of both SARS-CoV-2 and specific antibodies recognizing the virus will become increasingly important as a means to assess infection and immunity in individuals and communities. In view of the less than ideal sensitivity of an NP swab to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection, it may be useful to repeat testing in a patient in whom the clinical suspicion is high (32) . Although the primary use of serologic tests is to determine prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2, the detection of specific antibodies may support the diagnosis of COVID-19 in a patient with a high clinical suspicion but negative PCR tests (57-59). Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China Early detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 patients as a serologic marker of infection doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa742 id = cord-290267-ke696q8j author = Fang, Huilin title = Impact of comorbidities on clinical prognosis in 1280 patients with different types of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; comorbiditie; patient summary = In this study, we included patients with COVID-19, divided them into ordinary, severe, and critical types according to the clinical manifestations at admission, and aimed to assess the impact of comorbidities on prognosis in patients with three different types of COVID-19, and to provide reference for the treatment of these patients. According to the Diagnosis and Treatment Program of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (Trial Seventh Edition) issued by the National Health Commission, all patients were divided into ordinary, severe, and critical types based on their clinical manifestations at admission. These results indicated that comorbidities can significantly affect the clinical course (length of hospital stay, time from onset to discharge) of ordinary patients, reduce the cure rate, and increase mortality rate of critical patients. In terms of clinical symptoms, ordinary patients without hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart disease had a significantly higher proportion of fever compared with patients who had those comorbidities (p<0.05). doi = 10.1136/jim-2020-001555 id = cord-277188-t33nw4zb author = Fang, Jie title = Efficacy of Early Combination Therapy With Lianhuaqingwen and Arbidol in Moderate and Severe COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study date = 2020-09-18 keywords = Arbidol; COVID-19; LHQW; SARS summary = RESULTS: The early combined usage of LHQW and Arbidol can significantly accelerate the recovery of patients with moderate COVID-19 by reducing the time to conversion to nucleic acid negativity, the time to chest CT improvement, and the length of hospital stay. One case report of four patients with mild or severe COVID-19 in Shanghai (China) found that combining antiviral drugs (lopinavir/ ritonavir or Arbidol) with TCM (Shufengjiedu capsule) resulted in a significant improvement in clinical symptoms . In conclusion, this retrospective study demonstrated that the early administration of LHQW + Arbidol combination therapy could significantly accelerate recovery in patients with moderate COVID-19 by reducing the time to conversion to nucleic acid Frontiers in Pharmacology | www.frontiersin.org September 2020 | Volume 11 | Article 560209 negativity, the time to chest CT improvement and the length of hospital stay. doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.560209 id = cord-023038-p9w9fwak author = Fang, Mengjie title = CT radiomics can help screen the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a preliminary study date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19; radiomic summary = The radiomics, which explores huge amounts of features from medical image for disease diagnosis, may help the screen of the COVID-19. The radiomics workflow of this study includes retrospective data collection, lung lesion segmentation, image preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection and signature construction, and performance evaluation. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves are plotted for the features and the radiomic signature to assess their predictive performances and are compared using the Delong test. The stratification analysis is presented on gender, age, with/without chronic disease and degree of severity to evaluate the association of radiomic signature with COVID-19 in different clinical subgroups. We evaluate the predictive ability of the radiomic features based on univariate analysis, and find that 23 features yield significant differences between COVID-19 and other types of pneumonias with p-values < 0.05. The experimental results have demonstrated that many radiomic features from the pneumonia are highly associated with the infection of COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s11432-020-2849-3 id = cord-315961-rnzy0wlr author = Fang, Nancy Z. title = A hospital-based COVID-19 abortion case in the early phase of the pandemic() date = 2020-05-19 keywords = covid-19 summary = In this case report we discuss changes in hospital-based abortion care due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this case report we discuss changes in hospital-based abortion care due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The first confirmed case of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) occurred in New York State on March 1, 2020; widespread community transmission followed. Throughout this time, our hospital recommended N95 masks and face shields for healthcare workers and negative pressure rooms, if available, during aerosolizing procedures in known or suspected COVID-19 infection. This case report describes our experience caring for an asymptomatic COVID-19 positive patient. Further, home-based care or hospitalization would increase COVID-19 exposure. We recommend staff providing surgical abortion or anesthesia universally use PPE advised for COVID-19 positive patients in settings with high rates of community transmission. COVID-19 infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women: Two weeks of confirmed presentations to an affiliated pair of New York City hospitals COVID-19: The Case for Health-Care Worker Screening to Prevent Hospital Transmission. doi = 10.1016/j.contraception.2020.05.005 id = cord-330151-7ylnxtcq author = Fang, Shilin title = Decreased complement C3 levels are associated with poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Decreased complement C3 levels are associated with poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study METHODS: The levels of total immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE), complement (C3, C4) results were retrospectively analyzed in COVID-19 patients. Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (HR: 1.099; 95%CI: 1.057-1.143; p < 0.0001), d-dimer greater (HR: 1.294; 95%CI: 1.138-1.473; p < 0.0001) and decreased complement C3 level (HR: 0.073; 95%CI: 0.007-0.722; p = 0.025) on admission. Finally, in survival COVID-19 patients whose humoral immunity was re-examined, C3 levels tended to increase, while in non-survivors it decreased. Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 330 and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of 394 severe COVID-19 infection: A report of five cases, Translational research : the journal of 395 laboratory and clinical medicine doi = 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107070 id = cord-334298-b3uv6310 author = Fang, Xinyu title = Depressive symptoms in the front-line non-medical workers during the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan date = 2020-07-16 keywords = covid-19; line summary = Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest the targeted psychological intervention measures should be developed to improve the mental health of non-medical workers on the front-line of COVID-19 epidemic, especially the females and younger individuals. Only subjects who meet the following criteria and chose yes were taken to the questionnaire page: 1) age > 20 years, 2) no dyslexia, 3) As a front-line non-medical volunteer in Wuhan, 4) in good health of the physical condition as no heart, liver, kidney and other physical diseases, not take any medicine for nearly 1 month, 5) never been diagnosed with a mental disorder, 6) worked on the front-line of COVID-19 outbreak for more than 15 days, 7) Willing to participate in this survey. After stepwise logistic regression analysis was conducted, variables including post-90s (β = 0.908, P = 0.016), the overall emotional reaction (β = 0.122, P = 0.005) and physical reaction (β = 0.124, P = 0.020) in SQR were significant independent responsible for the development of depression in front-line non-medical workers volunteered in Wuhan during COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.078 id = cord-269044-47dmpmo0 author = Fantola, Giovanni title = Is There a Role for ERAS Program Implementation to Restart Bariatric Surgery After the Peak of COVID-19 Pandemic? date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Is There a Role for ERAS Program Implementation to Restart Bariatric Surgery After the Peak of COVID-19 Pandemic? "All elective surgical and endoscopic cases for metabolic and bariatric surgery should be postponed during the pandemic. COVID-19 pandemic showed the intrinsic frailty of those patients affected by obesity and metabolic syndrome, while obesity "per se" is considered a risk factor for infection, need ICU admission, and death [16, 17] . We still do not know what will happen after COVID19 peak, but it is reasonable to envision a slow and progressive restart of elective surgical activity during the second pandemic phase, when the risk of infection could remain still quite high but acceptable. Hospital will remain one of the main sites of virus spreading, and surgeons need to protect patient with obesity from the present COVID-19 extraordinary virulence. Recommendations for metabolic and bariatric surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic from IFSO doi = 10.1007/s11695-020-04676-0 id = cord-286335-benansqq author = Faqihi, Fahad title = Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and Bordetella bronchiseptica in a young man with idiopathic non-cystic bronchiectasis and vitamin D(3) deficiency date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and Bordetella bronchiseptica in a young man with idiopathic non-cystic bronchiectasis and vitamin D(3) deficiency This is the first reported case, to our knowledge, of co-infection of Bordetella bronchiseptica and SARS-CoV-2 in a young patient with underlying idiopathic bronchiectasis and vitamin D(3) deficiency that was treated successfully with a combination therapeutic regime integrating doxycycline, empiric therapies for COVID-19, vitamin D supplementation, and supportive ICU care. Notably, it has been speculated that vitamin D 3 supplementation may reduce the infection risk in idiopathic bronchiectasis as well as ameliorate the severity of symptoms in COVID-19 [11, 12] . We are briefly presenting a rare co-infection of Bordetella bronchiseptica and SARS-CoV-2 in a young man with underlying idiopathic bronchiectasis and vitamin D 3 deficiency. Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Clinical and computed tomographic imaging features of novel coronavirus pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 doi = 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101203 id = cord-295341-wkehj39d author = Faqihi, Fahad title = Comment on Hu et al: The cytokine storm and COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The authors outlined the main pathophysiologic features of the cytokine storm, which was linked to fulminant SARS‐CoV‐2 disease (COVID‐19) and its putative therapies, in the absence of effective vaccines and antiviral treatment. TPE still carries the risk of exposure to a highly transmissible virus; hence, proper application of personal protective equipment by the staff, careful handling of the TPE devices, and utilization of the pertinent disposables as biohazardous materials is deemed to be necessary as should be the case for all extracorporeal blood purification therapies used in COVID-19 patients. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients With Severe and Life-threatening COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial doi = 10.1002/jmv.26396 id = cord-340029-iv2x1vap author = Farabi, Banu title = Comment on “Psoriasis, COVID‐19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome: focusing on the risk of concomitant biological treatment” date = 2020-06-14 keywords = covid-19 summary = showed that there is no death due to COVID-19 and only one hospitalization, fully recovered amongst the patients with chronic plaque psoriasis receiving a biological treatment and renal transplant recipients who were under immunosuppressive therapies (4) . Since, we do not have much data on biologics in psoriasis patients effecting COVID-19 disease course, current data suggests that there is no increase morbidity/ mortality amongst these patients. Risk of hospitalization and death from COVID-19 infection in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis receiving a biological treatment and renal transplanted recipients in maintenance immunosuppressive treatment Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Biologic Therapy in Psoriasis: Infection Risk and Patient Counseling in Uncertain Times Safety and effectiveness of conventional systemic therapy and biological drugs in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis and HIV infection: a retrospective multicenter study Psoriasis treatment in HIV-positive patients: a systematic review of systemic immunosuppressive therapies doi = 10.1111/dth.13840 id = cord-347121-5drl3xas author = Farah, I. title = A global omics data sharing and analytics marketplace: Case study of a rapid data COVID-19 pandemic response platform. date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; September; Shivom; data; datum; patient; platform; research summary = The platform combines patient genomic & omics data sets, a marketplace for AI & bioinformatics algorithms, new diagnostic tools, and data-sharing capabilities to advance virus epidemiology and biomarker discovery. The platform is a proven research ecosystem used by universities, biotech, and bioinformatics organizations to share and analyze omics data and can be used for a variety of use cases; from precision medicine, drug discovery, translational science to building data repositories, and tackling a disease outbreak. Our approach is designed to provide healthcare professionals with an urgently needed platform to find and analyze genetic data, and securely and anonymously share sensitive patient data to fight the disease outbreak. Among other use-cases, the provided platform can be used to rapidly study SARS-CoV-2, including analyses of the host response to COVID-19 disease, establish a multi-institutional collaborative datahub for rapid response for current and future pandemics, characterizing potential co-infections, and identifying potential therapeutic targets for preclinical and clinical development. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.28.20203257 id = cord-279468-xe84s5i4 author = Fares, Elie title = DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR HEMORRHAGE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS DUE TO COVID-19 date = 2020-10-31 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR HEMORRHAGE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS DUE TO COVID-19 Chest X-ray showed dense bilateral airspace opacities. DISCUSSION: While the primary signs and symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, and dyspnea, other reported manifesations include kawasaki-like disease in children (2) and cutaneous manifestations such as livedo reticularis (3). We believe that in our case the patient''s infection with COVID-19 & its subsequent increased inflammatory state led to her developing MPA vasculitis with subsequent pulmonary-renal syndrome complicated by diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, rapidly progressive renal failure and ultimately death. Her clinical and serologic picture were consistent with a diagnosis of microscopic polyangiitis. With vasculitis potentially being one of COVID-19''s presenting symptoms, prompt diagnosis and intervention is essential in improving outcomes. Kawasaki-like disease: emerging complication during the COVID-19 pandemic Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: Report of three cases and a review of literature doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.722 id = cord-354353-hyz0gmpz author = Farhangrazi, Z. Shadi title = Airborne Particulate Matter and SARS-CoV-2 Partnership: Virus Hitchhiking, Stabilization and Immune Cell Targeting — A Hypothesis date = 2020-09-24 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = While long-term exposure to air pollutants such as PM 2.5 and nitrous dioxide contributes to persistent inflammatory responses and cardiopulmonary diseases (7) , which might increase vulnerability to COVID-19, it is also plausible that depending on the environment SARS-CoV-2 "hitchhiking" on airborne PM pollutants might be an additional mechanism for spreading the infection. In summary, although long-term exposure to polluted air might increase vulnerability to COVID-19 through prior adverse cellular effects of settled PM (24), our proposed "hitchhiking" hypothesis offers an additional multi-mechanistic pathogenic process through delivery of low viral titres with diverse PM-virus composites and is applicable to both indoor and outdoor situations, where the pathogenic severity is dependent on PM concentration, composition, shape and size as well as the infectious viral load. Contrary to the suggestions that long-term exposure to PM might increase vulnerability to SAR-CoV-2 infection, inhaled PM might promote some forms of immunity to the virus in some individuals. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579352 id = cord-315310-j739aqso author = Farhoudian, A. title = A global survey on changes in the supply, price and use of illicit drugs and alcohol, and related complications during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; July summary = Measurements: To assess addiction medicine professionals'' perceived changes in drug and alcohol supply, price, use pattern and related complications during the COVID-19 pandemic. To assess addiction medicine professionals'' perceived changes in drug and alcohol supply, price, use pattern and related complications during the COVID-19 pandemic. 16.20155341 doi: medRxiv preprint Here, we report results from the first round of the ISAM global survey on drug and alcohol use, price, supply and complications during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper provides an analysis of data obtained from the situation assessment section of the survey concerning changes in drug use, supply, price, risky behaviors, as well as related measures namely morbidities, mortalities and overdose rates during the COVID-19 pandemic period in different countries (18). doi = 10.1101/2020.07.16.20155341 id = cord-283287-073r80s7 author = Farhoudian, Ali title = COVID-19 and Substance Use Disorders: Recommendations to a Comprehensive Healthcare Response. An International Society of Addiction Medicine Practice and Policy Interest Group Position Paper date = 2020-04-12 keywords = COVID-19; Health; Organization; PWUD; drug; risk; treatment summary = People Who Use Drugs (PWUD) are a marginalized and stigmatized group with weaker immunity responses, vulnerability to stress, poor health conditions, high-risk behaviors, and lower access to health care services. In this paper, an international group of experts on addiction medicine, infectious diseases, and disaster psychiatry explore the possible raised concerns in this issue and provide recommendations to manage the comorbidity of COVID-19 and Substance Use Disorder (SUD). Therefore, a group of international experts on addiction medicine, infectious diseases, and disaster management teamed up to explore the comorbidity of COVID-19 infection with substance use disorder and identify the necessary recommendations for health service providers and policymakers in this situation. Health authorities should develop and apply specific strategies for PWUD for early COVID-19 identification and patient isolation, interrupting transmission, providing appropriate care, attending medical issues, and minimizing negative social impact. doi = 10.32598/bcn.11.covid19.1 id = cord-298475-3bhiattk author = Farmaki, Anna title = Impacts of Covid-19 on peer-to-peer accommodation platforms: Host perceptions and responses date = 2020-09-03 keywords = Airbnb; accommodation; covid-19; host; p2p; pandemic summary = The peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation sector has attempted to follow suit, with platforms such as Airbnb and Booking.com responding to the effects of Covid-19 in numerous ways. In recent years changes have been observed in the P2P accommodation sector as the growth of certain platforms (i.e. Airbnb) and the competition among hosts has led to the adoption of professional hospitality standards (Farmaki and Kaniadakis, 2020; . Within this type of hosts, we also identified participants that were previously involved in long-term renting; yet, they decided to switch to short-term rentals via P2P accommodation platforms as their popularity grew, allowing them to earn more money. Overall, five types of hosts were identified and categorised on a continuum (figure 1) according to their long-term perspective (i.e. decision to continue hosting on P2P accommodation platforms) and level of practice adjustment. doi = 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102663 id = cord-281003-7pdhxdzc author = Farmakis, Dimitrios title = COVID‐19 and thalassaemia: A position statement of the Thalassaemia International Federation date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; blood; patient summary = METHODS: The present statement summarizes the key challenges concerning the management of haemoglobinopathies, with particular focus on patients with either transfusion‐dependent or non‐transfusion‐dependent thalassaemia, identifies the gaps in knowledge and suggests measures and strategies to deal with the pandemic, based on available evidence and expert opinions. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected millions across the world, having caused hundreds of thousands deaths. However, disease-related complications may affect multiple organs including the heart, liver, endocrine glands, lungs and the immune system, thus rendering this patient population at an increased risk to develop serious complications during COVID-19. 2, 3, 11 This is especially so in patients who receive suboptimal management and lack access to modern therapy and Thalassaemia patients do not have the same risk of pulmonary infections with sickle cell disease patients but, they may have multiple organ complications, often due to iron overload, including cardiac and hepatic, diabetes mellitus and endocrine disease. doi = 10.1111/ejh.13476 id = cord-352460-ql0eogzz author = Farmer, Nicole title = COVID-19: Growing Health Disparity Gaps and an Opportunity for Health Behavior Discovery? date = 2020-07-10 keywords = Americans; covid-19; health summary = Reasons for the disparity in COVID-19 affecting African Americans are likely multifactorial, including structural inequities and social injustice, misinformation about infection risk, limited testing availability and health care access, and disproportionate prevalence of preexisting conditions. 13 Consequences of these neighborhood environments can directly impact physical and mental health: less access to foods identified to prevent chronic diseases, 14 increased exposure to violence, 15, 16 and less access to green space, 17 a known mitigating factor of psychosocial stress. Examples of how multilevel interventions may be useful during this pandemic to address psychosocial health and health-promoting behaviors may include health communication and messaging interventions (institutional and societal levels); promotion and identification of locations within an area to engage in social distancing physical activities (neighborhood levels); family-based interventions around instrumental or emotional support (interpersonal level); and psychological interventions on perception and self-awareness of behaviors (individual level). doi = 10.1089/heq.2020.0026 id = cord-322641-mz0b91xr author = Farnsworth, Christopher W title = SARS-CoV-2 Serology: Much Hype, Little Data date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In response to a lack of COVID-19 testing the FDA issued guidance regarding serologic assays, stating that although manufacturers could use the Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) pathway for approval, serologic assays could also be marketed in the US bypassing this approval process (2) . Serology has been suggested to play three roles in the COVID-19 pandemic; 1) diagnosis, 2) identification of convalescent plasma donors, 3) screening populations with the purpose of determining exposure and immunity. If the prevalence of COVID-19 in the population is 20% a test with a sensitivity and specificity of 98% will make the value of a positive result (PPV) 92.5% (Figure 1 ). The importance of specificity of serologic tests for screening low prevalence populations was recently demonstrated in a non-peer reviewed publication (11) . The authors found that 1.5% of those screened were positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and, after analysis, found the estimated prevalence to be 2.4%. doi = 10.1093/clinchem/hvaa107 id = cord-344252-6g3zzj0o author = Farooq, Junaid title = A Novel Adaptive Deep Learning Model of Covid-19 with focus on mortality reduction strategies date = 2020-07-21 keywords = Risk; covid-19; death; model summary = We employ deep learning to propose an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based and data stream guided real-time incremental learning algorithm for parameter estimation of a non-intrusive, intelligent, adaptive and online analytical model of Covid-19 disease. In this work, we employ deep learning to propose an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based real-time online incremental learning technique to estimate parameters of a data stream guided analytical model of Covid-19 to study the transmission dynamics and prevention mechanism for SARS-Cov-2 novel coronavirus in order to aid in optimal policy formulation, efficient decision making, forecasting and simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this paper develops for the first time a deep learning model of epidemic diseases with data science approach in which parameters are intelligently adapted to the new ground realities with fast evolving infection dynamics. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110148 id = cord-263244-dv2baj6j author = Farooqi, Kanwal M. title = Recommendations for Risk Stratified Use of Cardiac Computed Tomography for Congenital Heart Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-09 keywords = CCT; covid-19 summary = title: Recommendations for Risk Stratified Use of Cardiac Computed Tomography for Congenital Heart Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic We have stratified the most common indications for cardiac computed tomography (CCT) imaging in patients with CHD to help guide care for these patients during the COVID-19 pandemic including considerations for reopening. Cardiac computed tomography (CCT) is used to define cardiac anatomy in patients with known or suspected congenital heart disease (CHD) primarily to determine optimal timing of surgical or catheter based intervention, and to guide medical management [1] . The use of CCT amidst the COVID-19 pandemic for adult cardiac indications is outlined in recently published guidelines from the Society of Computed Tomography (SCCT) [3] . The use of cardiac computed tomography (CCT) in congenital heart disease (CHD) patients requires stratification to protect patients and staff, optimize use of personal protective equipment and minimize risk of adverse outcome from deferred testing. doi = 10.1016/j.jcct.2020.06.003 id = cord-353824-0oyvia6d author = Farooque, Umar title = Coronavirus Disease 2019-Related Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Case Report date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19; patient; stroke summary = Here we present a case of a patient with COVID-19 who presented with acute ischemic stroke in the absence of common risk factors for cerebrovascular accidents. A 70-year-old male patient, with no prior comorbidities, presented to the emergency department (ED) with fever, cough, and shortness of breath for four days, and altered level of consciousness and right-sided weakness with the sensory loss for one day. Here we report a case of a patient with COVID-19 who presented with acute ischemic stroke without any predisposing conventional risk factors for cerebrovascular accident. Older age, high sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, cardiovascular diseases, secondary infections, ARDS, acute renal injury, lymphopenia, and elevated liver enzymes, CRP, ferritin, fibrin, and d-dimers are some of the factors in COVID-19 cases which can identify patients at risk of in-hospital mortality [13] . COVID-19 is an independent risk factor for acute ischemic stroke doi = 10.7759/cureus.10310 id = cord-352538-cb3j2y1s author = Farrell, Penny title = COVID-19 and Pacific food system resilience: opportunities to build a robust response date = 2020-07-20 keywords = Islands; Pacific; University; covid-19; food summary = Bolstering regional production and intraregional trade in a currently import-dependent region could strengthen the regional economy, and provide the health benefits of consuming locally produced and harvested fresh foods – as well as decreasing reliance on global supply chains. Population data sourced from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2020b) Table 1 Summary of key potential food system impacts in the Pacific region Global analysis of potential COVID-19 related impacts on food systems Pacific-specific food system context Potential food system, food security and nutrition impacts in Pacific Production Access to inputs may be limited by restrictions on travel, reducing agricultural production, yields and income; access to services may be reduced (e.g. veterinary, extension services). Domestically produced food supply to urban centres reduced (e.g. root crops, fruit, vegetables); potential reductions in distribution of imported food to rural areas; likely differential impacts for producers (e.g. based on geographical location, own transport); home gardening won''t be affected. doi = 10.1007/s12571-020-01087-y id = cord-337926-6ddvqowr author = Farrell, Sarah title = Recommendations for the Care of Pediatric Orthopaedic Patients During the COVID Pandemic date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID; orthopaedic; patient summary = The COVID pandemic has necessitated modifications to pediatric orthopaedic practice to protect patients, families, and healthcare workers and to minimize viral transmission. These guidelines, based on expert opinion and best available evidence, provide a framework for the management of pediatric orthopaedic patients during the COVID pandemic. Recommendations-General considerations [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] (1) Limit in-person patient review to definitive decision-maker (Attending surgeon) (1) Minimize personnel-excuse medical students and company representatives (2) Avoid laminar flow (3) Use N95 masks and gogglespower tools may be associated with significant droplet and fine particle generation (4) Use additional face shield-can be reusable (5) Do not use pulse lavage (6) Limit team in the operating room during high-risk periods-intubation/extubation (7) Use electrocautery with smoke evacuator (8) Use absorbable sutures as much as possible (9) Use clear dressings (10) Avoid PICO dressings (11) Use splints and removable casts doi = 10.5435/jaaos-d-20-00391 id = cord-208179-9pwjnrgl author = Farrell, Tracie title = Vindication, Virtue and Vitriol: A study of online engagement and abuse toward British MPs during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-12 keywords = Brexit; COVID-19; Johnson; Twitter; abuse; tweet summary = COVID-19 has given rise to malicious content online, including online abuse and hate toward British MPs. In order to understand and contextualise the level of abuse MPs receive, we consider how ministers use social media to communicate about the crisis, and the citizen engagement that this generates. However the correlation is significant across the sample of all MPs. The reaction of the public to the Conservative party and the government''s actions during COVID-19 may be related to the conditions of a public health crisis as discussed in [58, 39] , in which citizens may feel more motivated to trust authorities, although it may also follow from the crisis engaging a different group of people than usually respond to politicians on Twitter. Our third research question asked: Which social media activities of UK MPs during the COVID-19 pandemic receive the most abusive replies? doi = nan id = cord-354619-pftjhtpo author = Farronato, Marco title = A Call for Action to Safely Deliver Oral Health Care during and Post COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-15 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; DHCW; SARS; patient summary = The oral cavity is purported to be one of the main host sites, both for entry and transmission, implicated in SARS-CoV-2 spread either through contact, droplet, aerosols, or saliva. Evidence suggests that the classic mechanism of transmission, contact and droplet spread, can be contained mostly by isolating symptomatic patients and by the use of facial masks/facial coverings, which de facto provides a physical barrier to the oral cavity and nose, the primary source of infection for droplets and larger aerosol particles. Following the above proposed guidelines, no cases COVID-19 disease transmission after single or multiple dental consultations was registered among the DHCW or patients. Classified as operative and non-operative, depending on their ability to work in the oral cavity or/and provide an essential outside support, the DHCW and the patients visiting the dental practice are undeniably at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and further transmission [41] . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17186704 id = cord-330104-wgo4pml6 author = Farrugia, Gianrico title = Innovation Lessons From the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In the ensuing weeks, health care organizations, industry partners, and government agencies worldwide have quickly come together to address pandemic challenges such as scaling high-quality laboratory tests, conducting treatment research, and enabling virtual health care in a time of social distancing. What we have accomplished together to date demonstrates the opportunity for future cross-sector partnerships in science and technology to fight the disease, while simultaneously creating the new digital health care solutions that our world greatly needs. Instead, we must seize the opportunity for cross-sector partnerships in science and technology to fight the disease, while simultaneously deploying new digital health care solutions that our world greatly needs. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) facilitated expanding access with The COVID-19 Telehealth Program, fasttracking application processes and funding to help health care providers quickly establish telehealth services for remote patients. doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.05.024 id = cord-257191-u5xnmsv8 author = Farshi, Esmaeil title = Investigation of immune cells on elimination of pulmonary‐Infected COVID‐19 and important role of innate immunity, phagocytes date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] Lethal disease in BALB/c mice infected with a mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV, MA15, showed a lack of activation of innate immune response, resulting in a barely detectable antivirus T cell response. 8 On the other hand, aged BALB/c mice that were infected with a human clinical isolate of SARS-CoV (Urbani strain) successfully eliminated the invasive virus within 1 week post-infection; these mice exhibited high and prolonged levels of viral replication, signs consistent with clinical symptoms, and pathologic changes in the lung resembling those seen in elderly SARS patients. In this study, we attempted to identify the types of immune cells that contribute to clearing COVID-19 during the acute phase of the infection in mice models plus human. Cellular immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection in senescent BALB/c mice: CD4+ T cells are important in control of SARS-CoV infection doi = 10.1002/rmv.2158 id = cord-291613-pfgy9ztl author = Farshidpour, Maham title = A brief review of liver injury in patients with Corona Virus Disease-19 during the pandemic date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Corona Virus Disease (COVID)-19 is a respiratory viral infection caused by a newly emergent coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has since evolved into a pandemic with a global risk to human health [1] . Although abnormal liver enzymes were regularly described as an extrapulmonary clinical feature, and almost one half of patients experienced grades of hepatic injury [6] [7] [8] [9] , liver damage in patients with SARS infections was primarily manifested in the mild and moderate elevation of alanine and/or aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST) with some degree of hypoalbuminemia and hyperbilirubinemia during the early stage of the illness [10, 11] . In this brief review article, we summarized the characteristics and mechanism of liver injury in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, with the hope of guiding further study on this important topic. Clinical characteristics of non-ICU hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and liver injury: a retrospective study doi = 10.1007/s12664-020-01068-1 id = cord-288311-8kcturbn author = Fassihi, Safa C. title = Novel Approach for Low‐Dose Pulmonary Delivery of Hydroxychloroquine in COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ summary = This lack of clinical efficacy in treating asthma cannot be translated to COVID-19, which has a different etiology for pulmonary inflammation and is a disease process that stands to benefit from the anti-viral effects of HCQ. Although further evidence is needed to determine the efficacy of aerosolized HCQ in the treatment of COVID-19, low-dose targeted pulmonary delivery represents a safe and potentially preferred delivery method, particularly given the purported mechanisms by which HCQ acts against SARS-CoV-2. In light of the consequences seen with widespread use of high-dose, orally-administered HCQ in the treatment of COVID-19, clinical testing of the pharmacological parameters of inhaled or nebulized HCQ should be a high priority. However, if HCQ is to be administered in critically ill COVID-19 patients, low-dose inhaled or nebulized therapy may confer the collective benefits of similar or greater drug concentrations in pulmonary tissues, less systemic adverse effects (including cardiotoxicity), decreased burden on the healthcare system, and diminished strain on the existing supply of hydroxychloroquine. doi = 10.1111/bph.15167 id = cord-310084-taaz6mhs author = Fatehi, Poya title = Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke and COVID-19: Case Series date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Factors such as old age, hypertension, diabetes, neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia, high inflammatory indicators, and blood coagulation disorders are the key agents in causing death and respiratory distress in patients with COVID-19 [1] . In this article, we report several cases of patients with coronavirus with brain disorders who have been admitted to Tohid Hospital in Sanandaj, Iran. In the next step, due to frequent headaches and decreased consciousness, the patient underwent a brain CT scan by the order of a neurologist who observed the initial images and examinations (Fig. 2 ) of the hypodense areas in the left parietal area. Cranial CT scan imaging showed the areas of the hypodermis in the left parietal region of the brain (case 5) coronavirus according to the diagnostic protocols. Evidence from previous studies have indicated that patients with severe coronavirus disease might experience respiratory failure with an urgent need for artificial respiration, and other organ dysfunction [7] . doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00559-8 id = cord-256736-ep9aqpfs author = Fathi, Nazanin title = Lymphopenia in COVID‐19: Therapeutic opportunities date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Inability to eradicate the infected organ makes hyperinitiation of the immune system, which releases the excessive inflammatory cytokines to compensate the exhausted one as well as the low lymphocytes counts; it consequently leads to the cytokine storm syndrome. In SARS-CoV, similar to other viruses, the adaptive immune response plays a critical role to restrict the viral infections. suppression of PD1/PD-L1) could inhibit lymphopenia and also compensate the lymphocyte counts in severe patients of COVID-19. A multicenter, randomized controlled trial among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia with cytokine storm syndrome has been licensed to use the tocilizumab (IL-6 receptor blockade) in China. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection triggers spontaneous differential expression of biosignatures associated with T cell exhaustion and apoptosis signaling in peripheral blood mononucleocytes Viral persistence and chronicity in hepatitis C virus infection: role of T-cell apoptosis, senescence and exhaustion Interferon-mediated immunopathological events are associated with atypical innate and adaptive immune responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome doi = 10.1002/cbin.11403 id = cord-312609-gv1khfmo author = Fatima, Nida title = Impact of COVID-19 on neurological manifestations: an overview of stroke presentation in pandemic date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Therefore, the authors sought to determine the etiology, underlying risk factors, and outcomes among patients with COVID-19 presenting with stroke. Almost all of the patients presented had underlying risk factors predisposing to stroke which included diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and previous history of cerebrovascular disease. Therefore, we carried out a systematic review of all available literature on patients infected with novel COVID-19 presenting with stroke to determine the overall impact of this pandemic and outcomes among patients having neurological manifestations. Almost all of the patients had underlying risk factors predisposing to stroke which included diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and previous history of cerebrovascular disease. Our systematic review determined the underlying risk factors leading to stroke among COVID-19 patients, and outcomes among these patients. A recently conducted meta-analysis of 8 studies from China, including 46,248 infected patients, showed that the most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (17%) and diabetes mellitus (8%), followed by cardiovascular diseases (5%) [18, 19] . doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04637-6 id = cord-344404-whdxjef0 author = Fatmi, Mahmudur Rahman title = COVID – 19 Impact on Urban Mobility date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID summary = This study utilizes data from the COVID – 19 Survey for assessing Travel impact (COST) for the Kelowna region of British Columbia, Canada. A comparative analysis of adjustment in out-of-home activities during COVID – 19 and the pre-pandemic period suggests that work-related travel increased for some occupations such as health, community, government, and sales and services. Data from the COST survey is utilized to analyze engagement in in-home activities, out-of-home travel activities, and long-distance travel of individuals residing in the Kelowna region of Canada. This section presents analysis regarding individuals'' daily activities including out-of-home activities and in-home activities, and long-distance travel immediately following the travel restrictions imposed in British Columbia, Canada. A comparative analysis of adjustment in the out-of-home activities during COVID -19 and the pre-pandemic period suggests that work-related travel increased for some occupations such as health, education, law, community, government, and sales and services. doi = 10.1016/j.jum.2020.08.002 id = cord-331427-lwpjj3b9 author = Faulkner, J. title = Physical activity, mental health and well-being of adults during early COVID-19 containment strategies: A multi-country cross-sectional analysis date = 2020-07-16 keywords = covid-19 summary = Objectives: To assess how the early stages of National governments Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) containment strategies impacted upon the physical activity, mental health and well-being of adults in the UK, Ireland, New Zealand and Australia Design: Observational, cross-sectional Setting: Online survey disseminated in the UK, Ireland, New Zealand and Australia within the first 2-6 weeks of government mandated COVID-19 restrictions Participants: Adults (n = 8,425; 44.5 [14.8] y), [≥] 18 y who were residing in the surveyed countries Main outcome measures: Stages of Change scale for exercise behaviour change, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short-form), World Health Organisation-5 Well-being Index and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-9 Results: Participants who reported a negative change in exercise behaviour between preand during the early COVID-19 restrictions demonstrated poorer mental health and well-being compared to those who had either a positive changeor no change in their exercise behaviour (p<0.001). doi = 10.1101/2020.07.15.20153791 id = cord-280373-xhvhep84 author = Faust, A. title = Challenges and proposed solutions in making clinical research on COVID-19 ethical. A status quo analysis across German research ethics committees date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; challenge; study summary = Methods: We conducted a qualitative survey across all 52 German RECs on the challenges and potential solutions with reviewing proposals for COVID-19 studies. For the review of these proposals the RECs indicated a broad spectrum of challenges regarding i) social value (e.g. lack of coordination), ii) scientific validity (e.g. provisional study planning), iii) favourable risk-benefit ratio (e.g. difficult benefit assessment), iv) informed consent (e.g. strict isolation measures), v) independent review (e.g. lack of time), vi) fair selection of trial participants (e.g. inclusion of vulnerable groups), and vii) respect for study participants (e.g. data security). The qualitative responses from the 22 RECs on perceived challenges and proposed solutions were all grouped under one or more of seven principles of the employed research ethics framework: social value, scientific validity, informed consent, respect for participants, independent review, favourable risk-benefit analysis and fair participant selection. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.11.20168773 id = cord-303656-wtqwghon author = Faust, Jeremy title = Relative disease burdens of COVID-19 and seasonal influenza in New York City, February 1 - April 18, 2020. date = 2020-04-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = Comparisons between the mortality burdens of COVID-19 and seasonal influenza often fail to account for the fact that the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports annual influenza mortality estimates which are calculated based upon a series of assumptions about the underreporting of flu deaths. In this report, we compare COVID-19 death counts to seasonal influenza death counts in New York City during the interval from February 1 April 18, 2020. Seasonal influenza mortality is reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as adjusted estimates, and also includes pneumonia deaths caused by other pathogens. Here, we compare the excess deaths in New York City to seasonal influenza counted deaths over the 76-day interval, as well as counted COVID-19 deaths as reported by the CDC and the New York Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYDOH). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.22.20073551 id = cord-326916-bakwk4tm author = Fauver, Joseph R. title = Coast-to-Coast Spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the Early Epidemic in the United States date = 2020-05-07 keywords = Connecticut; SARS; States; United; covid-19 summary = To uncover the sources of SARS-CoV-2 introductions and patterns of spread within the United States, we sequenced nine viral genomes from early reported COVID-19 patients in Connecticut. To delineate the roles of domestic and international virus spread in the emergence of new United States COVID-19 outbreaks, we sequenced SARS-CoV-2 viruses collected from cases identified in Connecticut. We sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes from nine of the first COVID-19 cases reported in Connecticut, with sample collection dating from March 6-14, 2020 (Data S1). By combining daily passenger volumes ( Figure 2B ) with COVID-19 prevalence at the travel route origin (Figures 2C and 2D) and accounting for differences in reporting rates, we found that the domestic and international SARS-CoV-2 importation risk started to increase dramatically at the beginning of March 2020 ( Figure 2E ). doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.021 id = cord-262626-yk4e737w author = Favaloro, Emmanuel J. title = Recommendations for Minimal Laboratory Testing Panels in Patients with COVID-19: Potential for Prognostic Monitoring date = 2020-04-12 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 1 Although this is recognized as a viral respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathophysiology of the disease is far wider than respiratory, including long-term risk for adverse cardiovascular disease, thromboembolic disorders, and multiple organ failure (MOF). 4, 5 Based on our understanding of the emerging literature, we aim to provide in this short commentary a simple list (►Table 1) of laboratory tests, as may be recommended for patients with COVID-19 and to potentially assist in prognostic monitoring of such patients. D-dimer is associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pooled analysis Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: a meta-analysis doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1709498 id = cord-252784-wfsq0u9o author = Favot, Mark title = Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound for Detecting Severe Presentations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the Emergency Department: A Retrospective Analysis date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; LUS summary = Point-of-care lung ultrasound (LUS) has been suggested as a useful diagnostic modality in these patients (4) as it limits www.ccejournal.org 2020 • Volume 2 • e0176 COVID-19 exposure of ancillary staff, minimizes travel within the hospital for patients, can be performed at the bedside within minutes, and has been shown to be diagnostically superior to CXR in critically ill patients with other respiratory complaints (5) . LUS patterns for detecting COVID-19 have been suggested (4, 6) based on ultrasound (US) theory, case reports, and extrapolation from CT findings; however, diagnostic performance data in an observational analytical study are lacking (6) . Based on prior reports of LUS findings suggestive of COVID-19 lung disease (4-6), LUS images were coded by a blinded US fellowship-trained observer for the presence of nonconfluent and confluent B-lines (based on the same methodology used in the B-lines lung ultrasound-guided emergency department management of acute heart failure (BLUSHED-AHF) study above [7] ), subpleural consolidations, and pleural effusions. doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000176 id = cord-321816-ipbwpw26 author = Fawad, Muhammad title = Simple ideas to mitigate the impacts of the COVID-19 epidemic on refugees with chronic diseases date = 2020-05-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = Simple ideas to mitigate the impacts of the COVID-19 epidemic on refugees with chronic diseases Muhammad Fawad 1 , Fatima Rawashdeh 1 , Parveen K. In Jordan, Syrian refugees with non-communicable diseases typically access clinical care and medications at no cost through clinics supported by humanitarian organizations. Since January, the International Rescue Committee in Jordan has been conducting a study on the impact of supplementing clinical care with out-of-clinic support through a Syrian community health volunteer network, on adherence to medications and prevention of severe outcomes among Syrians and uninsured Jordanians with poorly controlled diabetes and/or hypertension (Clinical-Trials.gov, NCT04229667). As clinical care is resumed, it is important to think about how to use community health volunteers to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 in this population. Second, community health volunteers could provide refugees with a trusted connection to surveillance systems, risk communication, and the epidemic response, which is a major aim of community engagement [5] . doi = 10.1186/s13031-020-00277-x id = cord-338934-61wnbf1t author = Fay, Daniel L. title = Collective Bargaining During Times of Crisis: Recommendations from the COVID‐19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; bargaining; crisis summary = In our roles as public management and policy scholars, and using our experience as practicing public labor relations leaders, we describe the challenges of collective bargaining during the COVID-19 pandemic and present five general recommendations for public sector unions impact bargaining during times of crisis: 1) Initiate negotiations with leadership early and often; 2) Mobilize union members and the workforce represented by the collective bargaining agreement immediately; 3) Prioritize issues for the workforce groups most affected by the crisis; 4) Integrate governmental crisis response to negotiations 5) Formalize impact bargaining agreements. Prior to the pandemic, this same union has packed the room at Board of Trustees (BoT) meetings (Florida State University Board of Trustees, 2020), utilizing the public comment section at the front end of these public, live streamed meetings to have several speakers attest to the harmful deficiencies and unsavory working conditions of GAs. During times when physical presence is impossible, such as during mandatory social distancing orders adopted in response to COVID-19, there are alternative modes of group mobilization that are effective and raise the profile of one"s bargaining efforts. doi = 10.1111/puar.13233 id = cord-291234-rozpps6v author = Faye, C. title = A DISSYMMETRY IN THE FIGURES RELATED TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE WORLD: WHAT FACTORS EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AFRICA AND THE REST OF THE WORLD? date = 2020-05-22 keywords = Africa; country; covid-19; pandemic summary = The method was applied to 60 countries (30 in Africa and 30 in other continents) and 6 variables which are: the Covid-19 situation on Monday 13 April 2020 (confirmed cases and reported deaths), the mean annual temperature and the structure of the proportion (0 to 14 years, 15 to 64 years and over 65 years). The opposing relationship between the Covid-19 pandemic (confirmed cases and reported deaths) and the proportion of elderly (and/or young) is apparent, suggesting that generally the younger a country''s population is (and therefore the fewer vulnerable people), the less likely it is to be affected by the Coronavirus pandemic, and vice versa. Axis 2, with 23.24% variance, is positively related, strongly with the number of confirmed Covid-19 cases, the number of reported deaths and the proportion of elderly in the total population, weakly with the average annual temperature of the country and the proportion of young people in the total population of the country. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.17.20104687 id = cord-208698-gm0b8u52 author = Fazeli, Shayan title = Statistical Analytics and Regional Representation Learning for COVID-19 Pandemic Understanding date = 2020-08-08 keywords = covid-19; feature; information; pandemic summary = • Evaluation of the informativeness of individual features in distinguishing between regions • Correlation analyses and investigating monotonic and non-monotonic relationships between several key features and the pandemic outcomes • Proposing a neural architecture for accurate short-term predictive modeling of the COVID-19 pandemic with minimal use of historical data by leveraging the automatically learned region representations Given the importance of open-research in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, we have also designed OLIVIA [5] . This work is distinguished from the mentioned projects and the majority of statistical works in this area in the sense that it is targeting the role of region-based features in the Spatio-temporal analysis of the pandemic with minimal use of historical data on the outbreak events. Our approach then used various statistical techniques and machine learning to measure the relationship between these regional representations and the pandemic time-series events and perform predictive modeling with minimal use of historical data on the epidemic. doi = nan id = cord-344970-ud1lhkyi author = Fecchi, Katia title = Coronavirus Interplay With Lipid Rafts and Autophagy Unveils Promising Therapeutic Targets date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; virus summary = Lipid rafts are specialized plasma membrane microdomains involved in important processes of the virus infections and of the host target cells (Rosenberger et al., 2000) . This minireview reports on the available knowledge about the interplay between coronaviruses, including the SARS-CoV-2, with lipid rafts and autophagic pathways, in order to focus the attention to novel potential targets to inhibit coronavirus infections. As outlined in this review, lipid rafts and autophagic pathways play a pivotal role in coronavirus infection, being critical for viral entry and replication, as well as for viral release from the host cells. In fact, different drugs described as inhibitors or inducers of the autophagy that control host cell pathways process involved in coronavirus infection, have sparked interest for their potential antiviral activity (Shakya et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020 ; Table 1 ). doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01821 id = cord-329989-176cvimy author = Federico, Antonio title = Scientific publishing in the COVID-19 era: successes and pitfalls date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = All of the journals organized an expediated article evaluation, to enable the scientific community to share, as soon as possible, the emerging information regarding mitigating the effects of the pandemic on human health and providing suggestions concerning drug efficacy and the development of new care organizations. In fact, two studies of drug therapy and COVID-19 have been retracted from two different prestigious journals regarding the quality of the data obtained from an international database held by Surgisphere Corporation, which included electronic health records from 169 hospitals on three continents and was not controlled by the authors. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an extraordinary output of research regarding the novel pathological condition involving many millions of patients; however, this has necessitated an accelerated system of evaluation before publication, which was not easy to organize and that has sometimes failed. doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04550-y id = cord-356122-lzc1ux5z author = Fedson, David DS. title = Statin treatment of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In a recent meta-analysis of four observational studies, Kow and Hasan reported that statins were 30% effective in reducing the severity or mortality of COVID-19 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Nonetheless, several reports have shown that in hypertensive COVID-19 patients, outpatient or inpatient treatment with ACEIs or ARBs is not harmful [12] [13] [14] and, in some instances, these drugs actually improve survival [14] . Nonetheless, the studies summarized in Table 1 , together with future observational reports on the effectiveness of inpatient treatment of COVID-19 patients with statins (and perhaps ACEIs/ARBs), will undoubtedly contribute to their treatment decisions. Effects of ARBs and ACEIs on virus infection, inflammatory status and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients with hypertension: a single center retrospective study Association of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors with severity or risk of death in patients with hypertension hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.09.050 id = cord-261875-6sdqh9bl author = Feinman, Jared W. title = The Fellowship Experience in Adult Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology – strategies for applicants and fellows to navigate the coronavirus crisis date = 2020-05-08 keywords = ACGME; COVID-19; program summary = The pandemic from coronavirus disease -19 is now a global crisis in healthcare and graduate medical education, including the fellowship landscape in adult cardiothoracic anesthesiology for applicants, fellows, faculty and program leadership. The program leadership is able to continue usual protocols with only minor disruptions in fellowship operations, including clinical care, educational and committee activities, and the match process to interview and select future fellows. [3] [4] During stage 2, the fellowship leadership team may suspend parts of the educational program and adjust its strategy for the fellowship application process (full details available at www.acgme.org/covid-19 , last accessed April 16 th 2020). Since the fellowship in adult cardiothoracic anesthesiology is typically a one-year program, the disruptive effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are particularly important in how they impact 8 graduation for most of the current fellows (June 30 th 2020). doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.04.057 id = cord-259223-6b07qiw2 author = Feitosa, Eduardo L title = COVID-19: Rational discovery of the therapeutic potential of Melatonin as a SARS-CoV-2 main Protease Inhibitor date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; Mpro; PDB; SARS; cell; interaction; melatonin summary = Molecular docking studies described the binding sites and the interaction energies of 74 Mpro-ligand complexes deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The search for structural similarity used the 10 hit molecules that presented the best interaction energies (Kcal/mol) measured in the docking study among all 74 ligand-Mpro complexes from PDB. The selected hits (top 10 best-scored compounds identified by previous docking study), as well as their respective similar binders, were docked into SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) with unliganded active site (PDB id: 6Y84). The interaction between melatonin and Mpro (Figure 4) improved the values of binding energy and created a new perspective for a molecule with high therapeutic potential over the COVID-19 pathology to act, so far, only in more severe cases of the disease. To understand the need to clinically evaluate melatonin against Cov-2, we should make a brief introduction to infectious and physiopathological characteristics related mainly to the viral cycle and host immune response in the COVID-19 ( Figure 5) . doi = 10.7150/ijms.48053 id = cord-342459-aroutcgh author = Feldman, Hope A. title = Commentary: Remote Learning Creates More Room at the Table date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The COVID-19 Pandemic has necessitated changes in surgical education. In this Expert Opinion, Dr. Vervoot and colleagues discuss the many benefits to be 20 gained from the increased utilization of online platforms for surgical education and conferences 1 . The settings have changed, yet the learning has continued. While these 29 changes have certainly come with some growing pains, Vervoot and his colleagues have concluded that 30 there should be a role for continued use of these technologies in the future 1 outside of a pandemic, travel may be challenging for trainees and early careerists trying to balance child-39 bearing and child-rearing with academic careers 6 . Virtual Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Disruptive 58 Technology in Graduate Medical Education Using Technology to Maintain the Education of Residents During 60 the COVID-19 Pandemic Cardiothoracic Education in the Time of 62 COVID-19: How I Teach It Surgical Training: An Opportunity to Enhance Education doi = 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.08.002 id = cord-353833-woz5f3gh author = Feldman, Sarah title = How the Coronavirus Disease-2019 May Improve Care: Rethinking Cervical Cancer Prevention date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-2019; care summary = COVID-2019–related health-system changes, like the more rapid evaluation of diagnostic tests and vaccines, the transition to compensated virtual care for most counseling and education visits, and broadened access to home services, offer potential benefits to the delivery of cervical cancer screening and prevention. It would be a tragedy if the morbidity and mortality of COVID-2019 are multiplied because of additional suffering caused by delayed or deferred cancer screening and diagnostic evaluation—but maybe with creativity and reflection, we can use this pandemic to improve care. The benefits to patients (safe convenient visits, less time and cost, ability to schedule visits with experts from afar, particularly in areas with limited local access), providers (compensated time for education and counseling), hospitals (more flexibility to reorganize resources to prioritize acute care but also grow virtually), and public health (promote broader vaccine uptake, attention to population health and the racial and ethnic and socioeconomic disparities that plague our nation). doi = 10.1093/jnci/djaa089 id = cord-322732-82m84n4w author = Felice, C title = Use of RAAS inhibitors and risk of clinical deterioration in COVID-19: results from an Italian cohort of 133 hypertensives date = 2020-06-08 keywords = RAAS; covid-19 summary = We aimed to investigate the association between chronic use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and COVID-19 related outcomes in hypertensive patients. Additional analyses were performed after grouping patients taking ACEIs and ARBs and comparing their clinical outcomes with those A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 5 of hypertensives who were not on RAAS inhibitors. The present study shows that chronic assumption of ACEIs/ARBs did not worsen the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infection in hypertensive patients. A significant lower risk of admission to s-ICU/ICU was observed in COVID-19 positive subjects chronically treated with ACEIs/ARBs as compared to other hypertensive patients, whereas the rates of hospitalization, oxygen therapy, non-invasive ventilation and death did not differ between the two groups. Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1093/ajh/hpaa096 id = cord-278900-3rfb1b71 author = Fell, Michael J. title = Validity of energy social research during and after COVID-19: challenges, considerations, and responses date = 2020-06-13 keywords = covid-19; energy; pandemic; research summary = Largely grounded in existing good practice guidance, our recommendations include collecting and reporting additional supporting contextual data, reviewing aspects of research design for vulnerability to validity challenges, and building in longitudinal elements where feasible. Broadly speaking, these principles involve giving consideration to possible impacts of the pandemic and associated response measures on findings; adjusting research design and data collection to reflect this; and reporting extra contextual detail. Our recommendations address data collection and the reporting of study conditions and context, as well as considerations for study designs in order to ensure high validity of energy social science research conducted during and after the pandemic. In this paper we have set out what we see as important challenges to the validity --internal, external, and of other forms --of social research in energy associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and measures put in place to control it. doi = 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101646 id = cord-260586-ry0roidc author = Felsenstein, Daniel title = Introduction to the Special Issue: Cascading Effects in Disaster Risk Management Cascades - Mapping the Multi-Disciplinary Landscape in a Post-Pandemic World date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; cascade; disaster summary = authors: Felsenstein, Daniel; Shmueli, Deborah F.; Thomas, Deborah S.K. title: Introduction to the Special Issue: Cascading Effects in Disaster Risk Management Cascades Mapping the Multi-Disciplinary Landscape in a Post-Pandemic World The cascading nature of disasters poses significant challenges to risk management emerging from the interconnectivity of natural, economic, and social systems that amplifies effects. For example, if an earthquake causes flooding, it is generally accepted that the cascading effect of these two disasters is a non-linear and exponential outcome far removed from the magnitude of the original shock (Pescaroli and Alexander 2015) . They assess multiple incidents occurring across different scales, jurisdictions, and critical infrastructures, and address the lack of systematic collection of evidence essential for understanding how various risk factors, including hazards, exposure and vulnerabilities differentially contribute to diverse disaster events. Ironically, the COVID-19 crisis has not seen critical infrastructure collapse in those networks generally at risk in the case of natural hazard cascades such as airports, highways, dams and water defenses. doi = 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101842 id = cord-254228-g2mjj7my author = Felson, Marcus title = Routine activity effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on burglary in Detroit, March, 2020 date = 2020-06-23 keywords = Detroit; March; covid-19 summary = This paper examines burglary in Detroit, Michigan during the month of March, 2020, a period of considerable change in routine activities. The empirical task of the current research is to compare burglary changes in different zones of Detroit in response to the pandemic changes in routine activities. That finding raises an ancillary question: whether the dramatic shifts in routine activities resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic affect burglary rates differently in predominantly residential zones as opposed to zones with mixed residential and commercial land uses. In other words, we expect the changes in routine activities engendered by the pandemic to produce burglary increases in some parts of a city even while burglary declines overall. The changes in routine activities in light of the pandemic tell us to look for burglary increases mainly in urban areas not dominated by residences. 1 We infer that a major shift in routine activities resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic influences the land use-crime relationship in Detroit. doi = 10.1186/s40163-020-00120-x id = cord-301011-xbuqd0j5 author = Felten-Barentsz, Karin M title = Recommendations for Hospital-Based Physical Therapists Managing Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient; respiratory summary = In line with international initiatives, this article aims to provide guidance and detailed recommendations for hospital-based physical therapists managing patients hospitalized with COVID-19 through a national approach in the Netherlands. A working group conducted a purposive scan of the literature and drafted initial recommendations based on the knowledge of symptoms in patients with COVID-19, and current practice for physical therapist management for patients hospitalized with lung disease and patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). 12 In line with this international study 12 and the consensus statement of Italian respiratory therapists 13 we aim to provide guidance and detailed recommendations for hospital-based physical therapists managing patients hospitalized with COVID-19 through a national approach in the Netherlands. Physical therapist management for patients hospitalized with COVID-19 comprises elements of respiratory support and active mobilization. Physical therapist management for patients hospitalized with COVID-19 comprises elements of respiratory support and active mobilization. doi = 10.1093/ptj/pzaa114 id = cord-261424-t0yulofo author = Feltman, Dalia M. title = Seeking Normalcy as the Curve Flattens: Ethical Considerations for Pediatricians Managing Collateral Damage of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; child; family; pediatrician summary = Pediatricians around the world have cycled through these emotions when considering the health and safety of patients and families during this coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic. As advocates for children, pediatricians are in a unique position to redesign the system in a way that prioritizes children and families, addresses the social determinants of health, reduces inequalities and health disparities, and ensures ethical research on treatment and prevention of COVID-19. However, actions to conserve the medical resources that prevent iatrogenic spread of infection and protect health professionals and other patients have shifted priorities away from the best practices that are part of our usual care for children. As we begin to imagine that new normal, we consider three domains that require attention to help children to stay well: medical, mental health, and educational needs. Children in families with mental health needs will be vulnerable to further disruptions to their psychosocial stability due to COVID-19 control measures. doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.06.067 id = cord-339203-5oextxkm author = Feng Tan, L.I. title = Preventing the Transmission of COVID-19 Amongst Healthcare Workers date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To date, no healthcare worker has contracted COVID-19 in a Singapore healthcare institution. However, healthcare workers including non-clinical staff have contracted COVID-19 in the community and from overseas travel 6 . Whilst some had continued working for a short period prior to diagnosis, thus far there have been no cases of healthcare worker-to-patient COVID-SARS which was predominantly transmitted nosocomially in Singapore 5 , COVID-19 is predominantly acquired in the community. This presents a different challenge to preventing COVID-19 infection in healthcare workers. In Singapore, we have put in place strict staff management policies that have progressed as the infection continues its spread worldwide. All staff with travel to affected regions are placed on a 14-day compulsory leave of absence with overseas travel strongly discouraged as the infection has now spread across the globe. Reasons for healthcare workers becoming infected with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China Beyond the assistance: additional exposure situations to COVID-19 for healthcare workers doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.008 id = cord-335095-epsi5qq7 author = Feng, Gong title = Clinical Features of COVID-19 Patients in Xiaogan City date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19; Xiaogan; patient summary = Moreover, the smooth curve fitting graph reflected that the severity of COVID-19 was positively correlated with both age and CRP levels (all P value < 0.05). But the studies exploring the relationship between age, CRP levels, and the severity of COVID-19, especially by the means of smooth curve fitting, are lacking. Thus, we describe the clinical characteristics as well as laboratory findings of COVID-19 patients residing in Xiaogan City, so as to have an insight regarding the prevention as well as treatment of COVID-19, and simultaneously explore the relationship between age, CRP levels, and the severity of COVID-19, thereby exploring the indicators for predicting the severity of COVID-19. Compared with the initial COVID-19 patients observed in Wuhan, in terms of disease symptoms and severity, the patients from Xiaogan City, in our study, were relatively moderate, but we could not neglect asymptomatic or mild patients. doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00465-z id = cord-305479-o47mv4uw author = Feng, Xiaobo title = Clinical Characteristics and Short-Term Outcomes of Severe Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; outcome; patient summary = Further research is urgently needed to guide clinicians, and we therefore prospectively evaluate the clinical outcomes of 114 severely ill patients with COVID-19 for short-term at the Union Hospital in Wuhan, China. We found that cytokine storms and uncontrolled inflammation responses as well as liver, kidney, and cardiac dysfunction may play important roles in the final outcome of severely ill patients with COVID-19. Here, we used a single-centered, prospective method to describe the basic clinical characteristics and shortterm outcomes of severe patients in Union hospital, Wuhan, and we further aimed to explore the potential risk factors for poor outcomes among these patients using Cox proportional hazard models. In summary, the present study is a single-center, prospective observational study that examined clinical characteristics and risk factors for poor short-term outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00491 id = cord-280667-wpju6pwi author = Feng, Yi title = When altruists cannot help: the influence of altruism on the mental health of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; altruism; negative summary = This study explored the influence of altruism on negative affect and mental health (anxiety and depressive symptoms) during the COVID-19 pandemic while people self-isolated at home in China. As noted above, we expect that people with high altruism may have had more negative mental health outcomes (anxiety and depressive symptoms) during the self-isolation period, which could verify the mediating role of positive or negative affect. Correlations between mental health and other variables Table 2 shows the results of the Spearman correlations between perceived risk, altruism, positive affect, negative affect, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Figure 2 shows the final SEM model, which fit the data well In summary, the moderating effect of altruism was completely mediated by negative affect, suggesting that when people perceive a high risk of COVID-19, those with high altruism may show worse mental health outcomes than those with low altruism because they may experience greater negative affect. doi = 10.1186/s12992-020-00587-y id = cord-342616-k65501xp author = Feng, Zhichao title = The Use of Adjuvant Therapy in Preventing Progression to Severe Pneumonia in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Multicenter Data Analysis date = 2020-04-10 keywords = ACEI; ARB; COVID-19 summary = Nonspecific antiviral therapy did not prevent clinical progression to severe pneumonia, although fewer hypertensive patients on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB) therapy developed severe pneumonia in contrast with those on non-ACEI/ARB antihypertensive therapy (1 of 16 [6.3%] patients and 16 of 49 [32.7%] patients, respectively [difference, 26.4%; 95% CI, 1.5% to 41.3%]). Nonspecific antiviral therapy did not prevent clinical progression to severe pneumonia, although fewer hypertensive patients on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB) therapy developed severe pneumonia in contrast with those on non-ACEI/ARB that hypertension without receiving ACEI/ARB therapy was an independent risk factor (odds ratio [12] [13] [14] There has been considerable interest and debate regarding the risk of severe COVID-19 pneumonia in patients on angiotensinogen converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy, presumably through the modulation of ACE2 expression. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.08.20057539 id = cord-309333-lvcp8imi author = Fenichel, Eli P title = A cell phone data driven time use analysis of the COVID-19 epidemic date = 2020-04-23 keywords = County; New; covid-19 summary = Here we build on prior epidemiological time use modeling (Bayham and Fenichel, 2016; Bayham et al., 2015; Berry et al., 2018) to adapt the common SEIR framework to a dynamic time use structure that enables differential behavior by health status in order to incorporate smartphone tracking data into a model of the COVID-19 epidemic for every county in the United States. In prior research, we developed an economic-epidemiological model based on a time-varying conditional proportional mixing structure (Fenichel, 2013; Fenichel et al., 2011) that enables physical distancing behavior to vary based on health state and respond to the state of the epidemic. Serological tests capable of identifying recovered and immune individuals (which are not yet available) are important, and the greatest benefits are in counties where getting recovered individuals back to baseline schedules reduces the greatest share of cases ( Figure 6 ) coupled with those counties likely to experience the greatest hardships from infection (Maher et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1101/2020.04.20.20073098 id = cord-282430-u5ukqc5z author = Fenton, Mark E. title = An Expanded COVID-19 Telemedicine Intermediate Care Model Using Repurposed Hotel Rooms date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The Pleural Pressure Working Group''s planned RECRUIT (Recruitment Assessed by Electrical Impedance Tomography: Feasibility, Correlation with Clinical Outcomes and Pilot Data on Personalised PEEP Selection) project (https:// www.plugwgroup.org/), which aims to compare the results of different bedside methods to titrate PEEP based on EIT, might provide us with some answers on how to titrate PEEP using EIT data. Bruni and colleagues have built the clinical care model around twice daily assessment of patients by a respiratory physician using remote monitoring (no details of how monitoring is done were included) (1). We really thank Fenton and colleagues for their interest in our article (1) and the pleasing comments regarding our telemedicine-supported hotel accommodation model for patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) . Electrical impedance tomography for positive end-expiratory pressure titration in COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome Effect of lung recruitment and titrated positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) vs low PEEP on mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1164/rccm.202007-2902le id = cord-261113-v84rzhin author = Ferdinand, Keith C. title = Understanding African American COVID‐19 Severity and Mortality: Is Obesity the Key? date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Accordingly, in a recent large case series of 5,700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area, including 1,230 (22.6%) AA, obesity was reported to increase the odds ratio for death by 3.05 (95% CI: 1.57-5.92) (8) . Moreover, among 3,615 individuals in a large New York City academic hospital, without defined percentages based on race/ethnicity, obesity and COVID-19 appeared to affect severity at younger ages. Similarly, in 265 patients (58% male) from several US university hospitals, obesity was a salient risk factor for severe COVID-19 disease. The authors proposed increased public messaging to younger adults, proactive virus testing in individuals with obesity, and maintaining greater vigilance for this at-risk population to help ameliorate widespread, severe COVID-19 disease (10) . Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for Covid-19 hospital admission doi = 10.1002/oby.22938 id = cord-257839-kfzc4pwq author = Ferguson, Katie title = COVID-19 associated with extensive pulmonary arterial, intracardiac and peripheral arterial thrombosis date = 2020-08-03 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = We present this case to highlight the extensive COVID-19-associated thrombotic complications that can occur, even despite periods of high-dose prophylactic and therapeutic anticoagulation. In recent case series, elevated D-dimer levels were reported in 43% 6 of the patients and were associated with disease severity and increased mortality. 5 Findings that shed new light on the possible pathogenesis of a disease or an adverse effect Several case series exist which explore the incidence of venous and arterial thrombosis in patients with COVID-19. 10 The latter includes a study of 10 ICU patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in whom D-dimer levels and viscoelastic measures reduced in response to increased prophylactic dosing. [11] [12] [13] Twitter Nathaniel Quail @DrNatQuail and Kevin G Blyth @kevingblyth Acknowledgements Dr Joe Sarvesvaran''s care and compassion were integral to this patient''s journey to recovery and we would like to acknowledge his support with writing this case report, and for selecting the key images to include. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-237460 id = cord-300325-f3eomugb author = Ferguson, Nadia C. title = Clinical Pharmacists: An Invaluable Part of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Frontline Response date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; clinical; pharmacist summary = Scientific literature and media outlets constantly highlight the work of nurses and doctors on the frontline, but this article will specifically focus on the role of the clinical pharmacist during the coronavirus pandemic emphasizing the extraordinary work done to ensure safe effective therapy was provided to optimize health outcomes in hospitalized patients (5) (6) (7) (8) . In cases where adequate supply could not be obtained in a timely manner, clinical pharmacists used the established communication channels with their clinical teams to implement preemptive shortage management strategies that avoided therapeutic interruptions, optimized patient care, and mitigated stress for other frontline staff. To ensure rapid system-wide implementation of strategies such as the use of alternative analgosedation for an entire unit, clinical pharmacists established direct email communication chains with the Chair of the Medicine and Critical Care departments, who included these recommendations in their daily briefings to hospitalists and advanced practice practitioners in those areas. doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000243 id = cord-285574-i0dh1u5i author = Ferini-Strambi, Luigi title = COVID-19 and neurological disorders: are neurodegenerative or neuroimmunological diseases more vulnerable? date = 2020-07-21 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = The main goal of this viewpoint review is to assess the vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 infection and development of COVID-19 among neurological disorders with different pathogenesis and age-related targets such as neurodegenerative vs neuroimmunological diseases. Since SARS-CoV-2 effects on neurodegenerative, as well as neuroimmune diseases, might vary across the different pathogenesis and clinical features, we consider the evidence within three sections: (i) vulnerability to the infection; (ii) modification of the clinical course of disease, in relation to clinical neurological manifestations, disease progression and innovative strategies, to support clinicians in the management of the disease; (iii) trigger for future neurodegeneration. Taken together, these findings suggest that although PD patients may represent a particularly vulnerable population for age-related target, respiratory muscle rigidity related to the disease, and presence of several comorbidities, PD by itself do not appears increase the risk of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 and developing COVID-19 ( Fig. 1) . doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-10070-8 id = cord-263703-5csf9z6s author = Fernandez Villalobos, N. V. title = Quantification of the association between predisposing health conditions, demographic, and behavioural factors with hospitalisation, intensive care unit admission, and death from COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = Background Comprehensive evidence synthesis on the associations between comorbidities and behavioural factors with hospitalisation, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, and death due to COVID-19 is lacking leading to inconsistent national and international recommendations on who should be targeted for non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccination strategies. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on studies and publicly available data to quantify the association between predisposing health conditions, demographics, and behavioural factors with hospitalisation, ICU admission, and death from COVID-19. We extracted relevant variables in the smallest reported unit and according to the main stratification variable, either comorbidity or behavioural risk factor, author and link, country, data source, age-range, study time-frame, baseline population group, outcome (mortality, severity, or other), number of individuals in the risk group, total sample, number of individuals among risk group with outcome, total number of individuals people with the outcome, and effect measures of association reported as well as relative risks computed automatically. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.30.20165050 id = cord-342143-un14oynk author = Fernández-Díaz, Eva title = COVID-19 and multiple sclerosis: A description of two cases on alemtuzumab date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Conclusion: In selected patients (young, without comorbidities, and with high activity), MS itself could be more dangerous than COVID-19, so we should consider continuing MS treatment as previously planned, including alemtuzumab. Conclusion: In selected patients (young, without comorbidities, and with high activity), MS itself could be more dangerous than COVID-19, so we should consider continuing MS treatment as previously planned, including alemtuzumab. Therefore, alemtuzumab carries a theoretical high risk of developing COVID-19 if the infection occurs before immune reconstitution and the general recommendation is postponing infusions until the pandemic is controlled (Brownlee et al., 2020; Costa-Frossard França et al., 2020; Giovannoni et al., 2020) . Alemtuzumab in multiple sclerosis during the COVID-19 pandemic: A mild uncomplicated infection despite intense immunosuppression Mild COVID-19 infection in a patient with multiple sclerosis and severe depletion of T-lymphocyte subsets due to alemtuzumab Potential COVID-19 infection in patients with severe multiple sclerosis treated with alemtuzumab Temporal evolution of immune cells populations in our two MS patients who developed COVID-19 under alemtuzumab treatment across disease stages. doi = 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102402 id = cord-313468-lloh1b0y author = Fernández‐Aranda, Fernando title = COVID Isolation Eating Scale (CIES): Analysis of the impact of confinement in eating disorders and obesity—A collaborative international study date = 2020-09-20 keywords = CIES; OSFED; covid-19; patient summary = The aims of this exploratory study were threefold: (1) to analyse the psychometric properties of the COVID Isolation Eating Scale (CIES), a newly created scale for measuring the impact of confinement; (2) to explore changes that occurred due to confinement (eating symptomatology and weight, attitudes and dysfunctional emotions, worries and concerns, anxiety and depressive symptomatology and addictive behaviours); (3) to explore the potential difficulties for participants in using telemedicine during confinement when usual health care was interrupted. Based on previous literature (Baenas et al., 2020; Fernández-Aranda et al., 2020; Temorshuizen et al., 2020; Mallorqui-Bague, 2018) , we hypothetised that eating disorder subtype and obesity would achieve a moderator/interaction role in the changes occurred during the confinement: behavioural and emotional reactions, eating patterns-weight, anxiety and affective symptoms should be different depending on the ED subtype previous to the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1002/erv.2784 id = cord-337186-5zwt2bfo author = Fero, Katherine E. title = Perceived Impact of Urologic Surgery Training Program Modifications due to COVID-19 in the United States date = 2020-06-06 keywords = covid-19; program; resident summary = Respondents reported decreased surgical volume (83%-100% varying by subspecialty), increased use of telehealth (99%), a transition to virtual educational platforms (95%) and decreased size of inpatient resident teams (90%). Significantly more respondents from high COVID-19 regions reported decreased emergency urologic surgical volume (76% vs 22%, p = 0.01) and cancelled educational activities (11% vs 1%, p < 0.01). A significantly larger proportion of respondents in high COVID-19 regions reported urology trainees caring for COVID-19 patients (91% vs 7%, p= 0.03), being re-deployed (37% vs 11%, p<0.01), and being required to stay at home due to sickness or exposure (78% vs 20%, p <0.01). In the months after the emergence of COVID-19, US urology residency programs underwent significant modifications including decreased surgical and ambulatory volume, increased use of telehealth, increased educational activities via virtual platforms and significant workforce restructuring. doi = 10.1016/j.urology.2020.05.051 id = cord-293740-4c3yemi3 author = Ferrando, Carlos title = Clinical features, ventilatory management, and outcome of ARDS caused by COVID-19 are similar to other causes of ARDS date = 2020-07-29 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; patient summary = METHODS: This is a multicenter, prospective, observational study in consecutive, mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS (as defined by the Berlin criteria) affected with with COVID-19 (confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in nasal or pharyngeal swab specimens), admitted to a network of 36 Spanish and Andorran intensive care units (ICUs) between March 12 and June 1, 2020. [temperature, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate], laboratory parameters (blood test, coagulation, biochemical), ventilatory parameters [tidal volume (VT), inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO 2 ), respiratory rate (RR), PEEP, plateau pressure (Pplat), driving pressure (DP), respiratory system compliance (Crs)], the use of adjunctive therapies [recruitment maneuvers (RM), prone position, neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)], pharmacological treatments, disease chronology [time from onset of symptoms and from hospital admission to initiation of mechanical ventilation (MV), ventilator-free days (VFDs) during the first 30 days, ICU length of stay (LOS)]. doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-06192-2 id = cord-270112-o2exvfy5 author = Ferrarese, Carlo title = An Italian multicenter retrospective-prospective observational study on neurological manifestations of COVID-19 (NEUROCOVID) date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; neurological summary = We report here the description of a multicenter retrospective-prospective observational study promoted by the Italian Society of Neurology (SIN), involving the Italian Neurological Departments, who will consecutively recruit patients with neurological symptoms and/or signs, occurred at the onset or as a complication of COVID-19. A comprehensive data collection, in the form of electronic case report form (eCRF), will register all possible neurological manifestations involving central nervous systems, peripheral nerves, and muscles, together with clinical, laboratory (including cerebrospinal fluid, if available), imaging, neurological, neurophysiological, and neuropsychological data. More specifically, the aims are to gather data on the following: (1) the appearance of neurologic symptoms and/or signs at COVID-19 onset or during the disease course, (2) the exams performed for the diagnosis of the neurological involvement, (3) the clinical course of both the COVID-19 infection and the neurological events, but also the occurrence of possible long-term neurological complications within a 6-month period of follow-up. doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04450-1 id = cord-325619-qmszgw66 author = Ferrari, Andrea title = Children with cancer in the time of COVID‐19: An 8‐week report from the six pediatric onco‐hematology centers in Lombardia, Italy date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Children with cancer in the time of COVID‐19: An 8‐week report from the six pediatric onco‐hematology centers in Lombardia, Italy In the days following the outbreak, the pediatric oncology centers in the region were suddenly faced with an unexpected emergency situation exceeding the capacity of Lombardia''s health system 2 and had to urgently adjust accordingly: they continued to develop oncological treatments, while implementing measures to minimize the risks of infections, to test for COVID-19 high-risk cases and to adequately manage COVID-19-positive patients, 3 as reported in Table 1 . Overall, 286 patients were tested for COVID-19, 212 of them asymptomatic (187 tested for screening purposes and 25 due to close contact with diagnosed cases) and 74 symptomatic ( Table 2) . g) At specific pediatric centers, all patients accessing the facilities could be screened on admission for a limited time for research purposes. Flash survey on SARS-CoV-2 infections in pediatric patients on anti-cancer treatment doi = 10.1002/pbc.28410 id = cord-255473-kizyv6mp author = Ferrari, D. title = Machine learning in predicting respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia - challenges, strengths, and opportunities in a global health emergency date = 2020-06-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = This analysis aimed to determine a 48 hours prediction of moderate to severe respiratory failure, as assessed with PaO2/FiO2 < 150 mmHg, in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The study outcome was the onset of moderate to severe respiratory failure defined as PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 150 mmHg ([≥] 13.3 kPa) in at least one of two consecutive arterial blood gas analyses in the following 48 hours. The aim of this study was to estimate a 48 hour prediction of moderate to severe respiratory failure, requiring mechanical ventilation, in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The study outcome was the onset of moderate to severe respiratory failure defined as PaO2/FiO2 ratio <150 mmHg in at least one of two consecutive arterial blood gas analyses in the following 48 hours. The aim of this study was to have a 48 hour prediction of moderate to severe respiratory failure, requiring mechanical ventilation, in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.30.20107888 id = cord-255665-srvz2ay0 author = Ferrari, Marco title = COVID-19 screening protocols for preoperative assessment of head and neck cancer patients candidate for elective surgery in the midst of the pandemic: a narrative review with comparison between two Italian institutions date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: COVID-19 screening protocols for preoperative assessment of head and neck cancer patients candidate for elective surgery in the midst of the pandemic: a narrative review with comparison between two Italian institutions The study included all patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia for HNC at two Italian tertiary referral academic hospitals during the peak of the pandemic diffusion of to an internal "grey zone" of COVID-19 surveillance, submitted to further blood tests, chest CT, and nasal/nasopharyngeal swab while maintaining strict isolation. The following data were extracted from institutional databases: patient-related including the 2-week post-discharge period) was considered as the gold standard evaluation (i.e. patients developing symptoms attributed to COVID-19 through nucleic acid-based test on respiratory secretions in this time frame were considered as "false negative" of the screening; doi = 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.105043 id = cord-355175-uo9fx6jy author = Ferrazzi, E title = Vaginal delivery in SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected pregnant women in Northern Italy: a retrospective analysis date = 2020-05-28 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Data were collected from the clinical records using a standardised questionnaire on maternal general characteristics, any medical or obstetric co‐morbidity, course of pregnancy, clinical signs and symptoms, treatment of COVID 19 infection, mode of delivery, neonatal data and breastfeeding. Conclusions Although postpartum infection cannot be excluded with 100% certainty, these findings suggest that vaginal delivery is associated with a low risk of intrapartum SARS-Cov-2 transmission to the newborn. Another clinical series of 11 women with COVID 19 infection who had successful deliveries (10 caesarean and 1 vaginal) has been reported: in all the newborns, the 2019-nCoV nucleic acid test was negative. This paper reports the obstetric outcome of a cohort of COVID-19-affected pregnant women and the rate of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in newborns according to mode of delivery and breastfeeding status. Although postpartum infection cannot be excluded, our study also suggests that vaginal delivery may be associated with a low risk of intrapartum SARS-Cov-2 transmission to the newborn. doi = 10.1111/1471-0528.16278 id = cord-295121-4xemmaqt author = Ferreira, Eliane de Oliveira title = Should We Be Worried About Clostridioides difficile During the SARS-CoV2 Pandemic? date = 2020-09-29 keywords = CDI; COVID-19; SARS summary = The outbreak caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and its associated symptoms, termed COVID-19 disease, originally in Wuhan, China in 2019, has rapidly become a global pandemic (Park, 2020) . Although some of those risk factors for CDI are also related to higher probability rates of mortality in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, the limited number of CDI cases reported among COVID-19 patients is somewhat surprising. The authors emphasized that when CDI is present as a co-infection with COVID-19 and the diarrhea persists, therapy can be difficult because of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The dearth of studies regarding secondary infections, such as Clostridioides difficile, in COVID-19 patients makes it difficult to measure the effect of the pandemic on antimicrobial stewardship programs and on long term antimicrobial resistance. In conclusion, it seems highly likely that cases of CDI are being under-reported among COVID-19 patients and the increased use of antibiotics may, in part, be responsible. doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2020.581343 id = cord-330061-q4xi260z author = Ferreira, João Guimarães title = Pneumothorax as a late complication of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = We present a typical laboratory confirmed case of COVID-19 pneumonia, that was hospitalized due to hypoxemia but did not require mechanical ventilation. On the other hand, patients with more severe disease comprise 14% of the cases, with progressive tachypnea and dyspnea after five to eight days from the beginning of the symptoms, low blood oxygen saturation, and/or lung infiltrates in > 50% of the lungs. Regarding laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infections, the most frequent findings for those who need admission to the intensive care unit are leukocytosis, higher neutrophil count, lymphopenia, increased values of CRP, LDH, aminotransferases, total bilirubin, creatinine, cardiac troponin, procalcitonin and D-dimer. Herein, we present a typical and laboratory confirmed case of COVID-19 pneumonia, with clinical course deterioration during the third week of the disease due to a massive hypertensive pneumothorax with no known previous risk factor. Spontaneous pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema in COVID-19 patient: case report doi = 10.1590/s1678-9946202062061 id = cord-308986-eblxpfds author = Ferreira-Santos, D. title = Identifying baseline clinical features of people with COVID-19 date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = Methods: We conducted a scoping review of the evidence available at LitCovid, until March 23th, 2020, and selected articles that reported the prevalence of socio-demographic characteristics, symptoms and co-morbidities in adults with COVID-19. We consider that the creation of a predictive model that could help identify those at higher risk of having COVID-19, built on their baseline clinical features (such as sociodemographic, symptoms and presence of co-morbidities), could help prioritize screening and therapeutic strategies. Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 17 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infections Outside Wuhan, China," medRxiv Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Novel Coronavirus Infections Involving 13 Patients Outside Wuhan, China Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series CT Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia in 62 Patients in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1101/2020.05.13.20100271 id = cord-326839-nhzasi5a author = Ferreli, Fabio title = Clinical presentation at the onset of COVID-19 and Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Smell and taste dysfunctions were 89 investigated by asking the patients to answer the question "Did you experience any 90 reduction or loss of smell and/or taste at the onset of COVID-19?". Differences in the MiniRQLQ scores relative to ARC and to the onset of 92 COVID-19 were described as mean, standard deviation (SD) and 95% Confidence Interval 93 (CI). investigated to test the hypothesis that patients with a diagnosis of ARC seem to be more 118 affected by olfactory dysfunction when contracting COVID-19, as raised by some authors. In our experience, no differences in taste and smell dysfunction were reported among 120 COVID-19 patients with or without a diagnosis of ARC. Prevalence 139 of taste and smell dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate 143 forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study doi = 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.08.009 id = cord-295798-x7or932x author = Ferrey, Antoney J. title = A Case of Novel Coronavirus Disease 19 in a Chronic Hemodialysis Patient Presenting with Gastroenteritis and Developing Severe Pulmonary Disease date = 2020-03-28 keywords = California; ESRD; covid-19; patient summary = title: A Case of Novel Coronavirus Disease 19 in a Chronic Hemodialysis Patient Presenting with Gastroenteritis and Developing Severe Pulmonary Disease During this interval, he reported nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and low-grade fevers but was not suspected of COVID-19 infection until he developed respiratory symptoms and was admitted to the hospital. We present a case of COVID-19 in the United States in a long-term dialysis-dependent ESRD patient reported thus far in the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The following day the patient traveled by commercial airline from Southern California to Utah where he presented to an emergency department for continued intermittent vomiting and fevers but was now reporting mild congestion and cough. This case report highlights the importance of considering COVID-19 infection in a variety of clinical presentation that may not initially include typical respiratory symptom to prevent ongoing exposure of potentially affected individuals to the general population. doi = 10.1159/000507417 id = cord-254771-698gl09v author = Ferriss, J. Stuart title = Society of Gynecologic Oncology recommendations for fellowship education during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: Innovating programs to optimize trainee success date = 2020-10-17 keywords = COVID-19; fellow; interview; pandemic; program; video summary = title: Society of Gynecologic Oncology recommendations for fellowship education during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: Innovating programs to optimize trainee success Fellowship education programs in gynecologic oncology have quickly adapted to the "new normal" of social distancing using video conferencing platforms to continue clinical and didactic teaching. Fellowship education programs in gynecologic oncology have quickly adapted to the "new normal" of social distancing using video conferencing platforms to continue clinical and didactic teaching. This paper summarizes the changes that have taken place in fellowship education at the beginning of the pandemic and provides resources and recommendations for fellows, faculty, and program directors moving forward. These realities create new challenges in gynecologic oncology training, yet programs have an opportunity to design and implement competence-based assessment of surgical milestones. GYOEDU (www.gyoedu.org) is a free, collaborative effort to pool fellowship program resources and has resulted in a robust and evolving educational repository, including live and pre-recorded video-based lectures, study summaries, and clinical trial timelines, as well as a planned question bank. doi = 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.10.009 id = cord-261860-gfcm0q3p author = Fersia, O. title = The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Cardiology Services date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Conclusion: As ischaemic heart disease continues to be the leading cause of death nationally and globally, cardiology services need to prepare for a significant increase in workload in the recovery phase and develop new pathways to urgently help those adversely affected by the changes in service provisions. 5 In line with government guidelines, cardiology services had to alter the delivery of care by adopting virtual clinic models, redeployment of staff to the acute medical services and rescheduling of non-urgent procedures while at the same time dealing with the cardiac complications of COVID-19 such as myocarditis, myocardial infarction and heart failure. Since ischaemic heart disease is the leading cause of death, 7 it is necessary to assess the impact of the lockdown and healthcare restructuring on the performance of cardiology service provision and the changes needed to prepare for the recovery phase and a potential rebound surge of clinical activity. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.10.20126458 id = cord-264136-jjtsd4n3 author = Ferstad, Johannes Opsahl title = A model to forecast regional demand for COVID-19 related hospital beds date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COVID-19; model summary = [6, 7] In order to plan their response, hospital and public health officials need to understand how many people in their area are likely to require hospitalization for COVID-19; how these numbers compare to the number of available intensive care and acute care beds; and how to project the impact of socialdistancing measures on utilization. To facilitate use by hospital and public health officials, the model is deployed through an interactive online website that allows users to generate dynamic, static, and spatial estimates of the number and rate of severe, critical, and mortality case rates for each county or group of counties. In this report, we describe an online, real-time, interactive simulation model to facilitate local policy making and regional coordination by providing estimates of hospital bed demand and the impact of measures to slow the spread of the infection. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.26.20044842 id = cord-308848-chvvtr0d author = Fidel, Paul L. title = Reply to Özdemir, “Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and COVID-19 Relationship” date = 2020-09-22 keywords = covid-19 summary = While the current clinical trials are not investigating this issue directly, we have focused on the MMR vaccine as it is widely available and has the potential for any or all of the three components to induce the MDSCs. However, based on our data in the animal model of fungal/bacterial sepsis, very strong long-lasting protection is afforded from one administration of the attenuated fungal isolate (7) . Finally, while it is true that we do not know how long the trained innate immunity persists, the randomized clinical trial of MMR versus placebo in health care workers and the nonhuman primate study that will test MMR or BCG in a model of COVID-19 infection will go far to answer these questions. To date, the trained innate response with BCG suggests the immunity is functional for approximately 1 year based on infant vaccinations (8) . Immune protection against lethal fungal-bacterial intra-abdominal infections doi = 10.1128/mbio.02465-20 id = cord-289111-6725jg29 author = Field, Nicholas C. title = Decrease in Neurosurgical Program Volume During COVID-19: Residency Programs Must Adapt date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In order to demonstrate the degree of change, we wish to report the dramatic decrease in operative, outpatient clinic, and consult volume at our institution, Albany Medical Center, an Academic Level 1 Trauma Center in upstate New York. 2 We rapidly trialed and implemented a video conference telehealth system by the end of March and have seen a dramatic shift in our clinic practice while continuing to provide appropriate patient care ( Figure 1 ). Our resident service was split into an on-call and backup team due to the decrease in case volume, and also to limit exposure to COVID-19, and provide coverage in the Neuro ICU. Our program has seen a significant reduction in consults and operations over the past three months despite being in a region with a linear case rise that has not been overwhelmed by the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic decline in elective neurosurgical procedures, consults, and clinic visits. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.141 id = cord-256596-ejuyfto6 author = Field, Robert I. title = Genetics and COVID-19: How to Protect the Susceptible date = 2020-08-29 keywords = covid-19; genetic summary = Along with the potential for breakthroughs in care and prevention, the search for genetic mechanisms underlying the spread and severity of COVID-19 introduces the risk of discrimination against those found to have markers for susceptibility. Findings on genetic correlates of COVID-19 progression may lead to better understanding of the cellular mechanisms of susceptibility and resistance and may enable predictions of individual risk for severe disease progression. Alternatively, we might ground new legal protections in utilitarianism, seeking the greatest good for the greatest number of people, but doing this requires an inherently controversial and subjective balancing of social harm from genetic discrimination against the loss of health and life from the disease. The Common Rule could set stricter parameters for collecting, storing and sharing genetic information, including requirements for encrypting data and restricting access, coupled with more vigorous oversight by IRBs. Implementing regulations under GINA could add COVID-19 susceptibility as an explicit example of the kinds of genetic tests that are subject to the law. doi = 10.1016/j.tig.2020.08.019 id = cord-312559-ygh507x2 author = Fiesco-Sepulveda, K. Y. title = Contributions of Latin American researchers in the understanding the novel coronavirus outbreak: A literature review date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Contributions of Latin American researchers in the understanding the novel coronavirus outbreak: A literature review Currently, the world is facing a health and socioeconomic crisis caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, and its disease COVID-19. Therefore, meta-analyses 248 using Latin American cases would also be ideal for determining how COVID-19 could affect this 249 region, which has some differences, such as lower average age or higher exposure to respiratory 250 infections than other regions like Europe (Amariles et al., 2020a). (2020) concluded that the novel virus could come from a bat SARS-like coronavirus isolate, 168 which is in agreement with reports from the GISAID database Clinical features of patients infected 644 with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emergency and the role of timely and 674 effective national health surveillance Complete genome sequence of a 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) strain isolated 792 in Nepal. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.16.20104422 id = cord-315152-v3l33up6 author = Figlerowicz, Magdalena title = First case of convalescent plasma transfusion in a child with COVID-19-associated severe aplastic anemia date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: First case of convalescent plasma transfusion in a child with COVID-19-associated severe aplastic anemia We present the case of a six-year-old girl with severe COVID-19, in whom SARS-CoV-2 was successfully eliminated after convalescent plasma transfusion. In December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) arose unexpectedly in China. In pediatric patients with a severe or critical course of COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can occur; toxic shock is also observed. Here, we present a case of using a J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f convalescent plasma transfusion as a therapeutic method for severe pediatric COVID-19associated aplastic anemia. We present a case of using convalescent plasma in the therapy of a child with severe COVID-19. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102866 id = cord-270336-x1up9nvp author = Filatov, Asia title = Neurological Complications of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Encephalopathy date = 2020-03-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We report a case of a 74-year-old patient who traveled from Europe to the United States and presented with encephalopathy and COVID-19. Since elderly patients with chronic medical conditions are at an increased risk of altered mental status in the setting of acute infections, patients with COVID-19 infection can also present with acute encephalopathy and changes in their level of consciousness. Here we report a case of a patient who presented with encephalopathy and was found to be infected with COVID-19. Elderly patients with chronic conditions are at an increased risk of altered mental status in the setting of acute infections. Since COVID-19 affects more the elderly and those with preexisting conditions, patients with prior neurological conditions and acute respiratory symptoms are at an increased risk of encephalopathy on initial presentation. Health care providers should be aware that patients with COVID-19 can present with encephalopathy in the acute setting and during hospitalization. doi = 10.7759/cureus.7352 id = cord-354129-7ayqkeb8 author = Filetti, Sebastiano title = A journey through and beyond a “perfect storm”: the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = springer.com/article/10.1007/s12020-020-02294-5) in our April issue: it provides a detailed picture of the endocrinological/metabolic pathologies being encountered in the context of COVID-19 [1] . The light at the end of this tunnel is little more than a glimmer, but it''s already time to begin thinking about how to reestablish contact with our endocrine and diabetic patients, to restore the relationships that have been disrupted by this "perfect storm." Our community has both the strength and experience to act promptly and find innovative, effective solutions for overcoming the challenges of this phase. The strength of our community is rooted in research, and to highlight the importance of these roots, the current issue of Endocrine contains selected manuscripts from talks given at the Festschrift recently held to honor Professor Marian Ludgate and her colleagues at the University of Cardiff. COVID-19 and endocrine diseases. doi = 10.1007/s12020-020-02336-y id = cord-346310-venpta28 author = Filgueiras, A. title = Factors linked to changes in mental health outcomes among Brazilians in quarantine due to COVID-19 date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; health; mental summary = In repeated measures analysis, female gender, worsening diet and excess of COVID-19 information was related to all mental health outcomes. In conclusion, mental health outcomes worsened for Brazilians during the first month of quarantine and these changes are associated with a variety of risk factors. An updated systematic review on the effects of social distancing and quarantine on mental health 78 revealed that anxiety, depression, stress, anger, insomnia, hopelessness, and sadness were all 79 increased during those conditions (Brooks et al., 2020) . Repeated measures ANOVA 309 revealed that 3 factors were all related to worse levels of stress, depression and anxiety: female 310 gender, worsening diet and excess of COVID-19 information. From the time point when quarantine was 398 decreed until 1 month later, worsening perceived stress, depression and anxiety was observed in 399 this sample of the Brazilian population. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.12.20099374 id = cord-320902-1hfxju5f author = Filocamo, Giovanni title = Use of anakinra in severe COVID-19: a case report date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = As of March 25 2020, in Lombardy, Italy, 1591 patients were admitted in ICUs, of them, 405 (26%) had died in ICU, 256 (16%) had been discharged from the ICU, while 920 patients (58%) were still in the ICU The IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) is a cornerstone treatment for hyperinflammatory conditions such as Still''s disease, and has been shown to be highly effective in the treatment of cytokine storm syndromes, including macrophage activation syndrome and cytokine release syndrome (9). At day 10, considering the patient''s critical conditions (PaO2/FiO2 85, volume control ventilation PEEP 14 FiO2 50%) and the hyperferritinemic inflammatory status with ferritin levels more than 3000 ng/ml, use of off-label anakinra was considered and started with the following dosage schedule: 200mg intravenously followed by 100 mg every 6 hours subcutaneously. Indeed, IL-1 inhibitor anakinra has shown to be highly effective in the treatment of cytokine storm syndromes (15) and has already been proven safe in patients with sHLH associated to viral infections such as EBV, H1N1 and Ebola (10). doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.026 id = cord-348848-js36pw2r author = Filut, Amarette title = Will Losing Black Physicians Be a Consequence of the COVID-19 Pandemic? date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; black summary = A compelling case exists that increasing the number of Black physicians trained and practicing in the United States is one effective intervention to promote health equity and reduce the persistent health disparities that have become glaringly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. 4, 6 In this Invited Commentary, we caution that the COVID-19 pandemic, as a further assault on the health of Blacks in this country, may erode the meager progress that has been made in increasing the number of Black physicians. Black physicians'' exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and risk of contracting COVID-19 are proportionately greater Abstract A compelling case exists that increasing the number of Black physicians trained and practicing in the United States is one effective intervention to promote health equity and reduce the persistent health disparities that have become glaringly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1097/acm.0000000000003651 id = cord-312702-fruzsn26 author = Finch, Courtney L. title = Characteristic and quantifiable COVID-19-like abnormalities in CT- and PET/CT-imaged lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Characteristic and quantifiable COVID-19-like abnormalities in CTand PET/CT-imaged lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) Based on the rather limited X-97 ray findings in the lungs of reported NHP models of SARS-CoV-2 infection with either 98 mild or no clinical signs (11, 25, 27-29), we turned to high-resolution chest CT and 99 Increases in PCLH or PCLH/LV 169 were not seen in the mock-exposed macaques over the entire study (Figure 8a A key advantage of quantifiable CT chest imaging readout over serial euthanasia 212 studies, in addition to potentially reduced experimental animal numbers, is the ability not 213 only to evaluate between-group differences, but also to compare severity and duration of 214 disease at higher resolution in single animals and even in isolated parenchymal areas 215 sequentially. follow-up confirmation of these pilot results in this model of mild-moderate COVID-19 233 is needed to further establish quantifiable lung CT as a reliable disease readout and to 234 forge imaging-pathologic correlates in macaques euthanized at peak radiographic 235 abnormality. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.14.096727 id = cord-278870-pct184oa author = Finell, Eerika title = The Combined Effect of Perceived COVID-19 Infection Risk at Work and Identification with Work Community on Psychosocial Wellbeing among Finnish Social Sector and Health Care Workers date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; risk; work summary = title: The Combined Effect of Perceived COVID-19 Infection Risk at Work and Identification with Work Community on Psychosocial Wellbeing among Finnish Social Sector and Health Care Workers We examined the combined effect of perceived risk associated with COVID-19 infection at work and work community identification on psychosocial well-being (i.e., frequency of stress symptoms) among health care and social sector workers in Finland (N = 1279). Thus, when occupational organizations consider protective strategies against stress that is related to COVID-19 infection risk at work among social sector and health care workers, promoting identification with their work community might be one key protective factor that can buffer this stress. This article analyses the combined effect of the perceived risk associated with COVID-19 infection at work with work community identification on psychosocial well-being (i.e., frequency of stress symptoms) among health care and social sector workers in Finland. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17207623 id = cord-332824-a2mjkz83 author = Finnerty, Dylan T. title = A potential novel role for lidocaine in Covid- 19 patients? date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; Neutrophil summary = Interestingly serum from COVID-19 patients triggered NET release from control neutrophils in vitro, suggesting COVID-19 creates a cellular environment wherein netosis is more likely to occur. Onset of this disease state in COVID-19 patients is associated with high mortality, and suppression of these overactivated cytokines is a therapeutic target of current interest. We hypothesise that lidocaine infusion in COVID-19 patients may decrease the formation of NETs and modulate the severity of disease. Here it is the surgical stress response that triggers formation of NETs. The mechanisms by which netosis occurs are not fully understood and possibly differ between patients undergoing surgery and those with viral pneumonia. Neutrophil extracellular traps are elevated in patients with pneumonia-related acute respiratory distress syndrome Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are increased in the alveolar spaces of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia Neutrophil extracellular traps in breast cancer and beyond: current perspectives on NET stimuli, thrombosis and metastasis, and clinical utility for diagnosis and treatment doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2020.07.015 id = cord-344027-qghktrm1 author = Fiolet, Thibault title = ''Effect of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin on the mortality of COVID-19 patients'' – Author’s reply date = 2020-10-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: ''Effect of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin on the mortality of COVID-19 patients'' – Author''s reply As with all studies at risk of critical bias included in our systematic review, it was excluded 50 from the main analysis. Treatment 154 with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and combination in patients hospitalized with Clinical 158 Efficacy of Chloroquine derivatives in COVID-19 Infection: Comparative meta-analysis 159 between the Big data and the real world Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Preliminary results from a 166 multi-centre, randomized, controlled trial COVID-19 177 prevention and treatment: A critical analysis of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine 178 clinical pharmacology Interventions 188 for treatment of COVID-19: A living systematic review with meta-analyses and trial 189 sequential analyses (The LIVING Project) Mortality outcomes with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in COVID-19: an 193 international collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials Hydroxychloroquine as pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 in healthcare workers: 203 a randomized trial doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.002 id = cord-332650-05oz5zwz author = Fiorelli, Silvia title = Perspectives in surgical and anaesthetic management of lung cancer in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; lung; patient summary = During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is relevant to consider carefully the lung cancer surgical centre to which patients are referred, taking into account the different levels of complexity of lung cancer management in terms of diagnostic processes and surgical indications. The following suggestions and perspectives are provided by a European high-volume referral centre where locally advanced lung cancer patients are treated surgically in a COVID-19 hospital that guarantees a COVID-free therapeutic pathway. Hence, we need a fast-track algorithm for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies ( Fig. 1A -C) to be used in patients with stage IA-IIIA lung cancer, to guide the use of computed tomography (CT) and fluorodeoxyglucose PET scans and the pretest risk of malignancy and cytological/histological diagnostic procedures ( Fig. 2A) . Although talc slurry is a viable choice for patients who are not suitable for thoracoscopy, video-assisted thoracic surgery procedures with talc poudrage are strongly indicated for patients with stage IV lung cancer even during the COVID-19 outbreak because of the significant qualityof-life improvement and the favourable benefit/risk ratio. doi = 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa295 id = cord-258229-l716wjwn author = Fiorillo, Andrea title = Effects of the lockdown on the mental health of the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Results from the COMET collaborative network date = 2020-09-28 keywords = covid-19; health; italian; mental summary = The COMET trial includes three phases: phase one consists in the dissemination of a survey on the impact of lockdown and its related containment measures on the mental health of the Italian general population; the second phase consists in the development of a new psychosocial online supportive intervention [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] for the management of the consequences on mental health of the pandemic; the last phase consists in the evaluation of the efficacy and feasibility of the experimental psychosocial intervention in a randomized control trial. In order to evaluate factors associated with the severity of depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms at DASS-21 (primary outcomes), multivariate linear regression models were performed, including as independent variables: being infected by COVID-19, having a pre-existing mental disorder, being a healthcare professional. doi = 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.89 id = cord-313356-ninzeazy author = Fiorillo, Luca title = COVID-19 Surface Persistence: A Recent Data Summary and Its Importance for Medical and Dental Settings date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; surface; virus summary = title: COVID-19 Surface Persistence: A Recent Data Summary and Its Importance for Medical and Dental Settings Recently, due to the coronavirus pandemic, many guidelines and anti-contagion strategies continue to report unclear information about the persistence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the environment. The purpose of this article is to highlight all the sources currently present in the literature concerning the persistence of the different coronaviruses in the environment as well as in medical and dental settings. The aim of this article is to evaluate, through the analysis of the current literature, how long this virus can remain active on different surfaces. On average, the different coronaviruses persist in an infectious state on surfaces for several days, even up to nine. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention doi = 10.3390/ijerph17093132 id = cord-284995-8lyr3gs4 author = Fiorina, Laurent title = COVID-19 et troubles du rythme date = 2020-10-02 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Les connaissances dans ce domaine sont encore loin d''être exhaustives mais plusieurs séries publiées concernant les patients atteints de la COVID-19 retrouvent une proportion significative de troubles du rythme, dont certains pouvant potentiellement mener à une issue fatale. Sur une série de 146 patients hospitalisés pour la COVID-19, 20% avaient une atteinte myocardique (définie comme une élévation significative de troponine I, avec des signes électrocardiographiques (ECG) compatibles avec une ischémie myocardique) résultant en une J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f mortalité de 51.2% comparée à 4.5% chez les patients sans atteinte myocardique [2] . Troubles du rythme observés à la phase aigüe : Description -Les palpitations étaient un symptôme de présentation initial de la maladie chez 7.3% des patients hospitalisés pour la COVID-19 dans une série de Wuhan en Chine [7] . doi = 10.1016/j.ancard.2020.09.042 id = cord-292493-lx7zfgoi author = Firstenberg, Michael S. title = Isolation protocol for a COVID-2019 patient requiring emergent surgical intervention: case presentation date = 2020-04-19 keywords = COVID-2019; patient summary = Few specific guidelines are available to outline the steps necessary to adequately maintain appropriate isolation precautions in patients who require emergent surgical interventions and who are either confirmed SARS-CoV2 or who are awaiting the results of testing. The purpose of this discussion is to outline the steps our U.S. institution undertook in managing a patient who required emergent cardiac surgery for an acute aortic syndrome who was presumptively infected, and did test positive on post-operative day two. Given the findings of pulmonary infiltrates, upon admission, he was placed in strict droplet and contact precautions in a negative air-flow Intensive Care Unit (ICU) room as a potential COVID-2019 case. Written surgical and anesthesia consent was obtained by the operating surgeon and anesthesiologist wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) that included N-95 mask, face shield, gown, and gloves). doi = 10.1186/s13037-020-00243-9 id = cord-258133-zsweppku author = Fischer, M. title = COVID-19 paranoia in a patient suffering from schizophrenic psychosis – a case report date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Here we report the case of a patient with schizophrenia presenting with COVD-19related delusions and hallucinations, illustrating the potential of COVID-19 to precipitate entry into a psychotic phase and impact symptom manifestation. This case report shows the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the psychopathology of a patient with paranoid psychosis leading to the outbreak of a psychotic phase with paranoid-hallucinatoric experiencing and unrealistic expectations and concerns. This observation may be in line with the previous reports that higher levels of concurrent anxiety in patients with schizophrenia correlated with lower perception of personal risk of infection with swine flu, although the reason for this effect is unclear (Maguire et al., 2019a) . Overall, the current case report illustrates the potential for the psychological context of the COVID-19 emergency to influence emergence and manifestations of symptoms of psychosis, and indicates that measured, balanced and responsible reporting of the COVID-19 crisis in the media will be important to minimize the risk of overreactions in at risk persons and to avoid entry into psychotic episodes. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113001 id = cord-318312-v1c3qm7h author = Fischer, Quentin title = Case report of anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction in a patient with coronavirus disease-2019 date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = CASE SUMMARY: A patient with COVID-19 was hospitalized in our institution for a diabetic foot ulcer and presented afterwards a pulmonary oedema and concomitant anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. DISCUSSION: Emergent percutaneous coronary intervention is feasible and safe in COVID-19 patients but requires a multidisciplinary effort involving caregivers from infectious disease, intensive care, and cardiology teams. 4 Specifically, the occurrence of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in Learning points • Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) screening by naso-pharyngeal swab was not systematically performed at admission and should not delay emergent cardiological care in ST-elevation myocardial infarction or high-risk non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. In this case report, the occurrence of an acute respiratory distress in a patient with infected diabetic foot ulcer, led to the simultaneous diagnosis of COVID-19 and high-risk ACS. Emergent PCI for ACS is feasible and safe in COVID-19 patients but requires a multidisciplinary effort involving caregivers from infectious disease, intensive care, and cardiology teams. doi = 10.1093/ehjcr/ytaa131 id = cord-288307-6dlw2klz author = Fisher, Bryant title = The importance of repeat testing in detecting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in a coronary artery bypass grafting patient date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: The importance of repeat testing in detecting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in a coronary artery bypass grafting patient This case emphasizes the risks of discharge location in the COVID‐19 era as well as the importance of clinical suspicion, early isolation practices for those presumed positive, and repeat testing, given the marginal sensitivity of available COVID‐19 RT‐PCR. In this report, we describe the first documented case of a postNotably, through studies originating in China at the onset of this pandemic, the sensitivity of RT-PCR tests has been shown to be lacking. 3, 4 Given the reported sensitivity of RT-PCR for COVID-19, repeat testing in patients with high clinical suspicion of COVID-19 infection, and therefore high pre-test probability, is of paramount importance. A case report of COVID-19 with false negative RT-PCR test: necessity of chest CT The importance of repeat testing in detecting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a coronary artery bypass grafting patient doi = 10.1111/jocs.14604 id = cord-339830-7om9ajev author = Fisher, Edwin B title = COVID-19, stress, trauma, and peer support—observations from the field date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; support summary = in this issue [13] , reports on a set of versatile telephone peer support services for police-Cop2Cop, veterans-Vet2Vet, child protection workers-Worker2Worker, caregivers of those with dementia-Care2Caregivers, and mothers of children with special needs-Mom2Mom. As it was going to press, we had the opportunity (April 24, 2020) to talk about the impacts of COVID-19 with peer support workers from three of these, Mom2Mom, Worker2Worker, and Cop2Cop. Here, we present key points that emerged. Especially among police, peer support workers described their callers getting through this difficult period by trying to "keep doing their business … keeping their minds busy" and "trying not to think about COVID-19 too much." Experience with first responders in 9/11, however, presages increased emotional distress approximately 6 months after the end of the acute pandemic. Peer support workers noted it is both important but also difficult to help people focus on the immediate priority of their families'' health rather than being too concerned about productivity, school progression, or behavioral or psychological progression. doi = 10.1093/tbm/ibaa056 id = cord-289684-rvbofsmb author = Fisher, Jennifer title = COVID-19 associated parotitis: A case report date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19; parotitis summary = We present a case report of a woman infected with COVID-19 and diagnosed with parotitis. The patient was prescribed a course of amoxicillin/clavulanate to J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f treat a possible concomitant bacterial parotitis and advised to apply warm compresses, massage the gland, use sialagogues to increase salivary flow and stay hydrated. Typically, viral parotitis is characterized by a prodrome of flu-like symptoms followed 2-4 days later by gradual swelling of the bilateral parotid glands, though unilateral involvement is seen in up to 25% of cases [6, 7] . Physical exam findings in suppurative parotitis include induration and tenderness of the parotid gland and purulent discharge from the duct orifice with massaging the gland [6, 7] . While we believe this was a viral-induced parotitis, given the unilateral presentation we treated her for possible bacterial co-infection. At the time we evaluated this patient there were no reports of COVID-19 associated parotitis. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.059 id = cord-289763-jek2pd31 author = Fisher, Kimberly A. title = Attitudes Toward a Potential SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: A Survey of U.S. Adults date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; participant; vaccine summary = Data on participant characteristics were provided by NORC and included age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, household income, household size, marital status, employment status, geographic location, urban or rural location (addresses within a metropolitan statistical area were categorized as urban), receipt of influenza vaccination in the prior year, and self-rated overall health status. After adjustment for differences in participant characteristics ( Table 3) , factors that were independently associated with vaccine hesitancy (response of "no" or "not sure") include younger age (<60 years), Black race, educational attainment of less than a college degree, and not receiving an influenza vaccine in the prior year. We found several independent predictors of being hesitant to be vaccinated against COVID-19; the strongest were lower educational attainment, Black race, not having had a recent influenza vaccination, and perceived personal risk for coronavirus, consistent with the findings of a national survey conducted by RTI (20) . doi = 10.7326/m20-3569 id = cord-333042-icgsbelo author = Fisher, Kiva A. title = Community and Close Contact Exposures Associated with COVID-19 Among Symptomatic Adults ≥18 Years in 11 Outpatient Health Care Facilities — United States, July 2020 date = 2020-09-11 keywords = CDC; COVID-19; SARS summary = Restricting the analysis to participants without known close contact with a person with confirmed COVID-19, case-patients were more likely to report dining at a restaurant (aOR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.9-4.3) or going to a bar/coffee shop (aOR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.5-10.1) than were control-participants. For each reported activity, participants were asked to quantify degree of adherence to recommendations such as wearing a face mask of any kind or social distancing among other persons at that location, with response options ranging from "none" to "almost all." Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed to compare case-patients with control-participants, assessing differences in demographic characteristics, community exposures, and close contact. In addition to dining at a restaurant, case-patients were more likely to report going to a bar/coffee shop, but only when the analysis was restricted to participants without close contact with persons with known COVID-19 before illness onset. doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6936a5 id = cord-265278-wf5pbvvt author = Fishman, Jay A. title = Case 29-2020: A 66-Year-Old Man with Fever and Shortness of Breath after Liver Transplantation date = 2020-09-17 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient; recipient; transplant summary = In transplant recipiAfter infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), viral replication ensues in the respiratory epithelium, followed by viremia and systemic spread to organs by means of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 receptor. 22 Graft rejection and toxic effects from calcineurin inhibitors may be difficult to distinguish from The varied presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection reflects diversity in host immune responses, notably in immunosuppressed transplant recipients. Although the use of antiinflammatory drugs (e.g., high-dose glucocorticoids or interleukin-6 receptor antagonists) in solid-organ transplant recipients may have the additional benefit of protecting against rejection among patients who are receiving tapering courses of the immunosuppressive agents, especially when calcineurin inhibitors are discontinued because of severe disease, their efficacy in the context of solidorgan transplantation warrants testing in clinical trials. Human kidney is a target for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection doi = 10.1056/nejmcpc2004982 id = cord-286110-alix1s1w author = Fitzgerald, Dominic A. title = COVID-19 pandemic: Impact on children, families and the future date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19; paper summary = In this issue of Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, we present a series of papers dedicated to examining the impact of COVID-19 on the health and wellbeing of children and families, both now and into the near future. In the first of two papers on modelling, McBryde and colleagues highlight the importance of tracking the impact of distancing and movement policies and behaviour changes in people which is critical in evaluating early decisions made in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic [5] . The papers are consistent in highlighting the lessons learnt including a lack of preparedness for the COVID-19 pandemic despite recent experience on a smaller scale with SARS and MERS, a lack of action at decisive moments and the worrying partisan relationships between the WHO and high income countries which have undermined its ability to respond to such health crises and unite the world in its response. doi = 10.1016/j.prrv.2020.06.017 id = cord-296522-ljovvgey author = Fitzpatrick, Kevin M. title = Facing New Fears During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The State of America’s Mental Health date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; U.S.; fear; worry summary = The current study examines the intersection of COVID-19 fear, worries and perceived threat with social group vulnerabilities and mental health consequences, namely anxiety and depressive symptomatology. Specifically, we examine the distribution of fear, worry, and perceived threat across geographic space, between different social groups, and their relationships to mental health outcomes (anxiety and depressive symptomatology). Are their significant differences in these perceptions J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f and are they mostly determined by social vulnerability (i.e. low-income, unmarried, racial/ethnic minorities, etc.)?; and 3) Does fear, threat and worry about COVID-19 directly impact specific mental health outcomes (i.e. depressive symptoms and generalized anxiety) even after controlling for specific vulnerabilities? Finally, third, we explore how subjective assessments of fear, worry, and threat about COVID-19 correlate with specific mental health outcomes, including depressive symptoms and generalized anxiety. doi = 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102291 id = cord-274563-jimw6skv author = Fiumara, Agata title = COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak and its Psychological Impact on Patients with Rare Lysosomal Diseases date = 2020-08-22 keywords = COVID-19; group; patient summary = During the COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) pandemic lockdown, patients with LSDs on enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) missed their scheduled access to the Day Hospital to get their treatment. Methods: Based on the feeling that our patients were experiencing profound distress, we designed a structured telephone interview with the aim to evaluate how, and to which extent, the pandemic outbreak was changing their behavior and feelings about their chronic disease, the impact on therapies, and future expectations. Moreover, a striking similarity emerged between the groups regarding forced home reclusion and the profound feeling to be excluded by normal life, well-known to those affected by a chronic rare disease. Based on the feeling that our patients were experiencing profound distress, we designed a structured interview [3, 4] with the aim to evaluate how, and to which extent, the COVID-19 pandemic was changing our patients'' behavior and feelings about their chronic disease, the impact on therapies, and their future expectations. doi = 10.3390/jcm9092716 id = cord-289046-frhpt8n9 author = Fix, Oren K. title = Telemedicine and Telehepatology During the COVID‐19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act (H.R. 6074) was signed into law on March 6, 2020, and provides a temporary waiver of many of the CMS restrictions and requirements regarding telemedicine services during the COVID-19 public health emergency. When these barriers to telemedicine were removed, providers, hospitals, and health systems rapidly embraced telemedicine or scaled up existing programs to meet the sudden demand for remote, synchronous patient care. Some patients with new physical symptoms or recent hepatic decompensation are best evaluated in person but may avoid seeking medical care due to social distancing policies or concerns about exposure to COVID-19 in the health care setting. For established patients with decompensated liver disease, review telemedicine can offer rapid evaluation and avoid the need for an in-person appointment when, for example, adjusting diuretics or medications for hepatic encephalopathy. As we look to a future beyond the COVID-19 pandemic, we have an opportunity to consider telemedicine''s place in the routine delivery of patient care. doi = 10.1002/cld.971 id = cord-307284-w693a2rm author = Flament, H. title = Outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection linked to MAIT cell activation and cytotoxicity: evidence for an IL-18 dependent mechanism date = 2020-09-02 keywords = Fig; MAIT; September; covid-19 summary = . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.31.20185082 doi: medRxiv preprint Introduction: 65 The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiologic agent 83 and chronic viral infections, MAIT cell blood frequency is reduced while expression of HLA-DR, 84 PD-1, CD38 and CD69 is upregulated 18-20, [22] [23] [24] . 98 We first began our study of immune cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection by analyzing the frequency 99 and phenotype of lymphocytes in blood samples from COVID-19 patients as well as (age-100 matched BMI-matched) non-infected donors (Fig. 1a) . Blood MAIT cells also displayed a significant increase of the NK cell-associated 129 activation CD56 + marker compared to controls, that was highest in ICU patients (Fig. 2a) . 179 Taken together, these data suggest that inflammatory processes in SARS-CoV-2-infected 180 patients involve concomitant activation of MAIT cells with other innate-immune cells 181 associated with loss of these populations'' frequencies in blood. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.31.20185082 id = cord-264814-v4wnmg03 author = Flanagan, Katie L. title = Progress and Pitfalls in the Quest for Effective SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccines date = 2020-10-02 keywords = CD8; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; cell; dna; table; vaccine summary = Herein, we review the current knowledge about the immune response to this novel virus as it pertains to the design of effective and safe SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the range of novel and established approaches to vaccine development being taken. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the immune response to this novel virus as it pertains to the design of effective and safe SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the range of novel and established approaches to vaccine development being taken. Comprehensive safety studies are particularly critical because some candidate vaccines use platform technologies that have not been examined extensively in human subjects to date, including some of the viral vectors, mRNA and nanoparticle constructs, and because of the potential for enhanced disease and adverse events related to aberrant immune responses to be seen upon infection pre-and post-licensure. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579250 id = cord-305297-ync3dhyz author = Flanders, W. Dana title = The Association of Voter Turnout with County-level COVID-19 Occurrence Early in the Pandemic date = 2020-07-01 keywords = March; Michigan; covid-19 summary = We used zero-inflated negative binomial regression to estimate the association of voter turnout with COVID-19 incidence, adjusted for county-level population density and proportions: over age 65 years, female, Black, with college education, with high school education, poor, obese, and smokers. Statistical Analyses: To estimate the association between voter turnout on March 10 and countylevel COVID-19 infection risk, we considered the time period during which excess cases, if any, would be expected to occur. Alternative outcomes: We reasoned that if the association of voter turnout with COVID-19 occurrence in the post-vote period was attributable to uncontrolled confounding, then that association should persist even if we redefined the outcome as cases occurring in risk periods (e.g. in early April) that did not overlap substantially with the time interval of interest (the incubation period plus some allowance for testing and reporting). doi = 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.06.011 id = cord-309273-gtvi37gh author = Flesia, Luca title = Predicting Perceived Stress Related to the Covid-19 Outbreak through Stable Psychological Traits and Machine Learning Models date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; PSS-10; italian; psychological; stress summary = Finally, with the goal of anticipating persons in need of treatment and improving the targeting and overall effectiveness of preventive programs, we aimed at developing machine learning models to predict individual psychological responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, based on sociodemographic and psychological variables with maximal sensitivity in classifying subjects with high versus low levels of perceived stress. To better understand the role of stable psychological traits in predicting the level of perceived stress (PSS-10 score), a second multiple linear regression was run, adding to the previous model the scores of the five coping styles measured by the COPE-NVI-25 (COPE positive, COPE problem, COPE avoidance, COPE religion and COPE support), the BSCS total score, the internal LOC score, and the scores for the five personality traits measured by the BFI-10 (BFI-10 agreeableness, BFI-10 conscientiousness, BFI-10 emotional stability, BFI-10 extraversion and BFI-10 openness). doi = 10.3390/jcm9103350 id = cord-351735-x1lng449 author = Flikweert, Antine W. title = Late histopathologic characteristics of critically ill COVID-19 patients: Different phenotypes without evidence of invasive aspergillosis, a case series date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = authors: Flikweert, Antine W.; Grootenboers, Marco J.J.H.; Yick, David C.Y.; du Mée, Arthur W.F.; van der Meer, Nardo J.M.; Rettig, Thijs C.D.; Kant, Merijn K.M. title: Late histopathologic characteristics of critically ill COVID-19 patients: Different phenotypes without evidence of invasive aspergillosis, a case series CONCLUSIONS: In this case series common late histopathology in critically ill COVID patients is not classic DAD but heterogeneous with predominant pattern of organizing pneumonia. All patients with laboratory confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) admitted to the ICU due to acute hypoxemic respiratory failure between 22 March 2020 and 30 April 2020 and with available postmortem needle core biopsy of the lung were eligible for inclusion in this case series. Recently, a case definition for influenza associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) was proposed by an expert panel, which could be used to classify patients with CAPA. doi = 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.07.002 id = cord-289854-p8okfa4b author = Flores, Gabriel title = Spontaneous Brainstem Hemorrhagic Stroke in the Setting of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 – A Case Report date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = In this report, we outline the clinical presentation of a 40-year-old male who developed severe coughing and sneezing before presenting to the emergency department with confusion, somnolence, and respiratory distress. On hospital day four, his neurological examination deteriorated to quadriparesis and only cough and gag reflexes remaining intact after which his family opted for comfort measures only. Since initial reports in December 2019 from Wuhan, China, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus two (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic. Our patient is a 40-year-old male with past medical history of obesity, hypertension, and type two diabetes mellitus who developed severe coughing and sneezing before presenting to the emergency department with confusion, somnolence, and respiratory distress. Severe cough was reported to cause cerebral hemorrhage in patients with whooping cough as early as 1885 [8] . Increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage adds to the complexity of management of patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.7759/cureus.10809 id = cord-338279-so0hpph4 author = Flores, Stefan title = “Novel Use of Telepalliative Care in a NYC Emergency Department During the COVID-19 Pandemic” date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: "Novel Use of Telepalliative Care in a NYC Emergency Department During the COVID-19 Pandemic" More specifically, COVID-19 has changed the way we approach patient and family member interactions. In order to meet the needs of COVID patients, services 11 such as Emergency Medicine and Palliative Care have responded rapidly by adopting 12 novel ways of practicing medicine. In order to meet the needs of COVID patients, services 11 such as Emergency Medicine and Palliative Care have responded rapidly by adopting 12 novel ways of practicing medicine. We describe the use of telepalliative medicine (TM) 13 implemented in an Emergency Department (ED) setting to allow family members the 14 ability to interact with their loved ones during critical illness, and even during end of life. We describe the use of telepalliative medicine (TM) 13 implemented in an Emergency Department (ED) setting to allow family members the 14 ability to interact with their loved ones during critical illness, and even during end of life. doi = 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.08.008 id = cord-256746-ggnd8y06 author = Flythe, Jennifer E. title = Characteristics and Outcomes of Individuals With Pre-existing Kidney Disease and COVID-19 Admitted to Intensive Care Units in the United States date = 2020-09-19 keywords = CKD; ICU; covid-19 summary = PREDICTOR(S): Presence (versus absence) of pre-existing kidney disease OUTCOME(S): In-hospital mortality (primary); respiratory failure, shock, ventricular arrhythmia/ cardiac arrest, thromboembolic event, major bleed, and acute liver injury (secondary) ANALYTICAL APPROACH: We used standardized differences to compare patient characteristics (values >0.10 indicate a meaningful difference between groups) and multivariable adjusted Fine and Gray survival models to examine outcome associations. In this study of over 4,200 critically ill adult patients admitted to 68 U.S. ICUs with COVID-19, we found that having pre-existing kidney disease was associated with higher inhospital mortality rates, with the strength of this association varying by degree of baseline kidney dysfunction. Association between pre-existing kidney disease and 14-day in-hospital outcomes among critically ill COVID-19 patients J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Supplemental Table S8 . doi = 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.09.003 id = cord-319013-oytqcifa author = Focosi, Daniele title = Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19: State of the Art date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; convalescent; patient; plasma summary = In the first retrospective, randomized controlled trial published to date, 39 patients in New York with severe COVID-19 were transfused with 2 units of ABO-type matched CP with anti-Spike antibody titers of Ն1:320 (measured by a two-step Spike proteindirected ELISA). CP (9 to 13 ml/kg from donors with S-RBD IgG titer of Ն1:640) was associated with a negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR test at 72 h in 87.2% of the CP group versus 37.5% of the BSC group, but clinical improvement at 28 days was statistically different only in patients with severe, but not in life-threatening, disease (104) . Feasibility, safety, clinical, and laboratory effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a study protocol Anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus antibody levels in convalescent plasma of six donors who have recovered from COVID-19 doi = 10.1128/cmr.00072-20 id = cord-291018-5j4nt2qs author = Foddai, Alessandro title = Surveillance to improve evidence for community control decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic – Opening the animal epidemic toolbox for public health date = 2020-03-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Surveillance to improve evidence for community control decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic – Opening the animal epidemic toolbox for public health This editorial discusses the possibilities of practicing One Health, by using methods from animal health to enhance surveillance for COVID-19 to provide an evidence base fort decision-making in communities and countries. However, once the infection becomes established and individual clusters are no longer traced, the usefulness of syndromic or risk-based surveillance data to guide control decisions at community level is reduced, because the cases identified are not representative of the infected individuals in the population. We strongly encourage the use of robust science for decision-making to ensure evidence-based decisions and to minimise the impacts of the epidemic, and suggest that randomized surveys that generate representative community estimates could provide additional support for policy decisions, in addition to the current surveillance strategies. Base protocol for real time active random surveillance of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) -adapting veterinary methodology to public health. doi = 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100130 id = cord-292201-e7k7gn9q author = Fodjo, Joseph Nelson Siewe title = Mass masking as a way to contain COVID-19 and exit lockdown in low- and middle-income countries date = 2020-07-17 keywords = covid-19; mask summary = In new guidelines published on June 5 th 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that in areas with ongoing COVID-19 community transmission, governments should encourage the general public to wear face masks in specific situations and settings as part of a comprehensive approach to suppress COVID-19 transmission. In new guidelines published on June 5 th 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that in areas with ongoing COVID-19 community transmission, governments should encourage the general public to wear face masks in specific situations and settings as part of a comprehensive approach to suppress COVID-19 transmission. Recent online surveys in 206,729 persons residing in nine low-and middle-income countries showed that 32.7%-99.7% of respondents used face masks with significantly differences across age groups and sexes. 2 The new recommendations state that in areas with ongoing COVID-19 community transmission, governments should encourage the general public to wear masks in specific situations and settings where physical distancing cannot be achieved, as part of a comprehensive approach to suppress COVID-19 transmission. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.015 id = cord-325669-6kjlcakt author = Fogacci, Silvia title = Management of pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders in patients infected with SARS CoV-2: pharmacological and clinical issues date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; pregnant; woman summary = The purpose of the current review is to highlight the safety of drug treatment for COVID -19 in pregnant women treated with anti-hypertensive medications. In accordance with the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for the management of CV diseases during pregnancy, 100-150 mg/day acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) should be recommended to pregnant women with a high or moderate risk to develop pre-eclampsia (class I; level of evidence A) [17] . In accordance with the American Heart Association (AHA) recommendations [25] , methyldopa should only be prescribed in cases of severe hypertension during pregnancy, considering potential maternal and fetal side effects (class I; level of evidence A). In accordance with the latest ESC guidelines for the management of CV disease during the COVID-19 pandemic, drug-drug interactions should be considered before administering azithromycin in patients treated with LMWH [37] , despite possible beneficial effects by azithromycin in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 [48] . doi = 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa105 id = cord-263055-4f25h9l4 author = Fogarty, Helen title = More on COVID‐19 coagulopathy in Caucasian patients date = 2020-05-25 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = We are grateful for the comments of Marrietta et al, [1] and welcome the opportunity to provide further details on the coagulopathy observed in our patients with COVID-19 infection [2]. The weight-adjusted low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) thromboprophylaxis used in the study is that routinely used for hospital in-patients in our institution, consistent with national recommendations [3,4] With respect to the cohort of patients with COVID-19 enrolled in our study, it is important to highlight that 74% of patients received enoxaparin 40mg (4000 IU) subcutaneously once daily. This hypothesis is supported by emerging data suggesting that the incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill patients with COVID-19 may be >30%, even in patients receiving LMWH thromboprophylaxis. From the literature, it is clear that other centres have already elected to institute increased LMWH doses for selected patients with severe COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1111/bjh.16791 id = cord-303731-yrlzxtbw author = Fong, Raymond title = Management of Dysphagia in Nursing Homes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Strategies and Experiences date = 2020-08-18 keywords = covid-19; home; resident summary = The global 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had devastating effects not only on healthcare systems worldwide but also on different aspects of the care provided to nursing home residents. This article has summarised the actions taken in this regard and may serve as a reference to clinicians who are responsible for swallowing assessments and dysphagia management in nursing homes. Residents who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 were assessed after discharged to the nursing home as patients with COVID-19 were considered at high risk for oropharyngeal dysphagia [18] , especially those who have been previously intubated [19] . Therefore, standard and at-risk residents should be considered differently with respect to dysphagia assessments and management and personal protective equipment usage. Consequently, a surge in the use of telepractice for dysphagia management in nursing home settings was not observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00464-0 id = cord-288092-x3fdxnbr author = Fonseca, Mario title = Acute Exacerbation of Interstitial Lung Disease as a Sequela of COVID-19 Pneumonia date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; ILD summary = title: Acute Exacerbation of Interstitial Lung Disease as a Sequela of COVID-19 Pneumonia Exacerbations with rapid progression resulting in increased dyspnea, increased oxygen supplementation requirements, and respiratory failure have been described in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other types of ILDs 3 . Recent concerns have been raised by the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ILD, mainly because of its propensity to cause severe lung injury in older individuals and in individuals with pre-existing lung disease. 5 Here, we present a case of a patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) associated ILD (RA-ILD) recently hospitalized due to COVID-19. However, we do not know if coexistent connective tissue disorders like rheumatoid arthritis result in worse prognosis, especially in COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization. Finally, it is intriguing to hypothesize that COVID-19 infection will lead in some cases to progressive fibrosing lung disease. Patients with interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis are at high risk for severe illness related to COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.08.017 id = cord-030600-0o7xafqz author = Fonseka, T title = The effects of COVID-19 on training within urology: Lessons learned in virtual learning, human factors, non-technical skills and reflective practice date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; training; urology summary = The importance of training in human factors and non-technical skills has also been brought to the fore while operating under the constraints of personal protective equipment and working in new teams and unfamiliar environments. Furthermore, operating in the challenging environment of COVID-19 has also highlighted the impact of human factors (HF) and non-technical skills training, especially in reducing medical error. With the large-scale changes to operative and clinical practice, one may argue that managing patients within the COVID-19 pandemic can also present new and unforeseen training opportunities; for example, the ability to learn skills in crisis management, healthcare management and leadership skills. 5 Core surgical trainees will undoubtedly experience difficulties in gaining exposure to emergency and elective urology over the next few months due to reduced clinical activity and the redeployment of many to staff wards occupied mostly by patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1177/2051415820950109 id = cord-256443-kejqbo1q author = Forbes, Nauzer title = Changes in Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Practices in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from a North American Survey date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; center summary = title: Changes in Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Practices in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from a North American Survey In response, institutions providing gastroenterology and endoscopy services have taken urgent action to protect patients and staff, but the uptake and extent of these practice changes in North America is unknown. We conducted a survey of gastroenterology and endoscopy practices to assess the response to the COVID-19 pandemic across the continent. institutional demographics, changes in endoscopy practice, changes in clinical practice, changes in training, peri-procedure screening for COVID-19, and changes in PPE practices. The majority of responding centers (63/73, 86%) are screening patients for COVID-19 upon arrival to endoscopy units through symptom and/or exposure assessments (Figure 1 ). American centers have implemented in response to the pandemic and -by reporting data on clinical, consultative and training practices -expands on recent information by our Italian colleagues 8 . GASTROENTEROLOGY PROFESSIONAL SOCIETY GUIDANCE ON ENDOSCOPIC PROCEDURES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.071 id = cord-254796-wzb6qv7y author = Ford, James S. title = Testing Asymptomatic Emergency Department Patients for Coronavirus of 2019 (COVID‐19) in a Low Prevalence Region date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Testing Asymptomatic Emergency Department Patients for Coronavirus of 2019 (COVID‐19) in a Low Prevalence Region Transmission of COVID-19 by asymptomatic carriers has been reported in multiple family units, indicating that this mode of infection is important in understanding disease epidemiology and population risk 4, 5 .In one study, in individuals who were asymptomatic at the time of confirmed COVID-19 infection, the median communicable period (defined as time from positive test to negative test) was 9.5 days (range 1-21 days), and approximately 21% of these patients went on to develop symptoms, suggesting that individuals may be infectious prior to the development of symptoms 5 . We included all ED patients who had a COVID-19 test ordered under the site''s asymptomatic screening protocol, either in the ED or within 24 hours of admission from the ED. In this study, we describe the testing of asymptomatic ED patients for COVID-19 in a low-prevalence region of the United States. doi = 10.1111/acem.14044 id = cord-353876-pb4of7s9 author = Fortaleza, Carlos Magno Castelo Branco title = Evidence, rationality, and ignorance: Agnotological issues in COVID-19 science date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; evidence; scientific; study summary = Researchers, public health authorities, and healthcare workers should be equipped to identify such agnotological strategies, distinguish them from scientific fraud, and avoid drawing misleading inferences based on an irrational adherence to hypotheses and a lack of criticism of implausible results. It may surprise an orthodox practitioner of evidence-based medicine (EBM) to learn that, in accordance with a tradition that dates back to David Hume (1711-1776), Popper rejected induction, which refers to the notion that a series of observations and experiments (i.e., evidence) allows one to draw inferences about general scientific laws or generate "recommendations." Popper''s views can be summarized as follows: "there are several sources of knowledge, but science progresses blindly toward the truth rather by eliminating errors (by continuous criticism and empirical research) than from gathering cumulative evidences." Despite major ideological differences, some of the greatest 20 th century philosophers of science (Popper 2 , Kuhn 3 , Lakatos 4 , and Feyerabend 5 ) prioritized rationality over the accumulation of evidence. doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0475-2020 id = cord-336257-f6yglaz8 author = Forte, Giuseppe title = The Enemy Which Sealed the World: Effects of COVID-19 Diffusion on the Psychological State of the Italian Population date = 2020-06-10 keywords = PTSD; covid-19; italian summary = Although these results need to be considered with caution being based on self-reported data collected at the beginning of this emergency, they should be used as a starting point for further studies aimed to develop interventions to minimize both the brief and long-term psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. In both countries younger age, student status, female gender and direct contact with COVID-19 infection are associated with a greater psychological impact of the emergency, involving many psychopathological dimensions (e.g., anxiety, distress, sleep disturbance) [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] 26] . One of the aims of the study was to analyse the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in the different Italian territorial areas. Overall, the results highlighted high levels of anxiety, psychopathological symptoms and PTSD symptoms in Italian respondents during the first critical phase of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and of the Government measures taken to contain it. doi = 10.3390/jcm9061802 id = cord-270399-yfko8mpc author = Foster, Allison title = It’s complicated: A case report on a COVID-19-positive HIV patient presenting with rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; HIV; SARS summary = title: It''s complicated: A case report on a COVID-19-positive HIV patient presenting with rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury In this report, we discuss a unique case of an HIV-positive patient in New York City who presented with a 2-week history of worsening fatigue, cough, dyspnea, and myalgias and was found to have COVID-19 pneumonia and acute kidney injury. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of acute kidney injury, SARS-CoV-2 renal tropism, and the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on COVID-19 pneumonia are discussed. 20 Whether directly through involvement of SARS-CoV-2 interaction with ACE-2 receptor or indirectly from causing hypotension from an undetermined mechanism, this patient''s decline in renal function can be attributed to his acute infection with COVID-19. [24] [25] [26] Our patient''s exceptional clinical course despite having HIV lends to the idea that his HAART regimen as well as his azithromycin use prior to presentation may have decreased the total amount of SARS-CoV-2 viral replication in both the renal parenchyma and pulmonary tissue resulting in a rapid recovery and subsequent hospital discharge. doi = 10.1177/2050313x20965423 id = cord-335252-med3c01q author = Fovet, Thomas title = Prisons confinées: quelles conséquences pour les soins psychiatriques et la santé mentale des personnes détenues en France? date = 2020-05-08 keywords = Covid-19; France summary = L''objectif de cet article est de décrire la réorganisation des soins psychiatriques en milieu pénitentiaire en contexte de pandémie de Covid-19 et d''interroger les conséquences du confinement et des libérations anticipées sur la santé mentale des personnes détenues. L''objectif de cet article est de décrire la réorganisation des soins psychiatriques en milieu pénitentiaire en contexte de pandémie de Covid-19 et d''interroger les conséquences du confinement et des libérations anticipées sur la santé mentale des personnes détenues. L''épidémie de Covid-19 semble avoir été plutôt contenue dans les prisons françaises au cours de la période de confinement mais le poids des mesures mises en place sur la population carcérale est important. L''épidémie de Covid-19 semble avoir été plutôt contenue dans les prisons françaises au cours de la période de confinement mais le poids des mesures mises en place sur la population carcérale est important. doi = 10.1016/j.encep.2020.05.002 id = cord-254083-ea94wn3f author = Fowler, Alexander J. title = COVID-19 Phenotypes and Potential Harm of Conventional Treatments: How to Prove the Hypothesis date = 2020-08-15 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19 summary = We appreciate the authors'' clinical observations and their expertise; however, we have several concerns with these two recommendations, which diverge from the best established evidence for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). For reference, patients enrolled in the PROSEVA (Prone Positioning in Severe ARDS) trial had a mean respiratory system compliance of 35 ml/cm H 2 O (SD, 15) at the time of enrollment (3). Evidence from randomized controlled trials suggests that prone positioning and low VT ventilation are the precise strategies for gentle ventilation that patients with ARDS, "typical" or not, should receive. Importantly, the authors suggest that recommended treatment strategies for severe COVID-19 pneumonia based on ARDS management (3) may lead to disease progression and excess harm (1, 2) . Second, we can use the DAG to determine a minimal adjustment set of variables to reliably estimate the direct effect of our exposure (ARDS ventilation strategy in COVID-19 L-phenotype patients) and outcome (ICU mortality). doi = 10.1164/rccm.202004-1293le id = cord-326866-nbd4arhx author = Fox, Charles W. title = The representation of women as authors of submissions to ecology journals during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-29 keywords = covid summary = At these six ecology journals there is no evidence of a decline in the proportion of submissions that are authored by women (as either first or submitting author) since the start of the COVID-19 disruptions; the proportion of papers authored by women in the post-COVID period of 2020 has increased relative to the same period in 2019, and is higher than in the period pre-COVID in 2020. At these six ecology journals there is no evidence of a decline in the proportion of submissions that are authored by women (as either first or submitting author) since the start of the COVID-19 disruptions; the proportion of papers authored by women in the post-COVID period of 2020 has increased relative to the same period in 2019, and is higher than in the period pre-COVID in 2020. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.29.123455 id = cord-296353-snzdjan9 author = Fox, Nathan S. title = COVID-19 in Pregnant Women: Case Series from One Large New York City Obstetrical Practice date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Objective This study aimed to report a case series of pregnant women in New York City with confirmed or presumed coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection. Study Design Beginning March 22, 2020, all pregnant women from one large obstetrical practice in New York City were contacted regularly to inquire about symptoms of COVID-19 (fever, cough, shortness of breath, malaise, anosmia), or sick contacts. For this report, we included every patient with suspected COVID-19 infection, which was defined as at least two symptoms, or a positive COVID-19 nasopharyngeal polymerase chain reaction test. For all patients with suspected COVID-19 or sick contacts, we contacted them every 2 to 3 days and kept a running list of these patients including symptoms, treatments, and test results, if performed. For this report, we included every patient with suspected COVID-19 infection, which was defined as at least two of the following symptoms (fever, cough, shortness of breath, malaise, anosmia), or a positive COVID-19 nasopharyngeal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1712529 id = cord-301779-y07xjnpe author = Fox, Sharon E title = Pulmonary and cardiac pathology in African American patients with COVID-19: an autopsy series from New Orleans date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = INTERPRETATION: We identify key pathological states, including thrombotic and microangiopathic pathology in the lungs, that contributed to death in patients with severe COVID-19 and decompensation in this demographic. Evidence before this study We reviewed the single study of autopsy in a COVID-19 positive patient by Z Xu and colleagues, published in this journal, and reports of pathology from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and similar viral infections by J Nicholls. Previous evidence [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] reports viral infection causing activation of both maladaptive cytokine pathways and a platelet response, and our findings suggest that these immune functions might be related to severe forms of COVID-19. We do not have evidence of direct infection of megakaryocytes by SARS-CoV-2, but the abundance of these cells in the lungs at autopsy is probably related to the abundance of small, sometimes platelet-rich thrombi, and foci of haemorrhage. doi = 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30243-5 id = cord-339509-4ezt6o0o author = Fox, Sharon E. title = Cardiac Endotheliitis and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome After COVID-19 date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; figure summary = In addition, a multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) similar to Kawasaki disease has been increasingly reported in association with COVID-19 in children and young adults (3) (4) (5) . Objective: To provide what we believe to be the first report on the pathologic findings of vasculitis of the small vessels of the heart, which likely represents MIS, leading to death in a young adult after presumed resolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Gross abnormalities noted at autopsy (4 hours after death) were conjunctival injection, enlarged cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes, and vascular thrombi with focal surrounding hemorrhage in the left lower lung, which probably contributed to illness but were not likely the primary cause of death. The clinical picture in this adult patient of sudden lymphadenopathy and parotitis combined with small-vessel cardiac vasculitis after COVID-19 is strongly suggestive of a similar systemic inflammatory process. Pulmonary and cardiac pathology in African American patients with COVID-19: an autopsy series from New Orleans doi = 10.7326/l20-0882 id = cord-343090-dsjq98ks author = Fragkou, Paraskevi C. title = Review of trials currently testing treatment and prevention of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Table summary = OBJECTIVES: We summarised all registered clinical trials examining treatment and prevention options for COVID-19. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Registered clinical trials examining treatment and/or prevention options for COVID-19 were included. property to achieve at least 10-fold higher concentrations in epithelial lung fluid than in 202 serum, have led researchers to repurpose them against SARS-CoV-2 (Table 1, Table S1 observations the antifibrotic agent pirfenidone is being evaluated in at least three randomised 215 clinical trials for its efficacy in the prevention of post-COVID-19 pneumonia fibrosis (Table 216 1, Table S1 ). Among the eligible treatment studies, 310 children recruitment (i.e.< 14 years old) was reported in 7 clinical trials in total: 1 testing 311 darunavir with cobicistat (NCT04252274); 2 on human stem cells transfusion 312 (ChiCTR2000029606, ChiCTR2000030944); 1 testing hydroxycholoroquine (EudraCT 313 Phase IV and phase III treatment trials were the most commonly reported interventional study 319 types (n=40, 20% and n=35, 18% respectively) as demonstrated in Table 3 . doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.019 id = cord-033833-woref5g8 author = Fragoso-Saavedra, Sergio title = A parallel-group, multicenter randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2/3, clinical trial to test the efficacy of pyridostigmine bromide at low doses to reduce mortality or invasive mechanical ventilation in adults with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: the Pyridostigmine In Severe COvid-19 (PISCO) trial protocol date = 2020-10-16 keywords = Pyridostigmine; covid-19; severe summary = title: A parallel-group, multicenter randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2/3, clinical trial to test the efficacy of pyridostigmine bromide at low doses to reduce mortality or invasive mechanical ventilation in adults with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: the Pyridostigmine In Severe COvid-19 (PISCO) trial protocol METHODS: A parallel-group, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2/3 clinical trial to test the efficacy of pyridostigmine bromide 60 mg/day P.O. to reduce the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and mortality in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19. Exclusion criteria include one or more of the following: allergy to pyridostigmine; pregnancy or breastfeeding status; concomitant autoimmune disease; diagnosed immunodeficiencies (including HIV infection); need for mechanical ventilation, admission to the ICU, or meeting criteria for septic shock before providing signed, informed consent; inability to receive orally or enterally administered drugs; use of immunosuppressants or immune-modulators (including chemotherapy and corticosteroids) in the preceding 28-day period unless recommended by the treatment medical team as part of the therapeutic approach for SARS-CoV-2 infection; and participation in clinical trials of any kind in the previous 28 days. doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05485-7 id = cord-336782-0zkb39v1 author = Fraile Gutiérrez, V. title = Narrative review of ultrasound in the management of the critically ill patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19): clinical applications in intensive care medicine date = 2020-11-02 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; SARS; lung; patient; ultrasound summary = title: Narrative review of ultrasound in the management of the critically ill patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19): clinical applications in intensive care medicine The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is characterized by pneumonia clinical presentation with fever and cough accompanied by multifocal nodular (round or oval) ground-glass opacities in the lungs that can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and requires admission to an Intensive Care Medicine Service (ICMS) in a high percentage of patients. Ultrasound can be a very useful tool during the management of the COVID-19 pandemic because it provides real-time non-invasive bedside images of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). • It is superior to the simple x-ray for the detection of pneumothorax, pleural effusion, pneumonia, interstitial syndrome, and for the differential diagnosis of acute dyspnea • In the thoracic ultrasound, the clinical signs are the determinant factor regarding the interpretation of the data obtained. doi = 10.1016/j.medine.2020.10.002 id = cord-316118-ph582weg author = Frajkova, Zofia title = Postintubation Dysphagia During COVID-19 Outbreak-Contemporary Review date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; dysphagia; patient; swallow summary = Severe disease progression is often associated with the development of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and may require some form of respiratory support, including endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, and enteral nutrition through a nasogastric tube. Postintubation dysphagia in critically ill patients is related to the duration of mechanical ventilation [18, [20] [21] [22] , negatively affects the return to oral intake, and is associated with prolonged hospitalization [23] . [33] the duration of endotracheal intubation is independently associated with aspiration and the duration of intubation positively correlates with the degree of dysphagia, which may help in identifying patients requiring swallow examination [33] . If the patient has a known history of neurological disease, head and neck surgery, or prolonged mechanical ventilation, screening may be avoided and a detailed examination of swallowing by the speech and language therapist should be considered. Associations between prolonged intubation and developing post-extubation dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia in non-neurologic critically Ill patients doi = 10.1007/s00455-020-10139-6 id = cord-317002-jcjenti0 author = Francesco, Garaci title = Venous cerebral thrombosis in COVID-19 patient date = 2020-05-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = We report the description of a patient with COVID-19 who developed thrombosis of the superior vena cava, pulmonary artery and deep intracerebral venous thrombosis . This case demonstrates that extending imaging from the chest to the brain district can be useful in identifying possible associated complications in COVID-19 patients. DIC is a severe complication in COVID-19 patients and it has been related to poor prognosis and increased mortality (71.4% of patient who die of COVID-19) (2) . In the present case the DIC seems to be a late complication of COVID-19 infection, probably related prolonged inflammatory response with imbalance of immunochemical mediators with presumable endothelial damage and systemic vasculitis considering the second negative nasopharyngeal swab specimen in our patient. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia Although arterial ischemic strokes may be associated in COVID-19 patients this case demonstrates that venous cerebral thrombosis should be rule out in patients with neurological symptoms doi = 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116871 id = cord-323775-sonsrf5b author = Franchini, Linda title = Mental Health Services For Mood Disorder Outpatients In Milan During COVID-19 Outbreak: the experience of the health care providers at San Raffaele Hospital date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; italian summary = We described a telephone-based surveillance on 101 euthymic Mood Disorder outpatients in Milan by a non-standardized survey to evaluate reactions to lockdown measures and the presence of quarantine stressors. The present report aims at describing the telephone-based mental illness surveillance on Mood Disorder patients attending the Mood Disorder Outpatient Center at San Raffaele Hospital in Milan, with the aid of a non-standardized survey to evaluate reactions to lockdown measures. Among our sample, 76% of patients reported frustration due to restrictions, 53.5% fears about infection, 45.5% financial concerns, 44.5% psychic anxiety, 40.6% low mood, 36.6% somatization, 31.6% increased alertness, 29.7% insomnia, 20.8% self-medication with sedatives, 2.9% inadequate supplies. The purpose of our brief report is to describe the telephone-based mental illness surveillance on the quarantine effects in a sample of euthymic mood disorder patients who could not attend their scheduled psychiatric visit due to lockdown measures. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113317 id = cord-257746-pqom76hk author = Franic, Tomislav title = Covid-19, child and adolescent mental health – Croatian (in)experience date = 2020-05-21 keywords = CAMH; Croatia; covid-19 summary = In this paper, we share some perspectives from Croatia regarding Child and Adolescent Mental Health services (CAMHs) in these extraordinary circumstances. We give our personal insights on deficiencies in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services prior to the arrival of Covid-19, which have contributed to difficulties in mitigating and managing the ongoing crisis. People have many fears relating to the present situation: they fear for the health and well-being of family and loved ones regarding covid-19 infection; they fear the length of time the pandemic will last; they fear the economic fallout from the crisis (perhaps unlike anything seen in our lifetimes) and they fear the uncertainty of the future. This might direct CAMH professionals not only toward the mental health needs of children and adolescents, but also of parents caused by the Covid-19 crisis to address possible mental health issues. doi = 10.1017/ipm.2020.55 id = cord-260349-dm39opvg author = Frank, P. title = Trajectories of depressive symptoms among vulnerable groups in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; SEP summary = Health-related and psychosocial vulnerabilities included pre-existing physical and mental health conditions, experience of psychological and/or physical abuse, and low social support. Conclusions: People with psychosocial and health-related risk factors, as well as those with low SEP seem to be most vulnerable to experiencing moderate or severe depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. The risk of both moderate and severe depressive symptoms was considerably higher among people experiencing abuse, low social support, in individuals with low SEP, and in those with pre-existing mental and physical health conditions. Notably, non-white ethnicity was related to higher depressive symptoms, but these results were explained by other sociodemographic characteristics, abuse and social support, as well as pre-existing physical or mental illnesses. In conclusion, our analysis suggests that certain vulnerable groups are at particular risk of experiencing elevated depressive symptoms during the current COVID-19 pandemic, including people with pre-existing mental and . doi = 10.1101/2020.06.09.20126300 id = cord-271062-ev2efm10 author = Fransawy Alkomos, Mina title = COVID-19 Presenting as Acute Bilateral Submassive Pulmonary Embolism in a Young Healthy Female date = 2020-07-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Similar symptoms, signs, and laboratory abnormalities between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pulmonary embolism (PE) creates a diagnostic challenge to every physician, and emerging data show an association between COVID-19, hypercoagulable state, and venous thromboembolism. Since EKG finding of S(I) Q(III) T(III) pattern and right ventricular strain, and ECHO finding of right ventricular dysfunction are well described in PE but not in COVID-19, these bedside diagnostic tools can help identify COVID-19 patients with underlining PEs. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (caused by the SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] virus) was first reported in China in December of 2019 [1, 2] . Fever, dry cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, pleuritic chest pain, and elevated D-dimer were some of the commonly reported symptoms in two retrospective studies in China; these data overlap with pulmonary embolism (PE) clinical presentation and laboratory tests [1] [2] [3] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.9266 id = cord-343027-ks3fn9pq author = Fraser, Nicholas title = Preprinting the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-18 keywords = Fig; Supplemental; covid-19; preprint summary = When the data was broken down by server, it 132 was evident that whilst posting of COVID-19 preprints to bioRxiv had remained relatively steady, 133 preprints posted to medRxiv increased with time (Supplemental Fig. 2A) . Server usage differences were more pronounced 237 for COVID-19 preprints; multiple post-hoc comparisons confirmed that bioRxiv and medRxiv received 238 significantly higher usage per COVID-19 preprint than all other servers for which data was available 239 (Tukey HSD; all p values < 0.001). However, for non COVID-19 preprints, the only observed pairwise 240 differences between servers indicated greater bioRxiv usage than SSRN or Research Square (Tukey 241 HSD; all p values < 0.001). We also compared rates of PDF downloads for bioRxiv and medRxiv preprints 506 with a number of other preprint servers (Preprints.org, SSRN, and Research Square) (Supplemental Counts of multiple altmetric indicators (mentions in tweets, blogs, and news articles) were retrieved 510 via Altmetric (https://www.altmetric.com), a service that monitors and aggregates mentions to 511 scientific articles on various online platforms. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.22.111294 id = cord-343981-m6z9aqvu author = Freedberg, Daniel E. title = Famotidine Use is Associated with Improved Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Propensity Score Matched Retrospective Cohort Study date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; famotidine summary = title: Famotidine Use is Associated with Improved Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Propensity Score Matched Retrospective Cohort Study After adjusting for baseline patient characteristics, use of famotidine remained independently associated with risk for death or intubation (Supplemental Table 2 , adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.42, 95% CI 0.21-0.85) and this remained unchanged after propensity score matching to further balance the covariables (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.21-0.88). This retrospective study found that, in patients hospitalized with COVID-19, famotidine use was associated with a reduced risk of clinical deterioration leading to intubation or death. A randomized controlled trial is currently underway to determine whether famotidine can improve clinical outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients (NCT04370262). In sum, in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and not initially intubated, famotidine use was associated with a two-fold reduction in clinical deterioration leading to intubation or death. doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.053 id = cord-335140-njg0ln33 author = Freeman, Ciara L title = Covid‐19 and Myeloma: what are the implications for now and in the future? date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; multiple; myeloma; patient summary = We also need to consider that the way we deliver care to myeloma patients may forever be changed as a result of the outbreak of COVID-19. This global crisis could force the myeloma Accepted Article community to scrutinise our practices and ask whether every test, every treatment and every patient interaction is truly delivering value to our vulnerable population, both in the immediate-term and also in the future. All rights reserved this at minimum (19) (20) (21) In select patients with responsive, controlled disease with low tumour burden, temporarily decreasing the frequency of administration to every second week could be a potential option (22) Delay or cancellation of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been recommended wherever possible given its significant and prolonged immunosuppression in the current landscape (23, 24). Risks, severity and timing of infections in patients with multiple myeloma: a longitudinal cohort study in the era of immunomodulatory drug therapy doi = 10.1111/bjh.16815 id = cord-322798-5r3kf9wa author = Freeman, Esther E. title = Creating Dermatology Guidelines for Covid-19: The Pitfalls of Applying Evidence Based Medicine to an Emerging Infectious Disease date = 2020-04-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Creating Dermatology Guidelines for Covid-19: The Pitfalls of Applying Evidence Based Medicine to an Emerging Infectious Disease To the Editor: We recently co-authored a piece in the JAAD about modifications the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) implemented to enhance the rigor of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Due in part to these concerns, the AAD Covid-19 taskforce published interim guidance that did not distinguish among biologic classes. 4 In the face of uncertainty, societies including the American College of Cardiology took a stance to keep patients on ACE-inhibitors while they await more evidence. These changes to dermatology guidelines do not exist in a vacuum; important ethical implications include patient outcomes such as missed melanomas and the loss of employment for practice staff. We should acknowledge the shift from evidence based medicine to reliance on expert guidance, and appreciate the potential for guideline reversal. doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.002 id = cord-350614-4umq61rf author = Freeman, Phyllis title = Richard Horton. The COVID-19 Catastrophe: What’s gone wrong and how to stop it happening again: Polity Press, Cambridge, UK, 2020. pp 133, Paperback $14.95USD, ISBN-13:978-1-5095-4645-9 and 13:978-1-5095-4645-9 (pb) date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; Horton summary = Launching into the terms of debate, he ponders: If COVID-19 represents the greatest failure of Western democracies since World War II, what should governments learn from it and how do we need future ones to act? 85-86; 103)-en route to a more philosophic discussion and listing of questions about how humans view the role of societies in handling uncertainty, risk, wealth, knowledge, deprivation, and differences among us in characteristics and values-and how western societies need urgently to find a way to balance "liberty and scrutiny" (think about ''surveillance'') in managing their people. We need to add to those discussions all we learn as COVID-19 damage to people and societies intensifies, disables populations across the globe that are, theoretically, less prepared to cope than the Western democracies-with their economic and many health resources, if not the wisdom nor the will. doi = 10.1057/s41271-020-00253-y id = cord-349949-jp0hvcg6 author = Freer, Phoebe E. title = The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Breast Imaging date = 2020-09-22 keywords = Breast; COVID-19; Pandemic; cancer; patient summary = Quickly, breast radiologists and technologists had palpable concerns regarding the need to protect HCWs and patients during screening, and firm statements were released by national organizations with the ASBrS and ACR Joint Statement on Breast Screening Exams During the COVID-19 Pandemic, and the Society of Breast Imaging Statement on Breast Imaging during the COVID-19 Pandemic all released later in March, 2020, and recommending to "postpone all breast screening exams (to include screening mammography, ultrasound, and MRI) effective immediately" as well as to discontinue routine and non-urgent breast health appointments. The European Society for Medical Oncology Guidelines include increasing telehealth appointments (noting in person visits are needed for new cancer patients or urgent infections / post-operative complications) and specific guidance for management and advised that the risk/benefit balance for most patients favored continued administration of systemic therapies and chemotherapies, with additional precautions when possible (e.g., choosing less immunosuppressive therapies, regimens requiring fewer appointments) 26 . doi = 10.1016/j.rcl.2020.09.008 id = cord-310902-cfci8lef author = Freites Nuñez, Dalifer D title = Risk factors for hospital admissions related to COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; disease; patient summary = 1 Since the confirmation of the first patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Spain in January 2020, the current COVID-19 outbreak has had a considerable impact, especially in the Madrid region, where the highest incidence of COVID-19 cases has been recorded, with more than 41 304 patients admitted to the hospital until the first week of May. 2 The incidence and severity of COVID-19 disease seem to be higher in patients with risk factors, such as advanced age and associated comorbidities, mainly hypertension, diabetes, heart disease and previous respiratory diseases. ► Patients with an autoimmune systemic condition have a higher risk of hospital admission related to COVID-19 compared with those with chronic inflammatory arthritis. Older age, systemic autoimmune conditions (vs chronic inflammatory arthritis) (OR: 2.65; 95% CI 1.22-5.7, p=0.014), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lung disease, heart disease and glucocorticoids were associated with statistically significant greater risk of admission to the hospital. doi = 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217984 id = cord-319226-yvgvyif0 author = French, Jeff title = Key Guidelines in Developing a Pre-Emptive COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake Promotion Strategy date = 2020-08-13 keywords = Health; covid-19; uptake; vaccination; vaccine summary = This paper makes the case for immediate planning for a COVID-19 vaccination uptake strategy in advance of vaccine availability for two reasons: first, the need to build a consensus about the order in which groups of the population will get access to the vaccine; second, to reduce any fear and concerns that exist in relation to vaccination and to create demand for vaccines. The paper explores key issues that relevant organizations must address and summarizes best practices that should be addressed when developing behavioral influence strategies to promote the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines effectively, efficiently, and ethically as they become available. Governments and their public health agencies need to develop a dialogue and joint strategy with social media platform providers to review and action against anti-vaccination misinformation and vaccine hesitancy promotion. Public health authorities need to build a proactive COVID-19 vaccine trust capacity for active engagement in the social media space as part of their overall promotional strategy [56] . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165893 id = cord-327652-tn29r8lj author = Fretheim, Atle title = Rapid reviews for rapid decision-making during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, Norway, 2020 date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; review summary = In response to urgent needs for updated evidence for decision-making on various aspects related to coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the Norwegian Institute of Public Health established a rapid review team. While keeping up with scientific developments is challenging also under normal circumstances, the combination of uncertainties in dealing with a novel virus and a huge outpour of research papers dealing with COVID-19, many of them not peer-reviewed, made it particularly challenging to provide evidence-informed guidance, either to the public, health services or policymakers. In addition, systematic reviews on COVID-19-related topics were likely to become rapidly outdated, given the large number of new study reports published daily. Being a national public health institute with responsibilities for infectious diseases prevention and response, as well as having the role as the national centre for evidence-based healthcare, meant that the competence and tools to develop the rapid reviews were available within the organisation. doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.19.2000687 id = cord-346508-voe8zi2r author = Freudenberg, Lutz S. title = Global Impact of COVID-19 on Nuclear Medicine Departments: An International Survey in April 2020 date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; medicine; nuclear summary = Methods: A web-based questionnaire, made available from April 16 to May 3, 2020, was designed to determine the impact of the pandemic on inand outpatient nuclear medicine departments, including the number of procedures, employee health, availability of radiotracers and other essential supplies, and availability of personal protective equipment. Freudenberg and Ken Herrmann) conducted a worldwide survey with the aim to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on nuclear medicine services across the globe and identify regional differences and challenges. Survey questions addressed the following categories: operational aspects of nuclear medicine departments, impact on diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine procedures, availability of personal protective equipment (PPE), and supply of radiotracers and other essential materials. Among the respondents, it was found that countries and regions that were in the postpeak phase of the pandemic when they responded to the survey, such as South Korea and Singapore, reported less pronounced impact on diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine procedures. doi = 10.2967/jnumed.120.249821 id = cord-339161-ycsijsw4 author = Friebel, TR title = Communication: A Safe Skin Cancer Surgery set-up during the COVID-19 crisis date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = By initiating dedicated local anaesthetic skin cancer operating lists in an affiliated private hospital, our tertiary plastic surgery unit provided continuation of care for this patient population throughout the pandemic. [ Table 1 inserts here] None of the contacted fifty patients developed any symptoms of COVID-19 in the 3-6 weeks following their surgical procedure. The guideline published by NHS in April 2020, advises Plastic Surgery services to continue to offer surgical treatment within one month for the following skin cancers: melanoma; poorly differentiated tumours; nodal disease; compromise of vital structures, including the eye, nose and ear [5] . The results of this communication can be used when discussing the oncological risk of delaying surgery vs the COVID-19 transmission risk for patients undergoing a procedure under local anaesthesia. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing surgeries during the incubation period of COVID-19 infection COVID-19: the case for health-care worker screening to prevent hospital transmission doi = 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.10.044 id = cord-263670-irhdf4o2 author = Fried, Jacob title = Nasal endoscopy protocols in the era of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Nasal endoscopy protocols in the era of COVID-19 COVID-19, the respiratory illness caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has rapidly 14 emerged as a serious global health concern. 2 The WHO and has enacted various protocols for healthcare institutions internationally 18 in an attempt to slow the spread of disease, 3 including adjustments for procedures performed by 19 otolaryngologists. This paper aims to review the current literature pertaining to adjustments in 20 nasal endoscopy protocols and appropriate precautions in the era of COVID-19. A comprehensive literature review was performed searching for any published English-23 language literature discussing nasopharyngoscopy and COVID-19. Director-General''s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-84 at-the-media-briefing-on-covid Aerosol generating procedures 94 and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: a 95 systematic review Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for patients with 115 suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare settings doi = 10.1016/j.wjorl.2020.04.007 id = cord-286415-flo3dqsm author = Fried, Justin A. title = The Variety of Cardiovascular Presentations of COVID-19 date = 2020-03-04 keywords = covid-19; figure summary = 1 COVID-19 is the clinical manifestation of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and most frequently presents with respiratory symptoms that can progress to pneumonia and, in severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock. During the procedure the patient''s blood pressure fell to 72/43 mm Hg. Right heart catheterization was performed revealing a right atrial pressure of 10 mm Hg, pulmonary artery pressure of 30/20 mm Hg, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 21 mm Hg, and a Fick cardiac index of 1.0 L·min -1 ·m -2 , confirming the diagnosis of cardiogenic shock. Dr Uriel: In this case, a patient with underlying cardiac disease developed profound decompensation in the context of COVID-19 infection, characterized by a recurrence of a reduced LVEF accompanied by cardiogenic shock and proclivity for tachyarrhythmias. In patients presenting with what appears to be a typical cardiac syndrome, COVID-19 infection should be in the differential during the current pandemic, even in the absence of fever or cough. doi = 10.1161/circulationaha.120.047164 id = cord-308358-2bap7iih author = Friedland, Robert P title = The role for the metagenome in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = A common factor associated with aging and other COVID-19 risk factors is the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and resulting low grade inflammation with loss of epithelial barrier function [5] . Germ free animals have defective immune systems and the gut microbiota influences pathogen dissemination, inflammation, organ damage and mortality in murine pneumonia [9] . Changes in diet with aging may well influence short chain fatty acid production, affecting immune homeostasis, barrier function and severity of COVID-19. However, in cases of severe disease of COVID-19, it is the innate response and not the unregulated adaptive immune response via T cells that results in morbidity and death. The influence of the microbiota on immune processes in COVID19 infection may be assessed with metagenomic analysis of nasal, oral and intestinal communities, as well as metabolomics. Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals doi = 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103019 id = cord-270467-es6dnx36 author = Frisardi, Vincenza title = Commentary: Coronavirus and Obesity: Could Insulin Resistance Mediate the Severity of Covid-19 Infection? date = 2020-07-07 keywords = covid-19 summary = An article published on Frontiers Public Health supported the evidence of possible mechanisms linking IR and COVID-19 severity via the upregulation of ACE 2, the protein involved in virus entry (1) . We need to understand the molecular mechanisms related to the higher risk both of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 and of developing a more severe disease (COVID-19). The International Severe Acute Respiratory & Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) International report of 1,123 patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 found that obesity was the fifth most observed comorbidity in hospitalized patientsonly somewhat less common than "high-risk" pulmonary conditions 2 . As reported from the authors, in people with obesity and diabetes, it is clear that other mechanisms independent of ACE2 expression are likely to contribute to the more severe phenotype of COVID-19. Coronavirus and obesity: could insulin resistance mediate the severity of COVID-19 infection? doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00351 id = cord-282197-hkt7nktc author = Frisullo, Giovanni title = Stroke integrated care pathway during COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = We would like to share our experience on the changes of integrated care pathway (ICP) focused on ischemic stroke patients. A team consisting of internists, cardiologists, neurologists, and infectious disease specialists guarantees a multidisciplinary approach to s-COVID-19 stroke patients subjected to multiparametric monitoring of vital parameters. The integration of multiprofessional specialists can occur in the following settings: (1) COVID-19 sub-intensive room, where stroke team, infectious disease specialists, and resuscitators manage the patient together; (2) in the COVID-19 CT room, where the patient can simultaneously perform brain and chest CT for the diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia; (3) sub-intensive department dedicated to time-dependent disease, where the multidisciplinary approach allows a more appropriate management of the COVID-19 stroke patient. We believe that the main novelty of the new stroke ICP is the creation of a sub-intensive ward for time-dependent diseases in s-COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04480-9 id = cord-289168-h27tkdal author = Froelich, Sébastien title = Towards individualized and optimalized positioning of non-ventilated COVID-19 patients: Putting the affected parts of the lung(s) on top? date = 2020-05-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = Abstract The outbreak of COVID-19 led to an unprecedented inflow of hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) requiring high-flow non-invasive oxygenation, if not invasive mechanical ventilation. On the basis of three representative cases, it is possible to propose the following hypotheses: (i) how patients are positioned has a strong influence on their oxygen saturation levels; (ii) saturation-optimalized positions are patient-specific; (iii) prone positions require ergonomic devices; and (iv) saturation-optimalized positions should aim to place the most affected part(s) of the lung(s) on top. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 3 In non-intensive care unit (ICU) wards, the management of patients with COVID-19, the infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), consists mainly of supplying oxygen to prevent desaturation and respiratory exhaustion. Prone positioning improves oxygenation in spontaneously breathing nonintubated patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: A retrospective study doi = 10.1016/j.diabet.2020.05.009 id = cord-299927-ixuvy2g4 author = Frontera, Jennifer title = Global Consortium Study of Neurological Dysfunction in COVID-19 (GCS-NeuroCOVID): Study Design and Rationale date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Tier; neurological summary = As the COVID-19 pandemic evolves worldwide, reports of a spectrum of mild to severe neurological syndromes among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 are emerging, including headache, anosmia, ageusia, seizures, coma, encephalitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and acute cerebrovascular events including ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and cerebral venous sinus thromboses [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . [15] reported that 84% (49/58) of patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and acute respiratory distress syndrome had neurological symptoms including encephalopathy, agitation and confusion, and corticospinal tract signs. We established the Global Consortium to Study Neurological dysfunction in COVID-19 patients (GCS-NeuroCOVID) and promptly launched a tiered research program with an early, pragmatic, and nimble design to enable successful implementation during a global pandemic crisis when healthcare systems are stressed. The primary outcome in Tier 1 is the prevalence of new clinical neurological syndromes in SARS-CoV-2 patients including: new onset headache, anosmia/ageusia, clinical seizures/status epilepticus, strokes (ischemic and hemorrhagic), meningitis/encephalitis, hypoxic/ischemic injury, acute encephalopathy, coma, myelopathy, neuropathy, and dysautonomia/sympathetic storming. doi = 10.1007/s12028-020-00995-3 id = cord-324035-43jy23ic author = Fronterre, C. title = COVID-19 in England: spatial patterns and regional outbreaks date = 2020-05-20 keywords = England; covid-19; region summary = In determining a suitably "fine" spatial scale at which to perform surveillance, report the occurrence of disease cases, and be able to predict risk from continued outbreaks, it is necessary to consider the spatial variation of underlying population characteristics determining transmission of, and susceptibility to, COVID-19. In this section, we describe a spatiotemporal phenomenological approach to monitoring COVID-19 on a national scale, highlighting regions of higher than expected case incidence, regions that have high propensity for sustained transmission, and regions that are at risk from imported infection from other regions of the country. Although these data may be subject to temporal biases due to changing testing regimes, they appear to provide the most spatially resolved measure of number of COVID-19 cases available to modellers with cases attributed to each of 315 Lower Tier Local Authorities (LTLAs) in England consistent with our aim of spatial analysis of the outbreak (modified from statutory LTLAs, see following section). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.15.20102715 id = cord-319865-g3qxu6uv author = Frountzas, Maximos title = Personal protective equipment against COVID-19: Vital for surgeons, harmful for patients? date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; PPE summary = All surgical societies published specific criteria about high-risk surgical procedures and management of oncologic patients with alternative treatment options, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, after discussion by virtual Tumor Boards, that included surgeons, medical oncologists and radiologists [3] . Therefore, the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), followed by most GI surgical communities all over the world, suggested the following PPE during GI surgery of a confirmed or highly suspected COVID-19 patient [7] : Surgical gowns, caps and shoe covers for skin and clothing protection. In addition, 91.3% of the healthcare workers with a primary headache in the past, reported that the prolonged (over 4 hours) use of PPE during COVID-19 outburst worsened their headaches and affected their job performance [9] . The PPE-associated discomfort and side effects during surgery may increase surgeons'' anxiety and fatigue while performing difficult operations. doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.09.014 id = cord-312183-zkoj5d8c author = Frydman, Galit H. title = Coagulation Status and Venous Thromboembolism Risk in African Americans: A Potential Risk Factor in COVID-19 date = 2020-07-24 keywords = Americans; COVID-19; african; risk summary = Recent studies have shown severe pulmonary and cardiac pathology, associated with increased thrombosis, is prevalent in African Americans with severe COVID-19. 65 Although clinical SCD is only present in an estimated 100 000 patients in the United States, the sickle cell trait is present in up to 8% of the African American population, with SCD flagged as an important risk factor for VTE. 87, 88 Among the population of African Americans who are infected with COVID-19, some of these patients may already reside in a prothrombotic state prior to COVID-19 because of higher baseline concentrations of FVIII, vWF, and D-dimer, as well as increased platelet activation. Coupled with the higher rate of preexisting conditions that predispose patients to higher rates of COVID-19 and disease, and the lower rate of therapeutic anticoagulation even when warranted, variation in coagulation status may be one of the factors that puts African Americans at higher risk. doi = 10.1177/1076029620943671 id = cord-270723-cjfglili author = Fteiha, Bashar title = QTc prolongation among hydroxychloroquine sulfate‐treated COVID‐19 patients: An observational study date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; patient summary = Age > 65 years, congestive heart failure, severity of disease, C‐reactive protein level, hypokalemia and furosemide treatment, were all associated with QTc prolongation. CONCLUSION: In patients treated with HCQ, QTc prolongation was associated with the presence of traditional risk factors such as hypokalemia and furosemide treatment. All rights reserved Univariate analysis revealed that in COVID-19 patients treated with HCQ, age above 65 years, severe or critical illness, congestive heart failure, hypokalemia, furosemide treatment and increased CRP level were all significantly associated with the composite endpoint (Table 2) . However, multivariate analysis in this small dataset also suggested that in COVID-19 patients treated with HCQ, concomitant hypokalemia and furosemide treatment were strongly associated with QTc prolongation. In conclusion, our study shows that QTc prolongation among HCQ-treated patients was associated with traditional, modifiable risk factors such as hypokalemia and furosemide treatment which are both commonly observed in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1111/ijcp.13767 id = cord-308892-5gbjdr0u author = Fu, Lin title = Acute liver injury and its association with death risk of patients with COVID-19: a hospital-based prospective case-cohort study date = 2020-04-06 keywords = ALI; covid-19 summary = title: Acute liver injury and its association with death risk of patients with COVID-19: a hospital-based prospective case-cohort study The aim of this study was to analyze SARS-CoV-2-induced acute liver injury (ALI), its association with death risk and prognosis after discharge. Despite of no difference on serum TBA, alkaline phosphatase and glutamyl transferase, two markers of cholestasis, were higher in critically ill patients than those of common cases. The present study aimed to analyze SARS-CoV-2-induced ALI, its association with death risk and the prognosis after discharge. The major findings of this study include: (1) ALI is more common in the critically ill COVID-19 patients; (2) Accumulating data demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection caused multiple organ injuries, including myocardial dysfunction, lymphopenia and even acute renal These results provide evidence that ALI on admission is associated with the severity of COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.02.20050997 id = cord-289101-ko1knslk author = Fu, Weihui title = An open-label, randomized trial of the combination of IFN-κ plus TFF2 with standard care in the treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19 date = 2020-09-20 keywords = COVID-19; IFN; SARS; TFF2 summary = Our previous clinical pilot study indicated that aerosol inhalation of IFN-k plus TFF2 is a safe treatment and is able to significantly facilitate clinical improvement, including cough relief, CT imaging improvement, and viral RNA reversion, thereby resulting in an early release from hospitalization without induction of a proinflammatory response [20] . This study demonstrated that the combination inhalation of IFN-k and TFF2 is able to shorten the time of viral RNA negative conversion and CT improvement, and facilitating patients early discharge from the hospital, in the absence of induction of a proinflammatory response and treatment-related adverse events. The primary endpoint was a significantly shorter time (Mean 3¢80 days, 95% CI 2¢07À5¢53) from the start of the study treatment to viral RNA negative conversion for SARS-CoV-2 in all clinical samples, including nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs and stool swabs, in experimental group than in control group (7¢40 days, 95% CI 4¢57À10¢23) (p = 0¢031), and difference between means was 3¢60 days (Fig. 2A) . doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100547 id = cord-347225-gh51ag2x author = Fu, Weihui title = A clinical pilot study on the safety and efficacy of aerosol inhalation treatment of IFN-κ plus TFF2 in patients with moderate COVID-19 date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; IFN; SARS; TFF2 summary = INTERPRETATION: Aerosol inhalation of IFN-κ plus TFF2 is a safe treatment and is likely to significantly facilitate clinical improvement, including cough relief, CT imaging improvement, and viral RNA reversion, thereby achieves an early release from hospitalization. Therefore, to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intranasal inhalation of TFF2 and IFN-k protein for SARS-CoV-2 infection, we conducted an open-label, nonrandomized, clinical trial in adult patients hospitalized with moderate COVID-19 disease in China. In this trial, any AE from the beginning of aerosol inhalation to 5 days after the end of the last aerosol inhalation were taken as an adverse event during treatment (TEAE); The secondary objective of the pilot study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of IFN-k plus TFF2 as compared to the control group as assessed by days of hospitalization staying, CT imaging improvement and cough relief time and negative reversion of viral RNA after 10 days of treatment. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100478 id = cord-344357-ocyaqs1y author = Fu, Yue-Qiang title = Effect of blood analysis and immune function on the prognosis of patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-30 keywords = CD3; CD4; COVID-19 summary = INTRODUCTION: This retrospective study investigated the implications of changes in blood parameters and cellular immune function in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The percentage of neutrophil count > 6.3×10 9 /L in death group was significantly higher than that in survival group, and multivariate logistic regression showed neutrophil count > 6.3×10 9 /L was independently associated with mortality. The percentage of neutrophil count > 6.3×10 9 /L in death group was significantly higher than that in survival group, and multivariate logistic regression showed neutrophil count > 6.3×10 9 /L was independently associated with mortality. Another study also indicated that COVID-19 patients in the death group had significantly lower lymphocyte count on admission than the recovered group [8] . Collected information included: age; gender; concomitant disease; symptoms; hemoglobin; platelet; leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts; CRP, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4/8, CD19+, and CD16+56+;IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, C3, and C4 chest CT; alanine aminotransferase, creatinine; arterial blood gas; procalcitonin; and the result of the RT-PCR assay of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240751 id = cord-264967-a822exap author = Fu, Yue-qiang title = Impact of blood analysis and immune function on the prognosis of patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-04-22 keywords = CD3; CD4; COVID-19 summary = Introduction: This retrospective study investigated the implications of changes in blood parameters and cellular immune function in patients with 2019-coronavirus infected disease (COVID-19). Another study also indicated that COVID-19 patients in the death group had significantly lower lymphocyte count on admission than the recovered group [7] , however they did not explore changes in lymphocyte subsets. The following blood parameters in the death group were significantly higher than in the survival group (Table 1) : total leukocyte count (P = 0.000); percentage of . In 53 patients who tested cellular immunity of the survival group after 2 weeks of hospitalization, the count of lymphocyte subsets returned to normal range in most patients (Table 7) . 16.20067587 doi: medRxiv preprint Compared with admission, after 2 weeks of hospitalization the blood routine examination of 67 patients in the group who survived showed neutrophil and lymphocyte count of most patients returned to the normal range. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.16.20067587 id = cord-354534-0b7zwzjv author = Fuccillo, E title = Olfactory disorders in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a systematic literature review date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; olfactory summary = The patients, intervention, comparison and outcomes (''PICO'') criteria for the review were considered as follows: (1) patientspatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection certified on laboratory tests who underwent a clinical evaluation of smell impairment using anamnestic data, a smell questionnaire and/or olfactory tests; (2) interventionclinical evaluation of olfactory disorders; (3) comparisondifferent methods of evaluating olfactory function (subjective and objective); and (4) outcomeprevalence and characteristics of olfactory dysfunction in Covid-19 patients. The reported data show that smell dysfunction was, overall, more prevalent in patients investigated with validated questionnaires and/or tests with odorants (Table 3 ), compared to PubMed (("COVID" OR "COVID-19" OR "SARS-COV-2" OR "coronavirus")) AND ("smell" or "anosmia" or "dysosmia" or "hyposmia" or "parosmia" or "olfaction" or "olfactory") The Journal of Laryngology & Otology individuals evaluated using anamnestic data, simple surveys and/or non-validated questionnaires. doi = 10.1017/s0022215120002005 id = cord-326636-l41qzggh author = Fudulu, Daniel P. title = Cardiac surgery in the time of the coronavirus date = 2020-04-25 keywords = cardiac; covid-19 summary = Due to its effective transmission, more than a third of the global population is currently in lockdown as part of a mitigation strategy that aims to reduce the capacity of the virus to kill by increasing the ability of the health services to cope with the surge in cases. Sadly, doctors, including cardiac surgeons 5 died from the coronavirus, and many others will likely lose the battle with the virus in the future. A new challenge is operating on patients that are Covid-19 positive or suspected as high risk for the disease. We are dealing with a new disease in our cardiac surgical patients, and we have no understanding of it. There is no research into short term and long term outcomes of patients undergoing cardiac surgery that are Covid-19 positive. doi = 10.1111/jocs.14580 id = cord-326029-oya0fc6d author = Fuentenebro, Pablo title = Will philanthropy save us all? Rethinking urban philanthropy in a time of crisis date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19; New; philanthropy summary = In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, billionaires, celebrities and philanthropy at large were quick to react, organising local and international campaigns to mobilise funds and put the spotlight on a global health issue that, as we would only come to realize much later, most governments outside Asia were too slow to react to: from the initial $125 million donated by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, to the $14.5 million by Jack Ma -former CEO and founder of e-commerce portal Ali Baba-to the $1 billion pledged by Twitter CEO and cofounder Jack Dorsey, the list of donations, pledges and commitments made by the super-rich read almost like Forbes'' Top 25 billionaires list. In the case of the COVID-19 pandemic, while it would be hard to deny that philanthropy has supported or, at times, filled in a vacuum left by local (and even) national governments -providing resources and funds to cities and community-based organizations-often times the ways in which such engagements and partnerships have been articulated has raised a number of questions on the role of philanthropy in urban governance (Sandler, 2020; Teachout and Garofalo, 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.07.005 id = cord-291187-8mbvmw0u author = Fuentes-García, Juan Pedro title = The Effect of COVID-19 Confinement in Behavioral, Psychological, and Training Patterns of Chess Players date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19; chess; high; player summary = This study aimed to analyze the effect of COVID-19 confinement on behavioral, psychological, and training patterns of chess players based on their gender, level of education, and level of chess played. Finally, chess players with the highest academic level showed higher levels of personal concern and anxiety due to COVID-19 as well as lower psychological inflexibility compared to those with a lower academic level. In conclusion, chess players, especially those with a higher academic level, might have adapted their psychological profile to fit confinement situations and the worrying levels of physical inactivity. Then, this study aimed to analyze the effect of COVID-19 confinement in behavioral, psychological, and training patterns of chess players based on their gender, level of education, and level of chess game. This research aimed to analyze the effect of COVID-19 confinement in behavioral, psychological, and training patterns of chess players, based on their gender, level of education, and level of chess game. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01812 id = cord-257824-qz6yxuph author = Fuertes, Víctor title = Current impact of Covid-19 pandemic on Spanish plastic surgery departments: a multi-center report date = 2020-05-19 keywords = Coronavirus; covid-19; surgery summary = title: Current impact of Covid-19 pandemic on Spanish plastic surgery departments: a multi-center report The total amount of procedures currently being performed ranged from 0 to 44% of the figures before the coronavirus outbreak, except for one department, with elective surgery mainly affected. The total amount of procedures currently being performed ranged from 0 to 44% of the figures before the coronavirus outbreak (Fig. 1a, b) ; except for one hospital, that was declared to maintain the same surgical activity (100%). Some of the more prevalent measures include screening protocols for Coronavirus among patients and workers, increasing hygiene measures, reducing the number of visitors per patient, directing burn patients who tested positive to other units and trying to apply day-care/ delay surgeries whenever this is possible. This might pose a challenge against the delivery of emergency surgeries and cancer care to our community if this pandemic lasts for a prolonged period long time According to our analysis, reductions of about 20-50% in the total number of consultants per team may lead to this situation. doi = 10.1007/s00238-020-01686-0 id = cord-320912-jfeu4tho author = Fukui, M. title = Power Laws in Superspreading Events: Evidence from Coronavirus Outbreaks and Implications for SIR Models date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; SIR; distribution summary = This paper documents evidence from recent coronavirus outbreaks, including SARS, MERS, and COVID-19, that SSEs follow a power law distribution with fat tails, or infinite variance. We then extend an otherwise standard SIR model with estimated power law distributions, and show that idiosyncratic uncertainties in SSEs will lead to large aggregate uncertainties in infection dynamics, even with large populations. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.11.20128058 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 3 plots the predicted ranking of infection cases given the estimated negative binomial (NB) distribution, in addition to the log-log plots and estimated power law (PL) distributions. The mean is set to the same value as power law case, R 0 = 2.5, Figure 4a shows 10 sample paths of infected population generated through the simulation of the model with α = 1.1. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.11.20128058 id = cord-273492-i483r91m author = Fulzele, Sadanand title = COVID-19 Virulence in Aged Patients Might Be Impacted by the Host Cellular MicroRNAs Abundance/Profile date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; target summary = In this study, we did in silico analysis of human miRNAs targeting SARS (4 isolates) and COVID-19 (29 recent isolates from different regions) genome and correlated our findings with aging and underlying conditions. Furthermore, GO, and KEGG pathway analysis showed that COVID-19 targeting human miRNAs involved in various age-related signaling and diseases. Based on the above reports, we did in silico analysis of miRNAs targeting SARS and COVID-19 (recent isolates from different regions) to understand the pathophysiology and identify novel therapeutic targets. In a previous report, host cellular miRNAs-181 binds to the ORF-4 region at the viral genome of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to inhibit its replication [17] . Both KEGG and GO pathway analysis revealed that COVID-19 targeting human cellular miRNAs are involved in the number of age-related complications. doi = 10.14336/ad.2020.0428 id = cord-267856-t3ksa18w author = Funk, Colin D. title = A Novel Strategy to Mitigate the Hyperinflammatory Response to COVID-19 by Targeting Leukotrienes date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; figure summary = We offer a simple treatment paradigm using two generic drugs targeting the hyperinflammatory response that characterizes the turning point from mild to severe/critical COVID-19 by targeting leukotriene biosynthesis with zileuton (Zyflo(®) controlled release formulation) and antagonism of the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor with montelukast (Singulair(®)). By targeting vascular permeability, immune modulating and general inflammation-dampening effects at the CysLT 1 level with montelukast (Dahleń et al., 1981; Maeba et al., 2005; Capra et al., 2007; Tahan et al., 2008; Khodir et al., 2014) and LT biosynthesis with the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton, to block both arms of the LT pathway ( Figure 2 ) and remove ligands for another key receptor regulating vascular permeability, CysLT 2 (Moos et al., 2008) , as well as inflammatory cell recruitment and endothelial cell adhesion via BLT 1 receptor (Ford-Hutchinson et al., 1980; Tager et al., 2003; Taube et al., 2006; Sasaki and Yokomizo, 2019) , there is a sound scientific basis for alleviating disease progression from mild to severe-critical stages of COVID-19 (Figures 1 and 2) . doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.01214 id = cord-269835-mz7i66qp author = Furfaro, Federica title = SFED recommendations for IBD endoscopy during COVID-19 pandemic: Italian and French experience date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; Crohn; IBD; SARS; patient summary = The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has required a complete change in the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who need to undergo endoscopic procedures. In particular, recommendations regarding the use of personal protective equipment to prevent COVID-19 transmission, both for patients and health-care professionals, are proposed and different scenarios in endoscopic IBD management are evaluated to suggest when endoscopy could be rescheduled and replaced by alternative biomarkers. The panel of experts con sidered possible aerosolization during colonoscopy, in particular during the insertion and removal of instruments through the biopsy channel and the presence of the virus in the stool and advised on the use of N95 masks for lower gastrointestinal procedures as a precautionary measure to protect the endoscopist from the risk of possible COVID-19 transmission from the patient if infected by SARS-CoV-2 (ref. doi = 10.1038/s41575-020-0319-3 id = cord-303572-5np6373x author = Furstenburg, Phillip P. title = Emergency centre reorganization in preparation to the COVID-19 pandemic: A district hospital’s dynamic adaptation response date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 1 This report describes the physical reorganisation of the EC at Khayelitsha Hospital, a district-level hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, in preparation for the COVID-19 pandemic. This report describes the physical reorganisation of the emergency centre at Khayelitsha Hospital, a district level hospital in Cape Town, South Africa in preparation to the COVID-19 pandemic. This report describes the physical reorganisation of the emergency centre at Khayelitsha Hospital, a district level hospital in Cape Town, South Africa in preparation to the COVID-19 pandemic. The preparation included the identification of a person under investigation (PUI) room, converting short stay wards into COVID-19 isolation areas, and relocating the paediatric section to an area outside the emergency centre. The preparation included the identification of a person under investigation (PUI) room, converting short stay wards into COVID-19 isolation areas, and relocating the paediatric section to an area outside the emergency centre. doi = 10.4102/phcfm.v12i1.2514 id = cord-339550-0yrb4qrh author = Félix-Oliveira, Afonso title = Caring for cardiac patients amidst the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: The scrambled pieces of the puzzle date = 2020-04-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = By April 12, a total of 16 585 cases had been confirmed in Portugal; 504 individuals (3.0% of those confirmed as infected) had succumbed to COVID-19 and 228 (1.4%) were in the intensive care unit (ICU). Although the anticipated bottleneck in the care of COVID-19 patients was ICU beds and ventilators, healthcare workers, including cardiology professionals, are being assigned to tasks unrelated to their specialized training in order to compensate for the structural shortage of human resources in healthcare. 4,5 These patients have been strongly advised to stay at home and self-isolate to avoid being infected, in an effort to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. Of note, on a week-by-week analysis, there was a trend for increasing number of deaths during March 2020, anticipating the expected rise in mortality in the following weeks ( Figure 2A ). 2, 9 Cardiovascular-related symptoms are usually among the most frequent in the ER, and cardiovascular mortality is the leading cause of death in Portugal. doi = 10.1016/j.repc.2020.04.008 id = cord-272426-0bpod47w author = GEMCIOGLU, Emin title = Are Type 1 Interferons treatment in Multiple Sclerosis as a potential therapy against COVID-19? date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Are Type 1 Interferons treatment in Multiple Sclerosis as a potential therapy against COVID-19? METHODS: : In this paper we report on a patient that has been treated with type 1 interferon for multiple sclerosis who developed COVID-19. DISCUSSION: : This report supports the idea of using type 1 interferon in the treatment could be effective in COVID-19 affected patients. Effect of type 1 interferon (such as IFN-α and IFN-β) therapy as a potential treatment against coronavirus (COVID-19, MERS and SARS) was shown in many studies and researches are maintaining, more comprehensive data will be available soon [1, 2, 3] . A recently published study has supported that type 1 interferons can be used as a potential therapy against COVID-19 [1] . This case made us consider that interferon therapy might have favorable effect on severity of symptoms and length of hospital stay of patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102196 id = cord-289175-n95j94ck author = GOSTIN, LAWRENCE O. title = Responding to COVID‐19: How to Navigate a Public Health Emergency Legally and Ethically date = 2020-03-26 keywords = COVID-19; Health; public summary = Scarcity of health resources not only places COVID-19 patients at risk but will also delay care for patients with urgent needs such as for cancer, diabetes, and heart disease-and even affect safe delivery for pregnant women. This concept was encapsulated by the National Academy of Medicine as "crisis standards of care," defined as the "optimal level of care that can be delivered during a catastrophic event, requiring substantial change in usual health care operations." 4 In jurisdictions with declared public health emergencies, 5 crisis standards of care provide a mechanism for reallocating staff, facilities, and supplies to meet population needs. Second, beyond health workers, decisions about who is tested or who receives treatment must center on prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission (public health), protection of individuals at highest risk, meeting societal needs, and promoting social justice. Protecting public health may mean prioritizing resources for people in confined settings (such as homeless shelters, prisons, and nursing homes), where the virus can spread rapidly from person to person. doi = 10.1002/hast.1090 id = cord-298191-sqfx171j author = Ga, Hyuk title = The Korean Geriatrics Society COVID-19 Strategy for Older Adults date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = strategies for long-term care hospitals (LTCHs) among those for LTCFs. LTCHs are a wide-spread unique form of hospitals for frail and activities of daily living (ADL)-dependent older people in Korea; however, we assumed that the strategies for LTCHs are similar to those for LTCFs (nursing homes). 12, 13) Second, we emphasized the importance of wearing facemasks regularly even in encounters with older adults or healthcare workers without respiratory symptoms, as 5% to 75% of positive cases are reportedly asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers. In addition, the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare issued a temporary regulation that permits telephone-based consultation and prescription and covers half of the expenses for COVID-19 testing for all new inpatients of LTCHs. 11) On May 2, 2020, the KCDC announced zero positive cases from randomly-screened samples from among 6,544 residents and care assistants of 46 LTCHs in the Seoul area. COVID-19: the case for health-care worker screening to prevent hospital transmission doi = 10.4235/agmr.20.0031 id = cord-348246-prwg2wvm author = Gabriel, Andrade title = The role of psychiatrists in addressing COVID-19 conspiracy theories date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Research has established that people who are prone to accept conspiracy theories are predisposed to suffer from Paranoid Personality Disorder (Darwin et al, 2011) . People with Schizotypal Personality Disorder are frequently uninterested in meaningful social relationships, but they tend to compensate that by having a rich inner mental life; in this endeavor, they may fantasize with conspiracy theories, and ultimately come to believe them very strongly. People who accept already circulating conspiracy theories are not necessarily pathological, but people who come up with such theories in the first place, are more likely to suffer from mental disorders. Therefore, even if belief in conspiracy theories about COVID-19 is not necessarily pathological, one effective way of (at least partially) eradicating such beliefs is by contributing to a more robust public mental health. doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102404 id = cord-283477-6clp5nz7 author = Gabrielson, Andrew T. title = Proposed Changes to the 2021 Residency Application Process in the Wake of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; student summary = For students who struggled with the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1, these elective and visiting rotations offer a crucial opportunity to demonstrate their clinical acumen and make their residency applications more competitive. First, they propose delaying the date that programs can access applicant data through the Electronic Residency Application Service, thereby affording students more time to complete clinical experiences, solidify their specialty decision, and strengthen their residency application. First, they propose delaying the date that programs can access applicant data through the Electronic Residency Application Service, thereby affording students more time to complete clinical experiences, solidify their specialty decision, and strengthen their residency application. A delay in the initial download date by even a month would allow students the opportunity to have additional clinical experiences, which would aid both their specialty decision-making process and the competitiveness of their application. doi = 10.1097/acm.0000000000003520 id = cord-280029-g1k3zlax author = Gabutti, Giovanni title = Coronavirus: Update Related to the Current Outbreak of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19; China; MERS; SARS summary = The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially named the infection coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the virus has been classified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS is caused by a virus that emerged in southern China in November 2002 and led to [ 8000 human infections and 774 deaths in 37 countries in the 2002-2003 period [3] ; MERS is related to a virus detected for the first time in Saudi Arabia in 2012, responsible for 2494 laboratoryconfirmed cases of infection and 858 deaths since September 2012 [4] . On January 11 and 12, 2020, the WHO received further details and information from the Chinese National Health Commission regarding the possible association of this epidemic with exposure in a fish market in Wuhan, and the Chinese authorities shared the genetic sequence of a new coronavirus, subsequently identified as SARS-CoV-2 [14] . doi = 10.1007/s40121-020-00295-5 id = cord-345083-f2jzho3i author = Gachohi, John title = Public health challenges posed by delays in obtaining COVID-19 clearance for long-distance truckers across East Africa date = 2020-10-24 keywords = Joseph; covid-19 summary = title: Public health challenges posed by delays in obtaining COVID-19 clearance for long-distance truckers across East Africa Following the initial reports of the cases in March 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic curve grew slowly in the lead phase lasting three months between mid-March and mid-June 2020 in response to intensive public health responses mounted to contain the disease spread in Kenya 1 . Manuscript title: Public health challenges posed by delays in obtaining COVID-19 clearance for long-distance truckers across East AfricaThe authors whose names are listed immediately below certify that they have NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers'' bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. doi = 10.1016/j.gloepi.2020.100039 id = cord-338602-6n309bnp author = Gadotti, Ana Carolina title = IFN-γ is an independent risk factor associated with mortality in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 infection date = 2020-09-23 keywords = IFN; covid-19; patient summary = title: IFN-γ is an independent risk factor associated with mortality in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 infection We proposed a study in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 infection to evaluate the interleukin patterns and its role as prognosis factors. A reasonable hypothesis is that (i) pro-inflammatory innate immunity and (ii) anti-inflammatory system are related to disease severity or death once IL-6, IL-8, and IL10 are closely described as prognostic factors in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 1, 3, 7 . Previous studies have not reported the association between IFN-γ and death, even evaluating the COVID-19-reactive CD69+ expressing IFN-γ producing CD8+ T in 25 patients with severe and moderate disease 22 . Suppressed T cell-mediated immunity in patients with COVID-19: A clinical retrospective study in Wuhan Levels of cytokines from patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 infection according to the outcome (data in the median with IQR) doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198171 id = cord-303030-8unrcb1f author = Gaeta, Giuseppe title = Social distancing versus early detection and contacts tracing in epidemic management date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID; Italy; SIR; epidemic summary = In this paper we discuss the different effects of these ingredients on the epidemic dynamics; the discussion is conducted with the help of two simple models, i.e. the classical SIR model and the recently introduced variant A-SIR (arXiv:2003.08720) which takes into account the presence of a large set of asymptomatic infectives. In the SIR model [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] , a population of constant size (this means the analysis is valid over a relatively short time-span, or we should consider new births and also deaths not due to the epidemic) is subdivided in three classes: Susceptibles, Infected (and by this also Infectives), and Removed. Acting on α or on β to get the same γ will produce different timescales for the dynamics; see Fig. 1 , in which we have used values of the parameters resulting from our fit of early data for the Northern Italy COVID-19 epidemic [7] . doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110074 id = cord-252914-51wvis1d author = Gaffney, Brian title = The impact of COVID-19 on clinical education of internal medicine trainees date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Prior to the pandemic, an average of 30 patients in a 24-h period were referred for assessment and potential admission by general internal medicine in the authors'' institution. The change in the assessment-to-admission ratio potentially reflects the above-mentioned pressures upon primary care providers during this time and the increased sensitivity required of triage processes to capture milder COVID-19 presentations during then-widespread community transmission. Moreover, during this time, each ward was assigned multiple senior decision-makers to improve patient flow through the hospital, thus reducing independence of the medical trainees as key decision-makers. In tandem with the increased burden on acute care services in the authors'' institution, outpatient clinics were scaled back due to redeployed staff/physical distancing/infection control constraints, and virtual telephone reviews replaced in-person patient visits. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted significantly on medical training, and this is likely reflected across the world in internal medicine and other speciality training programmes. doi = 10.1007/s11845-020-02350-z id = cord-353594-z1vxamvp author = Gagiannis, Daniel title = Clinical, Serological, and Histopathological Similarities Between Severe COVID-19 and Acute Exacerbation of Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease (CTD-ILD) date = 2020-10-02 keywords = ANA; ARDS; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Since we observed similarities between COVID-19 and interstitial lung disease in connective tissue disease (CTD-ILD), we investigated features of autoimmunity in SARS-CoV-2-associated respiratory failure. Patients or their relatives had given written informed consent to routine diagnostic procedures (serology, bronchoscopy, radiology) as well as (partial) autopsy in the case of death, respectively, as well as to the scientific use of data and tissue samples in the present study. Our finding that significant ANA titers and/or detection of specific autoantibodies are found in most patients who develop ARDS raises the question if there is a comparable mechanism of lung damage between SARS-CoV-2 infection and exacerbating autoimmune disease. Our observation of CTD-associated autoantibodies together with the CTD-like radiologic and histopathologic lung findings in severe cases of COVID-19 point towards a possible dysregulation of the immune response upon SARS-CoV-2 infection that might fuel organizing pneumonia and trigger interstitial fibrosis, with deleterious effects on the functional outcome in long-term survivors. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587517 id = cord-356085-rnia7mbq author = Gai, Ruoyan title = Managing healthcare delivery system to fight the COVID-19 epidemic: experience in Japan date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; Japan summary = The experience in Japan indicates the urgency of planning of healthcare delivery system, mobilizing all relevant social sectors by consensus, and guiding people with calm manner based on the best shared knowledge and evidences. In this regard, the basic policies for COVID-19 control emphasized the hospitalized care for the severe / critical case based on previous experiences [3] , and recommended people with mild flu-like symptoms to stay at home first and seek medical care after consulting the call center or a family doctor [4] . After the declaration of state of emergency, Tokyo metropolitan government decides to move patients with mild or no symptom (except the elderly, those with pre-existing health conditions and pregnant women) from hospitals to the assigned facilities to increase bed capacities with serious cases for COVID-19. doi = 10.1186/s41256-020-00149-0 id = cord-347895-z9a54f6g author = Gaibazzi, N. title = Lung disease severity, Coronary Artery Calcium, Coronary inflammation and Mortality in Coronavirus Disease 2019. date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; HRCT; PCAT summary = OBJECTIVE To determine the association of the extent of lung disease or coronary artery chest computed tomography (HRCT) variables, the Agatston coronary calcium score (CCS) and peri-coronary adipose tissue attenuation (PCAT), representing CAD and coronary inflammation, with mortality in patients with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Increased age, D-dimer, C-reactive protein and the HRCT image features of extent of lung disease and coronary inflammation by PCAT (but not the CCS) were independently associated with mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. While the current study confirms prior data that increased age, D-dimer and C-reactive protein are associated with in-hospital mortality in COVID-19, we also report that the simple extent of lung disease and the novel PCAT parameter of coronary artery inflammation in HRCT scans are also independently associated with mortality. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.01.20087114 id = cord-300963-1n1f8mf2 author = Gajendran, Mahesh title = Inflammatory bowel disease amid the COVID-19 pandemic: impact, management strategies, and lessons learned date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19; IBD; RNA; SARS; patient summary = Previous studies based on SARS-CoV-1 showed that the "cytokine storm" was strongly associated with viral sepsis, inflammation-induced lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [32, 34] . With regard to IBD-specific risk factors, it is speculated that patients on immunosuppressive agents, those with active IBD symptoms, malnutrition, and frequent visits to clinics or hospitals are at greater risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection [50] . The International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IOIBD) maintains a registry for reporting COVID-19 in IBD patients called SECURE-IBD registry. Hence, all the societies have recommended that patients continue their IBD medications to sustain remission, because the risk of disease flare-up outweighs the chance of contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection. The management strategy will depend on multiple factors, such as the patient''s age, the severity of the COVID-19 infection, the clinical status of the IBD, and the presence of other comorbid conditions. doi = 10.20524/aog.2020.0547 id = cord-280960-88hzovg2 author = Galani, I. E. title = Untuned antiviral immunity in COVID-19 revealed by temporal type I/III interferon patterns and flu comparison date = 2020-08-24 keywords = Fig; IFN; covid-19 summary = By investigating temporal IFN and inflammatory cytokine patterns in 32 COVID-19 patients hospitalized for pneumonia and longitudinally followed for the development of respiratory failure and death, we reveal that IFN-{lambda} and type I IFN production is both diminished and delayed, induced only in a fraction of patients as they become critically ill. By comparison, in 16 flu patients hospitalized for pneumonia with similar clinicopathological characteristics to COVID-19 and 24 milder non-hospitalized flu patients IFN-{lambda} and type I IFN are robustly induced, earlier, at higher levels and independently of disease severity, while pro-inflammatory cytokines are only acutely and transiently produced. 81 Here, we have performed a comprehensive temporal analysis of type I and type III IFN, and major 82 inflammatory cytokine patterns in 32 COVID-19 and 16 influenza A virus infected (flu) patients 83 hospitalized for community acquired pneumonia and longitudinally followed up according to current 84 WHO guidelines 18 . doi = 10.1101/2020.08.21.20179291 id = cord-270079-vwnzp6zj author = Galanis, Nikiforos title = Coagulopathy in COVID-19 infection: a case of acute upper limb ischemia date = 2020-07-02 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = We report a case of severe coagulopathy manifesting with right upper limb arterial and deep vein thrombosis in an 80-year-old male patient with severe COVID-19 associated pneumonia. At that point, his coagulation laboratory tests were deranged, and he eventually developed dry gangrene in his right thumb and index finger, as well as a deep venous thromboembolism in his right axillary vein. Since the beginning of the pandemic, it has become evident that COVID-19 infection does not only affect the respiratory tract but in some patients it seems to evolve to a systemic disease with severe complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure [1] . We present a case of an 80-year-old patient with confirmed COVID-19 infection, who developed severe coagulopathy with peripheral arterial infarcts and deep venous thromboembolism. Seven days later, while his general condition was deteriorating, he developed acute ischemia in his right thumb and index finger (Fig. 2) . doi = 10.1093/jscr/rjaa204 id = cord-317689-gp4x54pe author = Galanopoulou, Aristea S. title = EEG findings in acutely ill patients investigated for SARS‐CoV‐2/COVID‐19: A small case series preliminary report date = 2020-05-17 keywords = EEG; covid-19; patient summary = 9, 10 We report our first findings from medically indicated EEG studies, performed predominantly using 8ch-EEG, on admitted acutely ill COVID-19 PUIs. We found that a sizeable proportion of COVID-19-positive patients had suspicion for seizures and/or epileptiform discharges (EDs) in their EEG compared to COVID-19-negative patients, albeit these differences did not reach statistical significance. Most of the patients had acute respiratory failure, were intubated at the time of the EEG studies (63.6% vs 100%), and were receiving sedatives and/or antiseizure medications (ASMs) (86.4% vs 100%) (COVID-19 positive vs negative, respectively). We present the first preliminary case series report of EEG findings in patients under investigation for COVID-19 who presented with altered mental status, encephalopathy or suspicion for seizures and demonstrates evidence of EDs. Seizure-like behaviors prompting EEG investigation were common (63.6%) in COVID-19-positive patients and sporadic epileptic abnormalities were seen in 40.9%, predominantly in the form of frontal sharp waves. doi = 10.1002/epi4.12399 id = cord-313489-i969aqn9 author = Galbadage, Thushara title = Does COVID-19 Spread Through Droplets Alone? date = 2020-04-24 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Social or physical distancing helps reduce the transmission of respiratory droplets containing SARS-CoV-2 and slows the incidence of the disease by reducing the opportunities for potential viral exposures. Precautions to prevent the spread by droplets as recommended by both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) are to (1) wash hands with soap, (2) avoid touching viral entry points, such as eyes, nose, and mouth, (3) cover the mouth when coughing or sneezing, (4) wear a facemask if sick and (5) practice social distancing by putting 6 feet of distance between individuals. The ability of SARS-CoV-2 to remain viable longer on surfaces taken together with its higher virulence in establishing an infection makes it very likely that this coronavirus uses other modes of transmission in addition to respiratory droplets (Figure 1) . doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00163 id = cord-354261-gdvawnp6 author = Gale, Chris title = National active surveillance to understand and inform neonatal care in COVID-19 date = 2020-06-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has yet to be definitively established; neonatal infection with the virus has been detected in the first days after birth to mothers with COVID-19 1 ; however, this could represent early horizontal transmission. For more complete case ascertainment, this BPSU surveillance will link with other related data sources, including ongoing UKOSS surveillance of COVID-19 in pregnancy for maternal cases, Mothers and Babies: Reducing Risk through Audits and Confidential Enquiries across the UK (MBRRACE-UK), for neonatal deaths and stillbirths, and Public Health England (PHE), Health Protection Scotland, Public Health Wales and the Health and Social Care Public Health Agency in Northern Ireland. Active surveillance through established national systems such as the BPSU and UKOSS with very high population-based case ascertainment is among the simplest, quickest and most efficient way to obtain the accurate population level incidence data and to determine true infection rates, clinical characteristics and outcomes, which are needed to inform optimal perinatal and neonatal care. doi = 10.1136/archdischild-2020-319372 id = cord-258337-3wua0iij author = Gale, Robert Peter title = A Haematologist''s Guide to Coronavirus Disease 2019: Encyclopaedia or Doorstop? date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = [1] review what they term a haematologist''s perspective on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). They present data on hospital admission values and/or risk of death from COVID-19. Normally, authors provide a statistical analysis of this type of heterogeneous data, such as a weighted mean or median and confidence interval or interquartile range (IQR) followed by their conclusion. In a study of 1,571 subjects with COVID-19 we found a significant difference between 1,440 survivors (median 1.2 × 10E+9/L [IQR 0.9, 1.7 × 10E+9/L]) and 131 subjects who died (0.5 × 10E+9/L [0.4, 0.8 × 10E+9/L]; p < 0.001) [2] . Lest I be accused of publication bias, might I direct readers to an experiment where I fed large numbers of genetically identical mice shredded SARS-CoV-2-or CO-VID-19-related consensus guidelines or sheets of blank paper with their laboratory chow for 1 week. Perspective: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and haematologists doi = 10.1159/000510498 id = cord-327219-gj3otwzj author = Gale, Robert Peter title = Conquest of COVID‐19. Publish it to Death? date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Here I consider whether this strategy is working in the fight against severe acute respiratory syndrome‐cornavirsu‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic and the associated coronavirus infectious disease‐2019 (COVID‐19). Here I consider whether this strategy is working in the fight against severe acute respiratory syndrome-cornavirsu-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and the associated coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19). This is only for citations covered by PubMed. The figures from the World Health Organization which tracks every manuscript on the virus and its disease submitted in their journals irrespective of publication would be much greater [1] How to explain this burst of publications? My next step was to evaluate the quality of these guidelines using criteria of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (Figure 2 ; [12] ). Quality and strength of evidence of the Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines doi = 10.1111/bjh.16905 id = cord-258818-ys3ezzzz author = Galea, Sandro title = Understanding the Covid-19 pandemic through the lens of population health science date = 2020-07-15 keywords = covid-19; health summary = While this pandemic was novel in 2020, its population health footprint was established long before the novel coronavirus crossed over into humans, following causes that are influenced by causes at multiple levels of influence, from national and state policies, to local conditions of exposure, to forces that shape risk of other diseases that in turn predispose populations to Covid-19 infection and its consequences. 8 This suggests that age interacts with the other causes of infection (exposure risks due to physical contact for example) as well as with other causes of morbidity (underlying diabetes or heart disease for example) to be a factor as important as the virus itself in determining the scale and consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic. 10 This reflects, rather simply, the central importance of age as an important, even if insufficient, covariate (i.e., age by itself, without SARS-CoV-2 infection does not result in Covid-19), one that changes our understanding of the disease through its intimate interaction with the key exposure, and should accordingly inform our public health action. doi = 10.1093/aje/kwaa142 id = cord-330017-t14o7rua author = Galiero, Raffaele title = The Importance of Telemedicine during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Focus on Diabetic Retinopathy date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; diabetic; telemedicine summary = New evidence and technological improvements in telemedicine application in diabetic retinopathy (DR) have demonstrated efficacy and usefulness in screening. However, the deployment of device and digital application used to increase screening of individuals and monitor progression of retinal disease needs to be easily accessible to general practitioners. In fact, during the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the mandatory social distancing imposed to prevent the outspread of infection, the use of telemedicine in diabetes monitoring has been remarkably increasing. Thanks to these tools, screening has been extended to a much larger portion of diabetic subjects, and the comparison between telemedicine and standard fundus oculus exam has revealed a good efficacy from the use of nonmydriatic cameras both in terms of sensitivity and specificity [43] . New evidence and technological improvement of devices have made telemedicine a useful solution for diabetic retinopathy screening. doi = 10.1155/2020/9036847 id = cord-347884-zpzncgiv author = Galimberti, Andrea title = Rethinking Urban and Food Policies to Improve Citizens Safety After COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; disease; food; health; human summary = Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. doi = 10.3389/fnut.2020.569542 id = cord-352905-ge3u32hm author = Galimberti, Sara title = Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Play an Antiviral Action in Patients Affected by Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Possible Model Supporting Their Use in the Fight Against SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-09-02 keywords = CML; COVID-19; SARS; TTV; patient summary = Among compounds proposed to fight the SARS-CoV-2-related disease (COVID-19), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), already effective in Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), have been proposed on the basis of their antiviral action already demonstrated against SARS-CoV-1. Translated in the COVID-19 context, if TKIs would sustain the coronavirus infection or replication, we might expect to observe a significant increase of TTV load during treatment of our patients with nilotinib. In the second phase of our study, we employed the NanoString technology for analyzing the expression of 770 inflammationand immunity-related genes in five CML patients before and after 6 months of treatment with imatinib, with the aim of testing the impact of this TKI on the possible immunological control of viral infection. Considering that it has been proven that at diagnosis, the immunity of these patients is severely impaired (63) , the low infection rate observed during the 2020 pandemic could prove that TKIs play an antiviral role or, at least, could not impair the host response against the new coronavirus. doi = 10.3389/fonc.2020.01428 id = cord-353621-t5tev985 author = Gallina, Pasquale title = Covid-19: Decisions to offer interventions with limited availability should be decided based on chance of recovery. date = 2020-05-21 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-353621-t5tev985 title: Covid-19: Decisions to offer interventions with limited availability should be decided based on chance of recovery. cord_uid: t5tev985 Dear Editor, 1 We read with interest the paper by Cesari and 2 Proietti 1 entitled "COVID-19 in Italy: ageism and decision making in 3 a pandemic", which rejects a priori discrimination of aged people in 4 access to care. COVID-19 in Italy: ageism and decision 89 making in a pandemic Universal 93 do-not-resuscitate orders, social worth, and life-years: opposing 94 discriminatory approaches to the allocation of resources during the 95 COVID-19 pandemic and other health system satastrophes Fair allocation of scarce 98 medical resources in the time of Covid-19 Clinical ethics 101 recommendations for the allocation of intensive care treatments in 102 exceptional, resource-limited circumstances: the Italian 103 perspective during the COVID-19 epidemic. SIAARTI 106 recommendations for the allocation of intensive care treatments in 107 exceptional, resource-limited circumstances Critical Care Beds During the COVID-19 Pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.05.024 id = cord-026603-h4zy3244 author = Gallo, Oreste title = “Is really the cancer population at risk for more severe COVID-19? Some hints from the cytokine profile” date = 2020-06-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = [1] The official death toll of the COVID-19 pandemic has reached, as of May 27th, 350 000 and it is now recognised that severe outcomes of this infection are associated to a complex dysregulated immune response to SARS-CoV-2 which clinically translates into acute respiratory distress syndrome, the cytokine release syndrome, the secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and the disseminated intravascular coagulation. [5] On the contrary, other authors have subsequently suggested that cancer patients, because of their impaired immune system due to the tumour itself and its therapies, are expected to have a reduced systemic inflammatory response to the virus and, thus, non-inferior mortality rates. [8] Overall, our findings seem to confirm the role of age as one of the strongest prognostic factors; in addition, we suggest that cancer patients are not necessarily at higher risk for COVID-19 associated death because their impaired immune responsiveness might act as a protective factor from the cytokine storm. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.011 id = cord-338131-6y96eyoq author = Galvez, A. title = Perforated Marginal Ulcer in a COVID-19 Patient. Laparoscopy in these Trying Times? date = 2020-05-24 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Despite current surgical recommendations [1] advising against routine laparoscopy in COVID-19 patients for aerosolization concerns; a laparoscopic approach was decided given availability of laparoscopic high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters (PlumePort® ActiV®. These medications are well-described sources of marginal Regarding the operative approach for this patient; current guidelines [3] recommend avoiding the use of routine laparoscopy in COVID-19 patients if possible, due to the risk of biological fluid aerosolization. All of these are well-known and well-described benefits of the minimally invasive surgical approach [8] , which harmonize well with current clinical recommendations [7] in the management of COVID-19. The current COVID-19 pandemic mandates strict aerosol and body fluid precautions during surgery, but the benefits of the laparoscopic approach-a high aerosol-creating procedureshould not be overlooked in carefully selected patients if the appropriate equipment is available. The minimally invasive approach to a perforated marginal ulcer in this complicated COVID-19 positive patient led to an excellent postoperative outcome. doi = 10.1007/s11695-020-04709-8 id = cord-312558-w2vjuidm author = Gambardella, J. title = Exosomal microRNAs Drive Thrombosis in COVID-19 date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To test the hypothesis that exosomal miRNAs are a key determinant of thrombosis in COVID-19, we enrolled 26 patients positive for COVID-19 admitted to the Infectious Disease Departments of University of Naples "Vanvitelli" and San Sebastiano Caserta Hospital (Italy). Equally important, miR-424 has been associated with hypercoagulability whereas low levels of miR-103a have been observed in deep vein thrombosis (5, 12) , although precise mechanisms have not been fully defined for these miRNAs. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing a functional contribution of exosomal noncoding RNA in COVID19. Limitations of our study include the relatively small population and the fact that we did not determine the exact source of exosomes; nevertheless, since endothelial dysfunction has been shown to be a prominent feature of COVID-19 and to contribute to the pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory state of the vasculature (2), we speculate that a main source could be represented by endothelial cells, which express these miRNAs in normal conditions (5). doi = 10.1101/2020.06.16.20133256 id = cord-333640-oh9ucair author = Gambaro, Giovanni title = Nothing will ever be as before. Reflections on the COVID-19 epidemics by nephrologists in eleven countries date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; colleague; work summary = In such a context, a few days can make a big difference, as our colleague in Paris reports: our hospital was up against COVID-19 at the beginning of March. As one colleague wrote: unfortunately, my hospital and nephrology clinic were not prepared to deal with the COVID epidemic, especially considering the WHO guidelines issued as early as February 2020. Very soon patient''s triage started, the "red zone" was equipped with PPE''s, and presently doctors and nurses, recruited for work in the COVID centre get special training. Emanuela Cataldo a young nephrologist working in a COVID Unit in Bari, talks about loneliness in a surreal scenario: this pandemic took two fundamental things away from me: freedom and close contact with people. There is no better definition of fear, than in these words from Emanuela: working with COVID patients makes you feel their desperate condition. doi = 10.1007/s40620-020-00756-7 id = cord-301106-qskwujpa author = Gambato, Martina title = Clinical implications of COVID-19 in patients with chronic liver disease and liver tumor date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = On March 31st of this year, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic infection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). A single case of acute chronic liver failure secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection in a decompensated alcoholic cirrhotic patient was recently reported. Overall, the reported data are not yet enough for us to know the risk of infection in patients with existing chronic liver disease, or the impact of COVID-19 on their liver status and outcomes. Patients with liver cancer are another special population often coming to the hospital for treatment and monitoring, who may be at higher risk of contracting COVID-19, especially if they are receiving chemotherapy or immunotherapy. In conclusion, liver damage during SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported quite frequently, especially in patients who developed severe COVID-19 disease. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan doi = 10.1007/s13304-020-00804-8 id = cord-284385-ster02o9 author = Gambichler, Thilo title = On the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with viral infections including COVID-19 date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; HIV; ICI; PD-1 summary = The present review summarizes up-to-date evidence addressing the frequently discussed clinical controversies regarding the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer patients with viral infections, including AIDS, hepatitis B and C, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, influenza, and COVID-19. [10] [11] [12] Since irAEs may require immunosuppressive therapy, including high-dose corticosteroids and/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α blockers, the risk of infection or reactivation of chronic or latent viral infections (eg, HBV or hepatitis C virus (HCV)) may be secondarily increased. Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with HIV infection and advanced-stage cancer: a systematic review Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer patients with HIV, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C viral infection The safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced cancers and preexisting chronic viral infections (hepatitis B/C, HIV): a review of the available evidence doi = 10.1136/jitc-2020-001145 id = cord-310650-8lhkiw9p author = Gamble, Anissa title = The Challenges of COVID-19 for People Living With Diabetes: Considerations for Digital Health date = 2020-05-15 keywords = covid-19; diabetes summary = The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global pandemic that significantly impacts people living with diabetes. Diabetes-related factors of glycemic control, medication pharmacodynamics, and insulin access can impact the severity of a COVID-19 infection. For those living with diabetes, digital health presents the opportunity to access care with greater convenience while not having to expose themselves to infection in an in-person clinic. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global pandemic and significantly impacts individuals living with diabetes. If the use of virtual visits continues after the pandemic eases-as they are expected to [38] -it opens up a great opportunity to provide more timely access to not only physician care but services that are often scarce for those living with diabetes [39] . Figure 1 presents a summary of the challenges of COVID-19 for people living with diabetes and the opportunities of diabetes digital health to support them in this time of need. doi = 10.2196/19581 id = cord-289905-dvl2pud2 author = Gan, Rosemary title = COVID-19 as a Viral Functional ACE2 Deficiency Disorder with ACE2 Related Multi-organ Disease date = 2020-06-23 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; RAS; SARS summary = Appreciating the clear differences between SARS and COVID-19 in presentation, poor prognostic indicators related to individuals'' co-morbid status, and biochemical and radiologic profiles, a novel disease model may assist in: 1) the early recognition of atypical (non-respiratory) presentations of disease; 2) early prophylactic treatment intervention for individuals at risk of severe and critical disease which could take place 6 in the community; 3) revised management of pulmonary complications including those related to prone posturing and ventilation protocols; 4) allowing better utilisation of data collated at a global level in the absence of an evidence-based disease model at this time; 5) identification of different markers of disease progression in at-risk individuals. An upregulation of ACE2 expressing cells related to chronic ATII elevation [18] or treatment with ACEinhibitors [19] , may increase the infective potential of SARS-CoV-2 in this group as a consequence of the duality of ACE2 functioning as both a receptor for viral entry to cells and as an enzyme. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110024 id = cord-306700-sz3bji8c author = Gandhi, Abhay Jayprakash title = An Ayurvedic Perspective along with in Silico Study of the Drugs for the Management of Sars-Cov-2 date = 2020-07-21 keywords = Ayurveda; Covid summary = Materials & Methods: Available symptoms of Covid 19 were thoroughly studied and reviewed through Ayurveda classics, internet, preprints, etc. CONCLUSION: Thus, from the above results obtained from reviewing Ayurveda classics and after the virtual screening of selected drugs we can conclude that Nagaraadi Kashaya(Sunthi, Puskarmoola, Kantakari, Guduchi) may have appreciable results in combating SARS-COV-2. The outbreak of COVID-19, caused by the Noval Corona Virus (nCoV) that is now officially designated as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, represents a pandemic threat to global public health. The present piece of work studies the virtual screening of the phytoconstituents which can help for a further invitro, invivo research for Covid 19. Thus, from the above results obtained from reviewing Ayurveda classics and after the virtual screening of selected drugs we can conclude that Nagaraadi Kashaya may have appreciable results in combating SARS-COV-2. doi = 10.1016/j.jaim.2020.07.002 id = cord-317242-e7000i2u author = Gandhi, Darshan title = Review of X-ray and computed tomography scan findings with a promising role of point of care ultrasound in COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-28 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Since imaging not only helps assess the disease at the time of diagnosis but also aids evaluation of response to management, it is critical to examine the role of different modalities currently in use, such as baseline X-rays and computed tomography scans carefully. On one hand, Ai et al [3] studied 1014 patients in Wuhan, China and concluded that the high sensitivity of chest computed tomography (CT) imaging in detecting COVID-19 infection might make it a suitable tool for screening purposes. Chest radiography is not advisable for first line use for detection of COVID-19 infection due to a reduced ability to demonstrate ground-glass opacities, an early finding in this disease (Figure 1) [1] . Ng et al [10] studied non-contrast chest CT images of 21 COVID-19 patients and reported the most commonly observed finding to be peripheral ground-glass opacification. doi = 10.4329/wjr.v12.i9.195 id = cord-299018-eo73yl4v author = Gandini, O. title = Serum Ferritin as an independent risk factor for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in COVID-19 Patients in Rome Italy date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Serum Ferritin as an independent risk factor for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in COVID-19 Patients in Rome Italy Serum samples were collected from patients upon admission before starting any treatment and tested by Laboratory Department Of all patients included, 81 patients (57%) showed mild disease (control group) and 60 (43%) showed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and systemic inflammation (severe group). 2 , panel C, D, E) Multivariate logistic regression model adjusted for several disease-related risk factors at admission, including age, sex, NLR, DD, LDH, ferritin and CRP, demonstrated that serum ferritin resulted as an independent predictor of disease severity in COVID-19 patients (OR = 1,0048, 95% CI, 1,0029 to 1,0083, P < 0,001.). We clearly demonstrated that serum levels of ferritin progressively increased with the severity of disease and correlate with poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients. Serum ferritin as an independent risk factor for severity in COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.006 id = cord-261256-iwdusvrw author = Gandolfi, Alberto title = Planning of school teaching during Covid-19 date = 2020-10-01 keywords = case; covid-19; school summary = The key differences with the usual SEIR model [14] are: an external source of infection [15] , [19] , the possibility of transmission limited to 7 hours per working day; a control indicating from the start whether, for each day, schools are open or closed; and the presence of asymptomatic individuals. As benchmark cases we consider the full closure and the complete opening of the school, which is to say, the two most extreme choices of a fully remote teaching or regular 7 hours a day in-class activities for the whole year. In addition, we indicate of each parameter the range of values for which the optimal solution achieves a substantial reduction with respect to complete opening, but limited to determining at most an 100% increase in the number of cases with respect to school closure. doi = 10.1016/j.physd.2020.132753 id = cord-275238-5fledjac author = Gandolfini, Ilaria title = COVID‐19 in kidney transplant recipients date = 2020-04-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In Northern Italy, where the current prevalence of confirmed cases has surpassed in some areas 2 per 1,000 people, kidney transplant patients are getting infected and starting to develop coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 2 Herein, we report the outcomes of two deceased-donor kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to the Hospital of Parma (Parma, Italy), between March 2 and 12, 2020. At In kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 who develop extensive pneumonia, which may require intubation, our current therapeutic approach includes stopping the immunosuppressive therapy (using steroids as the only antirejection drugs) to help promote the specific anti-viral immune response. Therefore, IL-6 targeting therapies are being proposed to control acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS; currently being tested in a randomized trial in China; ChiCTR2000029765). Successful recovery of COVID-19 pneumonia in a renal transplant recipient with long-term immunosuppression Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus E protein transports calcium ions and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome doi = 10.1111/ajt.15891 id = cord-282958-9bi6pobg author = Ganem, Fabiana title = The impact of early social distancing at COVID-19 Outbreak in the largest Metropolitan Area of Brazil. date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = To tackle the spread of disease, a range of interventions have been implemented in China, including increasing test capacity, rapid isolation of suspected and confirmed cases and their contacts, social distancing measures, as well as restricting mobility (6) . The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Brazil was on February 26th in the city of São Paulo and, since March 17th, the state of São Paulo has recommended a series of social distancing measures. Considering the significant expected burden of the COVID-19 pandemic, nonpharmacological interventions are necessary to flatten the epidemic curve and prepare the public response to the shortage of ICU beds and healthcare workers needed to treat critically ill patients (4). We evaluated the impact of early social distancing measures in the transmission of COVID-19 in the SPMA, and projected the number of ICU beds necessary for COVID-19 patients in Brazil. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.06.20055103 id = cord-285360-svczr721 author = Ganesh, Aravind title = Ignorance is not bliss: managing uncertainty in acute stroke treatment in the COVID-19 era date = 2020-10-31 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Treatment delays may seem inevitable with competing priorities like donning/doffing PPE, greater attention to the patient''s respiratory status with more frequent pre-emptive intubation, and a Fig. 1 During typical emergency medical scenarios like ischemic stroke, there are various factors that are immediately available ("known") at the time of decision-making for physicians, patients, and their caregivers/ proxies, whereas other factors are potentially knowable but lost to an "information bottleneck" and still others lie hidden behind a "knowledge barrier" (a). The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a constellation of systemic and workflow changes that have resulted in additional unique challenges in information flow for emergency medical decision-making (b). Nevertheless, by appreciating the underlying pitfalls in information flow, we can adopt a more proactive and nuanced approach to emergency decision-making and potentially mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on patient care (Fig. 1d) . doi = 10.1007/s00234-020-02592-9 id = cord-324483-zvj1ttay author = Ganesh, Radhakrishnan title = Management of appendicitis during COVID-19 pandemic; short-term outcomes date = 2020-09-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = CONCLUSION: CT/MRI scan was preferred to laparoscopy in diagnosing appendicitis and conservative management of uncomplicated appendicitis was common practice after the onset of pandemic. Adult patients admitted with a suspected diagnosis of appendicitis had a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis irrespective of the age group, these patients also had a CT chest at the same time, to look for any signs of COVID-19 infection. In this paper, our objective was to evaluate the change in our practice of managing patients admitted with acute appendicitis, and to investigate short-term outcomes after the onset of pandemic. A conservative approach was adopted in managing an acute surgical condition recognising the risk of increased post-operative morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 infected patients. Retrospective analysis of the outcome of conservative management at a later date will help in the grading of CT scan findings in selecting patients for non-operative treatment. doi = 10.1177/0036933020956316 id = cord-278775-xntvl7jp author = Gangaputra, Sapna S. title = Ocular symptoms among non-hospitalized patients who underwent COVID-19 testing date = 2020-06-22 keywords = covid-19 summary = The "stay at home" 46 restrictions and limited access to ambulatory ophthalmology care may inadvertently delay the 47 recognition of ocular signs and symptoms associated with Currently, we have minimal data on the incidence and severity of ocular manifestations of non-49 hospitalized COVID-19 positive patients. To answer these questions, an electronic REDCap 2,3 survey was developed and 52 distributed to participants of the COVID Volunteer Research database, which was created by 53 the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (VICTR). Red eye (21.9%) and excessive tearing (17.6%) were 86 both found at a significantly higher rate in COVID-19 negative survey respondents (Table) To date, the reports on ocular findings have been limited. The strengths of the study are the large number of 115 responses from patients who are non-hospitalized, which is over 80% of affected In conclusion, this retrospective patient survey found no association between ocular symptoms 118 and COVID-19 positivity in an outpatient population. doi = 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.06.037 id = cord-341132-arhpqgl6 author = Gangemi, Sebastiano title = Rich at risk: socio-economic drivers of COVID-19 pandemic spread date = 2020-07-01 keywords = country; covid-19 summary = While proper treatments are being developed, in-depth studies concerning its way of diffusion are necessary, in order to understand how the virus is actually spreading, through the investigation on some socio-economic indicators for the various countries in the world, retrieved through open-access data publicly available. As such, in order to fill in this gap, therefore to understand which of these discriminants could represent stronger drivers for the COVID-19 pandemic spread, we retrieved basic data on the open access website Wikipedia concerning socio-economic indicators of any country in the world, including their Population, Density, mean age, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Nominal GDP (both Per Capita), the Gini Coefficient of wealth distribution (an index of overall income inequality, ranging from 0, where everyone has the same income, to 1, where inequality is maximal), the Human Development Index (HDI, a composite index of doi = 10.1186/s12948-020-00127-4 id = cord-256262-lwc4ghj2 author = Gangneux, Jean-Pierre title = Invasive fungal diseases during COVID-19: We should be prepared date = 2020-04-06 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Among various causes of morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients, the frequency and impact of co-infections has still been poorly studied, particularly in patients with an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In France, IFI account for a high risk of mortality in patients with co-morbidities from 9.2% to 40% depending on the fungal disease (8) . Invasive mucormycosis is increasingly reported (thanks to the improvement of diagnostic tools) in susceptible patients such as those suffering from diabetes, hematological malignancies, solid organ transplantation or chronic respiratory diseases and superficial injuries in burned patients or after local traumatism. In case of positivity of any of these tests, a confirmation step with blood biomarkers will be implemented depending on the positive results, with serum galactomannan and/or serum beta-D-glucan and/or cryptococcal antigenemia and/or blood qPCR for Aspergillus or mucorales, -national multicentric studies that aim to explore the risk of fungal co-infection during COVID-19 with joint consortia of ICU and Mycology specialists. doi = 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.100971 id = cord-258410-ggrrbq5u author = Ganguly, Shuvadeep title = Teleconsultations and Shared Care in Pediatric Oncology During COVID-19 date = 2020-09-22 keywords = covid-19; pandemic summary = Still, keeping in mind the immunosuppressive nature of anti-neoplastic therapy and our evolving understanding of the disease, pediatric oncology services have to tread carefully between treating cancer and limiting COVID-19 in this vulnerable population. With healthcare centres throughout the world grappling with COVID-19 pandemic with resource optimization, all aspects of cancer treatment were adversely affected, including ancillary services like blood product availability [2] . Over the course of last four months of this pandemic (April to July 2020), even with curtailing of healthcare services at our centre, 80 new cases (age ≤ 21 years) were registered and 39 children with acute leukemia and lymphoma were started on therapy. Managing pediatric cancer patients in COVID19 pandemic Chemotherapy adaptations in a referral tertiary care center in India for ongoing therapy of pediatric patients with solid tumors during COVID19 pandemic and lockdown. doi = 10.1007/s12098-020-03499-2 id = cord-323274-vhcvbiqm author = Gansevoort, Ron T. title = CKD is a key risk factor for COVID-19 mortality date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = When the data for the CKD subgroups are compared, it becomes clear that a graded association exists between the level of kidney dysfunction and the risk of COVID-19 others report on disease-specific populations, for example, patients with a history of cardiovascular disease 8 . It is to be expec ted that disease-specific cohorts, especially those that only include hospitalized patients, will have higher mortality rates and different risk factor profiles from general population cohorts that include all infected patients. Inclusion of asymptomatic patients in study populations will result in lower COVID-19-associated mortality rates and a different risk factor profile. This analysis, which includes data for more than 17 million people in the UK, suggests that patients with chronic kidney disease are at higher risk than those with other known risk factors, including chronic heart and lung disease. doi = 10.1038/s41581-020-00349-4 id = cord-259952-58q4ma92 author = Ganson, Kyle T. title = Associations between Anxiety and Depression Symptoms and Medical Care Avoidance during COVID-19 date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, emergency health care utilization has acutely declined by 23% for heart attacks, 20% for strokes, and 10% for hyperglycemic crises. We fitted modified multivariable Poisson regression models to estimate the associations between four mental health symptoms (nervous, anxious, or on edge; not being able to stop or control worrying; little interest or pleasure in doing things; feeling down, depressed, or hopeless) in the past 7 days and medical care avoidance (delayed medical care; needed non-coronavirus medical care but did not get it) due to the coronavirus pandemic in the past 4 weeks. Individuals who experience all four symptoms of anxiety and depression had higher adjusted relative risk ratios of delayed medical care and not receiving needed non-coronavirus medical care, after adjustment for potential confounders (Table 2) . doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-06156-8 id = cord-260374-06j1jlc6 author = Gao, Feng title = COVID‐19 and liver transplantation: Lessons learned from three reported cases date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = During the COVID-19 pandemic, transplant recipients have been recognized as more susceptible to infection, to have greater severity of disease, and prolonged shedding of this highly transmissible virus.1 However, there is limited information on the impact of COVID-19 in liver transplant (LT) recipients. To the Editor, During the COVID-19 pandemic, transplant recipients have been recognized as more susceptible to infection, to have greater severity of disease, and prolonged shedding of this highly transmissible virus. We reviewed three reported cases with detailed treatment information from China to better understand the features and associated therapeutic strategies used in transplant recipients with COVID-19. [2] [3] [4] As summarized in Table 1 , three patients all received immunosuppressive therapy after transplantation and were initially diagnosed as having mild disease and then progressed to severe illness. Zheng Ming-Hua. Fatal outcome in a liver transplant recipient with COVID-19 Successful treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia in a liver transplant recipient doi = 10.1111/tid.13335 id = cord-117445-zu2mns82 author = Gao, Jian title = Quantifying Policy Responses to a Global Emergency: Insights from the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-24 keywords = Fig; covid-19; document; policy summary = We also adopt alternative data sources for the COVID-19 tracking data, as provided by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (Fig. S5D) , alter the measures of a country''s effectiveness in containing the pandemic by calculating total confirmed cases instead of deaths (Fig. S5A) , examine per-capita death rates for each country (Fig. S5B) , and restrict the analysis to countries with a minimum number of COVID-19 policy documents (Fig. S6 ). Regressions considering the effects of COVID policy attention on total deaths for countries that published at least 25 policy documents in the prior 30 days. Regressions considering the effects of COVID policy attention on total deaths for countries that published at least 25 policy documents in the prior 30 days. Regressions considering the effects of COVID policy attention on total deaths for countries that published a minimum number of COVID policy documents in the prior 30 days. doi = nan id = cord-332995-n0zusu52 author = Gao, Jinrui title = Predictive criteria of severe cases in COVID‐19 patients of early stage: A retrospective observational study date = 2020-09-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = RESULTS: Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the higher level of hypersensitivity C‐reactive protein (OR = 4.77, 95% CI:1.92‐11.87, P = .001), elevated alanine aminotransferase (OR = 6.87, 95%CI:1.56‐30.21, P = .011), and chronic comorbidities (OR = 11.48, 95% CI:4.44‐29.66, P < .001) are the determining risk factors for the progression into severe pneumonia in COVID‐19 patients. CONCLUSION: Early COVID‐19 patients with chronic comorbidities, elevated hs‐CRP or elevated ALT are significantly more likely to develop severe pneumonia as the disease progresses. Through univariate logistic regression models, we found that advanced age (≥65 years old), chronic comorbidities, lymphocytopenia, elevated hs-CRP, increased D-dimer, and elevated levels of ALT were the key risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 patients into their severe stage (Table 3) . Early COVID-19 patients with chronic comorbidities, elevated hs-CRP or increased ALT are significantly more likely to develop severe pneumonia as disease progresses. doi = 10.1002/jcla.23562 id = cord-268690-xle4bx49 author = Gao, Lei title = Prognostic value of NT-proBNP in patients with severe COVID-19 date = 2020-03-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = Receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curves were shown in figure 1 to analyze the prognostic value and the best cutoff of NT-proBNP for prediction in-hospital death. Meanwhile, older, male, history of hypertension (HP), myoglobin (MYO), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), high-sensitivity troponin-I (Hs-TnI), white blood cell (WBC), lymphocytes (LYM), c-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) were correlated with the risk of in-hospital death (Table 2) Modes of Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to evaluate the independent prognostic effect of NT-proBNP level. The present study for the first time showed the relationship between plasma NT-proBNP level and risks of in-hospital death in severe COVID-19 patients. After adjusting for potential cofounders in separate modes, NT-proBNP presented as an independent risk factor of in-hospital death in patients with severe COVID-19. After adjusting for potential cofounders in separate modes, NT-proBNP presented as an independent risk factor of in-hospital death in patients with severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.07.20031575 id = cord-305169-5b4b0qx2 author = Gao, Liang-qin title = In Silico Screening of Potential Chinese Herbal Medicine Against COVID-19 by Targeting SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme II Using Molecular Docking date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; Flos; Fructus summary = OBJECTIVE: To seek potential Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) through the molecular docking of the medicine with SARS-CoV-2 3CL hydrolytic enzyme and the angiotensin converting enzyme II(ACE2) as receptors, using computer virtual screening technique, so as to provide a basis for combination forecasting. Among 238 potential anti-COVID-19 herbs screened in total, 16 kinds of CHM containing the most active ingredients, and 5 candidate anti-COVID-19 herbs that had been used in high frequency, as well as a core drug pair, namely, Forsythiae Fructus-Lonicerae Japonicae Flos were selected. Ran, et al (9) found that the disease pattern of 30.14% COVID-19 patients in Chongqing are pathogenic-heat obstructing in Fei. Among the 238 potential CHMs, heat-clearing herbs accounted for the largest proportion (29.41%), and the drug pair of Forsythiae Fructus-Lonicerae Japonicae Flos is the most widely distributed active ingredient, and is selected as the predicted core drug Potential targets were imported into the DAVID database for GO term and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. doi = 10.1007/s11655-020-3476-x id = cord-351369-ugba8uah author = Gao, Wenqi title = A newborn with normal IgM and elevated IgG antibodies born to an asymptomatic infection mother with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19; March summary = title: A newborn with normal IgM and elevated IgG antibodies born to an asymptomatic infection mother with COVID-19 We reported a newborn with normal IgM and elevated IgG antibodies born to an asymptomatic infection mother with coronavirus disease 2019 . The nucleic acid test of pharyngeal swab showed positive, and the results of serum IgM and IgG antibody (colloidal gold method) were weak positive and strong positive, respectively, suggesting that the pregnant woman might be an asymptomatic infection case of COVID-19. On March 9, 2020 the nucleic acid test of neonatal COVID-19 pharyngeal swab was negative, however, and serum COVID-19 IgM and IgG antibodies were normal and strong positive, respectively. Here, we reported a newborn with normal IgM and elevated IgG antibodies born to an asymptomatic infection mother with COVID-19. Here, we reported a newborn with normal IgM and elevated IgG antibodies born to an asymptomatic infection mother with COVID-19. doi = 10.18632/aging.103346 id = cord-273725-0i0xg7gv author = Gao, Y. title = Cancer is associated with the severity and mortality of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; international summary = title: Cancer is associated with the severity and mortality of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Search terms included the following words: "COVID-19", "coronavirus disease-19", "new coronavirus", "2019-nCoV", "novel corona virus", "novel coronavirus", "nCoV-2019", "novel coronavirus pneumonia", "2019 novel coronavirus", "coronavirus disease 2019", "SARS-CoV-2", "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2", "neoplasms", "neoplasia", "tumor", "tumour", "cancer", "malignancy", "clinical characteristic" "clinical feature", "risk factor", and "comorbidities". . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.20087031 doi: medRxiv preprint 13 that cancer was significantly associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease, which was inconsistent with the previous meta-analysis [7] . Our subgroup analyses found that the prevalence of cancer among COVID-19 patients in Italy, France, and Korea were higher than that in China, although the result was limited by the sample size. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: A retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.01.20087031 id = cord-259178-2opfkm7l author = Gao, Ya title = Research Collaboration and Outcome Measures of Interventional Clinical Trial Protocols for COVID-19 in China date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = title: Research Collaboration and Outcome Measures of Interventional Clinical Trial Protocols for COVID-19 in China This study aimed to analyze research collaboration and distribution of outcome measures in registered interventional clinical trials (ICTs) of COVID-19 conducted in China. This study was designed to evaluate the cooperation between institutions and the distribution of outcome measures in registered interventional clinical trials (ICTs) of COVID-19 conducted in China, to provide a reference for future researchers to register and carry out COVID-19 clinical trials. We included registered ICTs of COVID-19 that conducted in China without restricting the types of interventions, comparisons, and outcomes. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the registered ICTs of COVID-19 conducted in China using the bibliometric analysis method and presented collaborations of provinces and institutions, and the distribution of outcome measures by using visual network maps and density maps. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.554247 id = cord-261899-xv4ulh6u author = Gao, Yadong title = COVID-19: Risk factors for critical illness date = 2020-08-19 keywords = covid-19 summary = The reported risk factors associated with death rate of critical ill COVID-19 patients include male, older age (>65 years), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA), high blood d-dimer (>1000 ng/mL), cardiovascular comorbidities, higher concentrations of Interleuking-6 (IL-6) [2] and more affected pulmonary lobe numbers [7] . Except age, other risk factors identified in Liu''s report are different from a recent study in critical ill COVID-19 patients in New York city [4] . In the latter study, among 647 ICU admitted patients, the risk factors for critical illness include male, age (>65 years), heart failure, BMI > 40, diabetes, admission oxygen saturation< 88%, troponin level >1 ng/ml, C-reactive protein (CRP) > 200 mg/L and d-dimer> 2500 ng/ml. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100507 id = cord-351644-pl7xpivx author = Gao, Yelei title = Application of Telemedicine During the Coronavirus Disease Epidemics: A Rapid Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; topic summary = We included studies about the content of the consultation (such as symptoms, therapy and prevention, policy, public service), screening of suspected cases, the provision of advice given to those people who may have symptoms or contact history. Data extracted included: 1) Basic information: title, first author, publication year and study design; 2) participants: baseline characteristics and sample size; and 3) results: proportions of individuals using telemedicine for different contents of consultation (e.g. symptoms, therapy and prevention, policy, public service), details of screening of suspected cases, the provision of advice given to people who had symptoms or contact history, and the limitations of telemedicine. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.14.20065664 doi: medRxiv preprint proportion of consultation on public issues (including disease knowledge, epidemic situation and public issues of COVID-19/SARS). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.14.20065664 id = cord-350949-ystkjdwk author = Gao, Yi-jie title = Clinical features and outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-08-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The meta-analysis showed the following results: the incidence of severe case or death was 12, 95% CI: 0.03-0.20, I 2 = 0%, P = 0.006; the incidence of fever was 51, 95% CI: 0.35-0.67, I 2 = 89%, P < 0.00001; the incidence of cough was 31, 95% CI: 0.23-0.39, I 2 = 38%, P < 0.00001; the incidence of lymphopenia was 49, 95% CI: 0.29-0.70, I 2 = 83%, P < 0.00001; the incidence of positive CT findings was 71, 95% CI: 0.49-0.93, I 2 = 90%, P < 0.00001; the incidence of coexisting disorders was 33, 95% CI: 0.21-0.44, I 2 = 70%, P < 0.00001; the incidence of preterm labor was 23, 95% CI: 0.14-0.32, I 2 = 21%, P < 0.00001; the incidence of caesarean section was 65, 95% CI: 0.42-0.87, I 2 = 90%, P < 0.00001; the incidence of fetal distress was 29, 95% CI: 0.08-0.49, I 2 = 68%, P = 0.007; the incidence of neonatal asphyxia or neonatal death or stillbirth was 9, 95% CI: − 0.03-0.21, I 2 = 0%, P = 0.14; the incidence of neonatal infection was 12, 95% CI: − 0.01-0.26, I 2 = 0%, P = 0.06; and SARS-CoV-2 testing of breast milk was only mentioned in the study by Chen H (2020.2.12), and the incidence was 0, which cannot be calculated by metaanalysis. doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05274-2 id = cord-304601-e6qlx1r6 author = Garcez, Flavia Barreto title = Delirium and adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19. date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19; delirium; patient summary = A recent report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has indicated that geriatric patients account for almost half of hospital admissions and up to 80% of deaths associated with COVID-19 acute respiratory syndrome, the most severe presentation of the disease. 16 Therefore, our aims were to investigate the occurrence of delirium in a cohort of older adults hospitalized with COVID-19, and explore its association with adverse outcomes in this population. 21 Although these findings stress the relevance of impaired consciousness as a predictor of adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, the clinical meaning of delirium as a full syndrome was not addressed in the study. In our study, we found consistent evidence that delirium is associated with adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Unlike previous studies, we demonstrated the association between delirium not only with in-hospital death but also with length of stay, intensive care admission and ventilator utilization. doi = 10.1111/jgs.16803 id = cord-264113-dh74pv64 author = Garcia Garcia de Alcaniz, J. title = Groundbreaking predictions about COVID-19 pandemic duration, number of infected and dead: A novel mathematical approach never used in epidemiology date = 2020-08-06 keywords = August; COVID-19; preprint summary = Hundreds of predictions about the duration of the pandemic and the number of infected and dead have been carried out using traditional epidemiological tools (i.e. SIR, SIRD models, etc.) or new procedures of big-data analysis. However, several elegant mathematical approaches, based on physics and probability principles, like the Delta-t argument, Lindy''s Law or the Doomsday principle-Carter''s catastrophe, which have been successfully applied by scientists to unravel complex phenomena characterized by their great uncertainty (i.e. Human race''s longevity; How many more humans will be born before extinction) allow predicting parameters of the Covid-19 pandemic. However, there are some elegant mathematical approaches, based on basic science, physics and probability principles, like the Copernican principle and the Delta-argument, Lindy''s Law, the Doomsday principle-Carter''s catastrophe, all of which allow predicting complex phenomena characterized by their great uncertainty, as the Covid-19 pandemic is. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.05.20168781 doi: medRxiv preprint Table 3 Predictions about number of infected and dead by COVID-19 based on the Doomsday argument. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.05.20168781 id = cord-268176-tb12txdf author = Garcia de Avila, Marla Andréia title = Children’s Anxiety and Factors Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Study Using the Children’s Anxiety Questionnaire and the Numerical Rating Scale date = 2020-08-09 keywords = CAQ; COVID-19; NRS; child summary = This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety among Brazilian children and its associated factors during social distancing during COVID-19. In logistic regression, the following variables were associated with higher CAQ scores: social distancing without parents; more persons living together in home; and education level of guardians. There were no statistically significant differences for NRS and the studied variables, but the prevalence of anxiety was highest among the children who maintained social distance with someone other than the parents (28.6%, n = 16). Higher levels of anxiety (CAQ ≥ 9) were associated with social distancing, the number of persons at home, guardians'' age, and education level of the guardians. The prevalence of anxiety among the children during the COVID-19 pandemic in this group was 19.4% (n = 56), according to the CAQ, and 21.8% (n = 63), according to the NRS. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165757 id = cord-323074-u3bs5sj0 author = Garcia, L. P. title = ESTIMATING UNDERDIAGNOSIS OF COVID-19 WITH NOWCASTING AND MACHINE LEARNING: EXPERIENCE FROM BRAZIL date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; case; international summary = This study aimed to analyze the underdiagnosis of COVID-19, through nowcasting with machine learning, in a South of Brazil capital. To analyze the underdiagnosis, we compared the difference between the data without nowcasting and the median of the nowcasted projections for the entire period and for the six days from the date of onset of symptoms to diagnosis at the moment of data extraction. To help overcome this challenge, the present study aimed to analyze the underdiagnosis of COVID-19 cases, through nowcasting with machine learning, in a South of Brazil capital city. The following variables were extracted from anonymized database of suspected and confirmed cases: i) diagnostic (confirmed, discarded or missing), ii) sex, iii) age (in years), The number of infected people (with a positive diagnosis and less than 14 days of symptom onset) and the rate of infected people per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated for the health regions where each notified person resides. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.01.20144402 id = cord-331208-bgh1a14p author = Garcia, M. title = Innate lymphoid cell composition associates with COVID-19 disease severity date = 2020-10-14 keywords = Fig; covid-19 summary = The activated ILC profile of COVID-19 patients was associated with soluble inflammatory markers, while frequencies of ILC subsets were correlated with laboratory parameters that reflect the disease severity. ILCs (hereafter referred to as total ILCs), as well as the absolute counts of the specific 302 subsets ILC1, ILC2 and ILCp, were decreased in peripheral blood of COVID-19 303 patients as compared with controls ( Fig. 2A-D) . Overall, these findings suggest that the ILCs remaining in the circulation of 362 COVID-19 patients are activated and show an altered expression of chemokine 363 All rights reserved. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.13.20211367 doi: medRxiv preprint findings on altered frequencies of CXCR3 + and CD69 + ILCs in COVID-19 (Fig. 3A) , 398 ILC1 428 frequencies also positively correlated with parameters that did not differ between the 429 two COVID-19 patient groups, i.e. platelet counts, serum SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels and 430 days post symptom debut (Fig. 6C) . doi = 10.1101/2020.10.13.20211367 id = cord-283673-oyefmgl3 author = Garcia, Marc A title = The Color of COVID-19: Structural Racism and the Pandemic’s Disproportionate Impact on Older Racial and Ethnic Minorities date = 2020-08-05 keywords = Latinxs; black; covid-19; white summary = RESULTS: We identify three proximate mechanisms through which structural racism operates as a fundamental cause of racial/ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 burden among older adults: (1) Risk of exposure; (2) Weathering processes; and (3) Health care access and quality. Below we discuss how proximate mechanisms place older Blacks and Latinxs at an elevated health risk from the COVID-19 pandemic compared to Whites, while also highlighting examples of why structural racism is a fundamental driver of these inequalities. Structural racism in the forms of residential and occupational segregation (i.e. the unequal distribution of racial/ethnic groups across neighborhoods and jobs) and wealth inequalities shape living and working conditions in ways that put Blacks and Latinxs at greater risk of COVID-19 exposure and limit their ability to A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t practice physical distancing (Ray, 2020) . doi = 10.1093/geronb/gbaa114 id = cord-310636-y7n22ykt author = Garcia-Beltran, W. F. title = COVID-19 neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival date = 2020-10-20 keywords = SARS; covid-19; figure; international; rbd summary = A quantitative ELISA that measures IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and a high-throughput neutralization assay using lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with SARS-CoV-2 and WIV1-CoV were developed to assess neutralization potency and cross-neutralizing responses. We determined the sensitivity and specificity of this assay by assessing anti-RBD antibody levels in a cohort of SARS-CoV-2-infected patient serum samples collected between 14 to 42 days after symptom onset ( n = 85) in order to maximize seropositivity for IgG, IgM, and IgA. Anti-RBD IgG, IgM, and IgA levels were measured for each sample by interpolation on to the standard curve and a receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was used to determined optimal cut-offs that distinguished SARS-CoV-2-infected patients from pre-pandemic controls ( Figure 2C ). However, a principle components analysis (PCA) that included demographic data, pre-existing medical conditions, laboratory data, treatments received, anti-RBD antibody levels and neutralization titers but not clinical outcomes demonstrated clustering of patients by the severity cohorts ( Figure 4A ). doi = 10.1101/2020.10.15.20213512 id = cord-233012-ltbvpv8b author = Garcia-Gasulla, Dario title = Global Data Science Project for COVID-19 Summary Report date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; Instagram; March; datum summary = We quantitatively analysed the multifaceted impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our societies including people''s mobility, health, and social behaviour changes. The GDSP (Global Data Science Project) for COVID-19 consists of an international team focusing on various societal aspects including mobility, health, economics, education, and online behavior. The purpose of the GDSP is to quantitatively measure the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our societies in terms of people''s mobility, health, and behaviour changes, and inform public and private decision-makers to make effective and appropriate policy decisions. We analyzed the changes in traffic volumes and a bicycle sharing service in New York City to examine the effect of COVID-19 and announcements from the city government. We select the data of two weeks (March 25, 2020 -April 7, 2020 , and apply our model to predict the emotions on all the tweets we crawled (around 3 million each day) that contain the two "masks" and "lockdown" respectively. doi = nan id = cord-254095-qkkimenx author = Garcés, Leah title = COVID-19 exposes animal agriculture’s vulnerability date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Of course, COVID-19 has tested other facets of the food sector, but thousands of sick slaughterhouse workers and millions of wasted animal lives illustrate the unique frailties of the system built to meet our global demand for animal protein. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations even stated that "livestock health is the weakest link in our global health chain" (FAO 2013). Governments can encourage this plant-based push by providing grants to scientists studying alternative protein production This article is part of the Topical Collection: Agriculture, Food & Covid-19. Third, we must empower animal farmers to lead this global transition from factory farming by helping them grow plants, such as hemp, mushrooms, and leafy greens, instead. The COVID-19 pandemic is perhaps our best chance to hit reset on our protein production system and reimagine how to feed the world. Corporations must shift their supply chains to improve animal welfare while growing the market share of plant-based products. doi = 10.1007/s10460-020-10099-5 id = cord-275754-1thebz19 author = García Bascones, M. title = Luchando contra la covid-19: labor asistencial de los médicos rehabilitadores españoles. Estudio transversal date = 2020-08-08 keywords = Covid; Rehabilitación; Servicios summary = En las primeras semanas muchos servicios anularon las consultas, valorando de manera presencial únicamente pacientes con criterios de urgencia, realizando consultas telefónicas y cerrando salas de tratamiento; posteriormente muchos rehabilitadores pasaron a formar parte de equipos médicos de valoración de pacientes Covid tanto en planta como en urgencia y en las últimas semanas se empieza a recuperar la actividad rehabilitadora con la valoración de las patologías derivadas del propio virus, fundamentalmente de pacientes de unidades de críticos, sin haberse recuperado la total normalidad en el funcionamiento de los Servicios hasta el momento. El estudio se realizó a través de una encuesta realizada durante la semana del 14 al 22 de Abril de 2020, que recogía información sobre la actuación de los Servicios de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación de España con acreditación para la formación MIR. doi = 10.1016/j.rh.2020.07.002 id = cord-301299-flb5wwzg author = García, Inés Suárez title = SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in a hospital in Madrid, Spain date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; case; hcw summary = AIM: The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 among healthcare workers (HCWs) between February 24(th) to April 30(th), 2020 in a hospital in Madrid, Spain. Therefore, we designed a retrospective cohort study whose aim was to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs in a hospital in Madrid, Spain. During the study period, HCWs experiencing symptoms consistent with probable COVID-19 were instructed to present at the Occupational Health outpatient clinic, where they were managed according to the hospital protocol: a nasopharyngeal swab was collected and analysed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for SARS-CoV-2. A case of COVID-19 was defined as any HCW presenting to the Occupational Health outpatient clinic with symptoms consistent with COVID-19 and with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.07.020 id = cord-301873-50ym0rdm author = García, Juan Manuel Picardo title = COVID-19 en residencias de mayores: una asignatura pendiente date = 2020-05-21 keywords = Covid-19 summary = Ello se debe a varias causas: a un espacio vital que, en ocasiones, puede estar saturado con pocos metros por habitante; a una ventilación inadecuada y una higiene deficiente si se compara con las medidas higiénicas recomendadas para hacer frente al COVID-19 (por ejemplo, la fijación de este coronavirus en objetos metálicos como andadores y objetos de plástico de uso compartido); y a la falta de un personal cualificado para el control de la infección y, en particular, para prevenir la transmisión del COVID-19. Estos factores puedan haber agravado el impacto del COVID-19 en las residencias de nuestro entorno, unido a la falta de recursos básicos para el control de infecciones como los equipos de protección individual (EPIs) y de tests para la detección y el seguimiento activo de las personas infectadas. Las residencias geriátricas deben adoptar medidas proactivas para proteger la salud de los residentes, personal y visitantes. doi = 10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.05.015 id = cord-311081-fsnthvrq author = García, Laura Fernández title = RELACIÓN ENTRE OBESIDAD, DIABETES E INGRESO EN UCI EN PACIENTES COVID-19 date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; UCI summary = title: RELACIÓN ENTRE OBESIDAD, DIABETES E INGRESO EN UCI EN PACIENTES COVID-19 Basado en la evidencia inicial sobre esta pandemia, se ha definido que la población de mayor edad y/o asociación de patologías crónicas (hipertensión arterial, diabetes, obesidad), es más propensa a desarrollar formas clínicas más graves de la infección. Nuestro objetivo es estudiar la relación entre obesidad, necesidad de oxigenoterapia con mascarilla reservorio y necesidad de UCI; así como analizar el perfil cardiovascular de los pacientes que han precisado ingreso hospitalario por neumonía COVID-19. No se obtuvo una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la necesidad de reservorio y las variables IMC, hipertensión, dislipemia y diabetes. Para concluir, en este estudio no se ha podido definir la obesidad como factor que influye en la infección por COVID-19, en términos de precisar ingreso en UCI y/o necesidad suplementación de oxigenoterapia en mascarilla con reservorio; pero sí se ha demostrado asociación entre la diabetes y el ingreso en UCI. doi = 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.06.009 id = cord-293360-nmttgxlq author = García, Leidy Y. title = Acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine: A multifactorial consideration date = 2020-11-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Specifically, the willingness to vaccinate against SARS-CoV-2 depends on: (a) Availability, i.e. the actual existence of an effective vaccine and its country of origin; (b) Access to the vaccine, which could be limited by individual or governmental budgetary restrictions to finance preventive public health measures; (c) Perceived health risk, which depends on the intensity and severity of side effects and COVID-19 prevalence; (d) Information on benefits, risks and access pathways; (e) Previous experience with other vaccines and exposure to diseases, as this affects risk perception; and (f) Sociodemographic factors including age, education level, gender and more. [4] and Harrison [5] , a transparent educational and communicative campaign is needed, one that considers interaction between health policymakers in a way that allows people to value the personal and social benefit of being vaccinated against COVID-19, reducing hesitation. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.026 id = cord-323540-7b2mt1a8 author = García, Leidy Y. title = Contingent assessment of the COVID-19 vaccine date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; WTP; vaccine summary = Therefore, the objective of this research was to estimate the individual''s willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine and, at the same time, find the main factors that determine this valuation. The main results showed that the WTP depends on the preexistence of chronic disease ([Formula: see text]), knowledge of COVID-19 ([Formula: see text]), being sick with COVID-19 ([Formula: see text]), perception of government performance ([Formula: see text]), employment status ([Formula: see text]), income ([Formula: see text]), health care ([Formula: see text]), adaptation to quarantine with children at home ([Formula: see text] and whether the person has recovered from COVID-19 ([Formula: see text]. In the second section, the potential attributes of the vaccine and the context of contagion risk were presented; that is, we described the contingent market and asked about the WTP and the protest responses of individuals who are not willing to pay due to economic or moral reasons (15 items). doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.068 id = cord-326189-41t2sshy author = García-Colón, Ismael title = The COVID-19 spring and the expendability of guestworkers date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; H-2A; USA summary = If the supply of local workers available to work under the wage and conditions set forth by growers and government officials was insufficient, the US Department of Labor certified the use of guestworkers. The argument from many government officials, growers, and labor advocates is that the need for guestworkers derives from the fact that only small numbers of local workers have applied for agricultural jobs, as most of the local population is unwilling to work under arduous agricultural labor conditions characterized by long hours and low wages (Thompson 2020) . Large agribusiness interests and their allied government officials continue to promote policies facilitating labor control and guestworker programs because of their reliance on deportable, low-wage, and immigrant workers. Agricultural businesses expect 200,000 seasonal guest farmworkers from Mexico and Central America to enter the USA with H-2A visas (Leslie 2020 When government officials and growers talk of labor shortages, they are signaling their inability to attract domestic workers who would settle for low wages and still earn enough to sustain their families. doi = 10.1007/s10624-020-09601-6 id = cord-281411-la8njxc1 author = García-Fernández, Amaya title = Utilidad y seguridad de la automonitorización electrocardiográfica durante el tratamiento con hidroxicloroquina y azitromicina en pacientes con COVID-19 date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ summary = During March and April of 2020, a study was conducted in our hospital to analyze the effect of treatment with HCQ (either alone or in combination with AZ) on the QTc and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients admitted with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who met the high-risk criteria for QTc prolongation (female, age░>░65 years, history of heart disease, chronic renal disease, or diabetes, or taking both medications together). This protocol included a series of precautions to be taken before and during treatment: a) review what other medications the patient is taking that could prolong the QTc; b) correct electrolyte imbalances; c) avoid bradycardia; and d) perform close electrocardiographic monitoring. doi = 10.1016/j.rec.2020.08.020 id = cord-283521-smg1uw35 author = García-Hernández, Rafael title = Inmunomodulación mediante CONVEHY® para COVID-19: de la tormenta al anticiclón de citoquinas date = 2020-08-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = La causa de la pandemia COVID-19 es la infección por coronavirus tipo 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2). Esta disfunción orgánica del huésped es causada por una respuesta inflamatoria desregulada y potencialmente mortal que inicialmente tiene complicaciones pulmonares graves(1)(2). El protocolo CONVEHY (suplementos en línea 1, 2, 3) fue desarrollado por el Grupo de Investigación de Hiperfiltración para controlar la Respuesta Inflamatoria Desregulada (RID) y la tormenta de citoquinas a través de la inmunomodulación en pacientes bajo choque séptico severo (9) . La membrana oXiris® recibió la Autorización de Uso de Emergencia (AUE) por la FDA de los Estados Unidos para tratar a pacientes con COVID-19 confirmado. En pacientes con COVID-19 el momento de inicio de la técnica puede ser decisivo y por ahora debemos basarnos en factores de riesgo epidemiológicos y clínicos para este fin (Figura 2 y Tabla 1). Recomendaciones prácticas para el manejo perioperatorio del paciente con sospecha o infección grave por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1016/j.redar.2020.08.001 id = cord-347308-l19snjyf author = García-Howard, Marcos title = Case Report: Benign Infantile Seizures Temporally Associated With COVID-19 date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; seizure summary = Background: Non-febrile illness seizures may present in previously healthy children as afebrile seizures associated with minor infections, such as mild gastroenteritis or respiratory tract infections, and are linked to a genetic predisposition. Background: Non-febrile illness seizures may present in previously healthy children as afebrile seizures associated with minor infections, such as mild gastroenteritis or respiratory tract infections, and are linked to a genetic predisposition. For the novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, causing COVID-19, fever, cough, and gastrointestinal complaints are the most common symptoms in children, and a hyperimmune response may be present. For the novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, causing COVID-19, fever, cough, and gastrointestinal complaints are the most common symptoms in children, and a hyperimmune response may be present. Additionally, during hospitalization, the patient and her mother were included in a collaborative study of genomic medicine for identifying genetic variants causing hyperimmunity due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.3389/fped.2020.00507 id = cord-340796-0l9v9f1e author = García-Manzanedo, Sofía title = SÍNDROME DE GUILLAIN-BARRÉ TRAS INFECCIÓN POR COVID-19 date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = RESUMEN La infección por COVID-19 declarada pandemia en el 2020 y cuya gravedad está relacionada con el desarrollo de distrés pulmonar, también presenta afectación a otros niveles incluyendo cuadros neurológicos que hasta el momento han pasado más desapercibidos. Nosotros presentamos un caso de un varón de 77 años con la variante de debilidad faringo-cervico-braquial del Síndrome de Guillain Barré tras un ingreso por neumonía bilateral por COVID-19. La infección por COVID-19 declarada pandemia en el 2020 y cuya gravedad está relacionada con el desarrollo de distrés pulmonar, también presenta afectación a otros niveles incluyendo cuadros neurológicos que hasta el momento han pasado más desapercibidos. Nosotros presentamos un caso de un varón de 77 años con la variante de debilidad faringo-cervicobraquial del Síndrome de Guillain Barré tras un ingreso por neumonía bilateral por COVID-19. A continuación, presentamos un caso de Síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB) tras infección por COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.06.023 id = cord-285069-duiowb88 author = García-Pachón, Eduardo title = Asma y EPOC en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19; EPOC summary = En las series de hospitales de China y de Italia los casos de pacientes con asma y EPOC estaban muy por debajo de lo esperado para la prevalencia de estos procesos [1] [2] [3] [4] . Los hallazgos discrepantes en la prevalencia de enfermedades respiratorias crónicas en pacientes con COVID-19 en los distintos países y la posibilidad de que estas enfermedades o su tratamiento puedan modificar el riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2 han motivado el análisis de esta situación en nuestro medio. Estas características, junto a lo descrito en otras series, podrían hacer sospechar que puede existir un menor riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2, y por lo tanto de desarrollo de COVID-19, por lo menos en algunos tipos de pacientes con asma en nuestro medio. Concluimos que en nuestro medio los pacientes con asma o EPOC no parecen expuestos a mayor riesgo de ingreso por COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.arbres.2020.05.007 id = cord-261057-pq0gkwiu author = García-Reyna, Benjamín title = Fear of COVID-19 Scale for Hospital Staff in Regional Hospitals in Mexico: a Brief Report date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19; FCV-19S; fear summary = In the current study, we used the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) to assess the response to fear within health staff in Mexico. developed a scale to evaluate fear of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on the psychological mental state of the Iranian general population. The scale has high internal consistency and validity, supported by several other scales (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Scale), in assessing fear of COVID-19 among the general population. Many external situations have increased the existing stress levels in an already altered mental health situation for hospital personnel; HCW not only had to face fear of contagion or infecting their families and loved ones, but also confrontations with the general population. The FCV-19S is a scale that shows validity and reliability in assessing fear of COVID-19 in our population. doi = 10.1007/s11469-020-00413-x id = cord-355294-gifsqph6 author = García-Suárez, Julio title = Impact of hematologic malignancy and type of cancer therapy on COVID-19 severity and mortality: lessons from a large population-based registry study date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; malignancy; patient summary = title: Impact of hematologic malignancy and type of cancer therapy on COVID-19 severity and mortality: lessons from a large population-based registry study METHODS: In this population-based registry study, we collected de-identified data on clinical characteristics, treatment and outcomes in adult patients with hematologic malignancies and confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection within the Madrid region of Spain. This case series included consecutive patients with hematologic malignancies aged ≥ 18 years who received a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 in the emergency departments, hospital wards (patients infected while hospitalized) or outpatient clinics of these Madrid hospitals up to May 25, 2020. Potential prognostic factors were collected including pre-infection patient characteristics (age, sex, comorbidities, type of hematologic malignancy and therapy), COVID-19 clinical severity, treatments and care setting. Clinical severity of COVID-19 was worse, and mortality rates were higher among older patients and those with a greater number of comorbidities and varied by type of hematologic malignancy and active antineoplastic treatment. doi = 10.1186/s13045-020-00970-7 id = cord-356145-1jgc62jt author = García‐Gil, Miguel Fernando title = Acral purpuric lesions associated with coagulation disorders during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-356145-1jgc62jt title: Acral purpuric lesions associated with coagulation disorders during the COVID‐19 pandemic cord_uid: 1jgc62jt Different cutaneous manifestations have been described during the COVID-19 pandemic. These include acral erythematous-purpuric lesions reminiscent of perniosis, which are present in 19% of cases with suspected COVID-19 skin lesions. 2 The presence of other cutaneous manifestations, such as purpuric-petechial eruptions, has been described being distributed in acral areas. 3 In contrast, alterations in coagulation are frequent in patients with COVID-19. Three weeks ago, he presented with a catarrhal disorder, which was associated with a papulovesicular rash similar to varicella (Fig. 1b) . Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: a rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases Pernio-like skin lesions associated with COVID-19: a case series of 318 patients from 8 countries Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 Varicella-like exanthem as a specific COVID-19-associated skin manifestation: multicenter case series of 22 patients doi = 10.1111/ijd.15041 id = cord-333520-v2sb90rc author = Gardin, Chiara title = Could Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Be a Therapeutic Option for Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients? date = 2020-08-26 keywords = ALI; ARDS; COVID-19; MSC; Mesenchymal; SARS; cell summary = Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being explored for the management of a number of diseases that currently have limited or no therapeutic options, thanks to their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and pro-angiogenic properties. Next, we describe some of the most significant clinical evidence of the successful use of MSC-derived exosomes in animal models of lung and heart injuries, which might strengthen our hypothesis in terms of their utility for also treating critically ill COVID-19 patients. Recently, MSC-derived exosomes have been demonstrated to have comparable and even greater effects than cells themselves in improving inflammation and injury in a variety of pre-clinical lung disease models, including ALI/ARDS (Table 1) . From the studies discussed above, it emerged that the rationale for using MSC-derived exosomes, MVs, or EVs in ALI/ARDS is based on several processes, many of which are shared with those identified in the parent MSCs. These include immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory properties on host tissue, reduction of the permeability of alveolar epithelium and endothelium, improvement of alveolar fluid clearance, enhancement of macrophage phagocytosis, and tissue repair through direct mitochondrial transfer with host cells (Figure 2 ). doi = 10.3390/jcm9092762 id = cord-313117-0qur0isb author = Gardinassi, Luiz G. title = Immune and Metabolic Signatures of COVID-19 Revealed by Transcriptomics Data Reuse date = 2020-06-26 keywords = SARS; covid-19; figure summary = To address such issues, recent studies have reported transcriptomic profiles of cells, tissues and fluids from COVID-19 patients that mainly demonstrated activation of humoral immunity, dysregulated type I and III interferon expression, intense innate immune responses and inflammatory signaling. To address such issues, recent studies have reported transcriptomic profiles of cells, tissues and fluids from COVID-19 patients that mainly demonstrated activation of humoral immunity, dysregulated type I and III interferon expression, intense innate immune responses and inflammatory signaling. In addition, our approach also detected increased signals of monocytes (Figure 1B) , dendritic cells ( Figure 1C ) and of the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain in SARS-CoV-2 infection (Figure 1A) , suggesting a critical role of metabolic pathways for the immune response of COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01636 id = cord-331519-ye4dtna5 author = Garibaldi, B. T. title = Patient trajectories and risk factors for severe outcomes among persons hospitalized for COVID-19 in the Maryland/DC region date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; patient; severe summary = Conclusions: A combination of demographic and clinical features on admission is strongly associated with progression to severe disease or death in a US cohort of COVID-19 patients. In a sub-group analysis of patients < 60 years of age, we identified male sex (aHR 1.7;95%CI 1.11-2.58), BMI (aHR 1.25 per 5-unit increase; 95%CI 1.14-1.37), CCI (aHR 1.27; 95%CI 1.1-1.46) and respiratory rate (aHR 1.16 per increase of 1 over 18; 95%CI 1.13-1.2) as significantly associated with severe illness or death ( Table 2, Table S5 ). Our study provides valuable insight into the disease trajectories of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the US and the risk factors associated with severe outcomes. In conclusion, we identified several important demographic and simple to assess factors associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes including age, nursing home status, BMI, D-dimer, troponin, ALC and respiratory rate. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.24.20111864 id = cord-321181-bqdsfgdc author = Garitano, Ignacio title = Estimando el número de casos de COVID-19 mediante una herramienta web: resultados de la primera semana del proyecto "Covid-19 Trends" en Euskadi date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; PCR summary = Faltaban datos sobre el numero de casos no testados en España.Para estimar rápidamente el número de casos durante la pandemia de COVID-19, la Fundación Io , lanzó, el 19 de marzo, una herramienta web llamada "Covid-19 Trends", a nivel nacional, a través de las redes sociales. La página web de la Fundación iO muestra el cuestionario (https://covid19.fundacionio.com/epidemiologicalquestionnaire.aspx), así como el enlace a los datos en formatos CVS para ser utilizados por las autoridades de salud u otros grupos como universidades o institutos de investigación, de manera gratuita y a tiempo real. El cuestionario "Covid-19 Trends" estimó más de 6.000 casos compatibles con la definición clínica del Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social en Euskadi durante el mes anterior al primer diagnóstico de COVID-19 mediante RT-PCR; esto indica que este tipo de herramienta podría ser útil como sistema de vigilancia temprana. doi = 10.1016/j.semerg.2020.05.011 id = cord-355753-muefay2n author = Garner, Justin L. title = Challenges of evaluating lung function as part of cancer care during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly identified agent foisted upon humanity and responsible for the contagious affliction, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1] that has rapidly evolved into a pandemic testing to their limits, and sometimes beyond, the capacity to respond of healthcare systems across the world [2]. To the editor, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly identified agent foisted upon humanity and responsible for the contagious affliction, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)(1)that has rapidly evolved into a pandemic testing to their limits, and sometimes beyond, the capacity to respond of healthcare systems across the world (2) . A promising alternative approach to evaluating lung function is that of quantitative computed tomography (qCT) imaging (13) , and whilst currently a research tool has the potential for transforming clinical practice. doi = 10.1183/13993003.01621-2020 id = cord-306247-259zacce author = Garnica, Marcia title = COVID-19 in hematology: data from a hematologic and transplant unit date = 2020-09-06 keywords = HCW; covid-19 summary = We addressed our preparation to face COVID-19 pandemic in a Hematological and Stem Cell Transplant Unit in Brazil during the first two months of COVID-19 pandemic and described COVID-19 cases in patients and health care workers (HCW). Despite a decrease in the number of procedures, the Transplant Program performed 8 autologous and 4 allogeneic SCT during the period, and 49 onco-hematological patients were admitted to continuing their treatments. Although we observed a high frequency of COVID-19 among patients and HCW, showing that SARS-CoV-2 is disseminated in Brazil, hematological patients were safely treated during pandemic times. 8 In this manuscript, we address our preparation to face the COVID-19 pandemic during the first two months and describe COVID-19 documented cases in patients and health care workers (HCW): from diagnosis to outcomes. This is a case series study from hematological patients treated from March 12 th to May 21 th in Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói, a quaternary level hospital, reference for stem cell transplantation (SCT), and solid organ transplant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. doi = 10.1016/j.htct.2020.08.004 id = cord-271764-um001ffd author = Garraud, Olivier title = Passive immunotherapy with convalescent plasma against COVID-19? What about the evidence base and clinical trials? date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19; plasma summary = It is obvious that ethically sound, quality reviewed, well conducted clinical trials are essential to situate convalescent plasma therapy among the therapeutic arsenal to treat SARS-Cov-2 infection. Indeed, since the discovery of numerous thrombotic complications among the severe presentations of COVID-19 [18] [19] [20] , it cannot be excluded that normal plasma factors resolve the DIC-like symptomatology or counteract the effects of lupus-like antibodies, or sooth the blood vessel endothelium if the disease associates to endotheliopathy (as was seen relative to Ebola-virus infection and convalescent plasma therapy [21] ). Further, what about the ethics of transfusing supposedly large volumes of non-specific plasma as a control to a person in danger of developing severe complications of SARS-Cov-2? Clinical trials to evaluate the quality, the efficacy and the safety of convalescent plasma therapy as soon as possible after the onset of an epidemic threat would be mostly valuable. doi = 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102858 id = cord-330205-hj0o33xo author = Garrido, Isabel title = “Cirrhosis management in a major referral center during COVID-19” date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We read with great interest the EASL-ESCMID Position Paper about the care of patients with liver disease during the COVID-19 pandemic first published in early April 2 . By the 13 th of March, based on the limited literature available by then and on the experience with previous pandemics, these measures were outlined in a well-defined protocol, aiming to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, guarantee the best treatment to avoid hepatic decompensation, reduce loss to follow-up and avoid delayed medical referrals. Patients with cirrhosis testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 were admitted for inpatient care if another poor prognostic factor was present, such as cardiovascular diseases, Child B/C or HCC and they were managed in COVID-19 Units by multidisciplinary teams. This protocol, mostly mirroring the EASL position paper, shows that the level of care to cirrhotic patients could be maintained during the pandemic. Care of patients with liver disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: EASL-ESCMID position paper doi = 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100146 id = cord-347388-9uqgt7wb author = Garrido-Hermosilla, Antonio Manuel title = Auditoría inmunitaria de COVID-19 en el servicio de Oftalmología de un hospital de tercer nivel antes del desconfinamiento date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = No obstante, la accesibilidad a las pruebas de detección de SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave por sus siglas inglesas), el virus causante de la COVID-19, ha sido y continúa siendo limitada para los profesionales sanitarios, como es de sobra conocido. Ante estas perspectivas, en nuestro servicio decidimos adquirir a título personal un lote de 40 test rápidos VivaDiag TM COVID-19 IgM/IgG (VivaChek Biotech Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China). De este modo, con nuestro estudio, perseguíamos dos objetivos fundamentales: conocer si alguno de los oftalmólogos del servicio, todos sin síntomas, era un caso asintomático, y determinar si alguno había pasado la infección de forma inadvertida y presentaba inmunidad frente al virus, todo ello con vistas a tratar de planificar futuras estrategias de asistencia clínico-quirúrgica. Este resultado fue verificado por dos oftalmólogos de nuestro propio servicio, distintos evidentemente del que había sido analizado, consignando para ello una hoja de certificación diseñada específicamente para tal cuestión (Fig. 1C) . B) Resultado negativo de un test rápido realizado a uno de los oftalmólogos de nuestro servicio. doi = 10.1016/j.oftal.2020.04.001 id = cord-326220-uosjmht0 author = Gaskell, Jen title = Covid‐19 and the Blunders of our Governments: Long‐run System Failings Aggravated by Political Choices date = 2020-08-11 keywords = covid-19; governance; government; system summary = Having established a framework for thinking about the causes of governance failure, we need to establish some assessment of the performance of different systems in the unfolding of the Covid-19 crisis during the first half of 2020. The government also benefitted from the collaborative approach taken by the opposition, with Social Democratic Party (SPD) member of parliament Ricardo Baptista Leite observing: ''We''re no longer dealing with the Socialist government; we are dealing with the government of Portugal'', further noting ''We are having very candid but supportive meetings to present constructive criticism and also solutions through back channels, showing a sense of unity for the national interest.'' 11 In Denmark, Prime Minister Metter Fredriksen delivered her lockdown address to the nation on 11 March when the country had around 500 recorded cases, closing schools against the recommendation of its health authorities. doi = 10.1111/1467-923x.12894 id = cord-302625-evpw6o02 author = Gaspar, Heloisa Amaral title = Home care as a safe alternative in post-acute and long-term care during COVID-19 crisis date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Home care as a safe alternative in post-acute and long-term care during COVID-19 crisis The high prevalence of this combination, associated with physical environments that provide inadequate barriers to infection control, place patients in long-term care facilities at great risk. There are several reports worldwide about the high mortality related to COVID-19 among residents of long-term care institutions, showing they account for 25% of deaths from COVID-19, in the United States. (3) In Brazil, much of post-acute care and long-term chronic patient care is provided at home. Our organization provided home care to 2,931 patients in the first 3 months of the pandemic and reported only 31 cases of COVID-19 (1%) and six deaths. The low incidence of COVID-19 in this population reinforces that home care protects patients and lessens the risk of infections. Epidemiology of Covid-19 in a long-term care facility in King Country Mortality associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in care homes: early international evidence doi = 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020ce6053 id = cord-287626-lnao60co author = Gaspar, R. title = Trends in cirrhosis hospitalizations during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = During this period, some studies reported reduced numbers of hospital admissions across different areas -from cirrhosis to heart failure [1] [2] [3] [4] . We analysed the hospitalizations for decompensated cirrhosis from March 2, when the first patient with confirmed COVID-19 in Portugal was seen in our emergency department, to the end of the state of emergency, on May 2,2020. During this period there were 40 admissions due to decompensated cirrhosis, a number that was not significantly different from that observed in the same time period in previous years (median 38 admissions, ranging from 34 in 2015 to 42 in 2019). Readmission was associated with shorter LOS of the index hospitalization, while it was not associated with age, gender, aetiology of cirrhosis, reason for admission, or severity of liver disease at index admission. doi = 10.1016/j.dld.2020.06.044 id = cord-344778-2p1mm3vg author = Gasparri, Maria Luisa title = Changes in breast cancer management during the Corona Virus Disease 19 pandemic: an international survey of the European Breast Cancer Research Association of Surgical Trialists (EUBREAST) date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The aim of our survey was to provide a real time international snapshot of modifications of breast cancer management during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of our survey was to provide a real time international snapshot of modifications of breast cancer management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Two-hundred and fifty-two/377 (67%) responders considered chemotherapy as being riskier for developing severe COVID-19-related complications compared to surgery and radiation therapy. The reported cases of patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 during BC treatment or within 14 days following treatment are 10%, 7% and 4% for chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy, respectively. This large international survey among breast cancer centres showed that the COVID-19 pandemic affected management of BC patients, including treatment modifications, longer waiting times and increased use of genomic profile analysis. Recommendations for triage, prioritization and treatment of breast cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic Recommendations for triage, prioritization and treatment of breast cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.breast.2020.05.006 id = cord-352329-dq69zlpn author = Gastélum-Cano, José María title = Higher values of fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin are not associated with mortality in Covid-19 Mexican patients date = 2020-11-05 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Higher values of fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin are not associated with mortality in Covid-19 Mexican patients A retrospective analysis of clinical and laboratory data obtained from Covid-19 patients at admission to intensive care services in the IMSS Hospital in Celaya, from August 13 to September 02, 2020. Higher values of FBG and HbA1c in Mexican Covid-19 patients were observed, independently if they had been diagnosed with diabetes. Recently, abnormal fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels have been associated with increased death risk in Covid-19 patients [3] . Recently, abnormal fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels have been associated with increased death risk in Covid-19 patients [3] . This work objective was to evaluate HbA1c as a complication and risk predictive mortality marker in patients with or without diabetes with Covid-19 at admission. This work objective was to evaluate HbA1c as a complication and risk predictive mortality marker in patients with or without diabetes with Covid-19 at admission. doi = 10.1016/j.pcd.2020.10.014 id = cord-219681-83p1ujl4 author = Gathergood, John title = The English Patient: Evaluating Local Lockdowns Using Real-Time COVID-19&Consumption Data date = 2020-10-08 keywords = covid-19; local; lockdown summary = We find UK ''local lockdowns'' of cities and small regions, focused on limiting how many people a household can interact with and in what settings, are effective in turning the tide on rising positive COVID-19 cases. Using a difference-in-difference methodology, we estimate the impact of local lockdowns imposed in the late summer of 2020 on a number of UK cities, examining the effects on both containment of cases and consumer spending. (2020) using US fintech data and following this Opportunity Insights (Chetty et al., 2020a,b) produced 3 https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-52934822 4 We typically observe common pre-trends between control and treatment groups, however, we do observe noticeable increases in the number of positive COVID-19 cases for the treatment groups just before and after local lockdowns. On aggregate we observe the sharp fall in UK credit card spending near the time of the spike in Covid-19 cases and national lockdown announcement on 23 March 2020 and then a fairly steady recovery May -August. doi = nan id = cord-294948-o8mn0w7y author = Gathungu, D. K. title = Modeling the Effects of Non-PharmaceuticalInterventions on COVID-19 Spread in Kenya date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; Kenya summary = Different intervention scenarios are considered and results show that, implementation of closure of education insitutions, curfew and partial lockdown yield predicted delayed peaks of the overall infections, severe cases and fatalities and subsequently containement of the pandemic in the country. In [12] , they use an agestructured SIR model with social contact matrices from surveys and Bayesian imputation to gauge the spread of COVID-19 epidemic in India, where they use a generalization of the time dependent R O case study data, age distribution and social contact structure. They reported that the number of the infected cases is likely to be high and that isolation of the asymptomatic infectious population will not be enough measure. Based on studies of COVID-19 spread in China, Italy, and Spain, we suppose that if no mitigation measures are in place then an infectious individual would infect three secondary cases, in his/her interaction sphere. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.14.20102087 id = cord-286133-h8jgwe4z author = Gattinoni, Luciano title = Reply by Gattinoni et al. to Hedenstierna et al., to Maley et al., to Fowler et al., to Bhatia and Mohammed, to Bos, to Koumbourlis and Motoyama, and to Haouzi et al. date = 2020-08-15 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19 summary = However, as evidenced by this correspondence, our scientific community seems divided into two broad categories: On one side are the believers that coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia must be defined as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-and that is it. Dr. Bos, Dr. Maley and colleagues, and Dr. Haouzi and colleagues in their letters conclude, as do many others in our scientific community, that COVID-19 pneumonia is not atypical but fits the conventional ARDS definition and that higher respiratory system compliance (Crs) may be a normal finding in the syndrome. Actually, we have observed that patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from Wuhan often present "better" compliance and "worse" PA O 2 -Pa O 2 gradient at low PEEP. doi = 10.1164/rccm.202004-1052le id = cord-346115-xilbhy37 author = Gattinoni, Luciano title = COVID-19: scientific reasoning, pragmatism and emotional bias date = 2020-10-12 keywords = Tobin; covid-19 summary = Yet, we should not be criticized when we suggest that Tobin and co-authors had expressed views that premature intubation in this COVID context is "fatal". For example, recently in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, we can find: "the surest way to increase COVID-19 mortality is the liberal use of intubation and mechanical ventilation" [3] . However, the contention that mechanical ventilation is "the surest way to increase COVID-19 mortality" -is not supported by clinical data and therefore, once again such a statement is yet to be proved or disproved. say "Patients with acute severe asthma develop large pleural Open Access *Correspondence: gattinoniluciano@gmail.com 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Full list of author information is available at the end of the article pressure swings, yet autopsy studies in patients dying because of status asthmaticus are remarkable for the absence of pulmonary edema" [1] . doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00756-7 id = cord-315308-gk768lwy author = Gaughan, C. title = Religious affiliation and the risk of COVID 19 related mortality; a retrospective analysis of variation in pre and post lockdown risk by religious group in England and Wales. date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID; religious summary = Results Compared to Christians all religious groups had an elevated risk of death involving COVID-19; the largest age adjusted HRs were for Muslim and Jewish males at 2.5 (95% confidence interval 2.3-2.7) and 2.1 (1.9-2.5), respectively. Using data from the 2011 Census of England and Wales and linked death registrations, we estimated the age-adjusted risk of dying with COVID 19 for each religious group; we then use socio demographic information, indicators of occupational exposure and geographical measures to adjust for factors related to both the spread of the virus in the general population and the potential increased risk of death following infection as a result of inequality. Compared with the age adjusted results, the estimated hazard ratios for religious groups were reduced when covariates were included in the models, indicating that geographical and socio-demographic factors to some extent mediate the relationship between religion and COVID 19 mortality. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.01.20204495 id = cord-271404-tu8u1b1d author = Gaunkar, Ridhima B title = COVID-19 in Smokeless Tobacco Habitués: Increased Susceptibility and Transmission date = 2020-06-25 keywords = SARS; SLT; covid-19 summary = Smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumption is of particular concern in countries in South Asia with high population densities, as it facilitates exposure to SARS-CoV-2 within or between communities by the act of public spitting. SLT-induced higher expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors along with the presence of furin in the oral mucosa and dysfunctional immune responses among SLT habitués increase viral dissemination and an individual''s susceptibility to COVID-19. There has not been much research on the increased risk of contracting COVID-19 for smokeless tobacco (SLT) users, although the use of these products is widely prevalent in South Asia and the Western Pacific region. The known action of the enzyme furin and the nicotine-induced increased expression of the ACE2 receptor result in COVID-19 viral tropism to the oral mucosal tissues in smokeless tobacco habitués [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.8824 id = cord-336689-z3ayolzb author = Gaur, Uma title = Challenges and Opportunities of Preclinical Medical Education: COVID-19 Crisis and Beyond date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19; education; medical summary = We searched relevant literature in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using specific keywords, e.g., "COVID-19 pandemic," "preclinical medical education," "online learning," "remote learning," "challenges," and "opportunities." The pandemic has posed several challenges to premedical education (e.g., suspension of face-to-face teaching, lack of cadaveric dissections, and practical/laboratory sessions) but has provided many opportunities as well, such as the incorporation of online learning in the curriculum and upskilling and reskilling in new technologies. New strategies are emerging in the preclinical phase that integrates technology to make learning effective and appealing to students, [7] [8] [9] , making them more relevant and applicable for remote learning during the current COVID-19 pandemic. [40] also warned: "The COVID-19 pandemic will not be the last major infectious disease that puts learners at risk." However, many medical schools have successfully transitioned their teaching and learning environment to emergency remote learning, having monitored and examined student and staff readiness, and completed online formative and summative exams both in preclinical and clinical years. doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00528-1 id = cord-322267-pbj819vk author = Gautam, Sneha title = COVID-19: air pollution remains low as people stay at home date = 2020-05-21 keywords = asian; covid-19 summary = The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and European Space Agency (ESA) released air pollution data for Asian and European countries to assess the significant changes in air quality. The main objective of the study is to compare the air quality data released by international agencies before and after the novel coronavirus pandemic. The ESA collects air quality data by using TROPOMI instruments using Sentinel -5P satellite during COVID-19 lockdowns. The results (i.e., 70% and 20-30% NO 2 reduction in India and China, respectively) indicate that there are significant changes in the level of NO 2 identified in Asian countries due to COVID-19. In this study, the variation of NO 2 which was collected from the satellite (Sentinel -5P) was used to indicate the significant reduction in the level of NO 2 in Asian and European countries due to COVID-19 lockdowns. doi = 10.1007/s11869-020-00842-6 id = cord-309125-ddgoc5yk author = Gavin, Blánaid title = Opportunities for international collaboration in COVID-19 mental health research date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; health summary = This is surely an opportune moment for mental health scientists, practitioners, stakeholders and experts by experience to lead by example and to develop an International Collaboration in Pandemic Mental Health Science with the ultimate aim of making evidencebased guidance and resources rapidly and universally available to optimise outcomes for all [1] . Moreover, the dearth of translational research relating to pandemic mental health science has resulted in extremely limited practical, real-world supports being quickly available to guide frontline staff. As mental health-care providers and academics in Ireland, trying, with difficulty, to urgently highlight psychological and psychiatric issues of relevance in the pandemic while attempting to provide the much needed evidence-based guidance within extremely limited resources [9] , we urge collaborative, international action forthwith. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science doi = 10.1007/s00787-020-01577-6 id = cord-343715-y594iewi author = Gavriatopoulou, Maria title = Organ-specific manifestations of COVID-19 infection date = 2020-07-27 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; China; SARS; Wuhan; clinical; patient summary = Patients infected with this new coronavirus present with a variety of symptoms, which range from asymptomatic disease to mild and moderate symptoms (mild pneumonia), severe symptoms (dyspnoea, hypoxia, or > 50% lung involvement on imaging) and symptoms of critical illness (acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, shock or multiorgan system dysfunction). A large retrospective observational study from China showed that among 214 hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, 36.4% had neurological manifestations [114] . The correlation of disease severity with neurological symptoms was confirmed by another retrospective study from France, reporting a prevalence of 84% of neurological manifestations in 58 hospitalized patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19 [115] . Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series doi = 10.1007/s10238-020-00648-x id = cord-284526-a5kgo4ct author = Gavriilaki, Eleni title = Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19: Lessons Learned from Coronaviruses date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; SARS; endothelial; patient summary = Experience from previous coronaviruses has triggered hypotheses on the role of endothelial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which are currently being tested in preclinical and clinical studies. Recent evidence suggests that signs and symptoms of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection resemble the clinical phenotype of endothelial dysfunction and share mutual pathophysiological mechanisms [1] . Experience from previous coronaviruses has triggered studies testing hypotheses on the role of the endothelial dysfunction in patients with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Α high rate of VTE (43%, mainly PE) overall was reported in another series of 150 ICU patients in which patients with COVID-19associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) had higher rates of thrombotic complications compared with non-COVID-19-ARDS [65] . Autoantibodies against human epithelial cells and endothelial cells after severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus infection doi = 10.1007/s11906-020-01078-6 id = cord-283948-rb9rrkxb author = Gavriilidis, Paschalis title = The Impact of COVID-19 Global Pandemic on Morbidity and Mortality of Liver Transplant Recipients Children and Adults: A Systematic Review of Case Series date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: The Impact of COVID-19 Global Pandemic on Morbidity and Mortality of Liver Transplant Recipients Children and Adults: A Systematic Review of Case Series Currently, the first articles reporting outcomes of liver transplant recipients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are published. The aim of the present study was to summarise the reported evidence of liver transplant recipients infected by SARS-CoV-2 during the global pandemic. A systematic literature search of articles published from inception until April 2020 performed in EMBASE, MED-LINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases using free text and MeSH terms (corona virus, COVID-19, liver transplantation, liver transplant recipients, global pandemic of COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS). Of note, D''Antiga reported that children liver transplant recipients although immunosuppressed were not at increased risk to develop severe COVID-19 compared with the general population [7] . doi = 10.14740/jocmr4223 id = cord-302821-b9ikg0xy author = Gawałko, Monika title = COVID-19 associated atrial fibrillation: Incidence, putative mechanisms and potential clinical implications date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Here, we review the available evidence for prevalence and incidence of AF in patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and discuss disease management approaches and potential treatment options for COVID-19 infected AF patients. Here, we review the available evidence for prevalence and incidence of AF in patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and discuss disease management approaches and potential treatment options for COVID-19 infected AF patients. The pathophysiology of COVID-19 related AF is not well understood and proposed putative mechanisms include a reduction in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor availability, CD147-and sialic acid-spike protein interaction, enhanced inflammatory signalling eventually culmination in inflammatory cytokine storm, direct viral endothelial damage, electrolytes and acid-base balance abnormalities in the acute phase of severe illness and increased adrenergic drive.(28) (Fig. 1) . doi = 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100631 id = cord-258722-1o6zhnnj author = Gbinigie, Kome title = Should azithromycin be used to treat COVID-19? A rapid review date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In vivo and in vitro studies were included assessing the safety and effectiveness of azithromycin for treatment of COVID-19, and/or the activity of azithromycin against SARS-CoV-2. In another pre-print, Andreania and colleagues 13 report the results of an in vitro study assessing the activity of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2. In vivo research effectiveness Only one trial was identified on the effectiveness of azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19, conducted by Gautret and colleagues in France and reported in a pre-print 14 (see Table 1 ). The same research team that conducted the in vivo study included in this review conducted a singlearm trial of 80 patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and showed mild symptoms, 17 to further assess the effectiveness of the combined hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin treatment regime. No in vivo studies were identified assessing the safety or effectiveness of azithromycin as a standalone treatment for COVID-19. doi = 10.3399/bjgpopen20x101094 id = cord-291526-aau0hnwx author = Ge, Fenfen title = Predicting Psychological State Among Chinese Undergraduate Students in the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Longitudinal Study Using a Machine Learning date = 2020-09-17 keywords = anxiety; covid-19; student summary = We aimed to explore the prevalence rate of probable anxiety and probable insomnia and to find the risk factors among a longitudinal study of undergraduate students using the approach of machine learning. In summary, we aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of probable anxiety and probable insomnia and to confirm the risk factors among undergraduate students during the COVID-19 outbreak. Specifically, it includes psychotic experiences (4 items), suicidal ideation (3 items), the history of anxiety symptoms (4 items), the history of depression symptoms (5 items), paranoia (4 items), inferiority (5 items), sensitivity (4 items), social phobia (4 items), somatization (4 items), dependence (4 items), aggression (4 items), impulsive (4 items), obsession and compulsion (4 items), Internet addiction (5 items), self-injury (4 items), eating problems (4 items), sleeping problem (4 items), school adjustment difficulties (4 items), interpersonal distress (4 items), academic pressure (4 items), employment pressure (4 items) and romantic relationship problems (4 items). doi = 10.2147/ndt.s262004 id = cord-314311-xbpb9nfi author = Ge, Huipeng title = The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19 date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; Wuhan summary = In November 2002, a novel betacoronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in Guangdong, China, and resulted in more than 8000 infections and 774 deaths in 37 countries. This review makes a comprehensive introduction about this disease, including the genome structure and receptor of SARS-CoV-2, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19. The clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients ranged from mild non-specific symptoms to severe pneumonia with organ function damage. The COVID-19 patients around the world were diagnosed based on World Health Organization interim guidance [65] , and China updated the novel coronavirus pneumonia diagnosis and treatment program (trial version) (in Chinese) according to epidemic situation and improved awareness of disease. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series doi = 10.1007/s10096-020-03874-z id = cord-349980-x1h5dhn9 author = Ge, Huiqing title = Lung Mechanics of Mechanically Ventilated Patients With COVID-19: Analytics With High-Granularity Ventilator Waveform Data date = 2020-08-21 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; PVA summary = In order to make this gap end, the purpose of the study were 4-folds: (1) to describe the lung mechanics of COVID-19 patients by analyzing high-granularity ventilator waveform data; (2) to explore whether the lung compliance can be influenced by clinical factors, such as recruitment maneuver (RM) and body positioning; (3) to identify risk factors for PVA during IMV in COVID-19 patients; and (4) To describe post-extubation lung functions for survivors with spirometry test. Abbreviations: AI, asynchrony index; WOB, work of breathing; PEEP, positive end expiratory pressure; DT, delayed triggering; IEE, ineffective effort during expiration; IQR, interquartile range; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; PVA, patient-ventilator asynchrony; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation. The study integrated high-granularity ventilator waveform data with clinical variables to describe the temporal change of lung mechanics of critically ill patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00541 id = cord-351818-znv51wx9 author = Ge, Q. title = Recurrent Neural Reinforcement Learning for Counterfactual Evaluation of Public Health Interventions on the Spread of Covid-19 in the world date = 2020-07-10 keywords = July; covid-19; international summary = Therefore, we formulated real-time forecasting and evaluation of multiple public health intervention problems into off-policy evaluation (OPE) and counterfactual outcome forecasting problems and integrated RL and recurrent neural network (RNN) for exploring public health intervention strategies to slow down the spread of Covid-19 worldwide, given the historical data that may have been generated by different public health intervention policies. Widely used statistical and computer methods for modeling of Covid-19 simulate the transmission dynamics of epidemics to understand their underlying mechanisms, forecast the trajectory of epidemics, and assess the potential impact of a number of public health measures on curbing the spread speed of Covid-19 [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.08.20149146 doi: medRxiv preprint learn the optimal control (intervention) policy, we need to identify the system underlying the dynamics of Covid-19. We propose to use RNN-based counterfactual action evaluation as a general framework for modeling and forecasting the spread of Covid-19 over time with multiple interventions [30] . doi = 10.1101/2020.07.08.20149146 id = cord-345858-xedkxkz4 author = Ge, Y. title = Effect of different resumption strategies to flatten the potential COVID-19 outbreaks amid society reopens: a modeling study date = 2020-06-26 keywords = June; covid-19 summary = title: Effect of different resumption strategies to flatten the potential COVID-19 outbreaks amid society reopens: a modeling study We employed a susceptible-exposed-infectious-removed model to simulate COVID-19 outbreaks under five reopening strategies based on the business resumption progress in China. We found that a hierarchy-based reopen strategy performed best when current epidemic prevention measures were maintained save for lockdown, reducing the peak number of active cases and cumulative cases by 50% and 44%, respectively. Business resumption strategies have the potential to eliminate COVID-19 outbreaks amid society reopening without special control measures. The proposed resumption strategies focused mainly on decreasing the number of imported exposure cases, guaranteeing medical support for epidemic control, or decreasing active cases. In the simulation, RR eased the epidemic by decreasing the total imported 178 exposed cases according to regional COVID-19 incidence (i.e., 70% of the DR strategy). doi = 10.1101/2020.06.25.20140418 id = cord-274934-s8xppipe author = Gebbia, Vittorio title = Patients With Cancer and COVID-19: A WhatsApp Messenger-Based Survey of Patients’ Queries, Needs, Fears, and Actions Taken date = 2020-05-15 keywords = cancer; covid-19; patient summary = PURPOSE: This descriptive investigation was undertaken at three oncology units to report queries, needs, and fears related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) of patients with cancer and to avoid uncontrolled treatment delays or withdrawal, behavioral mistakes, and panic. In this article, we report real-world data and a descriptive analysis of patients'' needs and fears as well as of misinformation obtained through the WhatsApp instant messaging system (WM; Facebook, Menlo Park, CA) in daily practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. To better understand how patients talk and feel about this potential critical health CONTEXT Key Objective Are instant messaging systems useful to oncologists to care for patients with cancer and to mitigate their anxieties and fears during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) outbreak? Knowledge Generated The WhatsApp instant messaging system is a useful and rapid tool to inform and reassure patients with cancer and to facilitate patient triage in a real-word setting of the pandemic spread of COVID-19. doi = 10.1200/go.20.00118 id = cord-334480-aosmo568 author = Gebrie, D. title = Efficacy of remdesivir versus placebo for the treatment of COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19; review summary = title: Efficacy of remdesivir versus placebo for the treatment of COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Here, we aim to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to compare the effectiveness of remdesivir and placebo in patients with COVID-19. We will include randomized controlled trials that assessed the effectiveness of remdesivir versus placebo for patients confirmed with COVID-19. Ethics and dissemination: This study does not require ethical approval, because no participants data will be involved in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Keywords: 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, Coronavirus diseases 2019, COVID-19, SARS-cov-2, Remdesivir, Randomized Controlled Trials. This systematic review and meta-analysis will be derived from only randomized controlled trials which will reduce between study heterogeneity. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20059196 doi: medRxiv preprint meta-analysis of RCTs to compare the effectiveness of remdesivir and placebo in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.09.20059196 id = cord-275675-gzd75ks9 author = Gee, Siobhan title = The effect of COVID-19 on absolute neutrophil counts in patients taking clozapine date = 2020-07-16 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: The effect of COVID-19 on absolute neutrophil counts in patients taking clozapine 7 Current data suggest that COVID-19 infection results in a lowered white cell count (WCC) of <4.0 × 10 9 /l for between 9 and 45% of patients. 8, 9, 13 There are no published data describing neutrophil counts in COVID-19positive patients taking clozapine. Patients taking clozapine who develop neutroapaenia during COVID-19 infection should be investigated and monitored as in normal practice, because changes in neutrophil counts cannot be assumed to be due to the viral infection. Patients taking clozapine who develop neutroapaenia during COVID-19 infection should be investigated and monitored as in normal practice, because changes in neutrophil counts cannot be assumed to be due to the viral infection. This case series shows that no statistically significant change in ANC occurred in patients taking clozapine who tested positive for the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 infection does not appear to cause a significant or prolonged neutropaenia in patients taking clozapine. doi = 10.1177/2045125320940935 id = cord-342362-j7vuoer6 author = Gegúndez-Fernández, José A title = Recomendaciones para la atención oftalmológica durante el estado de alarma por la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus COVID-19 date = 2020-04-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Conclusiones: Durante la pandemia COVID-19, la atención a los potenciales riesgos de salud para la población ocasionados por el coronavirus deberá prevalecer sobre la posible progresión de enfermedades oculares comunes. Recoge recomendaciones de máximos para la atención a pacientes oftalmológicos, tanto COVID positivos como negativos, durante la pandemia por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Durante este periodo la atención a los potenciales riesgos de salud para la población general ocasionados por la pandemia COVID-19 debe primar sobre la posible progresión de enfermedades tales como el glaucoma crónico, la retinopatía diabética, la degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE), enfermedades corneales e inflamatorias, entre otras. Las precauciones tomadas para la elaboración de los derivados hemáticos serán las propias establecidas según el informe de la AEMPS 20 de 23/mayo/2013 sobre el uso de Plasma Rico en Plaquetas (PRP) y teniendo en cuenta los criterios de exclusión del Anexo II del Real Decreto 21 1088/2005, el cual especifica que pacientes con infecciones se excluirán durante y como mínimo las dos semanas posteriores al restablecimiento clínico completo de una enfermedad infecciosa y tras la desaparición de síntomas, incluyendo fiebre superior a 38ºC y afección pseudogripal, donde podríamos clasificar la infección por SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1016/j.oftal.2020.04.002 id = cord-306881-wrd2rhjz author = Gehrie, Eric title = Transfusion Service Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; blood summary = In this article, we highlight "best practices" that have emerged during the pandemic, focusing on management of blood supply and blood bank operations, rapid incorporation of COVID-19 convalescent plasma into blood bank inventory, and changes to the approach to the patient requiring therapeutic apheresis. Extrapolation from previous experience with SARS-CoV, Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome, and influenza, and with the strong backing of statements by AABB, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as well as the preliminary experience of other areas that were afflicted by COVID-19 prior to its wide spread in the United States, blood bankers were able to convince most stakeholders that the true risk to the blood supply was not SARS-CoV-2 itself, but rather social distancing practices resulting in an interruption to the critically needed blood supply. doi = 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa111 id = cord-311505-akcc9oms author = Geisen, Will R. title = Cytomegalovirus Enterocolitis secondary to experimental COVID-19 therapy date = 2020-09-22 keywords = CMV; COVID-19 summary = Additionally, this case validates colonoscopy as a mode to rule out concurrent infectious etiologies causing diarrhea in COVID-19-positive patients. Additionally, this case validates colonoscopy as a mode to rule out concurrent infectious etiologies causing diarrhea in COVID-19-positive patients. The novel 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19), a form of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a pandemic of historical proportions. Due to its worldwide distribution, a paucity of clinical trial data, and a high mortality rate, the COVID pandemic has led to widespread implementation of experimental therapies with varying levels of success and, in some instances, poor outcomes (3, 4, 5) . We present a patient who was treated with experimental therapies and subsequently developed severe gastrointestinal pathology that was diagnosed by colonoscopy. The report describes a patient with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who was treated with experimental immunomodulating therapies and, subsequently, developed cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis. doi = 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00962 id = cord-314135-udce22id author = Geisslinger, Franz title = Cancer Patients Have a Higher Risk Regarding COVID-19–and Vice Versa? date = 2020-07-06 keywords = ACE2; CoV-2; SARS; cancer; covid-19 summary = The responsible virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is mainly characterized by fever, cough and shortness of breath. We summarize the available literature on COVID-19 suggesting an increased risk for severe disease progression in cancer patients, and we discuss the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 could contribute to cancer development. The main symptoms of COVID-19, the lung disease following SARS-CoV-2 infection are fever, cough, shortness of breath and respiratory distress syndrome with risk for septic shock. Preliminary evidence suggests that such a cytokine storm in response to infection with SARS-CoV-2 is a major factor, promoting severe COVID-19 progress and subsequently disease fatality [8, 12] . Chemotherapy-and radiation therapy-induced immunosuppression is a major risk factor for cancer patients to acquire a severe and probably fatal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Expression of elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in SARS-CoV-infected ACE2+ cells in SARS patients: Relation to the acute lung injury and pathogenesis of SARS † doi = 10.3390/ph13070143 id = cord-313947-2u77y1gx author = Gelardi, Matteo title = COVID-19: what happened to all of the otolaryngology emergencies? date = 2020-05-18 keywords = covid-19 summary = One aspect is that access to emergency care in Otolaryngology (ORL) patients has already changed in the month following the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak, and, seemingly, many non-COVID illnesses have been disappearing. Table 1 shows data regarding the number of emergency department consultations by diagnosis in the 30 days preceding (from February 8th to March 8th, 2020) and 30 days following (from March 9th to April 9th, 2020) the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak at the two main tertiary referral centers in the Puglia region, as well as the percentage reduction for each diagnosis. A reduction in the number of emergency ORL consultations by 80.8% during the COVID-19 pandemic creates new paradigms for the future. At that time, proposed solutions were to increase utilization of outpatient care and to educate patients to seek a preliminary triage consultation with their family physicians; it is possible that the COVID-19 outbreak is pushing our current society in a similar direction. Reduced emergency department utilization after increased access to primary care doi = 10.1007/s00405-020-06046-z id = cord-254027-rndu5ake author = Geldsetzer, Pascal title = Using rapid online surveys to assess perceptions during infectious disease outbreaks: a cross-sectional survey on Covid-19 among the general public in the United States and United Kingdom date = 2020-03-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = Following an informed consent form, the questionnaire asked participants about i) the cause, current state, and future development of the Covid-19 epidemic; ii) the risk of a fatal disease course; iii) knowledge of symptoms and recommended healthcare-seeking behavior; iv) measures to prevent a Covid-19 infection; and v) their perception of the risk posed by individuals of East-Asian ethnicity in their . In order to investigate to what degree dis-and misinformation about Covid-19 has affected the general public''s beliefs about the condition, participants were directly asked whether or not they believed several falsehoods listed on the WHO''s "myth busters" website, (9) which the WHO selected because they had been circulating on social media.(10) Specifically, the questionnaire asked whether receiving a letter or package from China poses a risk of infection, and whether using hand dryers, rinsing your nose with saline, eating garlic, applying sesame oil to the skin, taking antibiotics, and vaccinating against pneumonia are effective in preventing a Covid-19 infection. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.13.20035568 id = cord-343219-0dwyv1vk author = Gellin, Bruce title = Why vaccine rumours stick—and getting them unstuck date = 2020-07-30 keywords = Larson; covid-19 summary = Why vaccine rumours stick-and getting them unstuck Infectious diseases have long shaped human history, from the plague of Athens (430-427 BCE) that killed around a third of the Athenian population, the Black Death in the 14th century that killed about 30-60% of all Europeans, and the 1918-19 influenza pandemic that took the lives of at least 50 million people globally. As only population-wide immunity will end the pandemic, there has been an unprecedented effort to rapidly develop safe and effective vaccines that can be deployed globally. Although many other measures-eg, surveillance, testing, contact tracing, isolation, quarantine, physical distancing, handwashing, provision of PPE, investments in resilient health and social care systems and research, and socioeconomic support, among others-are key elements in the COVID-19 response, a longer-term goal is the possibility of population-level immunity from a vaccine. But hope is not a strategy and there is a need to address the complex challenges related to vaccine hesitancy that Larson''s book illuminates. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31640-8 id = cord-274018-x50yiq10 author = Gemici, Cengiz title = Covid-19 outbreak in a major radiation oncology department; which lessons should be taken? date = 2020-04-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = Our hospital has been immediately declared as one of the major pandemic state hospitals by Turkish Ministry of Health, and almost all oncology inpatient service beds were reserved for corona virus infected patients. The first Covid-19 infection in our department occurred after the contact of our senior staff (C.G.) with a patient in a small sized policlinic room. A few weeks after the declaration of the first case officially by the Turkish Ministry of health, several persons in our department, starting with radiation oncologists, then medical physicists and technicians and lastly the brachytherapy nurse were presented with the classical symptoms of Covid-19 virus infection. Our society has also written a letter to our Ministry of Health stating that limited human resources exist in radiation oncology community in Turkey, and no one in the other parts of hospital has the ability to take place of a radiation oncologist, medical physicist or radiotherapy technicians. doi = 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.03.044 id = cord-326498-8oa5gkrp author = Gemmati, Donato title = COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-Chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males? date = 2020-05-14 keywords = ACE1; ACE2; COVID-19; RAS; SARS; sex summary = Firstly, SARS-CoV-2 has a strong interaction with the human ACE2 receptor, which plays an essential role in cell entry together with transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2); it is interesting to note that the ACE2 gene lays on the X-chromosome, thus allowing females to be potentially heterozygous and differently assorted compared to men who are definitely hemizygous. Therefore, proper ACE2 functionality is essential for both virus cell entry and local pulmonary homeostasis, and although it has been previously described that polymorphisms in the ACE2 gene do not affect the outcome of SARS [43] , females might have a higher degree of heterodimer assembling than males, which in turn might show different affinity for the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor. Therefore, proper ACE2 functionality is essential for both virus cell entry and local pulmonary homeostasis, and although it has been previously described that polymorphisms in the ACE2 gene do not affect the outcome of SARS [43] , females might have a higher degree of heterodimer assembling than males, which in turn might show different affinity for the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor. doi = 10.3390/ijms21103474 id = cord-287338-pws42iay author = Gendelman, Omer title = Continuous hydroxychloroquine or colchicine therapy does not prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2: Insights from a large healthcare database analysis date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = As such, in this study, we investigated whether a chronic baseline use of anti-inflammatory medications (namely, hydroxychloroquine and colchicine) could provide a potentially beneficial effect in preventing or, at least partially, mitigating the burden of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the present study, we have utilized "real-world data" to explore the associations between subjects positive for SARS-COV-2, different underlying co-morbidities and medications, which were not administered for anti-viral treatment purposes. In a population-based study evaluating the clinical characteristics of 1,482 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the USA [19] the majority of patients were males (54.4%) with a similar pattern of underlying comorbidities, most commonly hypertension (49.7%), followed by obesity (48.3%), DM (28.3%), and cardiovascular disease (27.8%). Concerning the alleged anti-viral activities of hydroxychloroquine [23] and its potential protective role against infections [24] , the existing scholarly literature reports contrasting findings even though to date no RCT has shown an unequivocal advantage in preventing or improving the major outcomes in COVID-19 patients [25, 26] . doi = 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102566 id = cord-333960-pkpbts7s author = Genet, Bastien title = COVID-19 in-hospital mortality and use of renin-angiotensin system blockers in geriatrics patients. date = 2020-09-09 keywords = ACEI; ARB; COVID-19 summary = The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and an ACE inhibitor (ACEI) use and in-hospital mortality in geriatric patients hospitalized for COVID-19. In a multivariate Cox regression model including age, sex, ADL score, Charlson index, renal function, dyspnea, CRP and white blood cells count, use of ACEI/ARB was significantly associated with lower in-hospital mortality (HR = 0.52 (0.27−0.99), p=0.048). Conclusion and Implications In very old subjects hospitalized in geriatric settings for COVID-19, mortality was significantly lower in subjects treated with ARB or ACEI prior to the onset of infection. In observational studies, subjects with cardiovascular diseases and hypertension are often 47 treated with ACEI or ARB, and have an increased risk of in-hospital mortality related to COVID-19. In a multivariate Cox regression model including age, sex, ADL, CCI, renal function, dyspnea, 154 CRP and WBC, use of ACEI or ARB was significantly associated with lower in-hospital mortality (HR = 155 0.52 (0.27−0.99), p=0.048) (Figure 2) . doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.09.004 id = cord-263631-xna0qtpu author = Geng, Jianping title = A Silent Infection Pandemic of COVID-19: Epidemiological Investigation and Hypothetical Models date = 2020-07-05 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = Asymptomatic COVID-19 Carrier Caused a Family Cluster with One Severe and Two Mild Pneumonia e index is a 19-year-old girl who studied in a university in Wuhan and returned to her hometown Anyang, in Henan Province, on January 10, 2020. According to our mathematical models of epidemic data in the early of February 2020 in Mainland China, silent infection is estimated to account for as many as 80.5% of the total COVID-19 infections. Our hypothetical model suggests that severe cases may only account for about 4% of the total number of infections if COVID-19 could be effectively prevented and controlled in the early stage, which is bearable when the hospital resources are sufficient. According to the current epidemic data of COVID-19 [6] [7] [8] [9] , children between 0 and 9 years old accounted for only 1% of the total infected population with a mortality rate of 0. doi = 10.1155/2020/5120253 id = cord-311107-jvoyhv7y author = Genovese, Giovanni title = Varicella‐like exanthem associated with COVID‐19 in an 8‐year‐old girl: A diagnostic clue? date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-311107-jvoyhv7y title: Varicella‐like exanthem associated with COVID‐19 in an 8‐year‐old girl: A diagnostic clue? cord_uid: jvoyhv7y It has been reported that the novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) may be associated with a papulovesicular skin eruption predominantly involving the trunk. We hereby present a case of COVID‐19–associated varicella‐like exanthem in an 8‐year‐old girl with mild systemic symptoms. On March 21, 2020, an 8-year-old girl from Milan (Lombardy region, Italy) presented to our outpatient service for a 3-day history of an asymptomatic papulovesicular skin eruption. On physical examination, there were about forty erythematous papules and few vesicles scattered bilaterally and symmetrically on the trunk. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. COVID-19 can present with a rash and be mistaken for dengue Varicella-like exanthem as a specific COVID-19-associated skin manifestation: multicenter case series of 22 patients doi = 10.1111/pde.14201 id = cord-268330-mo5myrz4 author = Gentile, Pietro title = Adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ASCs) as a new regenerative immediate therapy combating coronavirus (COVID-19)-induced pneumonia date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cell; msc; stem summary = title: Adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ASCs) as a new regenerative immediate therapy combating coronavirus (COVID-19)-induced pneumonia [1] , reported exceptional outcomes in improved pulmonary functional activity, into seven patients who suffered Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) after an intravenous administration of clinical-grade mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). [1] , 7 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, with COVID-19 pneumonia (study group), showed a great improving pulmonary functional activity after an intravenous administration of clinical-grade MSCs [1] . The rationale of the present work is to suggest the possibility to use autologous or allogeneic adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ASCs) (in the last case after decellularization and with good manufacturing practices -GMPlaboratory approval) intravenously or directly through a ventilation mask (aerosol). In the last case, it could be possible to donate human adipose tissue to GMP, EMA, or FDA Laboratory or bank to isolate SVFs and ASCs and re-infuse the cellular product obtained, as certified drugs, in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1080/14712598.2020.1761322 id = cord-320815-p9oh54nt author = Gentile, Pietro title = Research progress on Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AD-MSCs), Drugs, and Vaccines in Inhibiting COVID-19 Disease date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Stem; cell summary = Additionally, recent studies reported improved respiratory activity after intravenous administration of MSCs into patients affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) suggesting their role as anti-viral therapy. In this literature review, the role of regenerative strategies through MSCs, AD-MSCs, and adipocyte-secreted exosomal microRNAs (A-SE-miRs) as a potential antiviral therapy was reported, comparing the results found with current research progress on drugs and vaccines in COVID-19 disease. In this current review, the role of regenerative strategies through MSCs, focusing on AD-MSCs, and adipocyte-secreted exosomal microRNAs (A-SE-miRs) as a potential antiviral therapy was reported, comparing the results found with current research progress on drugs and vaccines in COVID-19 disease. Two clinical trials (EUCTR2020-001364-29-ES and EUCTR2020-001266-11-ES) were registered in April 2020, after the pandemic situation produced by COVID-19 but the last one (EUCTR2019-002688-89-ES) based on the possibility "To assess the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of the administration of HCR040, a drug whose active substance is HC016, allogeneic adiposederived adult mesenchymal stem cells expanded and pulsed with H2O2, in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. doi = 10.14336/ad.2020.0711 id = cord-332970-atwz3rgf author = Gentile, Pietro title = Adipose Stem Cells (ASCs) and Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF) as a Potential Therapy in Combating (COVID-19)-Disease date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cell summary = title: Adipose Stem Cells (ASCs) and Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF) as a Potential Therapy in Combating (COVID-19)-Disease A recent and interesting study reported improved respiratory activity after intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into patients affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The MSCs could represent an effective, autologous and safe therapy, and therefore, sharing these published results, here is reported the potential use possibilities in COVID-19 of the most common MSCs represented by Adipose Stem Cells (ASCs). Robert Chunhua Zhao''s group [1] reported in a recent study, published in March 2020, an interesting improvement in pulmonary functional activity, into 7 patients affected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) after a intravenous administration of clinical-grade mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In the preliminary study of Robert Chunhua Zhao''s group [1] , 7 patients affected by SARS-CoV-2, with COVID-19 pneumonia displayed a sensible improvement pulmonary function after several intravenous infusion of clinicalgrade MSCs [1] . doi = 10.14336/ad.2020.0422 id = cord-314736-jqgyln7b author = George, Ciju K. title = Emergency tracheostomy during COVID 19 Pandemic in a head and neck surgical oncology unit date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID summary = Tracheostomy is a lifesaving surgical procedure in patients with severe upper airway compromise. Eleven patients have so far presented to the Emergency Room of the Regional Cancer Centre Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India, with airway compromise due to cancer-related stridor during the lockdown period of COVID 19 pandemic. In an oncology setting, emergency tracheostomy for stridor very often presents at its most critical state during the COVID-19 pandemic season, and it is our commitment that no patients should die of surgically correctable air hunger.  Adequate personal protection, rapid restoration of the airway with the minimum aerosol generation, and prevention of COVID 19 dissemination are keys to the success of Emergency Tracheostomy during the Pandemic.  Adequate personal protection, rapid restoration of the airway with the minimum aerosol generation, and prevention of COVID 19 dissemination are keys to the success of Emergency Tracheostomy during the Pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104784 id = cord-027057-g7onopr1 author = George, Marcus L. title = Effective Teaching and Examination Strategies for Undergraduate Learning During COVID-19 School Restrictions date = 2020-06-17 keywords = course; covid-19; student summary = doi = 10.1177/0047239520934017 id = cord-283769-n38f0i5z author = Georgiou, Neophytos title = COVID-19-related conspiracy beliefs and their relationship with perceived stress and pre-existing conspiracy beliefs date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; belief; conspiracy summary = Previous studies have down that erroneous Conspiracy Theory (CT) beliefs develop more strongly in people who have underlying conspiratorial reasoning styles and psychopathological traits and particularly when they are faced with stressful external events (Swami et al., 2013; van Prooijen, 2018). It was hypothesised that those who are more likely to believe in unfounded or CTs about COVID-19 would score higher on measures that capture general conspiratorial reasoning as well as CT beliefs about other major events. In this study, we also investigate how COVID conspiracy beliefs vary by level of education (which is also included as a control variable in analyses) and some indicative differences between countries that have been differentially affected by the virus. Support was also found for the prediction that those who endorsed COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs would have lower levels of education and would have less favourable views about the government''s response to the crisis. doi = 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110201 id = cord-307340-00m2g55u author = Gerasimov, A. title = Reaching collective immunity for COVID-19: an estimate with a heterogeneous model based on the data for Italy date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; model summary = Because of the high heterogeneity of COVID-19 infection risk across the different age groups, with a higher susceptibility for the elderly, homogeneous models overestimate the level of collective immunity needed for the disease to stop spreading. Because of the high heterogeneity of COVID-19 infection risk across the different age groups, with a higher susceptibility for the elderly, homogeneous models overestimate the level of collective immunity needed for the disease to stop spreading. Here we developed a mathematical model for assessing the minimum incidence of COVID-19 needed to reach collective immunity, which would assure that the epidemic cannot restart the cessation of quarantine measures. While this search yielded several useful references regarding COVID-19 modeling, the basic reproduction number of this disease, and age-related heterogeneity, we did not find an approach similar to ours to modeling COVID-19 dynamics and estimating the total incidence and population immunity. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.24.20112045 id = cord-330701-k68b0wqe author = Gerc, Vjekoslav title = Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) in COVID-19 Pandemic Era date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; disease; patient summary = AIM: The aim of this study is to retreive published papers about COVID-19 infection deposited in PubMed data base and analyzed current results of investigations regarding morbidity and mortality rates as consequences of COVID-19 infection and opinions of experts about treatment of afected patients with COVID-19 who have Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). COVID-19 infection is caused by a new beta-coronavirus, which the WHO has called (SARS-CoV-2) -Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Initially, the main complications of COVID-19 were thought to be lung-related, then it was quickly observed that COVID-19 is attacking many organs, including the heart muscle, vascular endothelium and the cardiovascular system in general, increasing morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with other cardiovascular risk factors presented (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, cerebrovascular and renal disease). In Wuhan, according to reports of Chinese physicians, in patients infected with COVID-19 and with acute coronary syndrome, the complete clinical picture was very severe and associated with high mortality (9) . doi = 10.5455/msm.2020.32.158-164 id = cord-318184-atlslk0e author = Germain, N. title = Retrospective study of COVID-19 seroprevalence among tissue donors at the onset of the outbreak before implementation of strict lockdown measures in France date = 2020-09-11 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = We assessed COVID-19 seroprevalence in a population of tissue donors, at the onset of the outbreak in France, before systematic screening of donors for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. First identified in Wuhan (China), in early January 2020, the new severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , rapidly spread to other countries worldwide causing an unprecedented pandemic 1 . Taking into account the information available, the French Biomedicine Agency updated the guidance on SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk via donated organs and tissues on March 5, 2020 and recommended to exclude donors with symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 (fever, cough, etc.) and donors who had stayed or traveled to high risk regions within the prior 28 days, or . Archived blood specimens collected on the day of donation for donor screening of infectious diseases were retrospectively tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (Fig.2 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.09.11.20192518 id = cord-354265-udt2spoe author = Gersh, Felice title = Menopause status and COVID-19 date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t Dear Editor, We greatly appreciate the publication of this important research article, for its exploration of the connection of estradiol levels and menopausal status with outcomes from infections with SARS-CoV-2 in women. We advocate for the use of physiologically dosed human-identical transdermal estradiol as hormone replacement, combined with human-identical cyclic progesterone, in appropriate recently menopausal women. (8) Given the potential for serious negative effects ensuing from a state of estradiol deficiency, heightened by the COVID-19 pandemic, not only should appropriate postmenopausal women be considered for hormone replacement therapy, but women being treated with aromatase inhibitors and estrogen receptor antagonists should be counseled on the risks and benefits of those drugs, personalized in each case, in light of the findings of this study. Potential influence of menstrual status and sex hormones on female SARS-CoV-2 infection: A cross-sectional study from Multicentre in Wuhan doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1447 id = cord-334522-gi7zj70m author = Gersons, Berthold P. R. title = Can a ‘second disaster’ during and after the COVID-19 pandemic be mitigated? date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; disaster; mental; pandemic summary = Lessons from past disasters suggest that communities and their leaders, as well as mental healthcare providers, need to pay attention to fear regarding the ongoing threat, as well as sadness and grief, and to provide hope to mitigate social disruption. For people experiencing the loss of loved ones or economic Needs of the population amid the pandemic Actions required by authorities and experts to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 Sense of safety Immediate actions of public health measures to limit the spread of the infection Delivery of reliable information for the general population and various groups about the disease Effective resourcing of required medical equipment Calming Active communication and constant explanation of the actions needed to contain the spread of the infection to the population Compassion of authorities towards victims and various groups affected by the pandemic Sense of self-and collective efficacy doi = 10.1080/20008198.2020.1815283 id = cord-269344-7ik9e5m4 author = Gerussi, Alessio title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in autoimmune hepatitis: a lesson from immunosuppressed patients date = 2020-06-09 keywords = AIH; COVID-19 summary = Our aim was to describe the clinical course of immunosuppressed autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) patients during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection in Italy. METHODS: Our study is a case series of AIH patients treated with immunosuppression, who tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 in March 2020 during outbreak of COVID‐19. Two other patients (patient 2 and 4) had an acute onset of AIH and were under high-dose steroids, as per induction protocol, at the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, we believe that pre-emptive strategies of reduction of immunosuppression during COVID-19 can be potentially harmful, as suggested by the disease course of patient 9 that self-stopped steroid treatment and relapsed after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The lack of a control group of non-AIH patients and the nature of this manuscript (case series) do not allow us to draw conclusions regarding the possible association between chronic treatment with thiopurines and the risk of developing COVID-19. doi = 10.1002/hep4.1557 id = cord-252998-8ynk9k8r author = Getaneh, Y. title = Global lessons and Potential strategies in combating COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia:Systematic Review date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; international summary = The most common global COVID-19 mitigation strategies include; whole of government approach including individual, community and environmental measures, detecting and isolating cases, contact tracing and quarantine, social and physical distancing measures including for mass gatherings and international travel measures. Conclusion: While recommendations may change depending on the level of outbreak, we conclude that in Most countries have benefited from early interventions and in setups like Africa including Ethiopia where health system capability is limited, community engagement supported by local evidence with strict implementation of social and physical distancing measures is mandatory. Furthermore, based on experience, proper precautionary measures to prevent nosocomial transmission of the virus is mandatory; the majority of patients with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV-2 had become infected in health care settings. Isolation , quarantine , social distancing and community containment : pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus ( 2019-nCoV ) outbreak doi = 10.1101/2020.05.23.20111062 id = cord-320535-fo4lzcav author = Geyer, Howard L. title = Movement Disorders in COVID-19: Whither Art Thou? date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The paucity of movement disorders associated with COVID-19 is particularly striking when contrasted with the neurologic syndrome which affected over a million people worldwide in the aftermath of the 1918 "Spanish" influenza, termed by Constanin von Economo encephalitis lethargica. That encephalitis was associated with a wide range of movement disorders, of which post-encephalitic parkinsonism is the best known, although other manifestations in the acute phase included dystonia, tremor, chorea, myoclonus, and oculomasticatory myorhythmia [6, 7] . Although encephalitis has been described as a cardinal neurological manifestation of COVID-19 during the acute phase of illness [8, 9] , we have yet to encounter any of these associated movement disorder presentations. (In the time since this write-up was first prepared, patients with acute movement disorders and COVID-19 have been reported exiguously; we know of four such reports, which describe myoclonus [10, 11] , a hypokinetic-rigid syndrome [12] , and tremor/ataxia [13] . doi = 10.5334/tohm.553 id = cord-207242-hb1r2aw7 author = Ghader, Sepehr title = Observed mobility behavior data reveal social distancing inertia date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; distancing; social summary = The study revealed that statistics related to social distancing, namely trip rate, miles traveled per person, and percentage of population staying at home have all showed an unexpected trend, which we named social distancing inertia. We used daily feeds of mobile device location data, representing movements of more than 100 Million anonymized devices, integrated with COVID-19 case data from John Hopkins University and census population data to monitor the mobility trends in United States and study social distancing behavior 1 . The trends showed that all measures related to social distancing saturated and stopped improving, revealing a phenomenon we name "Social Distancing Inertia." For instance, as observed in Figure 2 the percentage of people staying home nationwide rapidly increased from 20% to 35% at the onset of COVID-19 and then has stagnated at 35% for three weeks as of April 10. doi = nan id = cord-292274-upwn9o2m author = Ghaffari, Abdi title = COVID-19 Serological Tests: How Well Do They Actually Perform? date = 2020-07-04 keywords = SARS; covid-19; test summary = While IgM and IgG antibodies have been the leading candidates in COVID-19 serological test development, recent studies show that IgA, predominately present in the mucosal tissue, may also play a critical role in the immune response and disease progression [12] . While IgM and IgG antibodies have been the leading candidates in COVID-19 serological test development, recent studies show that IgA, predominately present in the mucosal tissue, may also play a critical role in the immune response and disease progression [12] . Typically, RDT test strips use a drop of blood to detect the presence of patient antibodies (IgG, IgM, or IgA) produced against a specific SARS-CoV-2 antigen ( Figure 2 ). Critics point to gaps in our understanding of immune response to COVID-19 infection, including the ability of serological tests to detect neutralizing antibodies and the capacity of the immune system to provide long-term immunity against SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.3390/diagnostics10070453 id = cord-322725-fjd7cbvb author = Ghaffarpasand, Fariborz title = Early Tracheostomy in Trauma Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome due to Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Early Tracheostomy in Trauma Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome due to Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) The treatment of the patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19 is still to be identified and the current approaches and guidelines recommend supportive care along with mechanical ventilation [7] . The concept of early tracheostomy (5-7 days) in patients requiring long-term mechanical ventilation has been supported by several lines of evidence in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ARDS [12, 13] . In addition, early tracheostomy decreases the rate of respiratory infections and used antibiotics in trauma patients [12, 13] . In addition, critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection and ARDS benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) according to the recently published data from China [17] . In conclusion, based on the published evidence and our previous experience in trauma patients, we postulate that early tracheostomy could be associated with improved outcome in patients with COVID-19 and ADRS experiencing traumatic injuries. doi = 10.30476/beat.2020.86487 id = cord-351941-fgtatt40 author = Ghaffarzadegan, Navid title = Simulation‐based estimation of the early spread of COVID‐19 in Iran: actual versus confirmed cases date = 2020-07-06 keywords = Iran; March; case; covid-19; death summary = Estimates using data up to March 20th, 2020, point to 916,000 (90% UI: 508 K, 1.5 M) cumulative cases and 15,485 (90% UI: 8.4 K, 25.8 K) total deaths, numbers an order of magnitude higher than official statistics. The current paper focuses on using a standard dynamic epidemiological model as a tool for incorporating various sources of data into a unified estimation of the actual trajectory of disease, applying the method to COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. We also use unofficial data points including four observations about the number of Iranian passengers diagnosed with COVID-19 upon arrival in international airports, and three estimates aggregated by healthcare providers in Iran and reported by BBC and Iran International news agencies about total cases of death from COVID-19. We define a likelihood function for change over time (net-inflow) of official reports on cumulative death, recovered and infection assuming they are count events drawn from model-predicted rates (Poisson distribution). doi = 10.1002/sdr.1655 id = cord-351896-j6h02ab5 author = Ghannam, Malik title = Neurological involvement of coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; neurological; patient summary = The following search strategy was implemented and these keywords and their synonyms (in the all fields) were combined in each database as follows: ("COVID 19" OR "coronavirus") AND ("brain" OR "CNS" OR "spinal cord" OR "nerve" OR "neurologic" OR "stroke" OR "cerebrovascular" OR "cerebral vein thrombosis" OR "sinus thrombosis" OR "Intracerebral hemorrhage" OR "hemorrhage" OR "myelitis" OR "GBS" OR "Guillain Barre syndrome" OR "neuropathy" OR "radiculopathy" OR "cranial neuropathy" OR "myopathy" OR "myositis" OR "rhabdomyolysis" OR "encephalitis" OR "encephalopathy" OR "meningitis" OR "meningoencephalitis" OR "seizure" OR "convulsion" OR "epilepsy") [ Fig. 1 ]. [11] For each study, the following descriptive, microbiological, and clinical information was extracted: patient demographic data, SARS-CoV-2 testing from nasal swab and CSF, neurological symptoms and signs and their onset in relation to respiratory or gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms or anosmia or dysgeusia, any neurological investigations and CSF or any other relevant laboratory testing (such as CK, LDH, CRP, D-dimer, lupus anticoagulant, fibrinogen, ganglioside antibodies), neurological diagnosis, occurrence of respiratory failure (defined as need for intubation, abnormal PO2 in blood gas, or Glasgow Coma Scale score less than or equal 8), treatments administered for the neurological diagnosis, and final outcome. doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-09990-2 id = cord-348588-s85sseqo author = Gharakhanlou, Navid Mahdizadeh title = Spatio-temporal simulation of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak using the agent-based modeling approach (Case study: Urmia, Iran) date = 2020-07-30 keywords = ABM; COVID-19; Urmia summary = title: Spatio-temporal simulation of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak using the agent-based modeling approach (Case study: Urmia, Iran) The main aim of this study is to develop an agent-based model (ABM) that simulates the spatio-temporal outbreak of COVID-19. The main innovation of this research is investigating the impacts of various strategies of school and educational center closures, heeding social distancing, and office closures on controlling the COVID-19 outbreak in Urmia city, Iran. Besides, the transmission of COVID-19 between human agents was simulated based on the SEIRD model, and finally, all control strategies applied in Urmia city along with corresponding actions of each control strategy were implemented in the ABM. It should be noted that in order to transmit the COVID-19 indoors, people should be kept 297 at a distance of fewer than 2 meters for at least 15 minutes (Centers for Disease Control and 298 Prevention (CDC) 2019; World Health Organization (WHO) 2020); therefore, in this ABM, the time 299 interval was considered 15 minutes and the dimension of the cells was taken into account 2 meters. doi = 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100403 id = cord-031590-k16gsa7e author = Gharekhanloo, Farideh title = Variety of radiological findings in a family with COVID-19: a case report date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Atypical clinical symptoms and imaging features are more common in children than adults; therefore, it is necessary to identify the typical and atypical imaging patterns of COVID-19 pneumonia in the pediatric population. There have been a limited number of studies conducted on the clinical and epidemiologic features and imaging manifestations of infected children, and there have been no specific consensus guidelines on the diagnosis of suspected pediatric patients with COVID-19 [2, 6] . According to the lower prevalence of COVID-19 among children, compared to that reported for adults, there have been no sufficient data on the clinical and imaging features of COVID-19 and its typical and atypical manifestations in children. Atypical clinical symptoms and imaging features are more common among children than adults; therefore, it is required to carry out further studies with more cases for the identification of typical and atypical imaging patterns of COVID-19 pneumonia in the pediatric population. doi = 10.1186/s43055-020-00293-0 id = cord-257344-d13at1y5 author = Ghasemiyeh, Parisa title = COVID-19 Outbreak: Challenges in Pharmacotherapy Based on Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Drug Therapy in Patients with Moderate to Severe Infection date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; disease; drug; patient; severe summary = Patients with predisposing diseases are highly prone to COVID-19 and manifesting severe infection especially with organ function damage such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney injury, septic shock, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and death. Patients with underlying diseases are highly prone to present with severe infection especially with organ function damage such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute kidney injury (AKI), septic shock, and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) 10, 13 . Results of another systematic review and meta-analysis on 53 randomized clinical trials on administration of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 management revealed that hydroxychloroquine administration (case group) was significantly associated with higher incidence of total adverse effects in comparison to placebo or no treatment (control group) in overall population of patients with COVID-19 45 . Almost all of the potential drugs in COVID-19 treatment containing chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, ribavirin, and lopinavir/ritonavir have hepatic metabolism. doi = 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.08.025 id = cord-316666-qif1k62t author = Ghati, Nirmal title = Atorvastatin and Aspirin as Adjuvant Therapy in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date = 2020-10-30 keywords = aspirin; covid-19; patient; study summary = title: Atorvastatin and Aspirin as Adjuvant Therapy in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial Patients with a critical illness (WHO clinical improvement ordinal score > 5), documented significant liver disease/dysfunction (aspartate transaminase [AST] / alanine aminotransferase [ALT] > 240), myopathy and rhabdomyolysis (creatine phosphokinase [CPK] > 5x normal), allergy or intolerance to statins or aspirin, prior statin or aspirin use within 30 days, history of active gastrointestinal bleeding in past three months, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 100000/ dl), pregnancy, active breastfeeding, or inability to take oral or nasogastric medications will be excluded. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR: In this study, the benefit and safety of atorvastatin (statin) and/or aspirin as adjuvant therapy will be compared with the control group receiving usual care for management of COVID-19. doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-04840-y id = cord-344012-npob20n0 author = Gheblawi, Mahmoud title = Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 Receptor and Regulator of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Celebrating the 20th Anniversary of the Discovery of ACE2 date = 2020-05-08 keywords = ACE2; Ang; COVID-19; RAS; SARS; angiotensin summary = ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) has a multiplicity of physiological roles that revolve around its trivalent function: a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, facilitator of amino acid transport, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Our review summarizes the progress over the past 20 years, highlighting the critical role of ACE2 as the novel SARS-CoV-2 receptor and as the negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, together with implications for the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and associated cardiovascular diseases. 21, 22 Ongoing global efforts are focused on manipulating the ACE2/Ang 1-7 axis to curtail SARS-CoV-2 infection while affording maximal protective effects against lung and cardiovascular damage in patients with In this review, we summarize the diverse roles of ACE2, highlighting its role as the SARS-CoV-2 receptor and negative regulator of the RAS, and the implications for the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1161/circresaha.120.317015 id = cord-301348-h21rnyww author = Gherghina, Ștefan Cristian title = Stock Market Reactions to COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak: Quantitative Evidence from ARDL Bounds Tests and Granger Causality Analysis date = 2020-09-15 keywords = ARDL; COVID-19; China; Italy summary = Figure 6 shows the results of criteria graph for the ARDL model that takes into account the number of new cases and new deaths in China, both for the BET stock index return and for the Romanian Government bond (10Y). Figure 7 shows the results of criteria graph for the ARDL model that takes into account the number of new cases and new deaths in Italy, both for the BET stock index return and for the Romanian Government bond (10Y). However, both models shows that the number of new deaths in China due to COVID-19 has no influence on the BET index return, respectively, on the Romania 10-year bond yield, neither in the short-term, nor in the long-term. However, the short-run results show a negative impact of new deaths cases of COVID-19 from Italy on the BET index return, in line with Okorie and Lin [58] which underlined a transitory contagion effect in the stock markets due to novel coronavirus. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17186729 id = cord-252745-qhhziz0u author = Gheysarzadeh, Ali title = Report of four pregnant women getting COVID-19 in Ilam, Iran: Case Series date = 2020-10-13 keywords = covid-19 summary = This study aimed to report COVID-19 infection in four pregnant women in Ilam, Iran. Findings In the present study, four pregnant women infected with COVID-19 were reported. Conclusion This study showed although pregnant women were at higher risk of COVID-19 infection, they were treated successfully. Due to some physiological causes, such as the suppression of the immune system,pregnant women are at high-risk groups (5, 6) .The purpose of this study was to report the 4 pregnant women infecting the COVID-19 in Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital that is located in Ilam, Iran. Positive real-time PCR test for COVID-19 has been reported.Patient had mild fever, her other vital signs were Blood Presure = 120/80, Respirature Rate = 14 and Heart Rate = 86. The first group is Asymptomatic infection that they are positive for real-time PCR, but there are no clinical symptoms, and imaging examinations are normal.The second group is acute upper respiratory tract infection: only fever, cough, pharyngeal pain, nasal obstruction, fatigue, headache, myalgia, or discomfort are observed. doi = 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100783 id = cord-322493-ymg6mh28 author = Gheysarzadeh, Ali title = Report of 5 nurses infecting COVID-19 during patient care: case Series date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Report of 5 nurses infecting COVID-19 during patient care: case Series This study aimed to report COVID-19 infection during patients care among nures in the Mostafa Khomini Hospital, Ilam, Iran. None of the infected nurses were hospitalized and all of them preferred to be quarantine at home and receive the necessary care and treatment (Oseltamivir, Azithromycin and Kaletra. Because at the the beginning of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Iran, there were no special protection against this infection.Therfore they were at risk for the COVID-19.This study also reported that receiving the necessary care and treatment at home was a good experience for nurses that can be used in some cases. Their medication was Oseltamivir, Azithromycin and Kaletra However other serology methods were useful for confirm and follow up of patients (8) This study reported that receiving the necessary care and treatment at home was successfully performed. doi = 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100694 id = cord-271262-xglhx928 author = Ghia, Samit title = “ANESTHESIA STAT” TO INTUBATE A COVID-19 PATIENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ANESTHESIOLOGIST date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; intubation; patient summary = Although reducing exposure of medical personnel is of obvious importance, there has been a dearth of literature discussing clinical strategies during the induction and intubation of COVID-19 patients. Ketamine could be a good agent for COVID-19 patient inductions; however, the anesthesiologist must be wary of cardiac failure with induction doses, especially if there is any preexisting history of cardiac disease or concern for viral cardiomyopathy. Prior to entering the COVID-19 patient''s room, a review of the chart or a discussion with the primary team should include past medical history, current hemodynamic state, pertinent labs and findings, current medication regimens and the need to intubate over other strategies to improve oxygenation and ventilation. Upon entering the COVID-19 patient room, after securing appropriate personal and procedural equipment, the anesthesiologist should quickly move to the head of the bed while assessing the patient''s current oxygenation and airway. doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.05.016 id = cord-290611-fhaguv3f author = Ghio, Stefano title = Cardiac involvement at presentation in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and their outcome in a tertiary referral hospital in Northern Italy date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Since the onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a growing body of evidence has shown that patients with confirmed COVID-19 may present elevated blood levels of high-sensitivity TnI (hs-TnI) during hospital stay, which might reflect ischemic cardiovascular complications or acute myocarditis [1] [2] [3] . The main finding is that, in this cohort, in-hospital mortality was associated with older age, respiratory failure and elevated plasma levels of hs-TnI whereas cardiovascular comorbidities were not an independent risk factor at multivariable analysis. However, when age and respiratory failure at hospital admission were analyzed together with cardiac involvement in a multivariable analysis, only older age, a P/F ratio < 200 and elevated hs-TnI plasma levels were significant predictor of death and of the combined outcome. doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02493-y id = cord-293140-lp3l4iap author = Ghislandi, S. title = News from the front: Excess mortality and life expectancy in two major epicentres of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy date = 2020-05-05 keywords = April; Bergamo; Brescia; covid-19 summary = Given the clustering nature of the epidemic, focusing on the areas with high concentration of severe illness and deaths allows us to capture the true impact of COVID-19 on mortality and life expectancy, which are likely to be underestimated in the national level data. Exploiting daily death registrations data published by the Italian Statistical Office (ISTAT), this paper provides the first evidence-based assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on mortality and life expectancy in the first hardest hit epicentres outside China. Hence, by using complete and reliable data on the number of deaths for the first largest-scale outbreak outside China, this paper provides the first unbiased account of the mortality impact of COVID-19 and its consequence on life expectancy. Finally, we aggregate death counts and population exposure values over the entire year to derive age-specific mortality rates and life expectancies under both scenarios. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.29.20084335 id = cord-257765-ljt9rn8z author = Ghisolfi, Selene title = Predicted COVID-19 fatality rates based on age, sex, comorbidities and health system capacity date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; IFR; age summary = Accounting for differences in the distribution of age, sex and relevant comorbidities yields substantial differences in the predicted IFR across 21 world regions, ranging from 0.11% in Western Sub-Saharan Africa to 1.07% for high-income Asia Pacific. To account for the likelihood of higher fatality rates in under-resourced health systems, we adjust the predicted IFRs for differences in the relative odds of infection fatality from childhood respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) between world regions as a proxy for local capacity to treat viral respiratory illnesses. We can test the validity of our core assumption, namely, that variation in age, sex and comorbidity distributions as well as health system capacity explain differences in IFRs across countries by comparing our predicted IFRs to independently measured IFRs. For this exercise, we consider all studies reporting either IFRs or infection rates for populations with available COVID-19 fatalities, which were listed in the systematic review by Meyerowitz-Katz and Merone 17 or retrieved through an online search on July 2. doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003094 id = cord-292056-dtdyxhq4 author = Ghogawala, Zoher title = Editorial. COVID-19 and spinal surgery date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Second, the neurosurgery workflow was changed dramatically by the cancellation of elective surgery cases in order to increase hospital capacity for future COVID-19 patients. In most hospitals, all interventional spine procedures have been postponed to decrease patient exposure to COVID-19 and allow surgeons to focus their efforts on the treatment of patients who require urgent care. As more patients are admitted to hospitals with active COVID-19 infections, the risk of exposure for spinal surgeons increases. While caring for COVID-19-positive patients who might need emergency spine surgery, all personnel are required to wear N95 masks and no personnel other than the anesthesiologist are allowed in the OR for 30 minutes following intubation. As elective surgery has been reduced in hospitals, many spinal surgeons have been asked to participate in the care of medical patients. Having models to compensate physicians and hospitals for the effective use of telehealth will be one positive aspect of this crisis, which has provided many opportunities for new learning. doi = 10.3171/2020.4.spine20468 id = cord-300742-hsfh4hw9 author = Ghoreishi, Abdoreza title = Stroke care trends during COVID-19 pandemic in Zanjan Province, Iran. From the CASCADE Initiative: statistical analysis plan and preliminary results date = 2020-09-16 keywords = CASCADE; COVID-19; stroke summary = We used a Bayesian hierarchical model and an interrupted time series analysis (ITS) to identify changes in stroke hospitalization rate, baseline stroke severity [measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)], disability [measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS)], presentation time (last seen normal to hospital presentation), thrombolytic therapy rate, median door-to-needle time, length of hospital stay, and in-hospital mortality. Variables of interest included hospitalization rate per week per 100,000 population (total ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes), male-to-female ratio, severity of stroke at admission [measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)], functional status at admission and at discharge [defined by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) >2], presentation time (last known well to hospital admission), the proportion of patients who received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) to total ischemic stroke incidence, door-to-needle time, door-to-CT time, hospital length-of-stay, and in-hospital mortality per admissions ratio (death before discharge). doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105321 id = cord-275261-t39kofet author = Ghosal, Samit title = Prediction of the number of deaths in India due to SARS-CoV-2 at 5–6 weeks date = 2020-04-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Abstract Introduction and Aims: No valid treatment or preventative strategy has evolved till date to counter the SARS CoV 2 (Novel Coronavirus) epidemic that originated in China in late 2019 and have since wrought havoc on millions across the world with illness, socioeconomic recession and death. Since the week 6 death count data was not correlated significantly with any of the chosen inputs, an auto-regression technique was employed to improve the predictive ability of the regression model. Conclusion According to our analysis, if situation continue in present state; projected death rate (n) is 211 and467 at the end of the 5th and 6th week from now, respectively. This analysis was aimed at tracing a trend related to death counts 102 expected at the 5th and 6th week of the COVID-19 in India. This analysis was aimed at tracing a trend related to death counts 102 expected at the 5th and 6th week of the COVID-19 in India. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.017 id = cord-310108-glikeowu author = Ghosh, Amerta title = COVID19 induced acute pancreatitis and pancreatic necrosis in a patient with type 2 diabetes date = 2020-10-10 keywords = COVID-19; pancreatitis summary = title: COVID19 induced acute pancreatitis and pancreatic necrosis in a patient with type 2 diabetes The current ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19) is increasing worldwide and in India 1 . Here we report a case of acute pancreatitis in a patient positive for COVID-19. Only one other case of acute pancreatitis due to COVID19 has been reported from India. In these cases, associated complications of COVID-19 like respiratory distress and acute kidney injury were severe. 8 In a case reported from India a 29-year-old male with fever, abdomen pain, and respiratory distress was diagnosed with COVID-19 and also had acute pancreatitis confirmed on biochemical and radiological investigations. Acute pancreatic injury induced by COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) associated with severe acute pancreatitis: Case report on three family members Acute pancreatitis in a COVID-19 patient doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.10.008 id = cord-299683-nv8kfp7z author = Ghosh, Kapil title = Inter-state transmission potential and vulnerability of COVID-19 in India date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; India summary = To assess the inter-state diversity in spreading potentiality of COVID-19, the exposure, readiness and resilience capability have been studied. In this context, the fact is noteworthy that every state of India is not equally well-equipped with adequate medical infrastructure to provide necessary health care facilities to the COVID-19 patients. This paper aims to highlight the interstate variations in transmission potential of COVID-19 and to assess the exposure, preparedness and resilience capacity in different states in India. State and district wise data regarding the confirmed case of COVID-19 and test records from 30 th January to 31 st May, 2020 have been collected from publicly available portal of covid19india.org. To identify states wise potential for hospital shortages, the COVID 19 confirmed cases and hospital bed ratio has also been calculated. In India, Recovery rate of COVID-19 patients is increasing and during first phase it was 13.16% and in last phase it reaches to about 50% with great inter-state variation. doi = 10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100114 id = cord-354792-6ckgxn9l author = Ghosh, Mousam title = Dynamic Model of Infected Population Due to Spreading of Pandemic COVID-19 Considering Both Intra and Inter Zone Mobilization Factors with Rate of Detection date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; Fig summary = title: Dynamic Model of Infected Population Due to Spreading of Pandemic COVID-19 Considering Both Intra and Inter Zone Mobilization Factors with Rate of Detection In this paper a dynamic model of infected population due to spreading of pandemic COVID-19 considering both intra and inter zone mobilization factors with rate of detection has been proposed. In view of these, a dynamic model to predict the pattern and volume of infected population due to the spread of COVID-19 has been proposed in the present paper considering several real life factors such as intra and inter zone mobilization, lockdown on local and global activities before detection, rate of detection and the effects of quarantine after detection. In this paper a dynamic model of infected population due to spreading of pandemic COVID-19 considering both intra and inter zone mobilization factors with rate of detection, have been proposed with various operating procedures. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110377 id = cord-347104-h168kqjn author = Ghosh, Ritwik title = A case of area postrema variant of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder following SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-11-11 keywords = COVID-19; NMOSD; SARS summary = title: A case of area postrema variant of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder following SARS-CoV-2 infection J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f It has recently reported a case of a young man presenting with bilateral severe optic neuritis and myelitis, determined to be simultaneously SARS-CoV-2 and MOG IgG antibody positive, i.e. a variant of NMOSD. We herein report a novel case of a previously healthy man who presented with a clinical picture of bouts of vomiting and hiccoughs (area postrema syndrome), which rapidly evolved to acute LETM, all following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We herein report a novel case of a previously healthy man who presented with a clinical picture of bouts of vomiting and hiccoughs (area postrema syndrome), which rapidly evolved to acute LETM, all following SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577439 id = cord-325021-rv5fsitx author = Giacobbe, Daniele Roberto title = Bloodstream infections in critically ill patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-14 keywords = BSI; COVID-19; ICU summary = BACKGROUND: Little is known about the incidence and risk of intensive care unit (ICU)‐acquired bloodstream infections (BSI) in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). While the demographics, clinical characteristics, and overall survival of patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU have been already extensively characterized by large reports from several parts of the word, little is still known about non-viral infectious complications such as bacterial or fungal bloodstream infections (BSI), that may participate in adversely influencing the outcome of any ICU-admitted patient 6, 7 . In the present study, we aimed to retrospectively assess the incidence rate, cumulative risk, predictors, and survival of ICU-acquired BSI in patients with COVID-19 admitted to two ICUs in a large teaching hospital in Northern Italy, one of the most affected areas in Europe to date 8 . doi = 10.1111/eci.13319 id = cord-333582-l2coget2 author = Giacomelli, A. title = 30-day mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the first wave of the Italian epidemic: a prospective cohort study date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Methods: This prospective cohort study of the correlates of the risk of death in COVID-19 patients was conducted at the Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care units of Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy. The clinical characteristics of all the COVID-19 patients hospitalised in the early days of the epidemic (21 February -19 March 2020) were recorded upon admission, and the time-dependent probability of death was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method (censored as of 20 April 2020). The data extracted from the patients'' clinical charts on a daily basis and stored in an ad hoc database included age and gender; the reported date of symptom onset; body weight and height, the presence of obesity defined as a body mass index ≥ 30 points [10] , and history of smoking; comorbidity burden defined assessed by age unadjusted Charlson comorbidity index [11] and concomitant treatments for chronic medical conditions; symptoms; vital signs (heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, pulse oximetry), laboratory values (white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and platelet counts; hemoglobin, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein (CRP), creatine kinase (CK), alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, prothrombin, D-dimer, and creatinine levels; and arterial oxygen partial pressure); radiography findings upon admission. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.02.20088336 id = cord-322663-a58e6pp8 author = Giacomelli, Andrea title = 30-day mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the first wave of the Italian epidemic: a prospective cohort study date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The clinical characteristics of all the COVID-19 patients hospitalised in the early days of the epidemic (21 February -19 March 2020) were recorded upon admission, and the time-dependent probability of death was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method (censored as of 20 April 2020). The Department of Infectious Diseases of Luigi Sacco Hospital (the national reference centre for epidemiological emergencies and bioterrorism in northern Italy) has been admitting SARS-CoV-2 patients (particularly those coming from the "red zone" municipalities first involved in the epidemic) since the night of 20 February 2020, when the first COVID-19 case was identified in a town about 50 km from Milan [9]. doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104931 id = cord-339436-0k73tlna author = Giagulli, Vito Angelo title = Worse progression of COVID‐19 in men: Is Testosterone a key factor? date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; man; patient summary = Considering that low serum T levels induce detrimental effects on cardiovascular system and predispose to impaired immune response, endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation, respectively 28 , herein, we will overview on possible putative mechanisms by which circulating T might affect the prognosis in men with COVID-19 (Table 1) . All rights reserved adipose tissue dysfunction and male hypogonadism, even if subclinical, are associated with higher circulating levels of cytokine (IL-6, IL-1 and TNF-alpha), endothelial dysfunction 163 , and amplified thrombosis risk, possibly prompting to detrimental clinical consequences in case of SARS-CoV-2 infection. It may affect baseline respiratory function, thus increasing the risk of mechanical ventilation requirement once the infection occurred; increase the number of baseline comorbidities, consequently predisposing to poor prognosis or death as certificated by epidemiological studies; fosters hormonal imbalance (decline in circulating serum T and increase in serum estrogen concentration) which are involved in the fine regulation of immune system and coagulative homeostasis in case of infection, and predispose men to poor effective immune response, cytokine dysregulation; endothelial dysfunction and thrombosis. doi = 10.1111/andr.12836 id = cord-347960-vl5zhxyh author = Giallonardo, Vincenzo title = The Impact of Quarantine and Physical Distancing Following COVID-19 on Mental Health: Study Protocol of a Multicentric Italian Population Trial date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; group; health; italian; mental summary = The present study has been developed with the aims to: a) evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and its containment measures on mental health of the Italian population; b) to identify the main areas to be targeted by supportive long-term interventions for the different categories of people exposed to the pandemic. The survey includes the following self-reported questionnaires: the General Health Questionnaire -12 items (GHQ-12) (31); the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale -21 Items (DASS-21) (32); the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory -Revised (OCI-R) (33); the Insomnia Severity Index (34) ; the Severity-of-Acute-Stress-Symptoms-Adult (35); the Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS) (36); the Impact of Event Scale -6 items (37); the UCLA loneliness scale -short version (38) ; the Brief COPE (39); the Post Traumatic Growth Inventory short form (40) ; the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scaleshort form (41) ; the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived social support (42); the Pattern of Care Schedule (PCS)-modified version (43); the Maslach Burnout Inventory (only for health professionals) (44) . doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00533 id = cord-296171-v9co078y author = Gialluisi, Alessandro title = New challenges from Covid-19 pandemic: an unexpected opportunity to enlighten the link between viral infections and brain disorders? date = 2020-05-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: New challenges from Covid-19 pandemic: an unexpected opportunity to enlighten the link between viral infections and brain disorders? The current Covid-19 pandemic provides an unprecedented opportunity to disentangle the link between viral/ infectious diseases, inflammation, and the risk of brain disorders, as mentioned here below. About half of hospitalized patients are > 55 years [9] : the resulting higher age-related risk of neurodegenerative disorders is a good setting to investigate triggering and double-hit mechanisms previously hypothesized for viral infections [4] . To sum up, the current Covid-19 pandemic provides an extraordinary window to implement a worldwide collaborative effort, aimed at enlightening the largely unexplored relationship between viral infections, inflammation, and brain disorders. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a cross-sectional study | clinical infectious diseases | Oxford Academic doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04444-z id = cord-278339-6ddsj014 author = Gianfrancesco, Milena title = Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; TNF; disease summary = The independent associations between demographic and disease-specific features with the odds of COVID-19 hospitalisation were estimated using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression and reported as OR and 95% CIs; covariates included in the model were age group (<65 years vs >65 years), sex, rheumatic disease (rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) or other spondyloarthritis, vasculitis and other), key comorbidities (hypertension, lung disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and chronic renal insufficiency/end-stage renal disease), smoking status (ever vs never), physician-reported disease activity (remission, minimal/low disease activity, moderate disease activity or severe/high disease activity; or as a binary variable: remission and minimal/low disease activity vs moderate and severe/high disease activity), DMARD type (no DMARD, csDMARD only, b/tsDMARD only, csDMARD and b/tsDMARD combination therapy), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) use (yes vs no) and prednisone-equivalent glucocorticoid use (0 mg/ day, 1-9 mg/day, ≥10 mg/day). doi = 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217871 id = cord-331328-qom8vl94 author = Gianfrancesco, Milena A title = Rheumatic disease and COVID-19: initial data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance provider registries date = 2020-04-16 keywords = COVID-19; Rheumatology summary = In less than 1 week, the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance successfully developed online portals and case report forms to enable healthcare providers around the world to enter information on individuals with rheumatic disease who have been diagnosed with COVID-19. Within 1 week of launching the registry, rheumatology providers from around the world have submitted data on more than 100 cases, allowing very preliminary characterisa tion and rapid dissemination of information regarding COVID-19 in individuals with rheumatic disease. We expect that a major contribution of the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance will be rapid dissemination of information, since existing national patient registries might be less equipped to capture data on a global scale, given fixed timepoints and restrictions on consent of new individuals. In summary, the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance represents the commitment of rheumatologists to generate rapid data to help inform the care of individuals with rheumatic disease and those using immunomodulating therapies. doi = 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30095-3 id = cord-266935-bkan3mwy author = Giannakoulis, Vassilis G. title = Effect of Cancer on Clinical Outcomes of Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis of Patient Data date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = We aimed to quantify the effect (if any) of the presence as opposed to absence of cancer on important clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 by carrying out a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, medRxiv, COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19), and references of relevant articles up to April 27, 2020, to identify observational studies comparing patients with versus without cancer infected with COVID-19 and to report on mortality and/or need for admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). 2 We therefore aimed to quantify the effect (if any) of the presence as opposed to absence of cancer on important clinical outcomes, such as mortality and need for admission in the intensive care unit (ICU), of patients with COVID-19 by carrying out a systematic review and meta-analysis. doi = 10.1200/go.20.00225 id = cord-325307-agaau27o author = Giavedoni, Priscila title = Skin Manifestations in COVID-19: Prevalence and Relationship with Disease Severity date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19; lesion; patient; skin summary = Cutaneous lesions could be categorized into six patterns represented by the acronym "GROUCH": Generalized maculo-papular (20.7%), Grover''s disease and other papulo-vesicular eruptions (13.8%), livedo Reticularis (6.9%), Other eruptions (22.4%), Urticarial (6.9%), and CHilblain-like (29.3%). Patients with chilblain-like lesions exhibited a characteristic histology and were significantly younger and presented lower rates of systemic symptoms, radiological lung infiltrates and analytical abnormalities, and hospital and ICU admission compared to the rest of patients. These skin manifestations are represented by the acronym "GROUCH": Generalized maculo-papular; Grover''s disease and other papulo-vesicular; livedo Reticularis; Other eruptions; Urticarial; and CHilblain-like. Fourth, the detailed information on clinical manifestations other than cutaneous, radiological findings, analytical parameters, and particularly comprehensive histopathology data including immunofluorescence and IHC allowed us to better characterize the chilblain-like pattern as having largely specific features. Notably, patients with chilblain-like lesions have distinctive clinical and histological features and have less severe manifestations of the disease. doi = 10.3390/jcm9103261 id = cord-330758-0mdn06qh author = Gibson Miller, Jilly title = Capability, opportunity, and motivation to enact hygienic practices in the early stages of the COVID‐19 outbreak in the United Kingdom date = 2020-05-16 keywords = com; covid-19 summary = This study aimed to explore influences on hygienic practices, a set of key transmission behaviours, in relation to the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation‐Behaviour (COM‐B) model of behaviour change (Michie et al., 2011). RESULTS: Using regression models, we found that all three COM‐B components significantly predicted good hygienic practices, with motivation having the greatest influence on behaviour. The British Psychological Society (BPS) Behavioural Science and Disease Prevention Taskforce (BSDPT:, 2020) recommends the exploration of behavioural influences on enacting preventive behaviour in relation to the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model of behaviour change (Michie et al., 2011) . To explore COM-B influences on behaviour further, we regressed hygienic practices on COM-B subscales (i.e., psychological capability, physical and social opportunity, and reflective and automatic motivation) using OLS. This research explored UK citizens'' hygienic practices during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to the COM-B model of behaviour change (Michie et al., 2011) . doi = 10.1111/bjhp.12426 id = cord-299350-db8w79g8 author = Gibson, Cody V. title = Emergency Medical Services resource capacity and competency amid COVID-19 in the United States: Preliminary findings from a national survey date = 2020-05-03 keywords = EMS; covid-19 summary = OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate available resources, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) availability, sanitation practices, institutional policies, and opinions among EMS professionals in the United States amid the COVID-19 pandemic using a self-report survey questionnaire. RESULTS: An overwhelming number of EMS providers report having limited access to N95 respirators, receiving little or no benefits from COVID-19 related work, and report no institutional policy on social distancing practices despite CDC recommendations. This study aimed to investigate available resources, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) availability, sanitation practices, institutional policies, and opinions among EMS professionals in the United States amid the COVID-19 pandemic using a self-report survey questionnaire. An overwhelming number of EMS providers report having limited access to N95 respirators, receiving little or no benefits from COVID-19 related work, and report no institutional policy on social distancing practices despite CDC recommendations. This study aimed to investigate individual EMS provider competency and resource accessibility amid COVID-19 in the United States using a self-report survey questionnaire. doi = 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03900 id = cord-269726-z0frgm7s author = Gidari, Anna title = Is recurrence possible in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Case series and systematic review of literature date = 2020-10-10 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; RNA; SARS summary = Criteria for patients'' selection were diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection [5] ; the subsequent meeting of criteria for hospital discharge (improvement of symptoms and two negative swabs collected at least 24 h apart) [4] ; and a positive respiratory sample collected after discharge. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement protocol [8] , a systematic review has been performed concerning the patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 that, after clinical and virological recovery, presented a new positive respiratory sample (swab, sputum, saliva, tracheal aspirate, or BAL). The patient was discharged in good clinical conditions with indication to repeat quarantine and swab tests that came negative for SARS-CoV-2 (Allplex™ 2019-nCoV Assay) on April 27 and 28 (Fig. 1b) . doi = 10.1007/s10096-020-04057-6 id = cord-034686-y0y5ltxs author = Gieraerts, Christopher title = Prognostic Value and Reproducibility of AI-assisted Analysis of Lung Involvement in COVID-19 on Low-Dose Submillisievert Chest CT: Sample Size Implications for Clinical Trials date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Prognostic Value and Reproducibility of AI-assisted Analysis of Lung Involvement in COVID-19 on Low-Dose Submillisievert Chest CT: Sample Size Implications for Clinical Trials PURPOSE: To compare the prognostic value and reproducibility of visual versus AI-assisted analysis of lung involvement on submillisievert low-dose chest CT in COVID-19 patients. AUC values from AI-assisted analysis were significantly higher than those from visual analysis for both semi-quantitative CT scores and percentages of lung involvement (all P<0.001). CONCLUSION: AI-assisted analysis of lung involvement on submillisievert low-dose chest CT outperformed conventional visual analysis in predicting outcome in COVID-19 patients while reducing CT variability. For quantitative percentage of lung involvement, visual analysis demonstrated excellent agreement with AI-assisted analysis without and with manual correction (ICC: 0.873 and 0.871, respectively). On the basis of the interreader variability of chest CT, we estimated sample sizes needed to detect significant decreases in lung involvement during a clinical trial ( Figure 6 ). doi = 10.1148/ryct.2020200441 id = cord-311848-8n9ee57a author = Giesen, Nicola title = Evidence-based Management of COVID-19 in Cancer Patients – Guideline by the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Haematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) date = 2020-09-21 keywords = AII; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; cancer; patient summary = It was prepared by the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Haematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) by critically reviewing the currently available data on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in cancer patients applying evidence-based medicine criteria. We do not 285 recommend to delay/discontinue radiotherapy, targeted therapy, endocrine therapy or surgery in 286 cancer patients without suspected/confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (DII u ) as no impact on mortality 287 of such prior treatments was seen in several large cohort studies of 20, 31, 40, 94 288 In patients with COVID-19, it is strongly recommended to delay/discontinue chemotherapy, if 289 possible, as chemotherapy within two weeks of admission was a major risk factor for severe COVID-290 19 in a large Chinese cohort study (AII u ). Clinical characteristics and risk factors 38 associated with COVID-19 disease severity in patients with cancer in Wuhan, China: a multicentre, 39 retrospective, cohort study doi = 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.009 id = cord-292407-7xjw1lsb author = Gil, Holly title = 48-year-old with Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = CASE PRESENTATION: A 48-year-old male who presented with signs and symptoms suggestive of an upper respiratory infection was seen at an urgent care, he had a negative chest radiograph and was discharged. With no other cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the state, the patient presented to the emergency department two days later with worsening shortness of breath. CXR and computed tomography (CT) were done in the ED, and it was later confirmed he was infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), 1 which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 3, 4 While there are over a dozen non-specific findings suggestive of COVID-19 on CT, those with the highest discriminatory values were ground-glass opacities (GGO), and GGO that are bilateral and/or peripheral in distribution (Image 2). Bilateral and/or peripheral airspace opacities on radiographs and computed tomography can help suggest infection before testing results are available. Chest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): relationship to duration of infection doi = 10.5811/cpcem.2020.4.47648 id = cord-327779-lt3t4shi author = Gilad, Vered title = Treatment of COVID-19 Patients in Italy: A Physician’s Experience and Insights date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; italian summary = This perspective piece focuses on the main challenges faced by Italian hospital managements: hospital overcrowding; the need for urgent reorganization of the country''s healthcare systems; the lack of data regarding COVID-19 diagnostics, clinical course, and effective treatment; individual and collective consequences of the crisis; and the importance of disease containment measures and early treatment strategies. 9 The main factors associated with stress disorders included supporting the challengingly high number of critically ill patients, scarcity of intensive care beds, unfamiliar treatment strategies, feelings of inadequacy, uncertainty about pandemic duration, the risk of infection and deficiency of personal protective equipment, high-workload shifts, and physical distress related to the need to use heavy protective uniforms. In view of the importance of identifying patients in the early stages of disease, an open letter signed by more than 100,000 Italian doctors was sent to the Italian Ministry of Health, asking for a strengthening of community assistance and the telemedicine infrastructure to allow home surveillance and care of COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.5041/rmmj.10419 id = cord-334278-ajdjfzd2 author = Gilis, M. title = Caractéristiques de la COVID-19 chez les patients âgés de 75 ans et plus, hospitalisés date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID; SARS summary = Matériels et méthodes Il s''agit d''une étude prospective observationnelle descriptive monocentrique incluant tous les patients hospitalisés, initialement hors réanimation, avec une COVID-19 confirmée par RT-PCR et/ou par imagerie scanographique entre le 3 mars et le 24 avril 2020. Conclusion Sur la période de mars 2020 alors que l''épidémie de SARS-CoV-2 a touché la France de plein fouet, les virus respiratoires classiques ont rapidement disparu tandis que la COVID-19 touchait plus du tiers des personnes consultant pour un syndrome grippal dans un centre de dépistage hospitalier francilien. Matériels et méthodes Dans notre hôpital, les soignants symptomatiques étaient systématiquement testés par une RT-PCR SARS-CoV2 sur frottis rhinopharyngé. Les soignants COVID avaient été plus souvent en contact avec un cas confirmé d''infection à SARS-CoV-2 (75 % vs 63 %, p < 0,001) mais n''étaient pas plus souvent affectés dans les unités COVID (16 % vs 12 %, p = 0,17). doi = 10.1016/j.medmal.2020.06.131 id = cord-285526-xm9yj5ua author = Gill, Balvinder Singh title = Modelling the Effectiveness of Epidemic Control Measures in Preventing the Transmission of COVID-19 in Malaysia date = 2020-07-30 keywords = MCO; Malaysia; covid-19 summary = We aim to present the first study in Malaysia to report the reproduction numbers and develop a mathematical model forecasting COVID-19 transmission by including isolation, quarantine, and movement control measures. Thus, the parameter ζ represents the effect of social distancing and the parameter κ reflects the proportion of the exposed people complying to practicing hand-hygiene, use of face masks, and any form of individual effective precautionary measures [24] , which depicts the model in simulating the control measures taken in preventing COVID-19 transmission in Malaysia. Despite the low (β) value in our study, it is vital that MCO measures be instituted to control the outbreak, as was observed with the exponential rise of cases during the second wave of COVID-19 in Malaysia due to the effect of a mass gathering event. This study recommends the implementation of MCO measures, which are effective in controlling the COVID-19 outbreak in Malaysia, showing an observed reduction of peak active cases by 99.1%. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17155509 id = cord-307127-1kkpx108 author = Gill, D. title = ACE inhibition and cardiometabolic risk factors, lung ACE2 and TMPRSS2 gene expression, and plasma ACE2 levels: a Mendelian randomization study date = 2020-04-14 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; TMPRSS2; mendelian summary = Objectives: To use human genetic variants that proxy angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drug effects and cardiovascular risk factors to provide insight into how these exposures affect lung ACE2 and TMPRSS2 gene expression and circulating ACE2 levels. Variants that proxy ACE inhibitor drug effects and cardiometabolic risk factors (body mass index, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lifetime smoking index, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and type 2 diabetes mellitus) were selected from publicly available genome-wide association study data (sample sizes ranging from 188,577 to 898,130 participants). Variants that proxy ACE inhibitor drug effects and cardiometabolic risk factors (body mass index, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lifetime smoking index, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and type 2 diabetes mellitus) were selected from publicly available genome-wide association study data (sample sizes ranging from 188,577 to 898,130 participants). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.10.20059121 id = cord-259306-3ldoo5ly author = Gillespie, Megan title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Complicated by Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum and Pneumothorax date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The first reports of severe acute respiratory symptoms from a novel coronavirus called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019.(1) The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic by March 2020.(1) The COVID-19 outbreak has resulted in a current global health emergency. The first reports of severe acute respiratory symptoms from a novel coronavirus called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019. Chest x-ray was repeated on this seventh day of his hospitalization, and spontaneous pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, and bilateral patchy airspace disease were noted, all new findings compared to CXR on initial presentation (Figure 2 ). With these new findings on portable CXR, the patient had a computed tomography (CT) chest without IV contrast performed that also demonstrated extensive pneumomediastinum and bilateral groundglass opacities, but no pleural or pericardial effusion, no pneumothorax, and no lymphadenopathy (Figure 3 ). doi = 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101232 id = cord-311588-ocz2rzy7 author = Gilligan, Jeffrey title = Collateral Damage During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = At our institution, similarly, we have seen both a huge decline in patients seeking care for neurological and neurosurgical diagnoses, as well as late presentation of life-threatening conditions. She refused to seek care at the hospital due specifically to fear of contracting COVID-19. What remains unknown is how many patients with known or unknown pathologies are having progression of a deficit (i.e. worsening vision secondary to a supersellar mass or worsening cervical myelopathy) that would otherwise have brought them to seek urgent medical care. In our own institution, resources and staff are finally being able to assist with non-COVID patient duties. The untold toll -The pandemic''s effects on patients without COVID-19 As the pandemic subsides, we will need to ask our leaders, public health officials, and the media to send a message to patients at risk: please seek help if you''re not well or having worsening symptoms. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.091 id = cord-337598-86xnmxvi author = Gil‐Rodrigo, Adriana title = Ultrasound in Pregnant Women With Suspected COVID‐19 Infection date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To the Editor: We read with great interest the article by Dr Soldati and colleagues, "Proposal for International Standardization of the Use of Lung Ultrasound for Patients With COVID-19: A Simple, Quantitative, Reproducible Method." 1 As the authors point out, lung ultrasound (LUS) is an unquestionably useful tool for detecting lung damage in the entire population. Although pneumonia seldom manifests in pregnant women, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic makes this population more vulnerable to such infections. Two women showed images compatible with moderate interstitial pneumonia due to COVID-19 4 : pleural irregularity, a focal and patchy interstitial pattern, and B-lines in posterior basal and middle areas (Figure 1 ). Proposal for international standardization of the use of lung ultrasound for patients with COVID-19: a simple, quantitative, reproducible method How to perform lung ultrasound in pregnant women with suspected COVID-19 doi = 10.1002/jum.15419 id = cord-266478-642m488a author = Gino, Bruno title = Automated Inflating Resuscitator (AIR): Design and Development of a 3D-Printed Ventilator Prototype and Corresponding Simulation Scenario Based on the Management of a Critical COVID-19 Patient date = 2020-07-11 keywords = BVM; COVID-19; air; patient summary = title: Automated Inflating Resuscitator (AIR): Design and Development of a 3D-Printed Ventilator Prototype and Corresponding Simulation Scenario Based on the Management of a Critical COVID-19 Patient The aim of this technical report is twofold: first, to describe the design and manufacturing process of the automated inflating resuscitator (AIR), a 3D-printed ventilator training device which operates on the principle of pushing a bag valve mask; second, to present a simulation scenario that can be used for training health professionals how to use this and similar, low-cost, 3D-printed ventilators in the context of ventilator shortages caused by COVID-19. In addition to the description of the ventilator, we also present a simulation case using AIR to train safety, operational ability, crisis resource management, and communication skills. If there is a limited supply of participants, the paramedics team can only be reported by the facilitators, as the main objective of this simulation is training with the use of AIR and care involving a patient with COVID-19. doi = 10.7759/cureus.9134 id = cord-298006-4g4eh5un author = Giones, Ferran title = Revising entrepreneurial action in response to exogenous shocks: Considering the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-11-30 keywords = COVID-19; support summary = Abstract With regards to the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the domain of entrepreneurship, we offer research-based evidence and associated insights focused on three perspectives (i.e., business planning, frugality, and emotional support) regarding entrepreneurial action under an exogenous shock. Answering the call for attention from Startup Autobahn on the lack of guidance for entrepreneurial activity in an evolving crisis context, in this Rapid Response article we suggest that entrepreneurs build resilience (considering the unknown duration of this pandemic) while promoting social support to embrace new opportunities in a time of social distancing (see Table 1 ). Overall, based on theory and research regarding how business planning activities, frugality and emotional support can guide Startup Autobahn, other entrepreneurship stakeholders, and entrepreneurs more broadly, we recommend (1) adjusting to less formal, more frequent, and nuanced business planning activities; (2) adopting a frugal organizational culture that protects and prioritizes resources that directly contribute to the products and services and the long-term vision of the venture; (3) formalizing the informal so that emotional support can be exchanged internally and externally. doi = 10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00186 id = cord-328376-hxl3xfyl author = Giordano, Arturo title = Management of Structural Heart Disease and Acute Coronary Syndromes in the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; SHD summary = However, the recent outbreak of coronavirus-associated disease-2019 (COVID-19) is placing an unprecedented strain on patients, physicians and world healthcare systems that resulted in deferral of elective and semi-elective procedures, such as SHD, and delay in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Indeed, a proactive and vigilant stance on managing SHD and ACS is crucial, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, when the risk of overlooking severely sick patients or postponing life-saving treatments is high. However, the recent outbreak of coronavirus-associated disease 2019 (COVID-19) is placing an unprecedented strain on patients, physicians, and world healthcare systems resulting in deferral of elective and semielective procedures, such as those for subjects with SHD, and delay in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) [3] [4] [5] [6] . In conclusion, a proactive and vigilant stance on managing SHD and ACS is crucial, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, when the risk of overlooking severely sick patients or postponing life-saving treatments is high. doi = 10.1007/s11883-020-00849-5 id = cord-349353-2ll9hzfr author = Giordano, Chiara title = Freedom or money? The dilemma of migrant live‐in elderly carers in times of COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; care; family; work summary = Concerning the latter, as it has repeatedly been stressed, the COVID-19 crisis has and will have an impact on various aspects of gender equality, including the economic hardship falling on women whose economic position is precarious, which is the case of many single-parent households; the sharpening of domestic violence; the hazardous situation of workers in the frontline, the majority of whom are women; and the increased burden of unpaid care and housework responsibilities during the lockdown period 1 . Both elementsthe emotional ties between caregiver and care receiver and the position of live-in caregivers as ''quasi-family members''have crucial consequences on the lives and choices of live-in elderly carers in times of COVIDAs mentioned in the previous section, the very nature of care work, including the gendered construction of the ideals and values associated to it and the emotional labour that shapes their This article is protected by copyright. doi = 10.1111/gwao.12509 id = cord-291176-evb6yt0r author = Giorgi Rossi, Paolo title = Characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of COVID-19 patients in the Province of Reggio Emilia, Italy date = 2020-08-27 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = In this report, based on the cohort of all residents in the province of Reggio Emilia who were SARS-CoV-2-positive at nasal and pharyngeal swab and with symptoms (COVID-19 cases) since the inception of the epidemic, we describe patient characteristics and explore their role as putative prognostic factors in predicting the occurrence of hospital admission or death. We considered the following patient characteristics: age, sex, place of birth (Italy or abroad), time span (in days) from symptom onset to diagnosis/ hospitalization, and comorbidities, whose prognostic role was explored both singly (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arrhythmia, diabetes, coronary heart disease, heart failure, vascular diseases, obesity) and by computing the Charlson Comorbidity Index, which provides an overall measure of an individual patient''s complexity [12] . While in this study we focused on the risk of hospitalization and death in a cohort of COVID-19 patients diagnosed during the epidemic in Northern Italy, it also provided us with the opportunity to describe the pattern of distribution of the disease in the whole population. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238281 id = cord-254837-zhxabt66 author = Giorgi, P. D. title = Vertebral compression fractures in multiple myeloma: redefining the priorities during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Here we present a case of symptomatic vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) in an elderly patient positive for COVID-19 with newly diagnosed MM, treated with kyphoplasty. Indeed, other reports on urgent spine surgery during the pandemic highlighted the benefit of treating two broad categories of spinal disease as urgencies: first, acute traumatic fractures with spinal instability; and second, spinal cord or nerve root compression with severe pain or neurological deficit [1, 2] . Answering our initial question on what is deferable during COVID-19 pandemic, we wanted to highlight how a non-considered urgent procedure such as kyphoplasty can be the key for a right treatment. Indeed, in this case report, our decision making was not in accordance with an expert opinion on what is considered as urgent spinal surgery but was instead tailored to the specific needs of the patient. Balloon kyphoplasty versus non-surgical fracture management for treatment of painful vertebral body compression fractures in patients with cancer: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial doi = 10.1007/s40520-020-01590-4 id = cord-324245-cfiekxr4 author = Giorgi-Pierfranceschi, Matteo title = Prevalence of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis in patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: a cross-sectional study date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; DVT; VTE; patient summary = In a single-center cross-sectional study, all patients hospitalized for more than 5 days in Internal Medicine Department with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia received 2-point compressive ultrasound assessment (CUS) of the leg vein system during a single day. Aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis of the legs in a cohort of patients admitted to Internal Medicine of Cremona Hospital, with severe SARS-Cov-2 infection and treated with standard thromboprophylaxis, in a period between 5 and 10 days from hospitalization. The main demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients with DVT are shown in Table 2 Discussion Our study shows that in patients admitted to a hospital medical ward because of COVID-19-associated pneumonia, the prevalence of silent proximal DVT was as high as 13.6%, despite standard anticoagulant prophylaxis. doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02472-3 id = cord-305793-xmkiqgbn author = Giovannoni, Gavin title = Anti-CD20 immunosuppressive disease-modifying therapies and COVID-19 date = 2020-04-18 keywords = covid-19 summary = It is also assumed that people who are immunocompromised, for example, patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) on immunosuppressive disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are also at increased risk of severe COVID-19. It is therefore very reassuring to read in this issue a case report of a patient with primary progressive MS previously treated with ocrelizumab, an anti-CD20 B-cell depleting monoclonal antibody, who developed uncomplicated COVID-19 (Novi G, Mikulska M, Briano F, Toscanini F, Tazza F, Uccelli A, Inglese M, 2020) . This case and online reports support the hypothesis that immunosuppression, or at the least moderate immunosuppression associated with MS DMTs, may protect against the development of severe COVID-19 infection. However, there are always rare exceptions to the rule; for example, a single case report of fulminant hepatitis associated with an unusual echovirus-25 infection in a patient on ocrelizumab therapy (Nicolini et al., 2019; Novi G, Mikulska M, Briano F, Toscanini F, Tazza F, Uccelli A, Inglese M, 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102135 id = cord-312801-tllj77up author = Giovannoni, Gavin title = The COVID-19 pandemic and the use of MS disease-modifying therapies date = 2020-03-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = It is essential to consider the potential risk of morbidity and possible mortality for each MS patient, who may be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and develops COVID-19. Assuming that antiviral responses are driven mainly by T-cells, in particular CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and natural-killer cells and less so, at least initially, by B-cells, allows one to construct a hierarchy of immunosuppression of DMTs. The highest risk are the immune reconstitution therapies during the depletion phase of the treatment, i.e. haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), alemtuzumab (Lemtrada), mitoxantrone (Novantrone) and cladribine (Mavenclad). This is why patients on S1P modulators should be at relatively low risk of complications from COVID-19 infection and why it may be safe to continue these treatments during the epidemic. Infection risks among patients with multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod, natalizumab, rituximab, and injectable therapies doi = 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102073 id = cord-257144-3q0un5rl author = Giri, Allan title = Mutagenic, Genotoxic and Immunomodulatory effects of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine: a review to evaluate its potential to use as a prophylactic drug against COVID-19 date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; Hydroxychloroquine; drug summary = title: Mutagenic, Genotoxic and Immunomodulatory effects of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine: a review to evaluate its potential to use as a prophylactic drug against COVID-19 Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and Chloroquine (CQ) are two anti-malarial drugs that are now being extensively used by front-line healthcare workers and other common people as a prophylactic drug against the Corona Virus Disease − 19 (COVID-19) in India and as well as in many parts of the world. Thus, we recognize the need to critically review the mutagenic, genotoxic, and immunomodulatory effects of these drugs, to find out whether it is safe to use as a prophylactic drug against COVID-19. Moreover, the potentials of these drugs as Fig. 5 Endosomal TLR 7 and 9 inhibition by HCQ and CQ: Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 and 9 initiate immune response when it encounters microbial nucleic acids (only shown here is a viral particle). doi = 10.1186/s41021-020-00164-0 id = cord-311523-erntrh3p author = Gisondi, P title = Dermatologists and SARS‐CoV‐2: The impact of the pandemic on daily practice date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; SARS summary = Since the first case of "pneumonia of unknown aetiology" was diagnosed at the Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital in China on 30 December 2019, what was recognised thereafter as "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" (SARS‐CoV‐2) has spread over the four continents, causing the respiratory manifestations of Coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐ 19) and satisfying the epidemiological criteria for a label of "pandemic." The ongoing SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic is having a huge impact on dermatological practice including the marked reduction of face‐to‐face consultations in favour of teledermatology, the uncertainties concerning the outcome of COVID‐19 infection in patients with common inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis or atopic dermatitis receiving immunosuppressive/immunomodulating systemic therapies; the direct involvement of dermatologists in COVID‐19 care for patients assistance and new research needs to be addressed. doi = 10.1111/jdv.16515 id = cord-329219-7mfi16rd author = Gisondi, P. title = The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on patients with chronic plaque psoriasis being treated with biological therapy: the Northern Italy experience date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Gisondi, P.; Facheris, P.; Dapavo, P.; Piaserico, S.; Conti, A.; Naldi, L.; Cazzaniga, S.; Malagoli, P.; Costanzo, A. [4] [5] [6] We performed a retrospective multicentre observational study, which included patients with chronic plaque psoriasis (n = 5206) who were being treated with biological therapy, with the objective of reporting the number of patients hospitalized or who died from COVID-19 infection between 20 February 2020 and 1 April 2020. The inclusion criteria for the study were patients with psoriasis who were being regularly followed at the Divisions of Dermatology at the hospitals of Verona, Padua, Vicenza, Modena, Turin or Milan (Humanitas and San Donato hospitals) and were being treated with a biologic, including tumour necrosis factor-a, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-12/23 or IL-23 inhibitors. Although patients with psoriasis are generally burdened by metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities and, most importantly, treated with immunosuppressive/immunomodulating agents, there was not a significant number of hospitalizations or deaths from COVID-19. doi = 10.1111/bjd.19158 id = cord-355131-ushv3n0z author = Giuffrè, Mauro title = COVID-19-Induced Thrombosis in Patients without Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Elevated Fecal Calprotectin: Hypothesis Regarding Mechanism of Intestinal Damage Associated with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Background: Patients with coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) and gastrointestinal symptoms showed increased values of fecal calprotectin (FC). At the time of writing this letter, the principal cause of mortality in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is respiratory failure with exudative diffuse alveolar damage and massive capillary congestion often accompanied by microthrombi or, in lower percentages, by generalized thrombotic microangiopathy, as reported by post-mortem examinations [1] . Additionally, an autoptic study on the small intestine of two COVID-19 patients showed endotheliitis of the submucosa vessels and evidence of direct viral infection of endothelial cells [6] . Regarding the clinical presentation, gastrointestinal symptoms are present in up to 28% of patients with COVID-19 [7] [8] [9] , and fecal SARS-CoV-2-RNA was detected in approximately 50% of positive individuals [8] [9] [10] . [5] proposed the role of fecal calprotectin (FC) as a marker of intestinal inflammation in COVID-19 patients who developed gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed5030147 id = cord-287220-mpnuhqwg author = Giuliani, C. title = Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic: suggestions on behalf of Woman Study Group of AMD date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; mother summary = Woman Study Group of AMD, after reviewing current knowledge about COVID-19 vertical transmission and the compatibility of breastfeeding in COVID-19 mother, the available recommendations from Health Care Organizations and main experts opinions, issued the following suggestions on breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic, addressed both to mothers with and without diabetes It should be considered that following suggestions may change in the future when more evidence is acquired regarding SARS-Cov2 infection. Chen Y et al 5 reported four cases of live born infants, born to pregnant women with the COVID-19 infection in Wuhan: newborns had no clinical signs of disease and were tested negative for the virus at delivery. 14 Moreover, some experts speculate that, similar to the 2002-2003 SARS-Co-V epidemic 15 , specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies pass via the breast milk from the COVID-19 mother to the infant within a few days after the onset of the disease, possibly moderating the clinical expression of infant''s infection 16 . doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108239 id = cord-312205-j8szwaqj author = Giuntoli, Michele title = Lessons learnt from COVID 19: An Italian multicentric epidemiological study of orthopaedic and trauma services date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID; March summary = METHODS: We reported and compared traumatological and elective orthopaedic surgeries performed in three of the main hospital centres in Tuscany during COVID (March 2020) and pre-COVID (March 2019) era. The most important changes in our health system have been the delaying of elective surgeries and non-urgent ambulatory visits, the internal re-organization of hospital wards to better distribute the health workers and to create separate COVID areas and the implementations of ICUs. In this scenario, orthopaedic and traumatological activities have changed in our departments and a new resource targeted allocation has been necessary to better face the emergency and to give the best cares to the patients, as well reported in other studies [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Concerning orthopaedic-first aid visits data, we report the number of total visits, age and sex of patients, the kind (i.e domestic, sport, traffic, work, enclosed spaces, school and beach injuries) and the type (i.e. fractures, polytraumas, articular dislocations, sprains/contusions, others) of trauma. doi = 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.05.021 id = cord-259814-3x234ck2 author = Giussani, Carlo title = The response during a pandemic is a blurred vision of the future. Reflections on the Lombardy reorganization of the neurosurgical emergencies during the COVID-19 date = 2020-04-21 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-259814-3x234ck2 However, as neurosurgeons, neuroradiologists, and neurointensivists working in a regional tertiary referral hospital for TBI and ischemic/ hemorrhagic strokes (in this period redefined as a hub center for stroke and COVID-19 and as spoke center for neurosurgery), we would like to highlight the weakness of the presented scenario on the long run. Moreover, hubs should have teaching facilities as university-affiliated hospitals and/or could participate in international trials on trauma and cerebrovascular disease, both pharmacological and government/EU-funded research [1] [2] [3] . As stated by the colleagues, the reorganization of the system forced by a pandemic is sustainable in the short, emergent period because "the public ''lockdown'' has tangibly diminished the number of traumatic cases" and we concurrently observed a reduction of all the neurosurgical/neurological emergency admissions. In the post-COVID-19 period, a reduction of the hubs for neurosurgical emergency, probably hypertrophic before the pandemic, is desirable but the correct identification of them, not only based on geographical criteria or political considerations, should be integrated by an evaluation that considers: 1. doi = 10.1007/s00701-020-04327-4 id = cord-282043-cs1oyohu author = Giustino, Gennaro title = Coronavirus and Cardiovascular Disease, Myocardial Injury, and Arrhythmia: JACC Focus Seminar date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Both direct viral infection and indirect injury resulting from inflammation, endothelial activation, and microvascular thrombosis occur in the context of coronavirus disease 2019. Although originally believed to be a syndrome characterized by acute lung injury, respiratory failure, and death, it is now apparent that severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is further characterized by exuberant cytokinemia, with resultant endothelial inflammation, microvascular thrombosis, and multiorgan failure (2) . Myocardial injury can be detected in w25% of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and is associated with an increased risk of mortality. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Acute myocardial injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection: a review Characteristics and clinical significance of myocardial injury in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.059 id = cord-266549-g8060w8v author = Gkentzi, Despoina title = Challenges for the Pediatricians During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Start From the Neonatal Period date = 2020-06-05 keywords = BCG; COVID-19 summary = This report underscores the lack of major differences in the clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and other types of CoV or influenza infections among infants despite limited clinical features reported. S. pneumoniae was codetected in the CoV-infected infants who died in Pneumo-study while bacterial co-detection was not reported by Wei et al. The incidence of COVID-19 in infants less than 1-year-old is currently low, but studies are needed to describe the clinical features, prognosis and impact of infected infants on the COVID-19 spread. Two recent reports from China suggest that in utero infection could be possible based on the measurement of IgM levels in neonates shortly after birth but no further confirmation of this with a positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test. 4 To show the causality between the BCG vaccine and the severity of COVID-19, we have to confirm the following Bradford Hill criteria: specificity, temporality, reversibility, and experiment. doi = 10.1097/inf.0000000000002713 id = cord-340984-blkhfhe2 author = Gklinos, Panagiotis title = Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a review of what we know so far date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Prompt diagnosis and immediate management of the neurological manifestations of the novel coronavirus will not only improve the prognosis of COVID-19 patients but will also prevent the dissemination of the disease due to misdiagnosed cases. COVID-19 is confirmed to be caused by a novel coronavirus (2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV) and presents with symptoms similar to those of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003. However, neurological manifestations of the novel coronavirus are not precepted by all clinicians, thus, leading to inappropriate management of COVID-19 patients presenting with non-specific neurological symptoms initially. This article aims to review the cases, which reported neurological symptoms at presentation or during the course of the disease and discuss the potential mechanisms of Central Nervous System (CNS) involvement in COVID-19. The other study is a retrospective case series in Wuhan, China, which reported the neurological symptoms of COVID-19 patients [13] . doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-09939-5 id = cord-345356-gn1iwis0 author = Glebov, Oleg O. title = Understanding SARS‐CoV‐2 endocytosis for COVID‐19 drug repurposing date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; cell summary = Given that most viruses use endocytosis to enter the host cell, mechanistic investigation of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection needs to consider the diversity of endocytic pathways available for SARS‐CoV‐2 entry in the human lung epithelium. Taken together, the above evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may employ distinct endocytic pathways for cell entry in the upper and lower respiratory tract (Fig. 1) . This approach would allow tracking of the virus in relation to other endocytic pathways and also to investigate the effect of viral infection on the general membrane trafficking network of the host cell. Taken together, the combination of adequate cell models with the newly developed SARS-CoV-2 toolkit and established tools of membrane trafficking research is well-poised to deliver a key insight into the mechanisms underlying COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, considering that various viruses may use the same endocytic pathways of the host cell [15] , targeting viral entry at the point of endocytosis holds a more general promise for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs [51] . doi = 10.1111/febs.15369 id = cord-340573-6uz6uw7i author = Gleeson, Sarah title = Lesson for the clinical nephrologist: Kidney transplant, COVID-19 and pregnancy date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COVID-19; kidney summary = • This patient''s pregnancy was complicated both by her kidney transplant and maintenance immunosuppression and then by COVID-19 infection requiring admission and supplemental oxygen. • Recent emerging infections have had important effects on pregnancy [1] ; both the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak and the 2002 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak caused increased morbidity and mortality in pregnant women compared to the general population, and more recently Zika virus was associated with congenital abnormalities. Studies of kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 report high rates (62-86%) of immunosuppression reduction (both CNIs and antiproliferative agents) especially in hospitalised or severely ill patients [5, 6] . However, The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists'' guidelines on managing pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic suggest that although women with kidney transplants should ideally shield, they will need regular face-to-face visits to monitor graft function, drug levels and maternal/fetal complications [8] . doi = 10.1007/s40620-020-00897-9 id = cord-296582-55rz7epf author = Glick, Sara N. title = The Impact of COVID-19 on Syringe Services Programs in the United States date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; SSP summary = We conducted a rapid mixed methods assessment of SSP response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (U.S.) to quantify and characterize changes in services provided by SSPs and the potential impact on PWID. Five key themes emerged from this interim analysis of data from qualitative interviews of SSP staff in five COVID-19 hotspots (Detroit, Philadelphia, New Orleans, New York City, and Seattle). To reinforce social distancing practices and minimize the number of participant visits, programs have increased distribution of syringes, works, and naloxone. However, when data were available, programs reported that the number of syringes distributed had remained level or had increased due to distributing more supplies to each participant, including through secondary exchange (i.e., providing supplies to peers to distribute to others). Availability of HIV and HCV on-site testing and treatment at syringe service programs in the United States doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-02886-2 id = cord-352640-fycwhyfv author = Goel, Ashish title = Profile of Patients Suspected to be COVID-19: A Retrospective Analysis of Early Pandemic Data date = 2020-08-29 keywords = COVID-19; PCR summary = Our study is a short retrospective analysis of the demographic and clinical profiles of subjects presenting with a mild flu-like illness to our hospital who were tested for COVID-19. We present a short retrospective analysis of the demographic and clinical profiles of subjects presenting with a mild flu-like illness to our hospital who were tested for COVID-19. A retrospective analysis of data from subjects who presented to our hospital with mild flu-like illness between the months of March and May 2020 was conducted to understand the disease profile. Data were available for 3,026 subjects who presented to our hospital with either mild flu-like symptoms or with suspected exposure to a confirmed case of COVID-19 during the early phases of the pandemic. In this retrospective analysis, we report that among subjects presenting to the hospital with a mild flu-like illness, those who tested positive for COVID-19 were significantly older and more likely to be men. doi = 10.7759/cureus.10125 id = cord-308857-otsrexqu author = Goel, Saurav title = Resilient and Agile Engineering Solutions to Address Societal Challenges such as Coronavirus Pandemic date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; coronavirus; figure; human; mask; surface; virus summary = This newly identified disease is caused by a new strain of the virus being referred to as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS CoV-2; formerly called 2019-nCoV). We review the current medical and manufacturing response to COVID-19, including advances in instrumentation, sensing, use of lasers, fumigation chambers and development of novel tools such as lab-on-the-chip using combinatorial additive and subtractive manufacturing techniques and use of molecular modelling and molecular docking in drug and vaccine discovery. However, the coronavirus isolated from pangolins is 99% similar in a specific region of the Spike protein, which corresponds to the 74 amino acids involved in the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE 2) receptor binding domain, which allows the virus to enter human cells to infect them as shown in Figure 2 (b). (figures reprinted with permission) Our nasal lining tissue contains a rich number of cell receptors called angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which are favourable sites for the SARS CoV-2 to attach its spiked protein to, thus paving way for the entrance of the virus inside the body. doi = 10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100300 id = cord-274283-ukhgs6z1 author = Goel, Sunny title = Clinical Characteristics and In-Hospital Mortality for COVID-19 Across The Globe date = 2020-07-18 keywords = COVID-19; clinical summary = INTRODUCTION: Numerous case series have reported on the baseline characteristics and in-hospital mortality of patients with COVID-19, however, these studies included patients localized in a specific geographic region. Numerous case series have reported on the baseline characteristics and in-hospital mortality of patients with COVID-19, however, these studies included patients localized in a specific geographic region. Numerous case series have reported on the baseline characteristics and inhospital mortality of patients with COVID-19, however, these studies included patients localized in a specific geographic region [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . We included studies that had more than ten adult patients ([ 18 years), and reported clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, along with all-cause mortality as one of the outcomes. Clinical features, laboratory characteristics, and outcomes of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): early report from the United States Clinical Characteristics and outcomes of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective study doi = 10.1007/s40119-020-00189-0 id = cord-311341-7ox30d2u author = Goenka, Anuj title = Implementation of Telehealth in Radiation Oncology: Rapid Integration During COVID-19 and its Future Role in our Practice date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; patient; telehealth summary = Billable encounters from January to April 2020 were reviewed and categorized into one of the following visit types: in-person, telephonic, or two-way audio-video. CONCLUSIONS: Since the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, we were able to move the majority of patient visits to telehealth but observed inconsistent utilization of the audio-video telehealth platform. We identified that for consultations, in-person visits were associated with higher billing codes compared to two-way audio-video encounters (p<0.01). This rapid implementation allowed us to continue providing patients'' access to radiation oncology physicians while reducing patient exposures from travel and in-office visits. Nevertheless, we continue to recommend two-way audio-video encounters as the standard of telehealth care to the extent possible, as J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f we believe the video aspect of the visit is a very valuable component of being able to offer appropriate clinical advice and establish a patient-physician relationship. doi = 10.1016/j.adro.2020.09.015 id = cord-307688-r1pgmn6i author = Goenka, Mahesh K. title = Impact of COVID-19 on gastrointestinal endoscopy practice in India: a cross-sectional study date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; endoscopy summary = Background and study aims Gastrointestinal endoscopy, being an aerosol-generating procedure, has the potential to transmit Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the current pandemic. ABSTR AC T Background and study aims Gastrointestinal endoscopy, being an aerosol-generating procedure, has the potential to transmit Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the current pandemic. This survey was conducted to specifically study the impact of COVID-19 on gastrointestinal endoscopy practice in India and also to assess the attitude of the endoscopists towards this pandemic. cross-sectional survey conducted by us studied the impact of COVID-19 on gastrointestinal endoscopy practice and also knowledge regarding COVID-19 among endoscopists in India. The major reasons for performing fewer endoscopy procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic in India were decreased patient volume in the hospital due to lock-down as reported by 60.9 % and 86.9 % of endoscopists themselves limiting the number of procedures due to the latest guidelines recommending avoidance of routine endoscopies. doi = 10.1055/a-1181-8391 id = cord-281870-ax5s2i6t author = Goerlich, Erin title = Prominent Longitudinal Strain Reduction of Basal Left Ventricular Segments in Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Prominent Longitudinal Strain Reduction of Basal Left Ventricular Segments in Patients with COVID-19 We observed a recurring pattern of reduced basal left ventricular (LV) longitudinal strain (LS) on speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and subsequently aimed to identify characteristics of affected patients. We hypothesized that COVID-19 patients with reduced basal LV strain would demonstrate elevated cardiac biomarkers. Complementing our findings, a recently published study describing reduced basal segmental LV strain in over half of evaluated COVID-19 patients has suggested that this is may be an early marker of myocardial involvement. 8 Case reports and series of patients with various forms of myocarditis, including influenza myocarditis, have described a similar pattern of reduced basal strain on STE. In summary, we report a pattern of reduced LV basal strain seen in over half of studied COVID-19 patients and occurring more frequently in patients with high-risk cardiovascular comorbidities and Black race. doi = 10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.09.469 id = cord-332592-bfqsyiyf author = Goette, Andreas title = COVID-19-Induced Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated with Pulmonary Vein Thromboses, Atrial Cardiomyopathy, and Arterial Intima Inflammation date = 2020-09-26 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; SARS summary = title: COVID-19-Induced Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated with Pulmonary Vein Thromboses, Atrial Cardiomyopathy, and Arterial Intima Inflammation Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral disease induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may cause an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Here, we can present a case of cytokine release syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 causing multiorgan failure and death. In summary, the present case shows that severe COVID-19 induces CRS associated with ARDS, acute kidney failure, liver pathologies, vascular intimal inflammation, pulmonary arterial, and venous thromboses and an inflammatory atrial cardiomyopathy. In the present case, we can show that COVID-19 can induce the occurrences of ARDS, which was associated with pulmonary embolism, as well as thrombogenesis, in pulmonary veins and the right atrial appendage. In addition to COVID-19-induced ARDS, CRS might be associated with pulmonary artery, as well as vein thromboses, atrial fibrillation, sinus node dysfunction, right atrial clot formation, and inflammatory invasion of autonomic atrial nerve ganglia. doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1716717 id = cord-322723-qmnorud2 author = Goetz, Christian title = Lung Scintigraphy Imaging Features in a Young Patient With COVID-19 date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Lung Scintigraphy Imaging Features in a Young Patient With COVID-19 Ambulatory reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction testing was positive for SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Because of elevated d-dimer (1.5 mg/L), a lung scintigraphy (V/Q scan) was performed as SPECT/CT. C, The concomitantly acquired low-dose CT reveals ground-glass opacities in the bilateral upper lobes accompanying the respiratory syndrome, which is in line with lung affection in COVID-19. E, Recommended imaging setup in SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)-infected patients. Preferably, imaging studies in COVID-19 should be performed as last examinations during working days. Time course of lung changes on chest CT during recovery from 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia 18 F-FDG PET/CT and serial chest CT findings in a COVID-19 patient with dynamic clinical characteristics in different period Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 doi = 10.1097/rlu.0000000000003196 id = cord-030529-2wkes9nk author = Goggin, Gerard title = COVID-19 apps in Singapore and Australia: reimagining healthy nations with digital technology date = 2020-08-14 keywords = Australia; COVID; Health; Minister; Singapore; app summary = In this article, I consider the development, deployment and imagined uses of apps in two countries: Singapore, a pioneer in the field, with its TraceTogether app, and Australia, a country that adapted Singapore''s app, devising its own COVIDSafe, as key to its national public health strategy early in the crisis. The data sets generated by smartphones, computers, apps and people''s use of them, such as that data collected by Apple and Google, were used by public health officials, researchers and journalists to map population or district-level activity and movement, leading to the very interesting charts, graphs and visualisations in news and current affairs reports and features seeking to map and analyse the spread of COVID and its impact on social and economic activity. With much at stake in terms of public health concerns at a critical juncture of the COVID pandemic, the Australian government emphasised that it was keen to adopt a ''consent-based'' model, hence its interest in adapting the Singapore TraceTogether app. doi = 10.1177/1329878x20949770 id = cord-029568-0xyz5z5b author = Gogia, Spriha title = Covid-19 X-Curves: Illness Hidden, Illness Deferred date = 2020-05-29 keywords = covid-19 summary = Patterns of ICU utilization in New York City''s public hospital system suggest some patients who would have presented with another condition, like a heart attack, are presenting with a coronavirus diagnosis (illness hidden), while other patients may be suffering, and possibly dying, at home (illness deferred) based on contagion-related fears. We examined daily patient census in adult and surge-specific ICUs (ad hoc spaces created to expand critical care capability as traditional ICUs reached maximum capacity) across our facilities and departments by Covid-19 status from February 15 to April 15, 2020. Hospitalizations due to Covid-19 are now declining in New York City, but admissions and ICU utilization for other conditions has not yet returned to baseline levels. doi = 10.1056/cat.20.0231 id = cord-346160-n9i0blv1 author = Gogoi, Mayuri title = Putting the voices and insights of migrants and diverse ethnic groups at the centre of our response to COVID-19 date = 2020-10-10 keywords = COVID-19; PPIE summary = This will require addressing multiple barriers to involvement, and a commitment to community-centred research to address the acute needs of the populations hardest hit by the pandemic. There is an urgent need to strengthen patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) and participatory research, as well as collaboration with healthcare workers from diverse migrant and ethnic backgrounds. There is an urgent need to strengthen patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) and participatory research, as well as collaboration with healthcare workers from diverse migrant and ethnic backgrounds. 5 Despite calls to ensure ethnicity is integral to COVID-19 research, 6 opportunities have been missed to engage with these communities, and even more notably, recent migrants. The absence of the insights and voices of migrants and diverse ethnic groups was highlighted by the omission of stakeholder contributions in Public Health England''s (PHE) report on COVID-19 disparities, 7 which was criticised for failing to advance understandings of risk factors and discrimination, or provide actionable recommendations. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.019 id = cord-348056-kx9wvw8c author = Goh, H. P. title = Risk factors affecting COVID-19 case fatality rate: A quantitative analysis of top 50 affected countries date = 2020-05-25 keywords = CFR; COVID-19 summary = The following seven variables were included in the analysis, based on data availability and completeness: 1) proportion of people aged 65 above, 2) proportion of male in the population, 3) diabetes prevalence, 4) smoking prevalence, 5) current health expenditure, 6) number of hospital beds and 7) number of nurses and midwives. Conclusion: Older people above 65 years old and diabetic patients are significant risk factors for COVID-19. . https://doi.org/10.1101 /2020 The following seven variables were included in the analysis, based on data availability and 156 completeness: 1) proportion of people aged 65 above, 2) proportion of male in the population, 3) 157 diabetes prevalence, 4) smoking prevalence, 5) current health expenditure, 6) number of hospital 158 beds and 7) number of nurses and midwives. Studies have shown that age is a clear risk factor for severe COVID-19 disease and thus, resulting 222 in death. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.20.20108449 id = cord-347535-tgou78o7 author = Goh, Kah Kheng title = Zero confirmed cases: The ways we curb COVID-19 in Taiwanese prisons date = 2020-08-23 keywords = covid-19; prison summary = Accessibility to health service, testing capacity, the supply of personal protective equipment are budget-constrained and are not being prioritized for inmates Zero confirmed cases: The ways we curb COVID-19 in Taiwanese prisons [5] . As a solution to mitigate the harms of COVID-19 outbreak in prison [7] , several countries including Iran, France, Italy, Child, USA, and Indonesia have taken action to reduce the prison population by releasing "low-risk" offenders. Measures have included the establishment of the joint planning and central command with Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC), the prevention, control, and risk management among the prisoners, the cooperation and involvement of prison staffs, and the environment sanitizing. To minimize the risk of COVID-19 outbreak in Taiwanese prisons, several steps have been taken, including the establishment of the joint planning and central command with CECC, the prevention, control, and risk management among the prisoners, the cooperation and involvement of prison staffs, and the environment sanitizing. doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.020377 id = cord-348674-ifcfyecf author = Goh, Khean‐Lee title = COVID‐19 and the digestive system: More than just a “flu” date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In this June issue, JGH Open has published two Leading Articles on the COVID-19 infection: the first is the "Asian Pacific Association of Gastroenterology (APAGE) Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Working Party Guidelines on the IBD during the COVID-19 pandemic 1 and the second an excellent review article by Aguila et al. focusing on gastrointestinal and liver complications of COVID-19 infection and endoscopy practice." 2 Studies have shown that the virus enters cells of the body through ACE II receptors. In the meantime, IBD patients who are infected with COVID-19 are recommended, where possible, to stop corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and biological agents until clearance of the virus. Asian Pacific Association of Gastroenterology (APAGE) Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Working Party guidelines on IBD management during the COVID-19 pandemic Are patients with inflammatory bowel disease at increased risk for Covid-19 infection? doi = 10.1002/jgh3.12364 id = cord-317820-od9l7p1r author = Goker Bagca, Bakiye title = Overview of the COVID-19 and JAK/STAT Pathway Inhibition: Ruxolitinib Perspective date = 2020-06-20 keywords = JAK; SARS; covid-19; stat summary = The virus, which is the cause of the COVID-19 was named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromerelated Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) by Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (Figure 1a) . As an expected result of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it was reported cytokine storm syndrome triggered by the dysregulated immunity in numerous patients. There are clinical studies including baricitinib, tofacitinib, and ruxolitinib JAK inhibitors against cytokine storm caused by COVID-19. It is reported that tocilizumab which is an approved IL6 receptor antagonist, treatment reduced cytokine release syndrome symptoms in severe patients COVID-19 [66] . It is reported that the usage of ruxolitinib suppresses cytokine levels and JAK/STAT pathway in Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) -associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis [71] . In this context, it is clear that ruxolitinib, which is used especially in older age patients, has an important potential in overcoming complications that are caused by over activation of the immune system which is triggered through JAK/STAT signaling pathway. doi = 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.013 id = cord-273200-hoqpkdqo author = Gold, Azgad title = COVID-19 and involuntary hospitalisation: navigating the challenge date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Thus, the following question arises: under what conditions does non-compliance with COVID-19-related rules justify psychiatric involuntary hospitalisation, and when might this extraordinary legal option be exploited in the service of public health? Moreover, the absence of data pertaining to the contagion risk of an individual in a specific situation makes it even harder to determine whether the evidence of dangerousness is clear and convincing, as required by minimum legal criteria for psychiatric involuntary commitment. Nevertheless, even in a high-risk situation, such as a patient with a psychiatric disorder who is infected with SARS-CoV-2, a psychiatric involuntary commitment might not be the most appropriate solution, especially in circumstances in which the patient is referred to a non-COVID-19 specialised psychiatric ward. Thus, COVID-19-related exacerbation might justify an involuntary hospitalisation even in situations in which the patient is neither suffering from COVID-19 nor requires isolation. doi = 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30246-7 id = cord-296676-2anl2agl author = Goldberg, Michael F. title = Neuroradiologic manifestations of COVID-19: what the emergency radiologist needs to know date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global pandemic with a wide spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms. These neurologic manifestations were more common in severely affected patients, tended to occur early in the disease course, and could be the initial, presenting clinical evidence of COVID-19 [4] . Lastly, the authors note that ECMO alone (in the absence of SARS-CoV-2 infection) is a risk factor for intracranial hemorrhage, further limiting the generalizability of this small case series. Regardless, prior studies that evaluated neuroimaging findings of patients infected with other members of the Betacoronavirus genus have also demonstrated significant abnormalities, including intracranial hemorrhage and evidence of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), which could represent sequelae of inflammatory response and/or direct CNS infection [50, 51] . On behalf of the CoCo Neurosciences study group (2020) Retrospective observational study of brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurological manifestations doi = 10.1007/s10140-020-01840-y id = cord-282753-uw3r6q45 author = Goldberg-Stein, Shlomit title = Abdominopelvic CT findings in patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; positive summary = The goal of this study was to quantify the frequency of positive findings on abdominopelvic CT in COVID-positive patients, and to identify clinical factors associated with positive findings to assist with imaging triage. Younger age, male gender, and lower hemoglobin were associated with higher odds of having reportable positive abdominopelvic CT findings. A single recent preliminary report on abdominopelvic imaging findings in COVID-positive patients revealed a pattern of bowel wall thickening and fluid-filled colon in 31% of CTs, indicative/suggestive of diarrhea [10] . Our report further supports this concept noting that lung parenchymal findings may indeed be the only indication of COVID-19 infection on abdominopelvic CT in patients presenting with abdominal symptoms. In our study, the frequency of abdominal pain as the exam clinical indication was higher in patients with no reported positive abdominopelvic findings. Conversely, a prospective case-control US-based study demonstrated that male sex was independently associated with a positive COVID test in patients presenting with GI symptoms [23] . doi = 10.1007/s00261-020-02669-2 id = cord-253746-15w4gquq author = Goldman, Michel title = Reflections on the Collaborative Fight Against COVID-19 date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = As therapeutic interventions in the early phase of the disease are attracting more and more interest, we argue that now is the time to involve patients'' organizations in the design of clinical protocols in order to define the most relevant end-points and assess the risk-benefit balance of new therapies. In this editorial perspective, we argue that patients'' voice will be essential to ensure uptake in the wider public of new therapies and vaccines resulting from these initiatives. Therefore, it is essential that trials are designed to include sufficient numbers of patients within the period of time during which the pandemic is expected to be active. Furthermore, patient reported outcomes are essential to assess the impact of therapeutic interventions on the long-term consequences of COVID-19 (13) . It is therefore important that patient organizations are involved early on in the design of clinical trials. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00565 id = cord-339638-yrxoj1hl author = Goldman, Ran D. title = Willingness to Vaccinate Children against Influenza after the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; child; influenza summary = OBJECTIVES: To determine factors associated with parents who plan to vaccinate their children against influenza next year, especially those who did not vaccinate against influenza last year using a global survey. To determine factors associated with parents who plan to vaccinate their children against influenza next year, especially those who did not vaccinate against influenza last year using a global survey. In order to better understand how COVID-19 has influenced attitudes towards J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f influenza vaccination, we specifically aimed to describe characteristics of caregivers who intend to immunize their children in 2020-2021 despite the child not receiving influenza immunization in the prior year. Most caregivers were not concerned about their child having COVID-19 when coming to the EDs in the six countries where this survey took place, and we found a significant correlation between level of concern and plan to vaccinate against influenza (p-value= 0.037; Figure 2 [available at www.jpeds.com]). doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.005 id = cord-355296-46jf56nc author = Goldstein, David P. title = Tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis management in laryngectomy patients during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-10 keywords = TEP; covid-19; patient summary = Since coronavirus is transmitted through respiratory droplets or aerosolization of virus from the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), aerosol generating procedures (AGPs), such as those frequently performed in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, can put health care workers at significant risk of transmission of the virus when performed in COVID-19 positive patients [4] [5] [6] . Laryngectomy patients with tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) who use a voice prosthesis for vocal restoration require frequent specialized on-going care in addition to their oncology follow-up. In the context of the current pandemic, it is important to develop clear processes to support patients at risk for complications associated with TEP voice prosthesis use in order to guard their safety and reduce potential additional health system burden. Described below is the process for inter-professional care and management of laryngectomy patients with TEP complications at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1186/s40463-020-00456-z id = cord-192409-vhd7gjmf author = Goldstein, Elisha title = COVID-19 Classification of X-ray Images Using Deep Neural Networks date = 2020-10-03 keywords = COVID-19; image summary = The purpose of this study is to create and evaluate a machine learning model for diagnosis of COVID-19, and to provide a tool for searching for similar patients according to their X-ray scans. In this retrospective study, a classifier was built using a pre-trained deep learning model (ReNet50) and enhanced by data augmentation and lung segmentation to detect COVID-19 in frontal CXR images collected between January 2018 and July 2020 in four hospitals in Israel. A large dataset of images from portable X-rays was sourced and used to train a network that can detect COVID-19 in the images with high reliability and to develop a tool for retrieving CXR images that are similar to each other. The code development and analysis was performed by six of the authors who are not radiologists This study includes CXR images from 1384 patients, 360 with a positive COVID-19 diagnosis and 1024 negative, totaling 2427 CXRs. Patients'' COVID-19 labels were determined by a combination of RT-PCR testing and clinical assessment by the physicians. doi = nan id = cord-292519-dod8k0xa author = Goldstein, Mark R title = Does apolipoprotein E genotype predict COVID-19 severity? date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A challenge facing the medical community caring for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is predicting who will eventually progress to severe illness and even death, which is usually from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [1] . We hypothesize that the apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) genotype may predict the propensity to manifest rapid and severe illness with COVID-19. Of interest, apoE4 has also been associated with some of the comorbid risk factors associated with severe COVID-19, such as atherosclerosis and hypertension [4, 8] . Therefore, it is possible that having one or two copies of apoE4 predisposes one to be at high risk to progress to severe illness from SARS-CoV-2, by virtue of a sequence of robust innate immune response, followed by cytokine storm, and resulting ARDS. Apolipoprotein (apo) E4 enhances HIV-1 cell entry in vitro, and the APOE ε4/ε4 genotype accelerates HIV disease progression doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa142 id = cord-324300-6iv6c9nw author = Goldstein, Mark R title = Reply: Use of statins in patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = journal: QJM An interesting issue cited by Kow, et al., was that, in an animal model, statins have been shown to increase the expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor [3, 4] , which is the functional receptor for cell entry of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Therefore, since statin use is so widespread and the drugs are commonly prescribed at high doses, particularly for patients with many of the comorbidities associated with COVID-19, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, it might have a deleterious effect on some manifestations of the disease, by increasing ACE2 receptor expression. For example, might high-dose statin therapy lead to an increase in asymptomatic nasal, oral or intestinal virus transmissibility in COVID-19? High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa173 id = cord-255365-fog62qdu author = Goldstein, Neal D. title = On the importance of early testing even when imperfect in a pandemic such as COVID-19 date = 2020-08-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = bias in identified cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections will vary in the face of unknown data surrounding test sensitivity and specificity. The true prevalence of COVID-19 will vary in the tested population (e.g., whether a drive-thru public event, clinical referral, group home, etc.), therefore we allowed for a hypothetical range from 0% to 50%. When the true prevalence of COVID-19 infection is low, as at the start of a pandemic, there will be a greater number of false positives, even under excellent specificity. If we assume 25% prevalence of disease in the tested population, we could realistically anticipate between 0 and 75 false positive results, and between 0 and 100 false negative results per 1000 tests. Serosurveys employing antibody assays can thereby inform public health surveillance regarding the extent of the population who have been infected at any point with SARS-CoV-2, and track herd immunity thresholds. doi = 10.1016/j.gloepi.2020.100031 id = cord-302865-4znh4pja author = Goldstein, Neal D. title = Application of state law in the public health emergency response to COVID-19: an example from Delaware in the United States date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; Delaware; Health summary = title: Application of state law in the public health emergency response to COVID-19: an example from Delaware in the United States Compared to other states, Delaware experienced a rapid increase in the number of cases over a short period of time, necessitating a quick and robust public health response to control the outbreak. Since then, Delaware modified the terms of the state of emergency twenty three times through 30 June 2020 to close public schools, prohibit in-person dining at restaurants, close select non-essential businesses and public beaches, require wearing of face masks, require health screening for anyone entering a high-risk essential business, and limit public gatherings in excess of 10 people, among other actions [13] . Delaware''s state of emergency declaration reinforced the existing statutory authority for the Division of Public Health or the Delaware Emergency Management Agency to isolate or quarantine an individual on an emergency basis or following a court hearing. doi = 10.1057/s41271-020-00257-8 id = cord-302676-aarcjyia author = Goldust, Mohamad title = Where do we stand as dermatologists in combat with COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The novel corona virus disease (COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2) which began in Wuhan, China in late December 2019, quickly spread to involve the rest of the world within a span of few weeks. [1] [2] [3] Hygiene measures are of paramount importance to combat transmission of COVID-19 including social distancing, meticulous hand hygiene measures like frequent hand washing, avoiding touching the face and wearing masks. Healthcare workers, who are at high risk of acquiring the infection are advised to wear personal protective equipment (PPE). aggravate during periods of stress, like psoriasis, eczema, atopy and neurodermatitis can also flare up either in health care workers or in patients. The patient presented with petechiae rash and lab reports showed thrombocytopenia, the two common features of dengue. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Personal Protective Equipment: An Emerging Issue in the COVID-19 Pandemic doi = 10.1111/dth.13638 id = cord-322718-zpf2ri9k author = Goldust, Mohamad title = Dermatology and specialty rotations: COVID‐19 may reemphasize the importance of internal medicine date = 2020-07-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Dermatology and specialty rotations: COVID‐19 may reemphasize the importance of internal medicine In most countries including Switzerland, dermatology residency entails five years of training including ward rounds, inpatient care, outpatient consultation, mandatory dissertations, research projects, case presentations, scientific writing and specialists exams -but all pertinent to the subject. Even in the armed forces teaching institutes, serving as a general practitioner is mandatory before dermatology residency to become trained in, internal medicine and infectious diseases. In brief, internal medicine rotations should be made mandatory for dermatologists as this foundation may of use not only for our professional routine but also for exceptional healthcare crisis such as COVID-19. This assumption may reinforced with the SkinSerious Campaign launched by the American Academy of Dermatology which reemphasizes the integral role of dermatologists in health care. Safety Measures in Dermatology Help Minimize Spread of COVID-19 Dermatology Residents and the Care of COVID-19 Patients doi = 10.1111/dth.13996 id = cord-328718-j9p7ahl8 author = Goldust, Mohamad title = Skin cancer and COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Some of the worst affected patients include those with chronic illnesses like skin cancers (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma). Due to minimal availability of public transport and doctors in regular clinics, several skin cancer patients are going undiagnosed, leading to delayed diagnosis resulting in worsening of its grade and prognosis. Many patients with skin cancer are already immunosuppressed, thus increasing their susceptibility to various infections including COVID-19. 5 Thus, COVID-19 induced stress may predispose patients to squamous cell carcinoma. Newer anti-cancer molecules like immune checkpoint inhibitors (pembrolizumab, ipilimumab, nivolumab) are being used in melanoma 6 but there are reports of pembrolizumab induced neutropenia. 7 This weakens the immune system of patient leading to increased risk of COVID-19. 8 The treatment regimens are also being modified to decrease the need of hospital visits by these patients to reduce the spread of COVID-19 viz. Chronic stress and susceptibility to skin cancer. doi = 10.1111/dth.14050 id = cord-255047-0kr4y753 author = Goletti, Orlando title = Factors Affecting Mortality in 1022 COVID-19 Patients Referred to an Emergency Department in Bergamo during the Peak of the Pandemic date = 2020-08-17 keywords = AAUL-2; COVID-19 summary = A total of 1022 COVID positive patients referred to the Emergency Department: 714 were admitted into the hospital (COVID department and ICU) with respiratory disease and a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, 236 were discharged at home with therapy prescriptions and daily follow-up, and 72 were observed and treated in a section of the Emergency Department (Acute Admission Unit Level II, AAUL-2) and died before admission. This paper analyzes retrospectively the characteristics of deceased patients and describes the different distributions of parameters of severity of disease between two groups (those dead inside the hospital and those in AAUL-2). The multivariate analysis applied to the physiological and laboratory parameters, the symptoms, and the scores of severity of the disease was able to differentiate patients who died in AAUL-2 and those in the COVID department or in the ICU for the following indicators: asthenia, smoking history, Apache score, GCS, mean arterial pressure, pH, and CRP (Table 3 ). doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00444-4 id = cord-278589-ios3cuxc author = Golinelli, D. title = How the COVID-19 pandemic is favoring the adoption of digital technologies in healthcare: a rapid literature review date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19; Health; digital; technology summary = We conducted a rapid literature review searching PubMed and MedrXiv with terms considered adequate to find relevant literature on the use of digital technologies in response to COVID-19. Digital technologies are useful also for prevention and surveillance measures, for example through contact-tracing apps or monitoring of internet searches and social media usage. We conducted a rapid review of the scientific literature to include quantitative and qualitative studies using diverse designs to describe which digital solutions have been reported to respond and fight the COVID-19 pandemic. Our literature review suggests that digital technologies can be useful for COVID-19 diagnosis as well as for implementing prevention and surveillance measures. [19] , Authors deploy a Coronavirus Symptom Checker that is a digital patient-facing selftriage and self-scheduling tool in a large academic health system to address the COVID-19 pandemic. In this rapid literature review we describe numerous digital solutions and technologies addressing several healthcare needs, with particular regard to diagnosis, prevention and surveillance. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.26.20080341 id = cord-300046-orlga9qf author = Gomes da Silva, J. title = Health literacy of inland population in the mitigation phase 3.2. of COVID-19''s pandemic in Portugal - a descriptive cohort study date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; Group; Risk; SARS summary = Globally, younger individuals, females, graduates and the Non-Risk Group presented higher relative frequencies of the correct answer along COVID-19''s Questionnaire. However, three exceptions were observed: the Undergraduate Group and the Risk-Group had a high relative frequency stating that COVID-19 has a cure and in mentioning "Social Isolation" as an important preventive measure to adopt when compared to the Graduate Group and the Non-Risk Group, respectively. Males have higher relative frequency in answering the correct number of SNS24 and in stating that children can get sick and transmit the infection by SARS-CoV-2 when compared to females ( Table 2 -Supplementary information). Nonparametric tests reveal a statistically significant association regarding variable "Age", "Gender" and "Risk Factor", with younger individuals, females and individuals from Risk-Group stating more often the correct answer. Nonparametric tests reveal a statistically significant association regarding variable "Gender" and "Risk Factor", with males and individuals from Non-Risk Group answering the correct number. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.11.20098061 id = cord-252416-d244rl65 author = Gomes, Bruno de Araujo title = In-House Three-Dimensional Printing Workflow for Face Shield During COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = From the beginning of the year 2020, the world was affected by a coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, leading to a shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) at a global level, and thus generating exposure of health professionals to this extremely contagious virus. Following an international initiative to target 3D prints for PPE production in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, initiated by Prusa Research (Prague, Czech Republic), the Oral and Maxillofacial team at the General Hospital of Cuiabá reproduced an in-house 3D printing workflow. Prusa designed Faces Shields and the model chosen for the process was RC2, this being adapted to the characteristics of 3D printing, through the Simplify 3D software (Simplify 3D, Cincinnati, OH), for Gtmax3D Core H5 printer (Americana, São Paulo, Brazil). The printing speed was 100%, totaling 3 hours and 44 minutes for each complete pair of face shield structures, which are 2.5 mm thick on the external handle and 2 mm on the internal handle, with 4 reliefs for fitting the transparent acetate visor. doi = 10.1097/scs.0000000000006723 id = cord-301765-q7yavza2 author = Gomez-Arbelaez, Diego title = COVID-19-RELATED AORTIC THROMBOSIS: A REPORT OF FOUR CASES date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Most of the reports on a high incidence of thrombotic complications are in relation to deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, while the evidence about arterial thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 is limited. We describe four cases of aortic thrombosis and associated ischemic complications in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral respiratory illness caused by the severe acute 39 respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was first described in Wuhan, China 40 and later declared by the World Health Organization as pandemic [1] An acute 92 thrombosis of an aortic prosthetic graft in a patient with COVID-19 has been also described [8] . We reported four cases of aortic thrombosis and associated ischemic complications in patients 94 with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Concomitant acute aortic thrombosis and 160 pulmonary embolism complicating COVID-19 pneumonia Acute thrombosis of an 163 aortic prosthetic graft in a patient with severe COVID-19 related pneumonia doi = 10.1016/j.avsg.2020.05.031 id = cord-338830-h2nrw374 author = Gong, Xiaohuan title = Three infection clusters related with potential pre-symptomatic transmission of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), Shanghai, China, January to February 2020 date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; January; case summary = Investigators interviewed suspected COVID-19 cases to collect epidemiological information, including demographic characteristics, illness onset, hospital visits, close contacts, activities'' trajectories between 14 days before illness onset and isolation, and exposure histories. On 1 February 2020, another hospital in Shanghai reported one suspected COVID-19 case and six of their close contacts to the local district CDC; four of the close contacts tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by realtime reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain-reaction (rRT-PCR), 1-2 days later (Cluster 2). Investigators interviewed COVID-19 cases, close contacts and healthcare workers directly (face-to-face or over the phone) to collect epidemiological information including demographic characteristics, date of illness onset, hospital visits, close contacts, activities'' trajectories between 14 days before illness onset and isolation and exposure histories (i.e. travel to or living in Wuhan or Hubei Province, visiting any other area with local sustained transmission of SARS-CoV-2, contact with persons with respiratory symptoms, contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases). doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.33.2000228 id = cord-305266-fuaq4ujb author = Gong, Yue title = Early Research on COVID-19: A Bibliometric Analysis date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; coronavirus summary = In this review, we found that because of the rapid response of researchers worldwide, the number of COVID-19-related publications showed a high growth trend in the first ten days of February; among these, the largest number of studies originated in China, the country most affected by pandemic in its early stages. The Coronavirus Study Group 4 (CSG) of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses designated the causative 5 virus as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the disease, 6 which subsequently spread globally, was named coronavirus disease of 2019 7 COVID-19, covering topics such as etiology, diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, 24 prognosis, nursing, prevention and control, were available in the PubMed and China 25 national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) databases. Escalating infection control response to the rapidly evolving epidemiology of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong doi = 10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100027 id = cord-307322-h7vqmlq9 author = Gongalsky, Maxim B title = Early detection of superspreaders by mass group pool testing can mitigate COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-27 keywords = Moscow; covid-19; figure summary = Background Most of epidemiological models applied for COVID-19 do not consider heterogeneity in infectiousness and impact of superspreaders, despite the broad viral loading distributions amongst COVID-19 positive people (1-1 000 000 per mL). Methods I used stochastic social-epidemiological SEIAR model, where S-suspected, E-exposed, I-infectious, A-admitted (confirmed COVID-19 positive, who are admitted to hospital or completely isolated), R-recovered. Thus, the aim of the present article is to describe possible group pool testing strategy, which can detect superspreaders on early stages within reasonable amount of RT-PCR tests, and demonstrate the efficiency of the strategy by means of SEIR derivative model Monte Carlo simulations applied for London, Moscow and New York City as examples. Simulated COVID-19 pandemic curves for London, Moscow and New York City without mass testing (blue), and with mass testing with different superspreaders threshold, St, 100 (green), 300 (yellow) and 1000 (orange). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.22.20076166 id = cord-354147-01dhp7nn author = Gonzalez, Rocío Maqueda title = Proctologic emergency consultation during COVID-19: comparative cross-sectional cohort study date = 2020-10-23 keywords = COVID-19; consultation summary = Proctologic Page 4 of 16 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f disorders have been another major victim of the pandemic, since in a significant number of cases can be considered non-priority issues, and therefore, following several international clinical guidelines for prioritization of surgical interventions, they have been postponed (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) . All the patients included in the present study were evaluated by the general surgery team, resident or attendant, during their consultation in the emergency department. We collected demographic variables, comorbidities and chronic treatments, previous proctological pathology, reason for consultation in the ED, definitive diagnosis, medical or surgical treatment required, outpatient or in-hospital regimen, change in attitude with respect to usual behavior in our center in each situation and the need for readmission or new ED consultation within 30 days after the initial visit. doi = 10.1016/j.ciresp.2020.10.002 id = cord-316047-d9cpe9yl author = Gonzalez, T. title = Influence of COVID-19 confinement on students’ performance in higher education date = 2020-10-09 keywords = Fig; covid-19; student; test summary = This study analyzes the effects of COVID-19 confinement on the autonomous learning performance of students in higher education. We present a study that involves more than 450 students enrolled in 3 subjects from different degrees from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Spain) during three academic years, including data obtained in the 2019/2020 academic year, when the restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic have been in force. In the case of "Design of Water Treatment Facilities", a longitudinal study has been performed in academic year 2017/2018 to analyse the effect of rewards in the students'' learning strategies, especially those related to time management. The second stage corresponds to the period of COVID-19 confinement (after March 11), where some measurable activities were performed in a different format and statistical differences can be found by comparing experimental and control groups. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239490 id = cord-272067-241tx1v7 author = González-Blanco, Leticia title = COVID-19 lockdown in people with severe mental disorders in Spain: Do they have a specific psychological reaction compared with other mental disorders and healthy controls? date = 2020-07-25 keywords = SMD; covid-19 summary = Here, we aim to compare the early psychological impact (depression, anxiety, and stress responses, intrusive and avoidant thoughts, and coping strategies) on people with SMD (n = 125) compared with two control groups: common mental disorders (CMD, n = 250) and healthy controls (HC, n = 250). Considering all potential confounders, the multiple linear regression model (R 2 = 0.580, F = 41.027, p < 0.001) detected being single (beta = 0.144, t = 2.291, p = 0.024), having symptoms of COVID-19 (beta = 0.146, t = 2.395, p = 0.018), and higher scores on the DASS-21 stress subscale (beta = 0.538, t = 7.635, p < 0.001) as risk factors for anxiety response in people with J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 11 SMD; whereas a protective effect was associated with being able to enjoy free time (beta = -0.244, t = -3.692, p < 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first study to explicitly examine the early psychological impact (depression, anxiety, stress, intrusive and avoidant responses) of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown restrictions on patients with severe mental disorders (bipolar and psychotic disorders) in Spain. doi = 10.1016/j.schres.2020.07.018 id = cord-259699-48jg7ci7 author = González-Calatayud, Dra Mariel title = Observational study of the suspected or confirmed cases of sars COV-2 infection needing emergency surgical intervention during the first months of the pandemic in a third level hospital: Case series date = 2020-10-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = METHOD: We conducted an observational study of patients undergoing surgical intervention in the operating room assigned as COVID, where we considered age, sex, treating department, type of intervention, and initial biomarkers (first five days of hospitalization), days of hospital stay, days in the Intensive Care Unit and reason for discharge. We conducted an observational study of patients undergoing surgical intervention in the operating room assigned as COVID, where we considered age, sex, treating department, type of intervention, and initial laboratory tests (first five days of hospitalization): ferritin, D-dimer, total leucocyte count, total lymphocyte count, lymphocytes (%), platelets, lactate dehydrogenase, fibrinogen, and procalcitonin; we also considered days of hospital stay (DOHS), days in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and reason for discharge. Indeed, it has been decided to reduce elective surgical treatment, we have also observed that patients undergoing emergency surgery with suspicion or confirmation of SARS-Cov-2 infection have significant mortality depending on the performed surgical procedure, without relevant findings regarding biomarkers. doi = 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.10.038 id = cord-272395-ygtqbqjf author = González-Fernández, Jorge title = Gestión de los cadáveres durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en España date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; los; que summary = La grave crisis sanitaria desencadenada por la epidemia de COVID-19 ha hecho necesaria la elaboración de recomendaciones sanitarias sobre los procedimientos para el manejo de cadáveres y la realización de autopsias, incluidas las judiciales, y la emisión de disposiciones específicas de Policía Sanitaria Mortuoria, especialmente tras la declaración del estado de Alarma el 14 de marzo (17). Incluye los cadáveres de fallecidos por Covid-19 en el grupo 2 del RPSM de 1974 y en el grupo 3 de la Guía de Consenso sobre Sanidad (cadáveres sin riesgo sanitario), pero matizando que "dado que el cadáver puede constituir un riesgo biológico, se proponen algunas medidas adicionales para su manejo en base a las informaciones existentes y las recomendaciones aplicables a nivel internacional". -La Orden SND/272/2020 de 21 de marzo, que regula las "medidas excepcionales para expedir la licencia de enterramiento y el destino final de los cadáveres ante la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el Covid-19" (7). doi = 10.1016/j.reml.2020.05.001 id = cord-305089-y5cdqlze author = González-García, Andrés title = Successful treatment of severe COVID-19 with subcutaneous anakinra as a sole treatment date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; IL-1 summary = After an initial viral phase with fever, coughing and mild upper respiratory tract symptoms, some COVID-19 patients may experience a hyperinflammatory phase manifested with biological changes of a cytokine storm syndrome (with increased levels of ferritin and CRP), which are similar to those observed after chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) Tcell therapy and in haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), as well as in macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), a secondary HLH form, classically associated with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions [2] . IL-1 may also play a determinant role in the cytokine storm syndrome of COVID-19 by activating the inflammasome after the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 with specific Toll-like receptors, leading to a final uncontrolled production of active mature IL-1b, a mediator known to be involved in fever and inflammatory and fibrotic pulmonary changes [6] . doi = 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa318 id = cord-351604-x4rsdwqz author = González-Gay, Miguel A. title = BioLogic THERAPY IN COVID-19 date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Taking all these considerations together and based on often preliminary data or clinical experience, physicians have used immune-modulatory treatments such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1 antagonists, commonly prescribed to individuals with autoimmune and inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Recently, four patients with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV2 infection and severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have been treated with up to 4 infusions of eculizumab, an anti-complement C5a human antibody, showing all of them a marked clinical improvement within the first 48 hours after the first administration of eculizumab, including a 82-old woman with several comorbidities. In summary, based on our experience in the management of autoimmune diseases with biologic therapies and new small molecules, we strongly support the use of these agents in COVID-19 patients with severe disease or in those patients who experience a rapid deterioration due to the development of a MAS-like hyperinflammatory state. The Role of Cytokines including Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced Pneumonia and Macrophage Activation Syndrome-Like Disease doi = 10.1016/j.arbres.2020.06.007 id = cord-277357-lpurk7pe author = González-González, Everardo title = Portable and accurate diagnostics for COVID-19: Combined use of the miniPCR thermocycler and a well-plate reader for SARS-CoV-2 virus detection date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = title: Portable and accurate diagnostics for COVID-19: Combined use of the miniPCR thermocycler and a well-plate reader for SARS-CoV-2 virus detection Here, we demonstrate the use of the miniPCR, a commercial compact and portable PCR device recently available on the market, in combination with a commercial well-plate reader as a diagnostic system for detecting genetic material of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of COVID-19. Combined use of the miniPCR thermocycler and a well-plate reader for SARS-CoV-2 virus detection containing the amplification products of each one of three experiments, where the three different sets of primers (namely N1, N2, and N3) were used to amplify the same range of concentrations of template. Combined use of the miniPCR thermocycler and a well-plate reader for SARS-CoV-2 virus detection others), we observe differences in the performance of each primer pair. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0237418 id = cord-266293-lqag2p3u author = González-Olmo, María José title = Oral hygiene habits and possible transmission of COVID-19 among cohabitants date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; brush; toothbrush summary = The structured questionnaire consisted of questions covering several areas: sociodemographic data, cross transmission to another person living together, oral hygiene habits during confinement, care and disinfection control behaviours in the dental environment like sharing toothbrush, sharing toothbrush container, sharing toothpaste, placing brush vertically, placing cap with hole for brush, disinfecting brush with bleach, closing toilet lid before flushing. The structured questionnaire (included as supplementary file) consisted of questions covering several areas: (1) sociodemographic data (age, gender and educational level), (2) cross transmission to another person living in the same home and sharing a bathroom, with a response format carried out via a dichotomous question (yes = 1/ no = 0), (3) oral hygiene habits during confinement (brushing 2 or more times per day, flossing once per day, mouth rinsing once per day, brushing tongue once per day). doi = 10.1186/s12903-020-01274-5 id = cord-352665-ik67gpxf author = González-Rodríguez, Alexandre title = Mental health in times of COVID: Thoughts after the state of alarm() date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; health summary = Lastly, we will address aspects related to the impact on mental health of a stressful situation such as the pandemic itself or the imposed public health measures, both in patients with previous mental illness and in the general population. As yet, we still do not know the effectiveness of the psychological support measures for professionals in reducing the risk of mental pathology and posttraumatic stress disorder in health professionals. A recent study on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents reported the importance of evaluating anxiety and depressive symptoms in this group. In the post-COVID period, the early detection of negative consequences for mental health of patients, families, and professionals, as well as the evaluation of the effectiveness of the preventive interventions implemented during the pandemic, is of special importance. The role of mental health home hospitalization care during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.medcle.2020.07.007 id = cord-304479-uxp1kg86 author = Goodarzi, Pedram title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Immunological approaches and emerging pharmacologic treatments date = 2020-08-08 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; clinical; patient; treatment summary = Finally, recently, a case report study from Japan shows that orally inhaled ciclesonide alleviates the local inflammation in the lung of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and inhibits the propagation of the virus by antiviral activity [60] . In the same way, a recent case-report study showed that the adoptive transfer therapy of human umbilical cord blood derived-mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) to a Chinese female patient afflicted with acute COVID19 syndromes improved her laboratory tests and CT images [69] . In vitro evidence of activity against SARS-CoV-2 in infected Vero E6 cells reported with high concentrations of the drug [104, 105, 142] FPV significantly improved the latency to relief for pyrexia and cough [99] FPV in patients with COVID-19 led to decrease of viral load and significant improvement in chest imaging compared with the control arm [98] doi = 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106885 id = cord-288255-p8uzrsbd author = Goossens, Gijs H. title = Obesity and COVID-19: A Perspective from the European Association for the Study of Obesity on Immunological Perturbations, Therapeutic Challenges, and Opportunities in Obesity date = 2020-08-13 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; obesity; patient summary = authors: Goossens, Gijs H.; Dicker, Dror; Farpour-Lambert, Nathalie J.; Frühbeck, Gema; Mullerova, Dana; Woodward, Euan; Holm, Jens-Christian Evidence from studies in humans indicates that people with obesity are characterized by systemic low-grade inflammation, higher susceptibility to infections, dampened immune response to infectious agents, as well as higher morbidity and mortality associated with infections, and demonstrate an impaired immune response to vaccinations and antimicrobial treatment [25] [26] [27] [28] . Together, these findings imply that evaluation of cytokine profiles and immune cell subsets in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, and a deeper understanding of the underlying processes, will significantly contribute to better treatment strategies and clinical management of COVID-19 [37] . At the same time, the rapidly emerging clinical data require ongoing scrutiny to understand not only the risks and benefits of single drugs to tackle COVID-19, but also the interaction with pharmacological agents commonly used in people with obesity and related NCDs, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, who are especially at risk of or hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1159/000510719 id = cord-256332-ha7tx1fo author = Gopal, Jeevan Prakash title = COVID-19 pandemic: Building organisational flexibility to scale transplant programs date = 2020-10-18 keywords = COVID-19; transplant; transplantation summary = Transplantation of organs that are not immediately life-saving such as the kidney, the pancreas, and the small bowel must be decided on an individual case basis considering the loco-regional prevalence of COVID-19 and whether to introduce immunosuppression in patients and sending them into the community amidst the pandemic. The important issue to consider is COVID-19 screening of donors (deceased/ living) and recipients before transplantation. The prevailing COVID-19 pandemic has largely depleted the healthcare systems of their capacity to continue transplantation with the transplant team members being redeployed into the care of virus infected patients. Transplant recipients and living donors should be separated from suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infected patients during the in-hospital stay and outpatient visits. doi = 10.5500/wjt.v10.i10.277 id = cord-253609-vi2fb43t author = Gopinathannair, Rakesh title = COVID-19 and cardiac arrhythmias: a global perspective on arrhythmia characteristics and management strategies date = 2020-06-03 keywords = HCQ; USA; covid-19 summary = Sixty of 489 respondents (12.3%) reported having to discontinue therapy with HCQ + AZM due to significant QTc prolongation and 20 (4.1%) reported cases of Torsade de Pointes in patients on HCQ/chloroquine and AZM. To better understand the cardiac arrhythmic manifestations and treatment strategies employed in hospitalized COVID-19 patients through a worldwide cross-sectional survey of arrhythmia professionals. The major findings of this global survey include the following: (a) In hospitalized COVID-19 patients, EP professionals across the globe reported a wide variety of arrhythmic manifestations, with several reporting potentially life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (sustained monomorphic VT, polymorphic VT/Torsade de Pointes, VT/VF arrest) as well as Fig. 3 Difference between US and non-US respondents regarding the percentage of hospitalized COVID-19 patients being treated with HCQ/chloroquine + azithromycin Fig. 2 Characteristics of bradyarrhythmias observed in hospitalized COVID-19 patients pulseless electrical activity. doi = 10.1007/s10840-020-00789-9 id = cord-322525-22bt6zv8 author = Gorges, Rebecca J. title = Staffing Levels and COVID‐19 Cases and Outbreaks in US Nursing Homes date = 2020-08-08 keywords = case; covid-19 summary = We use logistic regressions to examine the associations of staffing levels from Nursing Home Compare with the outcomes of any COVID‐19 cases and, conditional on at least one case, an outbreak (defined as confirmed cases / certified beds greater than 10% or total confirmed and suspected cases / beds greater than 20% or greater than 10 deaths). However, among facilities with at least one case, higher nurse aide and total nursing hours are associated with a lower probability of experiencing an outbreak and with fewer deaths. For example, whereas staffing levels are unrelated to the probability of having at least one case or even increase that probability, perhaps by increasing traffic in and out of the facility, higher NA and total nursing hours are associated with lower probability of a larger outbreak and fewer deaths. doi = 10.1111/jgs.16787 id = cord-291016-c83fs5ih author = Gori, Tommaso title = Perspective: cardiovascular disease and the Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-10 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Furthermore, the new, emergency-driven changes to hospital logistics conflict with important principles of treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes: patients with an undefined contact history or ambiguous symptoms are often approached as potential Sars-Cov-2 positive at the time of their medical contact. It is now of paramount importance that communication media inform the population that most large centers have restructured their admission protocols to provide a rapid and Covid-secure care of patients with acute coronary syndromes while still addressing the diagnosis of Sars-CoV-2 infection. International experts and the European Society of Cardiology "strongly recommend that physicians and patients should continue treatment with their usual anti-hypertensive therapy", given the lack of clinical or scientific evidence to suggest that treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensinreceptor blockers might favor the spread or the severity of Sars-CoV-2 infection [9] . doi = 10.1007/s00395-020-0792-4 id = cord-322899-uxvlagt3 author = Gorji, Ali title = The potential roles of micronutrient deficiency and immune system dysfunction in COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-11-06 keywords = COVID-19; immune; infection; vitamin summary = Micronutrients play a critical role in the coordinated recruitment of innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections, particularly in the regulation of pro-and anti-inflammatory host responses. [16] Zinc deficiency is associated with impaired immune responses and leads to a higher risk of respiratory viral infections, particularly in elderly subjects. [61] The beneficial effects of vitamin A on morbidity and mortality of some viral infections, such as measles and HIV, could be due to increased antibody production and lymphocyte proliferation as well as enhanced T-cell lymphopoiesis. [102] A modest level of vitamin E supplementation regulates the cellular free radical-antioxidant balance, enhances the antibody response, and activates the immune cells of broilers vaccinated with the infectious bronchitis virus. Micronutrient deficiencies are associated with impaired immune response and higher burden of respiratory infections in elderly Ecuadorians doi = 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111047 id = cord-267947-dnv2xl0h author = Gornet, Jean-Marc title = What do surgeons need to know about the digestive disorders and paraclinical abnormalities induced by COVID-19? date = 2020-04-24 keywords = covid-19; digestive; infection; patient summary = Fecal-oral transmission of the infection is possible, especially insofar as viral shedding in stools seems frequent and of longer duration than at the ENT level, including in patients with negative throat swab and without digestive symptoms. At the outset of the epidemic, there was a reported case of a 22-year-old female patient presenting with isolated febrile diarrhea along with normal blood test and negative fecal culture; on the other hand, chest scan revealed bilateral pneumopathy suggesting COVID-19 [7] . In a recent retrospective study involving 1141 patients presenting with documented infection, the frequency of initially isolated digestive disorders came to 16%, whereas in 96% of cases, injured lungs appeared on CT-scan [8] . This has also been reported in COVID-19, with a well-documented case of positive RT-PCR results in stools (during 7 days after hospital admission there were also 4 other negative RT-PCR test results, 2 on throat swabs, and the other 2 on sputum) in a patient presenting with non-severe bilateral pneumopathy [14] . doi = 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2020.04.017 id = cord-348748-rxyh58eu author = Gorospe, Luis title = COVID-19: Thoracic Diagnostic Interventional Procedures in Troubled Times() date = 2020-09-07 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Some publications have addressed the clinical management of cancer patients in the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, but there are no specific guidelines for performing thoracic diagnostic interventional procedures in patients with tumors who are also infected with SARS-CoV-2. Because of this situation, most of the hospital''s clinical activity (like many other centers throughout the country) was focused on the treatment of Covid-19 patients, and large numbers of medical personnel (including pulmonologists, medical oncologists and radiation therapists, thoracic surgeons, pathologists, and radiologists) had been recruited from different departments of the center for the care and management of these patients. 15 Recent articles have reminded us how important it is for radiology departments to be prepared for COVID-19 (from the indication of chest X-rays or CT to the protection of their staff), 16 but there are no specific guidelines for performing diagnostic thoracic interventional procedures in patients with tumor lesions who are also infected with SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1016/j.arbr.2020.08.008 id = cord-180457-047iqerh author = Gorrell, Genevieve title = MP Twitter Abuse in the Age of COVID-19: White Paper date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; Johnson; Twitter; abuse summary = Following Mr Johnson''s recovery, with rising economic concerns and anger about lockdown violations by influential figures, abuse levels began to rise in May. 1,902 replies to MPs within the study period were found containing hashtags or terms that refute the existence of the virus (e.g. This white paper charts Twitter abuse in replies to UK MPs, and a number of other prominent/relevant accounts, from before the start of the pandemic in the [1] Page 2 "infodemic": https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/ situation-reports/20200202-sitrep-13-ncov-v3.pdf, https://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/technology-51497800 [2] https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-52731624, https://www.independent.co.uk/ news/world/middle-east/iran-coronavirus-methanol-drink-cure-deaths-fake-a9429956. [4] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/07/black-people-four-times-morelikely-to-die-from-covid-19-ons-finds [5] https://www.pewresearch.org/pathways-2020/COVIDCREATE/main_source_of_ election_news/us_adults Methodology In this work we utilize a large tweet collection on which a natural language processing has been performed in order to identify abusive language. Difference in responses to different parties Fig 3 shows abuse received as a percentage of all replies received by MPs, for each of the time periods studied in more detail below. https://twitter.com/BorisJohnson/status/1238365263764041728 (9% of replies were abusive, tweet received 3% of all abuse to MPs in the period). doi = nan id = cord-253410-rdmopd4t author = Gorzkowski, Victor title = Evolution of olfactory disorders in COVID‐19 patients date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; olfactory summary = The time from smell loss onset to survey was 26.8±8.2 days in patients with complete olfactory recovery and 25.3±7.1 days in those with incomplete olfactory recovery (p=0.37). The findings of the present study can be summarized as follows: i)about two thirds reported a sudden olfactory/gustatory impairment; ii)olfactory/gustatory disorders can be isolate or associated to other symptoms; iii)95% of patients recovered (incompletely to completely) their olfactory function at one month; iv)olfactory function was recovered between the 4 th and the 15 th day after the onset of olfactory loss in most patients; v)half of patients completely recovered their olfactory function at 4 weeks; and vi)short time from smell loss to the onset of olfactory recovery, absence of nasal obstruction, and absence of sore/dry/tingling feeling in the nose were significantly related to the chance for complete olfactory recovery. doi = 10.1002/lary.28957 id = cord-277260-7se220oz author = Gosain, Rohit title = COVID-19 and Cancer: a Comprehensive Review date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; cancer; patient summary = Since the emergence of the first case in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, tremendous research efforts have been underway to understand the mechanisms of infectivity and transmissibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a fatal virus responsible for abysmal survival outcomes. Data from China thus far have shown that cancer patients infected with COVID-19 are at 3.5 times the risk of requiring mechanical ventilation or ICU admission, compared to the general population [9•] . The CALAVI trial will be initiated as a randomized global clinical trial to assess the potential of acalabrutinib in the treatment of the cytokine storm associated with severely ill COVID-19 patients [86] . An exploratory meta-analysis of 32 studies showed evidence of reduced mortality after receiving various doses of convalescent plasma in patients with severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology [92] . Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1007/s11912-020-00934-7 id = cord-257408-ejhhk1iu author = Goss, Matthew B. title = The Pediatric Solid Organ Transplant Experience with COVID‐19: An Initial Multi‐Center, Multi‐Organ Case Series date = 2020-09-18 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = CONCLUSIONS: Our multi‐institutional experience suggests the prognoses of pediatric transplant recipients infected with COVID‐19 may mirror those of immunocompetent children, with infrequent hospitalization and minimal treatment, if any, required. Many adult centers (2) (3) (4) have suggested that transplant recipients are at particular risk for an arduous clinical course given their immunocompromised state, though highly associated comorbidities exist as confounders and appear to play a significant role in COVID-19 outcomes for the transplant subpopulation (5) . Data were collected via institutions'' respective electronic medical record systems and were reviewed for patient characteristics, history of recent exposure, timing of presentation, symptomatology, laboratory values, immunosuppression management, antiviral treatment strategies, and clinical outcomes. To date, the bulk of the literature examining COVID-19 following transplant is adult focused, with pediatric reports limited to single patient experiences. Comorbidities associated with a severe COVID-19 clinical phenotype among adult transplant recipients, e.g. hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, (14) are less prevalent in the pediatric population. doi = 10.1111/petr.13868 id = cord-311195-oee19duz author = Gostic, Katelyn title = Estimated effectiveness of symptom and risk screening to prevent the spread of COVID-19 date = 2020-02-24 keywords = COVID-19; case; figure; screening summary = Next, we assess the overall effectiveness of a screening program by modeling screening outcomes in a hypothetical population of infected travellers, each with a different time since exposure (and hence a different probability of having progressed through incubation to show detectable symptoms). The probability that an infected person is detectable in a screening program depends on: the incubation period (the time from exposure to onset of detectable symptoms); the proportion of subclinical cases (mild cases that lack fever or cough); the sensitivity of thermal scanners used to detect fever; the fraction of cases aware they have high exposure risk; and the fraction of those cases who would self-report truthfully on a screening questionnaire. First, to estimate the probability that an infected individual would be detected or missed we considered a range of plausible values for the mean incubation time, and the fraction of subclinical Table 1 . doi = 10.7554/elife.55570 id = cord-352862-2q4h3bwj author = Goswami, Mridula title = Dealing with “Coronavirus Pandemic”: A Dental Outlook date = 2020 keywords = COVID-19; Dental; Health; World summary = An emergent pneumonia outbreak, denoted as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO) originated in Wuhan City, in late December 2019 and spread at an alarming rate to become a pandemic affecting more than 200 countries. The transmission of virus through aerosols produced by highand low-speed handpieces, ultrasonic scalers, air/water syringes, or an infected patient coughing, and even when taking intraoral radiographs has made it difficult for dental personnel to provide even the most basic services to the needful. 18 The Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry (ISPPD) also issued an advisory for oral health professionals and pediatric dentists including C (clean, cover, and confine), O (observe, online, or telephonic consultation as possible), R (restrict to emergency treatment only and all elective treatment to be postponed as far as possible), O (obey), N (no aerosol), and A (avoid). doi = 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1757 id = cord-303539-gimz41yb author = Goudouris, Ekaterini S. title = Laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19() date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; test summary = DATA SOURCES: Searches in PubMed and Google Scholar for articles made available in 2020, using the terms "diagnosis" OR "diagnostic" OR "diagnostic tests" OR "tests" AND "COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2" in the title. 25 Some studies report patients with mild (or even asymptomatic) COVID-19 present lower levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies or may even do not develop detectable levels, while patients with more severe conditions have higher levels of these. 38 The data presented suggest that the diagnosis of COVID-19 should be based on clinical manifestations, contact history, imaging tests, laboratory tests, and not only on serological tests and the search for the genetic material of the virus. The gold standard for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is the identification of viral genetic material by RT-PCR, in different samples, with greater sensitivity in bronchoalveolar lavage and nasopharyngeal swab. doi = 10.1016/j.jped.2020.08.001 id = cord-280182-615096py author = Govindan, Kannan title = A decision support system for demand management in healthcare supply chains considering the epidemic outbreaks: A case study of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; FIS; chain; supply summary = Therefore, this paper, for the first time, develops a practical decision support system based on physicians'' knowledge and fuzzy inference system (FIS) in order to help with the demand management in the healthcare supply chain, to reduce stress in the community, to break down the COVID-19 propagation chain, and, generally, to mitigate the epidemic outbreaks for healthcare supply chain disruptions.  Developing a decision support system based on FIS to manage demand in a healthcare supply chain, to break down or decelerate the virus chain, and to control the outbreak of an epidemic to mitigate its impact on the healthcare supply chain  Grouping people (service recipients) based on two criteria, including age and pre-existing diseases (such as diabetes, heart problems, or high blood pressure) and providing an independent classification method for each group  Evaluating the efficiency of the proposed approach using real world data and its validity by a sensitivity analysis procedure. doi = 10.1016/j.tre.2020.101967 id = cord-331092-eocse0xa author = Gowrisankar, A. title = Can India develop herd immunity against COVID-19? date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; India summary = Hence, this paper applies multifractal formalism on COVID-19 data with the notion that country-specific infection rates follow a power law growth behaviour. According to the estimated generalized fractal dimension curves, the effects of drastic containment measures on the pandemic in India indicate that a significant reduction of the infection rate as its population is concern. The analysis made by using practical data shows that the power law kinetics with fractal exponent provides a better fit to the current data for the number of deaths and spared rate compared than the classical epidemiological approach that assumes an exponential growth of the disease [9] [10] [11] [12] . Hence, this paper applies the multifractal formalism on COVID-19 data with the notion that country-specific transmission rates follow a power law growth nature. Short-term predictions of country-specific Covid-19 infection rates based on power law scaling exponents doi = 10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-00531-4 id = cord-283380-l60yyr6l author = Grabbe, Stephan title = Systemic immunosuppression in times of COVID‐19: Do we need to rethink our standards? date = 2020-08-02 keywords = SARS; covid-19; disease summary = However, it is also currently under discussion whether patients under immunosuppressive therapy also have a higher risk of suffering a severe course of the COVID-19 disease. However, in clinical practice, long-term therapeutic use of hydroxychloroquine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus does not appear to protect against covid-19 disease or a severe course of the disease [30, 31] . Therefore, the authors recommend that this therapy option should be considered especially in patients with other risk factors for a severe course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Essentially, there is currently no data available for a general reduction or pause of immunosuppression in patients with autoimmune diseases, since the risk of an insufficient therapy of these mostly severe diseases is clearly higher than that of an aggravated course of COVID-19 disease. Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial doi = 10.1111/ddg.14194 id = cord-345373-ulsz1d85 author = Grabia, Monika title = The Nutritional and Health Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients with Diabetes Mellitus date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; Table; pandemic summary = From 6 July to 22 July 2020, the period when the survey was conducted, the following regulations were in force in the country: nose-and-mouth coverings in confined public areas; closure of primary and secondary schools, and institutions of higher education; food and drink establishments were operational with enhanced sanitary measures in place (nose-and-mouth coverings required when not at the table, disinfecting tables, keeping a minimum distance of 1.5 m between patrons); gyms and swimming pools were reopened on 6 June 2020; individuals were allowed to socialise indoors in small groups; in most places, access to specialist medical care was provided at outpatient clinics [3] . Consumption of selected food products during the COVID-19 pandemic is presented in Figure 2 and the breakdown by the type of diabetes and gender is included in Supplementary Table S3 . A statistically significant increase in hand sanitiser use by the youngest respondents during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.001) was observed. doi = 10.3390/nu12103013 id = cord-333232-jtck578z author = Graboyes, Evan title = COVID‐19 pandemic and health care disparities in head and neck cancer: Scanning the horizon date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; HNC; care summary = Potential drivers of disparate HNC survival resulting from the pandemic include (a) differential access to telemedicine, timely diagnosis, and treatment; (b) implicit bias in initiatives to triage, prioritize, and schedule HNC‐directed therapy; and (c) the marked changes in employment, health insurance, and dependent care. We present four strategies to mitigate these disparities: (a) collect detailed data on access to care by race/ethnicity, income, education, and community; (b) raise awareness of HNC disparities; (c) engage stakeholders in developing culturally appropriate solutions; and (d) ensure that surgical prioritization protocols minimize risk of racial/ethnic bias. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, best practices in health care delivery for head and neck cancer (HNC) have been upended amid urgent efforts to protect patients, providers, and communities while stewarding scarce resources. 29 Third, the marked changes in employment status, health insurance coverage, and dependent care responsibilities may further aggravate racial/ethnic disparities in access to care and treatment for patients with HNC, particularly because workers of color are more likely to have lost employment during the pandemic. doi = 10.1002/hed.26345 id = cord-255625-4r6ng57a author = Graffigna, Guendalina title = “Cultivating” acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccination program: Lessons from Italy date = 2020-11-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Citizens need to be engaged in a deep process of psychological acceptance, in order to adopt a socially responsible approach to COVID-19 preventive behaviors [4, 5] . Chi-squared and z-tests showed that the percentage of willing people is significantly higher amongst those who agree with the statement ''''I have the primary responsibility for preventing the infection by COVID-19" (63%) when compared with those who disagree (42.6%). Moreover, our data showed that the percentage is higher amongst those people who agree that preventive behaviours are an act of social responsibility (64.1%), when compared to those who don''t agree (24.9%). Engaging citizens towards the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccination is a urgent challenge that the public health community needs to face. In our opinion, developing a COVID-19 public vaccination program should start from considering people''s attitudes to engage them in an educational campaign focused on fostering the citizens-science alliance. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.025 id = cord-312114-lcyv211y author = Graichen, Heiko title = The role of an Orthopaedic Surgeon in the time of Covid-19 Pandemic–a German perspective date = 2020-05-13 keywords = Orthopaedic; covid-19 summary = The Covid-19 pandemic is affecting all aspects of our lives, therefore this editorial is divided into 4 sessions: Role as surgeon, as doctor, as teacher, and as family member. Overall, it has to be stated, that all parts of our lives as an Orthopaedic Surgeon are affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. In a time, when all resources are bundled fighting against the virus, the role of Orthopaedics within the Hospital organisation is changing a lot. All team members were informed and trained on those guidelines, however, with the increasing number of Covid-19 positive patients and employees the number of contact persons who also needed to be quarantined became so high, that a routine shift sometimes was not possible. In this new unit, only Covid-19 positive patients with mild symptoms will be bundled and all orthopaedic surgeons will become part of an interdisciplinary team. doi = 10.1016/j.jor.2020.05.010 id = cord-320045-qhk01o9m author = Gralnek, Ian M. title = ESGE and ESGENA Position Statement on gastrointestinal endoscopy and the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; endoscopy summary = esge.com) and the European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (www.esgena.com) have joined forces to provide guidance in order to assure the highest level of protection against COVID-19 for both patients and health care personnel. The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (www.esge.com) and the European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (www.esgena.org) are joining forces to provide guidance during this pandemic to help assure the highest level of endoscopy care and protection against COVID-19 for both patients and endoscopy unit personnel. The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (www.esge.com) and the European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (www.esgena.org) are joining forces to provide guidance during this pandemic to help assure the highest level of endoscopy care and protection against COVID-19 for both patients and endoscopy unit personnel. doi = 10.1055/a-1155-6229 id = cord-274581-mdk7vu36 author = Grande, Giuseppe title = COVID-19 and the Gastrointestinal System: Lesions Beyond the Symptoms? date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Grande, Giuseppe; Cocca, Silvia; Russo, Salvatore; Mangiafico, Santi; Caruso, Angelo; Pigò, Flavia; Conigliaro, Rita; Bertani, Helga Although the predominant symptoms of this new coronavirus infection are respiratory, the gastrointestinal tract is also significantly involved. In this short report, we will discuss a new and unexpected clinical presentation related to COVID-19 colonization of upper gastrointestinal tract. Although COVID-19 infection has been recognised as a predominant respiratory syndrome, daily clinical experience and latest studies refer also gastrointestinal (GI) tract involvement. 9 We present the patient presented with predominant respiratory symptoms correlated with COVID-19 infection, and the onset of acute dysphagia was unexpected and delayed. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Effect of gastrointestinal symptoms on patients infected with COVID-19 Gastrointestinal symptoms of 95 cases with SARS-CoV-2 infection doi = 10.14309/crj.0000000000000464 id = cord-340656-ltd6ueoi author = Grant, Michael C. title = The prevalence of symptoms in 24,410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; clinical summary = title: The prevalence of symptoms in 24,410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries Furthermore, with few included studies (30 in the largest and most recent [12] ), the range of symptoms were limited and the estimates of prevalence are likely to be upwardly biased because only unwell patients (largely those admitted to hospital) were tested in the early phase of the outbreak. We excluded case reports, articles which failed to disaggregate symptoms in adult and paediatric cohorts, studies of patients with prior respiratory infections (e.g. tuberculosis) or co-infections with other viruses (e.g. similar viruses SARS-CoV-1 or HCoV-EMC/2012, etc) and articles which we are unable to translate to English in a timely fashion. Clinical characteristics of laboratory confirmed positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China: A retrospective single center analysis Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0234765 id = cord-304356-jyp9gjh9 author = Grant, Rogan A. title = Alveolitis in severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is driven by self-sustaining circuits between infected alveolar macrophages and T cells date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS; cell; figure; pneumonia summary = We performed single cell RNA-Seq in 5 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples collected from patients with severe COVID-19 within 48 hours of intubation. b. Sankey diagram illustrating relationship between number of BAL samples from participants with COVID-19, other viral pneumonia, non-viral pneumonia (other pneumonia) and non-pneumonia controls 1) enrolled in the SCRIPT study (534 samples), 2) analyzed via flow cytometry (344 samples), 3) bulk RNA-seq on flow-sorted alveolar macrophages (243 samples) and 4) single-cell RNA-seq (6 samples). To define the immune cell profile over the course of severe SARS-CoV-2-induced pneumonia, we analyzed 116 samples from 61 patients with confirmed COVID-19 in our cohort. As our analysis of transcriptomic data from alveolar macrophages suggested that SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is uniquely associated with the activation of pathways induced by interferons, we looked for the expression of type I interferons in our single cell dataset. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.05.238188 id = cord-262311-vdbk50pl author = Grant-Kels, Jane M. title = Response to “Risks of Hydroxychloroquine use for COVID-19 prophylaxis” date = 2020-04-26 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Response to "Risks of Hydroxychloroquine use for COVID-19 prophylaxis" A recent Wall Street Journal article reported data compiled from the Global Rheumatology Alliance (a coalition of rheumatologists) that more than five dozen "people taking hydroxychloroquine and other treatments for chronic rheumatologic diseases have become infected with Covid-19, according to an analysis of emerging data that is a sign the drugs may not protect people from the new coronavirus." 8. Risks of Hydroxychloroquine use for COVID-19 prophylaxis Hydroxychloroquine in the management of critically ill patients with COVID-19: the need for an evidence base Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: an observational study Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.112 id = cord-292544-m7jyydf1 author = Grau-Pujol, Berta title = Pre-exposure prophylaxis with hydroxychloroquine for high-risk healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A structured summary of a study protocol for a multicentre, double-blind randomized controlled trial date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; Hospital; SARS; study summary = OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with hydroxychloroquine against placebo in healthcare workers with high risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in reducing their risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease during an epidemic period. As secondary endpoints, we will obtain: i) the SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in the PrEP group compared to placebo during the 6 months of follow-up in healthcare workers with negative serology at day 0; ii) the occurrence of any adverse event related with hydroxychloroquine treatment; iii) the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 among healthcare workers in the non-PrEP group, among the total of healthcare workers included in the non-PrEP group during the study period; iv) the risk ratio for the different clinical, analytical and microbiological conditions to develop COVID-19; v) a repository of serum samples obtained from healthcare workers confirmed COVID-19 cases for future research on blood markers to predict SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-04621-7 id = cord-299044-j7txbt1n author = Gravas, Stavros title = Impact of COVID-19 on medical education: introducing homo digitalis date = 2020-08-29 keywords = CME; COVID-19 summary = Results were analyzed to examine the influence of age, practice region and settings on continuing medical education (CME) of the respondents. To better enhance the continuity of learning for urologists in this time of transition and uncertainty, the Société Internationale d''Urologie (SIU) disseminated a survey to members worldwide, to determine how they are continuing their education in the face of COVID-19. There were no statistically significant differences in the use of podcasts/ AV media (33%), online CME courses/webinars (36%), and social media (33%); all were more common than reporting having no time or interest for continuing medical education (6%; all p values < 0.001). Younger urologists were more likely than expected to use the literature (69%), podcasts/AV media (38%), online CME courses/webinars (40%), and social media (39%) (adjusted standardized residuals = 5.23, 3.99, 2.69, and 5.18, respectively). doi = 10.1007/s00345-020-03417-3 id = cord-334235-ymsiihwd author = Gray, Belinda title = Patients with Genetic Heart Disease and COVID-19: A Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ) Consensus Statement date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Abstract In the context of the current global COVID-19 pandemic, this Consensus Statement provides current recommendations for patients with, or at risk of developing, genetic heart disease, and for their health care management and service provision in Australia and New Zealand. However, we have identified areas of consensus among specialists from the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ) Cardiovascular Genetics Diseases Council with regards to managing patients with genetic heart disease in this current COVID-19 pandemic. [4] ; key points as below: o QT interval monitoring for all patients commenced on hydroxychloroquine or when combining anti-viral drugs for COVID-19 o Avoid the use of more than one medication which prolongs the QT interval as far as is possible o If the corrected QT interval (QTc) is consistently >500ms, we recommend consultation with a cardiogenetics expert or an electrophysiologist for guidance on further management to minimise risk of Torsade de Pointes. doi = 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.04.006 id = cord-352774-dpgk9bvc author = Graziani, A. title = Pulmonary artery thrombosis in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Retrospective studies demonstrated that patients admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) had an elevated D Dimer value and, in this setting, some Authors recommended a therapeutic heparin doses for the patients with higher values [4] . A recent ICU obs ervation reported an increased risk of Pulmonary Embolism (PE) in COVID-19 compared to the historical control group even in patients that had undergone the Low Molecular Weight Heparin prophylaxis [5] . CTPA was positive for PE in 37% of COVID 19 patients (14,5 % in pre COVID patients), D-Dimer was associated with a higher prevalence of thromboembolic events and correlated with the degree of PE severity. The Authors observed that this is apparently in contrast with the relatively frequent reports of PE in hospitalized COVID-19 patients It is possible that local thrombi in the lungs may be the cause of pulmonary arterial manifestations [10] . doi = 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.07.013 id = cord-326834-eeldyj2u author = Graziani, Desirée title = Characteristics and Prognosis of COVID-19 in Patients with COPD date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COPD; COVID-19; patient summary = Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) have a higher prevalence of coronary ischemia and other factors that put them at risk for COVID-19-related complications. Several observational and case-control studies have confirmed a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in COPD patients than in the general population, possibly due to the coexistence of common risk factors or an associated pathogenic mechanism [11] . Subsequently, a systematic review and meta-analysis showed that, although the prevalence of COPD in COVID-19 cases was low, SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with high rates of severity and mortality in patients with COPD [20] . Most patients admitted for COVID-19 presented pulmonary infiltrates compatible with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and, in some cases, with associated heart failure; this finding markedly differed from patients with COPD exacerbation due to other viral causes. doi = 10.3390/jcm9103259 id = cord-325141-x3txhjkr author = Grech, Victor title = Vaccine hesitancy among Maltese Healthcare workers toward influenza and novel COVID-19 vaccination date = 2020-10-01 keywords = covid-19; influenza; vaccine summary = This study was carried out to ascertain Maltese healthcare workers'' hesitancy to a novel COVID-19 vaccine and correlate this with influenza vaccine uptake. This study was carried out to ascertain Maltese healthcare workers'' hesitancy to a novel COVID-19 vaccine and correlate this with influenza vaccine uptake. (9) This study was carried out in order to ascertain the degree of vaccine hesitancy in Maltese healthcare workers vis-à-vis a putative novel COVID-19 vaccine later this year, and correlate this with influenza vaccination uptake. The increased proportion of Maltese healthcare workers who plan to take the influenza vaccine this year when compared to last winter is probably due to increased awareness of respiratory viral illnesses in general in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The proportions of those who are likely/undecided/unlikely (half, quarter, quarter respectively) to take a COVID-19 are similar to rates reported in other countries.(10) The higher male inclination to take the vaccine may be due to a combination of factors which could include the innate male propensity for perceived risk taking in the face of a novel vaccine. doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105213 id = cord-282312-h3h6vw5l author = Greco, Antonio title = Outcomes of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockers in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 1 COVID-19 is associated with higher case fatality in patients with comorbidities, including those with arterial hypertension or other cardiovascular diseases. 3 It has been hypothesized that the use of ACEIs/ARBs may negatively impact on the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients by affecting the expression of angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 aminopeptidase (ACE-2), the human receptor for SARS-CoV-2. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and web sources up to 7 June 2020 for studies reporting data on the association between ACEI/ARB use and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. When needed, the corresponding authors of the included studies were contacted, and one of them provided additional data that were not available in the original publication. In the unadjusted analysis, the use of ACEIs/ARBs was not associated with an increased risk of all-cause death (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.57-1.58; Figure 1A ) or severe disease (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.60-1.31). Estimation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS)-inhibitor effect on COVID-19 outcome: a meta-analysis doi = 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa074 id = cord-271407-wrhjnz8w author = Greco, Francesco title = Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health-related quality-of-life in uro-oncologic patients: what should we wait for? date = 2020-07-17 keywords = IQR; covid-19 summary = From the 1 st March to the 26 th April 2020 as the daily rate of COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units has consistently been between 9% and 11% of all patients who are actively infected, our hospital decided to reduce surgical activity and since then only 3 robot-assisted radical prostatectomies (RARPs) for high-risk prostate cancer were performed at our department. In this study, we focused for the first time in literature on the impact of postponement of surgeries due to COVID-19 emergency on the on health-related quality-of-life of uro-oncologic patients by using the SF-36 questionnaire. Actually, basing on the data concerning the incidence of urologic tumors, it could be hypothesized a further extension in Italy of the waiting list for cancer diseases, which could be subsequently associated to increased risk of psychologic disorders and decrements in health status in the oncological patients. doi = 10.1016/j.clgc.2020.07.008 id = cord-293852-r72c6584 author = Greco, S. title = Noncoding RNAs implication in cardiovascular diseases in the COVID-19 era date = 2020-10-31 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; Disease; RNA; SARS; patient summary = Different studies found that the values of cardiac Troponins were increased in COVID-19 patients with more severe disease [4, 5, [68] [69] [70] , indicating an association of SARS-CoV-2 with myocardial damage. Moreover, the single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) approach has been used to profile the SARS-CoV-2 host-response in the PBMCs of COVID-19 patients, and to comprehensively characterize the immunological changes [124] [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] [130] . However, SARS-CoV-2 infection of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) induced cytotoxic effects and RNA-seq findings highlighted significant transcriptional changes in gene pathways related to cellular metabolism and immune response [131] [132] [133] . This analysis also revealed several host-derived lncRNAs differentially expressed in COVID-19 patient-derived lung tissue, and in SARS-CoV-2 infected epithelial cells, including MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) and NEAT1 (nuclear-enriched autosomal transcript 1) [151] (Fig. 5) . doi = 10.1186/s12967-020-02582-8 id = cord-294969-57xgqf2g author = Green, Bart N. title = Rapid Deployment of Chiropractic Telehealth at 2 Worksite Health Centers in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observations from the Field date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; RTVC; care; patient summary = Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to describe the rapid deployment of remote musculoskeletal care through telehealth, particularly using real time video conferencing, for chiropractic services integrated in 2 health centers located on 2 campuses of a large company in California. There were 3 distinct challenges to operationalizing remote RTVCs: (1) the chiropractors had to conduct their part of the visits from their homes; (2) the patients had to access visits from home; and (3) there was no direct contact with the interprofessional provider team, health center management, or technical support. The setting and context of the WSHC environment is a key part of how we have operationalized the use of chiropractic RTVCs. The interprofessional collaborative team that staffs the health center greatly facilitates the ability to transition rapidly from in-clinic care to RTVCs. The providers have a regular practice of working as a team. doi = 10.1016/j.jmpt.2020.05.008 id = cord-284851-gtdyexp1 author = Green, Jon title = Elusive consensus: Polarization in elite communication on the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; Congress; republican summary = We examine polarization in cues sent to the public by current members of the U.S. House and Senate during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, measuring polarization as the ability to correctly classify the partisanship of tweets'' authors based solely on the text and the dates they were sent. We find further evidence of polarization in elite communication regarding the COVID-19 pandemic using a combination of natural language processing and machine learning techniques, which en-able us to correctly classify the partisanship of 76% of tweets based solely on the text features they contain and the dates they were sent. Plot (B) shows the increases of political ideology of members of Congress by the median predicted probability of their test set tweets being authored by a Republican. Our analysis of tweets sent by members of Congress during the early months of the outbreak indicates that members quickly polarized around the issue, with Democrats discussing the issue earlier, more frequently, and with more emphasis on public health and direct aid to affected workers. doi = 10.1126/sciadv.abc2717 id = cord-343978-w1fsu787 author = Greene, E A title = Extension Horses, Inc. experts act fast to create online resources to assist the horse industry during COVID-19 date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A series of infographics, webinars, and podcasts (three in each category) were created to provide guidance on essential care of horses, emergency preparedness, financial assistance, legal concerns, and biosecurity during the crucial, initial weeks of the pandemic (March-April, 2020). The group decided on a coordinated effort to create and share infographics, webinars, and podcasts addressing COVID-19 related issues pertinent to equine clientele across the nation. Three infographics were developed and were disseminated between March 31 and April 2 (Table 1) providing COVID-19-related information impacting horse owners/businesses. The EH members agreed that the financial impact of COVID-19 on equine businesses was a primary concern of the horse industry, which was reflected by the extensive reach and sharing of the financial assistance webinar Facebook announcement. The podcast content provides the listeners with examples of how the various barn owners and veterinarians were responding to restrictions, mandates, and personal safety related to COVID-19 and equine businesses. doi = 10.1093/tas/txaa085 id = cord-267257-kwy9puxo author = Greenhalgh, Sue title = Safety netting; best practice in the face of uncertainty date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; safety summary = Screening for Red Flags and any indication of a serious cause of symptoms is always first line in any consultation, however, clinical presentations are not always black and white with patients falling into a clear diagnostic category. Safety netting advice in the current pandemic must include red flags to be aware of and clearly articulate potential risks and consequences of not seeking timely health care for serious conditions. Almond confirms the safety net advice should include specific clinical features (red flags) that the patient should be aware of, along with time scale for symptom development as well as the time and location for health seeking. Within this future musculoskeletal practice model, whether consultations are remote or face to face, we need to consider the process of safety netting to be best practice in any physiotherapy setting to facilitate early presentation with a serious condition. doi = 10.1016/j.msksp.2020.102179 id = cord-296208-uy1r6lt2 author = Greenspan, Hayit title = Position paper on COVID-19 imaging and AI: from the clinical needs and technological challenges to initial AI solutions at the lab and national level towards a new era for AI in healthcare date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; CXR; datum; disease summary = We focus on three specific use-cases for which AI systems can be built: early disease detection, management in a hospital setting, and building patient-specific predictive models that require the combination of imaging with additional clinical data. Many studies have emerged in the last several months from the medical imaging community with many research groups as well as companies introducing deep learning based solutions to tackle the various tasks: mostly in detection of the disease (vs normal), and more recently also for staging disease severity. In Section 2 of this paper we focus on three specific use-cases for which AI systems can be built: detection, patient management, and predictive models in which the imaging is combined with additional clinical features. Rapid ai development cycle for the coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic: Initial results for automated detection and patient monitoring using deep learning ct image analysis doi = 10.1016/j.media.2020.101800 id = cord-323661-rss9litb author = Gressenberger, Paul title = Significant increase in the incidence of high-risk pulmonary embolism during the COVID-19 shutdown: the pandemic response causes serious collateral consequences date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Significant increase in the incidence of high-risk pulmonary embolism during the COVID-19 shutdown: the pandemic response causes serious collateral consequences By retrospective data analysis we explored the incidence of PE patients, defined as high-risk according to the 2019 ESC-guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute PE at our emergency department in the period from March 16 to April 30, 2020 (forty-six days) during 3 the countrywide shutdown that was initiated by the Austrian government. The main finding of our retrospective data analysis was a significant increase in hospital admissions of patients with life-threatening high-risk PE during the shut-down period (March 4 16 -April 30, 2020; 33.3%) compared to both the period before the shutdown in 2020 ("control period 1"; 3.8%, p=0.011) and the same time period in 2019 ("control period 2"; 0%, p=0.003) (Table 1) (Figure 1 ). In conclusion, delayed hospital admission led to a significant increase in high-risk PE patients during the COVID-19 shutdown in Austria. doi = 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.10.007 id = cord-311942-oju4gosw author = Grewal, Parneet title = Acute Ischemic Stroke and COVID-19: Experience From a Comprehensive Stroke Center in Midwest US date = 2020-08-20 keywords = AIS; COVID-19; patient summary = Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of patients hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and COVID-19 to our comprehensive stroke center in Chicago, IL, between March 1, 2020, and April 30, 2020. Data on the potential increased risk of stroke in COVID19 has not yet been reported in racially diverse patient populations such as Latinos and African-Americans (4, 5) . In this manuscript, we report clinical and laboratory characteristics along with outcomes of patients with COVID-19 and acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who presented to our comprehensive stroke center in Chicago, IL, between March 1, 2020 and April 30, 2020. These included age, gender, ethnicity, pre-existing vascular risk factors, admission vital signs, laboratory values, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on admission and at discharge (or at the time of data collection for patients still hospitalized). "COVID" group had more Abbreviations: SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome virus; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 19; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.00910 id = cord-292721-954nxptr author = Grey, Ian title = The Role of Perceived Social Support on Depression and Sleep during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; social; support summary = A total of 2,020 participants provided responses to an online cross-sectional survey comprised of validated instruments including the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), the nine item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Brief Irritability Test (BITe) and the UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS). In light of the foregoing discussion, the primary objective of our study was to comprehensively examine the role of perceived social support in relation to depression, anxiety, irritability and sleep quality amongst individuals undergoing social isolation during the COVID-19 outbreak. The first step in the analysis involved comparing scores for depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), irritability (BITe), loneliness (UCLA-LS) and perceived social support (MSPSS) between those who reported being in quarantine/expiring selfisolation and those who were not. In the current study, perceived social support was observed to have significant inverse associations with anxiety, depression, loneliness, irritability and quality of sleep with higher levels of support related to lower scores on measures of these specific outcomes. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113452 id = cord-251957-luw8m3eq author = Griffin, Claire L. title = Aortic Disease in the Time of COVID: Repercussions on Patient Care at an Academic Aortic Center date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Here we describe the modifications we have implemented in clinical care provided by the 8 multidisciplinary Aortic Disease Program at our large regional referral institution to address the 9 challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic. Unfortunately given the rapid escalation of this worldwide pandemic, we do not 19 have the luxury of waiting for definitive data regarding the effects of COVID-19 on the 20 cardiovascular system-we must proceed in the face of this uncertainty to continue to take care 21 of patients. We have also considered altering our operative plan for patients with aortic disease in need of 13 high-risk operations to take into consideration the current and projected constrained resources of 14 our hospital system due to the pandemic. Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During 17 the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.04.487 id = cord-349428-i2s41kl7 author = Griffin, Ian title = The Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Labor and Delivery, Newborn Nursery, and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Prospective Observational Data from a Single Hospital System date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; mother summary = The study population consisted of maternal-infant dyads whose mothers were identified to be either COVID-19 positive or persons under investigation (PUI) before their admission to labor and delivery (L&D) or at any time before their discharge. Obstetric patients who were COVID-19 positive or PUIs were cared for in a designated suite of single-person airborne infection isolation (AIIRs) negative pressure rooms separate from the main L&D unit through delivery and the postpartum period, while awaiting testing for COVID-19 or if they had tested positive for COVID-19. If a mother tested positive for COVID-19 and newborn infants had been immediately separated at birth from their mother, neonatal isolation precautions were suspended after two negative polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based nasopharyngeal swab tests, performed at 48 hours and at 5 days of life, respectively. doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1713416 id = cord-322336-ktxi3v3a author = Griffin, John H. title = COVID‐19 hypothesis: Activated protein C for therapy of virus‐induced pathologic thromboinflammation date = 2020-06-12 keywords = APC; COVID-19 summary = In preclinical studies, activated protein C (APC) provides negative feedback downregulation of excessive inflammation and thrombin generation, attenuates damage caused by ischemia‐reperfusion in many organs including lungs, and reduces death caused by bacterial pneumonia. APC, activated protein C; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 responsible for reducing death due to pneumonia and sepsis. Taken together, these preclinical studies imply that APC''s cell-signaling actions may reduce SARS-CoV-2-induced damage in severely ill patients with COVID-19 involving pneumonia, lung inflammation, pulmonary hypoxemia, and some other organ pathologies. Thus, we hypothesize that 3K3A-APC, which has been demonstrated to be safe in humans when given as repeated boluses over 2 days, 22, 23 would be a beneficial therapy of appropriately selected patients with COVID-19 at risk of serious illness and death because it would reduce uncontrolled inflammation and endothelial and epithelial dysfunction and would attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury in lungs and/or other organs. doi = 10.1002/rth2.12362 id = cord-294429-isivkz8b author = Grifoni, Alba title = Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals date = 2020-05-20 keywords = CD4; CD8; Fig; SARS; cell; covid-19 summary = To test for the generation of SARS-CoV-2 CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses following infection, we initially recruited 20 adult patients who had recovered from COVID-19 disease ( Table 1) . Initial definition and assessment of human antigen-specific SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses are best made with direct ex vivo T cell assays using broad-based epitope pools, such as MPs, and assays capable of detecting T cells of unknown cytokine polarization and functional attributes. Data from both the epitope MPs and protein peptide pool experiments can be interpreted in the context of previously reported T cell response immunodominance patterns observed for other coronaviruses, particularly the SARS and MERS viruses, which have been studied in humans, HLA-transgenic mice, wild-type mice and other species. (C) Correlation of SARS-CoV-2−specific CD4 + T cells detected using the epitope prediction approach (CD4_R MP) compared against the sum total of all antigen pools of overlapping peptides (excluding spike), run with samples from the same donors in two different experiment series. doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015 id = cord-292295-57copxdc author = Grigoletto, Isis title = Recovery after COVID-19: The potential role of pulmonary rehabilitation date = 2020-07-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Data from studies that investigated the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on pulmonary function and exercise capacity demonstrated impairment in lung function in up to 23% of patients at 1-year follow up as well as a reduction in exercise capacity when compared to predicted values in a normal population. 7, 8 Given the intensive medical management for people with severe/critical COVID-19, which can include prolonged mechanical ventilation, sedation, and use of neuromuscular blocking agents, this specific population may be at high risk of developing intensive care unit acquired weakness: a disease that has long-term effects on symptoms and physical function. The 1-year impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in a cohort of survivors Impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on pulmonary function, functional capacity and quality of life in a cohort of survivors doi = 10.1016/j.bjpt.2020.07.002 id = cord-311694-2b2swi0l author = Grima, Simon title = A Country Pandemic Risk Exposure Measurement Model date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; PREM; Risk; country; factor summary = PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to develop a Pandemic Risk Exposure Measurement (PREM) model to determine the factors that affect a country''s prospective vulnerability to a pandemic risk exposure also considering the current COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: The developed PREM model shows that monitoring of Demographic Features, Country''s Activity Features, Economic Exposure and Societal Vulnerability can help a country to identify the possible impact of pandemic risk exposure and develop policies, strategies, regulations, etc., to help a country strengthen its capacity to meet the economic, social and in turn healthcare demands due to pandemic hazards such as COVID-19. 66 The recent study of measuring the economic risk of COVID-19 has computed measures for exposure (population, night-time light and transport density), vulnerability (data on economic outcomes, human development, tourism, and health quality) and resilience (Internet access, public and private debt, government expenditure, sociocultural disparity) of the local economy to the shock of the epidemic. doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s270553 id = cord-286523-4ip8er0h author = Grippaudo, Francesca Romana title = The impact of COVID-19 in plastic surgery departments: a comparative retrospective study in a COVID-19 and in a non-COVID-19 hospital date = 2020-08-26 keywords = covid-19; hospital; surgery summary = Most of the Italian plastic surgery wards faced a reduction in beds and theatres to enable hospitals to free up healthcare staff to provide medical care for patients in other areas, given the need for a change in work organization to comply with limited outpatient clinic activities and reduced theatre availability for all hospitalization typologies and to cope with new pre-hospitalization modalities to screen up COVID-19 positive patients among the ones scheduled for surgery. Are you in contact with anyone who has been confirmed to be COVID-19 posiƟve, or that are in quaranƟne for exposure to Study data shows the effects of the consequence of cancellation of plastic surgery elective surgeries in both hospitals during the lockdown, when the operating theatre was available only for such urgent procedures as melanoma or melanoma and SLNB removal or for post-traumatic reconstruction in PU1. doi = 10.1007/s00238-020-01725-w id = cord-355898-hlkwwaqe author = Grippo, Antonello title = Electroencephalography during SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: practical recommendations from the task force of the Italian Society of Neurophysiology (SINC), the Italian League Against Epilepsy (LICE), and the Italian Association of Neurophysiology Technologists (AITN) date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; EEG; Italian; patient summary = METHODS: Presidents of SINC, LICE, and AITN endorsed three members per each society to formulate recommendations: classification of the degree of urgency of EEG clinical indications, management and behavior of physicians and neurophysiology technologists, hygiene and personal protection standards, and use of technical equipment. the neurological specialist assesses the clinical need and establishes the appropriate timing of all EEG studies in COVID+/COVID-uncertain patients, in collaboration with the team of clinicians involved in direct care; if the NPT staff is limited, the neurological specialist assesses the appropriateness of all EEG requests, regardless of COVID-19 status; the possibility of performing a prolonged EEG recording rather than repeated standard EEG examinations (20-30 min) is examined beforehand, depending on the request, in order to reduce overall NPT efforts and the contact time of COVID+/COVID-uncertain patients; the usefulness/necessity of standard activation procedures, particularly hyperventilation, is carefully assessed in the individual case. doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04585-1 id = cord-288421-sgzg7ndp author = Grobler, Corlia title = Covid-19: The Rollercoaster of Fibrin(Ogen), D-Dimer, Von Willebrand Factor, P-Selectin and Their Interactions with Endothelial Cells, Platelets and Erythrocytes date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; VWF; Willebrand; platelet summary = title: Covid-19: The Rollercoaster of Fibrin(Ogen), D-Dimer, Von Willebrand Factor, P-Selectin and Their Interactions with Endothelial Cells, Platelets and Erythrocytes Of particular interest are the various circulating inflammatory coagulation biomarkers involved directly in clotting, with specific focus on fibrin(ogen), D-dimer, P-selectin and von Willebrand Factor (VWF). Of particular interest are the various circulating inflammatory coagulation biomarkers involved directly in clotting, with specific focus on fibrin(ogen), D-dimer, P-selectin and von Willebrand Factor (VWF). One cause of depleted platelet numbers might be because of an increase in circulating biomarkers (including fibrin(ogen), D-dimer, P-selectin and VWF) that may directly bind to platelet receptors, followed by platelet hyperactivation and aggregation. We first discuss how fibrin(ogen) D-dimer, VWF and P-selectin interact with platelets, endothelial cells and erythrocytes. Ligand binding, including fibrin(ogen) and D-dimer to platelet receptors, followed by the activation of signalling pathways, leads to the secretion of molecules stored in these granules. doi = 10.3390/ijms21145168 id = cord-034691-cw1311qg author = Grodecki, Kajetan title = Quantitative Burden of COVID-19 Pneumonia on Chest CT Predicts Adverse Outcomes: A Post-Hoc Analysis of a Prospective International Registry date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; GGO summary = In multivariable regression of clinical and CT parameters, consolidation burden (odds ratio [OR], 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7, 6.9 per doubling; P = .001) and increasing GGO attenuation (OR, 3.2; 95% CI: 1.3, 8.3 per standard deviation, P = .02) were independent predictors of deterioration or death; as was C-reactive protein (OR, 2.1; 95% CI: 1.3, 3.4 per doubling; P = .004), history of heart failure (OR 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.6, P = .01), and chronic lung disease (OR, 1.3; 95% CI: 1.0, 1.6; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative burden of consolidation or GGO on chest CT independently predict clinical deterioration or death in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. In this post-hoc analysis of a prospective, international, multicenter registry, we sought to examine the independent and incremental value of CT-derived quantitative burden and attenuation of diseased lung (GGO or consolidation) for the prediction of clinical deterioration or death in COVID-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1148/ryct.2020200389 id = cord-323398-4zvs7f6e author = Groshkova, Teodora title = Will the Current COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Long-Term Cannabis Buying Practices? date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Will the Current COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Long-Term Cannabis Buying Practices? The COVID-19 pandemic and the response to have resulted in an increase in sales activity levels on darknet markets during the first three months of 2020, mainly related to cannabis products. The COVID-19 pandemic is impacting on all areas of life and for an agency responsible for monitoring drug markets in Europe two important questions are: is the current pandemic affecting the availability and use of drugs? However, another key question is whether and how the current COVID-19 crisis might change future drug markets. 8 In the first three months of 2020, which saw the unfolding COVID pandemic, online cannabis sales increased by 27%. This distinction is an important one as in the latter case the long-term impact of the current crisis could be more cannabis users becoming familiar with this way of accessing these drugs. COVID-19 and drugs: Drug supply via darknet markets. doi = 10.1097/adm.0000000000000698 id = cord-266648-962r0vm8 author = Grossberg, Laurie B title = Review of Societal Recommendations Regarding Management of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; IBD; SARS summary = title: Review of Societal Recommendations Regarding Management of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Although data in patients with IBD contracting COVID-19 are still limited, both providers and patients have particular concerns regarding the risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and how to manage their medications during the COVID-19 pandemic. Information regarding risk factors, prevention, routine care (including office visits, testing, endoscopy, and surgery), and medication management of patients with IBD in the setting of COVID-19 was collected from each reference and is summarized in the Results. 10, 11 Other organizations, including the American Gastroenterological Association doi: 10.1093/ibd/izaa174 Published online 3 July 2020 (AGA), the Gastroenterological Society of Australia, and the European Crohn''s and Colitis Organisation (ECCO), agree that there are no data to support an increased risk of infection among patients with IBD. doi = 10.1093/ibd/izaa174 id = cord-270611-4hfn12hh author = Grossi, Enzo title = Guidelines for the Perplexed: How to Maximize Colonoscopy Efficiency During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = [10] propose in this issue of Digestive Diseases and Sciences, the policy of appropriately triaging and rescheduling endoscopic procedures, in particular screening and surveillance colonoscopy, should be based on specific and timely adopted new guidelines. In their single-center observational study of patients scheduled for open-access (OA) colonoscopy ordered by a primary physician over a six-week period during the COVID-19 pandemic, they found that up to one-fifth of colonoscopies can be rescheduled into a future year based on USMTSTF guidelines [14] . Thus, the study confirms that: a) PCPs recommend repeat colonoscopy sooner than guidelines suggest [15, 16] ; and b) a significant proportion of open access colonoscopies for colorectal cancer prevention are indeed inappropriate, confirming the figure of nearly 8% according to a recent review by Kapila et al. Adoption of multi-society guidelines facilitates value-based reduction in screening and surveillance colonoscopy volume during COVID-19 pandemic Gastrointestinal endoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic: an updated review of guidelines and statements from international and national societies doi = 10.1007/s10620-020-06634-3 id = cord-270511-eugkdh6k author = Grossman, Ephraim S. title = COVID-19 related loneliness and sleep problems in older adults: Worries and resilience as potential moderators date = 2020-08-28 keywords = covid-19; loneliness; sleep summary = title: COVID-19 related loneliness and sleep problems in older adults: Worries and resilience as potential moderators This study aimed to assess COVID-19 related worries and resilience as potential moderators of the loneliness-sleep problems link. In summary, the aim of the current study was to examine how worries or resilience may moderate the link of COVID-19 imposed loneliness with sleep problems. Reports of sleep problems correlated positively with loneliness and with COVID-19 related worries, and negatively with resilience. After controlling for the effect of Step 1 variables, loneliness, but not resilience or COVID-19 related worries, was related to higher sleep problem levels. Interactions further corroborated our hypotheses, indicating that among older adults, the rate of sleep problems associated with loneliness depended on COVID-19 related worries, and inversely on resilience. doi = 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110371 id = cord-350859-0khu9mz3 author = Grotto, Rejane Maria Tommasini title = Increasing molecular diagnostic capacity and COVID-19 incidence in Brazil date = 2020-08-18 keywords = Brazil; covid-19 summary = With that in mind, we studied the increase in COVID-19 molecular diagnostic capacity of public health laboratories in different regions in Brazil. Therefore, we searched the epidemiological bulletins provided by the Ministry of Health of Brazil (available at https://covid.saude.gov.br/) for the weekly incidence of laboratoryconfirmed cases; and the Union Official Diary (a daily publication of the Federal Government official decrees, available at https://www.jusbrasil.com.br/diarios/DOU/) to identify new certifications of public laboratories for the molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Panel A shows the rate of certifications of public laboratories for the molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 by epidemiological week, whereas panel B shows the rate of incidence of laboratoryconfirmed COVID-19 by epidemiological week, both in a Joinpoint Regression analysis (per 100 000 inhabitants). Section A shows the rate of certifications of public laboratories for the molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 by epidemiological week, in a Joinpoint Regression analyzes. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001818 id = cord-258230-s4ty52kb author = Grover, Abhinav title = A systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers date = 2020-06-15 keywords = ARB; covid-19 summary = METHODS AND RESULTS: A search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and various preprint servers for studies comparing clinical outcomes and mortality in COVID-19 patients on ACEIs and/or ARBs, and a meta-analysis was performed. [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] Finally, these 16 studies were included for review and, out of these, six and four studies were included in the meta-analysis of mortality and severity outcomes in COVID-19 patients on an ACEI/ ARB, respectively ( Table 1) . In a pooled analysis of six peer-reviewed studies, there was a statistically non-significant association of ACEIs/ARBs with lower odds of mortality as compared with non-users (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.53-1.41, I 2 = 79.12, P-value = 0.55) (Figures 4 and 5) The sensitivity of the pooled results of clinical severity and mortality outcomes to the removal of each study is reported in Supplementary material online, Figures S1-S4. doi = 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa064 id = cord-177610-8aodvgww author = Groza, Adrian title = Detecting fake news for the new coronavirus by reasoning on the Covid-19 ontology date = 2020-04-26 keywords = FRED; covid-19 summary = Since there is a lot of trusted medical knowledge already formalised, I investigate here how an ontology on Covid-19 could be used to signal fake news. We here the FRED tool, that takes a text an natural language and outputs a formalisation in description logic. Let the myth "Hand dryers are effective in killing the new coronavirus", whose automatic translation in DL appears in Figure 1 . The role involves from the boxing ontology is used to relate situation 1 with the instance hand dryers: Note that Fred has successfully linked the information from the myth with relevant concepts from DBpedia, Verbnet, or Dolce ontologies. Here, the core Covid-19 ontology is enriched with axioms generated by Fred fed with facts in natural language. This is preliminary work on combining two heavy machineries: natural language processing and ontology reasoning aiming to signal fake information related to Covid-19 . doi = nan id = cord-280628-ok62havd author = Groß, Sonja title = SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2-dependent implications on the cardiovascular system: From basic science to clinical implications date = 2020-04-30 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = COVID-19 requires the collaboration of nearly 200 countries to curb the spread of SARS-CoV-2 while gaining time to explore and improve treatment options especially for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and immunocompromised patients, who appear to be at high-risk to die from cardiopulmonary failure. Since the coronavirus disease (COVID19) is still an emerging pandemic with more than 2.1 million confirmed cases worldwide [1] , special focus is currently directed towards the understanding of why people are hospitalized, receive intensive care, and frequently die as a consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. While higher mortality rates among CVD patients are also associated with other respiratory diseases (especially influenza virus-induced flu or previous SARS epidemics), the question was put forward, whether people treated for heart-related illness are more prone to SARS-CoV-2 viral infection, based on first epidemiological evidence, but particularly based on the presumed upregulation of the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor. doi = 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.04.031 id = cord-354103-4dldgqzf author = Grubic, Andrew D title = COVID-19 outbreak and surgical practice: The rationale for suspending non-urgent surgeries and role of testing modalities date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS; patient summary = While epidemiologists and infectious disease physicians are at the forefront in the fight against COVID-19, this pandemic is also a "stress test" to evaluate the capacity and resilience of our surgical community in dealing with the challenges imposed to our health system and society. On the same day, the United States Surgeon General echoed the recommendation from the American College of Surgeons and urged hospitals and healthcare systems to consider suspending elective surgical procedures during the outbreak of COVID-19. This pandemic started with identification of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as the causative agent from a cluster of pneumonias in the Hubei providence of China in December 2019. On March 25, 2000, American College of Surgeons released the guidelines for emergency general surgery in COVID-19 positive patients or those at high clinical suspicion for COVID infection. Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases doi = 10.4240/wjgs.v12.i6.259 id = cord-347969-2sdwwuu5 author = Grunau, Brian title = Bystanders are less willing to resuscitate out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-05 keywords = CPR; covid-19; willingness summary = We used 100-point scales to inquire about participants'' willingness to perform interventions on "strangers or unfamiliar persons" and "family members or familiar persons", and compared mean willingness during time periods prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic using paired t-tests. Compared to prior to the pandemic, there were significant decreases in willingness to check for breathing or a pulse (mean difference -10.7% [95% CI -11.8, -9.6] for stranger/unfamiliar persons, -1.2% [95% CI -1.6, -0.8] for family/familiar persons), perform chest compressions (-14.3% [95% CI -15.6, -13.0], -1.6% [95% CI -2.1, -1.1]), provide rescue breaths (-19.5% [95% CI -20.9, -18.1], -5.5% [95% CI -6.4, -4.6]), and apply an automated external defibrillator (-4.8% [95% CI -5.7, -4.0], -0.9% [95% CI -1.3, -0.5]) during the COVID-19 pandemic. When comparing HCWs and non-HCWs most results were similar, demonstrating decreased willingness to perform chest compressions and rescue breaths on familiar and unfamiliar cardiac arrest victims alike. doi = 10.1016/j.resplu.2020.100034 id = cord-349842-2euxyh5l author = Gu, Renjun title = The safety and effectiveness of rehabilitation exercises on COVID-19 patients: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-07-31 keywords = covid-19; exercise summary = title: The safety and effectiveness of rehabilitation exercises on COVID-19 patients: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis Many reports revealed that rehabilitation exercise can improve respiratory function and relieve the pressure from diseases, but there is no evidence to prove its effects on COVID-19. This protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis will clarify the safety and effectiveness of rehabilitation exercises on different COVID-19 patients. RESULT: This study will assess effects and safety for practicing rehabilitation exercises on COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION: The conclusion of this study will provide evidence to prove the safety and effectiveness of rehabilitation exercises on COVID-19 patients. We will conduct a meta-analysis and systematic review to evaluate whether effective and practicable rehabilitation can be implemented onto COVID-19 patients from all severity classifications. It is difficult to prove that COVID-19 patients from all severity levels to receive rehabilitation exercises, our systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted to collect existing trails data based on these different levels of classification. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000021373 id = cord-351348-lzo0dz7z author = Gu, Silan title = Alterations of the Gut Microbiota in Patients with COVID-19 or H1N1 Influenza date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; H1N1 summary = METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 30 COVID-19 patients, 24 influenza A (H1N1) patients, and 30 matched healthy controls (HC) to identify differences in the gut microbiota by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene V3-V4 region sequencing. Previous studies indicated that the intestinal flora was closely related to respiratory virus infection and could affect the occurrence and development of diseases through the gut-lung axis [13] . The analysis of group similarities indicated that differences in richness, diversity, A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t and structure of the gut microbiota were not significantly different between general and severe COVID-19 patients (ANOSIM, p=0.426; Supplementary Figure S1 ), indicating that the experimental design was adequate. The gut microbiota signature of COVID-19 and H1N1 patients was analyzed to assess correlations between disease characteristics and the microbiome. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa709 id = cord-294527-fct2y5vn author = Guadarrama-Ortiz, Parménides title = Neurological Aspects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Mechanisms and Manifestations date = 2020-09-04 keywords = Barré; COVID-19; CoV-2; Guillain; SARS; patient summary = The human infection of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a public health emergency of international concern that has caused more than 16.8 million new cases and 662,000 deaths as of July 30, 2020. Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is associated with this virus, mainly affects the lungs, recent evidence from clinical and pathological studies indicates that this pathogen has a broad infective ability to spread to extrapulmonary tissues, causing multiorgan failure in severely ill patients. In this context, SARS-CoV-2 can also cause viral meningitis and encephalitis, as demonstrated by a recent report of a 64-yearold patient with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 who presented neurologic manifestations during the infection, including lethargy, clonus, and pyramidal signs in the lower limbs as well as stiff neck and Brudzinski sign (76) . Future studies are required to evaluate the serologic features of anti-glycolipid antibodies in patients with COVID-19 to elucidate possible mechanisms underlying the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome. doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.01039 id = cord-339576-0d6sa9pe author = Guallar, María Pilar title = Inoculum at the time of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and risk of disease severity date = 2020-06-14 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Our data support that a greater SARS-CoV-2 inoculi at the time of exposure might determine a higher risk of severe COVID-19. Herein we report three clusters of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Madrid, in which infected persons experienced divergent clinical outcomes, namely severe, mild or asymptomatic. In this cluster, low viral exposures along with social distancing would J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f account for more benign clinical forms of COVID-19, along with asymptomatic and uninfected cases. In this cluster, indoor continuous viral exposure could account for a wider presentation of clinical forms of COVID-19, being all residents infected. In this cluster, a large indoor viral exposure seemed to account for infection of all attenders and development of severe clinical forms in half of them. Timeframe of SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 disease severity in persons belonging to groups with different viral exposure doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.035 id = cord-293500-z28bws23 author = Guan, Wei-jie title = Cardiovascular comorbidity and its impact on patients with Covid-19 date = 2020-04-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = Comorbid hypertension correlates with poorer outcomes in patients with Covid-19. We truly appreciate the comments from Sisnieguez et al., who have performed a further analysis on the potential association between cardiovascular comorbidities and the clinical outcomes of Covid-19 (in particular, the mortality) [1] . We also applaud the suggestion to thoroughly adjust for the potential confounding factors when interpreting the association between specific categories of cardiovascular comorbidities (e.g., hypertension) and the clinical outcomes of Covid-19. Our findings could have also been attributed to the relatively low proportion of patients with co-existing hypertension and coronary heart disease in our study. The causes for the association between cardiovascular diseases and the poor clinical outcomes of Covid-19 might be multifaceted, including but not limited to the interaction with the age, and the cardiac dysfunction due to viral infections. Prevalence of comorbidities in cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a retrospective study doi = 10.1183/13993003.01227-2020 id = cord-262928-l2bqcd0l author = Guarisco, Gloria title = Covid-19 and diabesity: when a pandemia cross another pandemia date = 2020-07-14 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = The collision between the Covid-19 pandemic and the current diabesity epidemic has highlighted that obese and diabetic patients have a worse prognosis due to the impairment of the immune response to infections and due to the mechanical limits that make the management of the hospitalized patients with severe obesity more difficult. The limitations imposed on accessibility to non-urgent care during the lockdown of "phase 1" of this pandemic have created the need to revolutionize clinical practice to meet the health demands of chronic and high-risk diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Extensive Chinese observational reports on confirmed Covid-19 cases indicated that among patients with the most severe form of disease the prevalence of diabetes was 12-16% [5] [6] [7] [8] . In a French study, the risk for invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 infection admitted to Intensive Treatment Unit was more than sevenfold higher for those with BMI > 35 compared with BMI < 25 kg/m 2 [14] . doi = 10.1007/s40519-020-00958-9 id = cord-276538-q0v26rml author = Guasch, Emilia title = Recomendaciones prácticas en la paciente obstétrica con infección por COVID-19 date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID; COVID-19 summary = Los anestesiólogos formamos parte del equipo multidisciplinar en la valoración de la gravedad de estas pacientes, su seguimiento y su cuidado peri-operatorio, por lo que una valoración exhaustiva de las gestantes ingresadas, gracias al uso de algoritmos como el presentado en la figura 2 permite aumentar la eficiencia de nuestro cuidado: -El reconocimiento de gravedad en presencia de neumonía, se realizará de forma inmediata en la valoración inicial si hay presencia de insuficiencia respiratoria (SaO2 <90% aire ambiente, 93% en gestantes) o frecuencia respiratoria ≥ 30 RPM o fallo de uno o más órganos o necesidad de vasopresores. Los cambios fisiológicos del embarazo y la infección por COVID hacen a la paciente obstétrica más susceptible a la hipoxia, por lo que es importante la preoxigenación, si bien, en general, no se recomienda el uso de gafas de alto flujo. doi = 10.1016/j.redar.2020.06.009 id = cord-314070-8qz23nn4 author = Gubbi, Sriram title = Catecholamine physiology and its implications in patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; PPGL; SARS; catecholamine; patient summary = The risk factors for severe COVID-19 are diverse, yet closely resemble the clinical manifestations of catecholamine excess states (eg, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, immune dysregulation, and hyperglycaemia), suggesting a potentially common basis for disease. 6 Consequently, catecholamine excess states such as PPGL can cause substantial dysregulation of physiological systems, and lead to pronounced changes in pulmonary (vasoplegia), coronary (myocardial infarction), cerebro vascular (stroke), and remaining systemic vascular tone (hypertension), as well as myocardial disease (cardio myopathies), tachyarrhythmias (benign and fatal), hyper coagulability (thromboem bolism), immune dysreg u lation (cytokine storm), and diabetogenic states; these outcomes are the same as the risk factors that lead to adverse outcomes from COVID-19. 19 Increased concentrations of these cytokines and their downstream acute phase reactants (eg, ferritin) have been associated with a higher likelihood of severe disease and mortality in patients with 20 Catecholamines augment the production of IL-6, IL-10, and other cytokines through a self-amplifying feed-forward loop within myeloid cells, an effect mediated through α1-adrenoceptors. doi = 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30342-9 id = cord-350904-wyg8ikph author = Gubernatorova, E.O. title = IL-6: relevance for immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-05-20 keywords = ACE2; Angiotensin; IL-6; SARS; cell; covid-19; patient summary = In turn, SARS-CoV-2 infection of recruited immune cells may increase their apoptosis and exacerbate lymphocytosis [32, 33] , and, finally, may lead in some patients to life-threatening conditions, such as respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm, and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Interestingly, patients requiring intensive care and invasive lung ventilation display negative correlation between IL-6, TNF and IL-1b concentrations and CD4 + and CD8 + T cell counts [75] , confirming previous studies in animal models, which suggested that cytokine storm actually dampens adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV infection [76] . Taking together, Angiotensin II accumulation due to SARS-CoV-2-mediated ACE2 downregulation may cause Angiotensin 1 receptor downstream activation of NADPH oxidase, which, in turn, leads to elevated ROS production and to induction of transcriptional mechanisms that directly promote IL-6 expression, implicated in inflammation-induced injury and immunopathology. doi = 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.009 id = cord-344302-p0v6sl9x author = Gubitosa, James C title = COVID-19-Associated Acute Limb Ischemia in a Patient on Therapeutic Anticoagulation date = 2020-09-25 keywords = ATIII; COVID-19; patient summary = Therapeutic anticoagulation was empirically initiated with subcutaneous enoxaparin (1 mg/kg twice daily) given the hypercoagulable state observed in many COVID-19 patients with elevated D-dimer. The risk of thromboembolic events and the sheer magnitude of COVID-19-associated admissions have prompted many hospitals to establish novel protocols with which these individuals are provided anticoagulation at increased or even therapeutic doses compared to the more common prophylactic dose. A study of 449 COVID-19 patients demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in mortality (40.0% experimental, 64.2% control) in those receiving prophylactic doses of heparin and enoxaparin [14] . Given the cited relative deficiency of ATIII in CAC and nephrotic syndrome, one can hypothesize that an acute arterial thrombosis may have been avoided if this patient was started on an argatroban infusion from the beginning of his hospital course, which would have provided therapeutic anticoagulation independent of ATIII levels. COVID-19 associated acute limb ischemia in a patient on therapeutic anticoagulation: a case and literature review doi = 10.7759/cureus.10655 id = cord-351004-h6fde7vm author = Gudipati, Smitha title = Descriptive Analysis of Patients Living With HIV Affected by COVID-19 date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; HIV summary = METHODS: This is a case series that included 14 PLWH with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection who were evaluated at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, Michigan, between March 20, 2020, and April 30, 2020. CONCLUSION: Although the clinical spectrum of COVID-19 among PLWH cannot be fully ascertained by this report, it adds to the data that suggest that HIV-positive patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection are not at a greater risk of severe disease or death as compared to HIV-negative patients. This is a case series that included 14 PLWH who were evaluated in the Henry Ford Hospital (HFH) emergency department for laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection, between March 20, 2020, and April 30, 2020. Our case series, the current published literature on HIV and SARS-CoV-2, and the published data from HFH on COVID-19 patients without known HIV supports the theory that there is not an excess morbidity and mortality among PLWH affected by COVID-19 compared with the general public. doi = 10.1097/qai.0000000000002450 id = cord-275381-343y0bsh author = Guella, Adnane title = Favorable Outcome of COVID-19 Pneumonia in a Kidney Transplant Recipient Treated with Tocilizumab date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; transplant summary = We report a kidney transplant patient affected by COVID-19 pneumonia whose condition worsened 9 days after the initial presentation. Data from a recent large series show that clinical, biological, and radiological presentations of COVID-19 pneumonia in kidney transplant recipients are similar to those of the general population although the course of the disease may be more severe [1, 2] . Here, we share our experience with the successful management of a kidney transplant recipient whose COVID-19 pneumonia worsened 9 days after the initial presentation. In conclusion, we presented in this paper our approach in managing COVID-19 pneumonia in a kidney transplant patient and showed the favorable impact of tocilizumab in the management. Case report of COVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient: does immunosuppression alter the clinical presentation? COVID-19 pneumonia in a kidney transplant recipient successfully treated with tocilizumab and hydroxychloroquine doi = 10.1155/2020/8830626 id = cord-355773-k9hut687 author = Guerini, Andrea Emanuele title = Differential diagnosis and clinical management of a case of COVID-19 in a stage III lung cancer patient treated with radio-chemotherapy and durvalumab. date = 2020-06-02 keywords = NSCLC; covid-19 summary = title: Differential diagnosis and clinical management of a case of COVID-19 in a stage III lung cancer patient treated with radio-chemotherapy and durvalumab. Management of this condition is even more challenging in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients because they are more vulnerable to develop severe disease, and manifestations of the tumor and side effects of anticancer therapy could resemble Covid-19. Herein we present the first report to date of a case of Covid-19 during durvalumab, focused on the differential diagnosis between radiation-induced pneumonitis and PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor toxicity in an NSCLC patient. This phenomenon could explain the higher levels of cytokines including IL-6 and TNF measured in patients developing severe respiratory symptoms [17] and the investigation of immunosuppressants such as chloroquine and tocilizumab (a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting IL-6 receptor, also used to manage steroid-refractory pneumonitis induced by PD-L1 inhibitors) for Covid-19 treatment [18, 19] . doi = 10.1016/j.cllc.2020.05.027 id = cord-314690-jc6cx76a author = Guha, Avirup title = Community and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with COVID-19 in the United States: Zip code level cross sectional analysis date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19; zip summary = Methods: In this study, zip-code level data from 5 major metropolitan areas, was utilized to study the effect of multiple demographic & socio-economic factors including race, age, income, chronic disease comorbidity, population density, number of people per household on number of positive cases and ensuing death. In a multivariable linear regression model (table 2) it was noted than proportion of residents above the age of 65 years, proportion of African American residents, proportion of females, persons per household and population density of the zip code was significantly associated with increased likelihood of positive cases in a zip code (P <= 0.01). We demonstrate that zip codes with a greater proportion of residents above 65 years of age, African American residents, persons per household, and population density were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of COVID-19 cases. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.19.20071944 id = cord-342589-n63yw2qy author = Guha, Santanu title = Managing ACS during COVID-19 infection: do not follow the traditional route date = 2020-04-15 keywords = ACS; COVID-19 summary = Pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients, having COVID-19 infection, are at higher risk of adverse outcomes and increased mortality. 3 Once this infection becomes more prevalent, all patients presenting with symptoms of severe emergent CVD should be managed as suspected cases of COVID-19. 6 Considering the present pandemic, for a patient who presents with ACS and in whom the infection has not been ruled out, isolation in a separate room is preferred with hemodynamic monitoring till COVID-19 is excluded. 5. In every city, at least a few CCUs (coronary care units) and CCLs should be developed in hospitals caring for COVID-19 positive cases, where patients from other hospitals may be transferred. Setting up of a few dedicated CCUs and CCLs in hospitals taking care of COVID-19 positive cases in every city is the need of the hour to combat the pandemic if it propagates in our country. Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.ihj.2020.04.003 id = cord-034195-yiv8rp7y author = Guhan, Samantha M. title = COVID-19 and healthcare disparities: Innovative ways to meet the dermatologic needs of patients experiencing homelessness date = 2020-10-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Guhan, Samantha M.; Nathan, Neera R.; Raef, Haya; Cavanaugh-Hussey, Margaret; Tan, Jennifer K. title: COVID-19 and healthcare disparities: Innovative ways to meet the dermatologic needs of patients experiencing homelessness COVID-19 and healthcare disparities: Innovative ways to meet the dermatologic needs of 1 patients experiencing homelessness 2 3 We hypothesized that dermatologists can further aid this population by mobilizing 57 critical supplies commonly found in our offices and using the generosity of local companies to 58 create COVID-19 care kits, which contain items necessary to protect PEH from disease. 61 62 Prior to supply collection, local shelters were contacted to identify the most useful items to 63 patients. 76 77 Building upon relationships we already have as dermatologists, we were able to create a COVID-78 19 kit donation program that provided PEH with necessary supplies to minimize the spread of 79 disease. doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.10.042 id = cord-299499-66qh3r75 author = Guilamo-Ramos, Vincent title = Reconsidering assumptions of adolescent and young adult SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics date = 2020-09-07 keywords = AYA; SARS; covid-19 summary = In this viewpoint, we highlight evidence regarding the increased potential of AYA to transmit SARS-CoV-2 that, to date, has received little attention, discuss adolescent and young adult specific considerations for future COVID-19 control measures, and provide applied programmatic suggestions. Adolescents and young adults (AYA), who are between the ages of 10 and 24 years, account for approximately 20% of the total population in the United States (US), but the extent to which AYA contribute to forward transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is not fully understood. In this viewpoint, we highlight evidence regarding the increased potential of AYA to transmit SARS-CoV-2 that, to date, has received little attention, discuss adolescent and young adultspecific considerations for future COVID-19 control measures, and provide applied programmatic suggestions. Adolescent and young adult-specific data Furthermore, behavioral factors unique to AYA may increase the risk of forward transmission of SARS-CoV-2 relative to both younger children and older adults. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1348 id = cord-292273-xu9pb9ul author = Guillamet, C. V. title = TOWARD A COVID-19 SCORE-RISK ASSESSMENTS AND REGISTRY date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; TACS summary = Main Outcomes TACS was created with 16 readily available predictive variables for risk assessment of hospital mortality 24 hours after ICU Admission and the need for prolonged assisted mechanical ventilation (PAMV) ( >>96 hours) at 24and 48-hours post ICU admission. SOFA scores for triage in a COVID-19 pandemic may then not discriminate who would benefit from intubation and only be useful late in a patient''s course, after they have received multiple days or weeks of mechanical ventilation. TACS achieved an Area Under the Curve (AUC) for predicting hospital mortality after 24 hours of ICU treatment of 0.80 in the development dataset; 0.81 in the internal validation dataset. We also performed an external validation of the TACS 24-hour mortality model on 1,1175 ICU patients to Washington University/BJH treated between 2016-19. We have developed an initial model of a respiratory oriented Toward a COVID 19 Score designed to be useful in possible triage decisions and to compare outcomes from various treatment approaches in the current pandemic. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.15.20066860 id = cord-304636-houm2zcu author = Guillan, Marta title = Unusual simultaneous cerebral infarcts in multiple arterial territories in a COVID-19 patient date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; stroke summary = • In the occurrence of new-onset neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients, we should suspect an acute ischemic stroke and not assume that it is secondary to the respiratory syndrome (hypoxia). J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f syndrome, neurological manifestations have been described in more than a third of patients, both in mild-moderate cases of the infection, as associated or as a complication in severe and critical cases. An unenhanced brain CT We, therefore, present an unusual case of simultaneous multivessel cerebral infarctions, without known extracerebral thrombotic events, in a patient with a moderate COVID-19 who did not develop acute respiratory distress syndrome or disseminated intravascular coagulation. It seems clear that patients with severe COVID-19 may suffer an ischaemic stroke or cerebral venous thrombosis because of the hypercoagulability that coincides with the critical illness [9] . doi = 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.06.015 id = cord-282460-z7g3uikr author = Guillo, Enora title = COVID-19 pneumonia: Diagnostic and prognostic role of CT based on a retrospective analysis of 214 consecutive patients from Paris, France date = 2020-08-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values of first and expert readings were calculated together with inter reader agreement, with results of RT-PCR as standard of reference and according to symptoms and onset date. Thus, the purpose of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic performance of CT in patients referred for COVID-19 suspicion to a French university hospital, depending on symptoms and date of onset, as well as factors associated to poor outcomes in our specific population. In the present study, we found strong inter reader agreement between initial and expert reading for the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia and a sensitivity reaching 93% for expert reading when CT was performed after 5 days of symptoms, considering RT-PCR positivity only as standard of reference. Other studies have used a different reference standard to confirm SARS-Cov-2 infection, not exclusively relying on RT-PCR results but also on a clinical validation based on the combination of symptoms, exposure, and presence of lung imaging features consistent with coronavirus pneumonia [11] . doi = 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109209 id = cord-296562-3h2oqb9k author = Guillén, Lucía title = Preemptive interleukin-6 blockade in patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; TCZ; patient summary = In contrast to other respiratory viral infections like influenza, a major pathogenic mechanism implicated in severe clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is an aberrant host immune response resulting in an excessive cytokine and chemokine release known as "cytokine storm" or "cytokine release syndrome" 2,3 . In a sensitivity analysis including only the 55 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR, the significant variables in the adjusted multivariate model were a NLR > 2.55 (OR 5.26; 95% CI 1.02-25), higher Charlson comorbidity index (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.04-2.34) per unit, and higher SOFA score (OR 5.05; 95% CI 1.10-23.24) (Supplementary Table 2 ). This biomarker reflects excessive inflammation and dysregulation of immune cells that play a central role in severity of disease in viral infections 23 , and has been associated with mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 24 . www.nature.com/scientificreports/ four comorbidities are included in the Charlson index, and have been associated with higher disease severity in patients with COVID-19 31 . doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-74001-3 id = cord-264204-4ablrwuo author = Guintivano, Jerry title = Psychiatric Genomics Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Researchers date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; PGC; research summary = We provide recommendations for institutions, organizations such as the PGC, as well as individual senior investigators to ensure that the futures of early career investigators, especially those underrepresented in academic medicine such as women and underrepresented minorities, are not disproportionately disadvantaged by the COVID-19 pandemic. Four main themes characterized the comments: maintain team dynamics (e.g., utilizing videoconferencing for regular team meetings, being flexible with deadlines, use clear communication) (32.8% of responses); maintain good personal habits (e.g., keeping in mind productivity may be reduced, practicing self-care, keeping work and personal areas separate) (27.2%); reprioritize research goals (e.g., spending more effort on dry-lab projects rather than wet-lab, using available time to complete analyses or manuscripts, utilizing existing data for new projects) (20.8%); and shift recruitment to online approaches (e.g., phone interviews rather than face-to-face, development of online recruitment and consent protocols) (8.0%). doi = 10.1101/2020.10.08.331421 id = cord-302738-7gsm6fm7 author = Guisado-Clavero, Marina title = Uso de aplicaciones móviles y páginas web para el diagnóstico de la COVID-19 en España date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; TIC summary = El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido realizar una revisión de las diferentes TIC, apps y páginas web, dirigidas al manejo y/o diagnóstico de presunción de la COVID-19 en España. Se han revisado todas las TIC (apps y páginas web) disponibles hasta la fecha en las diferentes Comunidades Autónomas (CCAA) y la del Ministerio de Sanidad (que da servicio a Islas Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla La Mancha, Extremadura y Principado de Asturias) dirigidas a realizar un seguimiento o diagnóstico de presunción de la COVID-19 basado en un cuestionario. Siguiendo las recomendaciones del Ministerio de Sanidad y de su app, se recopiló la siguiente información: características sociodemográficas, antecedentes patológicos de la persona, descripción epidemiológica, posibles síntomas de COVID-19, realización de diagnóstico y seguimiento. De las diecisiete CCAA, se pudo acceder a la información para la evaluación del COVID-19 vía app en cinco de ellas: Andalucía, Aragón, Cataluña, Comunidad de Madrid (CMad) y País Vasco (PV). doi = 10.1016/j.eimc.2020.08.002 id = cord-326798-5j8otrzs author = Guisado-Vasco, Pablo title = COVID-19 and metabolic syndrome: NF-kB activation. Crossroads date = 2020-08-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = Since the first clinical reports, age and presence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and chronic lung disease, among other comorbidities, were identified as major risk factors of death among patients with COVID-19 [2-3] -including severe cases admitted to intensive care units [4] . Emerging data suggest that diabetes mellitus and obesity (BMI > 30) are common risk factors in COVID-19 patients, with a high prevalence rate that reaches nearly 21% [3] and 40%, respectively [6] . Recent research underscores this concept, reporting that obesity and diabetes mellitus are special risk factors for the progression of severe COVID-19 inflammatory lung response (7) . Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for COVID-19 hospital admission Risk factors associated with acute respiratory syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.tem.2020.08.004 id = cord-325014-n7mnhk2v author = Gujski, Mariusz title = Prevalence of Current and Past SARS-CoV-2 Infections among Police Employees in Poland, June–July 2020 date = 2020-10-11 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; PCR; SARS summary = As the time window for a positive RT-PCR result is short, serological testing, which provides information about whether a person has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, may be useful for epidemiological purposes to detect the overall burden of previous infection in a given community. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of current and past SARS-CoV-2 infections among police employees, a high-risk population due to their professional duties, during the COVID-19 epidemic. Neither sex (p =0.155) nor other variables listed in Figure 2 were significantly associated with the IgG results ( Figure 2 A logistic regression model predicting a positive anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM+IgA index was developed (Cox and Snell R Square at 0.015 andNagelkerke R Square at 0.033). After including all variables listed in Figures 1 and 2 along with the number of registered cases and deaths due to COVID-19 (per 10,000 inhabitants), only 4 variables showed a correlation with a positive anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM+IgA index. doi = 10.3390/jcm9103245 id = cord-318976-ptutkd6o author = Gul, Fahad title = Meta-analysis of outcomes of patients with COVID-19 infection with versus without gastrointestinal symptoms date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Searching the Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials, we included any studies looking at patients with COVID-19 with gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain) compared to those with COVID-19 but without gastrointestinal manifestations as a control group. Seven studies were identified but three were excluded: one due to lack of a control group without gastrointestinal symptoms, one reported as viral RNA in the stool, and one with only non-critically ill patients. Results of the meta-analysis showed a pooled odds ratio for mortality among those with COVID-19 and gastrointestinal symptoms of 0.91 (confidence interval 0.49–1.68) with heterogeneity of 0% and a pooled odds ratio for acute respiratory distress syndrome of 2.94 (confidence interval 1.17–7.40) with heterogeneity of 0%. This systematic review and meta-analysis explored the current associations of GI symptoms to outcomes of mortality and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) among patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1080/08998280.2020.1771164 id = cord-270781-f9nra823 author = Gulia, Ashish title = Sarcoma Care Practice in India During COVID Pandemic: A Nationwide Survey date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; PPE summary = We conducted a survey amongst oncologists across India who are involved in the management of bone and soft tissue sarcomas, to analyse the patterns of screening, prioritising, and managing these patients within the constraints of resources and policies available with them. The purpose of this survey was to determine the consistency, or the lack of it, in the patterns of care offered to sarcoma patients between centres and the policies followed. This survey covered three main domains (a) participants speciality and working environment (b) Institutes'' policies related general COVID-19 prevention and management (c) practices related to musculoskeletal tumor management in COVID-19 pandemic. Surgical management of sarcomas was as per usual only in 15.5% of respondents, with the rest adapting, including 42% who were avoiding procedures requiring long duration and blood loss, 27% were operating only emergency cases, while in 15.5% surgery was done only in high grade sarcomas with curative intent (Fig. 5) . doi = 10.1007/s43465-020-00206-3 id = cord-320360-2qpcot6p author = Gumel, A. B. title = Will an imperfect vaccine curtail the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S.? date = 2020-05-14 keywords = New; York; covid-19 summary = Although the community-wide implementation of basic non-pharmaceutical intervention measures, such as social-distancing, quarantine of suspected COVID-19 cases, isolation of confirmed cases, use of face masks in public, and contact-tracing, have been quite effective in curtailing and mitigating the burden of the pandemic, it is universally believed that the use of an anti-COVID-19 vaccine is necessary to build the community herd immunity needed to effectively control and eliminate the pandemic. The effect of the combined implementation of vaccination and social-distancing strategies, on the control reproduction number of the model (2.1), is also monitored (for the US and the two US states of New York and Florida) by generating contour plots of R c , as a function of vaccine coverage and efficacy, for three levels (low, moder-11 for use under a CC0 license. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.10.20097428 id = cord-306599-oedkaf75 author = Gumina, Stefano title = The impact of COVID-19 on shoulder and elbow trauma. An Italian survey date = 2020-05-20 keywords = covid; period summary = Materials and methods Patients managed in our Trauma Centre between 8th March 2020 and 8th April 2020 (COVID-19 period) for a shoulder and elbow trauma were retrospectively included and compared to patients admitted in the same period of 2019 (no COVID-19 period).Clinical records of all participants were examined to obtain information regarding age, sex, mechanism of injury, diagnosis. Conclusions During the COVID period, we provided a reduced number of health services, especially for patients with low energy trauma and for those who underwent sports and traffic accidents. During the COVID period, in our Trauma Center, we provided a reduced number of health 227 services, compared to the same time of the previous year, especially for those patients with low 228 energy trauma (contusions) and for those who underwent sports injuries and traffic accidents government restrictions imposed to limit COVID-19 spread. doi = 10.1016/j.jse.2020.05.003 id = cord-316450-iw35sorz author = Gunjawate, Dhanshree R. title = Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on professional practices of audiologists and speech-language pathologists in India: A knowledge, attitude and practices survey date = 2020-08-08 keywords = COVID-19; India; Speech summary = title: Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on professional practices of audiologists and speech-language pathologists in India: A knowledge, attitude and practices survey The present study aimed to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the professional practices of Audiologists and Speech-Language Pathologists in India using a cross-sectional knowledge, attitude and practices survey. As members of health care, these professionals are expected to extend their services to patients and caregivers/bystanders exhibiting symptoms of COVID-19. Thus, it becomes relevant to know the impact of this outbreak and its associated symptoms on patient care and service delivery among Audiologists and Speech Language Pathologists. The present study was conducted with an aim to study the impact of COVID-19 on the professional practices of Audiologists and Speech Language The questionnaire comprising of 23 items; demographic details, knowledge and attitudes towards COVID-19, and practices related to infection control. doi = 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.07.009 id = cord-261834-x5ltmj30 author = Guo, Cheng-Xian title = Epidemiological and clinical features of pediatric COVID-19 date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; pediatric summary = METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on children with a definite diagnosis of COVID-19 in mainland China using the web crawler technique to collect anonymous COVID-19 updates published by local health authorities. In this report, we conducted a retrospective review of COVID-19 features in 341 pediatric patients with ages between 0 and 14 years with the overall goal of providing data that could help in the development of guidelines for the prevention and treatment of pediatric COVID-19. This retrospective review was conducted in children aged 0-14 years with a definite diagnosis of COVID-19 from local health authorities between January 15, 2020, and March 15, 2020, in mainland China. Although there is relatively ample information available for adult COVID-19 patients, our knowledge and analysis of the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of pediatric COVID-19 is quite limited. The data was obtained from local China health authorities thus unable to compare the epidemiological and clinical data from US and European studies in children with COVID-19. doi = 10.1186/s12916-020-01719-2 id = cord-031885-by4cujyy author = Guo, Hai title = The digitalization and public crisis responses of small and medium enterprises: Implications from a COVID-19 survey date = 2020-09-15 keywords = covid-19; crisis; digital; firm; response summary = The empirical results show that digitalization has enabled SMEs to respond effectively to the public crisis by making use of their dynamic capabilities. Based on data from an online questionnaire survey conducted with 518 Chinese SMEs, the present study explores the relationships among digitalization, crisis response strategies to the COVID-19 outbreak, and the crisis response performance of SMEs. The survey results clearly show that digitalization can help SMEs employ emergency responses as well as respond strategically to public crises in the long run, thus contributing to the improvement in SMEs'' performance. For long-term crisis responses, SMEs prefer to implement digital transformation strategies (0.71) instead of strategic changes in products, markets, and external relations (0.54). As shown in Table 4 , the survey results generally indicate that the digitalization of SMEs is positively associated with the implementation of crisis response strategies, including both short-term emergency responses (p < 0.05) and long-term strategic responses (p < 0.001). doi = 10.1186/s11782-020-00087-1 id = cord-303203-1kpw4ru0 author = Guo, Jing title = Coping with COVID-19: Exposure to COVID-19 and Negative Impact on Livelihood Predict Elevated Mental Health Problems in Chinese Adults date = 2020-05-29 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19; health summary = title: Coping with COVID-19: Exposure to COVID-19 and Negative Impact on Livelihood Predict Elevated Mental Health Problems in Chinese Adults However, few studies have examined sleep problems, depression, and posttraumatic symptoms among the general adult population during the COVID-19 outbreak, and little is known about coping behaviors. Mental health problems were assessed with the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression inventory, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Perceived negative impact of the pandemic on livelihood showed a large effect size in predicting mental health problems (standardized beta: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.10–0.19). The relationship between coping behavior and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS), depression, insomnia, mental health problems. We found that direct exposure to COVID-19 and the impact on livelihood are important predictors of mental health problems, and that people found cognitive and prosocial ways to cope with the strains and stresses of the lockdown. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17113857 id = cord-203191-7ftg6bfx author = Guo, Kai title = Identification of Repurposal Drugs and Adverse Drug Reactions for Various Courses of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Based on Single-cell RNA Sequencing Data date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cell; drug summary = title: Identification of Repurposal Drugs and Adverse Drug Reactions for Various Courses of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Based on Single-cell RNA Sequencing Data To identify potentially repurposable drugs, we employed a systematic approach to mine candidates from U.S. FDA approved drugs and pre-clinical small-molecule compounds by integrating the gene expression perturbation data by chemicals from the Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) project with publically available single-cell RNA sequencing dataset from mild and severe COVID-19 patients. We also collected a list of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in SARS-CoV-2-infected lung BALF using a bulk RNA-Seq analysis to compare against the single-cell-based data. Repurposing analysis in severe COVID-19 patients 60 potent drugs were also selected in severe cases compared to controls (severe vs healthy group) according to their average CS between the replicates, and 25 of them involved in more than one cell subtype ( Figure 2B , Supplementary Tables S8 & S9) . doi = nan id = cord-354943-wxhbwcfr author = Guo, Li title = Profiling Early Humoral Response to Diagnose Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) date = 2020-03-21 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = METHODS: The host humoral response against SARS-CoV-2, including IgA, IgM, and IgG response, was examined by using an ELISA-based assay on the recombinant viral nucleocapsid protein. The positive detection rate is significantly increased (98.6%) when combining IgM ELISA assay with PCR for each patient compared with a single qPCR test (51.9%). Western blot analysis showed that there was no cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 rNP with human plasma positive for IgG antibodies against NL63, 229E, OC43, and HKU1. The antibody levels were then evaluated in the plasma samples of CCs and PCs. The appearance of IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was positive as early as day 1 after the symptom onset ( Figure 3A) . These results suggest that IgM ELISA can increase the positive detection rate when combined with the PCR method and can be used for the early diagnosis of COVID-19 infections. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa310 id = cord-284365-g46myqe7 author = Guo, Qian title = Immediate psychological distress in quarantined patients with COVID-19 and its association with peripheral inflammation: a mixed-method study date = 2020-05-19 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Using a mixed-method triangulation design (QUAN + QUAL), this study investigated and compared the mental status and inflammatory markers of 103 patients who, while hospitalized with mild symptoms, tested positive with COVID-19 and 103 matched controls that were COVID-19 negative. Results revealed that COVID-19 patients, when compared to non-COVID controls, manifested higher levels of depression (P < 0.001), anxiety (P < 0.001), and post-traumatic stress symptoms (P < 0.001). The Patient Health Questionnaire, 9-item version (PHQ-9) (Kroenke et al., 2001) , Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment 7-item version (GAD-7), Perceived Stress Scale, 10-item version (PSS-10) (Barbosa-Leiker et al., 2013a) , and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) were used to assess the levels of psychological distress of all participants (Wortmann et al., 2016) . Compared with normal controls, patients with COVID-19 presented higher levels of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.038 id = cord-279415-s823mver author = Guo, Xiaodong title = Survey of COVID-19 Disease Among Orthopaedic Surgeons in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan summary = We investigated the situation of infection of orthopaedic surgeons and trainees working in general wards, outpatient clinics, intensive care units, or operating rooms in Wuhan hospitals, and we further explored the possible risk factors at the individual level using a matched case-control study. The questionnaire included the information about demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, awareness to the outbreak at an early stage, COVID-19 exposure history, availability of and participation in the infection control training provided by the hospital, and individual protection practices (e.g., good hand-washing hygiene and wearing face masks). There was confirmed transmission from these doctors to others in 25% of cases, including to family members Severe fatigue of orthopaedic surgeons during the 2 months before the outbreak of COVID-19 was found to be a risk factor for the infection (Table IV) (OR, 4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1 to 16]). doi = 10.2106/jbjs.20.00417 id = cord-346987-fbqqf00i author = Guo, Yongwen title = Controls of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in orthodontic practice date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; patient summary = ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has attracted worldwide concerns because of its high person-to-person infectivity and lethality, and it was labeled as a pandemic as the rapid increase of confirmed cases in most areas around the world became evident. Although the spread of COVID-19 has been effectively controlled in China and many areas have gradually resumed work and classes, orthodontic participants are still under high risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection. What''s more, the close contact between dental staffs and patients as well as the droplets and aerosols generated during treatment containing saliva and blood further increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in dental practice 5 . We must constantly bear in mind that the threat of infection is not visible which poses a challenge on the orthodontic practice thus effective control measures should be taken to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and protect both practitioners and patients from the COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.05.006 id = cord-312748-9v2bmbod author = Guo, Zhen title = Anticoagulation Management in Severe COVID-19 Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation date = 2020-09-04 keywords = ECMO; covid-19; patient summary = OBJECTIVE: To explore special coagulation characteristics and anticoagulation management in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation assisted patients with coronavirus disease 2019. CONCLUSIONS: Hypercoagulability and secondary hyperfibrinolysis during ECMO support in COVID-19 patients are common and possibly increase the propensity for thrombotic events and failure of the oxygenator. A majority of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have mild symptoms and recover completely; however, approximately 5-14% become severely or critically ill with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission 3 . This study aims to summarize the coagulation characteristics, anticoagulation management, and complications of COVID-19 patients who received ECMO support in Shanghai, China. In this study we found that the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients were different from those of other viral pneumonia patients in terms of ECMO anticoagulation management and coagulation-related complications. In summary, hypercoagulability and secondary hyperfibrinolysis during ECMO support in COVID-19 patients were common and possibly increased the propensity for thrombotic events and oxygenator membrane failure. doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.08.067 id = cord-276908-9jthjf24 author = Gupta, Akanksha title = COVID‐19: Emergence of Infectious Diseases, Nanotechnology Aspects, Challenges, and Future Perspectives date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS; viral; virus summary = In last two decades, entire world faced three major outbreaks of coronaviruses like Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) and novel coronavirus disease i.e., COVID-19. Previously, CoV causes an epidemic of SARS in humans and infected thousands viruses belong to family Coronaviridae, which shows crown-like appearances under an electron microscope. A recent study published, relied on this approach, using the predicted structure of all SARS-CoV-2 proteins based on their homology with other known coronavirus protein structures, and identified several compounds with potential antiviral activity. [39, 77] A biological preparation provides active acquired immunity against particular infectious disease like COVID19 [51, 68] 5 Shenzhen, China SARS-CoV, NL63, HKU1 The organosulfur in the essential garlic oil inhibit the ACE2 (host-receptor site of the virus) and main protease of the virus as well as to treat the infection due to SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1002/slct.202001709 id = cord-031984-kcs6oukj author = Gupta, Amitesh title = Estimating the Impact of Daily Weather on the Temporal Pattern of COVID-19 Outbreak in India date = 2020-09-17 keywords = India; covid-19 summary = Daily maximum (T(Max)), minimum (T(Min)), mean (T(Mean)) and dew point temperature (T(Dew)), wind speed (WS), relative humidity, and diurnal range in temperature and relative humidity during March 01 to June 04, 2020 over 9 major affected cities are analyzed to look into the impact of daily weather on COVID-19 infections on that day and 7, 10, 12, 14, 16 days before those cases were detected (i.e., on the likely transmission days). Since all the selected cities are located in different bio-climatic zones having different temperature characteristics (Gupta 2017) , the variations in meteorological observations will also help to identify how spatially varying weather conditions influence the pattern of COVID-19 transmission in India. Unlike most studies, the present study investigated the impact of various weather parameters which include maximum, minimum, mean, and dew point temperature, temperature range, average humidity, humidity range and wind speed on the same day, as well as with time-lags of 7, 10, 12, 14, and 16 days prior to detection of the confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the Indian context. doi = 10.1007/s41748-020-00179-1 id = cord-264180-0vd3tr9j author = Gupta, Anupam K title = Is It Safe to Perform Lung Surgery During the Coronavirus Pandemic? date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = All patients who remained for at least one-day inpatient post-lung surgery were assessed to see if they had an increased incidence of coronavirus infection during the hospital stay or at the follow-up office visit. As of April 20, 2020, we have reported 55 cases requiring intensive care unit (ICU) care at our tertiary medical center Boca Raton Regional Hospital (400 bedded hospital) in Florida and over 250 coronavirus positive patients. From February 1, 2020, to April 14, 2020, the patients who underwent lung surgery were evaluated for the incidence of coronavirus infection during the hospital stay and on postoperative follow-up. Patients underwent surgery after triage and if they fulfilled guidelines set by the American College of Surgeons and hospital review board, so that hospital resources were not exhausted during an increasing number of COVID cases in our community. doi = 10.7759/cureus.9749 id = cord-330640-6ityxc64 author = Gupta, Ashim title = Mesenchymal stem cells and exosome therapy for COVID-19: current status and future perspective date = 2020-08-11 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; MSC; cell summary = In the case of pneumonia, acute lung injury (ALI) [12] , acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [13, 14] and sepsis studies investigating therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated safety and some positive effects on these conditions [11] . Another study demonstrated that the efficacy of MSC-based therapy is enhanced with lipid conjugated heparin coating; and the human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) delivered to the damaged liver resulted in significantly improved recovery from ALF in a mouse model. Majority of the studies focusing on MSC-derived exosomes have demonstrated regenerative potential, immune-modulatory functions, anti-inflammatory effects, similar to their parents, i.e. Mesenchymal stem cells [44, 45] . In preclinical set up, MSC-derived exosomes have demonstrated aptitude as an acellular alternative to cell-based therapy, against Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) [46] . Clinical study of mesenchymal stem cell treating acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by epidemic Inluenza A (H7N9) infection: A hint for COVID-19 treatment. doi = 10.1007/s13577-020-00407-w id = cord-198180-pwmr3m4o author = Gupta, Deepti title = Future Smart Connected Communities to Fight COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-07-20 keywords = IoT; covid-19; datum; device; internet; smart summary = IoT and smart connected technologies together with data-driven applications can play a crucial role not only in prevention, continuous monitoring, and mitigation of the disease, but also enable prompt enforcement of guidelines, rules and government orders to contain such future outbreaks. We propose different architectures, applications and technology systems for various smart infrastructures including E-health, smart home, smart supply chain management, smart locality, and smart city, to develop future connected communities to manage and mitigate similar outbreaks. IoT technology including smart sensors, actuators, and devices and data driven applications can enable smart connected com-13 https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2018/08/16/iot-market-predicted-to-double-by-2021-reaching-520b/#82674f91f948 14 https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/products/collateral/se/internet-of-things/at-a-glance-c45-731471.pdf munities to strengthen the health and economical postures of the nations to fight against the current COVID-19 situation and other future pandemics efficiently. The architecture integrates a hybrid cloud and edge computing nodes together with IoT and smart sensor devices, to enable real-time and data-driven services and applications needed in COVID-19 pandemics. doi = nan id = cord-317906-u5z5cpfk author = Gupta, Ishita title = Atypical Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), belonging to a group of RNA-enveloped viruses and believed to be transmitted by aerosol route, is a worldwide pandemic. However, to our knowledge, there are minimal studies on the neurological manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. Our review aims to identify the various neurological manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, which could be an added advantage in the early diagnosis and prevention of further complications of the nervous system. Other non-neurological symptoms were diarrhea, anorexia, myalgia, sore throat, dyspnea, chest pain, fatigue, headache, arthralgia, nausea, and vomiting (see Figure 2 and Table 3 ) [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . The presentation of olfactory symptoms in SARS-CoV-2-affected patients is due to the fact that the illness spreads through the cribriform plate, which is in close proximity to the olfactory region [30] . Neurological manifestations in COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 doi = 10.7759/cureus.8518 id = cord-266650-2kkw9nwa author = Gupta, L. title = Management of rheumatic diseases in the times of COVID-19 pandemic- perspectives of rheumatology practitioners from India date = 2020-04-07 keywords = COVID-19; preprint summary = Most rheumatologists perceived the need to change treatment of RDs during the COVID-19 pandemic; reduce immunosuppression and defer the usage of rituximab and bDMARDs. Objective. The Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to widespread concerns about the risk of infection in patients with rheumatic diseases (RD) receiving disease modifying antrheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and other immunosuppressants (IS). Most rheumatologists perceived the need to change treatment of RDs during the COVID-19 pandemic; reduce immunosuppression and defer the usage of rituximab and bDMARDs. Competing interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest Contributorship: All authors were involved in ideation, data collection and manuscript preparation. o There is an urgent need to revise the management of rheumatic diseases as perceived by a large group of practicing rheumatologists in India in the times of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.03.20048389 id = cord-354575-f5fq75up author = Gupta, Latika title = Scholarly publishing and journal targeting in the time of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: a cross-sectional survey of rheumatologists and other specialists date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; journal; survey summary = An anonymised and validated e-survey featuring 30 questions was circulated among rheumatologists and other specialists over social media to understand preferences while choosing target journals, publishing standards, commercial editing services, preprint archiving, social media and alternative publication activities. High-quality peer review (56%), full and immediate open access (46%) and post-publication social media promotion (32%) were identified as key anticipated features of scholarly publishing in the foreseeable future. The survey was designed to evaluate the perceptions about scholarly journals (1), preferences while choosing a target journal (2), ''predatory'' journals (4), use of commercial editing agencies (5), preprint archiving (2), grey literature (2), social media (3), print copies of journals (1), search platforms (1), and desirable features of scholarly publishing in the foreseeable future (1). To conclude, the perceptions and practices of scholars, particularly from non-mainstream science countries, call for greater access to free publishing and archiving, attention to proper use of academic English and editing skills, and a larger role for engagement over social media to enhance research and publishing in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s00296-020-04718-x id = cord-330717-uzrxtgrg author = Gupta, Madhu title = The need for COVID-19 research in low- and middle-income countries date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We therefore propose research in three broad areas as urgently needed to inform responses in lowand middle-income countries: transmission patterns of SARS-CoV-2, the clinical characteristics of the disease, and the impact of pandemic prevention and response measures. Targeted research activities should be done to help mitigate the potential burden of COVID-19 in lowand middle-income countries without diverting the limited human resources, funding, or medical supplies from response activities. We propose three broad research questions to inform public health and policy responses to COVID-19 in LMICs: (1) how do the patterns of SARS-CoV-2 transmission differ in resource-poor settings? A more thorough understanding of the relationship between climate, seasonality, and virus transmissibility could provide insights into the potential course of the pandemic in LMICs that tend to be warmer and more humid, supporting preparedness and response efforts in these settings. doi = 10.1186/s41256-020-00159-y id = cord-255149-mqsk7kiz author = Gupta, Nikhil title = It Will Be a Different World for Surgeons Post-COVID-19 Lockdown date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Gupta, Nikhil; Agrawal, Himanshu title: It Will Be a Different World for Surgeons Post-COVID-19 Lockdown 1. All patients posted for elective surgery may have to undergo preoperative COVID-19 testing. 4. Wearing PPE kit by surgeons, anaesthetists, and nursing staff in doubtful cases will again inflate patient''s bill. 6. We will have to be prepared for a scenario in which patient is negative for COVID-19 preoperatively but becomes symptomatic and positive after the surgery. Whether patient can demand test report of surgeon and other health care workers? If a confirmed/ suspected case requiring emergency surgery is brought to a nursing home/small setup which is not well equipped to deal with COVID-19 patients, what should a surgeon do? Association of Surgeons of India, being an umbrella body for all other surgical societies, should come up with detailed guidelines for post-COVID-19 era conducive for both patients and surgeons. AMASI (Association of Minimal Access Surgeons of India) guidelines for conducting minimal access surgery during COVID-19 Pandemic doi = 10.1007/s12262-020-02392-8 id = cord-260162-5037khjy author = Gupta, Nivedita title = Severe acute respiratory illness surveillance for coronavirus disease 2019, India, 2020 date = 2020-04-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Sentinel surveillance among severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) patients can help identify the spread and extent of transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: SARI patients admitted at 41 sentinel sites from February 15, 2020 onwards were tested for COVID-19 by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, targeting E and RdRp genes of SARS-CoV-2. In India, the initial COVID-19 testing strategy included people who had international travel history with symptoms, symptomatic contacts of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients and symptomatic healthcare workers managing respiratory distress/severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) 6 . In addition, to track the progression of the epidemic in the early phase, stored samples of SARI patients hospitalized since February 15, 2020 were also tested for COVID-19 under the Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory Network (VRDLN). About a third of COVID-19 positive SARI cases did not have any history of contact with laboratory-confirmed case or international travel, and such cases were reported from 36 Indian districts in 15 States. doi = 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1035_20 id = cord-150218-javbnjrg author = Gupta, Prateek title = COVI-AgentSim: an Agent-based Model for Evaluating Methods of Digital Contact Tracing date = 2020-10-30 keywords = BCT; COVID-19; FCT; Heuristic; dct; test summary = We use COVI-AgentSim to perform cost-benefit analyses comparing no DCT to: 1) standard binary contact tracing (BCT) that assigns binary recommendations based on binary test results; and 2) a rule-based method for feature-based contact tracing (FCT) that assigns a graded level of recommendation based on diverse individual features. We call these methods feature-based contact tracing (FCT), and hypothesize they could provide an important and effective means of reducing the spread of the disease, perhaps even more effectively than BCT at lower adoption rates. Recognizing this potential, we propose COVI-AgentSim -a software testbed 2 to design, evaluate and benchmark DCT methods using cost-benefit analysis in terms of lives saved, reduction in effective reproductive number (R t ) of the virus, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted, and productive hours lost. A key difference in our simulator is the rich set of individual-level features (including e.g. pre-existing medical conditions), which allow us to benchmark feature-based contact tracing methods, and also allow for stratification over a larger variety of subgroups. doi = nan id = cord-273815-7ftztaqn author = Gupta, R. K. title = Systematic evaluation and external validation of 22 prognostic models among hospitalised adults with COVID-19: An observational cohort study date = 2020-07-26 keywords = COVID-19; July; model summary = We also assessed the discrimination of each candidate model for standardised outcomes of: (a) our composite endpoint of clinical deterioration; and (b) mortality, across a range of pre-specified time horizons from admission (7 days, 14 days, 30 days and any time during hospital admission), by calculating time-dependent AUROCs (with cumulative sensitivity and dynamic specificity) 18 . In order to further benchmark the performance of candidate prognostic models, we then computed AUROCs for a limited number of univariable predictors considered to be of highest importance a priori, based on clinical knowledge and existing data, for prediction of our composite endpoints of clinical deterioration and mortality (7 days, 14 days, 30 days and any time during hospital admission). We compared net benefit for each prognostic model (for its original intended endpoint) to the strategies of treating all patients, treating no patients, and using the most discriminating univariable predictor for either deterioration (i.e. oxygen saturation on air) or mortality (i.e. patient age) to stratify treatment (Supplementary Figure 9 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.07.24.20149815 id = cord-334391-0172afa1 author = Gupta, Rahul title = The double edged interferon riddle in COVID-19 pathogenesis date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = I would like to humbly add some views to it: there has been two varying reported type I interferon responses in COVID-19 pathogenesis [2] : one stating the suppression of host antiviral type I interferons (IFNs) and interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) and other stating increased expression of different ISGs, with further inductions of chemokines and cytokines [2] . The viral Nsps (particularly Nsp1) and the ORFs (particularly ORF 6) are known to antagonise the host antiviral IFNs initially by suppressing/delaying their expressions, leading to viral persistence and propagating inflammations. Hence, neither type I IFN nor type III IFN, which are known hard-wired for providing antiviral immunity, was activated in early stages of COVID-19. Aberrant production of NETs have been known to cause severe COVID-like pathophysiologies-thrombosis, lung damage, ARDS, multiorgan damage, etc. The initial type 1IFN suppression could lead to enhanced infiltration of neutrophils, NET formation and ensuing pathophysiologies. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03337-z id = cord-288770-hquc2v2c author = Gupta, Rajan title = A Comprehensive Analysis of COVID-19 Outbreak situation in India date = 2020-04-11 keywords = India; case; covid-19 summary = With so much happening in India right now, it becomes imperative that we study the current situation and impact of various such events in India through data analysis methods and come up with different plans for future which can be helpful for the Indian administrators and medical professionals. Also, the studies in Indian region from the past are more focused on presenting time series analysis based on the overall data for Indian region rather than covering other sources of information apart from just considering the number of infected patients, so the need to analyze the patients background and information is required for the authorities to get better insight about the situation. Studied like [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] worked on various mathematical models to determine the spread of the disease, predict the number of infected patients, commenting on the preparedness for each country in tackling COVID-19 4 spread and finding the patterns of flattening curve in different conditions. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.08.20058347 id = cord-293570-gh6ykmea author = Gupta, Rajib K. title = Spectrum of podocytopathies in new-onset nephrotic syndrome following COVID-19 disease: a report of 2 cases date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Renal biopsy findings in hospitalized COVID-19 patients presenting solely with acute kidney injury (AKI) have recently been described in published literature in few case reports. We herein describe two cases where the patients presented primarily with nephrotic syndrome with a temporal association with COVID-19; the two renal biopsies showed two different histologic lesions on light microscopy (at least on initial biopsy) with diffuse podocytopathy as the sole ultrastructural lesion for both cases. BP was controlled to 128/84 mmHg. Follow-up: Two subsequent COVID-19 RT-PCR tests came back negative on the 4th and the 5th of May. He was commenced on oral prednisone 60 mg a day on the 8th of May. Unfortunately, there was no response to high-dose steroids and the patient continued to have nephrotic-range proteinuria and worsening renal function. doi = 10.1186/s12882-020-01970-y id = cord-272154-nrm9ulj5 author = Gupta, Ravi title = Guidelines of the Indian Society for Sleep Research (ISSR) for Practice of Sleep Medicine during COVID-19 date = 2020-07-04 keywords = covid-19; pap; patient; sleep summary = Under these circumstances, the Indian Society for Sleep Research (ISSR) created a task force to develop guidelines for the practice of sleep medicine, not only for the Indian environment but also for other countries that are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. As sleep services resume operations, there is a need to find innovative ways to reduce contact with COVID-19 patients, follow personal protection guidelines, as well as social distancing. Indian Society for Sleep Research (ISSR) created a task force to develop guidelines for the practice of sleep medicine that are applicable not only to India but also to other countries that are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Various levels of sleep studies, telemedicine, and positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy are the major aspects, given emphasis by the task force group of ISSR in these guidelines. doi = 10.1007/s41782-020-00097-2 id = cord-335465-sckfkciz author = Gupta, Rishi K. title = Systematic evaluation and external validation of 22 prognostic models among hospitalised adults with COVID-19: An observational cohort study date = 2020-09-25 keywords = AUROC; COVID-19; model; patient summary = We aimed to address this knowledge gap by systematically evaluating the performance of proposed prognostic models, among consecutive patients hospitalised with a final diagnosis of COVID-19 at a single centre, when using predictors measured at the point of hospital admission. We also assessed the discrimination of each candidate model for standardised outcomes of: (a) our composite endpoint of clinical deterioration; and (b) mortality, across a range of pre-specified time horizons from admission (7 days, 14 days, 30 days and any time during hospital admission), by calculating time-dependent AUROCs (with cumulative sensitivity and dynamic specificity) [18] . In order to further benchmark the performance of candidate prognostic models, we then computed AUROCs for a limited number of univariable predictors considered to be of highest importance a priori, based on clinical knowledge and existing data, for prediction of our composite endpoints of clinical deterioration and mortality (7 days, 14 days, 30 days and any time during hospital admission). doi = 10.1183/13993003.03498-2020 id = cord-263908-4ti8l2ea author = Gupta, Ritesh title = Diabetes and COVID-19: evidence, current status and unanswered research questions date = 2020-05-13 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; diabetes; patient summary = Similarly, despite the recognition of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2), and the role of ACE2 in lung injury; there are conflicting results with the use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) in these patients. There is a need to further study the natural course of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes and to understand the individual, regional and ethnic variations in disease prevalence and course. It is not known whether patients with diabetes with well-controlled blood glucose levels have an increased risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2). While one study in China did not find any association of ACE inhibitor use with severity of disease, there was an increased mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving ACE inhibitors and ARBs in another study [29, 30] . doi = 10.1038/s41430-020-0652-1 id = cord-343929-9ebw3x8r author = Gupta, Ritesh title = Clinical considerations in patients with diabetes during times of COVID19: An update on lifestyle factors and antihyperglycemic drugs with focus on India date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19; India summary = title: Clinical considerations in patients with diabetes during times of COVID19: An update on lifestyle factors and antihyperglycemic drugs with focus on India RESULTS: Diabetes and poor glycemic control are associated with increased severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Diabetes and poor glycemic control are associated with increased severity and mortality in patients with COVID19 . A recent article by a consortium of diabetes experts in J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f India has identified five categories of patients with hyperglycemia who need consideration in today''s times of COVID-19 pandemic 34 . Observational study on Effect of Lock Down due to COVID 19 on glycemic control in patients with Diabetes: Experience from Central India Impact of lockdown in COVID 19 on glycemic control in patients with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.09.009 id = cord-257160-40tdt7y3 author = Gupta, Rohit title = Letter to the editor in response to COVID-19 presenting as acute pancreatitis date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID summary = The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was based on modified Atlanta criteria 2 which requires presence of two of the following three features: (1) abdominal pain consistent with acute pancreatitis (acute onset of a persistent, severe, epigastric pain often radiating to the back); (2) serum lipase activity (or amylase activity) at least three times greater than the upper limit of normal; and (3) characteristic findings of acute pancreatitis on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and less commonly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or trans-abdominal ultrasonography. This patient fulfilled two criteria i.e. pain consistent with acute pancreatitis and pancreatic enzyme elevation greater than three times upper limit of normal. A retrospective cohort study by McNabb-Baltar et al 3 in 71 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 found that, only 9 (12.1%) had hyperlipasemia (defined in this study as an elevated lipase level above the upper limit of normal (>60 U/L)), with two cases (2.8%) having greater than 3 fold elevation but without imaging evidence of acute pancreatitis. doi = 10.1016/j.pan.2020.06.017 id = cord-329152-1ixylnny author = Gupta, Shaili title = Hospital preparedness for COVID-19 pandemic: experience from department of medicine at Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; hospital; patient summary = We share our hospital-wide rapid preparedness and response to COVID-19 to help provide information to other healthcare systems globally. Response to pandemic is a multi-disciplinary team effort with efficient leadership that meets several times daily to work at a quick pace in order to make effective implementation of preparatory measures before the actual arrival of the first infected patients, followed by a continuity of the same diligence to ensure modifications in plans as needed and addressing new demands as they arise. Additionally she created protocols for well-informed care of patients, enhanced the education and protective measures for HCWs including residency trainees, developed a clinical algorithm to guide judicious testing, and participated in COVID-19 treatment group meetings at other institutions to help create or modify local treatment algorithms. doi = 10.1080/00325481.2020.1761668 id = cord-291410-umaxozwk author = Gupta, Vishal title = COVID-19 and Acute Pancreatitis: What Do Surgeons Need to Know? date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Metaanalysis of 47 studies including 10,890 COVID-19 patients showed that gastrointestinal symptoms are present in less than 10% of cases with a pooled prevalence of 7.8% for nausea/ vomiting, 7.7% for diarrhoea and 2.7% for abdominal pain and 15% for liver enzyme abnormalities (transaminitis) [1] . earlier reported 17% incidence of pancreatic injury among 52 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Although the possibility of viral load in pancreatic necrotic tissue and fluid is uncertain, interventions required to manage local complications (acute necrotic collections or walled off necrosis), whether percutaneous, endoscopic, or minimally invasive (retroperitoneal/transperitoneal), might expose the health care workers to SARS-CoV-2, more so with high-risk aerosol generating procedures like endoscopic or minimally invasive drainage / necrosectomy including video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement (VARD). Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) associated with severe acute pancreatitis: case report on three family members SARS-CoV-2 is present in peritoneal fluid in COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1007/s12262-020-02447-w id = cord-033714-rz5unqaz author = Gupte, Jaideep title = COVID-19: what is not being addressed date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; Nairobi; South; income; informal; response; urban summary = The visualization of informal settlements in many COVID-19 discussions, however, is of homogenous highdensity inner-city shacks, with insufficient attention given to lowerdensity settlements (more likely to have urban agriculture) that may also face health and economic emergencies. (46) The wealth of grassroots responses to COVID-19 is elaborated by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), which has drawn on experiences from across its partners in the global South, who provide evidence of local groups stepping in to reduce health risks and provide emergency access to food and hygiene. Meanwhile, the vast majority of urban poor communities (85%) reported government-provided "palliatives" intended for the vulnerable had not reached them." (68) Similar findings are evident in Brazil where, for example, low-income favela residents in São Paulo are not receiving the monthly emergency basic income payment (worth US$ 115), despite the shutdown by the city authorities of informal trading on 15 April 2020. Local response in health emergencies: key considerations for addressing the COVID-19 pandemic in informal urban settlements doi = 10.1177/0956247820963961 id = cord-259566-qtlq7a6l author = Guraya, Salman Yousuf title = Transforming laparoendoscopic surgical protocols during COVID-19 pandemic; big data analytics, resource allocation and operational considerations; a review article date = 2020-06-23 keywords = SARS; covid-19; surgical summary = title: Transforming laparoendoscopic surgical protocols during COVID-19 pandemic; big data analytics, resource allocation and operational considerations; a review article Benefits of delaying elective and non-urgent surgery outweighs the risk of performing surgical procedures on patients with asymptomatic or active COVID-19 disease. Limiting the number of operating room personnel, use of disposable instruments, small trocar incisions, negative pressure environment, and setting energy devices at low modes can help reduce disease transmission during laparoendocsopic procedures. This write up provides a brief account of the impact of the COVID-19, big data analytics of response of medical personnel in curtailing and understanding the disease process and the consensus guidelines for carrying out laparoscopic and endoscopic procedures. -Limiting the number of operating room personnel, use of disposable instruments, negative pressure air flow, and setting electrocautery energy devices at low modes can possibly reduce disease transmission during laparoendocsopic procedures. doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.06.027 id = cord-306414-2dv3qced author = Gutierrez, Lucas title = Deciphering the TCR Repertoire to Solve the COVID-19 Mystery date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; TCR; cell summary = Advances in sequencing technologies and single-cell immune profiling can be leveraged to monitor adaptive immune responses in COVID-19 patients and guide future SARS-CoV-2 immunotherapy and biomarker development. Whether the aged and less diverse TCR repertoire impacts the ability to generate a sufficiently robust T cell response against SARS-CoV-2 in older patients remains to be studied. The development of faster and cheaper sequencing technologies, augmented by the advances in computational tools, support the feasibility of using TCR analyses not only to track SARS-CoV-2specific T cell expansion post-COVID-19 infection or in the course of treating patients with COVID-19, but also to establish certain features of the TCR repertoire architecture as predictive biomarkers for patients'' clinical outcome. Thus, a comprehensive characterization of the dynamics and composition of the TCR repertoires to SARS-CoV-2 infection can largely contribute to the evolving understanding of the functional and mechanistic involvement of the adaptive immune cell response and potentially guide the design of effective treatment. doi = 10.1016/j.tips.2020.06.001 id = cord-285739-0enn5bzn author = Gutiérrez Rodríguez, José title = Variables asociadas a mortalidad en una población de pacientes mayores de 80 años y con algún grado de dependencia funcional hospitalizados por COVID-19 en un Servicio de Geriatría date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Ese mismo día, tras un gran esfuerzo organizativo se abren las plantas para pacientes con COVID-19 en nuestro centro hospitalario: un total de 38 camas destinadas a pacientes mayores de 80 años con infección por coronavirus, que precisan hospitalización por presentar insuficiencia respiratoria aguda o descompensación de patología de base y que, en caso de empeoramiento clínico, no serían subsidiarios de beneficio de ingreso en UCI por sufrir algún grado de dependencia funcional y/o deterioro cognitivo 22 . En este ámbito asistencial, los objetivos de este trabajo han sido: a) estudiar las características epidemiológicas, clínica, analíticas y radiológicas de pacientes mayores de 80 años con algún grado de dependencia funcional y/o deterioro cognitivo ingresados con COVID-19 confirmado por diagnóstico de laboratorio, b) determinar la tasa de mortalidad, c) analizar las variables clínicas, terapéuticas, funcionales y mentales que se asocian a mayor riesgo de mortalidad. doi = 10.1016/j.regg.2020.07.002 id = cord-287247-vv0zc0gd author = Gutman, Julie R. title = Malaria and Parasitic Neglected Tropical Diseases: Potential Syndemics with COVID-19? date = 2020-06-01 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; SARS; malaria summary = With many LMICs implementing movement restrictions or ordering their populations to stay at home to limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the threat to essential health services is likely to be immediate, causing delays to diagnosis and treatment for other diseases, including malaria and NTDs. During the Ebola epidemic in West Africa, there were substantial reductions in all-cause outpatient visits and patients treated with antimalarial drugs 2 ; modeling the potential for similar disruptions in malaria control due to COVID-19 suggests that there could be up to an estimated 769,000 deaths due to malaria in 2020 (approximately double the number seen in 2018), mostly among children younger than 5 years. 58 Thus, coinfection with parasitic NTDs could result in altered risks and severity of clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with the potential for decreased development of immunity with increased viral loads. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0516 id = cord-281102-ohbm78it author = Gutzeit, Andreas title = What can European radiologists learn from the outbreak of COVID-19 in China? A discussion with a radiologist from Wuhan date = 2020-04-08 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19 summary = communication is to determine what we can learn from the Chinese experience and how hospitals and radiology departments all around the world can prepare for a widespread outbreak of this disease. The training content was standard prevention, personal protection, correct use of protective equipment, procedures to optimize putting on and removing protective equipment, hand hygiene, isolation measures, medical waste management, and air and environmental surface cleaning and disinfection. The director of the clinical and medical technology department in Wuhan was the most important person during the coronavirus crisis. The Hospital Infection Management established an inspection system to strengthen the guidance and supervision of the implementation of the clinical department''s control measures and the correct wearing of protective equipment. In Wuhan, desktop, computer, and intercom systems in the radiology departments were regularly cleaned after use with 250-500 mg/L chlorinated disinfectant or 75% (v/v) medical ethanol. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-06841-6 id = cord-329292-n1aw0lyx author = Guven, Fadime title = Leptomeningeal involvement in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus infecting by COVID-19 date = 2020-06-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-329292-n1aw0lyx authors: Guven, Fadime; Ogul, Hayri; Turgut, Asli; Tezcan, Alperen; Kantarci, Mecit title: Leptomeningeal involvement in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus infecting by COVID-19 date: 2020-06-10 journal: Joint Bone Spine DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2020.06.002 sha: doc_id: 329292 cord_uid: n1aw0lyx nan Journal Pre-proof Leptomeningeal Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed a few leptomeningeal micronodular lesions ( Figure 1 ). The lupus patients may be more susceptible for a more severe COVID-19 disease course [1] . CT scans appear sensitive virus detection [2] . Coronavirus Disease-2019: Implication for the care and management of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Diagnosis of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): rRT-PCR or CT? doi = 10.1016/j.jbspin.2020.06.002 id = cord-292180-sjmeyhan author = Guzman-Prado, Yuli title = Retraction of studies on potential drug therapies for COVID-19: A call for reliability and scientific integrity date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The author of this paper recently discussed the findings on cardiovascular safety of the controversial use of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for the treatment of COVID-19 reported in observational studies, stressing the need of high quality large randomized controlled trials in order to assess the effectiveness and safety of these drugs and other potential therapies for COVID-19 One of the commented studies (2) , which reported a decrease in the in-hospital survival and an increased frequency of de-novo ventricular arrhythmias with the use of CQ or HCQ, was recently retracted by three of the four authors, causing controversy in the scientific community and raising serious concerns on the reliability of published papers and the transparency and accountability of researchers particularly in the midst of this global health crisis. Likewise, a different study conducted by Mehra, et al (3) assessed the relationship of cardiovascular disease and drug therapy with in-hospital mortality among patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.06.061 id = cord-353890-dzauzjm7 author = Guzzi, Pietro Hiram title = Spatio-Temporal Resource Mapping for Intensive Care Units at Regional Level for COVID-19 Emergency in Italy date = 2020-05-12 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = COVID-19 patients management requires availability of sufficiently large number of Intensive Care Units (ICUs) beds. We analysed Italian data at regional level with the aim to: (i) support health and government decision-makers in gathering rapid and efficient decisions on increasing health structures capacities (in terms of ICU slots) and (ii) define a geographic model to plan emergency and future COVID-19 patients management using reallocating them among health structures. Among these: 9268 were reported as being treated at home (i.e., not severe illness), 9663 hospitalised, and 1672 admitted to ICUs. To react to the exponential growth of infected patients requiring hospitalisation, the Chinese government decided to build a large emergency hospital dedicated to COVID-19 patients in a few days. In Figure 2 the COVID-19 diffusion is reported both for Italy and China red zones (A "red zone" is a geographical area (e.g., city, region, state) of maximal infection for which the government implements special social rules in order to deal with the emergency: typically restriction of citizens'' movements and prohibition to leave or enter the area). doi = 10.3390/ijerph17103344 id = cord-274027-ovdhnajp author = Gyasi, Razak M. title = Rethinking the Gendered Dimensions in the Impacts and Response to COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-11 keywords = covid-19; response summary = A critical consideration of gendered lenses and the respective brunt of health crises of the pandemic on men and women can improve our understanding and direction of efforts toward building robust and equitable public health response. Specifically, taking into account the gendered sensitivities and the respective brunt of health crises of the outbreak on men and women can improve our understanding and direction of efforts toward building robust and equitable public health response. In the publication of the strengthening preparedness for health emergencies, the WHO Executive Board advocated for the inclusion and full representation of women in the decision making process at international and national levels during outbreaks. We propose to the global health organizations, national political forces, and policymakers to conspicuously include gendered sensitivities in the analysis of impacts and response to COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.puhip.2020.100019 id = cord-256041-k4y6t0i5 author = Gómez-Salgado, Juan title = Related Health Factors of Psychological Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; Health; psychological summary = The objective of the study is to analyse the psychological distress in a Spanish population sample during the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying the predictive character and role that sociodemographic variables, the presence of physical symptoms, and other health-related variables may have. Our results are in line with those found in most studies, showing that women present significantly higher levels of distress (with low size effect), and this can therefore be understood as an individual risk factor in the face of the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic. However, a study similar to the present one conducted at the beginning of the COVID-19 quarantine identified an increased risk of psychological distress among people over 60 years of age [33] . Among the variables that predict psychological distress are, therefore: being female, age, employment situation, number of symptoms, perception of poor health, having been in close contact with an infected person, as well as having been in contact with people or material suspected of being infected. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17113947 id = cord-298505-r7ihqb96 author = Górski, Andrzej title = Sepsis, Phages, and COVID-19 date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; phage; sepsis summary = In fact, in addition to data obtained in experimental animals, there are already reports of successful phage therapy in patients with sepsis [2] . Phage therapy efficacy has also been studied in a mouse model of neonatal sepsis caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii and Moraxella catarrhalis. High effectiveness of phage therapy in the treatment of experimental sepsis induced by multidrug resistant P. Further progress in phage therapy of sepsis has recently been achieved by introducing engineered phages used to treat a patient with a disseminated drug resistant mycobacterial infection. In recent years, a number of reports derived from experimental studies in animals and human clinics have suggested the potential value of phage therapy in the treatment of sepsis. The anti-inflammatory and the immunomodulating properties of phages could also be useful in the treatment of severe COVID-19 syndrome including viral sepsis (Table 2) . doi = 10.3390/pathogens9100844 id = cord-300360-h6gr91eg author = Górski, Andrzej title = Phages in the fight against COVID-19? date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; phage summary = This hypothesis has been fully confirmed by recent studies that have revealed that phages present in the human body may penetrate epithelial cell layers from gut, lung and other organs without causing any harmful effects. In the absence of bacterial infection, the Escherichia coli phage 536 PI promotes an increase in the production of IFN-α and IL-12 in the lungs (but not in the blood), allowing for the presence of an antiviral signature in the lungs of healthy uninfected mice (this effect was phage specific and mediated by 536 P1 and not LM33 P1 phages) [37] . The data presented in this Commentary are often preliminary but suggest that further studies focused on the potential of phage therapy as at least an adjunct treatment of COVID-19 are warranted. The in vitro studies on bacteriophage influence on the ability of human viruses to infect epithelial cells. doi = 10.2217/fmb-2020-0082 id = cord-282361-gje78nb1 author = Gökce, Mehmet İlker title = How does the COVID-19 pandemic affect the preoperative evaluation and anesthesia applied for urinary stones? EULIS eCORE–IAU multicenter collaborative cohort study date = 2020-05-20 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = In this study it is aimed to identify the up-to-date practice patterns related to preoperative evaluation and anesthesia for stone disease interventions during COVID-19 pandemic. Information on the type of the stone related conditions, management strategies, anesthesiologic evaluation, anesthesia methods, and any alterations related to COVID-19 pandemic was collected. Rate of preoperative testing, emergency procedures, conservative approaches and topical/regional anesthesia increased after 21 days. The primary end point of the study was to collect information on the type of the stone related conditions, management strategies, anesthesiologic evaluation, anesthesia methods, and any alterations related to COVID-19 pandemic. While some guidelines suggest PCR testing in suspicious cases, the guidelines for sections with a high likelihood of virus load, such as otolaryngology, suggest that it can be performed Fig. 2 Summary of preoperative additional testing, alteration in anesthesia method and stone related procedures in the European cohort in all patients [14] . doi = 10.1007/s00240-020-01193-8 id = cord-273829-t5cuop5c author = Görgülü, Özkan title = rRT-PCR Results of a Covid-19 Diagnosed Geriatric Patient date = 2020-10-17 keywords = COVID-19; pcr summary = Therefore, the COVID-19 pandemic control and filiation evaluation with the rRT-PCR test may produce false negative results. Patient with positive Covid-19 IgM Rapid Test performed on May 19, 2020, was subjected to the rRT-PCR test, repeated twice on the 19th of May which also resulted in positive. The nucleic acid test functions as the gold standard method for confirming the SARS-COV-2 infection; however, some recent studies have detected false negative results of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) [4] . Similar to our case, there are case reports of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test initially false negative and later positive in the literature [11] . Therefore, it can be argued that COVID-19 pandemic control and filiation evaluation with the rRT-PCR test may produce false negative results. A case report of COVID-19 with false negative RT-PCR test: necessity of chest CT doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00590-9 id = cord-326532-2ehuuvnx author = Götzinger, Florian title = COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; Europe; ICU; SARS; child summary = This study aimed to capture key data on children and adolescents with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection across Europe to inform physicians and health-care service planning during the ongoing pandemic. Significant risk factors for requiring ICU admission in multivariable analyses were being younger than 1 month (odds ratio 5·06, 95% CI 1·72–14·87; p=0·0035), male sex (2·12, 1·06–4·21; p=0·033), pre-existing medical conditions (3·27, 1·67–6·42; p=0·0015), and presence of lower respiratory tract infection signs or symptoms at presentation (10·46, 5·16–21·23; p<0·0001). For this cohort study, European members of the Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (ptbnet)-which currently includes 304 clinicians and researchers, most of whom are based at tertiary or quaternary paediatric infectious diseases or paediatric pulmonology units, across 128 paediatric health-care institutions in 31 European countries [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] -were invited to contribute cases of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection that had been managed at or managed remotely by their health-care institution (including individuals admitted to other hospitals or identified during community screening) before or during the study period. doi = 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30177-2 id = cord-348696-86nbwon2 author = Güemes-Villahoz, Noemi title = Novel Insights into the Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Through the Ocular Surface and its Detection in Tears and Conjunctival Secretions: A Review date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; ocular summary = title: Novel Insights into the Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Through the Ocular Surface and its Detection in Tears and Conjunctival Secretions: A Review A multicenter study which documented potential risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 transmission in patients requiring intubation [7] reported that unprotected eye contact with secretions from infected patients was the most predictive variable for transmission to healthcare workers. A recent study evaluated the ocular tropism of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with confirmed COVID-19. Of the 56 subjects investigated there was only one patient who gave a history of prior pterygium surgery, with conjunctivitis and a positive PCR result from the conjunctival swab highlighting the importance of an intact ocular surface in resisting virus invasion [25] . Despite ocular complications not being a common clinically detectable manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, recent evidence suggests that ocular exposure may represent a major transmission route for the virus. Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in tears and conjunctival secretions of COVID-19 patients with conjunctivitis doi = 10.1007/s12325-020-01442-7 id = cord-354134-gb2pf5kb author = Güemes-Villahoz, Noemi title = Conjunctivitis in COVID-19 patients: frequency and clinical presentation date = 2020-08-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; conjunctivitis summary = Given the current situation of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, describing the clinical characteristics of conjunctivitis associated with the novel coronavirus has relevant implications in the future identification of suspected COVID-19 patients and the differential diagnosis from other forms viral conjunctivitis. A study analyzing a sample of 1099 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 disease in China found a prevalence of conjunctivitis symptoms of only 0.8% and other small series have reported a prevalence around 3% [4, 6, 7] . Despite our study showed no difference in the clinical presentation of conjunctivitis in male and female, we found that conjunctivitis was more frequent in males with moderate COVID-19 and women with mild disease. A better understanding of the ocular manifestations of the virus will assist in early identification of SARS-CoV-2infected cases, prioritizing diagnostic testing in patients with clinical findings compatible with conjunctivitis associated with COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s00417-020-04916-0 id = cord-288580-onzzpkye author = HALAÇLI, Burçin title = Critically ill COVID-19 patient date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; high; patient summary = This pandemic is accepted as a viral pneumonia pandemic not a simple flu, therefore, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, follow-up, and management of the critically ill patients with COVID-19 is extremely important. HFNO therapy and NIMV support may be applied in selected hypoxemic respiratory failure cases with proper PPE because of high risk of aerosol generation. However, these patients should be followed closely in terms of clinical deterioration, if no positive response is obtained in the first few hours (refractory hypoxemia, tachypnoea, tidal volume (Vt) > 9 mL/kg meaning increased minute ventilation and work of breathing). In the light of the data obtained from COVID-19 pandemic and hospital follow-up of these critically ill patients, the needfulness of intensive care units with well-organized structure and trained HCW, has emerged once again. Expert consensus on preventing nosocomial transmission during respiratory care for critically ill patients infected by 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia doi = 10.3906/sag-2004-122 id = cord-312826-4m54ve8v author = HOERTEL, N. title = Observational Study of Haloperidol in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 date = 2020-07-20 keywords = July; covid-19; preprint summary = We hypothesized that haloperidol use would be associated with a lower risk of a composite endpoint of intubation or death, and with a shorter time from hospital admission to discharge home in time-to-event analyses that were adjusted for major predictors of respiratory failure and weighted according to propensity scores assessing the probability of haloperidol use. age; obesity (defined as having a body-mass index higher than 30 kg/m 2 or an International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) code for obesity (E66.0, E66.1, E66.2, E66.8, E66.9); self-reported smoking status; number of medical conditions associated with increased risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, 7-11 which were coded by practitioners based on ICD-10, including diabetes mellitus (E11), diseases of the circulatory system (I00-I99), diseases of the respiratory system (J00-J99), neoplasms (C00-C96), and diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism (D5-D8); and any medication prescribed according to compassionate use or as part of clinical trials (e.g., hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, remdesivir, tocilizumab, or sarilumab). doi = 10.1101/2020.07.15.20150490 id = cord-291745-2371k29o author = Ha, Kyoo-Man title = A Lesson Learned from the Outbreak of COVID-19 in Korea date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Despite the fact that making all efforts to deal with COVID-19 outbreak, Korea is in urgent need of moving away from a divided community approach and adopting a total community approach. A divided community approach involves emergency management stakeholders individually understanding, evaluating, and then deciding on steps regarding managing the outbreak of COVID-19. On the other hand, a total community approach involves all stakeholders collectively comprehending and assessing the needs of communities and then deciding on and implementing appropriate alternatives to manage COVID-19 [1] . The aforementioned two approaches are compared in terms of five stakeholders: hospitals, governments, voluntary organizations, mass media, and other local communities. As such, appropriate voluntary organizations including the Korean Medical Association, Korean Nurses Association, Korean Association of Emergency Medical Technicians, and others must register related professional volunteers before the outbreak of pandemic diseases. In other words, emergency management against the outbreak of COVID-19 cannot be handled by a community divided among the five stakeholders. doi = 10.1007/s12088-020-00882-7 id = cord-336175-khkkxcwr author = Ha, Kyoo-Man title = The principle of distance during COVID-19 outbreak in Korea date = 2020-07-27 keywords = covid-19; distance summary = Examples include precautions such as wearing face masks, washing hands with soap and running water, sneezing into one''s upper sleeve, restricting travel, closing restaurants/bars, maintaining distance among people, testing for coronavirus with testing kits, using ibuprofen, and so on. This paper aims to highlight the importance of maintaining a distance between people during the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea, with the ultimate goal of reducing mass infections. However, considering that the COVID-19 outbreak is a national emergency, all believers must be aware that maintaining a distance among themselves is a preventive measure against the pandemic. Hence, to efficiently deal with COVID-19, community-based institutions in Korea should practice maintaining a distance among their members and should not allow members'' gatherings or assemblies in limited spaces specifically to avoid mass infection. A few Korean stakeholders have been aware of the importance of maintaining a distance among people during the emergency response to the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1007/s10123-020-00138-w id = cord-316588-8els3rzj author = Habib, Mhd Baraa title = Acute symptomatic hyponatremia in setting of SIADH as an isolated presentation of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; SIADH summary = Several infectious causes of SIADH have been reported; however, hyponatremia associated with SIADH and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was only recently mentioned in a few case reports. We discuss a unique presentation of COVID-19, in which the patient presented with acute severe symptomatic hyponatremia thought to be the initial and isolated presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is characterized by euvolemic hyponatremia, low plasma osmolality, high urinary osmolality, elevated natriuresis, hypouricemia, and lack of evidence of other hyponatremic diseases. The most common symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection are fever, congested nose, and cough; and may also cause severe pneumonia [4] . A case series of COVID-19 pneumonia associated with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) published recently described patients who presented with respiratory symptoms, were diagnosed with COVID-19, and found to have SIADH [8] . doi = 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00859 id = cord-336397-mgrezzmw author = Habib, Yasir title = Time–frequency co-movement between COVID-19, crude oil prices, and atmospheric CO(2) emissions: Fresh global insights from partial and multiple coherence approach date = 2020-10-11 keywords = COVID-19; emission; oil; wavelet summary = Therefore, the objective of the current study is to investigate the asymmetric co-movement linkage between COVID-19, oil prices, and atmosphere carbon emissions in a global setting by applying an advanced and innovative wavelet approach. To probe the nonlinear co-movement and the lead-lag connections among COVID-19, CO 2 emissions, and crude oil prices in the time-frequency spheres and data sample size, the conventional times series techniques, specifically, Granger causality analysis, the vector autoregressive models (VARs), generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic processes (GARCH), are not suitable for the current study. This paper employs the comprehensive wavelet coherence analysis tools, including wavelet transform coherence as well as continuous, partial and multiple wavelet coherence, to enclose the association and co-movement between global daily new infected and confirmed cases of COVID-19, global daily CO 2 emissions, and daily crude oil prices across time scales. This study explores the co-movement between COVID-19, CO 2 emissions, and crude oil prices by using the wavelet transform method. doi = 10.1007/s10668-020-01031-2 id = cord-171231-m54moffr author = Habli, Ibrahim title = Enhancing Covid-19 Decision-Making by Creating an Assurance Case for Simulation Models date = 2020-05-17 keywords = COVID-19; model summary = When making claims about risk in safety-critical systems, it is common practice to produce an assurance case, which is a structured argument supported by evidence with the aim to assess how confident we should be in our risk-based decisions. Similar to engineered safety-critical systems, e.g. flight control software or pacemakers, the rigour and transparency with which these simulation models are developed should be proportionate to their criticality to, and influence on, public health policy -this is true for COVID-19 but also holds for other models used to support such critical decision-making. In safety-critical systems engineering it is common practice to produce an assurance case -a structured, explicit argument supported by evidence [3] . We argue that such a case has the potential to enable a wider understanding, and a critical review, of the expected benefits, limitations and assumptions that underpin the development of the simulation models and the extent to which these issues, including the different sources of uncertainty, are considered in the policy decision-making process. doi = nan id = cord-325788-63jkyx6g author = Haddad, Chadia title = Association between eating behavior and quarantine/confinement stressors during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; confinement; high; quarantine summary = Higher anxiety, higher fear of COVID-19, higher BMI, practicing physical exercise, and a higher number of adults living in the quarantine/confinement were significantly associated with higher shape and weight concerns. A sample of 407 participants, divided into two groups, one from the general population and the other selected among people attending dietitian clinics, were recruited to study the impact of quarantine and confinement stressors and eating behavior during the COVID-19 outbreak. When taking the shape and weight concern scales as the dependent variable, the results showed that higher shape and weight concern scores were significantly associated with the female gender, higher anxiety, greater fear of COVID-19, a higher number of adults living together in the quarantine/confinement, higher BMI, and physical activity. Using a cross-sectional questionnaire-based design does not allow to confirm that merely the fear of COVID-19 caused more restraint eating, weight, and shape concerns; a longitudinal study would better assess the association of the quarantine/confinement on eating disorders. doi = 10.1186/s40337-020-00317-0 id = cord-338478-gkes9a16 author = Haddad, S. title = Encephalopathy and seizure activity in a COVID-19 well controlled HIV patient date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Encephalopathy and seizure activity in a COVID-19 well controlled HIV patient Because the patient presented with acute encephalopathy in the setting of HIV, he underwent a lumbar puncture (Table 2 ) with no white cells noted in the cerebrospinal fluid. As this was the first atypical presentation of COVID-19 witnessed by the hospital J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f staff, one of the main difficulties encountered was managing the patient''s agitation while maintaining proper isolation precautions required for further imaging. One question involves the patient''s history of well controlled HIV and COVID-19-induced leukopenia. If further cases of seizure activity are reported in COVID-19 positive patients, the usefulness of prophylactic antiepileptics will need to be evaluated especially if they present with significant encephalopathy even in the absence of abnormal brain anatomy. Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study doi = 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00814 id = cord-340008-2efzyki4 author = Haddadi, Kaveh title = Coronavirus Disease 2019: Latest Data on Neuroinvasive Potential date = 2020-09-17 keywords = CNS; COVID-19; SARS summary = Similar to other respiratory viruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) may enter the brain via the hematogenous or neuronal route; however, only a few reports are available on the neurological complications of COVID-19. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus, originated in China in December 2019 and rapidly progressed into an epidemic infection, such that the World Health Organization (WHO) termed this calamitous virus "coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Indeed, while the bulk of research conducted and published thus far has focused on the mechanisms whereby SARS-CoV-2 targets the respiratory system, more recent investigations have reported disconcerting evidence of the entrance of this new coronavirus into the CNS via different ways, resulting in significant damage to this system or even death due to its infection. Some investigators in China reported that more than 30% of their 214 patients with COVID-19 presented with neurological signs and symptoms; they, therefore, concluded that SARS-CoV-2 might attack the CNS through blood or retrograde neuronal routes, causing the destruction of the CNS. doi = 10.30476/ijms.2020.85980.1561 id = cord-354498-ddzeznxn author = Haddadi, Sara title = COVID-19: Risk of Alcohol abuse and Psychiatric disorders date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Standard recommendations to prevent the spread of infection such as self-quarantine, hand washing, covering mouth and nose while coughing may be difficult to enforce in patients with mental illnesses. There is a controversy in discharge and management of patients with history of alcohol abuse and psychiatric disorders when they come to the Emergency Departments with mild presentation of COVID-19. Patients with psychiatric disorders especially schizophrenia or those who have been diagnosed with alcohol abuse may have a higher risk for progression of their mild COVID-19 to a severe form. A higher rate of alcohol abuse in psychiatric patients and their lower compliance to self-quarantine calls for a different approach when they come to the ED with COVID-19 presentations. As discussed in this case, a higher rate of alcohol abuse in psychiatric patients and their lower compliance to self-quarantine calls for a different approach when they come to the ED with signs and symptoms of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101222 id = cord-338397-mbk0i13g author = Hadjiyiannakis, D. title = Personal View: Low-dose Lung Radiotherapy Should be Evaluated as a Treatment for Severe COVID-19 Lung Disease date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; LDRT; dose summary = title: Personal View: Low-dose Lung Radiotherapy Should be Evaluated as a Treatment for Severe COVID-19 Lung Disease Very early interim data from a US pilot trial in which older, comorbid patients with severe COVID-19 lung disease received LDRT (1.5 Gy) at standard dose rate are reassuring, with no acute deteriorations or measurable early toxicity [26] . We have outlined historical and contemporary evidence for a potential role of LDRT in managing the acute inflammatory response associated with severe COVID-19 infection. In the absence of definitive, effective treatments for these patients, we believe that the potential benefits of LDRT outweigh the theoretical risks, and thus support its evaluation in carefully designed clinical trials. Is low dose radiation therapy a potential treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia? Lack of supporting data make the risks of a clinical trial of radiation therapy as a treatment for COVID19 pneumonia unacceptable doi = 10.1016/j.clon.2020.08.003 id = cord-356030-bbj4r81i author = Haehner, Antje title = Predictive Value of Sudden Olfactory Loss in the Diagnosis of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-11 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of olfactory loss in an outpatient population who presented to a coronavirus testing center during a 2-week period and to evaluate the diagnostic value of the symptom "sudden smell loss" for screening procedures. METHODS: In this cross-sectional controlled cohort study, 500 patients who presented with symptoms of a common cold to a corona testing center and fulfilled corona testing criteria completed a standardized diagnostic questionnaire which included the patients'' main symptoms, time course, and an additional self-assessment of the patients'' current smell, taste function, and nasal breathing compared to the level before the onset of symptoms. CONCLUSION: Considering the high frequency of smell loss in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients, acute olfactory impairment should be recognized as an early symptom of the disease and should be tested for on a regular basis. doi = 10.1159/000509143 id = cord-283696-3a0s64sm author = Haen, Pierre title = CORONA-steps for tracheotomy in COVID-19 patients: A staff-safe method for airway management date = 2020-04-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: CORONA-steps for tracheotomy in COVID-19 patients: A staff-safe method for airway management Letter to the Editor (649 words) workers are expected to work every day with COVID-19 patients, and protecting them is essential to enable them work safely and avoid being infected. Airway management and, more specifically, tracheostomy procedures have a high risk of causing contamination because they generate aerosols [2] . Even if tracheostomy procedures can be used in COVID-19 patient management, no evidence-based recommendations for the protection of healthcare workers performing tracheostomies for these patients exist to date. Keywords: Coronavirus Disease 2019, Airway Management, Tracheostomy, Healthcare Worker, Safety CORONAsteps for tracheotomy in COVID-19 patients: A staff-safe method for airway management Infection control measures for operative procedures in severe acute respiratory syndrome-related patients Safe tracheostomy for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome Improving staff safety during tracheostomy in COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104729 id = cord-279401-eehb5yny author = Haffejee, Sadiyya title = ‘When will I be free’: Lessons of COVID-19 for Child Protection in South Africa date = 2020-09-04 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; CYCC; South; child summary = Children residing at a child and youth care centre in Gauteng, South Africa (herewith referred to as CYCC X) were invited to participate in the study. In South Africa, the social and economic disruptions caused by the pandemic and associated lockdown, combined with long-term structural social, economic and political inequality, and failures within government has impacted on service delivery, access to resources and availability of supportive networks, the absence of which increases vulnerability and heightens levels of anxiety and stress in children. In this exploratory study we aimed to address the research question ''What can the experiences and perspectives of South African children in care during lockdown tell us about the themes we should focus on to improve care moving forward?'' As the findings emerged, we noted that there were a number of domains of concern that reflect the social ecologies in which our participants operated. doi = 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104715 id = cord-258708-da6x5rxa author = Hafiane, Anouar title = SARS-CoV-2 and the cardiovascular system date = 2020-07-16 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = The coronavirus disease COVID-19 is a public health emergency caused by a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). In COVID-19, particular attention has been given to the role of angiotensin-(Ang) converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and the binding site for SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry (3). One of the clinical features of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 included abnormal features such as acute cardiac injury (12%) (22) . Significance of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in the CV system is reflected through incidences of acute myocardial injury, arrhythmias, ACS, sepsis, septic shock, viral myocarditis, and heart failure. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Cardiovascular Disease: A Viewpoint on the Potential Influence of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Onset and Severity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection 19) and Cardiovascular Disease: A Viewpoint on the Potential Influence of Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Onset and Severity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection doi = 10.1016/j.cca.2020.07.019 id = cord-335181-rvlu0h1h author = Haft, Jonathan W. title = Adult cardiac surgery during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Tiered Patient Triage Guidance Statement date = 2020-04-16 keywords = cardiac; covid-19 summary = Abstract In the setting of the current novel coronavirus pandemic, this document has been generated to provide guiding statements for the adult cardiac surgeon to consider in a rapidly evolving national landscape. In the setting of the current novel coronavirus pandemic, this document has been generated to provide guiding statements for the adult cardiac surgeon to consider in a rapidly evolving national landscape. The intent of this document is to provide guidance to the adult cardiac surgery perioperative community regarding management of patients considered or scheduled for surgical procedures in the context of the current pandemic. 2) Protecting the institution and society at large: Reducing the number of cardiac surgical procedures will result in the preservation of valuable resources that will allow for intensive care unit beds, mechanical ventilators, circuitry for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), pharmaceuticals, personal protective equipment (PPE) and healthcare workers with advanced skills to be used for the ever growing numbers of COVID-19 admissions. doi = 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.04.011 id = cord-253285-kskuz1ug author = Hage, René title = 444Calcineurin Inhibitors and COVID-19 date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-253285-kskuz1ug title: 444Calcineurin Inhibitors and COVID-19 cord_uid: kskuz1ug Secondly, the inhibiting effect of CNIs on viral replication of other coronaviruses has been demonstrated in some studies. In vitro studies showed effectiveness of CsA in some coronaviruses 5, 6 . Tacrolimus has been suggested to be effective for disease caused by the MERS-CoV 7 . Why Choose Cyclosporin A as First-line Therapy in COVID-19 Pneumonia Biologic Therapy in COVID-19. Calcineurin inhibitors revisited: A new paradigm for COVID-19? The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases COVID-19 in Patients with Solid Organ Transplantation: A Systematic Review Suppression of coronavirus replication by cyclophilin inhibitors Cyclosporin A inhibits the replication of diverse coronaviruses Replication of human coronaviruses SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E is inhibited by the drug FK506 Human coronavirus NL63 replication is cyclophilin A-dependent and inhibited by non-immunosuppressive cyclosporine A-derivatives including Alisporivir Clinical Trial to Evaluate Methylprednisolone Pulses and Tacrolimus in Patients With COVID-19 Lung Injury (TACROVID) doi = 10.1016/j.reuma.2020.09.001 id = cord-296801-19p33j65 author = Hagge, Daniel title = Chancen und Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Telemedizin in der Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde bei der Bekämpfung von SARS-COV-2: Narratives Review date = 2020-04-16 keywords = Telemedizin; covid-19; die summary = METHODS: To prepare the review, a selective literature search was conducted at www.pubmed.com using the relevant English technical terms for telemedicine and ENT. In addition, research was conducted at www.news.google.com on current developments of the COVID-19 pandemic with the search terms "telemedicine" and "COVID-19." RESULTS: Telemedicine can be helpful in direct contact with patients as well as in the conciliar support of general practitioners. CONCLUSION: Telemedicine can make a decisive contribution to coping with the current COVID-19 pandemic. Die COVID-19-Pandemie macht es notwendig, dass neue Wege bei den Themen Personalengpässe, Infektionsschutz und Sicherstellung der Patientenversorgung beschritten werden. Die COVID-19-Pandemie könnte als Katalysator dem bisher nur schleppenden Wachstum der Telemedizin neue Impulse verschaffen. Die Auswahl der aufgenommenen Studien erfolgte nach den Kriterien Publikationsdatum sowie nach dem Bezug zum Thema Verwendung von Telemedizin bei der Diagnostik und Therapie von COVID19 Ein weiterer Vorteil von Telemedizin ist die Möglichkeit, Untersuchungsergebnisse digital speichern zu können. doi = 10.1007/s00106-020-00864-7 id = cord-266031-tlrsco40 author = Haghani, Milad title = Covid-19 pandemic and the unprecedented mobilisation of scholarly efforts prompted by a health crisis: Scientometric comparisons across SARS, MERS and 2019-nCoV literature date = 2020-09-21 keywords = Covid-19; MERS; SARS; literature; study summary = To compare the scientometric aspects of the studies on SARS, MERS and Covid-19, three separate datasets of publications on these three topics were retrieved from Scopus through three separate search strategies. The decision on which general database to use (e.g. Web of Science (WoS) or Scopus) was mainly made on the basis of the number of indexed Covid-19 studies in particular, as the sector of the coronavirus literature that is currently emerging (compared to the literatures on SARS and MERS that have already stabilised). In this cluster, one can observe terms such as those associated with general public health including "wold health organisation", "public health", "public The map of keyword co-occurrences associated with the Covid-19 literature health service", "global health", as well as those associated with disease outbreaks including "emergency", "health risk" "epidemics", "pandemic", "outbreak", "viral diseases", "virus infection", "communicable disease", "transmission", "travel". doi = 10.1007/s11192-020-03706-z id = cord-300078-svu06v9c author = Haghani, Milad title = Covid-19 pandemic and the unprecedented mobilisation of scholarly efforts prompted by a health crisis: Scientometric comparisons across SARS, MERS and 2019-nCov literature date = 2020-06-01 keywords = Covid-19; MERS; SARS; study summary = To compare the scientometric aspects of the studies on SARS, MERS and Covid-19, three separate datasets of publications on these three topics were retrieved from Scopus through three separate search strategies. Figures A1 and A2 in the Appendix illustrate the map associated with the SARS literature overlaid respectively with the average year of publication and average number of citations associated with the studies where these keywords have occurred. Maps of term occurrences based on the analysis of the title and abstract of studies on SARS, MERS and Covid-19 have also been presented in Figures 7, 8 and 9 respectively. An inspection of the maps overlaid with the average year of publications for SARS and MERS in Figures A1 and A3 in the Appendix suggests that, on average, this cohort of studies are generally the last to emerge in the published domain compared to the two other major clusters, but they receive relatively high citations on average (according to Figures A2, A4 and A6). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.31.126813 id = cord-253264-vt2rei7e author = Hahad, Omar title = Bevölkerungsbezogene psychische Gesundheit als Schlüsselfaktor im Umgang mit COVID-19 date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; und summary = In line with WHO recommendations, national guidelines and preventive measures should include the psychological consequences, the acceptance and normalization of fears and the promotion of resilience in the population in dealing with COVID-19 in order to counteract a further spread. Im Rahmen vergangener Ausbrüche von Infektionskrankheiten (Ebola-und Zika-Virus) konnte ermittelt werden, dass maladaptive Verhaltensweisen, bedingt durch erhöhte psychische Belastungen und Ängste, die Implementierung von Behandlungsstrategien und -maßnahmen beeinträchtigen und zu einer stärkeren Ausbreitung beitragen können. Im Einklang mit Empfehlungen der WHO sollten nationale Leitlinien und präventive Maßnahmen die psychischen Auswirkungen, die Akzeptanz und Normalisierung von Ängsten und die Förderung von Resilienz in der Bevölkerung im Umgang mit COVID-19 umfassen, um einer weiteren Ausbreitung entgegenwirken zu können. Hierbei wurde gezeigt, dass maladaptive Verhaltensweisen bedingt durch erhöhte psychische Belastungen und Ängste die Implementierung von Behandlungsstrategien und -maßnahmen beeinträchtigen und zu einer stärkeren Ausbreitung beitragen. doi = 10.1055/a-1160-5770 id = cord-329671-f6x3if3q author = Hai, Shaikh title = Challenges and Ethical Considerations for Trainees and Attending Physicians During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Challenges and Ethical Considerations for Trainees and Attending Physicians During the COVID-19 Pandemic Although HIV can result in no/mild symptoms in reservoir hosts, similar to the coronavirus, 2 comparison to the 1918 H1N1 Spanish flu pandemic seems more appropriate for mode of transmission and infectivity. Although ethical considerations at the time were not extensively documented, the Spanish flu and following H1N1 pandemics have taught us lessons on pandemic preparation and public health. 3, 4 Second, we do not agree that medical trainees, such as residents or medical students, be fully involved in the care of COVID-19 patients. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and the ACGME have guidelines for this, keeping in view trainees'' personal safety balanced with their educational requirements and ethical considerations. Ethics in the time of coronavirus: recommendations in the COVID-19 pandemic Updated interim guidance for medical students'' participation in patient care during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak doi = 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.05.009 id = cord-306495-o0ah1gj9 author = Haidar, Ghady title = COVID-19, organ transplantation, and the nuances of immunomodulation: lessons learned and what comes next date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; SOT summary = Thus, while morbidity and mortality related to COVID-19 in SOT recipients are substantial, A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 3 they appear to be driven by age and underlying medical conditions and unaffected by immunosuppression, corroborating the results of other studies in the general population. The study included only 30 lung transplant recipients was therefore unable to assess whether mortality in these patients is greatest (as is the case with sepsis [3] ), or whether COVID-19 precipitates acute or chronic lung allograft rejection. Furthermore, since all laboratory testing was done as standard of care, the study could not evaluate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viremia or the duration of SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity, which may be longer than that of non-transplant patients. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1193 id = cord-330655-crfj5adf author = Haider, Asim title = COVID-19 and the Brain: Acute Encephalitis as a Clinical Manifestation date = 2020-10-03 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The researchers confirmed the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by genome sequencing [4] . Due to suspicion of COVID-19-related encephalitis, the patient received two doses of tocilizumab (400 mg each) followed by intravenous (IV) immunoglobulin (1 g/kg) for five days. A study that specifically investigated this issue documented that 36% of the hospitalized patients with a confirmed diagnosis of an acute respiratory syndrome from COVID-19 infection had some neurological manifestations. The exact mechanism by which COVID-19 infects CNS is not well-understood due to a lack of experimental data, but it is considered a mutation of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus [3] . Two case series involving CSF analysis data from 12 patients reported that the CSF had no white blood cells and the PCR assay for SARS-CoV-2 was negative in all the patients [9, 10] . Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study doi = 10.7759/cureus.10784 id = cord-257939-tgpsd3r7 author = Haider, Maryam B. title = A 46-Year-Old Woman Who Presented with Diabetic Ketoacidosis and COVID-19 Pneumonia with Multiple Pulmonary Thromboemboli: A Case Report date = 2020-07-20 keywords = VTE; covid-19 summary = title: A 46-Year-Old Woman Who Presented with Diabetic Ketoacidosis and COVID-19 Pneumonia with Multiple Pulmonary Thromboemboli: A Case Report Patient: Female, 46-year-old Final Diagnosis: COVID provoked thromboembolism Symptoms: Cough • dyspnea Medication:— Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Infectious Diseases • General and Internal Medicine OBJECTIVE: Unknown ethiology BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurs because of a novel enveloped ribonucleic acid coronavirus called severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here we describe a case of COVID-19 provoked pulmonary embolism in a young patient already receiving prophylactic treatment for VTE. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of the case suggested that low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis may not be sufficient to prevent VTE in COVID-19 pneumonia. Here, we describe a case of COVID-19 that provoked PE in a young patient already receiving prophylactic treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The findings of the case suggested that low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis may not be sufficient to prevent VTE in COVID-19 patients with proinflammatory state. doi = 10.12659/ajcr.925794 id = cord-011663-3ggah1y1 author = Haider, Najmul title = Response to ‘Evaluation of modelling study shows limits of COVID-19 importing risk simulations in sub-Saharan Africa’ (Epidemiology and Infection – HYG-LE-10513-May-20) date = 2020-06-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Response to ''Evaluation of modelling study shows limits of COVID-19 importing risk simulations in sub-Saharan Africa'' (Epidemiology and Infection – HYG-LE-10513-May-20) Response to ''Evaluation of modelling study shows limits of COVID-19 importing risk simulations in sub-Saharan Africa'' (Epidemiology and Infection -HYG-LE-10513-May-20) Najmul [2] . In the letter, the authors state that they obtained 2417 COVID-19 cases reported by 40 countries in sub-Saharan Africa within the 30 days of the first case confirmed in Nigeria on 27 February. The authors also point out that the model did not consider the risk of importing COVID-19 cases from other countries. At the time, virtually no instances of community transmission were being reported outside of China and thus there was no data available to reliably calculate the risk of case importation from other countries (please see WHO''s situation Report-18 on Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200207sitrep-18-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=fa644293_2). Evaluation of modelling study shows limits of COVID-19 importing risk simulations in sub-Saharan Africa doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001211 id = cord-325453-5eskj42c author = Haider, Najmul title = The Global Health Security index and Joint External Evaluation score for health preparedness are not correlated with countries'' COVID-19 detection response time and mortality outcome date = 2020-09-07 keywords = GHSI; JEE; covid-19 summary = Higher risk of importation of COVID-19 from China for a given country was negatively correlated with the time taken to detect the first case in that country (adjusted R(2) = 0.63–0.66), while the GHSI and JEE had minimal predictive value. Multiple linear regression analysis was utilised to assess the amount of variation in either the time to detection of the first case that can be explained by the GHSI and JEE score and the importation risk among countries reporting cases by 20th February 2020. Our study further confirms that the health preparedness indices used either in the GHSI or JEE had low predictive value in terms of (i) number of cases detected in the country until 20th February 2020 when most cases were imported from China and (ii) mortality outcome (deaths/million) until either 11th March or 1st July 2020. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002046 id = cord-263521-kv3l41qz author = Haigh, Kathryn title = Hyperinflammation with Covid-19: the key to patient deterioration?()() date = 2020-05-24 keywords = covid-19 summary = BACKGROUND: The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described(1); we write to share our experience treating a 17-year-old male with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) secondary to Covid-19 infection. Considering Russell and colleagues''(3) comments about potential harm of corticosteroid use in patients with Covid-19 infection, the patient was commenced on treatment with the selective IL-1 receptor antagonist drug, Anakinra, and a two day course of intravenous immunoglobulin. The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described 1 ; we write to share our experience treating a 17-year-old male with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) secondary to Covid-19. After five days of piperacillintazobactam, intravenous meropenem 1 gram three times a day was started as his liver function tests had not yet stabilised and there was concern that the piperacillin-tazobactam The patient responded rapidly to treatment, becoming apyrexial after 24 hours of Anakinra. doi = 10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100033 id = cord-296888-z5x6zkht author = Hailay, Abrha title = The burden, admission, and outcomes of COVID-19 among asthmatic patients in Africa: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-09-04 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; study summary = title: The burden, admission, and outcomes of COVID-19 among asthmatic patients in Africa: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis This research protocol will, therefore, be driven to conduct systematic review and meta-analysis of the Coronavirus Disease in 2019 burden, admission and outcome among Asthmatic patients in Africa. This research protocol will, therefore, be driven to conduct systematic review and meta-analysis of the COVID-19 burden, admission and outcome among asthmatic patients in Africa. Data extraction was including information: first author, publishing month, country and/or region, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnostic criteria, comorbidity, COVID-19, study Upon introduction pick. If there will be heterogeneity between studies, we will use a meta-analysis of random-effects [24] to estimate the aggregate pooled burden, admission and outcome of COVID-19 among asthmatic patients in Africa. This systematic review and meta-analysis will be expected to quantify the burden, admission and outcome of COVID-19 among asthmatic patients in Africa. doi = 10.1186/s40733-020-00061-x id = cord-346288-9to4sdfq author = Haimovich, A. title = Development and validation of the COVID-19 severity index (CSI): a prognostic tool for early respiratory decompensation date = 2020-05-12 keywords = CSI; SHAP; covid-19; patient summary = Main outcome and performance measures: We used a composite endpoint of respiratory critical illness as defined by oxygen requirement beyond low-flow nasal cannula (e.g., non-rebreather mask, high-flow nasal cannula, bi-level positive pressure ventilation), intubation, or death within the first 24 hours of hospitalization. Conclusions: A significant proportion of admitted COVID-19 patients decompensate within 24 hours of hospital presentation and these events are accurately predicted using respiratory exam findings within a simple scoring system. 9, 10 Second, to aid healthcare providers in assessing illness severity in COVID-19 positive patients, we present two predictive models of early respiratory decompensation during hospitalization: the quick COVID-19 severity index (qCSI) and a machine learning-derived COVID-19 Severity Index (CSI). Consistent with clinical observations, we noted a significant rate of progression to critical respiratory illness within the first 24 hours of hospitalization in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.07.20094573 id = cord-259329-8pta6o6a author = Haimovich, Adrian title = Development and validation of the quick COVID-19 severity index (qCSI): a prognostic tool for early clinical decompensation date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; CSI; SHAP; patient summary = The objective of this study was to derive a risk stratification tool to predict 24 hour respiratory decompensation in admitted patients with COVID-19. 12 Second, to aid healthcare providers in assessing illness severity in COVID-3 19 patients, we present predictive models of early respiratory failure during hospitalization and compare them to three benchmarks accessible using data in the electronic health record: the Elixhauser comorbidity index, 13 the quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA), 14, 15 and the CURB-65 pneumonia severity score. This was a retrospective observational cohort study to develop a prognostic model of early respiratory decompensation in patients admitted from the emergency department with COVID-19. 1Consistent with clinical observations, we noted a significant rate of progression to critical respiratory illness within the first 24 hours of hospitalization in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.07.022 id = cord-303034-w72oeoxq author = Haischer, Michael H. title = Who is wearing a mask? Gender-, age-, and location-related differences during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; United; mask summary = To understand the demographics of mask wearers and resistors, and the impact of mandates on mask-wearing behavior, we observed shoppers (n = 9935) entering retail stores during periods of June, July, and August 2020. Wearing a mask in public is currently a controversial and politicized issue in the United States, even with case evidence from other countries that face coverings help to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1] . To facilitate greater understanding and reliable experimental data on whether gender, age, location, and the presence of mask mandates influence mask wearing in the United States, we conducted a direct observational study at retail stores in Wisconsin. It is not surprising that our June data showed that older individuals wear masks more than middle-age and young people because older adults are at higher risk for more severe cases of COVID-19. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240785 id = cord-353391-o0s2h0y0 author = Haj Bloukh, Samir title = A Look Behind the Scenes at COVID-19: National Strategies of Infection Control and Their Impact on Mortality date = 2020-08-04 keywords = March; SARS; UAE; covid-19; figure summary = To investigate the importance of serum vitamin D levels, median age, temperature, and humidity we compare infection control measures and their impact on COVID-19-related fatalities in Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland ( Figure 1 ). A study compared community-wide mask compliance in relation to the number of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases/fatalities in Hong Kong, Singapore, and other countries [29] . This mask-wearing strategy combined with social distancing, personal hygiene, cancellation of social gatherings, use of the home office, and school closures resulted in the effective control of the SARS-CoV-2 transmission compared to other neighboring countries [29] . We investigated the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as an example of a highly populated, globally interconnected country with an equatorial hot climate and excellent control of the COVID-19 outbreak. We investigated the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as an example of a highly populated, globally interconnected country with an equatorial hot climate and excellent control of the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17155616 id = cord-291719-1ku6cmwj author = Hajjo, Rima title = A Systems Biology Workflow for Drug and Vaccine Repurposing: Identifying Small-Molecule BCG Mimics to Reduce or Prevent COVID-19 Mortality date = 2020-10-06 keywords = BCG; CGS; COVID-19; SARS; gene summary = METHODS: We developed and employed a systems biology workflow capable of identifying small-molecule antiviral drugs and vaccines that can boast immunity and affect a wide variety of viral disease pathways to protect from the fatal consequences of emerging viruses. RESULTS: Our analysis demonstrates that BCG vaccine affects the production and maturation of naïve T cells resulting in enhanced, long-lasting trained innate immune responses that can provide protection against novel viruses. Herein, we describe a unique drug and vaccine repurposing workflow, and list high confidence proteins and pharmacological classes of compounds, that work as BCG mimics at the system level by inducing beneficial long lasting trained immune response. Earlier studies suggested that the documented beneficial off-target effects of BCG in protecting from non-TB infections, including perhaps COVID-19, involve a potentiation of innate immune responses through epigenetic mechanisms (56) (57) (58) . doi = 10.1007/s11095-020-02930-9 id = cord-281944-5rh0v96j author = Hajure, Mohammedamin title = Depression, Anxiety and Associated Factors Among Chronic Medical Patients Amid COVID-19 Pandemic in Mettu Karl Referral Hospital, Mettu, Ethiopia, 2020 date = 2020-10-28 keywords = AOR; covid-19; depression summary = Therefore, the study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety and associated factors among chronic medical patients amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Mettu Karl Referral Hospital, Mettu, Ethiopia. Female gender (AOR = 1.66, 95% CI (1.06, 2.59)), poor social support (AOR = 1.94, 95% CI (1.10, 3.42)), widowed/divorced (AOR = 3.92, 95% CI (1.59, 9.64)), separated (AOR = 3.66, 95% CI (1.64, 8.19)), and longer duration of illness (AOR = 1.82, 95% CI (1.15, 2.89)) were significantly associated with depression, whereas earlier age at onset of illness, having more than three co-morbid diagnoses, tobacco use and poor social support were found to have significant association with anxiety among chronic medical patients amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia. Whereas, earlier age at onset of illness (less than 36 years), having more than three comorbid diagnosis, past three month use of tobacco and poor social support were found to have significant associations with anxiety symptoms among chronic medical patients in Ethiopia amid COVID-19. doi = 10.2147/ndt.s281995 id = cord-292795-yc613g96 author = Hakeem, Abdul Rahman title = Awareness and concerns among adult Liver Transplant recipients in the current pandemic caused by novel coronavirus (COVID-19): Strategies to safeguard a high-risk population date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; author; transplant summary = title: Awareness and concerns among adult Liver Transplant recipients in the current pandemic caused by novel coronavirus (COVID-19): Strategies to safeguard a high-risk population BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus is spreading rapidly and there are obvious concerns for the immunocompromised patient population including transplant recipients. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus is spreading rapidly and there are obvious concerns for the immunocompromised patient population including transplant recipients. An 18-point questionnaire explored their knowledge of COVID-19, awareness of recipient''s high-risk status, interventions to minimize cross-infections and concerns of this patient group regarding the pandemic. An 18-point questionnaire explored their knowledge of COVID-19, awareness of recipient''s high-risk status, interventions to minimize cross-infections and concerns of this patient group regarding the pandemic. Concerns were raised by the recipients mostly regarding the uncertainties of COVID-19 infection and its treatment options, the quality of information on social messaging platforms and lack of access to routine tests/immunosuppression levels due to lockdown/social distancing. doi = 10.1016/j.jceh.2020.06.001 id = cord-254269-x8vpnhd2 author = Hakim, Abraham A. title = Implications for the use of telehealth in surgical patients during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = A review of the PubMed Central and Medline provides articles examining the role of telemedicine for preoperative, postoperative, and follow up evaluation of surgical patients encompassing the past two decades. We report the summarized findings of these studies, the financial and HIPAA considerations of using telemedicine, potential benefits, pitfalls and strategies for the utilization of telemedicine into the clinical practice of general surgery and its subspecialties during the COVID-19 pandemic. While surgery may not seem like it would lend itself to telehealth practices, multiple studies have shown it can be a viable modality for safe and effective surgical care as an alternative to in-office visits in the pre and post-operative periods. The implementation of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic helps anyone and everyone adhere to policies of social distancing and reduce exposure, particularly patients at high risk Current use of telemedicine for post-discharge surgical care: a systematic review doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.04.026 id = cord-320645-wu0sdbrk author = Hakim, Radwan title = COVID-19 et SCA ST+ date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; SCA; ST+ summary = Si les objectifs de délais de revascularisation du SCA ST+ (< 120 min) sont souvent difficiles à tenir en temps normal, ils ont été quasi impossible à atteindre en période de confinement tant les obstacles étaient nombreux. Si les objectifs de délais de revascularisation du SCA ST+ (< 120 min) sont souvent difficiles à tenir en temps normal, ils ont été quasi impossible à atteindre en période de confinement tant les obstacles étaient nombreux. Les SCA ST+ chez les patients porteurs du COVID-19 ont souvent une présentation clinique particulière et l''absence d''obstruction coronaire à l''angiographie est fréquente. Les SCA ST+ chez les patients porteurs du COVID-19 ont souvent une présentation clinique particulière et l''absence d''obstruction coronaire à l''angiographie est fréquente. Dans le registre France PCI, ce sont les patients se présentant directement aux urgences qui ont été les plus impactés par ces retards de prise en charge avec notamment un doublement du délai médian « symptômes-premier contact médical (PCM) » (238 vs 450 min ; p = 0,04). doi = 10.1016/j.ancard.2020.09.034 id = cord-293921-hj8oecmk author = Halayem, Soumeyya title = How Tunisians physicians of public health hospitals deal with COVID‐19 pandemic? Perceived stress and coping strategies date = 2020-06-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: How Tunisians physicians of public health hospitals deal with COVID‐19 pandemic? . Several studies highlighted the psychological impact of COVID-19 among physicians [4, 5] . In Tunisia, there is no available publications about the stress experience and the coping strategies among health workers. This study aimed to examine the impact of the COVID-19 on Tunisian physicians working at public health hospitals'' stress and coping strategies during the pandemic. Physicians who trusted on nationals polices managements of the COVID-19 outbreak were significantly less stressed (27.7, SD=5.75) than others (29. Stressed physicians used significantly more social This article is protected by copyright. The main finding of our study was the high score of stress among female and young physicians in training. We found that high level of stress was positively correlated with social support, resolving problem and negatively with avoidance. Stressed physicians in our sample have less trust on nationals polices managements of the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1111/pcn.13097 id = cord-330658-vp8fcy1a author = Hale, Molly title = Outbreak Investigation of COVID-19 in Hospital Food Service Workers date = 2020-08-13 keywords = covid-19 summary = Abstract An outbreak of ten COVID-19 cases among food and nutrition department employees occurred before the institution implemented universal masking and physical spacing between staff as part of an overall COVID-19 pandemic response. The formal investigation included contact tracing, education of employees on infection control measures and safe practices (e.g. not coming to work ill), implementing control measures, employee screening (temperature checks, symptom screen, and asymptomatic COVID-19 testing), communication of key findings and maintaining the surveillance system. Ten staff members from the food and nutrition department were positive for SARS-CoV-2 during this investigation. The index case in this COVID-19 outbreak among hospital food and nutrition staff worked 4 shifts with mild respiratory symptoms before seeking evaluation and treatment. Seven additional staff in this department became symptomatic and tested positive for COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.08.011 id = cord-258676-6kgxpcwc author = Haleem, Abid title = Areas of academic research with the impact of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = SARS-CoV-2 is the name of the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease, which is highly infectious and lethal.With exponentially increasing infections, proportionate fatalities are being reported both from developed and under developed countries. Hence, there is an urgent requirement for conducting academic research on several aspects of this highly contagious disease, to find effective means of containment and treatment of the disease, for now, and in future. We have identified some opportunities for academic research related to COVID-19 and have also provided suggestions to contain, prevent and treat this viral infection. There is an urgent need to identify and study the areas of academic research which will be impacted by COVID-19 [3] . COVID-19 pandemic is a public health emergency of international concern.It has posed new challenges to the global research community. With the help of academic research, there is a need for a better understanding of the COVID-19 and its socio-economic ramifications on society. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.022 id = cord-275880-d53xe5oh author = Halepas, Steven title = A Pinch of Prevention is Worth a Pound of Cure: Proactive Dentistry in the Wake of COVID-19. date = 2020-04-09 keywords = AIDS; COVID-19 summary = In the late 1980s and early 1990s, in an attempt to protect health care workers, OSHA and the CDC proposed guidelines to reduce exposure to bloodborne pathogens such as HIV and hepatitis B. In an op-ed published in the New York Times on November 12, 1989, Dr. Avrum Goldstein, a periodontist from New Haven, CT, expressed his opposition this way: "...these regulations will bring about changes in the dentist-patient relationship and make it more difficult to practice dentistry. Patients'' needs a warm and trusting relationship with their dentist to help overcome fears and make necessary dentistry possible. The AIDS pandemic resulted in masks, gowns, and eye protection. It found that the SARS outbreak had a large impact on providers with some countries reporting that 25-33% of those infected were health care workers. Will dentistry accept the advances or continue our history of fighting change? doi = 10.1016/j.joms.2020.03.036 id = cord-256264-9pyn0l6w author = Halimi, Vesa title = Current regulatory approaches for accessing potential COVID-19 therapies date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; compassionate summary = This commentary aims to elaborate challenges in the regulatory approaches for accessing and investigating COVID-19 potential therapies either with off-label use, compassionate use, emergency use or for clinical trials. There are several regulatory approaches for accessing potential therapies in COVID-19 and they can be classified as clinical trials, compassionate use, emergency use and off-label use (Table 1) [1] [2] [3] . Although terminology and modalities may not be identical, compassionate use programs demanding regulatory approval, informed consent and follow-up information are established in most countries [11, 12] , and can be used to facilitate the access of seriously ill COVID-19 patients that cannot have access in clinical studies. Having regard to the fact that the manufacturer Gilead was called from the licensed clinicians to provide Remdesivir to hospitalized COVID-19 patients under the compassionate use, since 25th January 2020, and based on the methodological issues found at Grein et al.''s paper [16] , it remains doubtful whether Gilead or regulatory authorities were not vulnerable toward this program. doi = 10.1186/s40545-020-00222-6 id = cord-283458-ndzafv3c author = Hall, MAJ Andrew title = Converting a Small Surgical Team into a Pandemic Response Team for an Isolated Population date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; MAJ summary = This article discusses the method and challenges facing a small surgical team tasked with preparing for and treating the novel infectious disease process, COVID-19. The team is responsible for caring for an isolated population, with limited supplies, and medical evacuation limitations. This transition to a new primary medical mission in the face of a pandemic is applicable to any small medical team tasked with taking care of isolated populations. Centralized suspected exposure reporting is required, with any suspected individuals calling or reporting to designated locations where medical personnel can don personal protective equipment (PPE) and clinically assess the probability of infection (Fig. 1) . When this cannot be supported and individuals will join at various dates, the best option we have found is "restriction of movement." 6 During restriction of movement, at-risk populations are segregated only to certain locations at specific times as best as possible, to reduce exposure at communal points such as recreation, hygiene (bathing and toilet), and dining facilities. doi = 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.04.001 id = cord-333986-xkx181ek author = Hall, Mary-Frances E. title = Exercise for Older Adults Improves the Quality of Life in Parkinson’s Disease and Potentially Enhances the Immune Response to COVID-19 date = 2020-09-06 keywords = COVID-19; Parkinson; exercise summary = title: Exercise for Older Adults Improves the Quality of Life in Parkinson''s Disease and Potentially Enhances the Immune Response to COVID-19 We conclude that exercise, when correctly performed, improves QoL and outcomes in PwP, and that the enhanced immune response from moderate-intensity exercise could potentially offer additional protection against COVID-19. In contrast, many studies have shown that prolonged high-intensity aerobic exercise leads to increased death from a viral respiratory infection and over suppression of the immune response [51] [52] [53] . Two other studies investigating the neuroprotective effects of exercise in mice PD induction models collectively found in swimming [78] and endurance exercise [72] groups: (i) decreased levels of reactive oxygen species, (ii) significant reductions in α-Syn protein along with diminished pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-β), and (iii) decreased activation of TLR2 and its subsequent downstream signaling cascades (MyD88, TRAF6, and TAK1) [72, 78] . doi = 10.3390/brainsci10090612 id = cord-257751-n7w1psr4 author = Halperin, Daniel T. title = Coping With COVID-19: Learning From Past Pandemics to Avoid Pitfalls and Panic date = 2020-06-30 keywords = SARS; States; United; child; covid-19 summary = As we wrestle with how best to mitigate COVID-19, it is imperative to concur on the likely main drivers of transmission (notably, infection clusters resulting from prolonged indoor respiratory exposure) in order to clearly explain risk and to determine the most effective, realistic behavioral and other means to reduce illness and mortality. What is clear, based on evidence from several countries (and despite media attention to statistically anomalous cases of healthy and younger victims), is that severe outcomes and deaths from COVID-19 are overwhelmingly associated with preexisting (and especially multiple) serious illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease, [14] [15] [16] more so in men and particularly when exacerbated by obesity and smoking. Moreover, the fact that between 96% (in the United States 16 ) and more than 99% (in Italy 14 ) of COVID-19-related deaths, at any age, have occurred in persons with preexisting conditions could suggest that even very old but otherwise healthy people may not be at greatly elevated risk of dying from the disease. doi = 10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00189 id = cord-285428-fcrunf38 author = Halstead, Scott B. title = COVID-19: The Need for Immunoprevention at Industrial Scale date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Efforts to develop vaccines against Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) are well advanced, based in part on experience with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). 3 Convalescent SARS antibodies given early in illness have been shown to reduce disease severity. 7 Gamma globulin prepared from immune donors or protective monoclonal antibodies offer possibilities of short-term protection for care givers and healthcare workers and, in particular, for those at high risk of severe or fatal COVID-19. To avoid possible enhancement of COVID-19, antibodies might be given to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections after the removal or inactivation of the IgG Fc terminus. Efforts are well underway by many groups to derive monoclonal antibodies or manufacture gamma globulin from the huge cohort of COVID-19 convalescent immunes. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic Perspectives on monoclonal antibody therapy as potential therapeutic intervention for Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0239 id = cord-322404-lj5hfuqm author = Halvatsiotis, P. title = Demographic and Clinical Features of Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 in Greece: The Burden of Diabetes and Obesity date = 2020-07-17 keywords = IQR; covid-19 summary = Abstract Aims The aim of the study was to investigate the association between type-2 diabetes mellitus, other underlying diseases and obesity with the outcomes of critically ill Covid-19 patients in Greece. Methods In this retrospective observational multi-centre study, data and outcomes of 90 RNA 2109-nCoV confirmed critically ill patients from 8 hospitals throughout Greece, were analysed. Conclusions Type 2 diabetes and obesity may have contributed to disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 critically ill patients in Greece. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between type-2 diabetes mellitus, other underlying diseases and obesity with the outcomes of critically ill Covid-19 patients in Greece. The aim of this retrospective observational study, was to investigate the association between type-2 diabetes mellitus, other underlying diseases and obesity with the outcomes in Greek patients admitted to ICUs for respiratory failure caused by Covid-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108331 id = cord-287452-nslygsdf author = Hamam, Asmaa Abu title = Peritraumatic reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic – The contribution of posttraumatic growth attributed to prior trauma date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; PTG; PTSD; symptom; trauma summary = Furthermore, a recent study that explored psychological distress related to COVID-19 indicated that prior trauma exposure and J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f subsequent PTSD symptoms were associated with elevated levels of psychiatric symptomatology and peritraumatic stress symptoms during the pandemic (Lahav, under review) . Specifically, it explored the unique contribution of PTG attributed to prior trauma in explaining peritraumatic stress symptoms J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f related to the pandemic, above and beyond background characteristics, COVID-19-related stressors, and PTSD symptoms resulting from past trauma. Our results revealed that several background characteristics and COVID-19-related stressors were associated with peritraumatic stress symptoms during the pandemic, even after taking into account PTSD symptoms and PTG attributed to prior trauma. doi = 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.029 id = cord-345632-iha2c5zo author = Hamdy, Sherif M title = Management Strategies of Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic Era date = 2020-08-17 keywords = covid-19; nmosd; optica; patient summary = Immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies are pivotal in the management of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), potentially placing patients at an increased risk of contracting infections such as COVID-19. 2 This review discusses the challenges in treating neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in the COVID-19 era and proposes algorithms for tailoring potential management of acute relapses as well as the use of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) during this critical period. 33, 34 Monthly IVIG administration is also considered to be an effective treatment option in preventing NMOSD relapses in patients with anti-MOG disease, especially throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, owing to its immune-boosting and antiviral properties. Various immunosuppressive agents including azathioprine (AZA), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and cyclophosphamide (CTX), as well as monoclonal antibodies including rituximab (RTX), eculizumab, and tocilizumab have been reported effective in reducing the annualized relapse rate and stabilizing EDSS scores of NMOSD patients. doi = 10.2147/tcrm.s261753 id = cord-268206-ino9srb6 author = Hamed, Manal A. title = An overview on COVID-19: reality and expectation date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COV-2; COVID-19; RNA; SARS summary = Recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), commonly known as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread across China and around the world. In the current SARS-COV-2 pandemic, Wu and McGoogan (2020) showed that patients with chronic diseases, including diabetes, were at higher risk for severe COVID-19 infection and mortality. The former (S) is the wild type which is milder while the latter (L) is the novel one which resulted in high binding affinity between SARS-COV-2 virus with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in human cells. The use of convalescent plasma was recommended before as an important treatment during outbreaks of Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-COV-1, H5N1 avian influenza, and H1N1 influenza (Zhou et al. In a study involving patients with pandemic influenza (H1N1) and SARS virus, treatment of severe infection with convalescent plasma was associated with reduced respiratory viral load, serum cytokine response, and mortality (Cheng et al. doi = 10.1186/s42269-020-00341-9 id = cord-329770-tz8dwgzm author = Hamer, Mark title = Lifestyle Risk Factors, Inflammatory Mechanisms, and COVID-19 Hospitalization: A Community-Based Cohort Study of 387,109 Adults in UK date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = We conducted the first large-scale general population study on lifestyle risk factors (smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, and excessive alcohol intake) for COVID-19 using prospective cohort data with national registry linkage to hospitalisation. After adjustment for age, sex and mutually for each lifestyle factor, physical inactivity (Relative risk, 1.32, 95% confidence interval, 1.10, 1.58), smoking (1.42;1.12, 1.79) and obesity (2.05 ;1.68, 2.49) but not heavy alcohol consumption (1.12; 0.93, 1.35) were all related to COVID-19. Accordingly, we examined the association of lifestyle risk factors with new cases of COVID-19-hospitalisations in a general population-based cohort study. 9 Our results suggested both overweight and obesity were risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection, consistent with emerging data in small clinical studies. Our data suggests low grade inflammation was a risk factor for severe COVID-19, and partially explained links between lifestyle behaviors and infection. Lifestyle risk factors, obesity and infectious disease mortality in the general population: Linkage study of 97,844 adults from England and Scotland doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.059 id = cord-338416-vuu8x48x author = Hamer, Mark title = Overweight, obesity, and risk of hospitalization for COVID-19: A community-based cohort study of adults in the United Kingdom date = 2020-09-01 keywords = BMI; COVID-19 summary = title: Overweight, obesity, and risk of hospitalization for COVID-19: A community-based cohort study of adults in the United Kingdom We conducted a large-scale general population study using data from a community-dwelling sample in England (n = 334,329; 56.4 ±8.1 y; 54.5% women) with prospective linkage to national registry on hospitalization for COVID-19. We conducted a large-scale general population study using data from a community-dwelling sample in England (n = 334,329; 56.4 ±8.1 y; 54.5% women) with prospective linkage to national registry on hospitalization for COVID-19. Various cohort studies have shown overweight and obesity to be associated with both increased (1, 2) and decreased risk (3) of community-acquired pneumonia and other upper respiratory tract infections, and also to protect against mortality from pneumonia (4-6). Accordingly, we examined the aetiological relation of overweight and obesity with new cases of COVID-19 hospitalizations in a general population-based cohort study with available biomarker data. doi = 10.1073/pnas.2011086117 id = cord-269077-gz7jxidl author = Hamidi, Shima title = Compact development and adherence to stay-at-home order during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal investigation in the United States date = 2020-09-30 keywords = county; covid-19; order; place; trip summary = This longitudinal study employs a natural experimental research design to investigative the impacts of compact development on reduction in travel to three types of destinations representing a range of essential and non-essential trips in 771 metropolitan counties in the U.S during the shelter-in-place order amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This longitudinal study addresses these gaps in the literature by employing the natural experimental research design to investigate the relationship between compact development and the degree of adherence to shelter-in-place order; measured in terms of reduction in travel to three major destinations in 771 U.S. metropolitan counties during the COVID-19 pandemic. The outcome variables representing daily changes in people''s travel to three different destinations are based on the data from COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports (CMR); a publicly available resource published by Google to help public health officials better understand the mobility changes as the result of shelter-in-place and other social distancing policies (Aktay, Bavadekar, Cossoul, Davis, Desfontaines, Fabrikant, & Kamath, 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103952 id = cord-029609-zh2ah34g author = Hamilton, Barbara C.S. title = Developing Perioperative Covid-19 Testing Protocols to Restore Surgical Services date = 2020-06-19 keywords = covid-19; patient; testing summary = As we aimed to restore nonurgent but essential surgical care at UCSF to address the accumulating surgical needs of our community, we aimed to prioritize both patient and provider safety by developing an asymptomatic surgical patient testing guideline to identify subclinical Covid-19infected patients. Early in the pandemic, it was recognized by the departments of surgery and anesthesia that guidelines were needed to include universal preoperative testing as a part of the plan to resume essential surgical care at UCSF, and a team was formed. As Covid-19 pathways and patterns of care are being developed seemingly by the hour and day, our existing systems are vulnerable, because frontline providers are unfamiliar with new guidelines, leading to confusion and miscommunication." " Three phases were planned in a structured manner and in coordination with the intention of the Governor of California to ease restrictions on essential surgical procedures near the end of April following the peak of the virus in California. doi = 10.1056/cat.20.0265 id = cord-329453-ry1diso2 author = Hammer, Mark M. title = Radiologist Reporting and Operational Management for Patients with Suspected COVID-19 date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Methods We developed a departmental guideline for radiologists that specified reporting terminology and required communication for patients with imaging findings suggestive of COVID-19, based on patient test status and imaging indication. Departmental guidelines for reporting and operational workflow for patients with known, clinically suspected, and imaging suspected COVID-19 were developed by a team including radiology leadership, thoracic radiologists, infection control, and hospital leadership ( Figure 1 ). In particular, for clinically unsuspected patients where imaging findings raise the possibility of COVID-19, the guidelines instruct the radiologist to call hospital infection control and alert departmental operations to ensure adequate cleaning and initiate contact tracing. Among these, 1,083 reports (1.4%) contained imaging findings suggestive of COVID-19 in the Impression section; 509 were known COVID-19 positive at the time of interpretation, 516 were suspected, and 58 were reports for unsuspected patients. We developed a departmental reporting and operations guideline for patients with imaging findings suggestive of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.06.006 id = cord-348773-ulnc9gdv author = Hammoud, H. title = Post mortem pathological findings in COVID-19 cases: A Systematic Review date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; October; SARS; international summary = Methods: A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google scholar, Medrxiv & Biorxiv) was carried out from December 2019 to August, 15th 2020, for journal articles of different study designs reporting postmortem pathological findings in COVID-19 cases. Articles were included if they met the following eligibility criteria: (1) addressed pathological reports of COVID-19 autopsies or postmortem cases, (2) involved human subjects (at least one case), (3) all study designs were involved (case report, case series, cross-sectional, case-control, randomized and non-randomized studies), (4) no language restrictions were applied. (13, 19, 20, 22-32, 34, 38-41, 44-65, 67) Regarding the included organs, this review described the histopathology of different organs as follows; Lung and pulmonary system was the most common described organ in 42 articles, ( is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. Regarding the postmortem pulmonary pathology, our review showed that different histopathological findings had been identified among COVID-19 cases. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.11.20210849 id = cord-327544-7ws2kleo author = Hammoumi, Aayah title = Impact assessment of containment measure against COVID-19 spread in Morocco date = 2020-08-22 keywords = COVID-19; Morocco summary = Since the appearance of the first case of COVID-19 in Morocco on March, 02,2020, the cumulative number of reported infectious cases continues to increase and, up to date, the peak-time of infection is not reached yet. In this study, we propose a Susceptible-Asymptomatic-Infectious deterministic model to evaluate the impact of compulsory containment imposed in Morocco on March, 21 on the spread of COVID-19 epidemic across the country. Since the containment measure started 19 days since the first reported case then the model equations without containment is defined for 0 ≤ t < t 0 := 19 as follows Here, we assume that confined asymptomatic and confined unreported individuals can still spread the virus to their families. We used reported infectious case data, from March 2nd to April 9th, 2020, provided by the Health Ministry of Morocco to parameterize the model. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110231 id = cord-298778-wnbqqzot author = Hamza, Marwa S. title = Cross-Sectional Study on Awareness and Knowledge of COVID-19 Among Senior pharmacy Students date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; knowledge; student summary = Therefore, in the present study we assessed pharmacy senior students'' knowledge, attitudes and practices towards the COVID-19 pandemic. The students were least informed when trying to answer questions about hyper-coagulation, as a major cause for death in patients with severe COVID-19, and about the timings on the necessity to wear masks. The assessment of students practices was performed through 4 questions (P1-P4, Fig. 2 ), that investigated their actions towards going to a crowded place, wearing masks when going out in recent days, maintaining social distance between others and if they agree that patients should disclose their exposure to COVID-19. Here, we present the results of a questionnaire study about the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Egyptian senior pharmacy students towards the COVD-19 disease. Regarding the senior students'' attitude towards COVID-19, in the present study 72% of them agreed that COVID-19 will be successfully controlled and 87% were confident that health care teams and scientists can win the fight against the coronavirus. doi = 10.1007/s10900-020-00859-z id = cord-304780-lbq70q11 author = Han, Changwoo title = Decrease in Ambient Fine Particulate Matter during COVID-19 Crisis and Corresponding Health Benefits in Seoul, Korea date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19; Seoul summary = The aim of this study was to use currently available data to estimate the acute health benefits of PM 2.5 reduction and changes in public behavior, which were changes experienced by Korean citizens in their daily lives during the COVID-19 crisis. With the conservative estimation of a 4.1 µg/m 3 decrease in PM 2.5 and RRs from the MCC study, we found that 37.6 (95% CI: 32.6, 42.5) non-accidental; 7.0 (95% CI: 5.7, 8.4) cardiovascular; and 4.7 (95% CI: 3.4, 6.1) respiratory mortalities were avoided because of the reduction in PM 2.5 from January to April in 2020 compared to those of the previous 4 years. Because using a particulate-filtrating respirator may decrease the absolute level of PM 2.5 exposure for an individual, the health benefit related to air pollution during the COVID-19 crisis may be larger than our current estimation of 37 persons. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17155279 id = cord-294136-e69ao8j0 author = Han, Dongsheng title = COVID-19: Insight into the asymptomatic SARS-COV-2 infection and transmission date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COV-2; COVID-19; China; SARS summary = successfully isolated SARS-CoV-2 from throat swabs of two asymptomatic patients in a cell culture of Caco-2 cells, suggesting the potential for presymptomatic transmission [16] ; (5) Increasing studies show clear epidemiological evidence of human-to-human asymptomatic spread of COVID-19 (described in the following section); (6) Asymptomatic infection tends to be, but is not only, identified among young people (<20 years old) [14, 15, [17] [18] [19] ; And (7) the majority (>90%) of asymptomatic patients appears to have a milder clinical course during hospitalization [15] , but the severity of the symptoms of the secondary patients infected by SARS-COV-2 from asymptomatic patients varies based on their physical constitution [2, 20] . As the transmission of SARS-COV-2 may occur in the early course of infection and a high viral load in respiratory samples could be detected [13] , RT-PCR testing for this virus is more suitable for screening at earlier stages of infection in key populations, such as patients with obvious symptoms and close contacts of asymptomatic patients [35] . doi = 10.7150/ijbs.48991 id = cord-306551-qf7h9m78 author = Han, Heesup title = The Post-Coronavirus World in the International Tourism Industry: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Safer Destination Choices in the Case of US Outbound Tourism date = 2020-09-06 keywords = COVID-19; TPB; behavior summary = In sum, the theoretical premise of this research in the international tourism sector is that the travelers who have strong knowledge of COVID-19 are likely to form a positive attitude toward safer destination choice behaviors and to perceive the social norm to practice the action, which leads to the increased intention to engage in the behavior in conjunction with the perceived behavioral control. In-line with the evidence from these studies, tourists'' perceived knowledge of COVID-19 can be the essential driver of their subjective norms and attitudes to generate an approachable decision for safer international tourism destination. In conclusion, we built a robust theoretical framework for US tourists'' post-pandemic travel intentions for safer international tourism destinations, which linked the perceived knowledge of COVID-19 to the focal constructs of the TPB and encompassed the moderating influence of the psychological risk through the empirical approach. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17186485 id = cord-351625-1we9wi1g author = Han, Huan title = Descriptive, Retrospective Study of the Clinical Characteristics of Asymptomatic COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-10-07 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = Since asymptomatic patients may be a greater risk of virus transmission than symptomatic patients, public health interventions and a broader range of testing may be necessary for the control of COVID-19. IMPORTANCE Asymptomatic transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a potential problem for pandemic control through public health strategies. Since asymptomatic patients have no clinical symptoms which can easily prevent timely diagnosis and treatment, they may cause a greater risk of virus transmission than symptomatic patients, which poses a major challenge to infection control. Thus far, many studies have analyzed the clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients presenting levels of illness ranging from mild to severely critical (10, 11) . In this study, we enrolled 25 asymptomatic and 27 symptomatic COVID-19 patients and performed systematic analysis of different clinical characteristics. In this study, we systematically compared different complete blood counts, serum biochemistries, and immunologic responses from SARS-CoV-2-infected asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals. doi = 10.1128/msphere.00922-20 id = cord-310348-8iix257c author = Han, Jason J. title = Ethical Guidelines and Moral Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Trainees’ Perspective date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Ethical guidelines such as the one put forth in The Annals and tiered triage guidance statements for adult cardiac surgery [3] , congenital heart surgery [4] and thoracic malignancies [5] provide peace of mind and moral protection to trainees to allow them to focus on performing their clinical duties without becoming overwhelmed with many of the unknowns and unanswerables. We applaud cardiothoracic surgery leadership for their development of resource utilization predictions tools based on data from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database to assist healthcare providers in making informed resource allocation 2 decisions and triaging cardiothoracic surgical cases. As we navigate the uncharted territory together, ethical guidelines, while they can never be absolute, provide some degree of transparency, strength in shared decision-making, and cognitive clarity to alleviate the potential moral distress faced by trainees and others in this defining public health crisis of our time. Adult cardiac surgery during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Tiered Patient Triage Guidance Statement doi = 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.04.080 id = cord-263647-svvvwiqs author = Han, Jimin title = Sharing Our Experience of Operating an Endoscopy Unit in the Midst of a COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Since the first confirmed case (a Chinese visitor from Wuhan) in the Republic of Korea was reported on January 21, 2020, 1 our endoscopy unit has been operated under the strict attention on safety in order to protect healthcare personnel as well as patients. Ever since the first case of COVID-19 in Daegu was reported on February 18, our hospital had implemented a rigorous rule of wearing facial masks (surgical mask or N95) and frequent handwashing for all healthcare personnel in the endoscopy unit. Prior to endoscopic procedures, every patient was screened and risk stratified for COVID-19 by history taking for potential exposure to infection, symptoms such as fever and coughing, and measurement of body temperature. During the two weeks of self-isolation of the endoscopy unit nurses, 20 procedures of urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were performed. To eliminate the risk of COVID-19 transmission in the endoscopy unit, rigorous safety measures for both healthcare personnel and patients are prerequisite. doi = 10.5946/ce.2020.076 id = cord-288102-iom6lu7o author = Han, Jing title = Analysis of factors affecting the prognosis of COVID-19 patients and viral shedding duration date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 were analysed to determine the factors influencing the prognosis and virus shedding time to facilitate early detection of disease progression. The clinical characteristics of 185 patients with COVID-19 diagnosed in Tianjin were analysed retrospectively to determine the factors affecting their prognoses and the duration of viral shedding with the aim of facilitating early treatment and improving patient prognosis. We found that a lower PaO 2 /FiO 2 at the time of admission is a risk factor for a poor prognosis in patients with severe COVID-19. In our study, univariate analysis results showed that age was a risk factor for prolonged viral shedding duration, but no significant difference was found in the multivariate Cox analysis. This study showed that diabetes mellitus, age, the time from symptom onset to treatment and PaO 2 /FiO 2 can predict the prognosis of patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001399 id = cord-301115-sedfbjlw author = Han, Mingfeng title = Assessing SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels and lymphocyte/T cell counts in COVID-19 patients revealed initial immune status as a major determinant of disease severity date = 2020-08-28 keywords = RNA; SARS; covid-19 summary = title: Assessing SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels and lymphocyte/T cell counts in COVID-19 patients revealed initial immune status as a major determinant of disease severity The results of our analysis demonstrated that the initial SARS-CoV-2 RNA loads varied in patients, but were comparable in different patient groups stratified by age, gender, comorbidities and disease severity. We compared the measured SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in sputum specimens from COVID-19 patients at admission among groups divided according to age, sex, underlying diseases and disease severity (Fig. 2a) . a, b The measured SARS-CoV-2 RNAs levels in sputum (a) and throat swab (b) specimens from COVID-19 patients at admission were compared according to the age, sex, comorbidity, and the disease severity. In this study, we analyzed the clinical features including SARS-CoV-2 RNA load and immunological characteristics of peripheral blood in a patient cohort with COVID-19 from Anhui Province, China. doi = 10.1007/s00430-020-00693-z id = cord-330849-yt44k88m author = Han, Rachel H. title = Planning for Mental Health Needs During COVID-19 date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; health; mental; pandemic summary = The purpose of this article, written from the perspective of military medical planners, is to present available data on the prevalence of specific mental health concerns and conditions from previous recent pandemics and COVID-19, as well as to provide data-informed recommendations for meeting the psychological needs of affected individuals. A combination of the following keywords in the title and/or abstract was used in searches of literature on the Southeast Asian Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), H1N1 influenza (H1N1), Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Ebola, and COVID-19 pandemics: mental health OR mental illness OR psychiatry OR psychology OR therapist OR PTSD OR posttraumatic OR post-traumatic stress disorder OR behavioral health OR anxiety [disorder] OR GAD OR depression/depressed OR complex grief AND data analysis OR statistic* OR prevalence OR percentage OR increase OR decrease. doi = 10.1007/s11920-020-01189-6 id = cord-310390-7pkbd3kg author = Han, Xiaoyu title = Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19) Progression Course in 17 Discharged Patients: Comparison of Clinical and Thin-Section CT Features During Recovery date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COVID-19; week summary = title: Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19) Progression Course in 17 Discharged Patients: Comparison of Clinical and Thin-Section CT Features During Recovery BACKGROUND: To retrospectively analyze the evolution of clinical features and thin-section CT imaging of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) in 17 discharged patients. Hence, this study aimed to analyze the serial thin-section CT changes of 17 discharged patients with COVID-19, and to compare the progression trend of imaging pattern and clinical parameters. The standard for survive and discharge of patients was according to the guideline of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pneumonia Caused by SARS-COV-2 (trial sixth version) published by the China Ministry of Health [22] , which include: temperature returning to normal for more than 3 days, both the clinical and chest imaging showing significant improvement, and two consecutive respiratory pathogen nucleic acid tests turning negative (the interval at least 24 hours). doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa271 id = cord-295142-5sqkdpi8 author = Han, Y. title = The active lung microbiota landscape of COVID-19 patients date = 2020-08-23 keywords = BALF; SARS; covid-19 summary = The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), containing microenvironment information on bronchioles and lung alveoli from the lower respiratory tract, is one of key sample types for characterizing the host inflammatory response and microbiota of COVID-19 patients as lung is one of main organs for the infection of SARS-CoV-2 (7, 8) . In this study, we systematically profiled the transcriptionally active microbiota landscape in BALF from COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals, identified microorganism composition in healthy individuals and COVID-19 patients, found disease-specific active microbes in the COVID-19 patient group, revealed the interaction between several bacteria or viruses and SARS-CoV-2. The diversity analysis revealed that the infection of SARS-CoV-2 probably caused a different lung microbiota composition in the COVID-19 patient group compared with the healthy group. Our study provides insight into the active microbiota in the lungs of COVID-19 patients and will contribute to the understanding of the infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and the treatment of the disease and complications. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.20.20144014 id = cord-274666-0d8oz51l author = Han, Yi title = Lactate dehydrogenase, an independent risk factor of severe COVID-19 patients: a retrospective and observational study date = 2020-06-24 keywords = LDH; covid-19; patient summary = Conclusions: This study showed that LDH could be identified as a powerful predictive factor for early recognition of lung injury and severe COVID-19 cases. To assess the risk factors of the demographics, characteristics, and laboratory indicators on the severity of COVID-19 patients, logistic regression analysis was performed on the parameters of significant difference using t test. Apart from the risk factors above, patient age, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, serum AST, ALT, LDH, Urea, CRP, and D-dimer level were all associated with the severity of COVID-19 patients. As a result, serum lymphocytes (OR:0.2, 95% CI:0.04-0.96, P < 0.05), CRP (OR:1.026, 95% CI:1.006-1.046, P < 0.05), and LDH (OR:1.009, 95% CI:1.002-1.016, P < 0.05) were found to be independent risk factors for the severity of COVID-19 patients ( Table 3) . And importantly, lymphocytes, especially CD3 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + T cells in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients, which was relevant with serum LDH, were also dynamically correlated with the severity of the disease. doi = 10.18632/aging.103372 id = cord-256260-9jatvium author = Han, Yuanyuan title = COVID-19 in a patient with long-term use of glucocorticoids: A study of a familial cluster date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19; case summary = Here, we report a familial cluster of COVID-19 where a 47-year-old woman with long-term use of glucocorticoids did not develop any symptoms within the 14-day quarantine period but was confirmed with COVID-19 by tested positive of antibody on day 40 after she left Wuhan. In December 2019, a novel pneumonia resulting from SARS-CoV2, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in Wuhan [1, 2] . However, a tremendous number of patients who were still in their incubation period traveled across China before the lockdown date due to Chinese New Year, resulting in the widespread transmission of COVID-19. The SARS-CoV2 nuclei acid test from nasopharyngeal swabs was negative, but her IgM and IgG antibodies were positive. By further examining their epidemiological data, we find that the incubation period of COVID-19 and the shedding duration of SARS-CoV2 might be extremely long in this case. doi = 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108413 id = cord-304016-4o2bpedp author = Hanage, William P. title = COVID-19: US federal accountability for entry, spread, and inequities—lessons for the future date = 2020-11-02 keywords = Health; OSHA; SARS; United; covid-19 summary = In this article we assess the impact of missteps by the Federal Government in three specific areas: the introduction of the virus to the US and the establishment of community transmission; the lack of national COVID-19 workplace standards and enforcement, and lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) for workplaces as represented by complaints to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) which we find are correlated with deaths 16 days later (ρ = 0.83); and the total excess deaths in 2020 to date already total more than 230,000, while COVID-19 mortality rates exhibit severe—and rising—inequities in race/ethnicity, including among working age adults. Finally, despite the initial federal failure to report COVID-19 data by race/ethnicity [6] , a combination of specific studies, state reporting, investigative journalism, and data trackers has revealed that a persistent feature of the pandemic has been the existence of racial/ethnic inequities in cases, hospitalizations, and mortality, especially with regard to increased risk among US Black, Latinx, and American Indian/Alaska Native populations compared to the US white non-Hispanic population [3-5, 7, 8, 69, 70] . doi = 10.1007/s10654-020-00689-2 id = cord-311620-zs2mpeke author = Handa, Rahul title = Covid-19-associated acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalomyelitis date = 2020-09-02 keywords = AHL; covid-19 summary = In view of altered sensorium, a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was advised which revealed symmetrical FLAIR hyperintensities involving bilateral subcortical fronto-parietal lobes, splenium of corpus callosum, medulla and visualised cervical cord with petechial haemorrhages and evidence of diffusion restriction involving splenium of corpus callosum (Figs. Our patient had an almost sudden onset and a very rapidly progressive downhill course associated with MRI showing bilateral symmetric confluent FLAIR hyperintensities in subcortical white matter involving the posterior fronto-parietal lobes and splenium of corpus callosum suggestive of demyelination and inflammation, with sparing of basal ganglia and cortex with punctate haemorrhages noted in the splenium. Thus, clinico-radiological manifestation of our patient was suggestive of AHL, and although it has a poor prognosis, our patient had a good neurological response to steroids, but unfortunately, severe respiratory dysfunction due to Covid-19 led to his mortality. doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04703-z id = cord-343490-94vkfrtw author = Handaya, Adeodatus Yuda title = Covid-19 mimicking symptoms in emergency gastrointestinal surgery cases during pandemic: a case series date = 2020-10-24 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = All patients need to be examined for COVID-19, including in digestive surgery emergency cases. In this paper, we report four digestive surgery emergency cases with clinical and radiological findings similar to COVID-19. CASE PRESENTATION: We report four digestive surgery emergency cases admitted with fever and cough symptoms. DISCUSSION: For all four cases, the surgeries were done with strict COVID-19 protocol which included patient screening, examination, laboratory assessment, rapid test screening, and RT-PCR testing. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the ways patients are admitted and treated, including in emergency digestive surgery cases. In this paper, we aimed to report four digestive surgery emergency cases admitted with fever and cough symptoms, mimicking COVID-19. We report four cases of emergency digestive surgery cases with COVID-19 symptoms of cough and fever. Emergency surgery in digestive surgery cases with COVID-19 signs and symptoms can be done with strict examination, assessment, and protocol. doi = 10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.10.064 id = cord-284494-4klrtjpb author = Handoko title = Ensuring Safety and Sustainability of Radiotherapy Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Resources Constrain Country: An Indonesian Experience date = 2020-06-06 keywords = Indonesia; covid-19 summary = This article describes the Indonesian experience in ensuring sustainability of radiotherapy services during the pandemic, highlighting various important adjustments which were made to allow radiotherapy centers nationwide to continue operating while protecting staff and patients from the risk of disease transmission. We will also elaborate on various handy strategies which can be adopted by many other radiotherapy centers to handle the expected surging number of patients during and after this COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, a rapid survey was carried out on the following week to assess the impact of various restriction implemented by government and each hospital during COVID-19 pandemic toward the practice and services of all the participating radiotherapy centers in Indonesia. In Indonesia, all centres with the exception of seven centers with equipment breakdown or limited operation in the previous year, reported reduction of number of treatment, for both EBRT and brachytherapy during COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.05.044 id = cord-318324-cc6rn95z author = Handu, Deepa title = Malnutrition Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Considerations for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists Evidence Analysis Center date = 2020-05-14 keywords = Academy; COVID-19; Nutrition summary = Hence, nutrition care to identify and address malnutrition is critical in treating and preventing further adverse health outcomes from COVID-19 infection. This document provides guidance and practice considerations for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDNs) providing nutrition care for adults with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection in the hospital, outpatient, or homecare settings. Nutrition screening aims 53 to identify patients who are at risk for malnutrition and provide a referral for RDN to deliver 54 detailed nutrition care based on the nutrition care process, 8 including assessment, diagnosis and 55 intervention by an RDN, in order to treat and prevent further malnutrition and consequent 56 adverse health outcomes. Examples of potential nutrition diagnoses applicable to adults infected with COVID-19 may 100 include malnutrition, increased nutrient needs, predicted inadequate energy intake, altered 101 gastrointestinal function, or inadequate energy intake. doi = 10.1016/j.jand.2020.05.012 id = cord-171703-n22tr8f2 author = Hanmo, Li title = Robust estimation of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic at US counties date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; September summary = In this work, we propose a robust approach of integrating test data and death toll to estimate COVID-19 transmission characteristics by a Susceptible, Infectious, Resolving (but not infectious), Deceased and reCovered (SIRDC) model initially studied in 7 . We have developed a novel approach to integrate test data and death toll to estimate probability of contracting COVID-19, as well as the time-dependent transmission rate and the number of active infectious individuals at the county level in the US. Furthermore, when we reduce the infectious period by 10% (or equivalently 4.5 days in total), while the transmission rate (β t in SIRDC model) is held the same, the PoC SARS-CoV-2 is reduced by 5 times for 26 counties in Washington and 146 counties in Texas, shown in Extended Data Figure 4 . doi = nan id = cord-286186-93atag0q author = Hansen, Jan-Cedric title = Commentaire cindynique sur l’épidémiologie de la pandémie COVID-19 date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Cependant, au-delà de ces seules données descriptives que sont la fréquence, l''incidence, la prévalence, la distribution et l''étiologie, l''épidémiologie est une discipline qui a pour objet l''identification et l''étude de l''influence de divers facteurs somatiques, psychiques, sociaux, environnementaux et économiques sur les maladies transmissibles ou non transmissibles -voire même sur tout autre phénomène biologique ou social déterminé -ce qui la rend essentielle aux médecins, scientifiques, parties prenantes de la santé publique et décideurs politiques pour leur permettre des prises de décisions éclairées. Le fait est que les données constatées suggèrent une circulation du coronavirus SRAS-CoV-2 responsable de la pandémie COVID-19 dans la population française plus importante que de ce qui ressort des cas confirmés [11] . Devant les défis posés par cette crise/catastrophe multidimensionnelle qu''est la pandémie en cours, l''approche cindynique, plus holistique et adaptative que les modèles classiques, permettrait de proposer aux médecins, scientifiques, parties prenantes de la santé publique et décideurs politiques non seulement une meilleure exploitation des données épidémiologiques disponibles ou à venir, mais aussi, des prises de décisions plus éclairées et surtout, plus accessibles au plus grand nombre. doi = 10.1016/j.pxur.2020.08.013 id = cord-320158-6dh9e5rg author = Hansen, Richard title = Adaptations to the current ECCO/ESPGHAN guidelines on the management of paediatric acute severe colitis in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: a RAND appropriateness panel date = 2020-09-01 keywords = ASC; COVID-19; RAND; SARS summary = CONCLUSION: Our COVID-19-specific adaptations to paediatric ASC guidelines using a RAND panel generally support existing recommendations, particularly the use of corticosteroids and escalation to infliximab, irrespective of SARS-CoV-2 status. [10] [11] [12] Panellists rated the appropriateness of specific interventions at various time points during a patient''s admission with ASC (admission, first-line therapy, rescue therapy, continued medical therapy on discharge and surgery) in the context of their SARS-CoV-2 swab status and the presence or absence of symptoms or signs of COVID-19 infection. After the second round of voting, agreement was present for all scenarios (DI<1) except two, both relating to SARS-CoV-2positive patients with symptoms or signs of infection; the use of ciclosporin with corticosteroids as rescue therapy and the use of prophylactic anticoagulation after discharge A detailed list of all scenarios, complete with median score, appropriateness rating and DI is shown in online supplementary table 2. doi = 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322449 id = cord-296588-q2716lda author = Hanson, Kimberly E title = Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on the Diagnosis of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; test summary = OBJECTIVE: The IDSA''s goal was to develop an evidence-based diagnostic guideline to assists clinicians, clinical laboratorians, patients and policymakers in decisions related to the optimal use of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification tests. It is important to note as well, that not all specimens were collected from the same patient at the same time, the time of collection from symptom onset was not provided in all studies and various approaches for establishing SARS-CoV-2 positivity were used to define positive results (i.e., clinical evaluation, detection different gene targets versus nucleic acid sequencing). While NP swab collection is widely used and the primary specimen type for commercial direct SARS-CoV-2 test platforms, based on current available evidence, clinical practice, and availability of testing resources, the panel believes there are comparable alternative methods for sampling the nasal passages. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa760 id = cord-324366-x3djkzqn author = Hao, Fei title = COVID-19 and China’s Hotel Industry: Impacts, a Disaster Management Framework, and Post-Pandemic Agenda date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; China; Hospitality; hotel; industry; pandemic summary = title: COVID-19 and China''s Hotel Industry: Impacts, a Disaster Management Framework, and Post-Pandemic Agenda This study also suggests that COVID-19 will significantly and permanently affect four major aspects of China''s hotel industry—multi-business and multi-channels, product design and investment preference, digital and intelligent transformation, and market reshuffle. In this regard, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the COVID-19 management framework in the context of China''s hotel industry; the framework addresses phases, principles, and strategies of the industry''s anti-pandemic journey. In addition to summarizing the overall impacts of COVID-19 on China''s hotel industry, the importance and originality of this study are that it develops a COVID-19 management framework comprising anti-pandemic phases, principles, strategies. It also offers original insights into major trends of China''s hotel industry during the post-pandemic era, including the emergence of multi-business and multi-channels, product design and investment preference, digital and intelligent transformation, and market reshuffle. doi = 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102636 id = cord-330831-3b7vfv9b author = Hao, Fengyi title = A quantitative and qualitative study on the neuropsychiatric sequelae of acutely ill COVID-19 inpatients in isolation facilities date = 2020-10-19 keywords = covid-19; patient; psychiatric; psychological; study; symptom summary = COVID-19 patients reported a higher psychological impact of the outbreak than psychiatric patients and healthy controls, with half of them having clinically significant symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Three themes emerged from the interviews with COVID-19 patients: (i) The emotions experienced by patients after COVID-19 infection (i.e., shock, fear, despair, hope, and boredom); (ii) the external factors that affected patients'' mood (i.e., discrimination, medical expenses, care by healthcare workers); and (iii) coping and self-help behavior (i.e., distraction, problem-solving and online support). However, there is currently limited research on the neuropsychiatric sequalae and psychological impact of COVID-19 patients, with one study so far reporting that most clinically stable patients suffered from significant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms 9 . The present study performed a quantitative evaluation of the neuropsychiatric sequelae of patients with acute COVID-19 infection who received treatment in the hospital isolation wards, and compared these patients with psychiatric patients and healthy controls during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1038/s41398-020-01039-2 id = cord-280231-jo3grxd5 author = Hardenberg, Jan‐Hendrik title = Covid‐19, ACE2 and the kidney date = 2020-08-02 keywords = ACE2; AKI; SARS; covid-19 summary = Corona-virus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a global pandemic of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). 15 A cryo-electron microscopy structures of full-length human ACE2 in the presence of the neutral amino acid transporter collectrin (also known as B 0 AT1), with or without the receptor SARS-CoV2 binding domain (RBD), of the surface spike glycoprotein (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2, both at an overall resolution of 2.9 angstroms, with a local resolution of 3.5 F I G U R E 1 Evolution of the "anginotensin converting enzyme" (ACE) family. 25 That Covid-19 patients develop acute kidney injury (AKI) would not be a surprise. Progressive respiratory failure, not renal failure, is the primary T A B L E 1 A brief overview of Covid-19 patients, acute kidney injury (AKI) and renal-replacement therapies (RRT) Stepwise multivariate binary logistic regression analyses showed that severity of pneumonia was the risk factor most commonly associated with lower odds of proteinuric or haematuric remission and recovery from AKI. doi = 10.1111/apha.13539 id = cord-285277-8w03car3 author = Hare, Nathan title = COVID-19: Unmasking Telemedicine. date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19; Health; telemedicine; visit summary = Abstract Telemedicine adoption has rapidly accelerated since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.1 Telemedicine provides increased access to medical care and helps to mitigate risk by conserving personal protective equipment and providing for social/physical distancing in order to continue to treat patients with a variety of allergic and immunologic conditions. Committee established a Telemedicine Work Group (TWG) to review multiple aspects of 107 telemedicine including utility, adoption procedures, billing, security, electronic medical record 108 (EMR) integration, education, and state specific issues. The opportunity cost of non-reimbursed or under-reimbursed care 289 has been a major barrier to telemedicine implementation and prior to COVID-19 prevented 290 many physicians and health systems from offering potentially valuable telemedicine services to 291 their patients. (CMS) has historically placed strict limits on criteria for telemedicine reimbursement, requiring 307 patients receiving telemedicine services to reside in a rural area and travel to a designated 308 health center to receive facilitated care via a synchronous live video link. doi = 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.06.038 id = cord-344204-qq2vqzc2 author = Hariharan, Apurva title = The Role and Therapeutic Potential of NF-kappa-B Pathway in Severe COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-11-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; TNF summary = Severe presentations of COVID-19 such as severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have been associated with the post-viral activation and release of cytokine/chemokines which leads to a "cytokine storm" causing inflammatory response and destruction, mainly affecting the lungs. Immunomodulation at the level of NF-κB activation and inhibitors of NF-κB (IκB) degradation along with TNF-α inhibition will potentially result in a reduction in the cytokine storm and alleviate the severity of COVID-19. During previous coronavirus outbreaks, such as SARS-CoV and the Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) , it was reported that viral proteins such as nsp1, nsp3a, nsp7a, spike, and nucleocapsid protein all caused excessive NF-κB activation, possibly contributing to severe disease and high case-fatality rate (DeDiego et al. Herein, we review current literature on the effect of SARS-nCoV-2 infection on NF-κB activation and discuss the potential therapeutic role of inhibitors of this pathway in the treatment of COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s10787-020-00773-9 id = cord-277992-49mantab author = Harikrishnan, S. title = Cardiological society of India position statement on COVID-19 and heart failure date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; China; patient summary = The following were reported in CMR in one of the patients with myopericarditis who had ventricular systolic dysfunction : increased wall thickness with diffuse biventricular hypokinesis, especially in the apical segments, marked biventricular myocardial interstitial edema, and diffuse late gadolinium enhancement involving the entire biventricular wall 18 Cardiological Society of India recommends fibrinolytics and pharmacological therapy as treatment of choice in stable STEMI. COVID-19 patients who are diagnosed as having asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction or clinically overt heart failure should receive standard guideline directed therapy.Careful management of fluid balance, careful monitoring of electrolytes and renal function is very important.Another cardiovascular co-morbidity which can co-exist is venous thromboembolism and adequate prophylactic measures need to be undertaken 13 . Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HEART TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS DURING THE 2019 CORONAVIRUS OUTBREAK IN WUHAN, CHINA: A DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY REPORT doi = 10.1016/j.ihj.2020.04.012 id = cord-279118-59e4sifb author = Hariyanto, Timotius Ivan title = Dyslipidemia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Our meta-analysis showed that dyslipidemia is associated with severe COVID-19 infections [RR 1.39 (95% CI 1.03–1.87), p = 0.03, I(2) = 57%, random-effect modelling]. [1] has also shown that one of the components in dyslipidemia, which is high-density lipoprotein (HDL) can predict the presence of respiratory disease and the clinical outcome of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). This study aims to analyze the potential association between dyslipidemia and the severity of COVID-19 infection. We conducted a systematic search of the literature on PubMed using the keywords "dyslipidemia" OR "hyperlipemia" OR "clinical characteristics" OR "comorbidities" OR "risk factors" AND "coronavirus disease 2019" OR "COVID-19", until the present time (July 9 th , 2020) with language restricted to English only. The title, abstract, and full text of all articles identified that matched the search criteria were assessed, and those reporting the rate of dyslipidemia in COVID-19 patients with a clinically validated definition of "severe disease" doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.07.054 id = cord-291155-2fze1t92 author = Hariyanto, Timotius Ivan title = Statin therapy did not improve the in-hospital outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; statin summary = title: Statin therapy did not improve the in-hospital outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection Our meta-analysis showed that statin use did not improve severity outcome [OR 1.64 (95% CI 0.51–5.23), p = 0.41, I(2) = 93%, random-effect modelling] nor mortality rate from COVID-19 infection [OR 0.78 (95% CI 0.50–1.21), p = 0.26, I(2) = 0%, fixed-effect modelling]. Patients with dyslipidemia should continue taking statin drugs despite COVID-19 infection status, given its beneficial effects on cardiovascular outcomes. This study aims to analyze the association between statin use and in-hospital outcomes from COVID-19 infection. This study aims to analyze the association between statin use and in-hospital outcomes from COVID-19 infection. The title, abstract, and full text of all articles identified that matched the search criteria were assessed, and those reporting the rate of metformin use in COVID-19 patients with a clinically validated definition of "severe disease" and "mortality" were included in this meta-analysis. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.023 id = cord-345476-k8r14wi1 author = Hariyanto, Timotius Ivan title = Thyroid disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A search of the literature was conducted on Google scholar using the keywords "thyroid disease" OR "hyperthyroid" OR "hypothyroid" OR "clinical characteristics" OR "comorbidities" OR "risk factors" AND "coronavirus disease 2019" OR "COVID-19", between 2019 and present time (July 18 th , 2020) with language restricted to English only. The title, abstract, and full text of all articles identified that matched the search criteria were assessed, and those reporting the rate of thyroid disease in COVID-19 patients with a clinically validated definition of "severe disease" were included in this meta-analysis. The essential characteristics of included studies are summarized in Table 1 , whilst the individual and pooled ORs for thyroid disease predicting severe COVID-19 is shown in Figure 1 Based on a contrite meta-analysis of available data, thyroid disease seems to be associated with an enhanced risk of severe COVID-19 infection. The effect of corticosteroid treatment on patients with coronavirus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.07.044 id = cord-322414-dpx191xh author = Harke, Nina N. title = To defer or not to defer? A German longitudinal multicentric assessment of clinical practice in urology during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-15 keywords = April; COVID-19; March summary = MATERIAL AND METHODS: An email was sent to 66 urological hospitals with focus on robotic surgery (RS) including a link to a questionnaire (e.g. bed/staff capacity, surgical caseload, protection measures during RS) that covered three time points: a representative baseline week prior to COVID-19, the week of March 16(th)-22(nd) and April 20(th)-26(th) 2020. The complete survey (S1 File) included detailed queries on numbers of available hospital beds and operating room (OR) capacity, staff members, surgical caseloads with subcategorization of surgeries at three different time points: week 1) baseline week that portrays the numbers of a regular/representative week before the outbreak of COVID-19, week 2) March 16 th to 22 nd 2020 which represent the first week after the lockdown in Germany (confirmed cases in Germany on March 16 th 2020: 6,012 with 13 deaths) and week 3) April 20 th to 26 th (confirmed cases in Germany on April 20 th 2020: 141,672; 4,404 deaths and approximately 91,500 recovered) [1] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239027 id = cord-320811-9sm7iz5x author = Harkin, Denis W. title = Ethics for surgeons during the COVID-19 pandemic, review article date = 2020-06-08 keywords = covid-19; patient; surgeon summary = Medical Ethics can guide us to make the best available choices for our patients during the Covid-19 pandemic, afterwards, we must emerge wiser having learnt lessons and rebuilding trust in surgical care. Surgeons worry that whilst our Healthcare efforts are correctly focused on increasing critical care capacity, infection control, and the multi-pronged strategies to defeat covid-19, the unintended harm caused by cancelled surgical treatment will become huge 3, 4 . Surgeons face unique specialty-specific challenges during this pandemic, including increased personal risk from intra-operative infection and the professional challenges of prioritisation of who receives the limited surgical care available. We discuss how medical ethics may guide surgeons, to do the right thing and get the best available result for their patients during and after this Covid-19 pandemic. Medical Ethics can guide us to make the best available choices for our patients during the Covid-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.06.003 id = cord-309986-p7pqla6l author = Harkin, Timothy J title = Delayed diagnosis of COVID-19 in a 34-year-old man with atypical presentation date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = [1] [2] [3] Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is confirmed by real-time RT-PCR, typically done on naso pharyngeal (NP) swabs or, less commonly, samples from the lower respiratory tract, including broncho alveolar lavage (BAL). 5 Here, we present a man who developed rapidly progressive pulmonary disease and, following two negative NP tests, was diagnosed with COVID-19 on the basis of broncho scopic biopsy and BAL after 9 days of illness. Both the finding of acute lung injury in the area of lung affected at the onset of symptoms, and the positive RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 in the BAL, support the diagnosis of COVID-19 to explain the entire hospital course. normal in the first 48 h (appendix p 1), serum and BAL galactomannan were negative, and the pathological finding of acute lung injury in the lesion was already present on day 2, which argue against this explanation. doi = 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30232-0 id = cord-353329-ju3vwlow author = Haroon, Khawaja Hassan title = COVID-19 Related Cerebrovascular Thromboembolic Complications in Three Young Patients date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We describe clinical, radiological and laboratory findings of three young patients who presented with ischemic stroke and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis to our hospital within the first few weeks of COVID-19 outbreak. His CT of the brain, CT angiogram and CT perfusion ( Fig. 1a -e) showed acute established infarct in the right frontal lobe and basal ganglia, large matched defect in the right MCA territory and occlusion of right CCA and right terminal ICA with no evidence of dissection as well as lung findings suggestive of COVID-19 pneumonia. He was transferred to medical ICU for close monitoring and his follow-up non-contrast CT of the head (Fig. 1f ) revealed large right MCA territory infarct. Our first and second patient showed significant arterial lesions, while the third patient showed a high burden of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with raised D-dimers and inflammatory markers, leading to stroke. doi = 10.1159/000511179 id = cord-324143-ztj6o4ob author = Harper, Craig A. title = Functional Fear Predicts Public Health Compliance in the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; PROMIS; behavior; fear; response summary = In this study, we recruited a large international community sample (N = 324) to complete measures of self-perceived risk of contracting COVID-19, fear of the virus, moral foundations, political orientation, and behavior change in response to the pandemic. (2020) research, subjectively judged self-control attenuated the link between perceived COVID-19 severity and poorer mental health, suggesting that combining a sensible level of fear about the illness with messages related to personal agency could encourage safetypromoting behavior in the form of hand hygiene and social distancing. That is, the results of the current study suggest that negative emotions in response to the current pandemic predict adaptive public health-compliant behavior change (e.g., hand washing, social distancing). We argue that the lack of any significant political orientation or moral foundations effects on behavior change is a positive point from a social perspective, and suggests that, in times of (inter)national crisis, people can forgo their ideological commitments and behave consistently with governmental advice in pursuit of a common public health good. doi = 10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5 id = cord-355155-1k48jx7v author = Harper, L. title = The impact of covid-19 on research date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Not only are specialty journals being flooded with submissions by authors being unwittingly granted much needed writing time, but publications on COVID have literally inundated us. In recent weeks, several prestigious journals, including the Lancet and the New England Journal of Medicine, have published retractions of earlier and potentially major COVID-related findings 4,5 . On June 15, 2020, The New York Times highlighted potential lapses in the peer review process affecting major scientific journals 6 . Moreover, just as COVID-19 has shown social, racial, and economic health disparities, the pandemic seems also to have accentuated existing gender inequalities within the field of research 9 . Travel, social, and funding restrictions will also take a serious toll on scientific research worldwide. The global impact the crisis will have on the economy makes it hard to imagine that future research funding will not be substantially affected. How is biomedical research funding faring during the COVID-19 lockdown? doi = 10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.07.002 id = cord-289520-i6pv90s9 author = Harris, Carlyn title = An evidence-based framework for priority clinical research questions for COVID-19 date = 2020-03-31 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; clinical summary = RESULTS: From the research objectives for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, ten themes in the literature were identified: Clinical characterisation, prognosis, diagnosis, clinical management, viral pathogenesis, epidemiological characterisation, infection prevention and control/transmission, susceptibility, psychosocial, and aetiology. Outbreaks, especially of novel agents, create a pressing need to collect data on clinical characterization, treatment, and validation of new diagnostics to inform rapid public health response. We compared our findings to the 2018 systematic review on SARS and MERS to determine which questions have already been addressed, what information is lacking, and provide recommendations for data sharing and clinical study designs to be conducted during the current outbreak. These observational studies are practical in the fast-paced outbreak setting, as they are easier than randomised controlled The First Few X (FFX) WHO Protocol https://www.who.int/publications-detail/the-first-few-x-(ffx)-cases-and-contact-investigation-protocol-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-infection) What are the risk factors for death or severe illness? doi = 10.7189/jogh.10-011001 id = cord-300163-06hbegx1 author = Harris, Jody title = Food system disruption: initial livelihood and dietary effects of COVID-19 on vegetable producers in India date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; India; farmer; food summary = We aimed to investigate effects of this multi-layered shock on production, sales, prices, incomes and diets for vegetable farmers in India as both producers and consumers of nutrient-dense foods. This paper uses novel empirical data to understand disruptions to production, livelihoods and diets in agricultural households in India, to draw lessons from COVID-19and particularly its effects on nutrient-dense perishable food items for making food systems more resilient. We use ordered logit regressions to analyse associations between the intensity of self-reported changes in vegetable livelihoods (quantity sold, prices, income) and diets (change in consumption per food group) due to COVID-19 and major household characteristics (farm size, gender of the farmer, and the number of produced vegetables). While we did not investigate the direct effects of sickness in farming households, the subsequent lockdown policy was perceived by farmers to have affected production (through lack of labour, storage and inputs); sales (through drops in demand and lack of transport); prices and income (with reductions due to lack of demand); and diets (in terms of ability to access the most nutrient-dense foods). doi = 10.1007/s12571-020-01064-5 id = cord-299093-zp07aqpm author = Harrison, Andrew G. title = Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and pathogenesis date = 2020-10-14 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS; severe summary = Thus, evasion of IFN signaling by SARS-CoV-2 and impaired IFN production in J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f human peripheral blood immune cells might contribute to the productive viral replication, transmission, and severe pathogenesis during COVID-19, although further testing is warranted to fully dissect these putative evasion pathways [95] . For instance, Krt18-hACE2 and betaactin-hACE2-transgenic mice rapidly succumb to SARS-CoV-2 infection with lung infiltration of inflammatory immune cells inducing severe pulmonary disease, accompanied by evident thrombosis and anosmia, which partially recapitulate human COVID-19 [114] [115] . Furthermore, upon viral challenge, lymphocytes have expanded in rhesus macaque models around 5 dpi with complementary B-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 Spike appearing 10-15 dpi in blood samples [125] ; expansion of these adaptive immune compartments was analogous to those observed in COVID-19 patients [37, 125, [132] [133] [134] . doi = 10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004 id = cord-035023-kviogc6h author = Harrison, Stephanie L. title = End-Stage Renal Disease and 30-day Mortality for Adults with and without COVID-19 date = 2020-11-09 keywords = COVID-19; ESRD summary = Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare 30-day mortality for people with ESRD and COVID-19 (cases) to matched people with ESRD before the COVID-19 pandemic (historical controls). The study data were provided by TriNetX, a global federated health research network with access to electronic medical records (EMRs) from participating healthcare organisations, including academic medical centres, specialty physician practices and community hospitals, predominately in the United States (US). Cases were aged ≥18 years with COVID-19 and ESRD (ICD-10-CM code N18.6) recorded in EMRs between January 20, 2020 (date COVID-19 first confirmed in the US) [5] and October 3, 2020 (to allow for at least 30 days follow-up for all included patients). The current study of over 1700 people with ESRD showed that COVID-19 infection was associated with significantly higher 30-day mortality when compared to propensity score matched patients without COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.11.003 id = cord-298012-yfzosrok author = Harrison, Stephanie L. title = Comorbidities associated with mortality in 31,461 adults with COVID-19 in the United States: A federated electronic medical record analysis date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed older age (odds ratio [OR] per year 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.07; p < 0.001), male sex (OR 1.75; 95% CI 1.55–1.98; p < 0.001), being black or African American compared to white (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.31–1.71; p < 0.001), myocardial infarction (OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.64–2.35; p < 0.001), congestive heart failure (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.21–1.67; p < 0.001), dementia (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.07–1.56; p = 0.008), chronic pulmonary disease (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.08–1.43; p = 0.003), mild liver disease (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.00–1.59; p = 0.046), moderate/severe liver disease (OR 2.62; 95% CI 1.53–4.47; p < 0.001), renal disease (OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.84–2.46; p < 0.001), and metastatic solid tumor (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.19–2.43; p = 0.004) were associated with higher odds of mortality with COVID-19. doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003321 id = cord-268705-crcs6d0a author = Harrogate, Suzanne title = Non-aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; SAH summary = We present two cases of nonaneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in patients with severe COVID-19. Careful review of neuroimaging for haemorrhagic complications of COVID-19 should be undertaken, particularly for those patients receiving enhanced prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism. We report 2 cases of non-aneurysmal SAH in severe COVID-19 and hypothesise that this occurred as a complication of thromboembolic disease in the context of enhanced prophylaxis for thromboembolic disease. These cases add to the clinical spectrum of neurological complications associated with COVID-19 and highlight the importance of careful review of neuroimaging in patients with severe COVID-19. [9] At day 11, a CT head scan performed for reduced conscious level following sedation hold demonstrated multifocal, small volume, convexity SAH (Figs. We report 2 cases of nonaneurysmal SAH which have occurred in patients with severe COVID-19. These cases highlight that, although prophylaxis and treatment of thrombosis associated with COVID-19 are undoubtedly important, clinicians should be alert to the possibility of haemorrhagic complications, particularly those associated with thromboembolic disease. doi = 10.1007/s00234-020-02535-4 id = cord-263035-eekytsst author = Hart, Alexander title = A Proposed COVID-19 Testing Algorithm date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19; testing summary = The purpose of this article is to propose an algorithm for COVID-19 testing that would allow for physical distancing to be scaled back in a stepwise manner, which limits ensuing infections and protects the capacity of the health care system. 12 Identifying these susceptible and recovered groups is vital to the downregulation of physical distancing measures, as it will allow for public health officials to predict future numbers of infections and scale back physical distancing accordingly. Here, we propose a testing algorithm to identify the susceptible, infectious, and recovered groups, so that physical distancing measures can be relaxed in a graded, data-driven manner. If a cohort of recovered EWs can be identified, they can work shifts in areas of highest risk exposure such as the emergency department, intensive care unit, or in the non-health-care setting, areas of the workplace that are not amenable to physical distancing. This algorithm is based on the assumption that serologic testing can identify those now immune to re-infection with COVID-19. doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.218 id = cord-303631-u0rzxw7o author = Hart, Andrew title = Cover Illustration: “Lockdown” mural, Bath Street, Glasgow, by the.rebel.bearUnshackling Plastic Surgery from COVID-19 date = 2020-06-14 keywords = COVID-19; surgery summary = Considerable supportive evidence exists for the positive impact of plastic and reconstructive surgery upon quality of life, patient reported outcomes, return to work, and longterm healthcare costs, but to most effectively advocate Plastic surgery to policy makers focused upon the risks and resource requirements of COVID-19, more, scientifically robust, data is urgently needed. The undoubted benefit of immediate reconstruction for a sizeable cohort of women is being considered against the greater apparent safety and lesser shortterm resource requirement of mastectomy and delayed reconstruction, and guidance from the Association of Breast Surgery (U.K.) is under review. It will be specifically addressed in the next issue, but the solution may be to develop capacity to provide equitable access to safe, effective reconstruction, with a low complication profile, in a governanced setting where the risk of operating during COVID infection can be minimised, and detailed consent provided that includes known and unknown risks, along with the implications of awaiting delayed reconstruction. doi = 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.05.082 id = cord-347185-ttf8oigk author = Hart, Andrew title = Editorial - Covid-19 date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; care; healthcare summary = Supportive care needs exceed any previous healthcare challenge, while public health measures are reliant on the blunt tools of isolation and travel restriction which have an economic impact on a scale not contemplated for generations (e.g. predicted 35% fall in U.K. GDPunemployment reaching 10%; 4 10% contraction in the Eurozone economy, 42% fall in global oil price, 44% contraction in air & travel). When healthcare colleagues are being placed at risk of severe disease or death through patient contact (particularly in the face of limited protective equipment or training), we must all support social measures to minimise case numbers -virtual clinical care systems should be used to enable patients not to travel. We may see a retrenchment of healthcare funding away from the trauma and oncological care (including complex reconstruction) that benefits the individual, towards population level interventions in public health and infectious diseases. doi = 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.04.002 id = cord-333663-0yzrcfe5 author = Hart, Joanna L. title = Family-Centered Care During the COVID-19 Era date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19; family summary = However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, maintaining public safety necessitates restricting the physical presence of families for hospitalized patients. We provide a toolbox of strategies for supporting family-centered inpatient care during physical distancing responsive to the current clinical climate. Strategies for delivering family-centered care typically include open family presence at the bedside; 3 regular, structured communication with family members; and multidisciplinary support. 3 Physical, or social, distancing is the principal mitigation strategy used to reduce transmission in the COVID-19 pandemic, 4 with a profound impact on the delivery of family-centered inpatient care. During the COVID-19 pandemic, family presence must be supported in non-physical ways to achieve the goals of family-centered care. Family-centered care strategies in this context must acknowledge the changed ethical perspective and clinicians'' limited time, attention, and effort to devote to learning and assimilation. Strategies to support family presence during physical distancing rely heavily on existing patient or family smartphones and computers, stable internet access, and technological literacy. doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.017 id = cord-352302-are8vvhh author = Hartman, W. title = Hospitalized COVID-19 patients treated with Convalescent Plasma in a mid-size city in the midwest date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Methods Hospitalized COVID-19 patients categorized as having Severe or Life-Threatening disease according to the Mayo Clinic Emergency Access Protocol were screened, consented, and treated with convalescent plasma collected from local donors recovered from COVID-19 infection. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients categorized as having Severe or Life-Threatening disease according to the Mayo Clinic Emergency Access Protocol were screened, consented, and treated with convalescent plasma collected from local donors recovered from COVID-19 infection. A recent cohort study by Liu and colleagues of 39 cases and 156 matched controls from Mount Sinai hospital in New York City reported a 12.8% mortality rate among patients with severe or worse disease who received convalescent plasma, and significantly better outcomes among patients transfused prior to mechanical ventilation. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.19.20135830 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 1 Legend: Inpatient respiratory support type by hospital day among COVID-19 patients with life-threatening disease receiving convalescent plasma (n = 15). doi = 10.1101/2020.06.19.20135830 id = cord-322867-1yxxe5d3 author = Hartman, William R title = Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients treated with Convalescent Plasma in a Mid-size City in the Midwest date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Methods: Hospitalized COVID-19 patients categorized as having Severe or Life-Threatening disease according to the Mayo Clinic Emergency Access Protocol were screened, consented, and treated with convalescent plasma collected from local donors recovered from COVID-19 infection. Among patients who were admitted with infection that met the criteria for severe disease and were transfused convalescent plasma prior to the development of respiratory failure the mortality to date is zero, and only one patient (6%) has had subsequent escalation of respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. A recent cohort study by Liu and colleagues of 39 cases and 156 matched controls from Mount Sinai hospital in New York City reported a 12.8% mortality rate among patients with severe or worse disease who received convalescent plasma, and signi cantly better outcomes among patients transfused prior to mechanical ventilation. Inpatient respiratory support type by hospital day among COVID-19 patients with life-threatening disease receiving convalescent plasma (n = 15). doi = 10.21203/rs.3.rs-39447/v1 id = cord-314796-bek92zs9 author = Hartung, Hans-Peter title = COVID-19 and management of neuroimmunological disorders date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The pathogen was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the diseasecoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) -has caused the first recorded non-influenza pandemic. On the basis of their presumed mode of action and evidence from their use in patients, β-interferons, glatiramer acetate and teriflunomide are safe in COVID-19 because they do not cause relevant immunosuppression or increase the risk of viral infections. Nevertheless, an immediate and ongoing neurological challenge posed by the COVID-19 pandemic is the management of patients who are undergoing immunotherapy for existing neuroimmunological disease. Nevertheless, an immediate and ongoing neurological challenge posed by the COVID-19 pandemic is the management of patients who are undergoing immunotherapy for existing neuroimmunological disease. The complement-blocking mAb eculizumab, which is approved for treatment of NMOSD, has not been associated with an increased risk of viral infections. However, COVID-19 affects the management of patients with neurological diseases in many ways. doi = 10.1038/s41582-020-0368-9 id = cord-265598-4h3wx81q author = Hasan, Abdulkarim title = Histopathology Laboratory Paperwork as a Potential Risk of COVID-19 Transmission among the Lab Personnel date = 2020-08-06 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Methods We tracked paper-based forms from time of test ordering till the release of the pathology report by calculating the time taken for the papers to reach the lab and the exposure of each staff group to the received papers from both high and moderate COVID-19 risk areas. Conclusion More than 80% of the manual paper request forms will take less than 24 hours to be handled by laboratory personnel; carrying a high potential risk for viral transmission. In this study we focused on defining the major hospital departments that request histopathology (by frequency and percent), measuring the time from handling the paper by clinician staff till handling by laboratory personnel, and comparing the possibility of COVID-19 transmission by paperwork to laboratory personnel, according to their exposure time to these papers. More studies are required to detect stability of the SARS-COV-2 on different surfaces and the potential risk of COVID-19 transmission through papers. doi = 10.1016/j.infpip.2020.100081 id = cord-324364-9p04oeac author = Hasan, Syed Shahzad title = Mortality and Disease Severity Among COVID-19 Patients Receiving Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis date = 2020-09-12 keywords = ACEI; ARB; COVID-19; RAS summary = Original, observational (prospective or retrospective) studies Included patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) Documented use of either angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) Reported frequency, percentage, and/or adjusted estimate of mortality or disease severity and/or adverse clinical outcomes (septic shock, admission to intensive care units) associated with COVID-19 From any region or language The reported odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) that had been adjusted for potential covariates in the respective original studies and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted and pooled in a random-effects model to estimate the association between the use of ACEIs/ ARBs and the risk of mortality and severe/critical illness in COVID-19 patients. In fact, the other studies [52, 78, 80, 84] included in the subgroup pooled analysis reported no difference in the risk of severe/ critical illness with the use of ACEIs compared to non-use of the ACEIs. A key strength of this systematic review and meta-analysis was the pooling of adjusted estimates on the mortality and severe/critical outcomes from the use of RAS inhibitors in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1007/s40256-020-00439-5 id = cord-277926-rt4ye7xt author = Haseeb, Sohaib title = Value of electrocardiography in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; ECG summary = QT prolongation and subsequent ventricular arrhythmias have been associated with the use of hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine (HCQ/CQ), azithromycin (AZ), and antivirals such as lopinavir/ritonavir ( Table 1) , or in COVID-19 patients with pre-existing hepatic disease or renal failure [26] [27] [28] . Interestingly, amiodaroneas a medication that can potentially prolong the QT intervalhas been suggested as a possible inhibitor against the spreading of SARS-CoV-2 due to its ability to interfere with the endocytic pathway 46 Critically ill COVID-19 patients will likely be at a higher clinical risk of drug-induced arrhythmia, in which case ECG monitoring will more likely be indicated for supportive medical care. Risk of QT Interval Prolongation Associated With Use of Hydroxychloroquine With or Without Concomitant Azithromycin Among Hospitalized Patients Testing Positive for Coronavirus Disease doi = 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2020.08.007 id = cord-341085-2stfkwp3 author = Haseli, Sara title = Lobar Distribution of COVID-19 Pneumonia Based on Chest Computed Tomography Findings; A Retrospective Study date = 2020-04-18 keywords = COVID-19; GGO summary = This study aimed to evaluate the lobar and segmental distribution of COVID-19 pneumonia based on patients'' chest CT scan. In this study, we aim to evaluate the pattern of COVID-19 pneumonia segmental involvement, by presenting chest CT-scan findings of 63 patients. Also, we have designed a novel scoring scale to report the extension and severity of ground-glass opacification (GGO) in our patients and assess its association with age, sex, and presenting symptoms. Imaging features including type of opacity, GGO severity score, and presence of other abnormal findings (such as pleural effusion, interlobular septal thickening, cavitation, reticulation, calcification, bronchiectasis, presence of discrete nodules, and reversed halo sign) were assessed. In this study we have reported chest CT imaging results of patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia. Cavitation, reticulation, calcification, bronchiectasis, tree-in-bud appearance, reversed halo-sign, nodules and pleural effusion were not common findings in the chest CT scan of our patients. doi = nan id = cord-262278-7d6u2tbj author = Hashemi, Masoud title = Anestesia espinhal em pacientes com COVID-19, mais pesquisa é necessária date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = [3] Se por um lado a anestesia raquidiana tem algumas vantagens em pacientes com COVID-19, há elementos a serem considerados na escolha da técnica anestésica que necessitam de mais estudos: A disseminação da SARS-CoV-2 para o sistema nervoso central pode levantar questões sobre a segurança da anestesia raquidiana. Se o paciente com COVID-19 for considerado um caso de via aérea difícil, é recomendável ter todos os dispositivos de via aérea difícil prontos, para que, se a anestesia regional falhar e a anestesia geral tiver que ser realizada, o gerenciamento das vias aéreas não ocorra em situação de emergência, o que aumentaria o risco de transmissão do vírus para a equipe na sala de cirurgia. Apesar de todas as dúvidas mencionadas sobre a segurança da anestesia raquidiana em pacientes com COVID-19, se todas as considerações acima forem levadas em conta, a anestesia raquidiana ainda pode ser um dos métodos recomendados para reduzir o risco de infectar a equipe da sala de cirurgia. doi = 10.1016/j.bjan.2020.04.002 id = cord-280747-k0x6rjdi author = Hashim, Muhammad Jawad title = Population Risk Factors for COVID-19 Mortality in 93 Countries date = 2020-09-17 keywords = CMR; COVID-19; country summary = Data on COVID-19 CMR in 93 countries was analyzed for associations with preexisting prevalence rates of eight diseases [asthma, lung cancer, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Alzheimer''s Disease (AD), hypertension, ischemic heart disease, depression and diabetes], and six socio-demographic factors [Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, unemployment, age over 65 years, urbanization, population density, and socio-demographic index]. Bivariate analysis revealed that COVID-19 CMR were higher in countries that had high prevalence of population risk factors such as AD, lung cancer, asthma and COPD. From amongst the clinical risk factors, positive correlations with CMR included Alzheimer''s disease (r = 0.36), lung cancer (r = 0.39), and weakly with asthma (r = 0.28) and COPD (r = 0.27). With COVID-19 CMR per 100,000 population as the primary outcome (dependent) variable, multivariate modeling showed that certain risk factors were independent predictors (R 2 = 0.35, log likelihood ratio tests, p < 0.05). doi = 10.2991/jegh.k.200721.001 id = cord-301483-dsaltzdd author = Hashizume, H. title = Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis mimicking COVID‐19: a case report date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = During the present outbreak, reports have been accumulating that various types of cutaneous manifestations were observed in COVID‐19 patients. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, is currently spreading worldwide, causing the worst pandemic experienced this century [1] . During the present outbreak, reports have been accumulating that various types of cutaneous manifestations were observed in COVID-19 patients [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Recently, we experienced a case of polycyclic erythema, which was very similar to theirs, in a patient with respiratory distress whose eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EAGP) was later confirmed by skin biopsy. Additionally, recent reports have implicated distinctive skin manifestations, such chilblain-like erythema, livedoid eruptions [2, 8] , morbilliform rash [9] , urticarial rash [4] , and varicella-like rash [6] , in COVID-19. In addition, we also observed polycyclic erythema, manifesting very similarly to the COVID-19 case described by Amatore et al. doi = 10.1111/jdv.16705 id = cord-292054-x0saq938 author = Hashizume, Misato title = Outlook of IL-6 signaling blockade for COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; SOC; patient summary = Given physiological roles of IL-6 in inflammatory conditions and the data from real world, IL-6 signal inhibitors, along with standard of care (SOC) treatment, might provide efficacy, offering the potential to treat COVID-19 in hospitalized populations more effectively than current SOC alone. Therefore, on-going and planned randomized placebo-controlled studies in combination with SOC and other therapeutics to assess safety and efficacy of IL-6 signal inhibitors in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia will be warranted to address the high unmet need and burden of disease in this severely ill population. Elevated tissue and serum levels of IL-6 have been implicated in the disease pathology of several inflammatory and autoimmune disorders including multiple myeloma, Crohn''s disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Castleman disease, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA), polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA), adult-onset Still''s disease (AOSD), ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, giant cell arteritis (GCA), Takayasu arteritis (TAK), systemic sclerosis, and cytokine-release syndrome (CRS), and targeting of the IL-6 pathway has led to innovative therapeutic approaches for various rheumatic conditions such as RA, JIA, AOSD, GCA, TAK, and others such as Castleman disease or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced CRS [2] . doi = 10.1186/s41232-020-00134-7 id = cord-275897-j9cwlzxu author = Hashmi, Ali M. title = New Horizons: COVID-19 and the Burden of Neuropsychiatric Illness in Pakistan date = 2020-05-17 keywords = Pakistan; covid-19 summary = COVID-19 has posed a tremendous challenge to Pakistan''s already strained healthcare system particularly with regards to mental health and psychosocial support services. 10 Individuals with schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses die at a younger age than the general population and this excess mortality results in part from a higher prevalence and greater severity of multiple co-morbid medical conditions including diabetes, respiratory illness, and cardiovascular disease. 16 While data specific for Pakistan does not yet exist, it is safe to say that the psychological burden will be significant due to a multitude of reasons: overcrowded and under resourced hospitals may get overwhelmed if cases spike; low literacy rates mean people have an incomplete understanding of the situation and may continue with ''life as usual'' despite warnings by healthcare workers and the government and an economic downturn in a country where millions depend on daily wages may leave many with no income at all for extended periods of time. doi = 10.12669/pjms.36.covid19-s4.2792 id = cord-335351-8hdok02n author = Hashmi, Muhammad Daniyal title = Assessing the need for transfer to the intensive care unit for Coronavirus-19 disease: Epidemiology and risk factors date = 2020-10-27 keywords = ICU; covid-19; patient summary = At the same time, identifying variables that identify subjects who require transfer to an ICU could also help clinicians risk stratify and triage patients as they present with their acute infections. To address these issues, we conducted a retrospective study of all subjects with Covid-19 admitted to our hospital in order a) to describe the epidemiology of needing transfer to the ICU subsequent to initial admission to the floor and b) to develop a risk tool to categorize these subjects based on variables accessed at time of original hospital presentation. This retrospective analysis indicates that nearly one in 5 patients with Covid-19 infection who are admitted to the floor upon hospital presentation will deteriorate and need transfer to the ICU. Neither baseline clinical factors at time of presentation to the hospital nor the CURB-65 score perform well as screening tests to categorize these subjects likely to progress to needing ICU care. doi = 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106203 id = cord-263235-n8omnki4 author = Hassan, Ansar title = Cardiac Surgery in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Guidance Statement From the Canadian Society of Cardiac Surgeons date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19; Canada summary = As the number of COVID-19 cases continues to increase across Canada, the Canadian Society of Cardiac Surgeons (CSCS) and its Board of Directors strongly support the need to contain COVID-19 and to limit its transmission through social distancing, self-isolation, and self-quarantine, as directed by the public health authorities. With strong representation from across the country and the support of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society, the authors have attempted to provide guidance to their colleagues on the subjects of leadership roles that cardiac surgeons may assume during this pandemic: patient assessment and triage, risk reduction, and real-time sharing of expertise and experiences. With strong representation from across the country and the support of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society, the authors have attempted to provide guidance to their colleagues on the subjects of leadership roles that cardiac surgeons may assume during this pandemic: patient assessment and triage, risk reduction, and real-time sharing of expertise and experiences. doi = 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.001 id = cord-275867-qm7y3thy author = Hassan, Suzan B. title = COVID-19 and repeat visitation: Assessing the role of destination social responsibility, destination reputation, holidaymakers’ trust and fear arousal date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; DSR summary = More specifically, the current research aims to: 1) test the influence of DSR on destination reputation (DR), domestic tourists'' perceived trust (PT) and their revisit intention (RI); 2) assess the direct relations between DR, PT and RI; and 3) examine the moderation role of fear arousal (FA) related to COVID-19 on the direct relationships between DR, DSR, PT and RI of domestic travelers in Egypt. Concerning health concerns, the impact of fear arousal related to COVID-19 on domestic tourists'' behavior has not been examined yet, however, several tourism studies articulated that risk perception substantially impacted travelers'' intentions to visit a destination (e.g. Giusti and Raya, 2019; Fuchs, & Reichel, 2011; Li, Wen, & Ying, 2018) . In addition, no well-known work has explored the interaction role of fear arousal of COVID-19 on the relation between domestic holidaymakers'' revisit intention and its associated predictors involved in the research model (i.e. destination reputation, DSR and visitors'' perceived trust). doi = 10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100495 id = cord-297127-nhgm09db author = Hasseli, Rebecca title = National registry for patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD) infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Germany (ReCoVery): a valuable mean to gain rapid and reliable knowledge of the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infections in patients with IRD date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; IRD; SARS; patient summary = OBJECTIVES: Patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD) infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be at risk to develop a severe course of COVID-19. 2 In this situation, patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD) may face a particular risk as their disease, especially when clinically active, and their immunomodulatory treatment may impact the course of COVID-19 infection. However, firm knowledge of the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with IRD is missing, and therefore, evidence-based recommendations for the management of COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic disorders and antirheumatic treatments are lacking. As necessary data cannot be extracted from clinical charts or health insurance records, the DGRh and the Justus-Liebig University Giessen decided to establish a web-based registry, which allows a rapid and timely collection of IRD cases with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections in Germany to analyse the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infections in patients with IRD and to develop guidance for the management of patients with IRD during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001332 id = cord-343249-npk92gra author = Hastie, C. E. title = Short Communication: Vitamin D and COVID-19 infection and mortality in UK Biobank date = 2020-06-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = We aimed to establish whether blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was associated with COVID-19 mortality, and inpatient confirmed COVID-19 infection, in UK Biobank participants. Conclusions Our findings do not support a potential link between vitamin D concentrations and risk of severe COVID-19 infection and mortality. 2 Despite the sparse evidence on vitamin D in COVID-19, 3 the UK government is now leading an urgent review into whether there is any link, 4 and the Welsh COVID-19 risk assessment tool already includes vitamin D supplementation as part of its recommendations. 6 Lower vitamin D concentration and vitamin D deficiency were both associated with higher risk of COVID-19 death univariably, but not after adjustment for potential confounders. Vitamin D insufficiency was not associated with risk of COVID-19 death univariably or multivariably. Again, vitamin D concentration and vitamin D deficiency were associated with COVID-19 infection univariably but not multivariably (Table) . doi = 10.1101/2020.06.26.20140921 id = cord-353110-0oxy9b1p author = Hastie, Claire E. title = Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank date = 2020-05-07 keywords = Biobank; covid-19 summary = • We explored whether blood 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was associated with COVID-19 risk among UK Biobank participants, and whether this explained wholly, or in part, the higher incidence of COVID-19 infection in ethnic minority participants. • Our analyses of UK Biobank data provided no evidence to support a potential role for (25(OH)D) concentration to explain susceptibility to COVID-19 infection either overall or in explaining differences between ethnic groups. 11 In this study, we hypothesised that blood 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was associated with COVID-19 risk among UK Biobank participants, and explained wholly, or in part, the higher incidence of COVID-19 infection in ethnic minority participants. Our analyses of UK Biobank data provided no evidence to support a potential role for 0.029 OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval *also adjusted for sex, month of assessment, Townsend deprivation quintile, household income, self-reported health rating, smoking status, BMI category, age at assessment, diabetes, SBP, DBP, and long-standing illness, disability or infirmity doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.050 id = cord-024991-9ybyt89r author = Hastings, Gerard title = COVID-19: our last teachable moment date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; business; health summary = doi = 10.35241/emeraldopenres.13603.2 id = cord-355537-pckjq1n2 author = Hatef, Elham title = Assessing the Impact of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Characteristics on COVID-19 Prevalence Across Seven States in the United States date = 2020-09-22 keywords = ADI; covid-19 summary = Results: After controlling for age, gender, and the square mileage of each community we identified Zip-codes with higher ADI (more disadvantaged neighborhoods) in Illinois and Maryland had higher COVID-19 prevalence comparing to zip-codes across the country and in the same state with lower ADI (less disadvantaged neighborhoods) using data on May 3rd. We used data on the number of cumulative confirmed COVID-19 cases at the zip-code level and percentage of the population tested for COVID-19 in the seven states on two selected dates, May 3rd, 2020 (when COVID-19 prevalence had an upward trend across the country) and May 30th, 2020 (when COVID-19 prevalence presented a downward trend in selected areas) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) . Moreover, when data were available we assessed the correlation between the percentage of the population tested for COVID-19 in a zip-code and ADI national and state ranks. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.571808 id = cord-330478-g9n2mfni author = Hattenbach, Lars-Olof title = Krisenstrategien der Kliniken während der Pandemie date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; der summary = authors: Hattenbach, Lars-Olof; Reinhard, Thomas; Walter, Peter; Roider, Johannes; Feltgen, Nicolas; Hesse, Lutz; Schrecker, Jens; Eter, Nicole Hintergrund Die SARS-CoV-2(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2)-Pandemie hat während der ersten Monate des Jahres 2020 weltweit zu tiefgreifenden Veränderungen der medizinischen Versorgung mit massiven Einschränkungen bei chirurgischen Eingriffen und nichtdringlichen ambulanten wie stationären Behandlungen geführt [1] [2] [3] [4] . Jüngere Publikationen zeigen jedoch, dass das Risiko einer Ansteckung durch Tränenflüssigkeit selbst bei COVID-19-Patienten eher gering ist und auch die Häufigkeit des Auftretens einer Konjunktivitis nur bei etwa 1 % liegt [12] [13] [14] . Despite the challenge of a significant shift of medical resources during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, medically urgently necessary ophthalmological treatments are continuously provided by maximum care clinics; however, based on currently available data, it cannot be ruled out whether treatment of emergency patients was delayed during the pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s00347-020-01162-x id = cord-305136-tnvp3n1g author = Hauer, Karen E. title = The COVID-19 Pandemic as an Imperative to Advance Medical Student Assessment: 3 Areas for Change date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; GME; medical summary = In this article, the authors assert that medical educators, obligated by current conditions to adapt educational experiences, should seize the opportunity presented by the pandemic to make needed changes in 3 areas aligned with competency-based medical education: focusing on outcomes, broadening the assessment toolbox, and improving the undergraduate medical education (UME)-to-graduate medical education (GME) transition. In this article, the authors assert that medical educators, obligated by current conditions to adapt educational experiences, should seize the opportunity presented by the pandemic to make needed changes in 3 areas aligned with competency-based medical education: focusing on outcomes, broadening the assessment toolbox, and improving the undergraduate medical education (UME)-to-graduate medical education (GME) transition. The COVID-19 Pandemic as an Imperative to Advance Medical Student Assessment: 3 Areas for Change and improvement in learner assessment that are aligned with competency-based medical education (CBME) that we believe can make enduring contributions: focusing on outcomes, broadening the assessment toolbox, and improving the undergraduate medical education (UME)-to-graduate medical education (GME) transition. doi = 10.1097/acm.0000000000003764 id = cord-307983-gjdza9bh author = Hawdon, James title = Cybercrime in America amid COVID-19: the Initial Results from a Natural Experiment date = 2020-06-10 keywords = activity; covid-19; online; routine summary = Thus, while more motivated offenders being online is likely to elevate rates of cybervictimization, the overall patterns are likely more affected by changes in target suitability and guardianship that result from the pandemic. These "dangerous" online routines would include surfing the dark web, playing online video games, online shopping, and visiting social media sites as all of these activities have been reported to increase cybervictimization (Bossler & Holt, 2009; Bossler et al., 2012; Costello et al., 2016; Hawdon et al., 2014; Leukfeldt & Yar, 2016; Navarro & Jasinski, 2012; Reyns et al., 2011; van Wilsem, 2011) . Taking all of these factors together, we would anticipate an increase in cybervictimization amid the COVID-19 pandemic due to more motivated offenders, a change in some "dangerous" online routines, and perhaps less target-hardening. doi = 10.1007/s12103-020-09534-4 id = cord-304230-rxhoe8cw author = Hay-David, A.G.C. title = Reducing medical error during a pandemic date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19; medical summary = In this short article we provide some information that might be useful and help equip colleagues to reduce medical error during a pandemic. 12 Social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram have been used to good effect in the past; for example, providing information for disaster response between authorities and the public during the 2010 Haitian earthquake. 13 It has been suggested, that social media may have a useful role over the more traditional means of reporting to track emergence of disease trends and outbreaks. [14] [15] [16] Analysis of social media use over a 14 week period during the Ebola outbreak identified it as a potential source of surveillance to enhance detection, preparedness, and, the public health response during a crisis (used in addition to traditional surveillance approach). 18 The GMC and the BMA provide guidance on social media use by the medical profession and respect and confidentiality for patients as well as colleagues remains of paramount importance. doi = 10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.04.003 id = cord-277313-5f5lrn3c author = Hayakawa, Satoshi title = Covid‐19 pandemic and pregnancy date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; infection summary = 20 However, fortunately, clinical data suggest no deleterious outcomes of pregnant women who are infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy compared with those infected with SARS-CoV or MERS. In another report from Wuhan, of 13 pregnant women who developed COVID-19 during pregnancy, one woman delivered a dead fetus at 34 weeks of gestation, but the cause of fetal death was speculated to be severe maternal pneumonia and multiple organ failure rather than viral infection of the fetus. 22 Another report showed that 3 of 33 pregnant women who developed COVID-19 during pregnancy in Wuhan showed evidence of intrauterine infection by cord blood PCR test. While early studies showed no evidence of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother-to-child in late pregnancy, 21 recent reports have shown possible in utero transmission. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pregnant women: A report based on 116 cases doi = 10.1111/jog.14384 id = cord-137263-mbww0yyt author = Hayashi, Teruaki title = Data Requests and Scenarios for Data Design of Unobserved Events in Corona-related Confusion Using TEEDA date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19; TEEDA; datum summary = Using TEEDA, we collect data items (data requests and providable data) in the corona-related confusion in the workshop, discuss the characteristics of missing data, and create three scenarios for data design of unobserved events focusing on variables. In this study, this item will be useful for understanding what types of data and variables are needed and for what purpose in regard to corona-related confusion. The aim of the experiment was to understand the characteristics of data requests and providable data in the corona-related confusion and create scenarios for new data design of unobserved events focusing on variables. Subsequently, participants input the information on the data requests and the providable data about corona-related confusion on TEEDA for 45 min via discussion with other participants. In this study, to discuss the data design of unobserved events in corona-related confusion, we used TEEDA to externalize the information about data items from data users and data providers and analyzed their characteristics. doi = nan id = cord-311222-vw4b9xmg author = Haydar, Ali title = Palliative Care Utilization among Patients with COVID-19 in an Underserved Population: A Single-Center Retrospective Study date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; palliative summary = title: Palliative Care Utilization among Patients with COVID-19 in an Underserved Population: A Single-Center Retrospective Study BACKGROUND: As healthcare institutions mobilize resources to address the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, palliative care may potentially be underutilized. Patients who got palliative care consults were of older age, had higher rates of intubation, need for vasopressors, and death. Patients who got palliative care consults were of older age, had higher rates of intubation, need for vasopressors, and death. As the world battles the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is critical to use palliative care as an approach to ease the burden of this life-threatening illness on patients and their families. Hence, we present a study assessing the rates of utilization of palliative care in an underserved high-risk COVID-19 patient population. There was a relatively low utilization rate of palliative care in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.05.022 id = cord-270481-rrpqz0uy author = Hays, Russell title = Helminth coinfection and COVID-19: An alternate hypothesis date = 2020-08-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = Helminth infections are known to be powerful modulators of the human immune response, and numerous studies now highlight the effects this may have on human infectious, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. One of the clear predictors of severe COVID-19 that has emerged during the pandemic has been the presence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in patients contracting the virus. These metabolic diseases are characterised by an inflammatory milieu, with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, many of which are also implicated in the severe form of COVID-19. It is therefore feasible to propose that a reduced capacity for the production of proinflammatory cytokines and increased numbers of regulatory immune cells due to the immunomodulatory effects of pre-existing helminth infection could result in a reduced risk of severe COVID-19. Epidemiological studies of the prevalence of severe COVID-19 in societies in which helminth infection is common would clearly be of great interest, but currently, no reliable data exists. doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008628 id = cord-264248-wqkphg2e author = Hazem, Y. title = Hasty Reduction of COVID-19 Lockdown Measures Leads to the Second Wave of Infection date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; SIR summary = For the study in hand, this model is used to forecast the infection rate if the lockdown measures are reduced by 25% on the 1st of June 2020 or the 1st of July 2020; hence, the impact of delaying this step is also investigated. 23.20111526 doi: medRxiv preprint in lockdown measures and predicts the evolution of the number of infected cases until the end of 2020 following the assumed conditions. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.23.20111526 doi: medRxiv preprint more affected by reopening as they have not fully conquered COVID-19 yet; hence, the hasty reduction of quarantine measures might lead to even higher infection rates that has happened before during the Spanish flu [21; 22] . In conclusion, this study offers a quantifiable prediction of how reducing the lockdown measures shall lead to the second wave of COVID-19 in the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, and Canada. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.23.20111526 id = cord-215345-p1iktm9v author = He, Bing title = Prediction of repurposed drugs for treating lung injury in COVID-19 date = 2020-03-30 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19 summary = Inhibition of Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) caused by spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is the most plausible mechanism of lung injury in COVID-19. We propose two candidate drugs, COL-3 (a chemically modified tetracycline) and CGP-60474 (a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor), for treating lung injuries in COVID-19, based on their abilities to reverse the gene expression patterns in HCC515 cells treated with ACE2 inhibitor and in human COVID-19 patient lung tissues. In summary, this study shows that ACE2 inhibition is likely part of the mechanisms leading to lung injury in COVID-19, and that compounds such as COL-3 and CGP-60474 have the potential as repurposed drugs for its treatment. Then we analyzed 12,707 drugs and compounds from LINCS L1000 pharmacogenomics data to find best candidates that could reverse abnormal gene In lung, the inhibition of ACE2 promote lung injury via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) 6 . doi = nan id = cord-254809-o454k6ae author = He, Bing title = The Metabolic Changes and Immune Profiles in Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-08-28 keywords = IQR; covid-19; severe summary = Third, according to an analysis of nearly 45,000 confirmed cases, 19% of patients with COVID-19 have been identified as severe cases and critically ill cases, involving severe pneumonia and metabolic disorders, developing into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ dysfunctions (MODS), and even septic shock and death (9, 12) . In this study, we investigated mild cases and severe cases infected with SARS-CoV-2, as well as healthy young children and adults. Our study suggests that monocytes, neutrophils, and T-lymphocytes are associated with the onset and progress of COVID-19 infection, and immunopathogenesis was involved in ARDS, metabolic disorders, and MODS in severe cases. We collected the data of patients with COVID-19, including the clinical records, laboratory results and chest computed tomography (CT) scan images of mild and severe cases in the hospital. Extremely high levels of circulating lymphocytes and monocytes would benefit to fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection, which might be associated with the low morbidity of COVID-19 in young children. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02075 id = cord-264148-qpcvxwti author = He, Feng title = Coronavirus disease 2019: What we know? date = 2020-03-28 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = 25, 26, 30, [32] [33] [34] Although pneumonia is present in most SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, few cases complained of pleuritic chest pain. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: another zoonotic betacoronavirus causing SARS-like disease Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan Initial CT findings and temporal changes in patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia (2019-nCoV): a study of 63 patients in Wuhan, China Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical characteristics doi = 10.1002/jmv.25766 id = cord-299899-is815pol author = He, Jingjing title = Proportion of asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19): a systematic review and meta‐analysis date = 2020-07-21 keywords = China; SARS; covid-19 summary = The pooled proportion of asymptomatic infection among 1152 COVID‐19 children from 11 studies is 27.7% (95% CI: 16.4–42.7%), which is much higher than patients from all aged groups. However, patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 could also be asymptomatic, confirmed by positive Nucleic acid testing results during the illness. While a variety of studies on asymptomatic infection have been reported, the proportion of asymptomatic patients in confirmed COVID-19 cases is not well characterized. Original articles reporting asymptomatic infection in confirmed COVID-19 patients were included for meta-analysis. Noticeably, one study from Wuhan showed that 98/1021(9.6%) nucleic acid testing negative patients had lgG positive results, suggesting possible recovery from asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection 54 . Characteristics of asymptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Jinan, China. Clinical features of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an analysis of 13 cases from Changsha, China. Epidemiological and clinical features of asymptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection doi = 10.1002/jmv.26326 id = cord-345180-i4syz2t1 author = He, M. title = A delayed modulation of solar radiation on the COVID-19 transmission reflects an incubation period date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; figure summary = We estimate the growth rate through a sliding window regression for each country and investigate its response to meteorological conditions across all countries, in contrast to the above-mentioned works 7-10 , which analyzed the number of confirmed cases or mortality from prior selected cities directly. A measure of the incubation period Note that the above correlation and regression analyses involve a time displacement of 7 days between the meteorological variables and the growth rate. The current section extracts a daily infection growth rate for each country from the data of confirmed cases, through a sliding window regression, optimization, cross-correlation, and unit conversion. Note that the correlation analyses above are implemented with a time displacement between the sampling window of the growth rate and that of the meteorological variables δt := t UV,T − τ, to avoid the contamination from the COVID-19 incubation period, e.g., 18 . doi = 10.1101/2020.10.13.20183111 id = cord-308648-bus3axay author = He, Shan title = Analysis of Risk Perceptions and Related Factors Concerning COVID-19 Epidemic in Chongqing, China date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; Chongqing; risk summary = OBJECTIVE: To assess perceptions of risk and related factors concerning COVID-19 epidemic among residents in Chongqing city, China. Females (OR = 4.234), people with income ≥ 2000 yuan (2000–4999 yuan: OR = 5.052, 5000–9999 yuan: OR = 4.301, ≥ 10,000 yuan: OR = 23.459), the married status (OR = 1.811), the divorced status, widows or widowers (OR = 3.038), people living with families including children (OR = 5.085) or chronic patients (OR = 2.423) had a higher perceived risk level, as well as people who used free media websites (OR = 1.756), community workers (OR = 4.064) or community information platforms (OR = 2.235) as main media information sources. CONCLUSION: Residents reported a high level of risk perception towards COVID-19 in Chongqing and it was impacted by the population demographic characteristics. In our study, residents in Chongqing had a high level of risk perception towards the infectivity and pathogenicity of COVID-19, and relatively lower risk of the lethality and self-rated infection possibility. doi = 10.1007/s10900-020-00870-4 id = cord-255586-wshvvgxg author = He, Shengyang title = Clinical characteristics of “re-positive” discharged COVID-19 pneumonia patients in Wuhan, China date = 2020-10-15 keywords = SARS; covid-19; positive summary = The demographic features, clinical symptoms, laboratory results, comorbidities, co-infections, treatments, illness severities and chest CT scan results of 267 patients were collected from 1st January to 15th February 2020. | (2020) 10:17365 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74284-6 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ disease progression, no differences were found, suggesting this group of COVID-19 patients could be difficult to detect by using standard clinical data. All raw clinical and laboratory results were collected from electronic medical records system of the Central Hospital of Wuhan, followed by a follow up visit up to 14 days (also known as the discharge quarantine) to test for a re-positive nucleic acid assay. Definition of "re-positive": when a confirmed COVID-19 patient is detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive during the 14 days post-discharge quarantine (random test timing). Since understanding of the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection is still lacking, a careful discharge protocol should be applied (e.g. negative results of the nucleic acid tests of respiratory pathogens for 3 consecutive times), and post-discharge quarantine should be strictly observed, especially for severe and critical COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-74284-6 id = cord-283366-xwxg9991 author = He, Tian title = Potential mechanisms of Chinese Herbal Medicine that implicated in the treatment of COVID-19 related renal injury date = 2020-08-10 keywords = CHM; COVID-19; injury; renal; target summary = The ingredients (quercetin, formononetin, kaempferol, etc.,) from core herbs could modulate targets (PTGS2 (COX2), PTGS1 (COX1), IL6, CASP3, NOS2, and TNF, etc.), and thereby prevent the pharmacological and non-pharmacological renal injury comparable to that from COVID-19 infection. showed that the biological processes or pathways such as cytokine receptor binding, cytokine activity, receptor ligand activity, phosphatase binding, protein phosphatase binding, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, PI3K-AKT pathway, TNF pathway, IL17 pathway, MAPK pathway, and apoptosis pathway had high degree values, which may be the core mechanism to explain why the core herbs of CHM can be applied to the treatment of renal injury after COVID-19 infection. (Fig. 8) Osteoclast differentiation Combined with current clinical reports, the common causes of COVID-19-induced renal injury may be related to virus, immune system and drug, and its core mechanism is related to inflammation and apoptosis. doi = 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.002 id = cord-299932-c079r94n author = He, X. title = Benchmarking Deep Learning Models and Automated Model Design for COVID-19 Detection with Chest CT Scans date = 2020-06-09 keywords = covid-19; model summary = Although many recent studies have shown that deep learning based solutions can help detect COVID-19 based on chest CT scans, there lacks a consistent and systematic comparison and evaluation on these techniques. Therefore, many recent studies have tried to use deep learning (DL) methods to assist COVID-19 diagnosis with chest X-rays or CT scan images. In this paper, we use our dataset to benchmark two types of state-of-the-art (SOTA) DL models: 1) 3D convolutional neural networks (CNNs), including DenseNet3D121 [17] , R2Plus1D [18] , MC3 18 [18] , ResNeXt3D101 [17] , Pre-Act ResNet [17] , and ResNet3D series [17] ; 2) 2D CNNs, including DenseNet121 [19] , DenseNet201 [19] , ResNet50 [20] , ResNet101 [20] and ResNeXt101 [21] . Instead, the model trained on scan data with a small number of slices can also achieve comparable or even better results. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.08.20125963 id = cord-260179-g9umdcn2 author = He, Zonglin title = Meteorological factors and domestic new cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in nine Asian cities: A time-series analysis date = 2020-04-18 keywords = Lag; Singapore; covid-19 summary = METHOD Pearson correlation and generalized additive modeling were performed to assess the relationships between daily new COVID-19 cases and meteorological factors (daily average temperature and relative humidity) with the most updated data currently available. In most of the cities (Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Seoul, Tokyo, and Kuala Lumpur), generalized additive modeling analysis showed the number of daily new confirmed cases was positively associated with both average temperature and relative humidity, especially in lagged 3d model, where a positive influence of temperature on the daily new confirmed cases was discerned in 5 cities except in Beijing, Wuhan, Korea, and Malaysia. Generalized additive models (GAMs) with a Poisson family and logarithm link function were used to estimate the associations of daily COVID-19 new cases with average temperature and relative humidity. The correlation between average temperature and relative humidity was found positive in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Korea, and Japan, and negative in Beijing, Wuhan, Singapore, and Malaysia according to the pairwise Pearson correlation test ( Table 2) . doi = 10.1101/2020.04.15.20066613 id = cord-032751-pmclolvh author = Head, Katharine J. title = A National Survey Assessing SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Intentions: Implications for Future Public Health Communication Efforts date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; vaccine summary = Research Question 2: What are the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine behavioral intentions of adults in the U.S. when a health care provider recommends the vaccine? Importantly, because vaccine intent and/or need may be different for people who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and perceived threat variables (discussed below) are usually only measured for future threats, only participants who answered "no" to the question "do you believe that you''ve had COVID-19" are included in the current study (n = 3,159). Step 3 of the hierarchical regression model, with all variables included, less education was associated with lower intent to receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The health belief variables that were significant in the full regression model were all positively associated with intent to receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. doi = 10.1177/1075547020960463 id = cord-342767-n9ux7gqm author = Head, Michael G title = A real-time policy dashboard can aid global transparency in the response to coronavirus disease 2019 date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = There has been great provision of open data across the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic response, with, for example, dashboards presenting real-time descriptions of new daily cases and risk factors. A ''policy dashboard'' could act as a hub to show the localised reasoning behind COVID-19 policy decisions and allow the global health community to provide further support to governments and international stakeholders. The University of Oxford has created an ''evidence service'', 7 while John Hopkins University hosts the dashboard of global cases 1 and we at the University of Southampton maintain a tracker of COVID-19 research and development funding decisions. G. Head the world, a policy dashboard can have the benefit of potentially allowing others to provide extra supporting analysis that can feed into real-time decision-making. Evidence informing the UK''s COVID-19 public health response must be transparent doi = 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa039 id = cord-307857-1xj0ys7c author = Headey, Derek title = Impacts of COVID-19 on childhood malnutrition and nutrition-related mortality date = 2020-07-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = The unprecedented global social and economic crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic poses grave risks to the nutritional status and survival of young children in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Of particular concern is an expected increase in child malnutrition, including wasting, due to steep declines in household incomes, changes in the availability and affordability of nutritious foods, and interruptions to health, nutrition, and social protection services. These efforts link three approaches to model the combined economic and health systems impacts from COVID-19 on malnutrition and mortality: MIRAGRODEP''s macroeconomic projections of impacts on per capita gross national income (GNI); 4 microeconomic estimates of how predicted GNI shocks impact child wasting using data on 1·26 million children from 177 Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 52 LMICs between 1990-2018; 9 and the Lives Saved Tool (LiST), which links country-specific health services disruptions and predicted increases in wasting to child mortality. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31647-0 id = cord-322528-6r57pq8o author = Heald, Adrian H title = Modelling the impact of the mandatory use of face coverings on public transport and in retail outlets in the UK on COVID‐19‐related infections, hospital admissions and mortality date = 2020-10-18 keywords = COVID-19; face summary = We calculated an Infection Risk Score (IRS) for a number of common activities and related it to the effectiveness of reducing infection and its consequences, with a face covering, and evaluated their effect when applied to different infection rates over 3 months from 24(th) July 2020, when face coverings were made compulsory in England on public transport/retail outlets. CONCLUSION: We have illustrated that the policy on mandatory use of face coverings in retail outlets/on public transport may have been very well followed, but may be of limited value in reducing hospital admissions and deaths, at least at the time that it was introduced, unless infections begin to rise faster than currently seen. We have modelled the potential impact of the use of face coverings worn in retail outlets and on public 336 transport on the number of UK COVID-19 infections and associated hospital admissions and mortality 337 rates. doi = 10.1111/ijcp.13768 id = cord-333797-six8wzxz author = Heaney, Ashley I. title = Newly diagnosed diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by COVID-19 infection date = 2020-06-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f COVID-19 infections and diabetes have been linked since early reports identified patients with diabetes mellitus having worse clinical outcomes. 2 However, there has only been one case reported on COVID-19 infection precipitating a new diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type II. Testing in the ED revealed hyperglycemia, anion gap metabolic acidosis and ketonuria which confirmed the patient to be in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We report a case of DKA precipitated by Covid-19 in a patient with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. There has been one prior case report of DKA and new onset diabetes mellitus in the setting of COVID-19 infection. Patients with elevated blood sugar and no history of diabetes should be evaluated for the possibility of new onset diabetes mellitus and DKA, especially in the setting of concomitant COVID-19 infection. Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by Covid-19 in a patient with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.114 id = cord-283612-tzaa82kb author = Hedima, Erick Wesley title = Community Pharmacists: On the frontline of health service against COVID-19 in LMICs date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; pharmacist summary = Therefore, in the midst of a public health crisis of the current magnitude, it is crucial to examine roles and activities that community pharmacists can undertake to help in relieving pressure and providing cushion in other areas of the health service, such as general practice and emergency departments. The medication distribution system in Nigeria is in a state of chaos and consists of open drug markets, and the activities of patent and proprietary medicine vendors (PMV), community pharmacies, private and public hospitals, importer, distributors and wholesalers, and pharmaceutical manufacturers. 10 According to World Health Organisation (WHO), rational use of drugs necessitate that patients receive ''medicines appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses, that meet their own individual requirements, for an adequate period of time, and at the lowest cost to them and their community''. doi = 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.04.013 id = cord-325565-cz9f65ca author = Heederik, Dick J.J. title = Go slow to go fast: A plea for sustained scientific rigor in air pollution research during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-25 keywords = air; covid-19 summary = The second study used European data and, based on simple correlation analyses, associated long term (Jan-Feb 2020) exposure to nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the troposphere (resolution ~7*3.5km), assessed using satellite data, and absolute numbers of COVID-19-related deaths. [5] Positive associations were seen between levels of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxide and increased COVID-19 mortality and reported number of cases, without adjustment for population size, age distribution or other confounding variables. In particular the two ecological studies which crudely correlate reported numbers of COVID-19 cases or mortality to regional air pollution levels ignored the time of introduction of COVID-19 in the different areas, did not take into account disease dynamics in any way, and ignored basic epidemiologic principles by using inadequate measures of disease frequency. The effect of air pollution on disease prognosis can be studied using more conventional approaches after COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1183/13993003.01361-2020 id = cord-343357-5nhyumxl author = Heegaard, Peter M. H. title = Animal Models for COVID-19: More to the Picture Than ACE2, Rodents, Ferrets, and Non-human Primates. A Case for Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus and the Obese Ossabaw Pig date = 2020-09-25 keywords = ACE2; SARS; covid-19 summary = We urge considering infection with porcine respiratory coronavirus of metabolic syndrome pigs, such as the obese Ossabaw pig, as a highly relevant animal model of severe COVID-19. Cytokine storm in the lungs and inflammation are suggested as essential for the escalating and prolonged lung disease observed in severely affected COVID-19 patients, as is also the case for other severe human coronavirus infections like SARS and MERS (Mehta et al., 2020) . We hypothesize that disease severity will increase in obese Ossabaw pigs infected with PRCV compared to pigs of normal weight, and hence will constitute a useful model for severe COVID-19 in humans at risk due to metabolic syndrome associated comorbidities, including aged individuals. With the added benefit of being a well-described pig-specific virus (with no rigorous biosafety demands), we suggest that the obese pig affected by the metabolic syndrome will constitute a highly human-translatable animal model having the potential to significantly facilitate and accelerate SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 research. doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2020.573756 id = cord-331428-6pvr2vew author = Heffernan, Kevin S. title = Exercise as medicine for COVID-19: on PPAR with emerging pharmacotherapy date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Emerging studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 alters lipid metabolism in the lung epithelial cells by modulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), possibly contributing to lipotoxicity, inflammation and untoward respiratory effects. While we all eagerly await the development of a vaccine, scientists and clinicians have begun exploring "off-label" use of various drugs with that hope that strategic repurposing may help manage and treat COVID-19.(1) Fenofibrate (a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist) is one such medication that holds promise given its favorable effects on inflammation and endothelial function. This paper will explore the hypothesis that exercise may be a useful adjuvant in a setting of COVID-19 management/rehabilitation due to its effects on PPAR and vascular endothelial function. (3) Emerging studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 alters lipid metabolism in the lung epithelial cells by modulating PPAR, possibly contributing to lipotoxicity and untoward respiratory effects. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Agonists Increase Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Vascular Endothelial Cells doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110197 id = cord-256542-v8cyfo66 author = Heffner, Joseph title = Emotional responses to prosocial messages increase willingness to self-isolate during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2021-02-15 keywords = COVID-19; emotional; intervention; prosocial summary = While results show that both types of appeals increased willingness to self-isolate (Cohen''s d = 0.41), compared to the threat message, the efficacy of the prosocial message was more dependent on the magnitude of the evoked emotional response on both arousal and valence dimensions. While widespread and rapid adoption of preventative measures is unlikely to occur without messages that include emotional appeals (Myers, Nisbet, Maibach, & Leiserowitz, 2012) , it is crucial that current public health officials and researchers understand the relationship between emotional engagement and different persuasive messages related to Despite the complexity of the relationship between emotion and behavior, some media outlets have been leveraging fear language in order to motivate people to stay home and socially distance. However, because of the inconsistent relationship between evoked fear and behavioral change in prior research, we were agnostic as to whether stronger valence and arousal reactions to the threat intervention, compared to the prosocial intervention, would result in more willingness to self-isolate regarding COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110420 id = cord-260456-kjmab3og author = Hegde, Shruti title = Massive Pulmonary Embolism Complicating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Case Report date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Massive Pulmonary Embolism Complicating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Case Report On bedside TTE, there was evidence of right heart strain and elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 45 mmHg. All data was indicative of a massive APE as the etiology for his hemodynamic collapse. Furthermore, timely diagnosis can be made to aid in appropriate management with the help of bedside TTE and ECG in cases where CTPA is not feasible secondary to the patient''s hemodynamic instability. (1) Patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia are hypercoagulable and are at risk for acute pulmonary embolism (APE). (2) Massive acute pulmonary embolism should always be considered in the differential diagnosis for sudden and rapid hemodynamic decline in patients with COVID-19. (3) Critical care bedside echocardiography along with other clinical indicators helps in timely diagnosis and thus treatment of APE in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, which is lifesaving. doi = 10.1155/2020/8875330 id = cord-119275-2mhsp6jn author = Heidarian, Shahin title = CT-CAPS: Feature Extraction-based Automated Framework for COVID-19 Disease Identification from Chest CT Scans using Capsule Networks date = 2020-10-30 keywords = COVID-19; cap summary = Contributions: In this paper, we propose a fully automated framework based on Capsule Networks [9] , referred to as the "CT-CAPS", to represent each slice of a CT scan by a small feature map to distinguish COVID-19 cases from non-COVID (CAP and normal) cases. [20] proposed a two-stage method consisting of a sophisticated lung infection segmentation model, trained on a manually annotated chest CT scan dataset, followed by a 3D ResNet18 classification model [22] to classify patients into COVID-19, CAP, and normal cases. [23] fed a 3D CNN-based classifier with lung regions, segmented by a pre-trained U-Net [24] , achieving accuracy of 90.1%, sensitivity of 84.0%, and specificity of 98.2% on a dataset containing only COVID-19 and normal cases. [26] proposed a fully automated framework using a ResNet50 as the backbone to extract slice-level features followed by max pooling and fully connected dense layers for the ultimate goal of patientlevel classification achieving the sensitivities of 90%, 87%, and 94% for COVID-19, CAP, and normal cases, respectively. doi = nan id = cord-195263-i4wyhque author = Heider, Philipp title = COVID-19 mitigation strategies and overview on results from relevant studies in Europe date = 2020-05-11 keywords = covid-19; model; rate summary = In a publication by Chowell et Al (4), published in October 2016, for example, the dynamics of epidemics were examined using various basic concepts Advanced SIR models were used to determine how the predicted number of cases and the number of reproductions change over time and differ when exponential growth is assumed on the one hand and subexponential/polynomial growth on the other in a generalized growth model. It is difficult to estimate how credible the simulations of the pandemic models currently are, so it remains to be seen whether the spread of the pandemic can be effectively reduced by the measures taken. It is difficult to estimate how credible the simulations of the pandemic models currently are, so it remains to be seen whether the spread of the pandemic can be effectively reduced by the measures taken. doi = nan id = cord-252694-36ijqwge author = Heidinger, Benedikt H. title = Radiologische Manifestationen von Lungenerkrankungen bei COVID-19 date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; Patienten summary = Der Referenzstandard für die Diagnose von COVID-19 ist eine positive "reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction" (RT-PCR) eines Nasen-/ Rachenabstriches oder einer Probe tiefen Bronchialsekrets [4] . Mehrere medizinische und radiologische Fachgesellschaften haben Empfehlungen für die Anwendung der verschiedenen Bildgebungsmodalitäten bei Patienten mit Verdacht auf oder bereits nachgewiesener SARS-CoV-2 publiziert [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Sollten sich COVID-19-typische Lungenveränderungen als Zufallsbefund bei respiratorisch asymptomatischen Patienten zeigen, ist eine Bestätigung der Diagnose mittels RT-PCR notwendig [7, 8] . Im Thoraxröntgen untypisch für COVID-19 sind Kavitationen und Pleuraergüsse, die hinweisend auf Komplikationen oder andere Diagnosen wie beispielswei-se eine kardiale Dekompensation sein können [19] . Besteht jedoch eine hohe klinische Vortestwahrscheinlichkeit für COVID-19, beispielsweise bei typischen klinischen Symptomen und bekanntem Kontakt zu einer SARS-CoV2-positiven Person oder einer hohen Erkrankungsprävalenz in der Bevölkerung, sind diese jedoch als wahrscheinlich für das Vorliegen einer COVID-19-Pneumonie zu werten. doi = 10.1007/s00117-020-00749-4 id = cord-314767-iyvsxfsa author = Held, Michael B. title = Response to letter to the editor on “Elective orthopaedic surgeries during COVID-19 pandemic.” date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Title: Response to letter to the editor on "Elective orthopaedic surgeries during COVID-19 1 pandemic." 2 3 Title: Response to letter to the editor on "Elective orthopaedic surgeries during COVID-19 1 pandemic." 2 3 We would like to thank the authors for their thoughtful review and commentary on our 4 manuscript entitled "Timing and Tips for Total Hip Arthroplasty in a Critically Ill COVID-19 5 our 9 case differs from an elective total joint arthroplasty (TJA), as we presented a critically ill, 10 decompensated patient with active COVID-19 disease and an acute femoral neck fracture In conclusion, we appreciate the thoughtful response by the authors regarding our manuscript 44 describing a deliberate delay in surgery in a patient requiring THA with COVID-19. Timing and Tips for Total Hip 52 Arthroplasty in a Critically Ill COVID-19 Patient with a Femoral Neck Fracture: A Case Report Hip Arthroplasty During the COVID-19 Pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.artd.2020.09.001 id = cord-297432-2edncbgn author = Helleberg, Marie title = Persistent COVID-19 in an Immunocompromised Patient Temporarily Responsive to Two Courses of Remdesivir Therapy date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = A man in his fifties treated with chemoimmunotherapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia experienced a 9-week course of COVID-19 with high fever and severe viral pneumonia. Recently, preliminary results of the Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial (ACTT), a multicenter randomized controlled trial of remdesivir versus placebo for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hospitalized patients, demonstrated that remdesivir reduced time to recovery, in particular for those not yet having experienced respiratory failure with need for assisted ventilation [1] . We here report the clinical course and findings in an immunocompromised patient with remission of COVID-19 during treatment with remdesivir but relapse soon after discontinuation. We present a case of severe COVID-19 in a patient with B-and T-lymphocyte impairment secondary to CLL treated with chemoimmunotherapy 3 months prior to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The course and findings in this clinical case suggest that remdesivir has a rapid onset of action and can suppress, but may not eradicate, SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised patients. doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiaa446 id = cord-286298-pn9nwl64 author = Helmy, Yosra A. title = The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomy, Genetics, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; MERS; RNA; SARS; virus summary = Another group of researchers reported that the virus originated from bats based on the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2, which is 96% identical to bat coronavirus RaTG13. These factors include, but are not limited to: (1) travel to or contact with individuals who have recently visited Wuhan, China, or other places experiencing an outbreak; (2) close contact with persons who are diagnosed positive for the disease, such as healthcare workers caring for patients with SARS-CoV-2; (3) contact with droplets and secretions (produced by sneezing or coughing) from an infected person and eating or handling wild animals native to China such as bats. These factors include, but are not limited to: (1) travel to or contact with individuals who have recently visited Wuhan, China, or other places experiencing an outbreak; (2) close contact with persons who are diagnosed positive for the disease, such as healthcare workers caring for patients with SARS-CoV-2; (3) contact with droplets and secretions (produced by sneezing or coughing) from an infected person and eating or handling wild animals native to China such as bats. doi = 10.3390/jcm9041225 id = cord-291773-m65bhfzt author = Helton, Gabrielle title = “Definitely Mixed Feelings:” The effect of COVID-19 on bereavement in parents of children who died from cancer date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; parent summary = OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine ways in which COVID-19 has affected the bereavement experiences of parents whose children died from cancer prior to the pandemic. During the interview, which focused on examining the current support for parents and other family members within the first several years following the child''s death, participants were asked how COVID-19 has impacted their life and bereavement. Eleven codes were used to describe interview segments; the most commonly used codes were ''change in support,'' ''no effect, ''familiarity with uncertainty/ability to cope'' and ''change in contact with care/research team.'' CONCLUSION: Parents identified multiple and variable ways – both positive, negative and neutral – how COVID-19 has affected their bereavement. doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.08.035 id = cord-279456-oouylyx9 author = Henchi, Sonia title = First COVID-19 sub-intensive respiratory unit in Europe: the Italian experience date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = European SARS-CoV-2 pandemic epicenter was detected in Northern Italy, in a little Italian town of Lodi province, the Lodi Hospital was therefore rapidly saturated, and in particularly the departments of respiratory diseases and Intensive Care Unit had been largely involved. In this paper, we describe how the first Sub-intensive Respiratory Unit in Europe completely dedicated to COVID-19 patients was organized and managed in our hospital. SARS-CoV-2 related disease, COVID-19, presents a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, from flu-like symptoms to severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [2] . In UTISIR were admitted patients testing positive to SARS-CoV-2 throat swab with phenotype 3,4,5, ICU patients weaned from intubation, with tracheostomy and transferred from other low-intensity care departments of the hospital, when appropriated. 4. Respiratory failure with suspected ARDS or severe pneumonia: CPAP or intubation required → hospitalization in COVID-19 ICU or COVID19 UTISIR. doi = 10.4081/mrm.2020.682 id = cord-293367-0fe62h2f author = Henderson, Lauren A. title = American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Pediatric Patients with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS‐C) Associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 and Hyperinflammation in COVID‐19. Version 1 date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; MIS; SARS; Task summary = Since its initial description in December 2019 in Wuhan China, coronavirus disease 2019 , caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly evolved into a worldwide pandemic affecting millions of lives.(1) Unlike adults, the vast majority of children with COVID-19 have mild symptoms. Reports in the literature and unpublished observations by members of the panel both note that some patients with MIS-C can decompensate rapidly; however, the risk factors that predispose patients to such severe and progressive illness have not been identified.(10, 13) Accordingly, children with abnormal vital signs, concerning physical examination findings, significantly elevated inflammatory markers, or signs of cardiac involvement will need to be admitted to the hospital for supportive care while Tier 2 testing is completed. doi = 10.1002/art.41454 id = cord-328062-84pdw6p3 author = Hendl, Tereza title = Pandemic Surveillance and Racialized Subpopulations: Mitigating Vulnerabilities in COVID-19 Apps date = 2020-08-25 keywords = covid-19 summary = It is, thus, of crucial importance to interrogate vulnerability in COVID-19 apps and ensure that the development, implementation, and data use of this surveillance technology avoids exacerbating vulnerability and the risk of harm to surveilled subpopulations, while maintaining the benefits of data collection across the whole population. In this context, for a comprehensive risk-benefit evaluation it is crucial to interrogate racial inequality and vulnerability in COVID-19 apps and related public health and safety measures. The evidence of racial inequality and vulnerability in the COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing policing should further the critique of centralized surveillance technologies which risk adding pathogenic to situational vulnerabilities in marginalized individuals. Thus, it is even more important to collect data about infectious diseases in all subpopulations and ensure that pandemic surveillance technology and public health measures are grounded in robust ethical values, including justice and a commitment to mitigate vulnerability of the most disadvantaged and at-risk individuals and subpopulations. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10034-7 id = cord-350200-1w5u3w8i author = Hendren, Elizabeth M. title = An Interprofessional Approach in Caring for a Patient on Maintenance Hemodialysis with COVID-19 in Toronto, Canada: An Educational Case Report date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = INTERVENTIONS: An interprofessional team was established, performing rapid Plan-Do-Study-Act quality improvement cycles to improve screening practices and promote the safety of patients and staff in the hemodialysis unit. It required concerted efforts of the interprofessional team and implementation of rapid Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles to continuously adapt our screening and infection control protocols as the COVID-19 pandemic progressed, implementing knowledge of viral transmission patterns in each cycle to maintain the safety of our staff and patients in the early phases of this pandemic. Because it was early on in the pandemic, we had not yet established a COVID-19 dialysis protocol in our institution; thus, arrangements were made to have the patient admitted to hospital until isolation practices could be put into place in the outpatient dialysis setting. There were multiple lessons learned from this experience, including complications of COVID-19 critical illness, strategies for discharge planning, and infection control for a novel infectious agent in the outpatient HD setting. doi = 10.1177/2054358120957473 id = cord-325593-ww2vq3n4 author = Hendren, Nicholas S. title = Unique Patterns of Cardiovascular Involvement in COVID-19 date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = However, to our knowledge, a framework describing the variable presentations of cardiac involvement in COVID-19 within the broader spectrum of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection has not been previously proposed. First, the prevalence of mixed cardiopulmonary disease as assessed by elevated cardiac troponin levels, is variable, but occurs in 10-25% of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 3, 4 . ACovCS with cardiac predominate disease may be more apparent at hospital presentation relative to mixed cardiopulmonary disease because the predominate cardiac manifestations (e.g. chest pain due to a myocardial infarction) often results in symptoms which lead patients to seek emergent care. Just as there is variability in cardiac presentations of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 infection overall has a wide spectrum of disease penetrance with many patients displaying few to no symptoms, while an unfortunate minority develop severe life limiting disease. Other factors which may influence the variable presentation of COVID-19 include mutations in the circulating SARS-CoV-2 virus though it remains uncertain whether such observations explain the regional differences in the outcomes of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.05.006 id = cord-344853-s2p2csrx author = Hendren, Nicholas S. title = Description and Proposed Management of the Acute COVID-19 Cardiovascular Syndrome date = 2020-04-16 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; myocardial; patient summary = A substantial minority of patients hospitalized develop an acute COVID-19 cardiovascular syndrome, which can manifest with a variety of clinical presentations but often presents as an acute cardiac injury with cardiomyopathy, ventricular arrhythmias, and hemodynamic instability in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. S ince the index cases were first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic infecting >1 million individuals by early April 2020. In this document, we focus on a prominent myocarditis-like syndrome involving acute myocardial injury often associated with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Additional studies, including collection of endomyocardial tissue by biopsy and autopsy studies, are required to delineate the pattern and proportion of ACovCS related to acute myocarditis versus general myocardial injury caused by systemic cytokine dysregulation. doi = 10.1161/circulationaha.120.047349 id = cord-335185-3qi29i6n author = Hendry, Bruce M. title = Hypothesis: Pentoxifylline is a potential cytokine modulator therapeutic in COVID‐19 patients date = 2020-07-26 keywords = COVID-19; Pentoxifylline; TNF summary = It is a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor and through Adenosine A2A Receptor‐mediated pathways reduces tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and interferon gamma and may act to reduce tissue damage during the cytokine storm host response to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. 13 The actions of pentoxifylline in reducing lung damage appear to be mediated by its effect on the adenosine receptor A2AR pathways. 28 The predominant effect of pentoxifylline via A2AR pathways on both lung macrophages and immune cells is anti-inflammatory, with reduced TNF alpha, Interleukin-12, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8 levels and increased Interleukin-10 levels. 29 If the theoretical therapeutic benefit of pentoxifylline for COVID-19 based on its anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor effect is clinically demonstrable, it may prove to be an inexpensive, and readily available, treatment strategy to target harmful cytokine excess in this disease. Pentoxifylline is an inexpensive and widely available oral anti-tumour necrosis factor agent for prevention or treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19 doi = 10.1002/prp2.631 id = cord-252727-9v2zr75m author = Henry, Brandon Michael title = Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW) Predicts COVID-19 Severity: A Prospective, Observational Study from the Cincinnati SARS-CoV-2 Emergency Department Cohort date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; RDW summary = title: Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW) Predicts COVID-19 Severity: A Prospective, Observational Study from the Cincinnati SARS-CoV-2 Emergency Department Cohort Since previous evidence has demonstrated that red blood cell distribution width (RDW) may be a useful prognostic parameter in many critical illnesses and infectious diseases, we investigated the utility of RDW for monitoring patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In critically ill patients with sepsis, baseline RDW has been shown to be a significant and independent predictor of mortality [6] , while another recent study reported elevated RDW was associated with decreased ventilator free days in the intensive care unit [7] . In this report, we performed an analysis of red blood cell (RBC) indices across the spectrum of COVID-19 severity and analyzed the diagnostic performance of RDW for predicting development of severe disease, acute kidney injury (AKI), and the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT). doi = 10.3390/diagnostics10090618 id = cord-343038-j58f1lwa author = Henry, Brandon Michael title = Preliminary epidemiological analysis on children and adolescents with novel coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei Province, China: an observational study utilizing crowdsourced data date = 2020-03-06 keywords = COVID-19; China; international summary = title: Preliminary epidemiological analysis on children and adolescents with novel coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei Province, China: an observational study utilizing crowdsourced data To elucidate information, we utilized crowdsourced data to perform a preliminary epidemiologic analysis of pediatric patients with COVID-19 Methods: In this observational study, data was collected from two open-access, line list crowdsourced online databases. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.01.20029884 doi: medRxiv preprint As children and adolescents represent a unique patient group, pediatric specific analyses of epidemiologic data may enable a better understanding of COVID-19 in these patients and provide situational-awareness to the pediatric health community. In this study, we analyzed pediatric cases of COVID-19 outside Hubei province, China collected from two crowdsourced curated individual line list data. In this observational study, we collected data on children and adolescent cases of laboratory confirmed COVID-19 from two open access crowdsourced line list databases sets through March 1, 2020. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.01.20029884 id = cord-288863-buis3y21 author = Henry, Robert title = Innovations in Agriculture and Food Supply in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19; food summary = Both of these trends will add to the demand for new crop varieties that satisfy the growing demands of consumers and drive additional research efforts including accelerated application of emerging plant breeding technologies (Henry, 2019a) for production in these rapidly evolving agricultural environments. In many developing countries, COVID-19 has severely impacted on employment and incomes creating a major food crisis for growing numbers of people unable to afford food. The adverse impact of COVID-19 on the global economy may also result in a renewed risk of accelerated population growth that could add significantly to food insecurity. Many responses to the pandemic have resulted in changes in agriculture and food production that may persist in the longer term. Plant sciences have a major role to play (Weng, 2020) in not only addressing the needs of a post-COVID world but also the long term challenges of climate change, population growth, environmental degradation and food security. doi = 10.1016/j.molp.2020.07.011 id = cord-284017-1fz90e3k author = Henríquez, Josefa title = The first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; Health; Ministry; Spain; case summary = Although the first case diagnosed with COVID-19 was registered at the end of January, the Spanish health authorities did not undertake measures until one month later, moment when a systematic and exponential increase in registered cases and deceases was observed. To tackle with the outbreak and contain the spread, the management of public health policies were centralized within the Ministry of Health and the authorities undertook exceptional measures based on a generalized lockdown by which the majority of the economic activity ceased for several weeks. Until May, the ISCIII released daily information at regional level regarding confirmed cases (through different testing methods), hospitalizations as well as referrals to Intensive Care Units (ICU), deceased and recovered cases. Despite the measures to tackle with COVID-19 have been centralized by the Ministry of Health and implemented homogeneously across the country, we have shown that the pandemic has had a different impact across Spanish provinces. doi = 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.013 id = cord-344817-8xz7xbh1 author = Hens, Niel title = The COVID-19 epidemic, its mortality, and the role of non-pharmaceutical interventions date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; number summary = 7, 8 A key difference between COVID-19 and seasonal influenza is the very different reproduction number, b, [9] [10] [11] a key quantity that, together with the recovery rate, k, drives the evolution over time of the susceptible, infected and recovered fractions, S(t), I(t) and R(t), respectively. [10] [11] [12] The reproduction number is very different between seasonal influenza, where it is usually around 1.5, and COVID-19, where it is estimated at about 2.5 if medication nor vaccines are available, and no nonpharmaceutical interventions are implemented. The total volume of the epidemic will reduce, as the total fraction of infected population members is roughly equal to 1 -1/ b, but a much more important effect is that the number of infected cases at any point in time remains below the (perhaps enhanced) capacity of the health care system. doi = 10.1177/2048872620924922 id = cord-275034-tq6tbhsn author = Hensel, D. J. title = Changes in Solo and Partnered Sexual Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from a U.S. Probability Survey date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; Health; June; international summary = Having elementary aged children at home, past month depressive symptoms and loneliness and enacting more COVID-19 protective behaviors were associated with both reduced partnered bonding behaviors, such as hugging, cuddling, holding hands and kissing, as well as reduced partnered sexual behaviors, such as oral sex, partnered genital touching and vaginal sex. 10 Individuals who are well-educated about COVID-19, 9 including transmission and prevention information, may feel empowered to participate in partnered sex particularly if they perceive that knowledge makes them "low risk." 4 Finally, COVID-19 mitigation measures, such as social distancing and recommended hygiene (e.g., hand washing), could impact how people approach sex. 3, 6, 16 The purpose of the current paper is to characterize the past month self-reported sexual changes in solo and partnered sexual behaviors in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults, and understand how those changes are associated with structural, mental health, and COVID-associated risk perception and knowledge. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.09.20125609 id = cord-338493-ngvfz9dn author = Her, Minyoung title = Repurposing and reshaping of hospitals during the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = During the extensive outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in South Korea, many strategies in the hospital setting, such as stratified patient care, the assignment of hospitals/beds by a task force team, and the establishment of dedicated COVID-19 hospitals, dedicated COVID-19 emergency centers, COVID-19 community facilities, and respiratory care split hospitals, were adopted to mitigate community transmission and prevent nosocomial infection. Journal Pre-proof Stratified patient care directed by task force team and repurposing of treatment locations During the massive outbreak in Daegu, the epicenter of COVID-19 in South Korea, the shortage of beds would le d to patient deaths due to the lack of timely care. However, during the MERS outbreak, many strategies were devised that have been successfully adopted during the COVID-19 outbreak, such as the creation of task force teams for COVID-19, dedicated COVID-19 hospitals, dedicated COVID-19 emergency centers, COVID-19 community facilities, and respiratory care split hospitals. doi = 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100137 id = cord-354426-cp6tomfw author = Her, Minyoung title = How Is COVID-19 Affecting South Korea? What Is Our Current Strategy? date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19; Korea summary = To curb the transmission of the virus, health-care professionals, committees, and governments have combined many approaches, such as extensive COVID-19 screening, effective patient triage, the transparent provision of information, and the use of information technology. However, in February, in South Korea and especially in Daegu city, local transmission was identified, multiple clusters were confirmed, and the situation was transformed. Various approaches, such as extensive COVID-19 screening, effective patient triage, the transparent disclosure of information and the use of information technology, were introduced to stop the transmission of the virus. In this study, we discuss how South Korea was strongly hit by COVID-19 from the very early stages of the pandemic and the strategies used to combat the outbreak. In Daegu and the neighboring areas, the outbreaks were not controlled, and most hospitals became full of COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.69 id = cord-334716-s4mfegv7 author = Herman, P. title = Corticothérapie en ORL en contexte de pandémie COVID-19 date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = RESUME Ces conseils de bonne pratique concernant les indications et les modalités de la corticothérapie en ORL en période d''épidémie COVID-19 ont été rédigés sous l''égide de l''Association Française d''Otologie et d''Oto-neurologie (AFON) et de la Société Française d''ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-faciale (SFORL). Il n''y pas actuellement de données suggérant un danger ou un bénéfice particulier des corticoïdes dans la COVID-19, et il convient donc, tant que cette question n''est pas tranchée, de limiter leurs indications aux tableaux cliniques les plus sévères et pour lesquels il est bien établi que ce type de traitements a un effet favorable sur l''évolution des symptômes. Enfin, il n''y aucune indication aux corticothérapies par voie générale ou locale dans les infections ORL bactériennes. Il n''y a pas actuellement de données scientifiques suggérant un bénéfice ou un risque particulier des corticoïdes dans la COVID-19. Dans le contexte pandémique actuel, la corticothérapie n''est pas conseillée dans les infections ORL bactériennes. doi = 10.1016/j.aforl.2020.04.011 id = cord-293964-hz5uow2b author = Hermann, Matthias title = Feasibility and Efficacy of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation following COVID-19 date = 2020-07-22 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Infection with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2), hereafter referred as COVID-19, often affects patients with chronic health conditions and takes a more severe course in patients with comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Within two days after admission for rehabilitation all patients were assessed with questionnaires, such as Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Cumulative Illness Rating scale (CIRS) and Functional Independence Measure (FIM). To measure changes during rehabilitation, functional assessments with 6-minute walk test (6-MWT) and Feeling Thermometer (FT) were performed on admission and before discharge. Exercise capacity was measured at hospital admission and discharge using the 6-min walk test (6-MWT), performed once at the beginning and once at the end of the CR program after 20 days, according to the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and carried out by experienced, well-instructed examiners. doi = 10.1097/phm.0000000000001549 id = cord-352700-8ic7gu5y author = Hernandez Cordero, A. I. title = Multi-omics highlights ABO plasma protein as a causal risk factor for COVID-19 date = 2020-10-06 keywords = ABO; October; covid-19 summary = We used Bayesian colocalization (COLOC) and summary-based Mendelian randomization to combine gene expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) from the Lung eQTL (n=1,038) and eQTLGen (n=31,784) studies with published COVID-19 genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative. 2018 We first conducted Coloc tests to determine the probability that SNPs associated to COVID-252 19 phenotypes and gene expression (eQTLs) were consistent with shared genetic causal 253 variants (colocalization). The colocalization between ABO gene expression and the 383 COVID-19 susceptibility associated loci was not tested since the variants associated with 384 this gene in the lung eQTL and eQTLGEN studies were not present in the COVID-19 HG 385 meta-analysis for this phenotype. In blood, the expression of 18 and 8 unique genes co-localized with COVID-19 severity 388 ( Fig. 2a) and susceptibility associated loci (Supplementary Table S1), respectively. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.05.20207118 id = cord-277237-tjsw205c author = Hernandez Vargas, Esteban Abelardo title = In-host Modelling of COVID-19 Kinetics in Humans date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COVID-19; model summary = Based on the target cell model, COVID-19 infecting time between susceptible cells (mean of 30 days approximately) is much slower than those reported for Ebola (about 3 times slower) and influenza (60 times slower). The best model to fit the data was including immune responses, which suggest a slow cell response peaking between 5 to 10 days post onset of symptoms. [29] improve the fitting respect to the target cell model (Table 2 ) even when very long eclipse phase periods 121 are assumed (e.g 100 days), implying that this mechanism could be negligible on COVID-19 infection. Here, based on the results of the 159 target cell model in Table 2 , we found that COVID-19 infecting time between cells (mean of 30 days 160 approximately) would be slower than those reported for Ebola (about 3 times slower) and influenza (60 161 times slower). Modeling Within-Host Dynamics of Influenza Virus Infection Including Immune Responses doi = 10.1101/2020.03.26.20044487 id = cord-330916-s99ayg1j author = Hernandez, Adrian V. title = Update Alert: Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine for the Treatment or Prophylaxis of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Given the risk of bias for individual studies and the conflicting direction and magnitude of results, the evidence from both RCTs and cohort studies remains insufficiently strong to support a benefit of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. Clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with covid-19 pneumonia who require oxygen: observational comparative study using routine care data Efficacy and safety of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in moderate type of COVID-19: a prospective open-label randomized controlled study. Clinical outcomes of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a quasi-randomized comparative study. No evidence of clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection with oxygen requirement: results of a study using routinely collected data to emulate a target trial. Preliminary evidence from a multicenter prospective observational study of the safety and efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19. doi = 10.7326/l20-0945 id = cord-285469-b61y9ezi author = Hernández-Fernández, Francisco title = Cerebrovascular disease in patients with COVID-19: neuroimaging, histological and clinical description date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; CVD; Fig; SARS; patient summary = The aim of our study is to describe the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, neuroimaging and available pathological anatomy data, as well as the presentation, therapeutic management and clinical outcomes of patients with acute CVD in a healthcare setting with a high incidence of transmission of this virus. We registered all hospitalized patients with COVID-19 reported during this period, and included all patients diagnosed with acute CVD, both ischaemic and haemorrhagic, treated consecutively by neurology, neurosurgery and the intensive care unit. Bivariates studies were designed to contrast the main variables among CVD patients, between ischaemic/haemorrhagic subtypes within the COVID-19 group, and to assess clinical prognosis. The other three haemorrhagic cases were detected on varying days of clinical evolution because having been intubated, sedated and treated for SARS-CoV-2 infection, the neurological manifestations were masked prior to tracheal extubation, when difficulty arousing these patients was observed. doi = 10.1093/brain/awaa239 id = cord-293117-hkkbqorv author = Hernández-García, Ignacio title = Characteristics of YouTube Videos in Spanish on How to Prevent COVID-19 date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; Spanish; video summary = We studied the associations between the type of authorship and the country of publication with other variables (such as the number of likes and basic measures to prevent COVID-19 according to the World Health Organization, among others) with univariate analysis and a multiple logistic regression model. The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of the YouTube videos that provide information in Spanish on the basic measures for preventing COVID-19. In particular, videos produced by health professionals showed, compared to those made by the mass media, a higher probability of reporting on washing hands frequently, respiratory hygiene, and avoiding touching the face as measures to prevent COVID-19 (Table 2) . This study is the first to evaluate the characteristics of YouTube videos that provide information specifically in Spanish on the basic measures indicated by the WHO to prevent the transmission of COVID-19. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17134671 id = cord-312356-95yyi0jb author = Hernández-Huerta, Daniel title = The impact of COVID-19 on Acute Psychiatric Inpatient Unit date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Moreover, mental health staff often has inadequate training on the management of respiratory infectious diseases, which adds to some features of patients with pre-existing mental health conditions, such as inadequate insight or psychomotor excitement, being unable to practice infection control measures, as well as limited awareness regarding the risk of infection, that may contribute to the transmission of COVID-19. We are also facing new diagnostic challenges, as many patients admitted to the psychiatric ward are simultaneously been treated for COVID-19. Regrettably, because of the shortage of isolation rooms for SARS-CoV-2 positive cases who suffer from mental illness decompensation comorbidities, physical restraint practices could increase in order to guarantee confinement and infection control measures. We call for the creation of state policies that mitigate the health impact of such catastrophe, with urgency in relation to patients at Acute Psychiatric Inpatient Units. The COVID-19 outbreak and psychiatric hospitals in China: managing challenges through mental health service reform doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113107 id = cord-334711-58ygbyiz author = Hernández-Sánchez, Brizeida Raquel title = Psychological Factors that Lessen the Impact of COVID-19 on the Self-Employment Intention of Business Administration and Economics’ Students from Latin America date = 2020-07-22 keywords = covid-19; entrepreneurial; intention; psychological; study summary = To meet these goals, we conducted an explorative study with a sample of college students to examine the effects of Covid-19 pandemic perception, psychological need satisfaction, proactiveness, and optimism are in entrepreneurial intentions. This research will focus on four characteristics, namely proactiveness, optimism, the Covid-19 pandemic perception, and psychological need satisfaction, to quantify the relationship between these four traits of the students and their entrepreneurial intention. First, through a representative sample of Latin American university students, this study aims to analyze the relationships between proactiveness, optimism, Covid-19 pandemic perception, psychological need satisfaction, and entrepreneurial intention in an adverse situation, as it is this current pandemic. Second, the current study focuses primarily on how the Covid-19 pandemic perception and need satisfaction mediate the predictive effects of student proactivity and optimism on entrepreneurial intention. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17155293 id = cord-347968-jhnr8k3j author = Herrera, David title = Is the oral cavity relevant in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; oral summary = CONCLUSIONS: Antiseptic mouth rinses, such as those containing cetylpyridinium chloride or povidone-iodine, may be able to decrease the severity of COVID-19 by reducing oral viral load in infected subjects and decreasing the risk of transmission by limiting viral load in droplets, generated in normal life, or in aerosols, produced during dental procedures. The information presented in this narrative review supports the use of antiseptic mouth rinses, both as a single preprocedural use and as daily use during a limited period of time, to impact the transmission and/or pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2, since they have shown to reduce the oral viral load and, therefore, they may reduce the severity of the disease in an infected subject and may reduce the risk of transmission, by reducing the viral load in aerosols, expelled during dental procedures, or in droplets generated when breathing, talking, sneezing, coughing, etc. doi = 10.1007/s00784-020-03413-2 id = cord-288130-efffulhk author = Herrera, Miguel A Rubio title = Obesidad en tiempos de covid-19. Un desafío de salud global date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; obesidad summary = There is clear evidence showing that some biological and social factors associated with obesity involve an increased risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and greater severity compared to people with normal weight. Aun así, estudios de series más amplios y metaanálisis recientes confirman que cualquier grado de obesidad confiere un incremento tanto del riesgo de gravedad como de mortalidad por COVID-19 15, 16, 17, 18 Hasta este punto, la mayoría de los estudios analizaban lo que sucedía dentro de los hospitales, pero se desconocía realmente si las personas con obesidad tenían mayor riesgo de infección respecto a aquellas con normopeso. A pesar de las limitaciones de los estudios retrospectivos, de la insuficiente información sobre las características fenotípica de la obesidad, contamos con suficientes datos para sugerir que la obesidad comporta un factor de riesgo independiente de infección por la COVID-19, con mayor probabilidad de gravedad y mortalidad. doi = 10.1016/j.endinu.2020.10.001 id = cord-335855-bifx2nu9 author = Herrmann, Jacob title = Modeling lung perfusion abnormalities to explain early COVID-19 hypoxemia date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Herein, a mathematical model demonstrates that the large amount of pulmonary venous admixture observed in patients with early COVID-19 can be reasonably explained by a combination of pulmonary embolism, ventilation-perfusion mismatching in the noninjured lung, and normal perfusion of the relatively small fraction of injured lung. Given a relatively small fraction of injured lung, with F inj ranging from 0 to 30%, both a complete shunt (i.e., zero oxygen uptake) and reversal of HPV (i.e., vasodilation in injured regions) are necessary conditions for F shu :F inj > 2 and P a O 2 :F i O 2 < 300 mmHg. By contrast, impairment of HPV alone is not sufficient to produce reported levels of severe hypoxemia at low values of F inj 1 . Therefore it appears unlikely that the degree of pulmonary shunt reported in COVID-19 patients (F shu = 50% and F shu :F inj = 3) could occur without a substantial degree of vasodilation and hyperperfusion in the small fraction of injured lung, if one also assumes there is negligible venous admixture from other mechanisms producing ventilation-perfusion mismatching. doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-18672-6 id = cord-327629-ep28ay11 author = Herron, J.B.T. title = Coronavirus antibody positive tests and continued use of personal protective equipment throughout the pandemic date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; antibody summary = authors: Herron, J.B.T.; Dennis, J.; Brennan, P.A. title: Coronavirus antibody positive tests and continued use of personal protective equipment throughout the pandemic Antibody testing has rapidly been deployed but it is creating challenges for staff and patients. Mask use has come to the forefront and human factor (HF) strategies must be examined to reduce risk associated with lack of engagement from both healthcare staff and patients. Suggested plans have included developing a cohort of immune staff to care for COVID-19 patients allowing for a relaxation of overstretched personal protection equipment (PPE) resources. Masks reduce nosocomial spread and are important, particularly for healthcare staff (19) . For the antibody test, even after the exact nature of protection is determined, basic public health measures are not forgotten and that staff feel able to challenge those in more authoritative positions regarding PPE. Personal protective equipment and Covid 19-a risk to healthcare staff? doi = 10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.06.021 id = cord-031700-xxku8q1f author = Hess, Kristy title = Local newspapers and coronavirus: conceptualising connections, comparisons and cures date = 2020-09-09 keywords = Australia; COVID-19; Facebook; Government; local; news summary = We take an analogical approach to argue some of the issues that emerged during COVID-19 and strategies used to fight the global health pandemic also present valuable lessons for the preservation of public interest journalism and news at the local level. We conceptualise five coronavirus-related themes that resonate with a much-needed innovations agenda for local newspapers in Australia: (1) support for essential services, (2) warnings of complacency against an evolving biological threat, (3) appreciating the power of the social (4) coordinated government/policy responses and (5) ''we are all in this together''. As researchers working on a project that will gauge the civic value of Australia''s country press and develop an innovation model for the sector, 1 we have made the case for an approach to media innovation that does not simply reinforce the ''crisis'' discourse (Hess and Waller, 2020) or pin small newspaper closures like butterflies to a Google map of pandemic despair (see https://piji.com.au). doi = 10.1177/1329878x20956455 id = cord-268293-u5r2id8i author = Hess, Robert G. title = Shared Governance During a Pandemic date = 2020-07-11 keywords = COVID-19; governance summary = As the pandemic ensued, shared governance endured at hospitals with well-established models, even without council meetings. Shared governance structures and processes, whether unit-based or hospital-wide, afford opportunities for clinical nurses make decisions related to staffing, policy and procedure development, necessary resources, and even innovation and research that is needed. In the 21st century, it is hoped that nurse leaders continue to see the value of shared governance-and not just as a way to meet the American Nurses Credentialing Center''s criteria for Magnet ® or Pathway to Excellence ® standards. During the COVID-19 pandemic, shared governance endured at hospitals with wellestablished models even without council meetings. For example, many mature shared governance models have unit-based phone or e-mail trees, where each individual council member is responsible for relaying communications to 3 or more people, and they, in turn, have a similar number of professionals and so on, until messages reach the entire staff of the nursing unit or division. doi = 10.1016/j.mnl.2020.05.008 id = cord-272314-6suu8n75 author = Hetland, Breanna title = 2020 - The Year that Needed the Nurse: Considerations for Critical Care Nursing Research and Practice Emerging in the Midst of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-03 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = As experienced critical care nurse scientists conducting research studies in these dynamic settings, we provide our perspectives on the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the ICU and highlight implications for nursing practice and research. Specifically, this editorial addresses the: 1) need for agile, rapid innovation and implementation strategies; 2) importance of research policies that ensure continuation of scientific discovery and dissemination amidst crises; and, 3) necessity to develop creative strategies to promote a culture of patient and family engagement during critical situations. Not only does the current healthcare crisis highlight the need to embrace an agile implementation model that mirrors our ever-changing clinical environment, it also emphasizes the value of applying adaptive research designs. Doing so allows us to address research questions and integrate emerging evidence in real-time, applying clinically driven data that provides immediate feedback to the healthcare team and to the broader critical care community. doi = 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.04.021 id = cord-348787-8htlnb52 author = Hettiarachchi, Dineshani title = Ethical Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic—Lessons from Sri Lanka date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; Lanka; Sri summary = In this article, we give an account of the strategy taken by Sri Lanka to mitigate the pandemic and comment on the lessons learned concerning the ethical responses to the COVID-19 crisis. The strict adherence to the measures enforced through the Quarantine and Prevention of Disease Ordinance Act could be further strengthened by making the wearing of face masks, mandatory quarantine and social distancing which are considered only as guidelines issued on COVID-19 prevention, legally binding, at least during an outbreak, so that more citizens follow these measures stringently. Furthermore, even though the strict lockdown did not seem ethically sound, given the number of ICU beds available in Sri Lanka, it was the opinion of the public health experts that we employ a method known as "the hammer and the dance". As the number of fatalities from the COVID-19 pandemic is low in Sri Lanka, many lessons can be learned from the country''s response to the crisis, from an ethical perspective. doi = 10.1007/s41649-020-00153-z id = cord-315462-u2dj79yw author = Hewitt, Judith A. title = ACTIVating Resources for the COVID-19 Pandemic: In vivo Models for Vaccines and Therapeutics date = 2020-10-01 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; disease; model summary = The selection of appropriate animal models of infection, disease manifestation, and efficacy measurements is important for vaccines and therapeutics to be compared under ACTIV''s umbrella using Master Protocols with standardized endpoints and assay readouts. Models of SARS-CoV-2 infection include mice (ACE2 transgenic strains, mouse adapted virus, and AAV transduced ACE2 mice), hamsters, rats, ferrets and non-human primates (NHPs). Following infection by the intranasal route, golden Syrian Hamsters demonstrate clinical features, viral kinetics, histopathological changes, and immune responses that closely mimic the mild to moderate disease described in human COVID-19 patients (Chan et al., 2020b; Imai et al., 2020; Sia et al., 2020) . In an initial study of SARS-CoV-2 infection of hACE2-hamsters, clinical signs were observed including elevated body temperatures, slow or reduced mobility, weight loss and mortality (1 out of 4 animals). Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop severe and fatal respiratory disease. doi = 10.1016/j.chom.2020.09.016 id = cord-344986-nknt413b author = Heymann, D L title = Successful smallpox eradication: what can we learn to control COVID-19? date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; smallpox summary = Speaking at a virtual event hosted at WHO-HQ to celebrate the 40 year anniversary of smallpox eradication, WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said, "As the world confronts the COVID-19 pandemic, humanity''s victory over smallpox is a reminder of what is possible when nations come together to fight a common health threat." 2 Some of the lessons learned from the eradication of smallpox could be essential in helping us now tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. In fact, the special programs to detect and isolate cases, and contain outbreaks, called "surveillance and containment", was thought to be one of the key components of smallpox eradication. If we come together collectively and use the public health tools that we have at hand, enhanced by vaccination, we will be successful in containing COVID-19 despite geopolitical tensions, just as we were successful in eradicating smallpox despite the Cold War at the time. doi = 10.1093/jtm/taaa090 id = cord-345329-195cqp6s author = Heymann, Eric P title = How the COVID-19 pandemic illustrated the importance of emergency medicine, and its vital role as a pillar of the healthcare system date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The false sense of security afforded by the distance to Wuhan having led authorities to observe rather to plan, the system, suddenly faced with a potential surge of infected patients, turned to EDs for the management of suspected cases, as the rest of the healthcare system was not prepared (to deal with such cases). EPs, due in part to their training and experience, became leaders in the acute response, establishing standards of care, and, with regular feedback to governing authorities, helped prepare the healthcare system to deal with suspected cases, by rapidly recognising and lobbying for an increase in infrastructure, paramedical and medical equipment, as well as the need to increase national pharmaceutical stocks. Aside from reaffirming the importance of an EM specialty (and the need for a dedicated training pathway), COVID-19 has unfortunately also validated concerns that had previously been raised by EPs worldwide about the ability of crowded EDs to handle a surge of patients in a mass disaster or pandemic. doi = 10.1136/emermed-2020-209735 id = cord-029620-jwpl2jq9 author = Heyworth, Leonie title = Expanding Access through Virtual Care: The VA’s Early Experience with Covid-19 date = 2020-07-01 keywords = care; covid-19 summary = Despite the ready availability of secure email, telephone care, e-consults and video-to-home visits, the use of these virtual care modalities varied across care sites until Covid-19 abruptly spurred widespread utilization. The number of VA clinicians using video-to-home visits increased from 10,542 to 12,880 in primary care, from 8,599 to 11,173 in mental health, and from 2,533 to 5,833 in specialty care. In rapidly operationalizing VA''s virtual care strategy, five tactical areas were critical: 1) training and supporting both the workforce and patients 2) expanding the technology infrastructure, including distributing equipment 3) providing consistent messaging to diverse stakeholders 4) ensuring the needs of high-risk patients were met 5) maintaining or expanding, where needed, the capacity to support the private sector. Second, although virtual care was widely accepted by veterans to reduce risk of Covid-19 exposure in health care facilities, acceptance and technology adoption has not been uniform across patients or clinicians. doi = 10.1056/cat.20.0327 id = cord-299139-ze8qtnxe author = Higbee, D. H. title = The impact of asthma on mental health & wellbeing during COVID-19 lockdown date = 2020-09-11 keywords = ALSPAC; covid-19 summary = Available sample populations thus far have not included longitudinal data (including pre pandemic measures) or detailed clinical history, prior physical or psychological assessment, meaning that conclusions about the effect of COVID-19 on people with asthma have been impossible. without asthma, we examined the expected difference in mental health scores during COVID-19 between participants with asthma and without asthma, after adjusting for pre-existing mental health, gender, age, is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint Effect of current asthma on outcomes specific to lockdown adjusted for age, gender, smoking, overweight and pre-existing mental health in G1-Index Children (as shown in Figure 1) Appendix Table E3 . Effect of current asthma on outcomes specific to lockdown adjusted for age, gender, smoking, overweight and pre-existing mental health in G0parents (as shown in Figure 1 ) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint doi = 10.1101/2020.09.10.20190793 id = cord-335141-ag3j8obh author = Higgins, G.C. title = FFP3 reusable respirators for COVID-19; adequate and suitable in the healthcare setting date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; Hand; Health; NHS; Sir; patient; plastic; study; surgeon; surgery; time summary = The British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons, the British Society for Surgery of the Hand and the Royal College of Surgeons of England, have all issued guidance: both encouraging patients to avoid risky pursuits, which could result in accidental injuries and to members how to prioritise and optimise services for trauma and urgent cancer work. We have adapted our Hand Trauma Service to a ''One Stop Hand Trauma and Therapy'' clinic, where patients are assessed, definitive surgery performed and offered immediate post-operative hand therapy where therapists make splint and give specialist advice on wound care and rehabilitation including an illustrated hand therapy guide. Local assessment of our practice is ongoing but we have found that this model has enabled a cohort of vulnerable plastic surgery trainees to successfully continue to work whilst reducing the risk of exposure to COVID-19 and providing gold standard care for patients. doi = 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.06.002 id = cord-102281-xymfoa86 author = Higuera, J title = Traqueostomía En Cuidados Intensivos En Pacientes Covid 19 date = 2020-11-13 keywords = COVID summary = Presentamos los resultados de 37 pacientes que requieren traqueostomía como parte del manejo de neumonía por COVID 19 en un Hospital Universitario. Entre ellas, la realización de traqueotomía en los pacientes afectados por esta neumonía ingresados en cuidados intensivos que requieren ventilación mecánica invasiva. Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo, observacional, con todos los enfermos que ingresan en el Servicio de Medicina Intensiva en un Hospital Universitario con el diagnóstico clínico o analítico de neumonía por COVID-19 que requirieron ventilación mecánica invasiva y realización de traqueotomía durante su ingreso en UCI. El estudio representa una muestra de pacientes ingresados en UCI por insuficiencia respiratoria aguda secundaria a neumonía por COVID 19 que requirieron ventilación mecánica y a los que se les realizó traqueostomía durante su ingreso en medicina intensiva. Presentamos los resultados de 37 pacientes críticos que requieren traqueostomía como parte del manejo de neumonía por COVID 19 en un Hospital Universitario. doi = 10.1016/j.acci.2020.10.009 id = cord-301493-32l52q3s author = Hill, Jason B. title = Frequency of venous thromboembolism in 6513 patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study date = 2020-11-02 keywords = COVID-19; VTE summary = From this cohort, patients with confirmed VTE (either during or after their hospital encounter) were identified by administrative query of the EHR.: Between 1 March 2020 and 1 May 2020, 6153 patients with COVID-19 were identified; 2748 of these patients were admitted, while 3405 received care exclusively through the emergency department. 7 To provide additional information about the association of VTE with COVID-19, we present a large retrospective cohort study examining all polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to hospitals or treated in emergency departments affiliated with the Ochsner Health System. To estimate the rate of failure of VTE prophylaxis among COVID-19-positive hospitalized patients, we defined failure as any DVT or PE event diagnosed $3 days after the admission of a patient who had received $2 days of evidence-based mechanical or pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis immediately prior. doi = 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003083 id = cord-027031-3olk1i7v author = Hillson, Rowan title = COVID‐19: diabetes and death. A call to action date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = ''Adjusted for age, sex, deprivation, ethnicity, region and cardiovascular comorbidity, the odds ratio for dying in-hospital with COVID-19 in people with Type 1 diabetes compared to the population without known diabetes was 2.86 and 1.81 for people with Type 2 diabetes.'' Deaths in people with diabetes have more than doubled during the COVID-19 epidemic 3 The study above only included people who died in hospital. Compared with people with normal renal function, the risk of COVID-19 related death with an eGFR of 30-44 was 2.16 in type 1 diabetes and 1.75 in type 2 diabetes. 6 In a US study of 1122 people with COVID-19 in hospital, 451 had diabetes (defined as HbA1c ≥6.5%) and/ or uncontrolled hyperglycaemia among whom 28.8% died compared with 6.2% of other patients. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes and COVID-19 related mortality in England: a cohort study in people with diabetes doi = 10.1002/pdi.2271 id = cord-354371-321vd28d author = Hinchman, Angelica title = Global Health Is Local Health: A Multidisciplinary Perspective of COVID-19 date = 2020 keywords = Americans; COVID-19; Louisiana; New; Orleans; health summary = From a local focus on New Orleans to a global perspective, we relate how rapidly changing healthcare policy, evolving use of technology, and social media dynamics played roles in perception and response to the pandemic. 54, 55 Despite the predictable increase in the need for mental health support, resources were reallocated to support primary care and hospital settings to directly address COVID-19 infection, leaving mental health services insufficiently prioritized in New Orleans. 60 Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the needs for isolating patients, limiting exposure, providing medical maintenance, and delivering essential care have highlighted telemedicine as a critically important solution for healthcare delivery. Innovative primary care solutions must address community inequity and the social determinants of health, clearly illustrated in Louisiana where African Americans account for the vastly disproportionate majority of COVID-19-associated cases and fatalities. doi = 10.31486/toj.20.0059 id = cord-301309-qzkhi6gw author = Hindilerden, Fehmi title = Covid-19 associated autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Report of a case date = 2020-07-05 keywords = Covid-19; TTP summary = title: Covid-19 associated autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Report of a case As previously reported, patients with Covid-19 may show a range of immune complications, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (OIHA), immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), Guillain-Barré and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Here we present a confirmed case of Covid-19 presenting with autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). We propose that autoimmune TTP, can be a severe autoimmune complication in Covid-19 patients and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA). Common conditions associated with secondary TTP including lymphoproliferative disorders, other autoimmune disorders and collagen vascular diseases were excluded in our patient, which suggests that acquired TTP was driven by Covid-19 infection. et al reported the single case in the literature of a 57-year-old woman diagnosed with acquired autoimmune TTP following the diagnosis of Covid-19 [11] . Guillain Barre syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection: A case report Autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) associated with COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.07.005 id = cord-335244-kyg8rx4o author = Hines, Kristen title = Publier en contexte de pandémie de COVID-19 date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 1 and Togas Tulandi, M.D. MHCH 2 Rédactrice adjointe, JOGC Rédacteur en chef, JOGC Les observations anecdotiques rapportées dans les revues médicales indiquent que la pandémie de COVID-19 a eu des répercussions sur notre travail dans un certain nombre de domaines, y compris le volume des soumissions, la disponibilité et la rapidité des évaluateurs, la réactivité des réviseurs et même la démographie des auteurs 1 . L''Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, un collectif d''éditeurs en libre accès, est à la recherche d''experts prêts à examiner des articles sur la COVID-19, à le faire rapidement et à accepter de surveiller les articles prépublication afin de distinguer ceux de haute qualité 3 . La Society for Scholarly Publishing note également que les sociétés et leurs revues produisent aussi des vidéos, des baladodiffusions, des fiches techniques, des centres de patients, des éditoriaux et des résumés par rapport à la COVID-19 1 .Bon nombre de ces ressources nécessitent une mise à jour régulière en temps réel. doi = 10.1016/j.jogc.2020.06.004 id = cord-282620-nv2tg68j author = Hinz, S. title = Internet-based tool for visualizing county and state level COVID-19 trends in the United States. date = 2020-05-18 keywords = covid-19; state summary = We developed an interactive web application that allows users to visualize the spread of COVID-19 in the Unites States at state and county levels. In order to track and visualize the spread of coronavirus disease and evaluate trends in response to state government interventions in the United States, we developed an automatically updating Shiny application. This application enables users to view trends in numbers of verified COVID-19 infections and deaths as reported by county health departments across the United States. Additionally, we allow for users to filter the data based on previous dates, as well as normalize the number of confirmed infections or deaths by a state or county''s population (per 100K residents). The tool reports confirmed COVID-19 infections and deaths at the state and county level and is automatically updated daily. The interactive map of the US allows users to visualize the distribution of confirmed COVID-19 infections (Figure 1 ) with plots for summary statistics, data transformations, and trends for the US. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.11.20095851 id = cord-346811-gorp9n1g author = Hippisley-Cox, Julia title = Risk of severe COVID-19 disease with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: cohort study including 8.3 million people date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; ace summary = We report a large, population-based study where we examined the drug histories of approximately 20% of all patients tested positive for coronavirus in England to determine if there was an independent association between ACE inhibitor and ARB drug prescription and severe COVID-19 disease susceptibility and progression. We extracted data from the GP record for explanatory and potential confounding variables including variables with some evidence of being risk factors for COVID-19 disease or severe disease as measured by ICU admission and variables likely to influence prescribing of ACE inhibitors and ARB medications. In this very large population-based study, ACE inhibitor and ARB prescriptions were associated with a reduced risk of COVID-19 RT-PCR positive disease, having adjusted for a wide range of demographic factors, potential comorbidities and other medication. 11 In our study, prior prescription of ACE inhibitor and ARB drugs did not have a significant effect on the risk of patients developing COVID-19 disease severe enough to require ICU care. doi = 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317393 id = cord-269417-dtu7711x author = Hirashima, Tomonori title = Factors significantly associated with COVID-19 severity in symptomatic patients: A retrospective single-center study date = 2020-10-10 keywords = COVID-19; CSI; MMI summary = CONCLUSIONS: The illness severity of Japanese COVID-Pts was associated with older age, hypertension and/or diabetes, low serum albumin, high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and C-reactive protein. Therefore, we undertook this study, among mainly Japanese patients, to examine factors significantly associated with COVID-19 severity in symptomatic patients. As specified in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines [12] , in this study, the illness severity of patients with COVID-19 at the time of hospitalization was stratified into the following four categories: asymptomatic or presymptomatic infection, mild/moderate, severe, and critical illness. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe in detail, the factors associated with both disease severity and the treatment approach, including tocilizumab and IHDMPPT among Japanese COVID-19-pts. A recent study [17] reported the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in 104 people with SARS-CoV-2 infection on a cruise ship in Japan. doi = 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.09.022 id = cord-322799-opf1qwgl author = Hiremath, Channabasavaraj Shivalingaiah title = IACTS guidelines: practice of cardiovascular and thoracic surgery in the COVID-19 era date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; Health; case; patient summary = Patients undergoing cardiovascular and thoracic procedures are at an accentuated risk of higher morbidity and mortality, which are a consequence of the proliferative nature of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the lung vasculature, which in turn reflects as a cascading effect on the interdependent physiology of the cardiovascular and pulmonary organ systems. A patient with any acute respiratory illness and having been in contact with a confirmed or probable COVID-19 case in the last 14 days prior to symptom onset or C. However, as per Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, all hospital personnel handling COVID-19 cases are advised hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis. Testing recommendation for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients planned for surgery -continuing the service and ''suppressing'' the pandemic COVID-19: elective case triage guidelines for surgical care (thoracic surgery COVID-19: elective cases triage guidelines for surgical care (vascular surgery doi = 10.1007/s12055-020-01016-w id = cord-343643-if04rgzi author = Hirko, Kelly A title = Telehealth in Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic: Implications for Rural Health Disparities date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; rural summary = Here, we provide specific examples of telehealth efforts that have been implemented in a large rural healthcare system in response to the pandemic, and further describe how the massive shift to telehealth and reliance on virtual connections in these times of social isolation may impact rural health disparities for those without access to necessary broadband to deploy digital technologies. [20] The massive shift to telehealth and reliance on virtual connections in these times of social isolation may have created an additional health disparity for the millions of rural Americans without access to necessary broadband to deploy digital technologies. The rapid implementation of telehealth programs in rural areas in response to the COVID-19 pandemic holds tremendous potential for addressing rural health disparities. Finally, research to investigate unintended consequences of telehealth initiatives in response to the COVID-19 pandemic are also needed to ensure that these initiatives do not amplify existing health disparities experienced by those living in rural communities. doi = 10.1093/jamia/ocaa156 id = cord-278702-hacapz8l author = Hirshberg, Adi title = Care of critically ill pregnant patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a case series date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This was a retrospective, multicenter case series of symptomatic pregnant women who had a positive result for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing and required critical care. The clinical courses of 5 pregnant women with severe cases of COVID-19 disease, all requiring mechanical ventilation, are described below and summarized in the Table. Case 2 involved a 33-year-old G6P5005 with mild asthma who presented, at 26 weeks of gestation, with worsening fevers and respiratory symptoms for 10 days. She was febrile, tachypneic, and hypoxic (with an O 2 saturation level of 86%) on arrival, had a positive result for SARS-CoV-2 testing, and displayed multifocal pneumonia based on chest imaging. The results of 2 initial SARS-CoV-2 tests were negative, although she remained critically ill and required vasopressor support. At present, limited data are available on critically ill pregnant women with COVID-19, as evidenced by varying management of our 5 cases. doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.029 id = cord-331120-bp1obxd4 author = Ho, B. title = A Case for Palliative Dermatology: COVID-19-related Dermatoses()() date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We present a case of COVID-19-related urticaria manifesting in a palliative setting and responding well to systemic antihistamine. COVID-19 has been reported to be associated with many systemic symptoms including dermatological manifestations with urticarial eruptions commonly reported in various papers [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . As in our case, COVID-19-related urticaria can manifest in a palliative setting and responds well to systemic antihistamine. Dermatological conditions may often be overlooked in a palliative care setting, and sometimes rightfully so, especially in the last moments of a patient''s journey. However, we as dermatologists, can further help our medical and nursing colleagues by providing diagnostic and management advice in helping patients in their terminal hospital or hospice admission which has traditionally been guided solely by the palliative care teams. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan Palliative dermatology -An area of care yet to be explored doi = 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.06.001 id = cord-257309-sazs5wgh author = Ho, Hsi-en title = Clinical Outcomes and Features of Covid-19 in Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies in New York City date = 2020-10-08 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = title: Clinical Outcomes and Features of Covid-19 in Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies in New York City Main Text: Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) remains an ongoing pandemic, and data on the clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are limited (1) (2) (3) . Here, we report the clinical features and outcomes of Covid-19 in patients from a large PID center in New York City during this period. Twelve out of 16 patients required hospitalization, 5 of which involved intensive care unit In all, 4/16 individuals died (CVID, n=2; hypogammaglobulinemia, n=1; IgA-IgG2 deficiency, n=1) and 12/16 individuals recovered from COVID-19. Lymphopenia in Covid-19 has been associated with disease severity in patients without PIDs (5) . This activity has been planned and implemented in accordance with the Essential Areas and Policies of the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) by the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI). doi = 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.09.052 id = cord-300039-h7pk9mh8 author = Ho, Jamie S. Y. title = A Call for Vaccine Against COVID-19: Implications for Cardiovascular Morbidity and Healthcare Utilization date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Cardiac injury is also associated with cardiovascular co-morbidities and increases risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation and mortality [2] . Overall, it is clear that viral respiratory infections may increase the risk of subsequent MI, and prevention of infection by vaccination may be a useful strategy in reducing acute cardiac events at the population level. A vaccine against this virus may play a role in the routine management of cardiovascular patients to reduce secondary events in this high-risk population similar to the influenza vaccine. Current research and development of vaccines has led to much progress, and with further testing, they may halt the spread of morbidity and mortality caused by COVID-19 and its complications on cardiovascular disease and care provision. Association between influenza vaccination and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk patients: a meta-analysis doi = 10.1007/s10557-020-06985-z id = cord-319998-dkk2motm author = Ho, Jing-Mao title = Unequal discourses: Problems of the current model of world health development date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; China; health summary = In contrast to the praise of China''s efforts of containing COVID-19, the WHO''s narrative of the West African nations affected by EVD highlighted their poverty, political instability, and cultural traditions. Rather, we wish to highlight that the WHO''s positive narrative of China''s role in the current pandemic and the negative narrative of the capacity of West African nations to contain EVD created a partial (in both senses of the term) picture of the respective health crises. The dramatic differences in the WHO''s discourses on COVID-19 and EVD remind us that the world is not only divided by health disparities but also by the power plays of international politics. The WHO''s unbalanced emphasis on different practices and ''''traits" of member states allows us to see that it is not immune to taking on the biases found in international politics and as a consequence has failed to uphold the principles of egalitarianism and neutrality in global health governance upon which it is founded. doi = 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105176 id = cord-314893-6zepsday author = Ho, Quan Yao title = Evaluating Potential Deceased Donor Renal Transplant Recipients for Asymptomatic COVID-19 date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = W e present a case of asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosed in a hemodialysis patient during deceased donor renal transplantation (DDRT) evaluation and discuss the challenges of excluding COVID-19 before transplantation. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on respiratory specimens is used to confirm COVID-19, but its sensitivity may be affected by the patient''s functional status, type of respiratory specimen, and collection technique 3 and has been reported to be initially negative, especially in mild or early illness. Chest radiography may be a useful adjunct in the screening of COVID-19 but is not sensitive in mild or early disease. In a recent meta-analysis, CT was suggested to be more sensitive than real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction 3 but can be also negative in mild or early disease. Chest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): relationship to duration of infection doi = 10.1097/txd.0000000000001010 id = cord-281948-xv7vuypd author = Hoang, Ansel title = COVID-19 in 7780 pediatric patients: A systematic review date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; MIS; SARS; child summary = We included published or in press peer-reviewed cross-sectional, case series, and case reports providing clinical signs, imaging findings, and/or laboratory results of pediatric patients who were positive for COVID-19. Data collected included the type of article (e.g., case series), country of origin, number of pediatric patients, demographic information, and all clinical symptoms (e. Compared to that review and other COVID-19 pediatric systematic reviews, [18À21] this manuscript has several key advantages: (1) we summarize 131 studies that includes 7780 children from 26 different countries, (2) this report synthesizes underlying pediatric medical conditions and delineates bacterial and viral coinfections, (3) we quantitatively describe clinical symptoms and imaging findings, (4) herein, we conglomerate the mean and standard deviation of frequently used laboratory analytes in COVID-19 positive children, (5) our report presents antiviral therapies by specific agents, and (6) our systematic review offers a preliminary comparison of patients with/without MIS-C. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100433 id = cord-346995-2e84y1hl author = Hoang, Van Minh title = Describing the pattern of the COVID-19 epidemic in Vietnam date = 2020-06-26 keywords = Vietnam; covid-19 summary = In Vietnam, a middle-income country with a population of more than 96 million people, the first case of COVID-19 was detected on 23 January 2020. Vietnam mobilised participation from its entire political system to fight the COVID-19 epidemic, employing the principle ''Early detection, strict quarantine, isolation as well as active treatment'', and achieved some initial successes. In this paper, we describe the characteristics of COVID-19 patients detected in the two phases of the epidemic in Vietnam. Although Vietnam achieved initial success in providing timely treatment to the COVID-19 patients as well as in containing the spread of the disease in the community, further proactive and comprehensive actions to tackle the COVID-19 epidemic in this country must be carried out as the global pandemic proceeds. doi = 10.1080/16549716.2020.1776526 id = cord-339124-m7choyr6 author = Hoang, Van-Thuan title = Hajj and Umrah Mass Gatherings and COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-11-03 keywords = Hajj; Umrah; covid-19 summary = In order to avoid a COVID-19 outbreak with potential spreading to many countries through returning pilgrims, Saudi Arabia suspended the Umrah, and access to the 2020 Hajj was very limited. The KSA Ministry of Health recommends individual preventive measures such as use of face mask and disposable handkerchiefs and hand hygiene to mitigate the risk of RTIs. However, the efficacy of these measures against RTIs is debated [35] , and there have been no reliable controlled studies investigating their efficacy on the incidence of Hajj-related RTIs. The use of face masks may not provide optimal protection from infection, but that may reduce the spread of smallsized saliva droplets around when coughing or sneezing which is the main mode of transmission of most RTIs. Mandatory use of face mask in public places is considered one of the effective measures in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic [54] [55] [56] , but no investigation has been conducted in the context of MGs so far. doi = 10.1007/s40475-020-00218-x id = cord-136138-baxmoutj author = Hobson, Stacy title = Trust and Transparency in Contact Tracing Applications date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; application; contact; device summary = An example includes Contact Tracing Applications -those focused on identifying individuals who are at risk for developing COVID-19 through exposure to a person later identified as having been infected with SARS-CoV-2. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identifies two types of digital contact tracing solutions -one focused on streamlining the capture and management of data on cases and contacts, the other on using Bluetooth or GPS to track an individuals exposure to an infected person [14] . One key benefit of contact tracing that applies to both manual efforts and digital applications is the ability to identify people who are exposed to an infected individual to encourage testing and quarantine. 3) Identifying outbreak ''hot spots'': Contact tracing solutions that capture location details in association with infections and exposures may be useful in identifying areas where 1) infections are growing, 2) the number of cases exceed a threshold, or 3) congregations of large groups of people are enabling rapid transmission. doi = nan id = cord-289859-b1k9uyp6 author = Hodges, Kevin title = Successful management of COVID‐19 and associated coagulopathy in a patient with durable left ventricular assist device date = 2020-08-13 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = title: Successful management of COVID‐19 and associated coagulopathy in a patient with durable left ventricular assist device Patients with durable left ventricular assist devices pose special problems for management in the setting of COVID‐19 infection. We describe the successful management of a 44‐year‐old man with severe COVID‐19 infection and HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device. Patients with durable left ventricular devices (LVADs) pose special problems for management in the setting of COVID-19 infection. [1] [2] [3] We present the case of a patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy supported by durable LVAD who developed severe COVID-19 infection with acute respiratory distress syndrome complicated by coagulopathy. Management of COVID-19 infection in the context of durable LVAD support requires careful institutional planning and a multidisciplinary approach. Successful management of COVID-19 and associated coagulopathy in a patient with durable left ventricular assist device doi = 10.1111/jocs.14937 id = cord-346050-ssv1arr1 author = Hodgkinson, Tarah title = Show me a man or a woman alone and I''ll show you a saint: Changes in the frequency of criminal incidents during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; Canada; Vancouver; change; crime summary = This creates an opportunity to explore the preliminary effects of this lockdown on crime trends in one of Canada''s major cities, with the intention of determining if the shift in opportunity structures have changed crime trends and to improve planning for safety and crime prevention for potential further outbreaks of the pandemic and future exceptional events. Opportunity theories, such as routine activities theory, would predict that during an exceptional event, crime rates will both increase and decrease depending on the crime type and the shift in opportunity structure (Leither et al., 2011) . Routine activity theory argues that in order for a crime event to occur, a suitable target, a motivated offender, and the lack of a capable guardian need to come together in time and space (Cohen & Felson, 1979) . doi = 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101706 id = cord-279904-hfnlp6qv author = Hoedl, M. title = COVID-19 among nursing staff: Settings and regional differences date = 2020-08-17 keywords = August; Austria; covid-19 summary = statistically significant differences between the settings and the federal provinces with regard to the COVID-19 symptoms reported, but not the test results. statistically significant differences between the settings and the federal provinces with regard to the COVID-19 symptoms reported, but not the test results. Hence, we designed and carried out the current study to investigate settings and specific regional differences with regard to COVID-19 symptoms, testing and diagnoses among nursing staff. In this study, we investigated the effect of settings and regional differences on the reporting of COVID-19 symptoms, testing and diagnosis by nursing staff. However, these findings might be explained by the fact that we asked the nursing staff retrospectively; at the time of our data collection, the provinces of Lower and Upper Austria were reporting relatively high numbers of COVID-19affected persons. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.14.20174797 id = cord-343822-k00ng5nl author = Hoekman, Lieke Michaela title = The Dutch COVID-19 approach: Regional differences in a small country.: The Dutch COVID-19 approach. date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; Dutch; Netherlands; policy summary = Due to regional variation in COVID-19 hospitalization rates, this paper focuses on three distinct regions; the initial epicenter; the most northern provinces which – contrary to national policy – decided not to switch to mitigation; and the Bible Belt, as congregations of religious groups were initially excluded from the ban on group formation. A better understanding of the impact of the country"s approach on the spread of the virus requires a nation-wide description of COVID-19 trends, the government"s approach of policies regarding citizens" health, the health system, and the economy. These included ICU hospitalization rates, R0-trends, and the number of people tested positive for the virus -both at the national and regional level (33) . Testing the herd immunity level is in line with the COVID-19 approach of the Netherlands of maximum control of the spread of the virus, rather than complete containment. doi = 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.008 id = cord-350817-tmszrtju author = Hoepel, Willianne title = Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG from severely ill COVID-19 patients promotes macrophage hyper-inflammatory responses date = 2020-07-13 keywords = SARS; anti; covid-19; figure; spike summary = Here, we show that anti-Spike IgG from serum of severely ill COVID-19 patients induces a hyper-inflammatory response by human macrophages, which subsequently breaks pulmonary endothelial barrier integrity and induces microvascular thrombosis. Taken together, these data demonstrate that anti-Spike IgG immune complexes generated from serum of severely ill COVID-19 patients induce a strong pro-inflammatory response by (otherwise immunosuppressive) human M2 macrophages, which is characterized by high production of classical cytokine storm mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF. As shown in Figure 4A , the used human macrophage model highly expressed all FcγRs. To determine whether FcγRs are involved in activation by anti-Spike immune complexes, we blocked the different FcγRs with specific antibodies during stimulation, and analyzed cytokine production. In conclusion, our data show that anti-Spike IgG from serum of severely ill COVID-19 patients strongly amplifies pro-inflammatory responses by human macrophages, and can contribute to subsequent endothelial barrier disruption and thrombosis. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.13.190140 id = cord-282097-a1pwq4fi author = Hoertel, N. title = Dexamethasone use and Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: a Multicenter Retrospective Observational Study date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19; October; patient summary = When examining the association between the cumulative dose of dexamethasone received during the visit and the endpoint, we found that the administration of a cumulative dose between 60 mg to 150 mg among patients who required respiratory support was significantly associated with a lower risk of death in the crude, unadjusted analysis (HR, 0.28; SE, 0.58, p=0.028), the adjusted multivariable analysis (HR, 0.24; SE, 0.65, p=0.030), and in the univariate Cox regression model in the matched analytic sample (HR, 0.32; SE, 0.58, p=0.048), whereas no significant association was observed with a different dose. When examining the association between the cumulative dose of dexamethasone received during the visit and the endpoint, we found that the administration of a cumulative dose between 60 mg to 150 mg among patients who required respiratory support was significantly associated with a lower risk of death in the crude, unadjusted analysis (HR, 0.28; SE, 0.58, p=0.028), the adjusted multivariable analysis (HR, 0.24; SE, 0.65, p=0.030), and in the univariate Cox regression model in the matched analytic sample (HR, 0.32; SE, 0.58, p=0.048), whereas no significant association was observed with a different dose. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.23.20218172 id = cord-354885-fkgr2o9i author = Hoffer-Hawlik, Michael A. title = Leveraging Telemedicine for Chronic Disease Management in Low- and Middle-Income Countries During Covid-19 date = 2020-09-15 keywords = covid-19; telemedicine summary = In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, many lowand middle-income countries (LMICs) expanded access to telemedicine to maintain essential health services. Telemedicine can not only maintain essential medical care for chronic disease patients in LMICs throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, but also strengthen primary health care delivery and reduce socio-economic disparities in health care access over the long-term. In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, many low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) expanded access to telemedicine to maintain essential medical care when face-to-face visits are unsafe. Although there has been attention to the accelerated growth of telemedicine services in the United States and other high-income countries, the telemedicine revolution may have an even greater benefit in LMICs, where it could improve health care access for vulnerable and geographically remote patients [1, 2] . Telemedicine can play a key role not only in maintaining essential health services for chronic disease patients in LMICs during the Covid-19 pandemic, but also in long-term primary health care strengthening. doi = 10.5334/gh.852 id = cord-301192-wif0te3w author = Hoffman, David A title = Increasing Access to Care: Telehealth During COVID-19 date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; care; health; rpm summary = The current public health emergency necessitates a detailed look at the federal and state telehealth regulations to determine what changes will properly incentivize rapid adoption of the technology while also mitigating concerns related to safety, privacy, cybersecurity, and how best to assist underserved communities and people. Increasing Access to Care: Telehealth During COVID-19 5 CMS also will now provide for reimbursement for RPM services for acute conditions as well as chronic, and that expansion will extend beyond the public health emergency. Further, covered entities (and their business associates) must apply the administrative, physical, and technical safeguards of the HIPAA Security Rule to electronic protected health information." 33 However, in a March 30, 2020, Notification OCR stated: "During the COVID-19 national emergency, which also constitutes a nationwide public health emergency, covered health care providers subject to the HIPAA Rules may seek to communicate with patients, and provide telehealth services, through remote communications technologies. doi = 10.1093/jlb/lsaa043 id = cord-300964-knc0ruou author = Hoffman, Tove title = Evaluation of a COVID-19 IgM and IgG rapid test; an efficient tool for assessment of past exposure to SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We evaluated a commercially available test developed for rapid (within 15 minutes) detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG by 29 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases and 124 negative controls. In the present study, we evaluated a commercially available assay, the COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette (Zhejiang Orient Gene Biotech Co Ltd, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China), developed for detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. None of the 24 healthy volunteers, without any known history of SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19, tested positive for IgM or IgG. In this study we evaluated a commercial rapid test for detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG. If this was the case for one or more of the included patients, the actual sensitivities should be higher, i.e. when evaluated only on samples known to contain detectable levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and/or IgG. Development and clinical application of a rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody test for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis doi = 10.1080/20008686.2020.1754538 id = cord-270122-xijsj0d8 author = Hogan, Robert Edward title = COVID-19 in Patients With Seizures and Epilepsy: Interpretation of Relevant Knowledge of Presenting Signs and Symptoms date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Realizing the need for current information, this summary provides a focused summary of pertinent clinical diagnostic information about neurological involvement of SARS-CoV-2 virus and clinical presentation of COVID-19, especially in relationship to patients with seizures and epilepsy. Overall, findings indicate seizures and epilepsy are rare, especially in mild COVID-19 cases, but may occur in more severe cases later in the disease course. Realizing both the need for and limitation of current information, this summary provides a focused summary of pertinent clinical diagnostic information about neurological involvement of SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19, especially in relationship to patients with seizures and epilepsy. 27 As compared to population-based studies of the initial clinical presentation of COVID-19, studies in patients with seizures and epilepsy are lacking. While a neuroinvasive mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 virus CNS infection remains a postulated cause of clinical neurological disease, 16 investigation of new-onset neurological impairments associated with COVID-19 found lack of evidence for direct acute insult of SARS-CoV-19 virus to the CNS. doi = 10.1177/1535759720948549 id = cord-302244-uwicyuhk author = Hoilat, Gilles J title = Percutaneous Mechanical Pulmonary Thrombectomy in a Patient With Pulmonary Embolism as a First Presentation of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = We present a case of a healthy 32-year-old male with no past medical history who presented with shortness of breath, tested positive for COVID-19, and was found to have a large acute saddle pulmonary embolism. Recent findings revealed that patients with severe cases of COVID19 who are admitted to the intensive care unit with respiratory failure had a predominant hypercoagulable state leading to thromboembolism [1] . We present a case of a healthy patient who presented to the hospital with dyspnea, was found to be COVID-19 positive, and was diagnosed with an acute saddle pulmonary embolism. The incidence of acute pulmonary embolism in a patient with COVID-19 remains unknown [6] . Our patient was a healthy male who presented with no risk factors for thromboembolic disease and no symptoms of viral pneumonia but still developed a large saddle embolism. doi = 10.7759/cureus.9506 id = cord-347818-93ixqyfp author = Hojyo, Shintaro title = How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality date = 2020-10-01 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; IL-6; SARS summary = Thus, IL-6 serves as a possible mechanism of treatment for severe COVID-19 patients, raising the possibility that one therapeutic option for the disease may be targeting excessive inflammation caused by IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) signaling with monoclonal antibody therapy or treatment with chemical modulators to block the signaling cascade while maintaining a sufficient antiviral primary immune response. IL-6-STAT3 signaling as a potential cause of the ARDS via cytokine storms in COVID-19 patients IL-6 amplifier, machinery for excessive inflammation SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the endocytosis of ACE2 together with SARS-CoV in target cells including epithelial cells and endothelial cells, resulting in an increase of serum angiotensin II (Ang II) levels due to the reduction of ACE2 surface expression (Fig. 1) [17, 48] . doi = 10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3 id = cord-257814-h7n4nw4w author = Holm, Are M. title = Ethical Considerations regarding Heart and Lung Transplantation and Mechanical Circulatory Support during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An ISHLT COVID-19 Task Force Statement date = 2020-04-25 keywords = COVID-19; MCS summary = We discuss how the classical ethical principles of utility, justice and efficiency may need to be adapted, and we give specific recommendations for thoracic transplantation and mechanical circulatory support centers to balance their clinical decisions and strategies for advanced heart and lung disease during the current pandemic. We outline the classical ethical framework that guides heart and lung transplantation and mechanical circulatory support (MCS) and discuss adaptations to this construct during different stages of the ongoing pandemic. In order to analyze how to adjust treatment strategies for advanced heart and lung disease, we propose separating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic from a healthcare system perspective into different stages. Recommendation: Similar rationing for all kinds of treatment and a commitment to maximize the number of lives saved suggests the development of an appropriate process to allocate critical care resources to patients who may become organ donors. doi = 10.1016/j.healun.2020.04.019 id = cord-273918-knlc3bxh author = Holmes, Emily A title = Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; health; mental; research; social summary = 1,2 Furthermore, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, might infect the brain or trigger immune responses that have additional adverse effects on brain function and mental health in patients with Research funders and researchers must deploy resources to understand the psychological, social, and neuroscientific effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. We use the term mental health sciences to reflect the many different disciplines, including, but not limited to, psychology, psychiatry, clinical medicine, behavioural and social sciences, and neuroscience, that will need to work together in a multidisciplinary fashion together with people with lived experience of mental health issues or COVID-19 to address these research priorities. doi = 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30168-1 id = cord-312340-hpuoren5 author = Holstein, Sarah A. title = Oncology Treatment in the Era of COVID‐19: We Cannot Afford to Hit the Pause Button date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Given the expected duration of the pandemic, it is imperative that treatment of the patient''s cancer remain the priority and that advances in drug development continue through appropriately designed clinical trials. Given the expected duration of the pandemic, it is imperative that treatment of the patient''s cancer remain the priority and that advances in drug development continue through appropriately designed clinical trials. Despite the barriers that lead to this low rate of participation, clinical trials remain the cornerstone for improving oncology patient outcomes through the development of new therapies. To this end, there are many groups, including ASCO and the American Society of Hematology, that have created registries in order to collect data on outcomes of oncology patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. It is imperative that comprehensive immune profiling studies be performed to evaluate the immune responses in these patient populations and that oncology patients be included in COVID-19 clinical trials. doi = 10.1002/cpt.1920 id = cord-322427-6hsdlogg author = Holten, Aleksander Rygh title = Predicting severe COVID-19 in the Emergency Department date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; PSI; news2 summary = Patients were assessed upon hospital admission using the following scoring systems; quick Sequential Failure Assessment (qSOFA), Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome criteria (SIRS), National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2), CURB-65 and Pneumonia Severity index (PSI). quick Sequential Failure Assessment (qSOFA), Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome criteria (SIRS), National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2), CURB-65 and Pneumonia Severity index (PSI). In this prospective observational study, we have evaluated and compared the predictive characteristics of commonly used scoring systems for sepsis and pneumonia applied to a cohort of consecutive COVID-19 patients admitted to our hospital. Since the aim of this study was to evaluate the value of the scoring systems in the ED, only the calculation of qSOFA, SIRS-criteria, CURB-65, PSI, NEWS2 and P/F-ratio from the patient''s first assessment at the hospital were included. In conclusion, our study revealed that NEWS2 was equivalent to CURB65, PSI and P/F-ratio, but more accurate than SIRS and qSOFA, in predicting severe disease among patients hospitalized for COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.resplu.2020.100042 id = cord-301514-yo2ebphy author = Holten, John title = The Radiology Resident Experience at a Large Tertiary Care Hospital During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; resident summary = The COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented challenges in healthcare including pressure to provide efficient and timely patient care while maintaining a safe environment for physicians and staff. We found the Review and Commentary Perspective "Chest CT Findings in 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infections from Wuhan, China: Key Points for the Radiologist" by Jeffrey Kanne especially helpful for us to get a sense for how COVID-19 pneumonia presents before cases at our own institution began to rise. Working closely with the hospital administration and the department of pulmonology, the radiology department created a standardized process for imaging patients with clinical suspicion for COVID-19. 10 In accordance with this principle, our department rapidly implemented changes to provide the highest quality care for our patients and assistance to our clinical teams while minimizing the exposure risk to our residents. doi = 10.1177/2382120520963036 id = cord-029710-ythz9ax0 author = Homayounieh, Fatemeh title = CT Radiomics, Radiologists and Clinical Information in Predicting Outcome of Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; PCR summary = PURPOSE: To compare prediction of disease outcome, severity, and patient triage in COVID-19 pneumonia with whole lung radiomics, radiologists'' interpretation, and clinical variables. CONCLUSION: Radiomics from non-contrast chest CT were superior to radiologists'' assessment of extent and type of pulmonary opacities in predicting COVID-19 pneumonia outcome, disease severity, and patient triage. We compared prediction of disease outcome, severity, and patient triage in COVID-19 pneumonia with whole lung radiomics, radiologists'' interpretation, and clinical variables. Although prior studies have reported on the ability of visual severity score of COVID-19 pneumonia on chest CT [16, 18, 20] , we found that such qualitative assessment was not as useful as radiomics in predicting ICU admission or patient outcome (recovery versus death). Another limitation of our study pertains to the fact that some patients may have been admitted to the hospital based on severity of symptoms, other comorbidities (such as immunodeficiencies) or positive CT findings rather than an extensive lung changes related to COVID-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1148/ryct.2020200322 id = cord-334217-ejgdzc70 author = Homolak, J. title = Preliminary analysis of COVID-19 academic information patterns: a call for open science in the times of closed borders date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; Journal summary = Here we report our findings to draw the attention of the scientific community to these problems in order to stimulate collection, organization and analysis of data in a more transparent and efficient way which aims to accelerate the discovery of efficient solutions for the COVID-19 pandemic. Taking into account that in contrast to articles indexed in PubMed and Scopus, both BioRxiv and MedRxiv publish only original research articles, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, the amount of scientific information related to COVID-19 available outside of classic databases is even more impressive. The importance of these repositories is reflected through the fact that as of April 11th the number of COVID-19-related papers on just these two serves (BioRxiv and MedRxiv) roughly equals the amount available in Scopus, and is just 2.4 times lower in comparison to biggest biomedical database PubMed. Following the trend of increased preprint publishing, several major publishing platforms kickstarted or revived their own projects, one example being Nature Publishing Group''s Outbreak Science Rapid PREreview Platform ("Outbreak Science Rapid PREreview"). doi = 10.1007/s11192-020-03587-2 id = cord-289282-4oz6r7op author = Hon, Kam Lun title = Overview: The history and pediatric perspectives of severe acute respiratory syndromes: Novel or just like SARS date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; respiratory summary = title: Overview: The history and pediatric perspectives of severe acute respiratory syndromes: Novel or just like SARS The WHO coined the acronym SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and subsequently the causative virus as SARS‐CoV. Clinical presentations and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome in children Clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and short-term outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in children Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in children: epidemiology, presentation and management Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in pediatrics: a report of seven cases from Saudi Arabia The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China Comparative analysis of eleven healthcare-associated outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (Mers-Cov) from 2015 to 2017 Overview: The history and pediatric perspectives of severe acute respiratory syndromes: Novel or just like SARS doi = 10.1002/ppul.24810 id = cord-326864-i1r3bv4p author = Hon, Kam Lun title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): latest developments in potential treatments date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; treatment summary = 4 COVID-19 is a respiratory tract infection that causes mild symptoms in the majority of cases, but can also lead to ISSN: 1740-4398 REVIEW -Coronavirus disease 2019 : latest developments in potential treatments drugsincontext.com mortality and morbidity. SARS-CoV is closely related to civet and bat CoVs, but it is phylogenetically divergent from other coronaviruses associated with human infections, including ISSN: 1740-4398 REVIEW -Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): latest developments in potential treatments drugsincontext.com OC43, NL63, 229E, and HKU1. In a clinical trial involving 199 patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, lopinavir-ritonavir treatment was not associated with any clinical improvements compared with standard care. 25 Long and colleagues reported that corticosteroid therapy using methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone was beneficial in treating ISSN: 1740-4398 REVIEW -Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): latest developments in potential treatments drugsincontext.com SARS-CoV patients, 78 and significantly prolonged survival time in clinical cases. doi = 10.7573/dic.2020-4-15 id = cord-344046-9vou06c7 author = Hon, Kam Lun Ellis title = Pediatric COVID-19: what disease is this? date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The Chinese mainland also has reported mortality and morbidity of pediatric COVID-19 cases and has concluded that the disease was generally mild [10, 12] . Reports of children with confirmed COVID-19 in mainland China have described mild cold-like with/without gastrointestinal symptoms and suggest that severe complications (e.g., acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock) appear to be uncommon. Another novel acronym, PIM-TS is coined which stands for pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 [26] . Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Inflammatory cytokine profile in children with severe acute respiratory syndrome Pediatric coronavirus disease-2019-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome Overview: The history and pediatric perspectives of severe acute respiratory syndromes: Novel or just like SARS doi = 10.1007/s12519-020-00375-z id = cord-258698-ggzvhamk author = Hong, Daqing title = Kidney manifestations of mild, moderate and severe coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-05-09 keywords = AKI; Chengdu; covid-19 summary = Previous data from Wuhan city showed that acute kidney injury (AKI), proteinuria and hematuria occurred frequently in patients with severe COVID-19. The current literature shows that patients with coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes or chronic kidney disease (CKD) are more likely to develop into severe cases after being infected with SARS-CoV-2 [1, [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . The study identified a total of 168 COVID-19 patients diagnosed in Sichuan province, including 101 patients from the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu (the Chengdu cohort), and 67 patients from the Daofu People''s Hospital (the Daofu cohort). Among the 21 patients with the severe or critical type of COVID-19 in the Chengdu cohort who completed a urine dipstick test, 10 of them (47.6%) were positive for proteinuria and 11 of them (52.4%) were positive for dipstick hematuria (Figure 1 ). Proteinuria and dipstick hematuria are not uncommon in patients with COVID-19 infection, especially in severe or critical cases. doi = 10.1093/ckj/sfaa083 id = cord-333863-mtljy3s6 author = Hong, Nan title = Evaluation of ocular symptoms and tropism of SARS‐CoV‐2 in patients confirmed with COVID‐19 date = 2020-04-26 keywords = COVID-19; OSDI; SARS summary = Patients with COVID-19 may show prodromal symptom of conjunctivitis in cases where eye goggles were not worn while in close proximity with COVID-19 positive patients, leading to suggestions that ocular exposure might be a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Lu et al. Previously hospitalized patients (admission date from 19 January to 29 February 2020) in the isolation ward of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, diagnosed as COVID-19 positive based on their clinical symptoms and positive SARS-CoV-2 test results of their sputum swab specimens, were the target subject population. After the onset of COVID-19, the mean scores of the SEEQ and OSDI questionnaires were significantly raised, suggesting a degraded ocular surface condition (Table 2) . In our study, fifteen subjects (27%) reported new onset ocular irritation symptoms or aggravated pre-existing ocular surface irritation symptoms after infection of SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1111/aos.14445 id = cord-269659-a1gf76bu author = Hong, W. title = Celebrex adjuvant therapy on COVID-19: An experimental study date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; Celebrex; PGE summary = Celebrex significantly reduced the PGE2 levels and promoted recovery of ordinary or severe COVID-19. Our data showed that the PGE 2 levels in COVID-19 patients, who were hospitalized within two days, were significantly higher than the ones of healthy individuals (170±40 ng/ml vs 18.8±3.8 ng/ml, p<0.01) (Figure 1 ). Since the PGE 2 was mainly generated by COX-2, then a COX-2 specific inhibitor (Celebrex) was used to treat COVID-19 patients based on the routine treatment. Our results indicated that Celebrex treatment with a conventional dose (0.2 g, twice a day) might effectively promote the recovery of ordinary and severe cases of COVID-19. Moreover, there were two patients (experimental case E3 and E5), who were hospitalized and received routine treatment for 12 and 15 days respectively, progressed from ordinary to severe illness. After taken Celebrex based on routine treatment, their PGE 2 levels were controlled and the pneumonia were gradually improved ( Figure 4 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.05.20077610 id = cord-313402-f3indt3b author = Hong, X.-w. title = Analysis of early renal injury in COVID-19 and diagnostic value of multi-index combined detection date = 2020-03-10 keywords = COVID-19; renal summary = In this study, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), endogenous creatinine clearance (Ccr) and urine microalbumin / urinary creatinine ratio (UACR) were calculated to assess the incidence of early renal injury. Urinary microprotein detection indicated that the area under curve (AUC) of multi-index combined to diagnose early renal injury in COVID-19 was 0.875, which was higher than UMA (0,813), A1M (0.813), IGU (0.750) and TRU (0.750) alone. This study intends to use a number of laboratory test indexes, including serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urine creatinine, urine microalbumin and urine microglobulin et al to comprehensively assess renal function and determine the incidence of COVID-19 with early renal injury. Although all the patients still had normal level of Scr and BUN, the high incidence of early renal injury in COVID-19 was found by calculating eGFR, CCR and UACR. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.07.20032599 id = cord-297378-quyehjr1 author = Hong, Yan title = The Impact of COVID-19 on Tourist Satisfaction with B&B in Zhejiang, China: An Importance–Performance Analysis date = 2020-05-25 keywords = B&B; B&Bs; COVID-19; China; IPA summary = Second, descriptive statistics and an importance-performance analysis (IPA) were used to measure the impact of B&B before/after COVID-19 on tourist satisfaction levels in Zhejiang. Implications First, to the best of our knowledge, this study is among the first to uncover the impact of COVID-19 factors influencing tourists'' satisfaction with B&Bs. Second, from the perspective of methodology, DC and IRL were combined with content analysis to sort and guide the complexity of the relationship between variables, which has certain value for future research. Implications First, to the best of our knowledge, this study is among the first to uncover the impact of COVID-19 factors influencing tourists'' satisfaction with B&Bs. Second, from the perspective of methodology, DC and IRL were combined with content analysis to sort and guide the complexity of the relationship between variables, which has certain value for future research. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17103747 id = cord-011844-eplgwnem author = Hooshmandi, Etrat title = The Case Is Much More Baffling than We Think date = 2020-06-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = authors: Hooshmandi, Etrat; Borhani-Haghighi, Afshin [1] reported decreased prevalence of stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic era according to their observation from a single center (Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, northern Italy). Contrary to their conclusion, there are some reports about increased risk of stroke in COVID-19 infection [3] . [8] evaluated the importance of the difference in some blood coagulation parameters between patients with COVID-19 infection and healthy controls. reported a 7-fold increase in the risk of stroke incidence by finding large vessel stroke in five COVID-19 patients with age <50 years over a 2-week period (as a letter published online April 28 in the New England Journal of Medicine. This issue has been Hooshmandi/Borhani-Haghighi Eur Neurol 2 DOI: 10.1159/000508598 mentioned in other disciplines as well. Hematologic parameters in patients with COVID-19 infection Prominent changes in blood coagulation of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection doi = 10.1159/000508598 id = cord-318858-x8p0n6r3 author = Hope, Michael D title = A role for CT in COVID-19? What data really tell us so far date = 2020-03-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Radiologists have watched the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic unfold, wondering if and how imaging could be useful for diagnosis. They found that 97% of cases with RT-PCR-confirmed diagnoses had CT findings of pneumonia, and conclude, "CT imaging has high sensitivity for diagnosis of COVID-19". Although it is too early to assess the strength of the COVID-19 response in Africa, African countries, despite limited resources, have also adopted measures worth imitating, such as simplified triage strategies 3 and proactive screening (Uganda), handwashing stations at transport hubs (Rwanda), WhatsApp chatbots providing reliable information and rapid testing diagnostics (Senegal), and volunteer-staffed call centres and celebrity campaigns to promote responsible actions during the pandemic (Nigeria). If COVID-19 is suspected, patients should be isolated pending confirmation with (multiple) RT-PCR tests, or until quarantine has lapsed. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30728-5 id = cord-330597-nftwj0d5 author = Hopfer, Helmut title = Hunting coronavirus by transmission electron microscopy – a guide to SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated ultrastructural pathology in COVID‐19 tissues date = 2020-09-27 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; patient summary = Using micrographs from infected cell cultures and autopsy tissues, we show how coronavirus replication affects ultrastructure and put the morphological findings in the context of viral replication, which induces extensive remodelling of the intracellular membrane systems. To better understand the ultrastructural morphology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19, we will first briefly discuss the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and coronavirus replication in general and then examine the TEM findings in more detail. All rights reserved Coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 and the morphological changes associated with replication can be visualised by TEM in infected cell lines (figure 3A-G) [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] 87, 88] or organoids [96, 97] . Based on the cell culture findings outlined above, we expect to find the same SARS-CoV-2 morphology and distribution in vesicles of autopsy and biopsy tissues of COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1111/his.14264 id = cord-264919-0jlg2gkc author = Hopp, Marie-Thérèse title = Unravelling the debate on heme effects in COVID-19 infections date = 2020-06-12 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; TMPRSS2 summary = On the one hand, we examine the possibility of a direct interaction of heme with select SARS-CoV-2 proteins and specific host cell proteins by applying our webserver HeMoQuest (Paul that is based on experimental data. One of the most promising findings was the prediction of heme-binding motifs (HBMs) in the host cell proteins ACE2 and TMPRSS2. We leveraged this multimodal information to hypothesize the pathways that connect key molecules associated with SARS-CoV-2 and heme to phenotypes observed in COVID-19 patients. Here, we have investigated the possibility of a direct interaction of heme with SARS-CoV-2 surface proteins and their human counterparts ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Apart from investigating the direct impact of heme on proteins at the interface of the virus-host cell interaction, we also explored similarities between relevant pathways characterizing the respective pathologies, i.e. labile heme occurrence in hemolytic conditions and COVID-19 disease progression ( Figure 4) . doi = 10.1101/2020.06.09.142125 id = cord-352672-gjo29e21 author = Hoque, E. title = Adjusted Dynamics of COVID-19 Pandemic due to Herd Immunity in Bangladesh date = 2020-09-05 keywords = Bangladesh; covid-19 summary = . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.03.20186957 doi: medRxiv preprint number of susceptible populations as well as case fatalities rate to achieve the herd immunity in Bangladesh. In the Table 1 , we present the age distribution of the population in Bangladesh (collected from Socioeconomic Data and Application Center, or SEDAC) along with the confirmed positive cases and deaths for each of those age groups (collected from Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, or IEDCR). Therefore, if 30% of the total working population in Bangladesh get affected by COVID-19 to achieve herd immunity, we estimate that a total number of positive cases would be approximately 17.7 million. To estimate the dynamics of the COVID-19 cases, such as confirmed, recoverd, and death cases, in case of herd immunity, we have used the Unscented Kalman Filter The age group based population distribution, along with gender, in Bangladesh has been used to estimate the initial susceptible population for SIRD model. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.03.20186957 id = cord-259358-p6ov2r6g author = Horii, Toshihiro title = Late-onset pneumothorax in a COVID-19 patient treated with ventilation and ECMO: A case report and literature review date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Late-onset pneumothorax in a COVID-19 patient treated with ventilation and ECMO: A case report and literature review Some patients with these image characteristics develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and require a ventilator and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) [2] . However, the patient continued to experience remission and exacerbation of pneumothorax, and his lungs showed widespread consolidative opacities and decreased volume, and he eventually died of multiple organ failure on the 97 th day of illness, despite aggressive treatment attempts (Fig. 5 ). This case followed such a course and progressed to ARDS, requiring treatment with a ventilator and ECMO, and he developed incurable pneumothorax with giant bulla. To our knowledge, five previous case reports of pneumothorax in COVID-19 patients have been published to date [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . This case and previous reports suggest that COVID-19 pneumothorax occurs with a relatively late onset (3-8 weeks). This case and previous reports suggest that COVID-19 pneumothorax occurs with a relatively late onset (3-8 weeks). doi = 10.1016/j.radcr.2020.09.036 id = cord-262188-a20vb800 author = Horisberger, Alice title = Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on SLE: beyond the risk of infection date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; SLE summary = One may hypothesise that the increased bioavailability of type 1 IFN in SLE promotes host defenses against SARS-CoV2 infection and provide some degree of protection against severe COVID-19 in this patient population. Given their antiviral effect against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, antimalarials (hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine) represent a potential adjunct treatment for patients with COVID-19 infection. Small uncontrolled or poorly controlled clinical trials have shown an antiviral effect of antimalarials in COVID19 Lupus Science & Medicine contributing to the growing interest of the health authorities, media and general population. Since only limited data support the use of these drugs in COVID-19, a recent document emphasised the importance of limiting their systematic use in COVID-19 and rationing the supply available for clinical trials and for patients with SLE or with other rheumatic diseases. Epigenetic dysregulation of ACE2 and interferon-regulated genes might suggest increased COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in lupus patients doi = 10.1136/lupus-2020-000408 id = cord-299277-ana68vpf author = Horn, Sarah R. title = Identifying causal role of COVID-19 in immunopsychiatry models date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = There are several immunopsychiatry examples in which COVID-19 may be appropriately considered a confounder, including research on inflammation and mortality risk. Like before, we simulated effect sizes leading to and away from COVID-19 as either strong or weak, and set the direct relationship between the predictor and outcome of interest (SES and respiratory distress, respectively) to a moderate effect size. As shown in Figure 2 , models that omit the virus best estimate the total effect of SES on distress (i.e., the total effect). Unless researchers are interested in the effect of all pathways from SES to respiratory distress except COVID-19, they should not include the virus as a covariate in their models, or their estimates will not capture the full pathway (see Figure 3 ). Data were simulated from models in which COVID-19 mediates the causal relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and respiratory distress. doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.066 id = cord-262910-hgmwmrtq author = Hornuss, D. title = Anosmia in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-05-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Objectives: Coronaviruses (CoVs) have a neuroinvasive propensity, and the frequently reported symptoms of smelling and taste dysfunction in many COVID-19 patients may be related to the respective capability of SARS-CoV2, the cause of the current pandemic. Results: 40% of 45 consecutive hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 0% of 45 uninfected con-trols consenting were diagnosed with anosmia. We conducted a 58 prospective cross-sectional study at the Medical Center -University of Freiburg, Germany in 59 April 2020 comparing the proportion of anosmia in patients with positive PCR result for SARS-60 CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swaps or sputum using Sniffin-sticks in those reporting a loss of smell, 61 in those who did not as well as in uninfected patients and health care workers as controls. Results: We tested 45 consecutive hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 45 uninfected controls 77 (age (median years ± STD) 56 ± 16.9 and 54 ± 18.3, respectively) consenting to the study (ta-78 ble). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.28.20083311 id = cord-328409-px92ff89 author = Hornuss, Daniel title = COVID-19-assoziierte Pneumonie trotz persistierend negativen PCR-Tests aus oropharyngealen Abstrichen date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = After the first PCR turned in negative another PCR-analysis for SARS-CoV-2 of a deep oral swab-sample was performed since the clinical, laboratory and radiological findings were typical for COVID-19. After the first PCR turned in negative another PCR-analysis for SARS-CoV-2 of a deep oral swab-sample was performed since the clinical, laboratory and radiological findings were typical for COVID-19. After a third attempt for a PCR-analysis of a deep oral swab-sample was negative, analysis of a sputum was performed which finally confirmed the diagnosis of COVID-19 associated pneumonia. After a third attempt for a PCR-analysis of a deep oral swab-sample was negative, analysis of a sputum was performed which finally confirmed the diagnosis of COVID-19 associated pneumonia. Als Diagnostik der Wahl zur schnellen Identifikation von COVID-19-Fällen hat sich dabei die PCR-Analyse auf SARS-CoV-2 aus tiefen nasopharyngealen oder oropharyngealen Abstrichen etabliert [3] . doi = 10.1055/a-1170-6061 id = cord-277019-salizr5n author = Horowitz, James M. title = Clot in Transit on Transesophageal Echocardiography in a Prone Patient with COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Clot in Transit on Transesophageal Echocardiography in a Prone Patient with COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome • The risk of thromboembolic events in COVID-19 is substantial; • Pulmonary embolism should be considered in cases of clinical deterioration; • Management of clot in transit is controversial. We present a case of a patient admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with deteriorating oxygenation and hemodynamics. In this case, we highlight the utility of TEE in the evaluation of the unstable patient while in the prone position, and further demonstrate the consequences of the potential hypercoagulable state of COVID-19. Given rapid hemodynamic and respiratory decompensation with a significantly elevated Ddimer level, an emergent TEE (Philips Affinity, X7 probe) was performed to exclude proximal pulmonary embolism (PE), and to evaluate for alternative causes of deterioration while patient remained in prone position (Figure 2) . Acute Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Patients on CT Angiography and Relationship to D-Dimer Levels doi = 10.1016/j.case.2020.05.007 id = cord-316805-6rshrecb author = Hossain, M. A. title = Knowledge, Attitudes, and Fear of COVID-19 during the Rapid Rise Period in Bangladesh date = 2020-06-18 keywords = Bangladesh; COVID-19; June summary = Objectives: To determine the level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) related to COVID-19 preventive health habits and perception of Fear towards COVID-19 in subjects living in Bangladesh. The study objectives were to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice related to COVID-19 preventive health habits and underlying fear towards COVID 19 in the Bangladeshi population and how they are affected by socio-demographics factors. This study is similar to one study in China that found a significant relationships between knowledge and age and knowledge and educational level, with males reporting higher levels of knowledge than females regarding COVID-19 symptoms, precautions and health advisory practices (Zhong et al., 2020) . However, in our study, subjects living in Bangladesh reported similar knowledge for both males and females regarding COVID-19 symptoms, precautions and advisory health practices. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.17.20133611 id = cord-352630-dx1fwngb author = Hossain, Md. Sabbir title = Impact of weather on COVID-19 transmission in South Asian Countries: an application of the ARIMAX model date = 2020-11-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We aimed to examine the impact of weather on COVID-19 confirmed cases in South Asian countries, namely, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Several studies suggested that weather parameters like temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed, and air pollutants may influence the transmission of the COVID-19 (Ahmadi et al., 2020; Al-Rousan and Al-Najjar, 2020; Bashir et al., 2020; Jüni et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Qi et al., 2020; Sobral et al., 2020; Tosepu et al., 2020; Zoran et al., 2020) . This study was accumulated different types of data, including daily COVID-19, climate, and air pollutants datasets from the first unequal date of COVID-19 confirmed cases to 31 August 2020 of five South Asian countries, such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Our analyses also showed that temperature had a significant positive and negative impact on the transmissibility of COVID-19 in four south Asian countries except for India. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143315 id = cord-346858-18q8rxzg author = Hossain, Md. Tanvir title = Social and electronic media exposure and generalized anxiety disorder among people during COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh: A preliminary observation date = 2020-09-11 keywords = EME; SME; covid-19 summary = Classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, the novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) has spread to Bangladesh since early March of 2020, and people are getting daily updates from the social and electronic media. For this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 880 participants by a self-administered online-based questionnaire relating personal characteristics, self-rate health (SRH), SME, and EME with anxiety. The mental health burden of the COVID-19 infected patients and the healthcare professionals, fearing the persisting social prejudice and stigma generated from ''overexposure'' to media ''misinformation,'' forced some people to commit suicide [22] [23] [24] . At present, the level of anxiety generated from the exposure to social and electronic media during COVID-19 pandemic is not known in Bangladesh, while some other countries have addressed the issue vigorously [13, 18, 36] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238974 id = cord-296550-wkmnfph3 author = Hossain, Mohammad Anwar title = Knowledge, attitudes, and fear of COVID-19 during the Rapid Rise Period in Bangladesh date = 2020-09-24 keywords = Bangladesh; COVID-19; fear summary = The study aims to determine the level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) related to COVID-19 preventive health habits and perception of fear towards COVID-19 in subjects living in Bangladesh. The study objectives were to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to COVID-19 preventive health habits and the underlying fear of COVID-19 in the Bangladeshi population and how they are affected by socio-demographic factors. The KAP section of the questionnaire related to a total of 12 score knowledge questions on COVID-19, categorical answers to attitudes towards the control of the pandemic, and practices of wearing masks and avoiding public gatherings. This study is similar to one study in China that found a significant relationship between knowledge and age and knowledge and educational level, with males reporting higher levels of knowledge than females regarding COVID-19 symptoms, precautions, and health advisory practices [16] . However, in our study, subjects living in Bangladesh reported similar knowledge for both males and females regarding COVID-19 symptoms, precautions, and health advisory practices. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239646 id = cord-313382-prxc0lue author = Hossein Norooznezhad, Amir title = Empiric Antibiotics in Management of Inpatient Pregnant Women Infected with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Focusing on Inflammation and Preterm Labor date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Herein, we would evaluate one of possible cause of non-viral induced preterm labor in pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19 which could be administration of empiric antibiotics with inflammatory properties in absence of bacterial infection in the inpatients. Interestingly, a study has evaluated the outcome of empiric antibiotic therapy on gestational duration in two groups of microbe positive and negative pregnant individuals using 3 rapid and high-sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This issue may lead to a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines release and possibly preventing preterm labor in pregnant women with COVID-19. Title: Empiric Antibiotics in Management of Inpatient Pregnant Women Infected with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Focusing on Inflammation and Preterm Labor Title: Empiric Antibiotics in Management of Inpatient Pregnant Women Infected with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Focusing on Inflammation and Preterm Labor doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110269 id = cord-292751-tk1oggi9 author = Hosseini, Elahe Seyed title = The novel coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): Mechanism of action, detection and recent therapeutic strategies date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS; coronavirus summary = Novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, designated as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on the February 11, 2020, is one of the highly pathogenic β‐coronaviruses which infects human. The previously reported viral zoonotic pathogens include SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) [3, 4] , that can cause severe respiratory disease in human [5, 6] . SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus (which causes COVID19) , has fast spread like a pandemic since its outbreak in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 [7] . Nowadays, Griffithsin, as an inhibitor of SARS and MERS spike, Remdesivir, favipiravir and ribavirin (nucleoside analogues), lopinavir/ritonavir (protease enzyme inhibitors) [61] , oseltamivir (neuraminidase inhibitors), anti-inflammatory drugs and EK1 peptide [62] , the clinical potential to be applied against the 2019-nCoV infection [67, 68] . Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.011 id = cord-263861-7a076c90 author = Hossien Mehrsafar, Amir title = Addressing potential impact of COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health of elite athletes date = 2020-05-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Addressing potential impact of COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health of elite athletes Learning from the past economic crises caused by previous 86 pandemics, planning for the current situation, and eventual future prevention strategies would seem to 87 require the establishment of a specific task force. In summary, in critical situations, health authorities and sport communities must identify their 89 priorities and make plans to maintain athletes'' health and athletic activities. Several aspects play an 90 important role in prioritization and strategic planning, e.g., physical and mental health, distribution of 91 resources, and short to long-term environmental considerations. Considerations for sports federations/sports event organizers 108 when planning mass gatherings in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance Mental 114 health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement Sport psychology 117 services to high performance athletes during COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Considerations for the 122 Competitive Athlete doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.011 id = cord-320344-z3l7dvyd author = Hotopf, Matthew title = The scope of mental health research during the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; health summary = We have already seen evidence of the pandemic having particularly adverse outcomes for people from Black and minority ethnic groupsthese differential effects on mental and physical health need to be better understood. It is unknown whether or how these changes in our lives will affect mental health, and therefore research to monitor self-harm and suicide and the prevalence of mental and substance use disorders in the general population and populations at particular risk is vital. 5 In understanding long-term outcomes for people with severe COVID-19 illness, it will be necessary to resolve whether any effect on mental health arises from the possible neurotropic action of the virus, a more general impact of the ''cytokine storm'' that accompanies severe systemic infection, or the alarming experience of being mortally ill, as related to post-traumatic stress reactions. If research is to address the diverse challenges to mental health of the COVID-19 pandemic, several conditions need to be met. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science doi = 10.1192/bjp.2020.125 id = cord-318333-rzhrgp5q author = Hou, Jiabao title = COVID-19 infection, a potential threat to surgical patients and staff? A retrospective cohort study date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; patient; surgical summary = BACKGROUND: This study aimed to describe the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in surgical patients and medical staff. 8 In this study, we report the epidemiological and clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of surgical patients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia infection and the infection transmission from surgical patients to medical staff. 10 Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia were considered positive for SARS-CoV-2 with the use of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended kit (BioGerm, Shanghai, China), following WHO guidelines for qRT-PCR, 5 or by chest computed tomographic (CT) scans. 10 In the early stage of this epidemic (before January 23th, 2020), the nucleic acid tests were performed only on the suspected surgical patients with fever more than 37.3 ℃ and/or pulmonary infection (Chest CT/X-R ray showing) when entering the operating room, and medical staff only used the surgical mask to protect themselves. doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.08.037 id = cord-338933-67e98ok3 author = Howarth, Candice title = Building a Social Mandate for Climate Action: Lessons from COVID-19 date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; change; climate summary = We discuss how COVID-19 has demonstrated that behaviours can change abruptly, that these changes come at a cost, that we need a ''social mandate'' to ensure these changes remain in the long-term, and that science plays an important role in informing this process. There is public support for climate change action, including a low-carbon economic stimulus post-lockdown (Figueres 2020) , but there is a need for a more comprehensive debate, bringing scientific evidence together with public views and values-a key characteristic of deliberative governance activities such as citizen juries and assemblies (Kythreotis et al. We suggest that deliberative engagement mechanisms, such as citizens'' assemblies and juries, could be a powerful way to build a social mandate for climate action post-COVID. We suggest that deliberative engagement mechanisms, such as citizens'' assemblies and juries, could be a powerful way to build a social mandate for climate action post-COVID. doi = 10.1007/s10640-020-00446-9 id = cord-254621-ub7ynjai author = Hoyer, Carolin title = Decreased utilization of mental health emergency service during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-09 keywords = covid-19; pandemic summary = We present an early study from a German psychiatric hospital to assess the dynamics of mental health emergency service utilization rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results show that the numbers of emergency presentations decreased, and a positive correlation between these numbers and mobility of the general public suggests an impact of extended measures of social distancing. This retrospective study aimed to quantify the dynamics of mental health emergency service utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess a potential impact of the partial lockdown in Germany. This study identified a decrease of mental health emergency service utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic and for the first time extends observations made in other specialties [2, 3] to psychiatry. The correlation of lower service utilization rates and decreased population mobility moreover suggests an impact of extended measures of social distancing on patients'' willingness to seek help for mental health problems through in-hospital consultations. doi = 10.1007/s00406-020-01151-w id = cord-322590-twnlaq24 author = Hoyer, Carolin title = Changes in Demographic and Diagnostic Spectra of Patients with Neurological Symptoms Presenting to an Emergency Department During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Cohort Study date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Changes in Demographic and Diagnostic Spectra of Patients with Neurological Symptoms Presenting to an Emergency Department During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Cohort Study OBJECTIVE: To analyse the characteristics of patients with neurological complaints seeking evaluation in an interdisciplinary emergency department (ED) during the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. In addition, hospital chart data of patients referred for neurological evaluation during weeks 12–15/2020 when the pandemic began impacting on public life in Germany were analysed regarding demographic information, chief complaints, modes of presentation and disposition and ED discharge diagnosis. [7] [8] [9] Here we analysed the characteristics of patients presenting with neurological complaints to an interdisciplinary ED during the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany and compared these to data from a control cohort during the same weeks of the year 2017. doi = 10.2147/ndt.s273913 id = cord-293166-gkzebyda author = Hoz, Samer S. title = Letter to the Editor: “Beyond Containment: Tracking the Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Neurosurgery Services in Iraq” date = 2020-11-03 keywords = Coronavirus; covid-19 summary = title: Letter to the Editor: "Beyond Containment: Tracking the Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Neurosurgery Services in Iraq" Letter to the Editor: "Beyond Containment: Tracking the Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Neurosurgery Services in Iraq" LETTER: The Neurosurgery Teaching Hospital (NTH) in Baghdad, Iraq, provides neurosurgical care for 4.2 million people-approximately 50% of the population in Baghdad, with a total capacity of 102 beds, 16 neurosurgical intensive care unit (NICU) beds, and 7 operating rooms. Cases requiring less immediate care are only admitted if the condition is deemed to be "urgent." This decision is the responsibility of a newly assembled local hospital committee, composed of 3 senior neurosurgeons. As for patients, a total of 25 acute trauma cases have been confirmed to be positive by immediate postoperative polymerase chain reaction. Such situations are hazardous and require urgent legislative change that determines the COVID-19 status of all admitted patients to be positive unless proven otherwise. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.060 id = cord-291916-5yqc3zcx author = Hozhabri, Hossein title = The Global Emergency of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): An Update of the Current Status and Forecasting date = 2020-08-05 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; MERS; PCR; RNA; SARS summary = doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165648 id = cord-299781-9d5g5xaw author = Hrusak, Ondrej title = Flash Survey on SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Pediatric Patients on anti-Cancer Treatment date = 2020-04-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child summary = title: Flash Survey on SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Pediatric Patients on anti-Cancer Treatment While we should not underestimate the risk of developing a more severe course of COVID-19 than observed here, the intensity of preventive measures should not cause delays or obstructions in oncological treatment. The outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020 was identified in December, 2019. 11 To evaluate this, we used a flash survey to determine whether there was current evidence that pediatric patients with cancer in SARS-CoV-2 affected areas had been tested for this virus or had developed severe COVID-19 disease. More research is needed to better understand the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 in pediatric patients with cancer or other immunocompromised children. doi = 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.03.021 id = cord-300037-gtfx5cp4 author = Hsiang, Solomon title = The Effect of Large-Scale Anti-Contagion Policies on the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic date = 2020-03-27 keywords = March; covid-19; international; policy summary = Here, we compile new data on 1,659 local, regional, and national anti-contagion policies recently deployed in the ongoing pandemic across localities in China, South Korea, Iran, Italy, France, and the United States (US). Our econometric approach accounts for di↵erences in the baseline growth rate of infections across locations due to di↵erences in demographics, socio-economic status, culture, or health systems across localities within a country; it accounts for systemic patterns in growth rates within countries unrelated to policy, such as the e↵ect of the work-week; it is robust to systematic under-surveillance; and it accounts for changes in procedures to diagnose positive cases (see Methods and Appendix Section 2). We estimate that since the beginning of our sample, on average, all anti-contagion policies combined have slowed the average daily growth rate of infections 0.166 per day (±0.015, p < 0.001) in China, 0.276 (±0.066, p < 0.001) in South Korea, 0.158 (±0.071, p < 0.05) in Italy, 0.292 (±0.037, p < 0.001) in Iran, 0.132 (±0.053, p < 0.05) in France and 0.044 (±0.059, p = 0.45) in the US. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.22.20040642 id = cord-339100-600am3mq author = Hsiang, Walter R title = Scarce COVID-19 Testing Capabilities at Urgent Care Centers in States with Greatest Disease Burden date = 2020-03-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Scarce COVID-19 Testing Capabilities at Urgent Care Centers in States with Greatest Disease Burden Through a phone survey, we describe the COVID-19 testing capabilities at UCCs and provide a snapshot highlighting the limited COVID-19 testing capabilities at UCCs in states with the greatest disease burden. For many individuals, urgent care centers (UCCs) may offer the most accessible avenue to be tested. For many individuals, urgent care centers (UCCs) may offer the most accessible avenue to be tested. Using a phone survey, we describe the COVID-19 testing capabilities of UCCs in states with the greatest disease burden. We identified ten states with the highest COVID-19 caseload as of March 19 according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Of 250 UCCs contacted, 57 (22.8%) offered COVID-19 testing. However, this study serves as an important snapshot that highlights the limited COVID-19 testing capabilities at UCCs in the most heavily burdened states. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.22.20040923 id = cord-299882-ee5wathm author = Hsiehchen, David title = Deficiencies in the designs and interventions of COVID-19 clinical trials date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = [1] [2] [3] [4] Particularly concerning is that the dearth of high-quality medical evidence has contributed to a lack of confidence in existing guidelines on COVID-19 therapies, the off-label use of unproven therapies by patients and clinicians, and predatory behaviors exploiting the lack of strong scientific rationale for many tested interventions. 4, 6 We assessed the strength of preclinical evidence supporting the most popular interventional drugs purported to have direct anti-viral activity by examining all related PubMed entries (Supplementary Figure 1D) . Geographic differences in trial characteristics, the poor alignment between trial numbers and COVID-19 disease burden, and lack of international collaborations suggest that better integration of clinical research efforts is warranted to combat a global public health crisis. PubMed entries associated with the indicated intervention are shown, including publications describing experiments that directly assessed In vitro or in vivo anti-viral activity doi = 10.1016/j.medj.2020.06.007 id = cord-255476-p0gyyl3c author = Hsu, Albert L. title = Placental SARS‐CoV‐2 in a Pregnant Woman with Mild COVID‐19 Disease date = 2020-08-04 keywords = SARS; covid-19; woman summary = Current literature suggests minimal maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality.(1) COVID‐19 manifestations appear similar between pregnant and non‐pregnant women.(2) OBJECTIVES/STUDY DESIGN: We present a case of placental SARS‐CoV‐2 virus in a woman with mild COVID‐19 disease, then review the literature. Evidence of placental COVID‐19 raises concern for placental vasculopathy (potentially leading to fetal growth restriction and other pregnancy complications) and possible vertical transmission – especially for pregnant women who may be exposed to COVID‐19 in early pregnancy. In this case study, we present a case of placental SARS-CoV-2 virus in a woman with an uncomplicated pregnancy and mild COVID-19 disease. To date, there is still no other published work about SARS-CoV-2 virus by immunohistochemistry in the placentas of women with mild COVID-19 disease. Despite her having mild COVID-19 disease in pregnancy, we demonstrate placental vasculopathy and presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus across the placenta. Vertical transmission of COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 RNA on the fetal side of the placenta in pregnancies with COVID-19 positive mothers and neonates at birth doi = 10.1002/jmv.26386 id = cord-337946-qpa6tk6v author = Hsu, C.-Y. title = Efficacy of remdesivir in COVID-19 patients with a simulated two-arm controlled study date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We came up with a two-arm controlled study design to simulate the treated and the untreated (control group) group by applying two respective transition models to the empirical data on dynamics of the disease severity ( Figure 2 of the original article 7 ) that are classified into low-(no and low oxygen supplement), medium-(non-invasive ventilator and high oxygen supplement), and high-(ECMO and invasive ventilator) from enrolment until discharge, death or the end of follow-up. We came up with a two-arm controlled study design to simulate the treated and the untreated (control group) group by applying two respective transition models to the empirical data on dynamics of the disease severity ( Figure 2 of the original article 7 ) that are classified into low-(no and low oxygen supplement), medium-(non-invasive ventilator and high oxygen supplement), and high-(ECMO and invasive ventilator) from enrolment until discharge, death or the end of follow-up. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.02.20088559 id = cord-335838-n1184x8g author = Hsu, Caroline M. title = COVID-19 in Dialysis Patients: Outlasting and Outsmarting a Pandemic date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; dialysis summary = In this issue of Kidney International, three reports highlight the disproportionately severe impact of COVID-19 on dialysis patients, noting its high prevalence, particularly among in-center dialysis patients. Accordingly, it is imperative that the kidney community intervene to reduce the threat of COVID-19 in the vulnerable population by focusing on modifiable factors, including universal masking of patients and staff and enhanced screening, including testing asymptomatic patients for COVID-19 in times of high local prevalence. In Europe and much of Asia, aggressive steps were taken to control the spread of COVID-19 in the general population, with institution of mandatory physical distancing policies in times of high community spread, implementation of mandatory masking policies, and broad availability of contact tracing and testing, including among asymptomatic individuals, with resultant substantial reductions in mortality. In conclusion, the studies published in this issue of Kidney International highlight not only the high risk of developing COVID-19 among in-center hemodialysis patients but also the severe consequences of COVID-19 in this population, with 20% mortality among dialysis patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.kint.2020.10.005 id = cord-279933-l7nen2uj author = Hsu, Jeffrey J. title = COVID‐19 in a High‐Risk Dual Heart and Kidney Transplant Recipient date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; SOT; recipient summary = In this report, we present a dual‐organ (heart/kidney) transplant recipient who was found to have COVID‐19 and, despite the presence of a number of risk factors for poor outcomes, had a relatively mild clinical course. 3 Based on prior studies of respiratory viral infections in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, 4 it has also been assumed that this population, with its associated immunosuppressed state, is at higher risk of morbidity and mortality with COVID-19. 6, 7 Here we present a case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a diabetic dual-organ (heart/kidney) recipient, whose course was unexpectedly mild despite the presence of numerous risk factors. A 39-year-old man with a history of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic kidney disease who underwent combined heart/kidney transplant in 2017 presented to our Emergency Department for COVID-19 testing via nasopharyngeal swab after experiencing one day of rapid onset symptoms that included fevers (up to 101.8F), headache, sore throat, dry cough, dyspnea, fatigue, and myalgias. doi = 10.1111/ajt.15936 id = cord-298079-hgdyxk98 author = Hsu, Jeffrey J. title = Heart Transplantation in the Early Phase of the COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Single‐Center Case Series date = 2020-07-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Here, we describe our center''s experience with orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) in one of the country''s pandemic epicenters, where we performed eight OHTs in the first two months after community spread began in late February 2020. 3 Further, the effects of SARS-CoV-2 in highly immunosuppressed patients in the early post-transplant period are currently unclear. Current recommendations from the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) is for all potential donors to undergo PCR-based testing for SARS-CoV-2. In our eight cases performed during the period of pandemic onset (Table) , none have become infected with SARS-CoV-2 to date, despite the growing number of cases in Los Angeles (Figure 1) . Similarly, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a patient with a newly transplanted cardiac graft is unclear, as to our knowledge, there are have yet to be any cases reported at the time of this communication. More evidence is needed to determine the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection in newly transplanted patients. doi = 10.1111/ctr.14042 id = cord-294854-rvrgcugn author = Hu, Biying title = The cytokine storm and COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS summary = An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread throughout the world 1 . It has been reported that a cytokine storm is Accepted Article associated with the deterioration of many infectious diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 3 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) 4 . It is considered to be the main cause of disease severity and death in Accepted Article COVID-19 patients 5 , and is related to high levels of circulating cytokines, severe lymphopenia, thrombosis, and massive mononuclear cell infiltration in multiple organs 21 . Anakinra, an IL-1 receptor antagonist that blocks the activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α and IL-1β, has been reported to improve respiratory function and increase the survival rate of COVID-19 patients 73 . Chloroquine diphosphate in two different dosages as adjunctive therapy of hospitalized patients with severe respiratory syndrome in the context of Accepted Article coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection: Preliminary safety results of a randomized, double-blinded, phase IIb clinical trial (CloroCovid-19 Study) doi = 10.1002/jmv.26232 id = cord-292880-zegtr19k author = Hu, Fuying title = Corticosteroid, oseltamivir and delayed admission are independent risk factors for prolonged viral shedding in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Corticosteroid, oseltamivir and delayed admission are independent risk factors for prolonged viral shedding in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Here, we reviewed medical records of patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in Tianmen, a city in Hubei province adjacent to Wuhan, to describe the clinical features, epidemiological characteristics and risk factors associated with prolonged viral shedding of COVID-19. Time from illness onset to hospital admission (P < 0.001), radiographic extent (P = 0.002), lymphocyte count (P = 0.038), albumin (P = 0.046), hs-CRP (P = 0.010), and prescription of antibiotics (P < 0.001), arbidol (P = 0.020), oseltamivir (P <0.001), corticosteroid (P < 0.001) and immunoglobulin (P < 0.001) were also associated with prolonged viral shedding. In the present study, we described the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients in Tianmen city, Hubei province, and concluded that delayed admission, and prescription of corticosteroid and oseltamivir were significantly associated with prolonged viral shedding. doi = 10.1111/crj.13243 id = cord-277739-eb4z3u66 author = Hu, Ke title = Efficacy and Safety of Lianhuaqingwen Capsules, a repurposed Chinese Herb, in Patients with Coronavirus disease 2019: A multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial date = 2020-05-16 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = title: Efficacy and Safety of Lianhuaqingwen Capsules, a repurposed Chinese Herb, in Patients with Coronavirus disease 2019: A multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial In the latest publication, Lianhuaqingwen (LH) capsule (Shijiazhuang Yiling Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China) was a manufactured product of the traditional Chinese medicine formula marketed in China that could significantly inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, alter the viral morphology and confer anti-inflammatory activity in vitro . On the basis of usual treatment, we sought to explore the safety and efficacy of LH capsules in patients with Covid-19 by conducting a multicenter randomized controlled trial in mainland China. Eligibility criteria consisted of the following: 1) Laboratory-confirmed cases with according to the Protocol for Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronarvirus Pneumonia (4 th edition) which was issued by the National Health Commission (General Office Of The National Health And Health Commission, 2020) (Panel 1); 2) Being symptomatic (either having fever, coughing, or fatigue) plus radiologic abnormalities consistent with pneumonia; 3) Patients aged 18 years or greater of either sex. doi = 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153242 id = cord-277712-sx5k0m4q author = Hu, Ling-Qun title = COVID-19 and improved prevention of hospital-acquired infection date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Many hospitals in the US implemented their own protective measures as a response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic even before the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommended voluntary mask wearing in the public. Even with these extra precautionary measures, healthcare workers have been disproportionately infected, with 9,282 reported cases of COVID-19, resulting in 27 deaths, with 55% of respondents saying they contracted the virus while at work based on a report from the CDC on April 9th, 2020 (2) . In contrast to Europe and North America that have been especially burdened by COVID-19 and only advocated for social distancing and handwashing, countries in Asia with visibly lower mortality and infection rates shared the common practice of protective masking and handwashing [ Figure 1 ]. We should take this opportunity to ease not only the challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic but also other hospital-acquired infections such as seasonal flu. doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2020.05.037 id = cord-269825-k685efoh author = Hu, Parker title = Early comprehensive testing for COVID-19 is essential to protect trauma centers date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; trauma summary = We recorded the daily number of trauma patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection, the presence of clinical symptoms or radiological signs of COVID-19, and the results of verbal symptom screen (for new admissions). Positive verbal screen results, presence of ground glass opacities on admission chest CT, and presence of clinical symptoms were not significantly different in patients with or without SARS-CoV-2 infection (p > 0.05). [14] [15] [16] While the position is becoming well defined for those patients with known, established disease, there is little available data to guide trauma centers that may be required to treat significant numbers of asymptomatic infected new patients during this ongoing crisis. The screening and testing procedure in the trauma bay subsequently identified four additional SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. All new trauma patients should be regarded as SARS-CoV-2 positive until testing can be completed to minimize exposures to staff and limit nosocomial spread of disease. doi = 10.1097/ta.0000000000002870 id = cord-340163-ex03l0pc author = Hu, Tingting title = A comparison of COVID-19, SARS and MERS date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS summary = In mid-December 2019, a novel atypical pneumonia broke out in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and was caused by a newly identified coronavirus, initially termed 2019 Novel Coronavirus and subsequently severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The latest diagnostic criteria of COVID-19, SARS and MERS including clinical presentations, labora tory diagnosis and radiological feature Latest treatment and prevention methods of Published in a peer-reviewed article Availability of the full text publication Availability of the paper in English According to a study among 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China, the male-to-female ratio was 1.06:1, and the median age was 56 years (interquartile range, 42-68; range, 22-92 years) (Wu & McGoogan, 2020; Wang et al., 2020) . CXR findings In the early phase, CXR of COVID-19 patients is not highly recommended for clinical diagnosis because of its low sensitivity in detecting SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. doi = 10.7717/peerj.9725 id = cord-277014-iz8jo44e author = Hu, Weihua title = Disorders of sodium balance and its clinical implications in COVID-19 patients: a multicenter retrospective study date = 2020-10-16 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = This study indicates that severity of the disease, the length of stay in the hospital of surviving patients, and mortality were higher among COVID-19 patients with sodium balance disorders. CONCLUSION: Sodium balance disorder, particularly hyponatremia, is a common condition among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Hubei, China, and it is associated with a higher risk of severe illness and increased in-hospital mortality. reported hyponatremia to be much common (50%) amongst hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United States [13] , and recently study further suggested that serum sodium concentration was inversely correlated with IL-6, and hyponatremia was associated with a more severe outcome of COVID-19 disease [14] . The associative disorders of serum sodium balance, their clinical characteristics, severity, and outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients have not been established. It was revealed that disease severity, the length of hospital stay for surviving patients, and mortality were high among COVID-19 patients with sodium balance disorders. doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02515-9 id = cord-334518-mjr6u7ak author = Hu, X. title = Development and clinical application of a rapid and sensitive loop-mediated isothermalamplification test for SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; LAMP; SARS summary = To accelerate clinical diagnostic testing for COVID-19, we conducted a prospective cohort study to develop and validate a novel RT-LAMP assay capable of detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA for potential use in centralized facilities and point-of-care settings. Subsequently, we evaluated the RT-LAMP and standard RT-qPCR assays on 329 nasopharyngeal swabs from a cohort of 129 suspected COVID-19 patients and on the serial upper respiratory samples from an asymptomatic carrier, and the insistent samples between RT-LAMP and RT-qPCR were further subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS) for SARS-CoV-2 confirmation. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.20108530 doi: medRxiv preprint As described in the Materials and Methods, we developed a rapid and simple RT-LAMP assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and positive reactions resulted in a color change from purple to blue due to decreased magnesium concentration in the presence of extensive Bst DNA polymerase activity, while negative reactions retained the purple color. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.20.20108530 id = cord-356215-0nypfw48 author = Hu, Xiaojing title = Management practices of emergency departments in general hospitals based on blockage of chain of infection during a COVID-19 epidemic date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; Department; patient summary = At the beginning of the epidemic, with the strategy to intercept the chain of infection, Peking University First Hospital (PKUFH) focused on three important aspects: controlling the source of infection, cutting off the route of transmission, and protecting vulnerable populations, to expeditiously draft scientific and proper management measures for the emergency department, followed by real-time dynamic adjustments based on the development trend of the epidemic. Our study also proved that for the emergency department, the strategy of blocking the chain of infection (including controlling the source of infection, cutting off the transmission route, and protecting susceptible populations) could effectively prevent and control COVID-19, and maintain normal operation of the emergency department as well as the safety of patients and medical staff during the epidemic to a maximum extent. doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02499-6 id = cord-276957-pk33dl8q author = Hu, Xuejiao title = Development and Clinical Application of a Rapid and Sensitive Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Test for SARS-CoV-2 Infection date = 2020-08-26 keywords = LAMP; SARS; covid-19 summary = To accelerate clinical diagnostic testing for COVID-19, we conducted a prospective cohort study to develop and validate a novel RT-LAMP assay capable of detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA for potential use in centralized facilities and point-of-care settings. The detection results obtained using the RT-LAMP assay showed good concordance with those obtained using the RT-qPCR In Cohort I, 35 of 37 nasopharyngeal swabs from 24 COVID-19 patients were confirmed to be SARS-CoV-2 positive according to the criteria of RT-qPCR (28 samples) and NGS confirmation (7 samples) (see Table S3 in the supplemental material). Subsequently, we evaluated the RT-LAMP and standard RT-qPCR assays on 329 nasopharyngeal swabs from a cohort of 129 suspected COVID-19 patients and on serial upper respiratory samples from an asymptomatic carrier, and the inconsistent samples between RT-LAMP and RT-qPCR were further subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS) for SARS-CoV-2 confirmation. doi = 10.1128/msphere.00808-20 id = cord-347898-appzi43a author = Hu, Zeming title = The Status of Psychological Issues Among Frontline Health Workers Confronting the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date = 2020-06-05 keywords = covid-19; worker summary = As an increasing number of studies about the transmission routes of severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been conducted, healthcare workers who come into direct contact with confirmed or suspected patients are at high risk of infection despite the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Therefore, effective strategies to subvert mental breakdown among medical providers are needed as part of the public health response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to the social support systems provided by organizations, building proper self-awareness, peer support, and team support will equip medical workers with the capacity to cope with mental health stress during the current pandemic. Second, social support, including online services and guidelines provided by organizations, should be utilized to timely, effectively, and efficiently mitigate the psychological impacts among health workers. Mental health care for medical staff and affiliated healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00265 id = cord-267533-nmgtan4e author = Hu, Zhigang title = Delayed hospital admission and high-dose corticosteroids potentially prolong SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection duration of patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-29 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS summary = By LASSO and multivariate Cox regression analyses, we observed that delayed hospital admission, subpleural lesion, and high-dose corticosteroid use were independent risk factors of prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection. The study of Xu and colleagues [5] estimated the risk factors of delayed viral shedding (≥ 15 days after illness onset) and found that male, delayed hospital admission, and invasive mechanical ventilation were positively associated with prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection duration. Delayed hospital admission, hypokalemia, and subpleural lesion were still the independent risk factors of long-term SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis with a generalized additive model. LASSO analysis with Cox regression model found six independent risk factors of prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection duration, including cough, dyspnea, delayed hospital admission, subpleural lesion, the use of methylprednisolone, and the use of thymosin. doi = 10.1007/s10096-020-04085-2 id = cord-335039-o92ohoao author = Hu, Zhipeng title = Efficacy and safety of Lian-Hua Qing-Wen granule for COVID-2019: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; LHQWG summary = title: Efficacy and safety of Lian-Hua Qing-Wen granule for COVID-2019: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis CONCLUSION: Our study aims to systematically present the clinical evidence of LHQWG in treating COVID-19, which will be of significant meaning for further research and clinical practice. Researchers carried out a series of studies on the efficacy of this medicine in the treatment of COVID-19. Since COVID19 is an urgent public health event, it is difficult to carry out randomized studies, it is appropriate to include nonrandomized studies in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The following data will be extracted: the first author''s name, publication time, country, article title, article type, interventions in experimental and control group, course of treatment, severity of disease, Table 1 Example of PubMed search strategy. Traditional Chinese Medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a review and perspective Novel coronavirus pneumonia: clinical efficacy and mechanism of Lianhua Qingwen Granule: a network pharmacology study doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000020203 id = cord-324236-32sxqeko author = Hua, Wenbin title = Work Characteristics of Orthopaedic Surgeons During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single Center Analysis date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = During the pandemic period, many orthopaedic surgeons had been working at the front line to fight against COVID-19 in China, and the number of orthopaedic surgeries performed in our hospital decreased sharply. METHODS: The work characteristics of orthopaedic surgeons was evaluated by the workplaces of orthopaedic surgeons, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection rate of orthopaedic surgeons and the number of orthopaedic surgeries performed. RESULTS: During the pandemic period, 65.56% of the orthopaedic surgeons had been working at the front line to fight against COVID-19. The work characteristics of orthopaedic surgeons was greatly changed by the To prevent the nosocomial transmission of COVID-19, it is necessary to conduct rigorous screening of each patient before being admitted to our hospital at the outpatient department, emergency department, or fever clinics. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in wuhan, china doi = 10.1016/j.pcorm.2020.100127 id = cord-253962-ug7yflxh author = Huang, Dong title = A novel risk score to predict diagnosis with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in suspected patients: A retrospective, multi‐center, observational study date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: A novel risk score to predict diagnosis with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in suspected patients: A retrospective, multi‐center, observational study BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to explore a novel risk score to predict diagnosis with COVID‐19 among all suspected patients at admission. We found nine independent risk factors for diagnosis with COVID‐19 at admission to hospital: epidemiological exposure histories (OR:13.32, 95%CI 6.39‐27.75), weakness/fatigue (OR:4.51, 95%CI 1.70‐11.96), heart rate <100 beat/min (OR:3.80, 95%CI 2.00‐7.22), bilateral pneumonia (OR:3.60, 95%CI 1.83‐7.10), neutrophil count ≤6.3×10(9)/L (OR: 6.77, 95%CI 2.52‐18.19), eosinophil count ≤0.02×10(9)/L (OR:3.14, 95%CI 1.58‐6.22), glucose ≥6 mmol/L (OR:2.43, 95%CI 1.04‐5.66), D‐dimer ≥0.5 mg/L (OR:3.49, 95%CI 1.22‐9.96), and C‐reactive protein <5 mg/L (OR:3.83, 95%CI 1.86‐7.92). The current study is conducted aiming to explore the potential early risk factors, and to develop a risk score used for predicting the probability of diagnosis among all suspected COVID-19 patients at early stage. doi = 10.1002/jmv.26143 id = cord-322908-e3gok0ot author = Huang, Fangfang title = A review of therapeutic agents and Chinese herbal medicines against SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS; chinese summary = In the absence of confirmed effective treatments, due to public health emergencies, it is essential to study the possible effects of existing approved antivirals drugs or Chinese herbal medicines for SARS-CoV-2. Meanwhile, this review also focus on the re-purposing of clinically approved drugs and Chinese herbal medicines that may be used to treat COVID-19 and provide new ideas for the discovery of small molecular compounds with potential therapeutic effects on novel COVID-19. In this review, we summarized potential Chinese herbal medicines ( Table 2 ) that may treat COVID-19 by targeting proteins such as Spike protein, ACE2, 3CLpro, PLpro and RdRp. We also predicted the binding affinities between these compounds and COVID-19 related targets by molecular docking, with a focus on six compounds: quercetin, andrographolide, glycyrrhizic acid, baicalin, patchouli alcohol, and luteolin. Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104929 id = cord-354395-5ss8vni5 author = Huang, G. title = Staging and typing of chest CT images: A quantitative analysis based on an ambispective observational cohort study of 125 patients with COVID-19 in Xiangyang, China date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Staging and typing of chest CT images: A quantitative analysis based on an ambispective observational cohort study of 125 patients with COVID-19 in Xiangyang, China In this study, we established a cohort of 125 patients with COVID-19 in Xiangyang, Hubei, China, described the staging duration of their CT images, and put forward a four-stage staging method based on the time of symptom onset and appearance time of CT features at each stage. The clinical data of the patients with COVID-19 were collected independently from the hospital information system and four-cross-checked, including hospitalization registry numbers, genders, ages, symptom onset time, all symptoms, inception dates of critical type, chest CT images, laboratory test results, and outcomes. The pulmonary lesion sizes and their temporal changes of the whole cohort and different clinical types were separately quantitatively analyzed and compared. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.25.20219253 id = cord-324509-5c6fzdjm author = Huang, Haijun title = The association between markers of liver injury and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID‐19 in Wuhan date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19; liver summary = 7 Some studies have reported the clinical characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , including some factors that may lead to COVID-19-related liver damage and the relationship between liver function damage and disease prognosis. Therefore, we retrospectively analysed the clinical characteristics and dynamic changes in liver function based on different liver function levels at admission and different prognosis, in the purpose of finding out risk factors related to liver injury, and associations between markers of liver injury and clinical outcomes in COVID-19, including mortality and mechanical ventilation. 13, 17 One study had suggested that the dynamic changes in liver enzyme levels in severe patients were more significant, and AST was the parameter most correlated with mortality. In our study, the dynamic changes of ALT and AST levels were more significant in patients with liver injury and in the fatal group. doi = 10.1111/apt.15962 id = cord-286799-q9p5kg65 author = Huang, Huang title = Prognostic Factors for COVID-19 Pneumonia Progression to Severe Symptoms Based on Earlier Clinical Features: A Retrospective Analysis date = 2020-10-05 keywords = LDH; covid-19; severe summary = The subsequent analysis with single-factor and multivariate logistic regression methods indicated that 17 factors on admission differed significantly between mild and severe groups but that only comorbidity with underlying diseases, increased respiratory rate (>24/min), elevated C-reactive protein (CRP >10 mg/L), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH >250 U/L) were independently associated with the later disease development. Finally, we evaluated their prognostic values with receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis and found that the above four factors could not confidently predict the occurrence of severe pneumonia individually, though a combination of fast respiratory rate and elevated LDH significantly increased the predictive confidence (AUC = 0.944, sensitivity = 0.941, and specificity = 0.902). Finally, we evaluated their prognostic values with receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis and found that the above four factors could not confidently predict the occurrence of severe pneumonia individually, though a combination of fast respiratory rate and elevated LDH significantly increased the predictive confidence (AUC = 0.944, sensitivity = 0.941, and specificity = 0.902). doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.557453 id = cord-278638-2dm54f6l author = Huang, Ian title = Lymphopenia in severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-05-24 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; Wuhan summary = Research articles in adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with information on lymphocyte count and several outcomes of interest, including mortality, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), intensive care unit (ICU) care, and severe COVID-19, were included in the analysis. We used standardized forms that included author, year, study design, age, gender, cardiac comorbidities, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking, lymphocyte count, lymphopenia, mortality, ARDS, ICU care, and severe COVID-19. Random-effects meta-regression analysis showed that the association between lower lymphocyte count in patients with composite poor outcome was affected by age (p = 0.034) (Fig. 3a) , but not by gender (p = 0.109), cardiac comorbidity (p = 0.953) (Fig. 3b) , hypertension (p = 0.065) (Fig. 3c) , diabetes mellitus (p = 0.931), COPD (p = 0.798), and smoking (p = 0.581). This meta-analysis showed that lower lymphocyte count was associated with increased mortality, ARDS, need for ICU care, and severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1186/s40560-020-00453-4 id = cord-298881-u6uqroi0 author = Huang, Ian title = Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia – A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression() date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan summary = title: Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia – A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression() Meta-analysis showed that DM was associated with composite poor outcome (RR 2.38 [1.88, 3.03], p < 0.001; I(2): 62%) and its subgroup which comprised of mortality (RR 2.12 [1.44, 3.11], p < 0.001; I(2): 72%), severe COVID-19 (RR 2.45 [1.79, 3.35], p < 0.001; I(2): 45%), ARDS (RR 4.64 [1.86, 11.58], p = 0.001; I(2): 9%), and disease progression (RR 3.31 [1.08, 10.14], p = 0.04; I(2): 0%). Data extraction was performed independently by two authors (IH and RP), we used standardized forms that include author, year, study design, age, gender, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, DM, need for ICU care, and severe COVID-19. This comprehensive meta-analysis of 30 studies showed that DM was associated with poor outcome that comprises of mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, and disease progression in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.018 id = cord-334546-izzavogm author = Huang, Ian title = C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, D-dimer, and ferritin in severe coronavirus disease-2019: a meta-analysis date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; PCT summary = In the present study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the association between several biomarkers, including serum CRP, PCT, D-dimer, and serum ferritin, and the severity of COVID-19. We included research articles in which samples were adult patients with COVID-19 with data for serum CRP, PCT, D-dimer, and serum ferritin, and reported the data based on the presence or absence of clinically validated definitions of mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, and intensive care unit (ICU) care. Meta-regression analysis demonstrated that the association between an elevated CRP, PCT, D-dimer, serum ferritin level, and the composite poor outcome was not significantly affected by gender, age, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and COPD (p > 0.05). This meta-analysis showed that elevated serum CRP, PCT, D-dimer, and serum ferritin levels were associated with an increased composite poor outcome that comprises mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, and the need for ICU care in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1177/1753466620937175 id = cord-260697-oepk0b1d author = Huang, J. title = COVID-19 Recurrent Varies with Different Combinatorial Medical Treatments Determined by Machine Learning Approaches date = 2020-08-01 keywords = Lopinavir; Ritonavir; SARS; covid-19 summary = We applied the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) to overcome the rare recurring events in certain age groups and performed Virtual Twins (VT) analysis facilitated by random forest regression for medical treatment-recurrence classification. Here, we report the clinical, radiological, laboratory, and drug treatment findings of 93 recurring patients from 414 patients in Shenzhen, along with our machine learning approaches for identifying the best drug combinations that reduce recurring rates in all population, different age groups and obese patients. The interaction among age, hospitalization delay and drug treatment on SARS-CoV-2 recurring rate is shown in Figure 3 . Interestingly, we found out that the combination of anti-influenza virus drug, oseltamivir, with Interferon/Lopinavir/Ritonavir/Arbidol, has very good outcome (recurring rate of 0.172), supporting the hypothesis of co-infection of influenzas and SARS-CoV-2. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.29.20164699 doi: medRxiv preprint Supplement Table Table S1 : Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, treatments, and outcomes of Covid-19 patients with and without recurrence of SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity during hospitalization. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.29.20164699 id = cord-342703-vbq1o25l author = Huang, J. title = Comparing biomarkers for COVID-19 disease with commonly associated preexisting conditions and complications. date = 2020-10-05 keywords = October; covid-19; preprint summary = Using high-sensitivity proximity extension technology, this study examines the blood proteome of COVID-19 patients for protein markers associated with early infection and disease prognosis and compares with known biomarkers of common preexisting conditions and related complications. Differences in protein levels between COVID-19 positive patients and negative controls were analyzed using a multivariable linear regression model adjusting for age is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.02.20205609 doi: medRxiv preprint Differences in log base-two protein levels (NPX) between COVID-19 positive cases (n=305) and negative controls (n=78) were analyzed using a multivariable linear regression model adjusting for age, preexisting conditions (see Table 1 ), and sample handling. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.02.20205609 id = cord-324839-6w9kdhod author = Huang, Jianping title = Global prediction system for COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-02 keywords = covid-19; prediction summary = Therefore, a system for global pandemic prediction is urgently needed to provide important scientific data to the WHO and local governments to help with public decision-making and allocation of medical resources. Many countries also implemented epidemic prevention and control measures during the outbreak, and it is important to consider the role of national interventions in the spread of COVID-19. Currently, however, no studies have considered the influence of meteorological factors and interventions on global COVID-19 prediction models. In this article, we integrated the epidemic prediction model with real global pandemic data and considered the influence of environmental factors (temperature and humidity) as well as the implementation of control measures, to establish our own global prediction system, which is the first of global COVID-19 prediction system. Our prediction system is a modified epidemiological susceptible-infectiousrecovery (SIR) model [6, 11] that incorporates real global pandemic data, meteorological factors, and quantified quarantine measures [9] . doi = 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.002 id = cord-335038-q32ghvsv author = Huang, Jiao title = Epidemiological, virological and serological features of COVID-19 cases in people living with HIV in Wuhan City: A population-based cohort study date = 2020-08-17 keywords = PLWH; covid-19 summary = title: Epidemiological, virological and serological features of COVID-19 cases in people living with HIV in Wuhan City: A population-based cohort study METHODS: This population-based cohort study identified all COVID-19 cases among the whole PLWH in Wuhan city, China, by April 16, 2020. Previous studies have found that PLWH with low CD4 cell count, high HIV viral load and not taking antiretroviral treatment have an increased risk of other respiratory infections [9] . This indicates that COVID-19 cases in PLWH may have delayed viral clearance for SARS-CoV-2 because of immunosuppression, although clinical improvement of COVID-19 in PLWH was not worse than that of individuals without HIV infection as described in the present study and other published studies [25, 32] . CD4 cell count and the risk of AIDS or death in HIV-Infected adults on combination antiretroviral therapy with a suppressed viral load: a longitudinal cohort study from COHERE doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1186 id = cord-273689-gvzvvrfx author = Huang, Jiaofeng title = Hypoalbuminemia predicts the outcome of COVID‐19 independent of age and co‐morbidity date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; albumin summary = We hypothesized that serum albumin levels at admission might reflect the severity of systemic inflammation and thus can serve as a predictive factor for COVID-19 outcomes. To address this question, we performed a retrospective study to compare the outcome in patients with or without hypoalbuminemia and to explore the impact of albumin in the prognosis of COVID-19. In this study, a significant correlation was found between albumin level and inflammatory indicators (CRP, WBC, and NLR). Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China: a nationwide analysis Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Lymphopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: a systemic review and meta-analysis Clinical characteristics of Non-ICU hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and liver injury: a retrospective study Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study doi = 10.1002/jmv.26003 id = cord-284782-51mbq7qb author = Huang, Jing title = Care for the psychological status of frontline medical staff fighting against COVID-19 date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-284782-51mbq7qb authors: Huang, Jing; Liu, Fangkun; Teng, Ziwei; Chen, Jindong; Zhao, Jingping; Wang, Xiaoping; Wu, Renrong title: Care for the psychological status of frontline medical staff fighting against COVID-19 cord_uid: 51mbq7qb Besides, a total of 6, 097 medical workers from different provinces in China were in Hubei province to assist in the COVID-19 by Jan 30, 2020 2 . For example, the emergency medical team from the Second Xiangya Hospital is able to set up field hospitals and ambulances to help and serve the With the increasing spreading of the virus worldwide, COVID-19 outbreak is now becoming a pandemic. None of the authors has any potential conflicts of interest to disclose. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital Protecting Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Coronavirus Outbreak -Lessons from Taiwan''s SARS response doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa385 id = cord-314614-rr0zckrv author = Huang, Jing title = Improving staff safety with checklists during novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: A quasi-experiment study in vascular surgical department date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; checklist summary = title: Improving staff safety with checklists during novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: A quasi-experiment study in vascular surgical department We used checklists based on our experiences on COVID-19 control and reality of clinical work from February to March in the West China Hospital, involving events of screening patient, chaperonage, and healthcare workers. In order to protect the safety of patients and staffs, and maintain the normal order of hospital, we provided a try for the design, context, and structure of checklists adapted for healthcare workers and vascular surgery department when operating prevention and control work. Improving staff safety with checklists during novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: a quasi-experiment study in vascular surgical department. Checklists were designed based on National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China and our institutional policies and we aimed to design an easy-to-use tool that requires little time but provides order, logic, and systematization and increase the level of both workers and patient safety in vascular surgery department during COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000021548 id = cord-342771-0p5x5ihh author = Huang, Qianwen title = Targeting inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19 date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6 summary = Mounting evidence has demonstrated that severely ill COVID-19 patients presented with elevated levels of cytokines and inflammatory indices, such as serum IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and D-dimer than those with moderate symptoms, suggesting the involvement of a cytokine storm [2] . Current clinical evidence also confirmed the correlation of cytokine storm syndrome and disease severity as well as unfavorable outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients [3] . Corticosteroids, such as methylprednisolone and dexamethasone, were considered as one of the options for COVID-19 patients with cytokine storm [4] based on their inhibition on many inflammatory genes and previous clinical use in other viral diseases. Therefore, drugs targeting at NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β are promising in mitigating NLRP3-inflammasome driven hyper-inflammation, pyroptosis, and cytokine storm syndrome in severely ill COVID-19 patients. Potential therapies of COVID-19 by targeting inflammation and cytokine storm SARS-CoV-2 entries and infects cells by binding to TMPRSS2 and ACE2, subsequently releases virus RNA, one of the PAMPs, and recruits dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils. doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105051 id = cord-294810-mq9vjnro author = Huang, Qiong title = Clinical characteristics and drug therapies in patients with the common-type coronavirus disease 2019 in Hunan, China date = 2020-05-14 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19; patient summary = title: Clinical characteristics and drug therapies in patients with the common-type coronavirus disease 2019 in Hunan, China Background Clinical characteristics of patients with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may present differently within and outside the epicenter of Wuhan, China. According to the clinical manifestations, the confirmed COVID-19 patients can be divided into mild, common, severe, and critical type groups based on the China National Health Commission Diagnosis and Treatment Plan of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (trial version 6) [7] . The blood test also showed that in general, patients with severe COVID-19 had worse results such as electrolyte and inflammatory biomarker abnormalities than those in patients with the common-type infection. In this study, we reported the clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 as well as therapies they received during hospitalization in Hunan province, China. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series doi = 10.1007/s11096-020-01031-2 id = cord-285772-4xt4anq5 author = Huang, Rui title = Clinical findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Jiangsu province, China: A retrospective, multi-center study date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan; patient summary = This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and identify the risk factors for severe illness of COVID-19 in Jiangsu province, China. Several studies have reported the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in Wuhan (the outbreak center of the infection) [4, 6, 7] . conducted a retrospective, single-center study which included 99 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan and found that the virus was more likely to infect older men with comorbidities, and the mortality rate was as high as 11% [4] . Another single-center study which analyzed 138 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 in Wuhan, found that 26% of patients received ICU care and the mortality rate was only 4.3% [7] . In this multi-center study, we aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and to identify the risk factors of severe illness among inpatients with confirmed COVID-19 in Jiangsu province, which is located in the east of China. doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008280 id = cord-352998-02pc3z8n author = Huang, Shanshan title = COVID‐19 outbreak: The impact of stress on seizures in patients with epilepsy date = 2020-08-06 keywords = AED; COVID-19; seizure summary = Therefore, we conducted a questionnaire survey-based, cross-sectional study, in which we aimed to assess the clinical status of PWE in Wuhan and its surrounding cities during the COVID-19 outbreak, and more importantly, to explore the effect of the viral epidemic on seizure incidence. • A small proportion of patients with epilepsy experienced seizure exacerbation during the outbreak of COVID-19 • Seizure exacerbation is associated with exposure history to COVID-19, worry about a negative effect of COVID-19 on seizure-related issues, inappropriate change of AED treatment, and uncontrolled seizures, including unsuccessful AED treatment, as well as frequent seizures • Stress is an independent precipitant for triggering seizures in some patients with epilepsy and the rating scales Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 items (GAD-7), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). doi = 10.1111/epi.16635 id = cord-309133-0jh84w6f author = Huang, Shiu-Feng title = Rapid establishment of a COVID-19 biobank in NHRI by National Biobank Consortium of Taiwan date = 2020-05-29 keywords = Taiwan; covid-19 summary = By the request of the Minister of Health and Welfare, NHRI Biobank was assigned to establish a COVID-19 biobank in early Feb, 2020 to collect COVID-19 patients'' blood samples for Taiwan researchers and industries in an emergent way. By the request of the Minister of Health and Welfare, NHRI Biobank was assigned to establish a COVID-19 biobank in early Feb, 2020 to collect COVID-19 patients'' blood samples for Taiwan researchers and industries in an emergent way. This biobank can provide applicants with biosamples, such as serum, DNA and RNA, and also the clinical and genomic data, so as to accelerate the COVID-19 treatment and prevention research in Taiwan. This biobank can provide applicants with biosamples, such as serum, DNA and RNA, and also the clinical and genomic data, so as to accelerate the COVID-19 treatment and prevention research in Taiwan. doi = 10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.018 id = cord-184685-ho72q46e author = Huang, Tongtong title = Population stratification enables modeling effects of reopening policies on mortality and hospitalization rates date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; HCD; SIR; model summary = We present the development of a forecasting model using local fine-grained hospital-level data to track the changes in hospitalization and mortality rates owing to reopening orders in the greater Houston area encompassing nine counties in the state of Texas, USA. We demonstrated our new approach using a policy-aware risk-Stratified Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered Hospitalization-Critical-Dead (SSIR-HCD) model, which compared favorably to existing methods (including our neural network latent space modeling, a nonlinear extension of SIR-HCD). • Epidemiology based dynamic models based on grouping populations into a discrete set of compartments (i.e., states), and defining ordinary differential equations (ODE) rate equations describing the movement of people between compartments: SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infected, Recovered) models and their myriad variants are examples in this category. Our SSIR-HCD model forecasts fine-grained COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality by accounting for the impact of local policies. doi = nan id = cord-270828-h9tgkboe author = Huang, V. S. title = Social distancing across vulnerability, race, politics, and employment: How different Americans changed behaviors before and after major COVID-19 policy announcements date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; distancing; social summary = To investigate social distancing''s sensitivity to different population characteristics, we compared social distancing time-series data across county vulnerability as measured by the COVID-19 Community Vulnerability Index (CCVI) which defines vulnerability across socioeconomic, household composition, minority status, epidemiological, and healthcare-system related factors. Shifts in social distancing began after major announcements but prior to specific applied policies: Following the WHO declaration, national social distancing significantly increased on weekdays and weekends (-18.6% and -41.3% decline in mobility, respectively). For each population grouping listed above, we analyzed three key events: (1) the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of a global pandemic on March 11th, 2020, (2) the release of President Trump''s national guidelines for reopening ("Opening Up America Again"abbreviated OUAA) on April 16th, and (3) the time period (including effective date) of states'' first relaxation of social distancing . doi = 10.1101/2020.06.04.20119131 id = cord-350660-12ienbdx author = Huang, Wei title = Lymphocyte Subset Counts in COVID‐19 Patients: A Meta‐Analysis date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 4, 5 To obtain a clearer picture of this emerging data, we performed a meta-analysis of studies that included measurement of lymphocyte subset counts and disease severity in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] These publications compared the results of peripheral blood lymphocyte subset counts in patients with mild/moderate disease to those with severe/critical disease hospitalized in China with a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. The 20 publications selected for meta-analysis included a total of 3017 subjects with CD4+ cell counts where 2311 were classified as "Mild/Moderate" (76.6%) and 706 were classified as "Severe/Critical" reported. Meta-analysis was performed to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) between the Mild/Moderate and Severe/Critical groups for total lymphocytes, CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, CD19+ B cell and CD16+CD56+ NK cell counts. doi = 10.1002/cyto.a.24172 id = cord-351238-epw9w7xx author = Huang, Xing title = In Reply: Precautions for Endoscopic Transnasal Skull Base Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In the article, Patel et al 3 cited the co-occurrence of 14 COVID-19 infected medical workers and a COVID-19 affected patient with pituitary adenoma who underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery in our department, and stated the safety issue about the transsphenoidal surgery in this emerging COVID-19 situation. Among the infected medical workers, 10 nurses and 4 neurosurgeons were diagnosed and only 4 nurses contacted the COVID-19 patient directly. The second problem is that the authors 3 believed that all the medical workers who participated in the surgery were infected, especially from the experience of the second case that the author cited, for which we have no exact information in Wuhan neurosurgery medical system. However, according to our retrospective survey on our case, none of medical staff who participated in surgery were diagnosed with COVID-19 until March 31, 2020. More importantly, the medical workers diagnosed with COVID-19 in our department later were the staff who were outside the operation room. doi = 10.1093/neuros/nyaa145 id = cord-277347-5innqoip author = Huang, Y. title = A cohort study of 223 patients explores the clinical risk factors for the severity diagnosis of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; severe summary = title: A cohort study of 223 patients explores the clinical risk factors for the severity diagnosis of COVID-19 METHODS: In this retrospective study, the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome data were collected and analyzed from 223 COVID-19 patients stratified into 125 non-severe patients and 98 severe patients. For the diagnosis markers, we found that the levels of D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), procalcitonin (PCT) were significantly higher in severe group compared with the non-severe group on admission (D-Dimer: 87.3% vs. The laboratory findings on admission were shown in Table 1 Table 2 is the summary of case studies (4, 5, 9, 10) examining the association between clinical characters and COVID-19 in the meta-analysis, dividing into two subtypes: severe and non-severe patients. Figure shows the association between elevated risk factors and severity of COVID-19 in the meta-analysis: CRP (A), LDH (B), PCT(C) and D-dimer (D). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.18.20070656 id = cord-279631-1hlrx7o4 author = Huang, Yan‐Mei title = CHINA''S OLDEST CORONAVIRUS SURVIVORS date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19; old summary = A 103-year-old woman who had a confirmed positive DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16462 nucleic acid test result for COVID-19 on March 1 was admitted to the Li-Yuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. 5 Considering her critically ill condition, she and her 55-year-old daughter, who also had the virus, were transferred to an intensive care unit in a makeshift hospital on the evening of February 13; they were discharged on March 1. However, in view of the public health consequences of COVID-19, nursing homes now refer all patients with fever and respiratory symptoms to acute hospitals to rule out the virus. All nursing home patients admitted to our institution with acute respiratory infections are isolated in negative pressure rooms and tested once for COVID-19 if the clinical suspicion is low. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan 98-year-old COVID-19 patient discharged from hospital doi = 10.1111/jgs.16462 id = cord-310117-19qsszns author = Huang, Yao title = Clinical characteristics of 17 patients with COVID-19 and systemic autoimmune diseases: a retrospective study date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; Hospital; Tongji; patient summary = 2 7-9 We retrieved 2804 inpatients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 in two campuses of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (hereinafter referred to as Wuhan Tongji Hospital) and reported the epidemiological and clinical data of 17 inpatients suffering from systemic autoimmune diseases (AIDs), providing more information on this population and relevant therapies. We reviewed 2804 electronic clinical records at two campuses of Wuhan Tongji Hospital and extracted demographic characteristics, epidemiological history, comorbidities, clinical symptoms or signs on admission, chest CT findings, laboratory results on admission, therapies that were prescribed for COVID-19 as well as AIDs, and clinical outcomes for all 17 inpatients with systemic AIDs. All radiological assessments and laboratory testing were performed for the clinical care needs of the patients. This is a descriptive study on the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of 17 patients with COVID-19 and systemic AIDs, and an extended report on the epidemiology of 1255 inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan Tongji Hospital. doi = 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217425 id = cord-258991-mrs5j2ep author = Huang, Yeen title = Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey date = 2020-04-12 keywords = GAD; chinese; covid-19 summary = title: Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey Using a web-based cross-sectional survey, we collected data from 7,236 self-selected volunteers assessed with demographic information, COVID-19 related knowledge, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), depressive symptoms, and sleep quality. Multivariate logistic regression showed that age (< 35 years) and time spent focusing on the COVID-19 (≥ 3 hours per day) were associated with GAD, and healthcare workers were at high risk for poor sleep quality. Therefore, using a web-based cross-sectional study, we aimed to assess the mental health burden of Chinese public during COVID-19 outbreak, and to explore the potential influence factors. All subjects reported their demographic data, COVID-19 related information, and completed three standardized questionnaires which assessed their generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), depressive symptoms, and sleep quality. Our web-based study shows a high prevalence of GAD and poor sleep quality in the Chinese public during COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954 id = cord-303799-9hh17k86 author = Huang, Ying title = Clinical characteristics of 36 non-survivors with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-02-29 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan summary = Methods For this retrospective, single-center study, we included 36 non-survivors with COVID-19 in the Fifth Hospital of Wuhan. In this single-centered study, we retrospectively analysed specific clinical information of 36 non-survivors infected with SARS-CoV-2. For this retrospective, single-center study, we included 36 non-survivors with COVID-19 in the Fifth Hospital of Wuhan. For this retrospective, single-center study, we included 36 non-survivors with COVID-19 in the Fifth Hospital of Wuhan. Previous studies have shown that elder patients and males who were confirmed with coronavirus infection are at higher risk of ARDS, 10 All rights reserved. As reported in previous studies, patients who are male, elder or have a history of cerebrovascular disease are at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection 2,14,15 . Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study doi = 10.1101/2020.02.27.20029009 id = cord-347277-8bmcd22v author = Huang, Ying hui title = The respiratory sound features of COVID-19 patients fill gaps between clinical data and screening methods date = 2020-04-10 keywords = 0(0; COVID-19; patient; sound summary = Conclusions: This study describes respiratory sounds of patients with COVID-19, which fills up for the lack of clinical data and provides a simple screening method for suspected patients. This study intends to leverage a remote electronic stethoscope to collect the lung auscultation characteristics of COVID-19 patients, which makes up the lack of existing COVID-19 clinical data. Based on the above method, 1 of the 8 patients was diagnosed with abnormal breath sounds by 6 physicians at the same time. The diagnosis results of respiratory sounds in the asymptomatic patients included cackles, asymmetric vocal resonance, and abnormal vesicular breath sounds with murmurs. The feature of waveform and time-frequency graph (Figure 2 .B-C) are consistent with previous description concerning cackles features: duration <100ms, and the main frequency range is about 200-600Hz. The respiratory sounds of 10 patients with COVID-19 infection were recorded and analyzed by electronic stethoscope in this research. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.07.20051060 id = cord-274702-x032pcwx author = Huang, Yu-Xi title = The database-based strategy may overstate the potential effects of traditional Chinese medicine against COVID-19 date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Besides literature surveys and chemical methods, the natural product and traditional medicine databases seem to be a popular or efficient tool in the mechanistic investigation of TCM on Table 1 , each of them is flooded with massive information including TCM formulas, herbs, ingredients, targets, diseases, and the details under the corresponding items. Compared with Chinese patent medicines, these TCM formulas/decoctions consist of several or even dozens of herbs without corresponding quality criteria, which may pose a challenge to their quality control and database-based mechanistic investigations. In Chinese clinic, the combination of Chinese and Western medicines is still the mainstream for the treatment of COVID-19, so elucidating the exact role of these TCMs is in urgent demand and the database-based strategy will facilitate the mechanistic investigations of these clinically effective TCMs on COVID-19 to some extent. Databases for Facilitating Mechanistic Investigations of Traditional Chinese Medicines Against COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105046 id = cord-288568-fjdjuksm author = Huang, Yuanyuan title = Prevalence and Correlation of Anxiety, Insomnia and Somatic Symptoms in a Chinese Population During the COVID-19 Epidemic date = 2020-08-28 keywords = anxiety; covid-19; symptom summary = Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence of anxiety, somatization and insomnia and explore the relationships between different psychological states in the general population during the COVID-19 outbreak. All subjects were evaluated with the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale, the somatization subscale of the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). At present, several studies have reported the prevalence of anxiety, depression, insomnia, and other psychological states in the general population during the epidemic (1, 6-8, 10-12). Therefore, we investigated the public''s mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic and aimed to (1) explore the prevalence of anxiety, somatization, and insomnia in a Chinese population; (2) examine the correlation between physical symptoms and psychological symptoms; and (3) provide a theoretical basis for intervention measures provided by psychologists and the government. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that anxiety, insomnia, and somatic symptoms were common in the general population during the COVID-19 epidemic. doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.568329 id = cord-303860-jpy373ph author = Huang, Zhifeng title = Occupational Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Burns Treatment During the COVID-19 Epidemic: Specific Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19; Health; patient summary = During the COVID-19 epidemic, the early stages of emergency treatment for patients with extensive burns requiring the establishment of venous access for rehydration, endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy, wound treatment, and surgery are the risk points for exposure to infection. Globally, nearly 1.5 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 have now been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) , and more than 92,000 deaths [3] .After initial virus-typing tests, the WHO officially named the new coronavirus causing the Wuhan pneumonia epidemic the "2019 new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)" on 12 January 2020. To risk points of infection exposure during burn treatment according to the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19, we obtained patient data, including the sex, age, diagnosis, admission time, operation time, endotracheal intubation or tracheotomy operation, central vein puncture operation, anesthesia mode, etc., from the medical records department of the hospital. doi = 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110176 id = cord-351662-rmkcb6o3 author = Huang, Zhifeng title = Characteristics and roles of SARS‐CoV‐2 specific antibodies in patients with different severities of COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We aimed to quantify the levels of SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies, identify changes in them based on COVID‐19 severity, and establish the significance of combined antibody detection. The rise times for specific IgM and IgG levels are different, and combined detection could be more advantageous in the diagnosis of COVID-19 [5] . In this study, SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM, IgA, and IgG levels were measured in patients with varying severities of COVID-19, the relationship between specific antibody levels and disease severity was classified, and the significance of combined antibody detection was clarified, providing a reference for the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19. We also found that while IgA and IgG levels were significantly higher in the severe & critical patients than in moderate patients, there was no difference in IgM between the two groups. Levels of IgA and IgG were higher in severe & critical COVID-19 patients than in moderate COVID-19 patients, while IgM levels were no different between the two groups. doi = 10.1111/cei.13500 id = cord-318817-95tw84z8 author = Hubner, C. v. K. title = Distress among Brazilian university students due to the Covid-19 pandemic: survey results and reflections date = 2020-06-20 keywords = covid-19; student summary = The main objective of the study was based on the application of CPDI, in order to identify the health and well-being of Brazilian students from different undergraduate courses at the Pontifical Catholic University of Sao Paulo (PUC/SP) during the Covid-19 pandemic and to test the hypothesis that medical students suffer more than students from other courses. The word distress represents an act or effect of suffering, physical pain, anguish, affliction, bitterness, patience and resignation 16 The main objective of the study was based on the application of the Covid-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index, in order to identify the health and well-being of Brazilian students from different undergraduate courses at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC/SP) during the Covid-19 pandemic and to test the hypothesis that medical students suffer more than students from other courses. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.19.20135251 id = cord-336438-mlgxiyur author = Huda, Farhanul title = Covid-19 and surgery: Challenging issues in the face of new normal – A narrative review date = 2020-10-23 keywords = COVID-19; patient; surgery summary = This review aims to outline the current perspectives of surgery in the COVID 19 pandemic associated with the pitfalls in implementing the emerging guidelines to continue patient care without compromising the safety, both from surgeons'' and patients'' points of view. The fight between the surgeon and the pandemic will be a dragging one since the post-pandemic efflux of the surgical patients coupled with the ''new normal'' practices to prevent COVID 19 spread requires pertinent resources, well-trained personnel, and co-operation among different departments. The global impact of the COVID 19 pandemic has challenged the healthcare system worldwide to provide quality care while restricting transmission to non-COVID 19 patients and health care workers (HCW). Since surgery exposes the healthcare team to blood and body fluids of infected patients, surgical specialties have been struggling all this while trying to strike a balance between the evolving guidelines of sick patient management who need surgical care and protecting themselves and their HCW from undue exposure. doi = 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.10.039 id = cord-338863-0jlp9lb4 author = Huecker, Martin title = COVID-19: Optimizing healthcare provider wellness and posttraumatic growth date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; PTG summary = A systematic review found that 53% of individuals who endure trauma experienced PTG (4), enjoying greater life satisfaction, happiness, psychological, emotional, and even physical wellbeing (5) . While COVID-19 has already resulted in negative outcomes for HCWs, individuals can still strive for greater appreciation of life, improved self-esteem, and positive approaches to daily responsibilities (16) . Mindfulness interventions facilitate self-awareness and presence, with studies repeatedly demonstrating positive effects of meditation on sleep and other mental and physical health outcomes (30) . Effect of Positive Psychological Intervention on Posttraumatic Growth among Primary Healthcare Workers in China: A Preliminary Prospective Study Psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on healthcare workers in China. Preserving mental health and resilience in frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19. Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic-A review Mental health care for medical staff and affiliated healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.08.066 id = cord-338079-udybki7w author = Hughes, Christopher title = Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis as a Presentation of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Clinicians should carefully consider the risk of thrombosis in patients positive for COVID-19, including prophylaxis and treatment beyond discharge. COVID-19 is primarily a disease with respiratory manifestations [1] , but there are increasing reports of cardiovascular [2, 3] and thromboembolic complications [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . We report the first case of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) as a presenting symptom of COVID-19 infection. While COVID-19 is primarily a disease with respiratory manifestations [1] , there are increasing reports of cardiovascular and thrombotic complications which are important for clinicians to be aware of. Expert consensus suggests prophylactic treatment with LMWH should be considered during admission and for 7-14 days after discharge for patients with COVID-19. A prothrombotic state is a risk factor for CVTS and this patient was positive for COVID-19. Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with coronavirus disease 2019 infection: a consensus statement before guidelines doi = 10.12890/2020_001691 id = cord-315991-uecdbanf author = Hughes, David title = The Australian Institute of Sport Framework for Rebooting Sport in a COVID-19 Environment date = 2020-05-06 keywords = AIS; COVID-19; Framework; Health; solo; training summary = National Principles for Resumption of Sport were used as a guide in the development of ''the AIS Framework for Rebooting Sport in a COVID-19 Environment'' (the AIS Framework); and based on current best evidence, and guidelines from the Australian Federal Government, extrapolated into the sporting context by specialists in sport and exercise medicine, infectious diseases and public health. The Australian Governor-General declared a ''human biosecurity emergency period'' on 18 March 2020 190 in response to the risks posed by This empowered the Australian Government to make 191 a series of decisions including prohibition of cruise ships, travel bans (domestic and international), 192 limiting gatherings to two persons (with exceptions for people of the same household and other select 193 groups), and closing a range of indoor and outdoor public facilities. The detection of a positive COVID-19 case in a sporting or recreation club or organisation will result in a standard public health response, which could include quarantine of a whole team or large group, and close contacts, for the required period. doi = 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.05.004 id = cord-293816-f86oo734 author = Hughes, H. title = Uncomfortably numb: suicide and the psychological undercurrent of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The uncertainty and unpredictability associated with COVID-19 has created a parallel pandemic of fear, anxiety and distress (Ammerman et al., 2020 , Yao et al. Research from China has demonstrated heightened rates of psychological distress attributable to COVID-19 (Yao et al. However, the correlation between epidemics, mental health and suicide is not a new revelation. Furthermore, illness-imposed quarantining has been associated with detrimental mental-health ramifications for those who must endure it (Brooks et al. While COVID-19 alone may not be the sole impetus for suicidality, the associated social disconnection, physical isolation and routine disruption may be a pernicious cocktail of risk factors (Ammerman et al. According to recent research from the United States, 45% of individuals with suicidal ideation explicitly linked their thoughts to COVID-19 (Ammerman et al. Preliminary investigation of the association between COVID-19 and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in the Mental Health and COVID-19: Information and Resources Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic doi = 10.1017/ipm.2020.49 id = cord-353163-gr1t3l8z author = Hughes, Helen E title = Emergency department use during COVID-19 as described by syndromic surveillance date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; EDSSS summary = The 2020 ''COVID-19'' period (12 March 2020 to 26 April 2020) attendances were compared with the equivalent 2019 ''pre-COVID-19'' period (14 March 2019 to 28 April 2019): in total; by hour and day of the week; age group(<1, 1-4, 15-14, 15-44, 45-64 and 65+ years); gender; acuity; and for selected syndromic indicators(acute respiratory infection, gastroenteritis, myocardial ischaemia). [2] [3] [4] This anonymised subset of ECDS data is received on a daily basis, enabling a near real-time syndromic surveillance service, which feeds into PHE public health monitoring activities (including the COVID-19 response) and with weekly EDSSS surveillance bulletins made publicly available. The average daily attendances were calculated with the percentage difference between pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 in total by sex, age group, acuity, day of the week and by selected syndromic surveillance indicators. doi = 10.1136/emermed-2020-209980 id = cord-278477-9a7gmzz3 author = Huh, Kyungmin title = Impact of obesity, fasting plasma glucose level, blood pressure, and renal function on the severity of COVID-19: a matter of sexual dimorphism? date = 2020-10-21 keywords = covid-19; patient; severe summary = Aims This study aimed to assess whether body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, blood pressure (BP), and kidney function were associated with the risk of severe disease or death in patients with COVID-19. To examine the association between baseline health status and the risk of severe disease in patients with COVID-19, we performed a case-control study, using data from the nationwide registry of COVID-19 cases and from the biennial health checkup database in South Korea. In the present study based on a nationwide COVID-19 registry combined with an independent regular health checkup data, the effect of FPG levels and eGFR on the risk of severe or fatal COVID-19 varied between sex and age groups. In our retrospective study using a nationwide health checkup database, high FPG levels and low eGFR were significantly associated with the risk of severe COVID-19 (including fatal illness among women. doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108515 id = cord-332503-3h4fovqx author = Hui, Dawn S. title = On ventricular aneurysms, thrombi, and COVID-19 date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: On ventricular aneurysms, thrombi, and COVID-19 We read with interest the letter by Dr. Babokin 1 and agree with his points regarding resection of peri-infarct myocardium that may harbor foci of ventricular tachycardia. The technique he describes is one of several to manage post-infarct left ventricular (LV) aneurysms, ranging from the simple linear technique to endoventricular circular patch plasty as we described. 2 Choice of technique should be patient-specific, with the salient points being restoration of normal LV volume and appearance as much as possible, exclusion of akinetic segments and nidus for thrombus, and preservation of mitral competency. Dr. Babokin has published an innovative technique, 3 in which preoperative electroanatomic mapping is used to mark the transition zone with endocardial radiofrequency ablation lesions. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery Please cite this article as: Hui DS, Calhoon JH, On ventricular aneurysms, thrombi, and COVID-19 Surgical ventricular reconstruction with endocardectomy along radiofrequency ablation-induced markings ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction During COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights From a Regional Public Service Healthcare Hub doi = 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.09.006 id = cord-332703-ohzkpbwy author = Hui, Jane Yuet Ching title = Cancer Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Results From a National Physician Cross-sectional Survey date = 2020-08-25 keywords = States; United; covid-19 summary = METHODS: Participants were recruited to an anonymous cross-sectional online survey of oncology physicians (surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists) using social media from March 27 to April 10, 2020. Though not statistically significant, radiation oncologists were also more likely than surgeons or medical oncologists to alter treatment plans due to concerns about exposure risk to health care workers (61.7% vs. At~10 to 11 weeks after the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the United States, we found that the majority of physicians had already altered the oncology treatment plans, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, for their patients. We did observe that physicians who practice in states with higher numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases were more likely to have altered their treatment plans but do not have longitudinal data to assess how case numbers affect cancer care. We found that physicians who practice in states with a higher COVID-19 case count were more likely to have already altered cancer treatment plans. doi = 10.1097/coc.0000000000000757 id = cord-333368-kjrk8nn9 author = Huizinga, Gabrielle P title = The Collision of Meta-Inflammation and SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Infection date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; obesity summary = While obesity and diabetes may complicate the delivery of supportive care in critical illness regardless of the underlying disease, lessons learned from the interaction of obesity with other systemic inflammatory syndromes suggest that obesity modifies biologic factors related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the COVID-19 syndrome. In seasonal and pandemic influenza, however, obese individuals may be more susceptible to severe viral respiratory disease even if they mount a serologic response to vaccination 25 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 11 Along with possible impairments in pathogen clearance, obese hosts are more likely to experience the breakdown of respiratory epithelium during a pulmonary infection, which leads to increased fluid in the airway space. doi = 10.1210/endocr/bqaa154 id = cord-342974-g6ltr6am author = Hull, S. A. title = Suspected COVID-19 in primary care: how GP records contribute to understanding differences in prevalence by ethnicity. date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; London summary = Design and Setting Cross-sectional study using anonymised data from the primary care records of 1.3 million people registered with 157 practices in four adjacent east London clinical commissioning groups (CCGs). In a fully adjusted analysis, including clinical factors, the odds were: South Asian OR 1.93 (95% CI = 1.83 to 2.04) Black OR 1.47 (95% CI 1.38 to 1.57) Conclusions Using data in GP records Black and south Asian ethnicity remain as predictors of community cases of COVID-19, with levels of risk similar to hospital admission cases. The effect of ethnicity on the likelihood of suspected COVID-19 presentation was examined, adjusting for differences in demographic and clinical factors including long term conditions and BMI. Using patient level data from the GP record this study documents the numbers of suspected COVID-19 cases presenting to practices through the peak of the London epidemic ( Figure 2 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.23.20101741 id = cord-268659-lhprkye6 author = Hummel, James P. title = Temporal Trends in Arrhythmogenicity Related to Treatment of COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; qtc summary = However, in the setting of acute renal failure and worsening glomerular filtration rate on day 8, the QTc increased to 591 ms on day 9 associated with the use of additional QTcprolonging drugs, with development of TdP despite the fact that hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin had been stopped. The major finding of this study is that QTc prolongation in patients with COVID-19 treated with hydroxychloroquine may occur following completion of the 5-day therapeutic course. Thus, it is important to recognize that patients with severe COVID-19 infection may be predisposed to late QTc prolongation in the setting of renal impairment and concurrent use of QTc-prolonging medications during prolonged hospitalizations. Risk of QT interval prolongation associated with use of hydroxychloroquine with or without concomitant azithromycin among hospitalized patients testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) doi = 10.1161/circep.120.008841 id = cord-342156-4c8rzo62 author = Hung, Orlando title = Personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic (Letter #2) date = 2020-08-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = Key to the design and effectiveness of PPE is understanding how the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) gains access to the body. 2 While it is helpful to use the size of viral-laden droplets (greater or smaller than 5 lm) as an index of transmissibility for infection control measures, it is also important for healthcare workers (HCWs) to take into consideration the complex dynamic nature and the site of deposition of infected droplets, and the critical pathogen load of droplets required for establishing infection in different airway regions. With this clear understanding of how and where COVID-19 virus transmission occurs, and which pieces of protective equipment have been proven effective, HCWs need not be any more apprehensive about caring for COVID-19 patients than when they would be managing others with severe viral respiratory illness. doi = 10.1007/s12630-020-01785-3 id = cord-294958-4982wy81 author = Hunt, Madison title = A Case of COVID-19 Pneumonia in a Young Male with Full Body Rash as a Presenting Symptom date = 2020-03-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: A Case of COVID-19 Pneumonia in a Young Male with Full Body Rash as a Presenting Symptom CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a case of COVID-19 pneumonia requiring hospitalization that presented with fever and extensive rash as the primary presenting symptoms. Six days later, the patient presented to the emergency department (ED) with continued fever and rash. COVID-19 may rarely present with an associated morbilliform viral eruption and should not be discarded as a diagnostic possibility in patients with viral syndrome and rash. We describe a case of COVID-19 pneumonia in a young, healthy male requiring hospitalization, which presented with fever and extensive rash. The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 have been described in several publications, most thoroughly in a case series of 1099 patients by Guan et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: Retrospective case series Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study doi = 10.5811/cpcem.2020.3.47349 id = cord-330395-2qoyrqmj author = Huq, Samin title = COVID-19 in Bangladesh: Data deficiency to delayed decision date = 2020-04-15 keywords = Bangladesh; COVID-19 summary = The decisions of cluster-wise lockdown or social distancing, or even preparing the health system to respond to the pandemic are made without the availability of adequate data. Although scarcity of test kits and lack of awareness from the general public certainly contributed to the crisis, Bangladesh is one of the few countries which had more than two months to prepare for COVID-19 crisis. The crisis has already started in the form of limited availability of disinfectants and personal protective equipment in the health care facilities. The recent surge of daily testing has managed to uncover more cases and traces of transmission at the community level. Additionally, it can lead to a surge on heightened risk of exposure due to minimized health response priorities, efforts and initiatives -such as contact tracing and testing in the rural areas and considering their movement to the urban areas. doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.010342 id = cord-298311-5vlycjbj author = Hur, Jian title = Usefulness of an Online Preliminary Questionnaire under the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Patients with a history of contact, within the past 14 days, with anyone confirmed to have COVID-19; a history of overseas travel; or any one of the COVID-19-related symptoms will receive questionnaire results marked in blue (Fig. 1b) . Any patient who receives such results will not be permitted to enter the hospital, instead, he or she will be directed to the COVID-19 screening center set up for testing outside the hospital. In contrast, patients with no suspicion of COVID-19 will receive ivory-colored questionnaire results, which must be shown to the worker at the entrance of the hospital to gain entry (Fig. 1c) . It is believed that the mobile self-report questionnaire can help reduce hospital-acquired secondary infections by minimizing the contact between patients with COVID-19 and hospital workers or other patients inside the hospital. We believe that the use of our mobile self-report questionnaire by other hospitals could be helpful in overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s10916-020-01586-7 id = cord-344010-14bd6mnp author = Husby, A. title = Inhaled corticosteroid use in COVID-19 date = 2020-09-03 keywords = ICS; covid-19 summary = Methods In a nationwide cohort of hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 test-positive individuals in Denmark, we estimated the 30-day hazard ratio of intensive care unit (ICU) admission or death among users of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) compared with users of non-ICS inhalers ({beta}2-agonist/muscarinic-antagonists), or non-users of ICS, with Cox regression adjusted for age, sex, and other confounders. Studies report that SARS-CoV-2 infection often leads to severe airway inflammation (4) and the RECOVERY-trial suggests a substantial beneficial effect of systemic treatment with the corticosteroid dexamethasone in hospitalized COVID-19 patients requiring nasal oxygen or mechanical ventilation (3) . Our results are in agreement with a large, not yet peer-reviewed, cohort study of COPD and asthma patients from the United Kingdom, which reports no increased risk of COVID-19-related death by prescription drug use of inhaled corticosteroids (18) . doi = 10.1101/2020.09.03.20187278 id = cord-296567-six7u615 author = Hussain, Akhtar title = Clinical considerations for patients with diabetes in times of COVID-19 epidemic date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; infection summary = The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2) is one of those viruses -it causes the illness currently known as Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) . Though we are still learning what exactly puts someone at greater risk of developing a severe illness with COVID-19, early information indicates older patients and those with chronic medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases may be at higher risk (1) (2) (3) . We need to develop a hypothesis to explain the causal path underlying the more severe clinical presentation of COVID-19 infection and subsequent death in diabetic patients. One such approach is the use of inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system, namely ACE inhibitors and ARBs. On the other hand, some concern has been raised about the fact that patients on these agents might be at an increased risk of infection by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2). Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.002 id = cord-256092-bph9ys72 author = Hussain, Aneela N. title = Role of testosterone in COVID-19 patients - a double-edged sword? date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Current data suggest a direct correlation between the lower level of serum testosterone, inflammatory cytokines, disease severity, and poor clinical outcomes among male patients with COVID-19. Current data suggest a direct correlation between the lower level of serum testosterone, inflammatory cytokines, disease severity, and poor clinical outcomes among male patients with COVID-19. Lower levels of testosterone result in the upregulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors, facilitating SARS-CoV-1 entry into the alveolar cells, and deregulating a lung-protective pathway (4) . Thereby we hypothesize that low testosterone levels in males have a direct correlation with the severity of disease and a worse outcome in COVID-19. Patients with low testosterone have reportedly developed severe manifestations requiring assisted ventilation because of the upregulation of ACE-2 receptors in lower respiratory cells, increased risk of lung damage, and respiratory muscle catabolism. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110287 id = cord-339712-chkgq0it author = Hussain, Arshad title = People with Diabetes Mellitus: Soft target for COVID-19 infection date = 2020-05-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = In December 2019, in the Hubei province (China), no one could have predicted the pandemic potential of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2 or COVID-19). The risk in diabetic patient has been likewise reported in the previous CoV infections, SARS in 2002 affecting more than eight thousand in Asia and the Middle East 7,8 and two thousand in Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia in 2012. 10 Comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular disease, DM, hypertension and obesity have substantial effect on outcome of a patient infected with COVID-19. 13 In patient with these comorbidities, potential factors might be due to direct accelerated damage of target tissues or favoured virus life-cycle during a SARS-CoV-2 infection. 17 With coexistent diabetes and viral respiratory diseases (COVID-19) tight glycemic control has beneficial clinical outcome. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? doi = 10.12669/pjms.36.covid19-s4.2629 id = cord-275721-l6l7bln0 author = Hussain, Azhar title = The Pan London Emergency Cardiac Surgery service: Coordinating a response to the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; PLECS summary = In this initial report, we outline our experience of setting up and delivering a pan‐regional service for the delivery of urgent and emergency cardiac surgery with a focus on maintaining a COVID‐free in‐hospital environment. There are seven NHS centers that provide cardiac surgical services in London, with an additional five independent hospitals covering a population of 8.5 million. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, approximately 7000 cardiac surgical procedures were performed on average in London every year, with the majority (90%) performed in NHS hospitals. It is likely that the independent sector will be asked to support patient flow and ongoing hospital treatment for patients after cardiac surgery who cannot be discharged from a delivery center. In this initial report, we outline our experience of setting up and delivering a pan-regional service for the delivery of urgent and emergency cardiac surgery with a focus on maintaining a COVID-free in-hospital environment. The Pan London Emergency Cardiac Surgery service: Coordinating a response to the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1111/jocs.14747 id = cord-308702-90a4dj76 author = Hussain, Azhar title = Cardiac surgery in patients with confirmed COVID‐19 infection: Early experience date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The decision to operate in urgent patients with active/recent COVID‐19 infection is difficult to make, particularly as it is still an unknown disease entity in the setting of emergent cardiac surgery. We present a case series of three patients who underwent urgent cardiac surgery and who have had recent or active COVID‐19 infection. 1 The decision to operate in urgent patients with active/recent COVID-19 infection is difficult to make as it is an unknown disease entity with outcomes of emergent cardiac surgery difficult to predict. We present a case series of three patients who underwent urgent cardiac surgery who have had recent or active COVID-19 infection. Clinical examination suggested aortic stenosis and past medical history was significant for type His medical history was significant for hyOur third case highlights the importance of a CT thorax as part of our routine preoperative cardiac surgical workup during this pandemic. Stability issues of RT-PCR testing of SARS-CoV-2 for hospitalized patients clinically diagnosed with COVID-19 doi = 10.1111/jocs.14657 id = cord-346930-gl573ip9 author = Hussain, Azhar title = Emerging Pharmaceutical Treatments of Novel COVID-19: A Review date = 2020-05-24 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS summary = Although multiple drugs show promise in the treatment of COVID-19 via either inhibiting viral replication or preventing fusion of the virus to the ACE2 receptors, further investigation is still warranted and necessary before the admission of any type of pharmaceutical agent. This review explores various drugs and their mechanism of action which are either currently being used in clinical trials or may be used in the future for the treatment of COVID-19. Since the emergence of the virus in China in December of 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread across the globe resulting in the current global pandemic. Arbidol (also known as Umifenovir) is a promising repurposed antiviral agent with a unique mechanism of action targeting the S protein/ACE2 interaction and inhibiting membrane fusion of the viral envelope to the host cell [7] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.8260 id = cord-034495-gvtv8o96 author = Hussain, Kashif title = Pharmacy services during COVID-19 pandemic: experience from a tertiary care teaching hospital in Pakistan date = 2020-11-02 keywords = COVID-19; Pakistan; pharmacy summary = All over the world, especially in the developed countries pharmacists have responded smartly and speedily for public health, such as establishing professional protective and service guidance for pharmacy staff and services, creating and updating drug formularies, addressing the issues of drug shortages, providing public education for prevention and management of infection, contributing in drug evaluation and clinical trials. In a tertiary care hospital pharmacy, along with the other approaches and responses in pandemic crises such as supply of emergency medications according to the treatment guidelines and resolving drug shortage, it is also required to provide and continue the event-driven pharmaceutical care. The role of clinical pharmacist demands to evaluate the recent literature and published guidelines of these off-label used medications as the associated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of few of the offlabel used drugs include flu-like symptoms, fever, and fatigue, which are actual symptoms of the COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1186/s40545-020-00277-5 id = cord-278246-mnj0zmkn author = Hussain, Nowair title = A Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Hydroxychloroquine on COVID-19 date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; study summary = HCQ treated patients had higher rates of adverse clinical outcomes and side effects compared with the control populations. The treatment of COVID-19 positive patients with HCQ has been met with controversy, as there have been no large multicenter randomized control trials to support its use. Studies 1 and 2 both do not cross the effect line at 0, indicating that they are not in agreement with the mortality rate of HCQ treated COVID-19 positive patients. All studies, except Study 6, are in agreement with the results of a disease progression rate of HCQ treatment in patients with COVID [19] . These results seem to be in line with the meta-analysis'' of a slight disease improvement in COVID-19 patients treated with HCQ as compared with the controls. Our study looks at three disease outcome measures of treatment with HCQ in patients with COVID-19: mortality rates, progression rates, and severity rates. doi = 10.7759/cureus.10005 id = cord-028163-ay37zzj5 author = Hussain, Yaseen title = COVID-19 in five neighbouring limited resources countries: A financial and health threats date = 2020-06-30 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: COVID-19 in five neighbouring limited resources countries: A financial and health threats In the near future, the total number of confirmed cases is expected to increase significantly in 16 limited resources or developing countries. The COVID-19 was 20 found as a mounting threat to the economy of the entire world, including the neighbouring 21 developing countries of China i.e. Pakistan, India, Iran, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh. According to a report on the Afghanistan economy, the economic growth rate is expected to 100 collapse further by 10% in the coming future. The COVID-19 pandemic seems to be more threatening to Afghanistan due to its 102 weak economy and poor health care system. Developing countries face economic collapse in COVID-19 fight Forecasting the Economic Impact of Coronavirus on Developing 155 Countries: Case of Pakistan Trade in the time of COVID-19: The economic impact of coronavirus 166 on India and beyond doi = 10.1016/j.vhri.2020.06.001 id = cord-269554-fzu6dy4e author = Hussein, M. H. title = Asthma in COVID-19: An extra chain fitting around the neck? date = 2020-07-15 keywords = asthma; covid-19; patient summary = Univariate analysis of COVID-19 outcomes revealed that asthma was significantly associated with higher rate of endotracheal intubation (40.3% vs 27.8%, p = 0.036), mechanical ventilation (both invasive and non-invasive) (70.7% vs 52.2%, p = 0.039), and longer hospital length of stay (15.14 ± 12.48 days vs 11.51 ± 10.58 days, p = 0.015). Asthma was not associated with a higher rate of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission (22.2% vs 14.9%, p = 0.12), acute respiratory distress syndrome (37.5% vs 30.9%, p = 0.27), or death (9.7% vs 13.5%, p = 0.45) among COVID-19 patients. On comparison to non-asthmatic obese patients, obese asthmatic patients were more likely to develop sepsis (25.9% vs 14.2%, p = 0.042), had higher risk of ICU admission (48.1% vs 33.2%, p = 0.042), and required prolonged intubation (2.73 ± 3.63 days vs 1.38 ± 2.07, p = 0.032).Impact of asthma comorbidity on COVID-19 outcomes doi = 10.1101/2020.07.13.20153130 id = cord-333175-klnxnxwm author = Hussein, Mohammad H. title = Asthma in COVID-19 patients: An extra chain fitting around the neck? date = 2020-11-11 keywords = asthma; covid-19; patient summary = Currently, the CDC reports that asthma is present in about 17% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, making it the fourth most prevalent comorbidity behind hypertension, obesity, and diabetes [4] . Obese and diabetic patients have been categorized as high-risk, but there is still limited data regarding the impact of bronchial asthma on COVID-19 outcomes [5] . Univariate analysis of COVID-19 outcomes revealed that asthma was significantly associated with higher rate of endotracheal intubation (40.3% vs 27.8%, p = 0.036), mechanical ventilation (both invasive and non-invasive) (70.7% vs 52.2%, p = 0.039), and longer hospital length of stay (15.14 ± 12.48 days vs 11.51 ± 10.58 days, p = 0.015). Asthma was not associated with a higher rate of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission (22.2% vs 14.9%, p = 0.12), acute respiratory distress syndrome (37.5% vs 30.9%, p = 0.27), or death (9.7% vs 13.5%, p = 0.45) among COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106205 id = cord-171868-315udu9w author = Hussein, Molla Rashied title = Overview of digital health surveillance system during COVID-19 pandemic: public health issues and misapprehensions date = 2020-07-27 keywords = DHSS; covid-19 summary = Artificial intelligence and 5G networks combine the advanced digital healthcare surveillance system; whereas Bluetooth-based contact tracing systems have fewer privacy concerns. The COVID-19 shows the necessity of automated contact tracing to track down newly infected cases, control, and predict the real time spreading. Some countries developed systems without considering user privacy, whereas many followed the Singapore model based on Bluetooth data exchanges on contact [3] . Numerous digital health surveillance systems (DHSSs) are used in several countries to identify infected people, observe mobility, and narrow down the tranmission risks. However, authorities need to be ethical and cautious regarding privacy and security, while appling DHSS for preventing public health mishaps. Internet of Things (IoT) creates a common platform to access data by the public health agencies to observe COVID-19 pandemic [8] . Contact tracing is found to be an essential public health approach to fight the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. doi = nan id = cord-265779-p2bro1ai author = Hussein, Nawfal R. title = Impact Of Covid-19 Pandemic On Surgical Practice In Kurdistan, Iraq: An Online Cross-Sectional Survey date = 2020-11-04 keywords = Kurdistan; covid-19 summary = title: Impact Of Covid-19 Pandemic On Surgical Practice In Kurdistan, Iraq: An Online Cross-Sectional Survey At first appearance, surgeons'' practices were not considered front-line services within the battle against the COVID-19 pandemic in Kurdistan Region, Iraq, when compared with other specialties including internal medicine, infectious diseases, intensive care physicians. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there are a huge shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) supplies, including disposable gloves, gowns, surgical masks, and alcohol-based hand sanitizers in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical practice in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Participants were then asked for specific questions about the use of personal protection, number of surgeries performed during COVID-19, and motivation of the surgeon to work in the management and treatment of COVID-19 patients. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the care of patients with kidney diseases in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq doi = 10.1016/j.ijso.2020.10.014 id = cord-344658-4z2697q6 author = Hutasoit, Novana title = Sars-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Inactivation Capability of Copper-Coated Touch Surface Fabricated by Cold-Spray Technology date = 2020-08-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Sars-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Inactivation Capability of Copper-Coated Touch Surface Fabricated by Cold-Spray Technology The primary intention was to alleviate the tendency of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus to linger longer on touch surfaces that attract high-to-medium volume human contact, such as the push plates used in publicly accessed buildings and hospitals. This work showcases the capability of cold-spray as a potential copper-coating solution for different in-use parts and components that can act as sources for the spread of the virus. In this work the authors have deposited copper coatings onto the stainless steel push-plates in a matter of 7 mins only, which is a marvellous demonstration of the application of the cold spray coating process for ongoing and future challenges arising from the pandemic. Table 1 and Fig. 2 presents the viricidal activity results of SARS-CoV-2 virus when exposed to three different metallic surfaces and compared with COVID-19 only and positive control solutions. doi = 10.1016/j.mfglet.2020.08.007 id = cord-321258-fj9nel2z author = Huynh, Giao title = Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Regarding COVID-19 Among Chronic Illness Patients at Outpatient Departments in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; knowledge summary = title: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Regarding COVID-19 Among Chronic Illness Patients at Outpatient Departments in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding COVID-19 among people with chronic diseases at the outpatient departments in Ho Chi Minh City. Education programs need to continue via television and social media and emphasize that people with chronic diseases are more likely to experience severe symptoms, including death from COVID-19. 14,15 Therefore, assessing the knowledge, attitude and practices toward COVID-19 plays an important role, especially in patients with a chronic illness, which will help to develop the effective educational interventions to ensure safe and quality care while stopping onwards viral transmission. This is the first study of its type to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of people with chronic diseases in Vietnam, and it was performed at the first stage of the pandemic. doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s268876 id = cord-119104-9d421si9 author = Huynh, Tin Van title = BANANA at WNUT-2020 Task 2: Identifying COVID-19 Information on Twitter by Combining Deep Learning and Transfer Learning Models date = 2020-09-06 keywords = COVID-19; model summary = title: BANANA at WNUT-2020 Task 2: Identifying COVID-19 Information on Twitter by Combining Deep Learning and Transfer Learning Models In this article, we present our approach at WNUT-2020 Task 2 to identify Tweets containing information about COVID-19 on the social networking platform Twitter or not. • Firstly, we implemented four different models based on neural networks and transformers such as Bi-GRU-CNN, BERT, RoBERTa, XLNet to solve the WNUT-2020 Task 2: Identification of informative COVID-19 English Tweets. In this paper, we propose an ensemble method that combines the deep learning models with the transfer learning models to identify information about COVID-19 from users'' tweets. In this paper, we used the SOTA transfer learning models, such as BERT (Devlin et al., 2019) , RoBERTa (Liu et al., 2019) , and XLNet (Yang et al., 2019) with fine-tuning techniques for the problem of identifying informative tweet about COVID-19. doi = nan id = cord-275257-upj8mvzn author = Hwang, E. Shelley title = Surgical Oncologists and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Guiding Cancer Patients Effectively through Turbulence and Change date = 2020-06-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cancer; care; pandemic; patient summary = Perspectives are provided on: (1) maintaining a safe environment for surgical oncology care; (2) redirecting the multidisciplinary model to guide surgical decisions; (3) harnessing telemedicine to accommodate requisite physical distancing; (4) understanding interactions between SARS CoV-2 and cancer therapy; (5) considering the ethical impact of professional guidelines for surgery prioritization; and (6) advocating for our patients who require oncologic surgery in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. The panel provides perspectives on: (1) creating a safe environment for surgical oncology care, (2) redirecting the multidisciplinary model to guide surgical decisions, (3) harnessing telemedicine to accommodate requisite physical distancing, (4) understanding interactions between SARS CoV-2 and cancer therapy, (5) considering the ethical impact of professional guidelines for surgery prioritization, and (6) advocating for our patients who require oncologic surgery in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1245/s10434-020-08673-6 id = cord-340826-2530zdeq author = Hwang, Jong-moon title = Neurological diseases as mortality predictive factors for patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-07-08 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = INTRODUCTION: In the current study, we evaluated factors that increase the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patient death rate by analyzing the data from two cohort hospitals. RESULTS: In a multivariate logistic analysis, age and the presence of chronic lung disease and Alzheimer''s dementia (AD) were the only significant parameters for predicting COVID-19 non-survival (p < 0.05). However, hypertension, coronary vascular disease, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and history of taking angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, as well as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), were not significantly associated with the death of COVID-19 patients. Based on previous studies of COVID-19 risk factors and the classification system announced by the KCDC, the presence of chronic medical underlying diseases such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic lung, or cardiovascular disease, carcinoma, dyslipidemia, and hypertension were investigated ( Fig. 1 ). We found that the presence of chronic lung disease and AD were predictive factors for death from COVID-19, especially mortality risk increases beginning at the age of 70 years. doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04541-z id = cord-309799-fhkbcp7z author = Hwang, Yerin title = Diabetes and COVID-19: IDF perspective in the Western Pacific Region date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; WPR; diabetes summary = -Setting up separate inpatient COVID-19 screening "hot" wards that were separate from "cold" wards -Setting up special "fever" clinics, initially attached to a hospital but separate from other services, particularly emergency departments -Novel screening pathways with initially more than less restrictive criteria for screening: an on-line self-registration and self-screening tool, drive-through screening and rapid throughput screening, to allow hospital workers with mild symptoms to be screened and get back to work in 24 hours -Securing adequate personal protective equipment (PPE), including from pre-existing national medical resources stockpiles and providing training on specialized techniques for urgent/safe gowning up -Suspension of non-urgent surgery and procedures in both public and private hospitals with graded reintroduction -Arrangements between State governments and private hospitals for the latter to take COVID and non-COVID patients, if and when required -Upskilling and education of appropriate staff in best practice in procedures such as intubation to minimize risk to health professionals -Call-up of, and short-term registration of, recently retired healthcare professionals and senior medical students -Limitation or suspension of face-face non-urgent medical ambulatory or outpatient services (including outpatient adult and pediatric endocrinology/diabetes services), with a provision of telehealth services that would prevent emergency department presentations/admissions. doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108278 id = cord-297218-yct9fu8r author = Hyland, Kelly A. title = Behavioral and psychosocial responses of people receiving treatment for advanced lung cancer during the COVID‐19 pandemic: a qualitative analysis date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; cancer summary = authors: Hyland, Kelly A.; Jim, Heather S.L. title: Behavioral and psychosocial responses of people receiving treatment for advanced lung cancer during the COVID‐19 pandemic: a qualitative analysis Current available information suggests that people age 65+, those with underlying medical conditions such as lung disease, people with weakened immune systems, and people undergoing cancer treatment may be at increased risk for severe illness from the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). The current analysis examined qualitative data from a convenience sample of participants in a larger study evaluating the relationship of hope, goals, and psychological well-being in people with advanced stage lung cancer. Participants'' naturalistic mentions of COVID-19 during follow-up interviews and discussion of behavior change in response to the pandemic were analyzed. Several key themes related to patients'' experiences and responses to COVID-19 were identified that may not be readily apparent during clinical encounters, but have implications for oncology providers. doi = 10.1002/pon.5445 id = cord-340880-2qop8tcp author = Hyman, Jaime B. title = Timing of Intubation and In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; intubation; patient summary = DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection who were admitted between January 30, 2020, and April 30, 2020, and underwent intubation and mechanical ventilation prior to May 1, 2020. Key Words: coronavirus disease 2019 infection; coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic; in-hospital mortality; intubation; mechanical ventilation; respiratory failure C oronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To address this critical knowledge gap, we aimed to determine whether there was an association between timing of intubation relative to hospital admission and mortality in patients with COVID-19 who underwent mechanical ventilation at the Mount Sinai Health System in New York City. Despite these limitations, our analysis indicated that increasing time from admission to intubation was associated with higher mortality in a cohort of patients requiring mechanical ventilation for severe COVID-19 early in the pandemic. doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000254 id = cord-341126-i8wr8h4x author = Hyung, Jaewon title = The Asian Approach to the Management of GI Cancer Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic Era date = 2020-07-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = Hence, infection control by reducing unnecessary hospital visits is absolutely crucial for the optimal management of cancer patients in China where the nosocomial spread of COVID-19 has been noted. Continuation of cancer management without major compromises in South Korea is largely due to the well-established infection control protocols in each hospital, which stemmed from their experience with the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak in 2015. According to the guidelines published by the Korean Cancer Association and National Cancer Center, changes and delays in the management of cancer patients (including clinical trials) are not necessary in the absence of direct suspicion or confirmation of COVID-19 6 . Patients with COVID-19 associated symptoms or epidemiologic links to confirmed COVID-19 cases are categorized as high-risk patients-for these patients, clinic visits are delayed for 14 days or COVID-19 screening tests are carried out according to the specific groups as defined in the protocols of each center. doi = 10.1016/j.clcc.2020.07.002 id = cord-284529-0ri4kw4k author = Håkansson, Anders title = Impact of COVID-19 on Online Gambling – A General Population Survey During the Pandemic date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; gambling; online summary = The aim of the present study was to describe past-30-day use of different gambling types during the COVID-19 pandemic in individuals defined as online gamblers, in order to enable a comparison with past-30-day data reported from a previous survey in online gamblers carried out in 2018. For those reporting past-30-day gambling, compared to those denying that but reporting past-year gambling for the same gambling type, being a moderate-risk or problem gamblers was significantly more likely among the recent gamblers for landbased casino gambling, land-based electronic machine gambling, and for any sports betting, but less likely for online horse betting. In the present study, for most gambling types, the past-30-day gamblers either did not differ from past-year gamblers, or had a higher degree of gambling problems, such as for sports betting (as discussed above), landbased electronic gambling machines, or land-based casino. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568543 id = cord-337842-q03884i9 author = Iaboni, Andrea title = Achieving Safe, Effective and Compassionate Quarantine or Isolation of Older Adults with Dementia in Nursing Homes. date = 2020-05-04 keywords = covid-19; home summary = As policy changes and interventions designed to support nursing homes are put into place, there are barriers to implementing a fundamental, highly effective element of infection control, namely the isolation of suspected or confirmed cases. Nursing homes that have not yet been impacted by COVID-19 have a narrow window of opportunity to prepare for the isolation of residents with dementia and front-line staff are now looking to their leadership and government bodies to help prepare to take these actions as safely and compassionately as possible Nursing home staff are experiencing moral distress due to the potential harms associated isolation of residents, as well as the severe consequences if these infection control measures are not effectively implemented. While international guidance has been consistent in recommending isolation of residents of nursing homes with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (1), none of these guidelines directly address the practical challenges faced when trying to isolate people with dementia effectively while maintaining their safety and human dignity. doi = 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.04.025 id = cord-291809-b7sosrc7 author = Iacovoni, Attilio title = A case series of Novel-Coronavirus infection in heart transplantation from two centers in the pandemic area in the North of Italy date = 2020-06-26 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = BACKGROUND Little is known about the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19) in solid organ transplanted patients. (5) It has been speculated that 10 SARS-CoV-2 damages the host through two overlapping mechanisms, the first is the direct damage 11 of the virus itself, the second is an abnormal host response that may lead to a cytokine storm Aim of this study is to report a series of heart transplanted patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection 3 from two Heart Transplant Centers in the North of Italy describing clinical characteristics, 4 prognosis and the impact of COVID-19 on heart transplant programs. The high case fatality rate observed in heart transplanted patients may be due 3 to the characteristics of the cohort evaluated in the analysis. These characteristics may therefore explain the 12 higher incidence SARS-CoV-2 infection, the more severe clinical presentation and the higher 13 mortality rate in transplanted patients. Case report of COVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient: Does 21 immunosuppression alter the clinical presentation? doi = 10.1016/j.healun.2020.06.016 id = cord-328289-3h3kmjlz author = Iadecola, Costantino title = Effects of COVID-19 on the nervous system date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; patient summary = Another Parkinson''s disease patient with obesity, hypertension and diabetes, exhibited at autopsy, in addition to hypoxic-ischemic neuronal damage, microhemorrhages, white matter lesions and enlarged perivascular spaces, but no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in the brain (Kantonen et al., 2020) . The encephalopathy is most likely a consequence of systemic factors, such as cytokine sickness, hypoxia and metabolic dysfunction due to peripheral organ failure, while the strokes seem to be related more to hypercoagulability and endothelial injury than to SARS-CoV-2 vasculitis affecting brain vessels. In some cases, the possibility of a SARS-CoV-2 encephalitis could not be ruled out based on the potential for the virus to infect neurons (Song et al., 2020) , but definitive clinical and pathological evidence of neurotropism is lacking. doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.028 id = cord-354247-erzak928 author = Iain Pritchard, Roger title = Impact of Regulatory Changes on Pharmacist Delivered Telehealth During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; Medicare summary = Summary: The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has created a dramatic need for the rapid implementation of telehealth services in areas of the country where telehealth is limited in scope.1 This implementation would not be possible without significant changes in how the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) provide reimbursement for these services. In 2019, CMS lifted some restrictions to telehealth and began reimbursing providers for services that utilized additional telecommunication approaches, which included virtual check-ins, remote evaluation of pre-recorded patient information, and interprofessional internet consultations. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the CMS took action on March 17th to expand access to telehealth services through a waiver to Section 1135 of the Social Security Act which allows for temporary modifications to Medicare, Medicaid, and the Children''s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) during a national emergency. doi = 10.1016/j.japh.2020.06.004 id = cord-263945-yli5suxb author = Iancu, Gabriela Mariana title = Viral exanthema as manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case report date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = RATIONALE: The clinical manifestations of the SARS-CoV-2 infection are mainly respiratory but the virus can cause a variety of symptoms. PATIENT CONCERNS: We present the case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a previously healthy woman who presented with respiratory symptoms and developed anosmia, diarrhea, and an erythematous maculo-papular rash on day 15 from symptom onset. [6] Pathogenetically, the appearance of cutaneous lesions during the SARS-CoV-2 infection can be explained by an immune response initiated by the viral nucleotides which activate Langerhans cells with the secondary involvement of keratinocytes (maculopapular, urticarial and chicken pox-like rashes), by microthrombi formation and cutaneous vasculopathy (chilblain lesions, livedo reticularis, erythema multiforme-like rash, gangrene), or by reaction to the medication administered (urticaria, erythroderma, erythema multiforme, etc.). [7, 8] We report a case of disseminated exanthema that appeared after 15 days of treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection in a patient without other medical and dermatological problems in the past. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000021810 id = cord-331094-22366b81 author = Ianevski, Aleksandr title = Potential Antiviral Options against SARS-CoV-2 Infection date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; Vero; figure summary = We also screened 136 safe-in-man broad-spectrum antivirals against the SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero-E6 cells and identified nelfinavir, salinomycin, amodiaquine, obatoclax, emetine and homoharringtonine. After the initial screening, we identified apilimod, emetine, amodiaquine, obatoclax, homoharringtonine, salinomycin, arbidol, posaconazole and nelfinavir as compounds that rescued virus-infected cells from death (AUC from 285 to 585; Table S1 ). We next profiled transcriptional responses to nelfinavir, amodiaquine or both drugs in virus-or mock-infected Vero-E6 cells at 24 h. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of safe-in man broad-spectrum antivirals in Vero-E6 cells. Here, we found that combinations of nelfinavir with salinomycin, amodiaquine, obatoclax, emetine or homoharringtonine were synergistic against SARS-CoV-2 in Vero-E6 cells. Thus, the amodiaquine and nelfinavir combination could result in better efficacy and decreased toxicity for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and perhaps other viral infections. Transcriptomic analysis of mock-and SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero-E6 cells treated with nelfinavir, amodiaquine or both drugs. doi = 10.3390/v12060642 id = cord-288843-zxv5vsro author = Ianiro, Gianluca title = Screening of faecal microbiota transplant donors during the COVID-19 outbreak: suggestions for urgent updates from an international expert panel date = 2020-03-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = As the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread from China to other countries, governments and the medical community are taking steps to prevent transmission, from common sense recommendations to radical quarantine measures. 1 In that context, timely recommendations concerning the screening of donors of human cells, tissues, or cellular or tissue-based products have been released, as the potential for transmission of COVID-19 through transplant is not yet known. Last year, an international expert panel, including several authors of this Comment, released recommendations on how to screen faecal microbiota transplant donors, including a medical history and blood and stool examinations. Given the global COVID-19 outbreak, we, as an international group of experts in faecal microbiota transplantation and stool banking, believe that recommendations to update (at least temporarily) the screening of stool donors are urgently needed, as the risk of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 by faecal microbiota transplantation might be higher than that in other tissue transplants. doi = 10.1016/s2468-1253(20)30082-0 id = cord-348855-lnltoj1n author = Iannaccone, Giulia title = Weathering the Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: Therapeutic Implications date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; TNF; patient summary = The exaggerated cytokine release in response to viral infection, a condition known as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) or cytokine storm, is emerging as the mechanism leading to ARDS and MOF in COVID-19, thus endorsing the hypothesis that properly timed anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies could improve patients'' clinical outcomes and prognosis. CS are the cornerstone of treatments for cytokine storms and macrophage activation syndrome in autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases [18] ; in the COVID-19 scenario they may be useful in the more severe forms of CRS to curb the systemic inflammatory response and prevent the occurrence of ARDS, if appropriately timed [10, 19] , 20]. Tocilizumab is now already included in many practice guidelines for COVID-19 management, especially for the treatment of critically ill patients with severe refractory hypoxemia in a later stage after the high-viral-load initial phase all over the world, while we wait for more definite data from multiple ongoing clinical trials [42] . doi = 10.1159/000509483 id = cord-328487-glwslgjy author = Iannaccone, Sandro title = ROLE OF REHABILITATION DEPARTMENT FOR ADULT COVID-19 PATIENTS: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE SAN RAFFAELE HOSPITAL OF MILAN date = 2020-06-04 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = This communication reports the experience of the San Raffaele Hospital of Milan (Italy) 8 and recommends the set-up of specialized clinical pathways for the rehabilitation of COVID-19 9 patients. This communication reports the experience of the San Raffaele Hospital of Milan (Italy) 8 and recommends the set-up of specialized clinical pathways for the rehabilitation of COVID-19 9 patients. 4 After this first phase, the clinical care of patients was reorganized to provide, on one hand, better 5 treatment for acute patients, and, on the other hand, to better meet the rehabilitation needs of 6 post-COVID-19 patients to optimize home discharge. This report describes the experience of the 7 Rehabilitation and Functional Recovery Department of the San Raffaele Hospital (Milan, Italy) and 8 aims to identify barriers to the functional recovery of COVID-19 patients and to provide 9 suggestions for the set-up of a specialized clinical standard procedure flow for the rehabilitation of 10 these patients. doi = 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.05.015 id = cord-349408-2ser9zjc author = Iannuzzi, Nicholas P. title = An Orthopaedic Department’s Response to the COVID-19 Health-Care Crisis: Indirect and Direct Actions with Thoughts for the Future date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Cancelling elective procedures and rescheduling nonurgent outpatient clinic visits create a cascade of effects on the health-care system-limiting interpersonal interactions, preserving bed capacity and personal protective equipment (PPE), and allowing staff to be redeployed to best confront the COVID-19 crisis. Direct actions that our orthopaedic surgery department has taken to address this nontraumatic health-care crisis include increasing telehealth capabilities, providing more efficient consultative care to emergency departments (EDs), and helping to direct patients with traumatic injuries toward hospitals that are not overburdened by the management of patients with COVID-19. While the above steps represent indirect and direct actions that orthopaedic providers may take in order to help confront the COVID-19-related health-care crisis, additional steps can be considered by hospital administrators and medical directors in order to help address this challenge. doi = 10.2106/jbjs.20.00611 id = cord-319278-d0rgrmd2 author = Iavarone, Massimo title = Authors’ reply on HIGH RATES OF 30-DAY MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS AND COVID-19 date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Authors'' reply on HIGH RATES OF 30-DAY MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS AND COVID-19 So far, no studies have been able to enrol significantly larger cohorts of COVID-19 cirrhotics, although data are warranted in order to better characterize the natural history of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in this setting. In fact, a single study conducted in North America enrolling 37 patients has confirmed the high mortality rates of patients with cirrhosis and COVID-19, whilst an ongoing international registry has shown a mortality risk similar to ours in the 103 patients with cirrhosis 2, 3 Gao et al raised some concerns regarding the statistical analysis used to predict mortality, suggesting to perform a logistic regression analysis. High rates of 30-day mortality in patients with cirrhosis and COVID-19 High mortality rates for SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease and cirrhosis: Preliminary results from an international registry doi = 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.08.001 id = cord-273426-55vu6b3u author = Iba, Toshiaki title = Coagulopathy of Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-05-26 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Conclusions: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2/ coronavirus disease 2019 frequently induces hypercoagulability with both microangiopathy and local thrombus formation, and a systemic coagulation defect that leads to large vessel thrombosis and major thromboembolic complications, including pulmonary embolism in critically ill hospitalized patients. Conclusions: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2/ coronavirus disease 2019 frequently induces hypercoagulability with both microangiopathy and local thrombus formation, and a systemic coagulation defect that leads to large vessel thrombosis and major thromboembolic complications, including pulmonary embolism in critically ill hospitalized patients. (Crit Care Med 2020; XX:00-00) Key Words: coagulopathy; coronavirus; coronavirus disease 2019; disseminated intravascular coagulation; hypercoagulability; thromboembolism I ncreasing communications worldwide have reported that hospitalized, critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients are frequently developing laboratory abnormalities compatible with hypercoagulability and clinically a high prevalence of thromboembolic events (1). doi = 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004458 id = cord-312684-3i2r2ahr author = Iba, Toshiaki title = Coagulopathy in COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = For example, the coronavirus that caused severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 (SARS-CoV-1) were reported to be associated with thrombocytopenia (55%), thrombocytosis (49%), and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) (63%), but the incidence of bleeding was not high [5, 6] . In this respect, Chinese experts noted that in severe cases, patients can develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), with coagulation predominant-type coagulopathy [9] . The excess production of proinflammatory cytokines, increased levels of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), the stimulation of cell-death mechanisms and vascular endothelial damage are the major causes of coagulation disorder in any severe infection (Fig. 1) . The major targets of the SARS-CoV-2 are the lung epithelial cell, lymphocyte, and the vascular endothelial cell, and these findings can explain that the clinical presentation of severe COVID-19 is characterized by ARDS, shock, and coagulopathy [12, 47] . doi = 10.1111/jth.14975 id = cord-268827-qwcbvtna author = Ibanez, Agustin title = COVID-19 in older people with cognitive impairment in Latin America date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = 9 If SARS-CoV-2 can impair proteostasis through ORF8 binding and cause dysregulated endoplasmic reticulum protein traffick ing, then α-synuclein could aggregate uncontrollably. The COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America and Caribbean countries (LACs) has failed to capture the attention exiguous. 7 Many hospitals in LACs have inadequate protective equipment and there is scarce support for health-care workers who become sick. implemented control measures, is third highest among LACs. The public health conditions in these countries are complex and pose unique challenges; one underlying explanation for the surge in cases might be a large informal economy, in which workers need to leave their house every day to clean other households or to stand, for instance, at crowded traffic corners to sell their goods or shine shoes. For instance, with 20% of over 11 000 health workers in Mexico ill with COVID-19-one of the highest rates in the world-hospital staffing is and attract the resources necessary to control it. doi = 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30270-2 id = cord-328104-triub2h6 author = Ibraheem Jabbar, Shaima title = Automated Analysis of Fatality Rates for COVID 19 across Different Countries date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COVID-19; rate summary = Documentation and comparison fatality rate of COVID 19 pandemic across different countries could assist in illustrating the strength of this pandemic, speed spreading and risk area which infected of this disease. The virus causes a range of the symptoms, from fever, coughs, sore throats, headaches with difficulty in breathing and sometimes death more severe cases [1] , [2] , COVID-19 spreads by droplets of saliva from the nose and mouth of an infected person to healthy contacts. Moreover, a real time mathematical model has been carried out to detect fatality rate of severe cases of COVID-19 [16] . In this research, we conducted a study to calculate the fatality rate for the period between 27 th March and 27 th May, 2020 across different countries (USA, Spain, Italy, Iraq, Iran, Uzbekistan, Egypt and Australia) based on the data which were collected from [17] . doi = 10.1016/j.aej.2020.09.027 id = cord-355173-rnley2ow author = Ibrahim, R. R. title = Forecasting the spread of COVID-19 in Nigeria using Box-Jenkins Modeling Procedure date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; February; Nigeria summary = To study the epidemic trend of COVID-19 in mainland China, Hubei province, Wuhan city and other provinces outside Hubei from January 16 to February 14, 2020, Zhu et al., (2020) generated the epidemic curve of the new confirmed cases, multiple of the new confirmed cases for period-over-period, multiple of the new confirmed cases for fixed-base, and the period-over-period growth rate of the new confirmed cases using data from National Health Commission. Using mathematical and statistical models as described in other studies above, study of the trend of the Covid-19 pandemic in Nigeria can provide critical information for responding to outbreaks and understanding the impact of strategies employed by the government in containing the spread of the disease. . https://doi.org/10.1101 As shown in Figure 3 , the daily spread data from April 26 to May 5, 2020, were predicted using the ARIMA(1,1,0) model based on the spread of COVID-19 in Nigeria from February 27 to April 26, 2020, the results of which suggested that the predicted values fitted well with the actual values. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.05.20091686 id = cord-331109-a8e7r80d author = Ibrahim, Yassmin S. title = Case Report: Paralytic Ileus: A Potential Extrapulmonary Manifestation of Severe COVID-19 date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = We report two cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection complicated by paralytic ileus. Several authors have postulated that the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors, the host receptors for COVID-19, that are present on enterocytes in both the small and large bowel might mediate viral entry and resultant inflammation. We describe two cases of severe COVID-19 pneumonia who developed paralytic ileus during their disease course, which may represent one of the luminal manifestations of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. 7 A review of 29 studies noted that 12% of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection had gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. In conclusion, we report paralytic small and large bowel ileus as a complication of COVID-19. The added value of the present case report is the detailed histopathological evidence supporting a role for COVID-19-induced micro-thrombosis, thereby compromising microcirculatory function and resultant colonic bowel dilatation and perforation in the first patient. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0894 id = cord-268453-87b298uk author = Ibáñez, Sebastián title = Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in COVID-19: should they be used as standard therapy? date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; SARS summary = In the absence of a vaccine and specifically designed antivirals, the medical community has proposed the use of various previously available medications in order to reduce the number of patients requiring prolonged hospitalizations, oxygen therapy, and mechanical ventilation and to decrease mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). HCQ was, in vitro, at least as effective as chloroquine in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection, although it should be noted that studies on its mechanisms of action are not as extensive as with CQ [30] . The evidence for the use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine in COVID-19 is not good so far, not only because of the negative results of most of the studies but also because of their design, when publishing results of a very low number of patients, when reporting favorable results but without having a control group that allows comparison, when choosing results for which it will be very difficult to find significant differences, such as mortality, or for which their clinical relevance is uncertain. doi = 10.1007/s10067-020-05202-4 id = cord-351776-otx5qwyu author = Ibáñez-Samaniego, Luis title = Elevation of Liver Fibrosis Index FIB-4 Is Associated With Poor Clinical Outcomes in Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-06-21 keywords = COVID-19; FIB-4; patient summary = In this study, we evaluated the association between FIB-4, a liver fibrosis index, and the risk of progression to critical illness in middle-aged patients with COVID-19. To overcome this problem, we analyzed our data in different ways: (1) we retrieved available information on blood test done within 6 months before COVID-19 diagnosis in a relatively small number of patients (15% of the total series): at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis, AST and ALT increased significantly while platelets remained stable as compared with previous values; however, there were no significant changes in FIB-4 categories; (2) we evaluated specifically the prognostic value of isolated baseline AST: in contrast to previous reports, AST was not an independent predictor either at univariate level or when adjusted by other clinical and laboratory covariates; and (3) finally, we evaluated specifically the association between the elevation of AST (ie, AST above the upper limit of normality) and the need for MV, which identified that AST elevation was an independent risk factor. doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiaa355 id = cord-276834-20lcihf4 author = Idilman, Ilkay S. title = Lung and kidney perfusion deficits diagnosed by dual-energy computed tomography in patients with COVID-19-related systemic microangiopathy date = 2020-08-29 keywords = COVID-19; DECT; patient summary = title: Lung and kidney perfusion deficits diagnosed by dual-energy computed tomography in patients with COVID-19-related systemic microangiopathy We evaluated lung and kidney perfusion abnormalities in patients with COVID-19 by dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) and investigated the role of perfusion abnormalities on disease severity as a sign of microvascular obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: We found that a large proportion of patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 had PDs in their lungs and kidneys, which may be suggestive of the presence of systemic microangiopathy with micro-thrombosis. KEY POINTS: • Pulmonary perfusion abnormalities in COVID-19 patients, associated with disease severity, can be detected by pulmonary DECT. Here, we aimed to evaluate lung and kidney perfusion abnormalities in COVID-19 patients by dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) and to investigate the role of perfusion abnormalities on disease severity as a sign of microvascular obstruction. Perfused blood volume (PBV) images and iodine maps were generated using DECT post-processing software ("Lung PBV" and "Virtual unenhanced" in syngo Dual Energy; Siemens Healthineers) on a dedicated workstation. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-07155-3 id = cord-309095-ka9abe0c author = Idoiaga, Nahia title = Exploring Children’s Social and Emotional Representations of the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = These results indicate the need for governments to also consider children in their management of the current situation by placing greater emphasis on social and inclusive policies to help alleviate the possible effects that they may suffer as a consequence of the pandemic and the lockdown. Thus, the main goal of this article is to study how children understand or represent the COVID-19, while observing their emotional response to the coronavirus pandemic in Spain. Amid the current COVID-19 crisis, research from China suggests that resilience should be nurtured by public health programs implemented by healthcare professionals, schools, and families in order to help children to overcome conditions of distress, and prospectively provide them with emotional and psychological support (Pettoello-Mantovani et al., 2019; Dalton et al., 2020; Jiao et al., 2020) Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org Further, given the results of our lexical similarity analysis, it is worth noting that we again observed the appearance of the emotions of fear, nervousness, sadness, happiness, calmness, boredom, and anger. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01952 id = cord-337530-qgv29qql author = Idrissi, Abdelkrim Janati title = Sleep quality and mental health in the context of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown in Morocco date = 2020-08-12 keywords = anxiety; covid-19; sleep summary = • High prevalence of sleep disorders, anxiety, and depressive signs were found in COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Variables with P ≤ 0.20 on univariate analysis were taken into account in the multivariate logistic regression model to assess the potential factors influencing depressive symptoms, anxiety, and sleep quality during the COVID-19 lockdown stage. Accurate beliefs about sleep prevent respondents from insomnia (p<0.001), daytime sleepiness (p<0.001), anxiety (p<0.001), and depressive symptoms (p<0.001) ( Table 3 ). Before the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown, the prevalence of sleep disorders, anxiety, and depression in Morocco was 18.6%, 4.5%, and 4.5%, respectively [19, 20, 21] . In China, the overall prevalence of anxiety disorders, depressive symptoms, and sleep quality of the public during the lockdown period were 35.1%, 20.1%, and 18.2%, respectively [22] . Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms, and sleep quality during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey doi = 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.07.045 id = cord-253918-8g3erth8 author = Ienca, Marcello title = On the responsible use of digital data to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-03-27 keywords = COVID-19; datum summary = However, during those recent epidemics, the large-scale collection of mobile data from millions of users-especially call-data records and social-media reports-also raised privacy and data-protection concerns. In Italy, the European country recording the largest number of COVID-19 cases, the local data-protection authority was urged, on 2 March 2 2020, to issue a statement to clarify the conditions of lawful data use for mitigation and containment purposes. As big data will be critical for managing the COVID-19 pandemic in today''s digital world, the conditions for responsible data collection and processing at a global scale must be clear. We argue that the use of digitally available data and algorithms for prediction and surveillancee.g., identifying people who have traveled to areas where the disease has spread or tracing and isolating the contacts of infected people-is of paramount importance in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1038/s41591-020-0832-5 id = cord-269900-7mzyib4r author = Ierardi, Anna Maria title = How to Handle a COVID-19 Patient in the Angiographic Suite date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; PPE summary = All the staff of the angiographic suite must use personal protective equipment (PPE), according to accepted infectious disease and epidemiology guidelines. Geographic isolation of COVID-19 positive patients should occur in designated suites only, in order to minimize different room exposures and familiarize cleaning staff with the same rooms. When carrying out these procedures on Covid-19 patients, the WHO recommends N95 or FFP2 standard masks or equivalent, and gowns, gloves, eye protection, aprons and shoe covers [4, 6] . According to the internal guidelines of our hospital, all staff members and every person operating in the same room as a positive or suspected COVID-19 patient have to wear N95 or FFP2 masks. To minimize the in and out movement from the potentially contaminated room, the staff must remain close to the angiographic table with PPE and sterile equipment. Strict attention to probe cover removal is required post-procedure (with full PPE and eye protection) to avoid contamination. doi = 10.1007/s00270-020-02476-8 id = cord-343382-3pzvirdg author = Ierardi, Anna Maria title = Gastrointestinal Hemorrhages in Patients With COVID-19 Managed With Transarterial Embolization date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Gastrointestinal Hemorrhages in Patients With COVID-19 Managed With Transarterial Embolization Anticoagulants have therefore become part of the medical therapy in hospitalized patients, and this may increase the risk of spontaneous bleeding. We describe the technical and clinical success as well as the safety profile of transarterial embolization (TAE) in the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) bleedings in patients with COVID-19. Clinical success was defined as the achievement of hemostasis, associated with hemodynamic stability, without rebleeding or related mortality within 30 days after embolization. Recently, other cases of GI bleeding in patients with COVID-19 have been reported (4) . TAE in the management of GI bleedings is feasible, safe, and effective even in patients with COVID-19. Heparin-related major bleeding in covid-19-positive patient: Perspective from the outbreak Spontaneous bleedings in COVID-19 patients: An emerging complication Management of upper GI bleeding in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia doi = 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000978 id = cord-298679-w0yp4u19 author = Iftimie, Simona title = Risk factors associated with mortality in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. A prospective, longitudinal, unicenter study in Reus, Spain date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Logistic regression analyses showed that fever, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes mellitus and cancer were the variables that showed independent and statistically significant associations with mortality. This is one of the first studies to describe the factors associated with mortality in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Spain, and one of the few in the Mediterranean area. The objective of the present study has been to characterize our patients'' epidemiology and to identify the risk factors associated with mortality for this disease in our geographical area. Logistic regression analyses showed that the presence of fever, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer were the only variables that showed an independent and statistically significant association with mortality when they were adjusted for differences in age, gender, smoking status and alcohol intake (Tables 2 and 3) . Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0234452 id = cord-306177-5wefp31y author = Iheagwam, Franklyn Nonso title = Computer-Aided Analysis of Multiple SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutic Targets: Identification of Potent Molecules from African Medicinal Plants date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; TMPRSS2 summary = e Unites States Food and Drug Administration-(USFDA-) approved drugs [26] , drugbank [27, 28] , traditional Ayurvedic, Chinese and natural medicine [20, [28] [29] [30] [31] , dark chemical matter, and fooDB [25] are some of the ZINC database subsets that have been rigourously screened for molecules to combat SARS-CoV-2 with main protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 as the major therapeutic targets. Hence, this study analysed a plethora of natural products (NPs) from African medicinal plants with known bioactivities in human as therapeutic candidates targeting and inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 RNA synthesis, replication, structural protein function, and host-specific receptors/enzymes. In the course of drug discovery, structure-based virtual screening is a computational approach utilised to identify promising novel small chemical ligands from curated chemical compound databases with potential activity against drug targets [48] . doi = 10.1155/2020/1878410 id = cord-316157-7nci4q1q author = Iheduru‐Anderson, Kechi title = Reflections on the lived experience of working with limited personal protective equipment during the COVID‐19 crisis date = 2020-10-03 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; care; nurse summary = This study used a descriptive phenomenological design to describe the lived experience of acute care nurses working with limited access to PPE during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Existing studies have focused on hospital preparation, availability of resources, and the safety of patients (Barbisch & Koenig, 2006; Karabacak, Ozturk, & Bahcecik, 2011; Ruchlewska et al., 2014; Tzeng & Yin, 2008) , the education of hospital staff (Powers, 2007) , emergency room nurses'' description and management during a crisis (Vasli and Dehghan-Nayeri, 2016) , and the psychological impact of disease outbreaks on hospital workers (Sun et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2009; Yin & Zeng, 2020) . The purpose of this study was to describe the lived experience of acute care nurses working with limited access to PPE during the COVID-19 pandemic. This qualitative descriptive phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of acute care nurses working on the frontline during the COVID-19 disease outbreak. Descriptive phenomenology was chosen as the design for the current study because it explored and described the participants'' everyday experiences as they lived them while working with limited PPE on the frontline of the 2020 COVID-19 crisis. doi = 10.1111/nin.12382 id = cord-284498-54j6ys8s author = Ihsanullah, Ihsanullah title = Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in water environments: Current status, challenges and research opportunities date = 2020-10-16 keywords = CoV-2; SARS; covid-19; wastewater; water summary = Some of the significant challenges and research opportunities are the development of standard techniques for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in the water phase, assessment of favorable environments for its survival and decay in water; and development of effective strategies for elimination of the novel virus from water. Development of effective standard techniques for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in water, assessment of the existing water purification technologies and development of novel advanced water treatment systems are major challenges and open research opportunities. Furthermore, careful surveillance of water and wastewater to be used as an early warning tool for such outbreaks in future, understanding the survival and decay mechanism of the novel virus in water and wastewater, analysis of potential pathways of SARS-CoV-2 into water bodies are other potential research opportunities for environmental researchers [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] . doi = 10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101735 id = cord-348803-2lix3a0u author = Ikemura, K. title = Using Automated-Machine Learning to Predict COVID-19 Patient Survival: Identify Influential Biomarkers date = 2020-10-14 keywords = AUCPR; covid-19 summary = In this study, we used automated machine learning (autoML) to develop and compare between multiple machine learning (ML) models that predict the chance of patient survival from COVID-19 infection and identified the best-performing model. Conclusions: By using autoML, we developed high-performing models that predict patient mortality from COVID-19 infection. In this study, we aimed to find the most important prognostic biomarkers and develop a COVID-19 mortality risk assessment tool using automated machine learning (autoML). We assigned the autoML to generate 20 machine learning models and rank them in order of performance by AUCPR on the remaining 20% of the dataset (859 patients, test set). After the two Stacked Ensemble models ranked GBM and XGBoost models with AUCPR of 0.830 and 0.825, respectively ( preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in The copyright holder for this this version posted October 14, 2020. We generated high-performing ML models that predicts mortality of COVID-19 infected patients using autoML. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.12.20211086 id = cord-291244-o4isx15k author = Ikuyama, Yuichi title = Successful recovery from critical COVID-19 pneumonia with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A case report date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19; ECMO; patient summary = Herein, we report a case of critical COVID-19 pneumonia treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation from symptom onset day 19 (SOD#19) to SOD#30. Here, we report the clinical course of a patient with a severe case of COVID-19 complicated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We report the patient''s response to intensive care, including invasive ventilation in the early stage of the illness and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) with antiviral, immunomodulatory, and glucocorticoid therapies as the illness progressed. In this case, ECMO showed great effectiveness 13 in treating the patient''s rapidly deteriorating respiratory status due to pneumonia. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study • A critical case of 76-year-old female with COVID-19 pneumonia.• No significant clinical benefits of lopinavir-ritonavir and peramivir treatment.• The pneumonia rapidly progressed to acute respiratory distress syndrome.• Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation from illness day 21 to 31 lead to recovery. doi = 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101113 id = cord-287640-9j0w7191 author = Ilesanmi, Olayinka title = Perception and practices during the COVID-19 pandemic in an urban community in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; Nigeria; practice summary = title: Perception and practices during the COVID-19 pandemic in an urban community in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study In this study, we assessed the perception and practices regarding COVID-19 among residents in selected urban communities of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study design using a multi-stage sampling technique was used to recruit 360 respondents (Mean age: 33.2 ± 10.6 years; 62.5% females) from households in Ibadan. An assessment of the perception and practices of community members is important to reduce the risk for COVID-19 infection in Ibadan, a densely populated city in Nigeria. This study thus aimed at assessing the perception and practices of community members in urban areas in Ibadan regarding COVID-19. Findings from previous studies conducted in Nigeria also corroborate the key role of positive risk perception on imbibing COVID-19 protective practices and attitudes . As this study was limited to the perception and practices regarding COVID-19, the knowledge of community members on the illness was not addressed. doi = 10.7717/peerj.10038 id = cord-352580-l6vkzja0 author = Iltaf, Samar title = Frequency of Neurological Presentations of Coronavirus Disease in Patients Presenting to a Tertiary Care Hospital During the 2019 Coronavirus Disease Pandemic date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), usually presents clinically with cough, fever, shortness of breath, and loss of taste and/or smell. COVID-19 can also present with neurologic signs and symptoms, including headache, hyposmia/anosmia, encephalopathy, meningoencephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, stroke, and seizure. This subjective survey addressed 10 neurological manifestations of COVID-19: headache, altered sensation, nausea and vomiting, sudden hemiparesis (stroke), numbness and paresthesia, vertigo, ataxia, seizure, encephalitis/meningitis, Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), and myelitis. Our study confirmed that headache (6%), altered level of consciousness and encephalopathy (2%), hemiparesis (stroke; 0.6%), GBS (0.3%) and seizure (0.3%) were the most frequently reported neurological presentations [5, 6, 7, 8] . A case study reported that a patient positive for SARS-CoV-2 presented with isolated sudden onset anosmia but no other symptoms of COVID-19 [11] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.9846 id = cord-312619-7jpf81yz author = Ilyas, Sadia title = Disinfection technology and strategies for COVID-19 hospital and bio-medical waste management date = 2020-08-12 keywords = BMW; COVID-19; SARS; covid; waste summary = The exposure to COVID-waste may potentially increase the virus spread by increasing the reproductive number (R 0 ) from its determined range between 2.2 to 3.58 Thus, effective management of COVID-waste including the appropriate disinfect and disposal techniques are necessary to control the pandemic spread, which has not been focused yet albeit posing a similar threat as SARS-CoV-2 itself can have to the public health. The present article reviews the disinfection technologies to control/prevent the novel coronavirus spread and the proper management of COVID-waste including the effective strategies and reprocessing possibilities of the used items. Not only the COVID-waste generated by the hospitals, health centers, and self-quarantines, but the waste generated during the disinfection of public area or, where an infected person visited have been directed to treat as medical waste and collection of those waste in double-packed designated bags are mandatory before sending to burning at the high-temperature incinerator facility. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141652 id = cord-311669-112kxj5s author = Imdad, Kashif title = A district-level susceptibility and vulnerability assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic''s footprint in India date = 2020-11-08 keywords = April; India; Kerala; case; covid-19; district; figure summary = Such a situation has especially emerged in India, where thousands of migrant workers mostly from the southern and western zones of the country, have thronged bus terminals and railway stations or have even attempted to travel across states on foot (Lal 2020; Singh 2020) , raising the spectre of further widespread community transmission and the incursion of the virus into especially socioeconomically vulnerable areas (and more importantly into rural hinterlands) that are ill-equipped in terms of healthcare (both at the individual and community level for resident populations and returning migrantsNacoti et al. In the first phase ( Figure 3A ), cases were reported from western India (around Mumbai and Ahmedabadtwo of the main commercial hubs of the country), from around New Delhi (the national capital) and Ladakh (popular tourist destination and a prominent Indian Army base) and from the southern states of Kerala (from where many residents migrate/travel for work to the Gulf region), Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka (all of which have major metropolitan centres and commercial hubs-Chennai, Hyderabad and Bengaluru). doi = 10.1016/j.sste.2020.100390 id = cord-269972-p9lbgxr4 author = Imoto, W title = Coronavirus disease with multiple infarctions date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Conversely, no renal and splenic infarction in a COVID-19 case has been reported. 3 also reported 14 COVID-19 patients with thrombo-embolic complications, no cases had a thrombosis in the abdominal organs. Clinicians should be aware that infarction, an important lifethreatening complication, may occur in any organ, and early anti-thromboembolism treatment should be considered in COVID-19 patients. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient''s family for publication of this case report and the accompanying images. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy We would like to thank Kenichiro Uchida, MD, PhD, Tetsuro Nishimura, MD, PhD and Hiromasa Yamamoto, MD, PhD for participation in the treatment of this patient as members of the Trauma and Critical Care Center Department, Osaka City University Hospital. We would like to thank Koichi Yamada, MD, PhD for participation in the treatment as members of the Infectious Disease Medicine Department, Osaka City University Hospital. doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa240 id = cord-258879-dueab356 author = Imran, Nazish title = Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on postgraduate trainees: a cross-sectional survey date = 2020-08-25 keywords = Pakistan; covid-19; psychological summary = BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to evaluate psychological impact of COVID-19 outbreak on postgraduate trainees in Pakistan by quantifying the symptoms of depression, anxiety and acute stress disorder and by analysing potential risk factors associated with these symptoms. METHODS: Following Institutional Review Board approval, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 10,178 postgraduate trainees following COVID-19 outbreak through e-log system of College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan. To address this gap, the present study aimed to evaluate psychological impact of COVID-19 outbreak on postgraduate trainees in Pakistan by quantifying the symptoms of depression, anxiety and acute stress, and by analysing potential risk factors associated with these symptoms. Previous small-scale studies done to assess psychological morbidity among postgraduate trainees in Pakistan found that 14% had depression symptoms and 8% had moderate anxiety. ► Female postgraduate trainees and those working as front-line healthcare workers reported experiencing more anxiety, depression and acute stress symptoms. doi = 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138364 id = cord-322711-u6yr8wqh author = Imran, Nazish title = Psychological burden of quarantine in children and adolescents: A rapid systematic review and proposed solutions date = 2020 keywords = COVID-19; adolescent; child; quarantine summary = This rapid review takes into account the impact of quarantine on mental health of children and adolescents, and proposes measures to improve psychological outcomes of isolation. The seven studies before onset of COVID 19 about psychological impact of quarantine in children have reported isolation, social exclusion stigma and fear among the children. 3 Uncertainties regarding pandemic itself, strict social distancing measures, widespread and prolonged school closures, parental stressors, and loss of loved ones are likely to affect children and adolescent''s wellbeing in addition to specific psychological effects of quarantine and isolation. 5 Since the COVID-19 outbreak related disease containment measures and school closure has become relevant to all affected countries around the globe, urgent evidence synthesis is needed to help policy makers understand the mental health outcomes of quarantine in children and adolescents. Thus, to summarize, this review shows considerable psychological impact of quarantine and other disease containment measures among children and adolescents. doi = 10.12669/pjms.36.5.3088 id = cord-254737-pv68fb7d author = Imtyaz, Ayman title = Analysing governmental response to the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-14 keywords = country; covid-19; rate summary = The data that will be considered for the study are aggregated COVID-19 patient statistics like daily cases, deaths, recoveries, testing data, etc. The data used in the analysis conducted were obtained from publically available, and the government reported statistics on COVID-19 patients in their countries. Countries were separated into groups based on the percentage of their elderly population, and the COVID-19 mortality rate (total deaths/total cases). The mortality rate is the total number of deaths attributed to the virus divided by the total number of COVID-19 positive cases. The variance in the chart may/can be attributed to other factors, such as handling of COVID-19positive patients, methods of data collection and reporting, other population demographics like genetic makeup, trends in disease, disabilities, and malnutrition, competency, scale, and accessibility of the country''s medical apparatus, economic status of the country (GDP, PPP, poverty levels, etc.). doi = 10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.08.005 id = cord-304035-s9tkyuso author = Inal, Jameel title = Biological Factors Linking ApoE ε4 Variant and Severe COVID-19 date = 2020-10-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = This included an erudite analysis of raised levels of Lp(a) in certain ethnic groups and association with higher frequency of ApoE4 genotypes and risk of severe COVID-19. Compared with the more common ApoE ε3ε3 genotype, the risk of severe COVID-19 for people carrying two ApoE ε4 alleles was doubled (OR = 2.31), including people who had neither developed Alzheimer''s disease (AD) (as for the 5.13% COVID-19positive participants) nor cardiovascular disease (CVD), and for whom two copies of ApoE ε4 also carried increased risk. Besides raised Lp(a), as highlighted by Moriarty et al., other biological effects may link the ApoE ε4ε4 genotype to severe COVID-19. In continuing to explore the possible association of the ApoE ε4 allele with COVID-19, it is useful to remember that ApoE is also linked to susceptibility to infection by viruses [8] (as well as bacteria and parasites, including secondary infection), for example, ApoE4 increasing HIV-1 infection, two copies of ε4 aiding accelerated disease development [8] . doi = 10.1007/s11883-020-00896-y id = cord-263080-c3bklv8s author = Inanc, Yusuf title = COVID-19 pneumonia following double-sleeve lobectomy for lung cancer date = 2020-09-30 keywords = covid-19 summary = Here, we report a 54-year-old man who underwent double-sleeve left upper lobectomy for lung cancer and his postoperative course was complicated with COVID-19 pneumonia. Here, we report such a case who underwent double-sleeve left upper lobectomy during the early days of COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Before referring him to oncology clinic for adjuvant chemotherapy, we confirmed his complete recovery from COVID-19 infection with three subsequent negative PCR testing, near total clearance of lung lesions on CT scan and the presence of acquired neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in his serum. This operation was also performed in the very early days of the COVID-19 pandemic in our country, and the utility of preoperative CT scanning prior to elective cancer surgery was controversial in those days [6] . Like any other postoperative infectious processes, our patient would have faced detrimental consequences of a pneumonectomy during the course of his COVID-19 pneumonia if a lung sparing resection was not performed. doi = 10.1007/s11748-020-01500-5 id = cord-300229-9qh7efs4 author = Inchausti, Felix title = Psychological Intervention and COVID-19: What We Know So Far and What We Can Do date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; health; mental; psychological summary = The coronavirus COVID-19 and the global pandemic has already had a substantial disruptive impact on society, posing major challenges to the provision of mental health services in a time of crisis, and carrying the spectre of an increased burden to mental health, both in terms of existing psychiatric disorder, and emerging psychological distress from the pandemic. These are (i) healthcare workers engaged in frontline response to the pandemic and their patients; (ii) individuals who will experience the emergence of new mental health distress as a function of being diagnosed with COVID-19, or losing family and loved ones to the illness, or the psychological effects of prolonged social distancing; and (iii) individuals with existing mental health conditions who are either diagnosed with COVID-19 or whose experience of social distancing exacerbates existing vulnerabilities. doi = 10.1007/s10879-020-09460-w id = cord-027231-k49e9vy6 author = Inchingolo, Riccardo title = Lung ultrasound as an extension of medical examination for COVID-19 pneumonia: much more than an imaging technique date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.06.034 id = cord-297333-fyn2xzfw author = Inchingolo, Riccardo title = The Diagnosis of Pneumonia in a Pregnant Woman with COVID-19 Using Maternal Lung Ultrasound date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: The Diagnosis of Pneumonia in a Pregnant Woman with COVID-19 Using Maternal Lung Ultrasound Abstract Lung ultrasound examination has been demonstrated to be an accurate imaging method to detect pulmonary and pleural conditions. We suggest point of care lung ultrasound examination as a diagnostic imaging tool in pregnant women with suspected COVID-19. Lung ultrasound examination has been demonstrated to be an accurate imaging method to detect 56 pulmonary and pleural conditions. 58 We report our experience on lung ultrasound examination in the diagnosis of Sars-Cov-2 59 pneumonia in a pregnant woman. Radiological findings from 173 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Relation Between Chest CT Findings and Clinical 176 Conditions of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Multicenter Study Lung ultrasound in the diagnosis and follow-up of community-acquired 201 pneumonia: a prospective, multicenter, diagnostic accuracy study doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.020 id = cord-256166-4pvk3fqn author = Indini, Alice title = Reorganization of Medical Oncology Departments during COVID-19 Pandemic: a Nationwide Italian Survey date = 2020-04-06 keywords = COVID-19; Italy summary = Results show that the following measures for oncologic patients have been promptly implemented through the whole country: use of protective devices, triage of patients accessing the hospital, delay of non-urgent visits, and use of telemedicine. Such emergency has led Italian oncologists to join forces, with the aim to find a way not to compromise the continuum of care of patients and to preserve safe everyday clinical Here we present the results of this survey, providing an overview of COVID-19 epidemic in Italy and assessing potential interventions to overcome this critical situation. Answers to the questions in Section 2 clearly show that, even if by the time of the survey COVID-19 represented an emergency mainly in the North of Italy, diagnostic measures for all patients accessing oncologic services were immediately activated in the whole country ( Table 3) . After the very first reports of COVID-19 in Italy, measures to reduce hospital accesses for oncologic patients were taken almost throughout the country. doi = 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.03.024 id = cord-353586-motgn69w author = Indu Subramanian title = Hoping for the best, planning for the worst: Palliative care approach to Parkinson disease during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; PWP summary = title: Hoping for the best, planning for the worst: Palliative care approach to Parkinson disease during the COVID-19 pandemic Hoping for the Best, Planning for the Worst: Palliative care Approach to Parkinson Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic ABSTRACT: Palliative care emphasizes expertise in handling difficult conversations, discussing patients'' wishes and supporting the caregiver(s). Here we outline the palliative approach of hoping for the best while preparing for the worst in several "what if" scenarios for people with Parkinson disease and their families during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we outline the palliative approach of hoping for the best while preparing for the worst in several "what if" scenarios for people with Parkinson disease and their families during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic presents an important opportunity to discuss goals of care, and to revisit or establish advance care plans specifically related to COVID-19 or a decline in health. doi = 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.09.042 id = cord-290895-tb0xald0 author = Indu, Purushothaman title = Raltegravir, Indinavir, Tipranavir, Dolutegravir, and Etravirine against main protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2: A molecular docking and drug repurposing approach date = 2020-10-26 keywords = COVID-19; FDA; SARS summary = title: Raltegravir, Indinavir, Tipranavir, Dolutegravir, and Etravirine against main protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2: A molecular docking and drug repurposing approach Virtual screening was performed to find out the lead antiviral drug molecules against main protease (Mpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) using COVID-19 Docking Server. RESULTS: Out of 65 FDA approved small molecule antiviral drugs screened, Raltegravir showed highest interaction energy value of -9 kcal/mol against Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 and Indinavir, Tipranavir, and Pibrentasvir exhibited a binding energy value of ≥ -8 kcal/mol. In this study, FDA J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f approved small molecule antiviral drugs were screened against protein targets of SARS-CoV-2 using a computational based approach. In our study, other screened antiviral drugs such as Indinavir, Tipranavir, and Pibrentasvir showed dock energy value more than -8 kcal/mol and these drugs might also serve as an inhibitors of Mpro target of SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.10.015 id = cord-346268-6oufmmw6 author = Infante, Maria‐Stefania title = COVID‐19 in patients with hematological malignancies: A retrospective case series date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = These patients had been advised to go to the day hospital to receive blood products or due to a new hematological diagnosis or uncontrolled disease requiring therapy. We observed that the severity of pneumonia was associated with increased risk of dying from COVID-19 in hemaWe did not observe significant differences among laboratory findings and outcome either (Table 3) . Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area Survival study of hospitalised patients with concurrent COVID-19 and haematological malignancies COVID-19 outcomes in patients with hematologic disease Case fatality rate of cancer patients with COVID-19 in a New York Hospital System Clinical outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 in haemato-oncology patients Poor outcome and prolonged persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in COVID-19 patients with haematological malignancies; King''s College Hospital experience COVID-19 and the clinical hematology laboratory doi = 10.1111/ijlh.13301 id = cord-276238-2hv46ftk author = Ing, Richard J. title = The role of helmet-delivered noninvasive pressure support ventilation in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; CPAP; NIV summary = 5 The aim of this stand-alone editorial is to examine the role of helmet delivered continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) noninvasive ventilation (NIV) as an adjunct to mechanical ventilation in patients requiring respiratory support in COVID-19. The recent Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Guidelines on the Management of Critically Ill Adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 consensus statement agrees that; following admission for COVID-19, each patient may progress at a variable rate to either recovery, with minimal oxygen requirements and no ventilatory support, or a worsening of the disease process and the need for an escalation in NIV and mechanical ventilation. 11 The usual features of typical ARDS, recently termed the H-type, in COVID-19 patients are a progressive deteriorating lung compliance requiring increased inspired oxygen concentration(FiO 2 ), high positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), prone ventilation, sedation with paralysis and inotropic support. doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.04.060 id = cord-254119-w6otllf5 author = Ingraham, Nicholas E title = Immunomodulation in COVID-19 date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; JAK summary = Observational data show overlapping clinical features in severe COVID-19 with macrophage activating syndrome (MAS) and secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Furthermore, the pathogenesis underlying SARS-CoV-2 involves several key pathways that can be manipulated, and use of these therapies can mitigate the propagation of an overdriven Figure: SARS-CoV-2 interaction with the inflammatory system and therapy targets within the system TLR4, AT1R, IL-6, IL-1, IL-18, type 1 IFNs, and IFN-γ receptor binding activates specific signalling cascades and translocation of nuclear transcription factors into the nucleus (blue ellipse), where they interact with their respective chaperones (NF-KB) or their targeting sequences on DNA (ISRE, GAS) to activate the production of multiple proteins including additional cytokines, chemokines, cell surface molecules, and more. In conclusion, as insight is gained into the clinical phenotypes associated with COVID-19, we propose JAK and IL-1 inhibitors as therapeutic targets warranting rapid investigation. doi = 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30226-5 id = cord-264356-3zu4w0a9 author = Ino, Hiroyasu title = Vaccine mandate in long‐term care facilities date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; vaccine summary = Telehealth consultations have helped our institution provide continuity of care to older adults who would otherwise decline healthcare attendances due to fears of contracting COVID-19. Making vaccination a standard part of the LTCF admission process does increase vaccination rates in nursing homes, and it is recommended by the Department of Health and Human Services. These interactions make the facility vulnerable to infectious diseases, but one must not forget that living in LTCFs provides the residents with a comfortable environment, which makes them feel like being in one''s own home. However, when any vaccines that can prevent infection in elderly people are developed, vaccinating LTCF residents against COVID-19 should be a requirement. We should consider vaccine requirements for the elderly in LTCFs. Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in COVID-19 patients aged ≥80 years Time to mandate influenza vaccination in health-care workers doi = 10.1111/ggi.14023 id = cord-300508-po2zolo8 author = Inoue, Gen title = Experience of an Orthopaedic Surgery Department Early During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Japan Including Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay Results for SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-10-24 keywords = COVID-19; PCR summary = With the need to develop an approach to manage orthopaedic surgeries, we aimed to evaluate the most current data on all the surgical cases in our department including the results of the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We also examined the results of PT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2, which was principally performed for all the surgical candidates in our department beginning May 13, and investigated their laboratory test results before surgery, their clinical signs and symptoms, which were reported to be related with COVID-19. evaluated 66 orthopaedic healthcare workers exposed to one patient who became positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection one week after admission, and reported that the RT-PCR assays were negative for all 66 healthcare workers, although 14 (21%) manifested clinical signs/symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, including cough (6.1%), sore throat (4.5%), nasal congestion (4.5%), dyspnoea (3.0%), fever (1.5%), headache, and myalgias (1.5%) [19] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.11140 id = cord-309370-g8d3w7it author = Insausti-García, Alfredo title = Papillophlebitis in a COVID-19 patient: Inflammation and hypercoagulable state date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = We believe that the inflammatory reaction and the coagulation alteration present in our patient due to Sars-Cov2 coronavirus may have acted as risk factors for the development of papillophlebitis. It has been suggested to result from idiopathic inflammation of retinal vascular and, possibly of the capillaries of the optic disc; however it is mandatory to work out a hypercoagulable state (hereditary or acquired thrombophilia factors), vasculitic syndromes, blood hyperviscosity, and other recognized systemic vascular inflammatory disorders. On left eye fundus examination, and color and red free retinographies, severe inflammation of the optic nerve head was observed accompanied by retinal venous vasodilatation and tortuosity, cotton-wool spots and moderate superficial hemorrhages in all four quadrants. 8 In addition to the respiratory tract infection and to these acute ocular manifestations, the current pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 is associated with coagulation activation and a disproportionate systemic inflammatory response. doi = 10.1177/1120672120947591 id = cord-035042-umufaixr author = Inui, Shohei title = Comparison of Chest CT Grading Systems in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19; RADS summary = The published CT grading systems of chest CT findings in COVID-19 patients may facilitate both making the radiological diagnosis and smooth communication among professionals in other fields, and their applicability and validity in the clinical practice was recently reported in several studies [7, 8, 9, 10] . Those who tested negative on the initial RT-PCR and were not having a high clinical suspicion of COVID-I n p r e s s Cases included in a previous publication were excluded from the current study based on the following grounds: (1) the previous publication was used in the process of developing two of the sets of criteria (the RSNA expert consensus statement and COVID-RADS), (2) those included in the previous publication were cases from mass infection cohort under special circumstances, and (3) the purpose of this study was to compare the CT grading systems in usual clinical settings that mostly comprises community-acquired infection with COVID-19. doi = 10.1148/ryct.2020200492 id = cord-226621-x7slh9n9 author = Inuwa-Dutse, Isa title = A curated collection of COVID-19 online datasets date = 2020-07-19 keywords = collection; covid-19; tweet summary = In line with existing studies, we provide an expansive collection of curated datasets to support the fight against the pandemic, especially concerning misinformation. The collection consists of 3 categories of Twitter data, information about standard practices from credible sources and a chronicle of global situation reports. The data collection 5 consists of 3 categories of Twitter data, information about standard practices from credible sources and a chronicle of global situation reports from WHO. The data from WHO, dubbed proWHO, and the antiWHO, dismissing WHO''s guidelines on combating Covid-19 pandemic, are the two broad sub-categories under the miscellaneous collection that can be used for various studies. 10 see https://developer.twitter.com/en/developer-terms/agreement-and-policy 11 The data presented in this paper are available at https://github.com/ijdutse/covid19-datasets 4 we query the following accounts as the seed users: @PlanB1975, @simondolan, @LonsdaleKeith, @angiebUK, @HotelLubyanka, @jcho710 Collection 4 Non-tweet-based collection Data Source WHO, NHS-UK, NCDC-NGN, and CDC-US Popular accounts and hashtags. doi = nan id = cord-270254-dp7z1kla author = Inzitari, Marco title = How a Barcelona post-acute facility became a referral center for comprehensive management of subacute patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: How a Barcelona post-acute facility became a referral center for comprehensive management of subacute patients with COVID-19 We critically review the actions taken by Parc Sanitari Pere Virgili, a PAC facility in Barcelona, to manage the pandemic, including its administration, healthcare, communication, psychological support and ethical frameworks. Brief Summary: The paper describes how a large post-acute care facility in 23 Barcelona, was adapted at the outbreak of the COVID 19 pandemic to become 24 a polyvalent reference center for older COVID-19 patients assessed as not 25 requiring intensive care. 26 Key word: COVID-19, post-acute care, older adults, geriatrics, geriatric 27 syndromes, palliative care 28 Funding source: This research did not receive any funding from agencies in 29 the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Geriatric screening tools to select older adults susceptible for direct transfer from the emergency department to subacute intermediate-care hospitalization Asymptomatic and presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in residents of a long-term care Skilled Nursing Facility doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.06.015 id = cord-340805-qbvgnr4r author = Ioannidis, John P.A. title = Forecasting for COVID-19 has failed date = 2020-08-25 keywords = covid-19; death; model summary = Poor data input, wrong modeling assumptions, high sensitivity of estimates, lack of incorporation of epidemiological features, poor past evidence on effects of available interventions, lack of transparency, errors, lack of determinacy, looking at only one or a few dimensions of the problem at hand, lack of expertise in crucial disciplines, groupthink and bandwagon effects and selective reporting are some of the causes of these failures. When major decisions (e.g. draconian lockdowns) are based on forecasts, the harms (in terms of health, economy, and society at large) and the asymmetry of risks need to be approached in a holistic fashion, considering the totality of the evidence. doi = 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2020.08.004 id = cord-303571-ossmgzzn author = Iorfa, S. K. title = COVID-19 knowledge, risk perception and precautionary behaviour among Nigerians: A moderated mediation approach date = 2020-05-26 keywords = behaviour; covid-19; precautionary summary = Finally, it is expected that risk perception will mediate the prediction of precautionary behaviour by COVID-19 knowledge and that this effect will be stronger for female Nigerians than for male Nigerians. They were recruited through a snowball sampling technique via social media posts to complete the online survey on COVID-19 knowledge, perceptions and precautionary behaviour using Google forms website. Our hypothesis of a moderated mediation effect was supported as evidenced by a significant indirect effect of COVID-19 knowledge on precautionary behaviour through risk perception among females {B = 0.22, 95% Consistent with previous findings therefore, we postulated that perception of risk is a pathway through which knowledge and awareness of COVID-19 will influence precautionary behaviour and that this influence may be more for females than for males. We also tested the direct influences of COVID-19 knowledge, risk perception, age and gender on precautionary behaviour. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.20.20104786 id = cord-343973-n5ogyxz7 author = Ip, Andrew title = Hydroxychloroquine and tocilizumab therapy in COVID-19 patients—An observational study date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; EHR; ICU; patient summary = In this retrospective observational cohort study drawn from electronic health records we sought to describe the association between mortality and hydroxychloroquine or tocilizumab therapy among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Subsequently, an observational cohort study of 1376 hospitalized patients from a New York hospital using propensity modeling found no significant association between hydroxychloroquine use and intubation or death (hazard ratio, 1.04, 95% confidence interval, 0.82 to 1.32) [14] . A recently reported randomized Brazilian trial enrolling 504 hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 confirmed patients with mild-to-moderate disease (defined as not requiring significant supplemental oxygen support) found that a 7-day course of hydroxychloroquine either with azithromycin or alone did not result in better clinical outcomes as measured by a seven-level ordinal scale at 15 days [16] . In this observational cohort study we report our survival outcomes with hydroxychloroquine and tocilizumab among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0237693 id = cord-301412-wbu3t8j8 author = Ippolito, Edy title = COVID-19 and radiation induced pneumonitis: overlapping clinical features of different diseases date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: COVID-19 and radiation induced pneumonitis: overlapping clinical features of different diseases Furthermore, the prognosis of cancer patients dealing with COVID-19 disease is unpaired as they are usually older with multiple comorbidities. The clinical picture of radiation induced lung injury (RILI) is radiation pneumonitis (RP) that is relatively common, occurring in 15-40% of patients receiving concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) for NSCLC (4) . In patients treated with thoracic radiotherapy, discerning RP from COVID-19 disease can be particularly challenging as RP characteristics can mimic SARS-CoV-2 interstitial pneumonia. High fever (the most common initial symptom of COVID-19) frequently occurs in patients presenting severe lung RP. Predicting radiation pneumonitis after chemoradiation therapy for lung cancer: an international individual patient data meta-analysis A clinical score, including biohumoral parameters, is a useful pretest index to discriminate pulmonary infections from radiation damage in chemoradiation-treated lung cancer patients Treatmentrelated Lymphopenia in Patients With Stage III Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer doi = 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.04.009 id = cord-294064-vdpak3fm author = Iqbal, Muhammad Rafaih title = Single centre concept of ‘cold site’ elective surgery during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic: A cohort study date = 2020-10-06 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = title: Single centre concept of ''cold site'' elective surgery during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic: A cohort study Our hospital utilised local private hospital as a dedicated cold site (CS) for urgent elective surgery during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: Urgent elective surgery is safe and feasible during the COVID-19 pandemic if a dedicated cold site is available. A mortality of 19% has been reported in a recent study on 278 patients undergoing elective surgery who were diagnosed with COVID-19 peri-operatively (6) . This was a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of consecutive patients undergoing urgent elective surgery at the dedicated CS during the COVID-19 pandemic. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f ¨ This study reports findings of a dedicated cold site elective surgery during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.09.047 id = cord-309521-2cb992u1 author = Iqbal, Muhammad Rafaih title = “COVID-19: Results of a national survey of United Kingdom healthcare professionals’ perceptions of current management strategy – a cross-sectional questionnaire study” date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; PPE summary = title: "COVID-19: Results of a national survey of United Kingdom healthcare professionals'' perceptions of current management strategy – a cross-sectional questionnaire study" METHOD: A questionnaire survey, drafted using Google Forms, was distributed among Healthcare professionals working in the National Health Service (NHS) across the United Kingdom. Respondents were asked five questions regarding their trust preparation for the pandemic: whether they felt supported at their trust, availability of adequate facilities (specialist beds, specified isolated areas) to treat COVID-19 patients, availability of enough PPE, whether there was enough local guidance regarding the pandemic and if sufficient local training was provided. For "daily source of information regarding the COVID-19 pandemic", nearly half of the respondents (n=558, 55.41%) used multiple sources (daily hospital emails, news, social media, Gov.uk, friends and family and other health professionals) while a quarter (n=249, 24.73%) relied on daily hospital emails (Table 3) . doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.042 id = cord-304490-q9ab1pji author = Iqbal, Najaf title = Nexus between COVID-19, temperature and exchange rate in Wuhan City: New findings from Partial and Multiple Wavelet Coherence date = 2020-04-22 keywords = Wuhan; chinese; covid-19 summary = We employ 24-h daily average temperature, daily new confirmed cases of a covid-19 in Wuhan, and RMB exchange rate to represent the weather, covid-19 outbreak, and Chinese economy, respectively. The Renminbi exchange rate showed a negative coherence at specific time-frequency spots suggesting a negative but limited impact of the covid-19 outbreak in Wuhan on the Chinese export economy. In such a scenario, it is interesting to know how the Chinese RMB exchange rate moved with the emerging situation of the covid-19 outbreak, explicitly speaking the number of new daily confirmed cases in Wuhan during this period. This study attempts to document the relationship between local weather (Temperature), economy (Exchange rate of RMB), and covid-19 outbreak (Daily number of new confirmed covid-19 cases) in the Chinese city of Wuhan where it was first reported, using wavelet analysis. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138916 id = cord-307070-tqxvu3pu author = Iqbal, Phool title = Should We Rely on Screening Tests for Further Management Alone in Polymerase Chain Reaction Negative COVID-19 Patients? A Case Series date = 2020-09-20 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = However, improvement was observed in the clinical condition of the patients who were managed as per COVID-19 protocol based upon the clinical signs and symptoms after correlating with diagnostic chest imaging studies. The infectious disease team advised testing with COVID-19 serology (immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG antibodies through lateral flow assay), the results of which were positive, indicating recent infection. The infectious disease team was consulted and based upon his clinical presentation and previous investigations, the patient was maintained on the local management protocol for COVID-19 infection. Moreover, biomarkers such as CRP, ferritin, lymphocyte counts, lactate dehydrogenase, and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide, along with radiological findings in CXR or features such as unilateral or bilateral pneumonia, ground-glass opacities, or consolidations in a chest CT scan, can suggest COVID-19 infection even in such patients where RT-PCR alone is negative [4] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.10555 id = cord-303102-ap1dzbp9 author = Iqbal, Sajid title = It is time to control the worst: testing COVID-19 outbreak, energy consumption and CO(2) emission date = 2020-11-12 keywords = Pakistan; consumption; covid-19; energy summary = While, due to COVID-19 outbreak, several health issues have been raised and such issues are becoming serious days by day, more specifically in frugal economies like Pakistan, this impact is very critical, and now, an economic shock is being perceived; lockdown is being extended continuously; and by the effect of lockdown fuel consumption, CO 2 emission, energy demand and supply declined and market mechanism is altered very speedily. By the fact, the COVID-19 outbreak affected the energy sector of the world as a whole, and eventually, the demand graph of oil supplies have become bearish; oil market prices faced a decline; and big economies like the USA are bidding the oil-free of cost (Malamud and Núñez 2020) . We contributed in literature by presenting a novel study on the COVID-19 effect on carbon emission and energy consumption in modern time when the world is finding the solution for each and every sector and each and every aspect to make it sustainable. doi = 10.1007/s11356-020-11462-z id = cord-274602-q9i2k304 author = Iqbal, Yousaf title = Psychiatric presentation of patients with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective review of 50 consecutive patients seen by a consultation-liaison psychiatry team date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; psychiatric summary = BACKGROUND: Reports of psychiatric morbidity associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection tend to be limited by geography and patients'' clinical status. AIMS: To describe the psychiatric morbidity associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction) in referrals to a consultation-liaison psychiatry service in Qatar. 12 Finally, all current studies in hospital settings have restricted themselves to symptomatic patients with COVID-19, although psychiatric consultation-liaison services will also be referred patients who have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 but are physically asymptomatic. The current study aimed to complement existing data by characterising the psychiatric morbidity associated with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients referred to a consultation-liaison psychiatry service in Qatar. As such it offers a broad clinical picture of the psychiatric problems associated with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, occurring in a general hospital setting, and including patients who are symptomatic and asymptomatic for COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1192/bjo.2020.85 id = cord-354888-448eqhg8 author = Irarrázaval, María J. title = Telemedicine for postoperative follow-up, virtual surgical clinics during COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-11-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = The aim of the present prospective study is to compare the use of telemedicine clinics to in-person follow-up for postoperative care after gastrointestinal surgery during COVID-19 outbreak. Due to the current context and the urgent need to maintain social distance, reorganize human resources and keep patients away from clinical areas; our gastrointestinal surgery team implemented a contingency strategy based on telemedicine for postoperative patient care. This study aims to report our results using telemedicine consults for postoperative care and compare them to in-person follow-up after gastrointestinal surgery during COVID-19 outbreak. Only 2.8% of patients needed an in-person consultation with an attending surgeon, and only 1.9% visited the ED following a telemedicine appointment. While further prospective studies are needed to support the safety of telemedicine in postoperative care, we found that a telemedicine protocol could be safely implemented for gastrointestinal surgery follow-up during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s00464-020-08130-1 id = cord-332547-m9mb3c22 author = Iravani, Behzad title = Relationship Between Odor Intensity Estimates and COVID-19 Prevalence Prediction in a Swedish Population date = 2020-05-22 keywords = covid-19; intensity; odor; swedish summary = From March to April, Folkhälsomyndigheten randomly sampled 738 individuals in the Stockholm region and, based on this data, together with available data from the health care system and the contagion factor of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, modeled the prevalence of COVID-19 in the Stockholm population over time. Finally, for the test-retest reliability, we used a Pearson correlation between odor intensity ratings in the first session and second session in individuals who provided data in more than 1 session and who reported no symptoms in both. The marked drop in olfactory functions between sessions when participants started to report COVID-19 symptoms suggests that odor measures might serve as a clear indicator of COVID-19 at an individual level beyond the population level demonstrated here. doi = 10.1093/chemse/bjaa034 id = cord-299567-tlnvqah3 author = Irfan, M. title = The psychological impact of coronavirus on university students and its socio-economic determinants in Malaysia date = 2020-10-30 keywords = COVID-19; Malaysia; anxiety summary = This article examines the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) upon university students anxiety level and finds the factors associated with the anxiety disorder in Malaysia. Whereas, age above than 20 years (OR= 1.30, 95% CI= 0.96-1.75), ethnicity Chinese (OR=1.72, 95% CI= 0.95-3.1), any other disease (OR=2.0, 95% CI=1.44-2.79), decreased family income (OR=1.71, 95% CI=1.34-2.17), more time spent on watching COVID-19 related news (OR=1.52, 95% CI=1.17-1.97), and infected relative or friends (OR=1.62, 95% CI=1.06-2.50) were risk factors for anxiety among students. The sudden change in the mode of teaching due to the potential risk of death caused by COVID-19, isolation, and lockdown have increased the anxiety level and created extreme stress to the general public [4] and students alike [5] The abnormal stress and depression amongst students not only affect their performance but also is associated with heightened self-injury and suicidal attempts [6] . doi = 10.1101/2020.10.27.20220723 id = cord-277110-e27lm7rr author = Iria, Neri title = Major cluster of pediatric “ true ” primary chilblains during the COVID‐19 pandemic: a consequence of lifestyle changes due to lockdown date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; chilblain summary = We reported demographical, laboratory and clinical features, history of close contact with COVID‐19 patients, presence of similar skin lesions in other family members, precipitating and risk factors for chilblain onset. All rights reserved In April 2020, we observed a growing number of chilblain-like manifestations similar to coldinduced lesions during the pandemic, with the opportunity to study 8 cases, 2 children and 6 adolescents, and report here our results. The aim of this study is to verify whether the chilblain-like lesions were a cutaneous clue for SARS-CoV-2 infection or due to other causes. All rights reserved -PCR-assay on blood samples for Parvovirus B19 DNA and Enterovirus RNA -PCR-assay on skin biopsy for Parvovirus B19, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and SARS-CoV-2 was performed in a single patient (12.5%). Various cutaneous findings were observed in adults infected with COVID-19 and, simultaneously, a marked increase of chilblain-like lesions occurred worldwide among children during the COVID-19 pandemic 10, 11 In our cases we exclude SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1111/jdv.16751 id = cord-343093-qjg5az3d author = Irie, Kei title = Pharmacokinetics of Favipiravir in Critically Ill Patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19; FPV summary = We measured the serum concentration of FPV using high‐performance liquid chromatography in patients with severe COVID‐19 who were admitted to the intensive care unit and placed on mechanical ventilation. FPV trough concentration in critically ill patients was much lower than that of healthy subjects in a previous clinical trial, which is a cause for great concern. Critically ill patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to the ICU on mechanical ventilation and administered FPV tablets (AVIGAN ® tablet 200 mg, Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) between May 19, 2020 and April 16, 2020 in Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital were eligible for this observational study. In the present study, we evaluated FPV serum concentrations in critically ill patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to the ICU and required mechanical ventilation. Previous studies on oral drug formulations report decreased concentration when administered through nasogastric tube in critically ill patients (18, 19) . doi = 10.1111/cts.12827 id = cord-317849-i80zf67c author = Isautier, J. M. title = Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic: People''s experiences and satisfaction with telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia date = 2020-09-11 keywords = covid-19; telehealth summary = Six overarching themes were identified from free-text responses of why telehealth experience was poorer than a traditional in-person medical appointment: communication is not as effective; limitations with technology; issues with obtaining prescriptions and pathology; reduced confidence in doctor; additional burden for complex care; and inability to be physically examined. Despite the increase in telehealth, little is known about people''s experience of telehealth services compared to traditional-in person visits during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. An independent samples t-test was used to compare perceived usefulness of telehealth medical appointments once the COVID-19 emergency ends between those who rated their telehealth experience as worse, and those who reported the experience to be the same or better, than an in-person medical visit. Those who rated their telehealth experience as worse than traditional-in person visits were more likely to be male, have lower patient activation (individuals'' willingness to take on the role of managing their health and healthcare), or have a history of both depression and anxiety. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.10.20192336 id = cord-338517-1mxcssjj author = Ishay, Yuval title = Antibody response to SARS‐Co‐V‐2, diagnostic and therapeutic implications date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; RBD; SARS; antibody; patient summary = The phage display method, allowing rapid and wide display of proteins directly correlated to their associated genes, can detect NAbs against SARS-CoV from both naïve and immune antibody libraries, capable of blocking the binding of S1 domain, thereby showing virus neutralization and prophylaxis capability either in vitro or in the animal models (31, 33, 36) . Another method, possibly allowing the production and utilization of existing NAbs, may include the use of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformation of human B cells to improve the isolation of NAbs from the memory B cells harvested from the SARS-CoV infected patients (11) . Experimental and clinical data on the use of convalescent plasma products and humanized monoclonal antibodies for H5N1 influenza infection have also shown positive outcomes, and this treatment was proposed as a mean for overcoming anti-viral drug resistance (62, 79, 80) . In a study involving 20 patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection, administration of convalescent plasma reduced respiratory tract viral load, serum cytokine response, and mortality (81) . doi = 10.1002/hep4.1600 id = cord-350907-lazslqn0 author = Isik, Ahmet Turan title = Covid-19 Infection in Older Adults: A Geriatrician’s Perspective date = 2020-07-06 keywords = covid-19; old summary = 1, 2 Regarding the severe course of the disease in the elderly, I would like to draw attention to some issues related to the diagnosis of Covid-19 infections in older patients. 2, 3 Older patients, especially frail ones with multiple comorbidities, may not show typical symptoms, such as fever, cough, chest discomfort, or excessive sputum production in pulmonary infections as much as young people do, and thus atypical presentations may be an important issue that causes delayed diagnosis of Covid-19 infections. 5, 11 In a study examining the cases in Wuhan, China, the origin of the infection, it was reported that the disease progresses more severely and even causes deaths, especially in older patients and individuals with chronic diseases. Furthermore, while Covid-19 is severe and fatal in older adults, evaluation of individuals over 65 years of age with a geriatrician''s perspective is very important. doi = 10.2147/cia.s260972 id = cord-254191-5cxv9l3c author = Islam, A.K.M. Najmul title = Misinformation sharing and social media fatigue during COVID-19: An affordance and cognitive load perspective date = 2020-07-12 keywords = COVID-19; SMF; medium; social summary = Building off the affordance lens and cognitive load theory, we investigate how motivational factors and personal attributes influence social media fatigue and the sharing of unverified information during the COVID-19 pandemic. The lack of critique on thoughts and the amplification of radical ideas by the virtual echo-chambers created by social media have been claimed to contribute to increased dissemination of misinformation (Barberá et al., T During COVID-19, clear communication of the severity of the situation and recommended health measures was needed to ensure people took correct action and did not suffer from unnecessary anxiety (Farooq et al., 2020) . From Table 2 , DS-R is the most critical predictor followed by exploration, self-promotion, religiosity, SMF, and entertainment in predicting unverified information sharing. We found that SMF, self-promotion, entertainment, exploration, DS-R, and religiosity all predicted unverified COVID-19 information sharing on social media. doi = 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120201 id = cord-276177-hhmd8ilk author = Islam, Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul title = Are meteorological factors enhancing COVID-19 transmission in Bangladesh? Novel findings from a compound Poisson generalized linear modeling approach date = 2020-10-28 keywords = Bangladesh; covid-19 summary = Since there is a close association between other viral infection cases by epidemics and environmental factors, this study intends to unveil meteorological effects on the outbreak of COVID-19 across eight divisions of Bangladesh from March to April 2020. Thus, the objectives of the current study were to investigate the effects of meteorological factors on COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths in Bangladesh using compound Poisson generalized linear modeling (CPGLM), a unique approach across the eight divisions of Bangladesh along with the Monte-Carlo method and random forest (RF) model. We employed the compound Poisson generalized linear model (CPGLMs) for exploring the relationship between daily meteorological variables (TDN, MT, NHR, MRH, AH, and rainfall), and daily confirmed cases from COVID-19 across Bangladesh from March 8 to April 30, 2020. Many studies have reported that temperature and relative humidity are the most contributing climatic variables influencing COVID-19 cases in other countries Shi et al. doi = 10.1007/s11356-020-11273-2 id = cord-252714-idlyl4ga author = Islam, M. Saiful title = Current knowledge of COVID-19 and infection prevention and control strategies in healthcare settings: A global analysis date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; China; IPC; SARS summary = 1,2 Outbreaks of newly emerging or remerging infectious diseases present a unique challenge and a threat to healthcare providers (HCPs) and other frontline responders due to limited understanding of the emerging threat and reliance on infection prevention and control (IPC) measures that may not consider all transmission dynamics of the emerging pathogens. We searched publications in English on ''PubMed'' and Google Scholar for the period between January 1 and April 27, 2020, using the following search terms: "2019-nCoV" or "COVID-19" or "2019 novel coronavirus" or "SARS-CoV-2." To identify COVID-19 IPC guidelines, we visited the websites of the international public health agencies such as CDC, ECDC, WHO, as well as the Australian Government Department of Health, the Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control of the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China, and Public Health England. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.237 id = cord-345655-fb4vv4my author = Islam, M. Z. title = Risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes of COVID-19 patients on the 28th day of the disease course: a retrospective cohort study in Bangladesh date = 2020-10-29 keywords = Bangladesh; covid-19; patient summary = title: Risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes of COVID-19 patients on the 28th day of the disease course: a retrospective cohort study in Bangladesh We conducted this retrospective cohort study with a cohort of 1016 COVID-19 patients diagnosed in May 2020 to identify the risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes. A study conducted on outcomes of the COVID-19 patients found that non-survivors were more often older and men, and they had a higher prevalence of DM, hyperlipidemia and CHDs. The history of current tobacco uses and having COPD was more among the non-survivors [11] . Based on these realities, in this particular study, we aimed to identify the risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes of COVID-19 patients. We conducted this single centred retrospective cohort study to identify the risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes of COVID-19 patients on the 28th day of the disease course. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002630 id = cord-252795-x66zqmgv author = Islam, Md. Akhtarul title = Depression and anxiety among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: A web-based cross-sectional survey date = 2020-08-26 keywords = Bangladesh; COVID-19; student summary = title: Depression and anxiety among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: A web-based cross-sectional survey Following the detection of first COVID-19 case on March 8, 2020 [6] , Bangladesh like many other countries put the lockdown strategy into effect on March 26, 2020 , to ensure ''social distance'' through ''home quarantine'' to curb the ''spread'' among its population [7] [8] [9] , since a precise treatment or vaccine for the infected and people at risk are yet to achieved by the global health community [10, 11] . The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is creating a psycho-emotional chaotic situation as countries have been reporting a sharp rise of mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, stress, sleep disorder as well as fear, among its citizens [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] , that eventually increased the substance use [15] and sometimes suicidal behavior [20] [21] [22] . Researchers in China observed that the greater exposure to ''misinformation'' through social media are more likely contributing to the development of anxiety, depression, and other mental health problems among its population of different socioeconomic background [23] [24] [25] [26] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238162 id = cord-301391-5dvf1mi0 author = Islam, Md. Milon title = Breathing Aid Devices to Support Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)Infected Patients date = 2020-08-19 keywords = covid-19; device; oxygen; patient summary = It is a matter of hope that the recent deployment of small-scale technologies like 3D printer, microcontroller, ventilator, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) are mostly used to resolve the problem associated with medical equipment''s for breathing. We described the most recent developed breathing aid devices such as oxygen therapy devices, ventilator, and CPAP throughout the review. The review described breathing aid devices like oxygen therapy devices, ventilators, and CPAP devices. Breathing aid devices are used to support the patients who have acute respiration problem due to pneumonia associated diseases like COVID-19, asthma, and dry coughing. The key feature of this study is that without any respiration tubes, the proposed device can provide necessary ventilation to the patient''s lungs with the blower unit. A lowcost, microcontroller controlled electro-mechanical device is developed in [61] for the respiratory support of COVID-19 infected patients. [66] proposed a multi-powered CPAP device for respiratory support for the patients having a breathing problem. doi = 10.1007/s42979-020-00300-1 id = cord-354819-gkbfbh00 author = Islam, Md. Zabirul title = A Combined Deep CNN-LSTM Network for the Detection of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Using X-ray Images date = 2020-08-15 keywords = CNN; COVID-19; LSTM summary = title: A Combined Deep CNN-LSTM Network for the Detection of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Using X-ray Images This paper aims to introduce a deep learning technique based on the combination of a convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) to diagnose COVID-19 automatically from X-ray images. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a deep learning based system that combines the CNN and LSTM networks to automatically detect COVID-19 from X-ray images. By analyzing the results, it is demonstrated that a combination of CNN and LSTM has significant effects on the detection of COVID-19 based on the automatic extraction of features from X-ray images. We introduced a deep CNN-LSTM network for the detection of novel COVID-19 from X-ray images. Covid-19: automatic detection from X-ray images utilizing transfer learning with convolutional neural networks Automated detection of COVID-19 cases using deep neural networks with X-ray images doi = 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100412 id = cord-118509-nws464ug author = Islam, Muhammad Nazrul title = A Survey on the Use of AI and ML for Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-03 keywords = covid-19; research summary = In our review, we have explored the objectives/aims of the existing studies (i.e., the role of AI/ML in fighting COVID-19 pandemic); context of the study (i.e., study focused to a specific country-context or with a global perspective); type and volume of dataset; methodology, algorithms or techniques adopted in the prediction or diagnosis processes; and mapping the algorithms/techniques with the data type highlighting their prediction/classification accuracy. Most of the articles (n =16, 48%) were published focusing to detect the COVID-19 infected patients using different AI-based algorithms that include, for example, the Convoluted Neural Network (CNN) model, Support Vector Machine (SVM), generative adversarial network (GAN), and the transfer learning. doi = nan id = cord-333792-h4f125hr author = Islamoglu, Yuce title = Objective evaluation of the nasal mucosal secretion in COVID-19 patients with anosmia date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; Schirmer summary = title: Objective evaluation of the nasal mucosal secretion in COVID-19 patients with anosmia AIMS: To evaluate nasal mucosal secretion objectively in COVID-19 patients with anosmia. Invasion of the olfactory bulb and central nervous system by SARS-CoV-2 may lead to anosmia in COVID-19, which may cause olfactory dysfunction. European otolaryngologists observed severe olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions without rhinorrhea or nasal obstruction in COVID-19 patients but there is no objective evaluation [7] [8] [9] . Our aim is in our study to investigate the nasal secretion in COVID-19 patients with anosmia. COVID-19 patients who had a previous history of nasal surgery, smoking, and previous history of olfaction dysfunction were excluded from the study. This is the first study of the objective evaluation of the nasal mucosa secretions in COVID-19 patients with anosmia. According to our study, SARS-CoV-2 causes anosmia without affecting nasal mucosa secretions. doi = 10.1007/s11845-020-02405-1 id = cord-329561-4cz2jtt7 author = Ismael, F. title = Post-infection depression, anxiety and PTSD: a retrospective cohort study with mild COVID-19 patients date = 2020-08-31 keywords = PTSD; covid-19 summary = We investigated the association between the number of COVID-19 symptoms at intake and depression, anxiety and PTSD, adjusting for previous mental health status, time between baseline and outcome, and other confounders. Through this analysis, we investigated the association between COVID-19 symptoms and post-infection depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among a sample of patients diagnosed with mild COVID-19 in Brazil. We investigated the association between the number of COVID-19 symptoms at intake and depression, anxiety and PTSD in the follow-up assessment, adjusting for previous mental health status, and the time between the baseline and outcome, among other possible confounders. Table 3 presents the results of the logistic regression models of the exposure (previous total number of symptoms of COVID-19) for the outcomes (categorical diagnosis of depression, anxiety disorder and PTSD). doi = 10.1101/2020.08.25.20182113 id = cord-342303-ddulfe06 author = Ismael, Julia title = Multidisciplinary approach to COVID-19 and cancer: consensus from scientific societies in Argentina date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; cancer; case; patient; treatment summary = METHODOLOGY: The review included two phases: 1) search and systematic revision of the medical literature; 2) consensus and revision of the document drafted by national scientific societies involved in the management and care of cancer patients using the modified Delphi method. The recommendations are grouped as follows: 1) general care interventions—training of the personnel, cleaning and disinfection of the hospital premises and patient scheduling; 2) treatment decisions—patient care, surgeries, immunosuppressive therapy, radiotherapy and screening; 3) ethical considerations—optimisation of resources, end-of-life care for critically-ill patients; 4) management of hospitalised patients; and 5) wellbeing of the healthcare team. In cases where the overall benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy may be small, and where there are no immunosuppressive options available (for example, hormonal therapy in early-stage hormone-dependant breast cancer), the risk of infection from COVID-19 can be considered as an additional factor to evaluate before the different options available to the patient. doi = 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1044 id = cord-268617-1t7yaoct author = Ismaili, Nabil title = COVID-19 and Gynecological Cancers: A Summary of International Recommendations date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; cancer; high; patient summary = Given this epidemiological context, the establishment of guidelines for patients with gynecological cancers, requiring multidisciplinary management during the global COVID-19 pandemic, is crucial to limit their infection while maintaining their chances for a cure. The surgical prioritization is determined according to: The highest priority should be given to the surgical treatment of high-risk cancers, especially those candidates for minimally invasive surgery (such as robotic surgery) and short hospital stay, in addition to potentially curative procedures for early-stage cancers. In stage II endometrial cancer, proceed with radical surgery and consider adjuvant therapy for patients with high-risk factors (same as stage I). For patients with advanced stage (stages III/IV) high-grade epithelial (serous or endometrioid) ovarian cancer, the standard treatment is based on primary debulking surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy (protocol based on the result of the surgery). doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00475-x id = cord-315166-ga6e3lqp author = Isoletta, Eugenio title = Emergency accesses in Dermatology Department during the Covid‐19 pandemic in a referral third level center in the north of Italy date = 2020-07-18 keywords = covid-19 summary = Since February 21 st , 2020, when the first case in Italy was confirmed, an overwhelming number of SARS-CoV-2 infections were detected and hospital organizations have adapted to cope with the emergency, 1,2 . We performed a retrospective review of all dermatological consultations in the ED of IRCSS San Matteo between February 22 nd (date of the first proven autochthonous Covid-19 case) and May 3 rd (date of the end of the "phase 1" of the lockdown). Our aim was to evaluate the impact of the ongoing pandemic on the number of dermatological ED consultation, on the severity of cases presented to the ED with cutaneous symptoms, and on the diagnoses at discharge. The first finding emerging from our data was a dramatic reduction in the request for dermatological ED consultations during the COVID pandemic comparing to the same period in 2019, from 164 patients to 33, with an absolute difference of -79.9 percentage points ( Table 1 ). doi = 10.1111/dth.14027 id = cord-316100-15zj660u author = Issitt, R. title = Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in children at a specialist centre: outcome and implications of underlying high-risk comorbidities in a paediatric population date = 2020-05-25 keywords = covid-19; medRxiv; preprint summary = Given the documented reduced overall severity reported in children with COVID-19, we examined a cohort of paediatric patients presenting to a specialist children''s hospital with suspected COVID-19 to document their clinical behaviour and outcomes with particular regard to presence of underlying medical conditions leading to "vulnerability". In the present study for example, for the majority of underlying conditions there was no difference between the groups, although children undergoing chemotherapy for paediatric malignancy were over-represented in the CoVPos group, suggesting these specific patients are at increased risk of Sars-Cov-2 infection. These data report on a highly preselected group of high risk paediatric patients attending a specialist children''s hospital with features suggestive of COVID-19, and demonstrate that around one third of such cases represent confirmed acute infection with SARS-CoV-2. Patient demographic data, proportion in vulnerable groups and mortality of 168 CoVPos and CoVNeg patients presenting to a specialist children''s hospital with symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.20.20107904 id = cord-301511-r7k8ufqx author = Issitt, Richard W title = Children with COVID-19 at a specialist centre: initial experience and outcome date = 2020-06-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = We examined a cohort of paediatric patients, presenting to Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK (a specialist children''s hospital), with suspected COVID-19 to document their clinical characteristics and outcomes with regard to the presence of underlying medical conditions associated with vulnerability. 5 These data show the characteristics and outcomes of children presenting to a specialist children''s hospital with clinical features of COVID-19 disease and positive testing, and confirm that some children with SARS-CoV-2 might have severe disease with requirement for intensive care admission. Of note, the reported cohort of patients are highly preselected, both for children with severe disease and for those with underlying medical conditions, and therefore the findings are not applicable to the general paediatric population. Furthermore, in children with confirmed COVID-19, the proportion of patients with underlying vulnerable conditions requiring admission to an intensive care unit for mechanical ventilation were not significantly different to those classed as nonvulnerable. doi = 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30204-2 id = cord-331879-w7008uyy author = Iversen, Jenny title = COVID‐19, HIV and key populations: cross‐cutting issues and the need for population‐specific responses date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; HIV; population summary = However, the conditions faced by specific populations vary according to social, structural and environmental factors, including stigma and discrimination, criminalization, social and economic safety nets and the local epidemiology of HIV and COVID‐19, which determine risk of exposure and vulnerability to adverse health outcomes, as well as the ability to comply with measures such as physical distancing. Significant heterogeneity in the COVID‐19 pandemic, the underlying HIV epidemic and the ability of key populations to protect themselves means that people who inject drugs and sex workers face particular challenges, including indirect impacts as a result of police targeting, loss of income and sometimes both. Global networks, including the International Network of People who use Drugs (INPUD), the Global Network of Sex Work Projects (NSWP), the Global Network of People Living with HIV (GNP+) and MPact Global Action for Gay Men''s Health and Rights have issued statements calling for urgent action to protect their communities and to address population-specific needs for prevention, care and treatment [9,18-20]. doi = 10.1002/jia2.25632 id = cord-345092-1ztfcpsb author = Iwasaki, Masae title = Inflammation Triggered by SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 Augment Drives Multiple Organ Failure of Severe COVID-19: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications date = 2020-10-08 keywords = ACE2; AT1R; Ang2; COVID-19; IL-6; SARS; cell; patient summary = Severe patients of COVID-19 often develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction/failure with high mortality that may be closely related to the hyper-proinflammatory status called the "cytokine storm." Massive cytokines including interleukin-6, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) released from SARS-CoV-2-infected macrophages and monocytes lead inflammation-derived injurious cascades causing multi-organ injury/failure. ARB/ACE-I, angiotensin receptor blocker/ACE2 inhibitor; AT1aR, angiotensin receptor subtype 1a; C3, complement component 3; E-cadherin, epithelial cadherin; gp130, glycoprotein 130; IL, interleukin; JAK, Janus kinase; MAPK, mitogenactivated protein kinase; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; mIL-6R, membrane interleukin 6 receptor; MMP9, matrix metallopeptidase 9; MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88; NFκB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B; PI3K/Akt, phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein Kinase B; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; sIL-6R, soluble interleukin 6 receptor; SOCS3, the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3; STAT3, signal transducers and activators of transcription; sTNFα, soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha; Tfh, follicular helper T cell; Th0, naive T cell; Th17, T helper 17 cell; TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine 2; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TPO, thrombopoietin; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. doi = 10.1007/s10753-020-01337-3 id = cord-350429-v36lrg3p author = Iyengar, Karthikeyan title = Learning opportunities from COVID-19 and future effects on health care system date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; India summary = BACKGROUND AND AIMS: COVID-19 has had a crippling effect on the health care systems around the world with cancellation of elective medical services and disruption of daily life. RESULTS: There has been a shared drive worldwide to devise strategies to protect people against viral transmission with reinforcement of hand hygiene and infection control principles but also to provide continuity of health care. COVID-19 has had a crippling effect on the health care systems around the world with cancellation of elective medical services and disruption of daily life. There has been a shared drive worldwide to devise strategies to protect people against viral transmission with reinforcement of hand hygiene and infection control principles but also to provide continuity of health care. Government initiatives -COVID 19 has exposed health care system of many countries including India. Telemedicine for Diabetes Care in India during COVID19 Pandemic and National Lockdown Period: Guidelines for Physicians doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.036 id = cord-274849-awv8sp8m author = Iyengar, Karthikeyan P. title = COVID-19 and mortality in doctors date = 2020-09-03 keywords = India; covid-19 summary = BACKGROUND AND AIMS: COVID-19 disease appear to have been associated with significant mortality amongst doctors and health care workers globally. Until an effective cure/vaccine is developed, risk assessments at work, mitigating confounding factors, adequate supply of personal protective equipment (PPE) and enhanced protection against infection are necessary to protect health care professionals on the coronavirus frontline. COVID-19 has caused a huge burden and loss to the world with doctors bearing the brunt of physical burnout, mental stress, occupational risk of infection with increased risk of morbidity and mortality, being the front-line workers. [30] • As such lack of COVID-19 safe facilities, resources, availability of appropriate PPE and lack of uniform application of infection prevention strategies remain cause of concerns and an occupational risk for health care professionals in India. There is lack of uniform database on morbidity and mortality statistics due to COVID-19 amongst doctors and health care workers globally. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.09.003 id = cord-347900-nzd15vab author = Iyengar, Karthikeyan P. title = Tuberculosis and COVID-19 in India-double trouble! date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Tuberculosis and COVID-19 in India-double trouble! Smartphone technology applications can be expanded to play a key role in assessment, monitoring, contact tracing and remote management of TB patients as it is being undertaken for COVID-19 disease in the current pandemic [4] . COVID-19 and applications of smartphone technology in the current pandemic COVID-19 in Tuberculosis patients: a report of three cases COVID-19 pandemic has impacted Tuberculosis diagnosis, surveillance and management 2. COVID-19 pandemic has impacted Tuberculosis diagnosis, surveillance and management 2. COVID-19 and Tuberculosis has spelled double trouble for India COVID-19 and Tuberculosis has spelled double trouble for India COVID-19 and Tuberculosis has spelled double trouble for India Telemedicine has definite role in monitoring, contact tracing and remote management of TB patients and COVID-19 disease in the current senario Telemedicine has definite role in monitoring, contact tracing and remote management of TB patients and COVID-19 disease in the current senario doi = 10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.07.014 id = cord-312884-anlp8lab author = Iyer, Gayatri R. title = Infectivity and Progression of COVID-19 Based on Selected Host Candidate Gene Variants date = 2020-09-04 keywords = ACE2; IFITM3; SARS; TMPRSS2; covid-19 summary = Materials and Methods: Clinical exome data of 103 individuals was analyzed to identify sequence variants in five selected candidate genes: ACE2, TMPRSS2, CD209, IFITM3, and MUC5B to assess their prevalence and role to understand the COVID-19 infectivity and progression in our population. The aim of the present study was to identify variants in these five selected candidate genes from the clinical exome data available with us for more than 100 individuals and make an attempt to classify them as relevant to the present COVID-19 aetiopathology, especially for the Indian population. The selected candidate gene variants were assessed in our internal cohort of 103 individuals, who had earlier provided consent, to perform a pilot study on the susceptibility and disease severity of Indians for COVID-19. Since host genetic polymorphisms have been demonstrated to be associated with vulnerability to human infection, in this study five candidate genes-ACE2, TMPRSS2, CD209, IFITM3, and MUC5B-were selected based on their relevance to the current pandemic. doi = 10.3389/fgene.2020.00861 id = cord-342822-d7jx06mh author = Izadi, N. title = The epidemiologic parameters for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; China; Wuhan summary = Knowledge regarding epidemiological characteristics and parameters of the infectious diseases such as, incubation period (time from exposure to the agent until the first symptoms develop), serial interval (duration between symptom onset of a primary case and symptom onset of its secondary cases), basic reproduction number (R 0 ) (the transmission potential of a disease) and other epidemiologic parameters is important for modelling and estimation of epidemic trends and also implementation and evaluation of preventive procedures (8) (9) (10) (11) . Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: A Data-Driven Modelling Analysis of the Early Outbreak Novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: early estimation of epidemiological parameters and epidemic predictions doi = 10.1101/2020.05.02.20088385 id = cord-345139-gyvlikye author = Izquierdo-Domínguez, Adriana title = Pérdida del sentido del olfato durante la pandemia COVID-19 date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Mientras que la función olfatoria normal se define como normosmia, los trastornos cuantitativos se clasifican en pérdida parcial (hiposmia) o total (anosmia) del olfato 4 . Se habla de estudio cuantitativo al referirse a la cantidad de olor necesitado para ser detectado (umbral olfativo) y tiene por objeto el estudio de las variaciones olfativas en función de la concentración de la sustancia olorosa y de la cantidad de los olores detectados, dando un resultado de anosmia (pérdida total), hiposmia (pérdida parcial) o normosmia (olfato normal). Durante la pandemia COVID-19, se aconseja a aquellos pacientes con pérdida repentina y grave del sentido del olfato, iniciar medidas de distanciamiento social, aislamiento domiciliario preventivo y realizar pruebas de diagnóstico para el SARS-CoV-2 cuando sea posible. doi = 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.06.006 id = cord-281099-l2i7r1bp author = Izzetti, Rossana title = A perspective on dental activity during COVID‐19: the Italian survey. date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; dental summary = MATERIALS AND METHODS: An online anonymous questionnaire was administered to retrieve data on the dental procedures performed, the preventive measures adopted, and the predictions on the future changes in dentistry following the pandemic. Standard procedures appear insufficient in protecting from SARS-CoV-2, and thus specific measures to prevent virus transmission should be adopted to safeguard the health of both patients and oral care providers (Izzetti et al. -Post-dental treatment management of the dental office (Phase IV) A focus on highly epidemic areas, registering the higher number of cases, was also performed in order to evaluate the potential presence of differences between the regions in Northern Italy and the rest of the country. The set-up of the waiting room (non-clinical area) was adapted to the new situation by almost the totality of the sample, by providing a hydro-alcoholic solution for hand disinfection, removing objects at risk of contamination, and reorganizing the schedule in order to guarantee social distancing. doi = 10.1111/odi.13606 id = cord-256195-1hmzgwrw author = Izzy, Saef title = Characteristics and outcomes of Latinx patients with COVID-19 in comparison to other ethnic and racial groups date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; african; american summary = 2 In the United States, where a racially and ethnically diverse population has been exposed to infection in the setting of known racial and ethnic health disparities, 14 several news reports have suggested that ethnic and racial minorities, especially Latinx and non-Latin African American individuals, may bear a higher burden of disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used medical records available from the largest not-for-profit healthcare system in Massachusetts to examine the association between age, race and ethnicity, reported preexisting comorbidities, and the need for hospitalization and ICU admission in a large study population of COVID-19 positive patients. First, analysis of our large study population confirmed our firsthand clinical experience and showed indeed that Latinx and African American patients are at higher risk of being hospitalized and admitted to ICU level of care with COVID-19, than White patients. doi = 10.1093/ofid/ofaa401 id = cord-334388-w66h9g9d author = Jack, Dominic title = Favorable outcomes after COVID-19 infection in multiple sclerosis patients treated with cladribine tablets date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Favorable outcomes after COVID-19 infection in multiple sclerosis patients treated with cladribine tablets (Butowt and Bilinska, 2020; Wölfel et al., 2020) Two observations of the proposed pathogenic mechanisms of COVID-19 may be relevant to the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). (Reich et al., 2018) Recent data provide some reassurance regarding the severity of COVID-19 in patients with MS, whether treated with a disease-modifying drug or not (Louapre et al., 2020; Sormani, 2020) . Here we report on the cases of COVID-19 occurring in MS patients treated with cladribine tablets (Mavenclad®) within the Merck KGaA Global Patient Safety Database. In 3 cases, confirmation included a report of a positive immunoglobulin G test at a time after COVID-19 symptom onset. Two confirmed cases had not reported experiencing any COVID-19 symptoms. Clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and multiple sclerosis doi = 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102469 id = cord-320361-lld2oib2 author = Jackman, Deirdre title = Crisis and continuity: Rural health care students respond to the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-09-22 keywords = covid-19; rural; student summary = For nursing and medical students placed in rural and remote Alberta communities-already struggling with tenuous supply lines and shortages of essential personnel-the COVID-19 outbreak could be considered the latest and most dramatic test of resolve, adaptability, and the capacity to draw clinical and holistic insights from a crisis. Technological connectivity and virtual gathering spaces have been used to support rural, clinical work for years, and the onsite assets impressed the students in their sophistication, Bradley (medicine) photographed the Telehealth station in his placement setting (Figure 8) , commenting, "It''s hard to [overstate] how much this has revolutionized rural health care in Canada… I will keep Telehealth in my mind throughout my practice, whether or not I work in a rural community, and remember how important a difference it can make." A few weeks later, he found himself speculating on the same technology as a last resort to continue his involvement in clinical experiences: "There''s some hope right now that we might be able to participate in a Telehealth perspective, but it''s really unsure right now if that''s gonna work, or what educational validity or service that will be." Linda (nursing) also noted wryly that she used FaceTime While she keenly missed this interaction upon her return home, she found a creative way to maintain her fitness regimen and the social element attached to it, as she explained with a picture of the frozen-over Glenmore Reservoir (Figure 11 ). doi = 10.1016/j.nepr.2020.102892 id = cord-295243-6osemfvk author = Jackson, Debra title = Life in the pandemic: Some reflections on nursing in the context of COVID‐19 date = 2020-04-12 keywords = COVID-19; nurse summary = Indeed, we see reports that nurses in many parts of the world are grappling with shortages of much-needed supplies including personal protective equipments such as masks, gloves and gowns, yet are actively embracing the challenges presented by COVID-19. Nurse educators and administrators are tasked with ensuring that students meet academic requirements while recognising the current pressures faced by health services and the need for nurses to be able to simultaneously meet the demands on them as nurses, students, parents, siblings, partners and the myriad of other roles that each nurse has to manage in their daily lives. The way this crisis has unfolded has meant that we have all sorts of new challenges in seeking to meet the health needs of our populations. doi = 10.1111/jocn.15257 id = cord-347813-9vfwl7c0 author = Jackson, M. L. title = Low-Impact Social Distancing Interventions to Mitigate Local Epidemics of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-07-02 keywords = County; SARS; covid-19 summary = Interventions considered were (a) encouraging telecommuting; (b) reducing contacts to seniors and nursing home residents; (c) modest reductions to contacts outside of the home; (d) encouraging self-isolation of persons with COVID-19 symptoms; (e) rapid testing and household quarantining. This report presents findings from an agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission that can help guide decisions about mitigating the impact of COVID-19 during this re-opening. 6 The per-contact probability of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 in homes and in non-home settings was estimated by fitting simulated daily COVID-19 hospitalizations to hospitalizations in King County from 28 February -27 May 2020, in the presence of social distancing interventions as actually implemented in King County. Rather than estimating the impact of generic reductions in Reff, this report uses an agent-based model to estimate the impact of specific policies on SARS-CoV-2 transmission and COVID-19 hospitalizations. 15 used also agent-based models to explore the impact of combinations of social distancing measures on SARS-CoV-2 transmission. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.30.20143735 id = cord-312486-rumqopg0 author = Jacob, Chaim Oscar title = On the genetics and immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-10 keywords = ACE2; CoV-2; Kawasaki; SARS; cell; covid-19; patient; severe summary = The question is whether ACE2 expression levels are pertinent to SARS-CoV-2 infection only in the tissues relevant to viral entry and the lungs as its major target, [44, 45] or, given that COVID-19 in its severe form is a systemic disease with multi-organ disfunction [46, 47] , ACE2 expression levels may be important in multiple organs and tissues other than those of the respiratory system. However, the activation of multiple complement pathways, dysregulated neutrophil responses, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be interlinked with SARS-CoV-2 infection and instead serve to drive the severity of the disease [91] . Regarding SLE, the prototypic systemic autoimmune disease, a group of investigators suggested that inherent epigenetic dysregulation causing hypomethylation and overexpression of ACE2, the functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2, might facilitate viral J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f entry, viremia, and increased likelihood of cytokine storm in such patients [153] . doi = 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108591 id = cord-333131-affb4yln author = Jacob, Joseph title = Using imaging to combat a pandemic: rationale for developing the UK National COVID-19 Chest Imaging Database date = 2020 keywords = COVID-19; NCCID summary = The National COVID-19 Chest Imaging Database (NCCID) is a repository of chest X-Ray, CT and MRI images and clinical data from COVID-19 patients across the UK, to support research and development of AI technology that may proffer insights into the disease. NCCID has put in place mechanisms to collate all chest imaging and prespecified clinical data from every UK hospital where patients undergo a RT-PCR test for COVID-19. The NCCID data and image transfer solutions are robust and secure, including those having been adapted from techniques tried and tested on numerous research studies involving large-scale medical image collection (9) . NCCID will collect chest radiographs in all RT-PCR COVID-19 positive patients in hospitals throughout the UK. 2) Computed tomography chest imaging: NCCID will collect all chest CT imaging in RT-PCR COVID-19 positive patients. 3) For all RT-PCR COVID-19 positive patients NCCID will acquire all chest imaging performed in the previous 3 years. doi = 10.1183/13993003.01809-2020 id = cord-345358-b9u1l3sz author = Jacobs, Jeffrey title = Case Report of a SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Patient With Ulcerative Colitis on Tofacitinib date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Case Report of a SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Patient With Ulcerative Colitis on Tofacitinib The emergence of a novel coronavirus in December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its resultant disease, COVID-19, has led to a global pandemic with severe disease in 14% of those infected and a case fatality rate of 2.3% reported in China. Furthermore, in IBD patients with COVID-19, the best management strategy has yet to be determined with regard to immunosuppressive medications, many of which have a long serum half-life and even longer tissue effect that can persist much longer than the course of a typical infection. 2, 3 The case presented here illustrates that in a relatively healthy individual, tofacitinib may not need to be held in patients with COVID-19 without severe disease. doi = 10.1093/ibd/izaa093 id = cord-325460-4fhegc0z author = Jacobs, Werner title = Fatal lymphocytic cardiac damage in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19): autopsy reveals a ferroptosis signature date = 2020-09-22 keywords = E06; SARS; covid-19; figure summary = Immunohistochemical staining with E06, a monoclonal antibody binding to oxidized phosphatidylcholine (reflecting lipid peroxidation during ferroptosis), was positive in morphologically degenerating and necrotic cardiomyocytes adjacent to the infiltrate of lymphocytes, near arteries, in the epicardium and myocardium. We examined the patient''s myocardial tissue for markers of ferroptosis, an iron-catalysed form of regulated cell death that occurs through excessive peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and is also proposed to detrimentally contribute to some forms of ischaemia-reperfusion injury, stroke, and degenerative diseases. Renal tissue from the COVID-19 patient with myocarditis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome showed morphological signs of acute tubular necrosis, intratubular oxalate crystals, as well as E06 positivity in proximal tubuli (A). By comparison, in the case of sudden death due to myocarditis of other aetiology, immunohistochemical staining with E06 (B) and anti-4-HNE antibody (D) in the renal tissue showed no presence of these ferroptosis markers (non-specific staining in the corticomedullary junction is also present on control stains). doi = 10.1002/ehf2.12958 id = cord-356055-f2x297r8 author = Jacobson, Nathan A. title = COVID Care Clinic: A Unique Way for Family Medicine to Care for the Community During the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID; Clinic summary = A prerequisite for all patients to be seen in the COVID Care Clinic was a virtual visit staffed with Advanced Practice Providers that would further determine if the patient needed to seek emergency medical care or be seen in the COVID Clinic. When the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global pandemic in March 2020 1 with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), primary care had to develop innovative ways to care for our patients with COVID concerns and respiratory illness. Here we describe the development of such a clinic in an effort to contain the illness, prevent spread in the community, and provide needed care for this patient population. During the Respiratory virtual visit, it was determined if the patient needed to seek emergency medical care, be seen in the COVID Care Clinic, and if COVID testing was appropriate if not already triaged. doi = 10.1177/2150132720957442 id = cord-271575-n70rqs8c author = Jager, Kitty J. title = Results from the ERA-EDTA Registry indicate a high mortality due to COVID-19 in dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients across Europe. date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; KRT summary = Under normal circumstances, age-standardized cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality rates in dialysis patients are already 8.8 and 8.1 times higher than in the general population, respectively, 4 and compared to their age and sex matched counterparts in the general population, kidney transplant recipients experience a 30-50% reduced life expectancy. 7 Although no deaths were reported among 5 COVID-19 cases on hemodialysis in a single Chinese centre, 8 several case series from Italy (n=41, n=94), 9, 10 Spain (n=36) 11 and the United States (n=59) 12 with varying follow-up suggest a high mortality in the dialysis population with rates ranging from 29% to 41%. Supplementary Figure 1 shows that the mortality risk in transplant recipients with COVID-19 was 28% higher (HR 1.28 (95%CI 1.02 to 1.60)) compared with the selected group of dialysis patients that could be matched (Table S4) . Multivariable analyses identified higher age and male sex as risk factors for 28-day mortality in COVID-19 dialysis patients (Table 2) . doi = 10.1016/j.kint.2020.09.006 id = cord-300030-s4i0mdqe author = Jaguga, Florence title = Mental health response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya: a review date = 2020-08-18 keywords = Kenya; covid-19; health summary = CONCLUSION: We propose four key strategies for strengthening the mental health response in order to mitigate the harmful impact of COVID-19 on public mental health in Kenya: (1) preparation of a formal mental health response plan specific to the COVID-19 pandemic with allocation of funding for the response (2) training of community health workers and community health volunteers on psychological first aid to enable access to support for those in need during the pandemic (3) scaling up of mobile health to increase access to care (4) conducting systematic and continuous text message surveys on the mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to inform decision-making. According to the framework, ''preparation and co-ordination'' involves developing a mental health response plan, creating COVID-19 specific mental health services and training of healthcare workers on psychological first aid. doi = 10.1186/s13033-020-00400-8 id = cord-291271-movbn4dn author = Jahangiry, Leila title = Risk perception related to COVID-19 among the Iranian general population: an application of the extended parallel process model date = 2020-10-19 keywords = covid-19; efficacy; study summary = This study aimed to investigate on how people perceive the COVID-19 outbreak using the components of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and to find out how this might contribute to possible behavioral responses to the prevention and control of the disease. To collect data an electronic self-designed questionnaire based on the EPPM was used in order to measure the risk perception (efficacy, defensive responses, perceived treat) related to the COVID-19. This study aimed to investigate on how people have perceived the COVID-19 outbreak using the components of the EPPM (efficacy, defensive responses, perceived treat) and how these might contribute to possible behavioral responses to the prevention and control of the disease. This EPPM-based study was conducted to assess the risk perceptions, overall perceived danger and fear control processes among Iranian people during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-09681-7 id = cord-350821-0qfoc553 author = Jahromi, Reza title = Synergistic effects of anionic surfactants on coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) virucidal efficiency of sanitizing fluids to fight COVID-19 date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Synergistic effects of anionic surfactants on coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) virucidal efficiency of sanitizing fluids to fight COVID-19 In this study, we present the effect of surfactants on coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) virucidal efficiency in sanitizing fluids. Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), sodium laureth sulfate (SLS), and two commercial dish soap and liquid hand soap were studied with the goal of evaporation rate reduction in sanitizing liquids to maximize surface contact time. Twelve fluids with different recipes composed of ethanol, isopropanol, SDBS, SLS, glycerin, and water of standardized hardness (WSH) were tested for their evaporation time and virucidal efficiency. Twelve sanitizing fluids with different recipes, as shown in Table 1 , were prepared to examine the effect of individual components and mixtures on evaporation rate and SARS-CoV-2 virucidal efficiency of the solutions. Furthermore, the addition of 3% dish soap to the ethanol solution (S1) increased the evaporation time by about 63% from 24 to 39 s (of fluid S9), as shown in Figure 2 . doi = 10.1101/2020.05.29.124107 id = cord-260923-hwvtxy9g author = Jain, Amit title = Dexmedetomidine: another arrow in the quiver to fight COVID-19 disease in intensive care units date = 2020-10-14 keywords = covid-19 summary = While dexmedetomidine-mediated improvements in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and ventilation-perfusion ratios were proposed explanations for improved oxygenation following dexmedetomidine administration in COVID-19 patients, 12 dexmedetomidine''s anti-inflammatory properties may also be instrumental in reducing disease severity. 7 There are several putative mechanisms by which dexmedetomidine might be advantageous in COVID-19 patients Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) induced changes in monocyte metabolism by SARS-CoV-2 infection has been identified to inhibit T-cell response directly and reduce epithelial cell survival. Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine versus lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial Effect of dexmedetomidine versus lorazepam on outcome in patients with sepsis: an a priori-designed analysis of the MENDS randomized controlled trial Effect of dexmedetomidine on mortality and ventilator-free days in patients requiring mechanical ventilation with sepsis: a randomized clinical trial Dexmedetomidine improved renal function in patients with severe sepsis: an exploratory analysis of a randomized controlled trial doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2020.10.010 id = cord-273618-klj6asdz author = Jain, Ankur title = Potential ‘significance’ of monoclonal gammopathy of ‘undetermined significance’ during COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; MGUS summary = 9, 11 In the NY studies, ICU admission rates of COVID-19 positive MM patients were higher as compared to the general COVID-19 population (24-30% vs 14.2%). 38 @ Patients with severe renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 ml/minutes/1.73m 2 , on hemodialysis, or peritoneal dialysis) were excluded from the recent Remdesivir trials 33 Review of the nation-wide hospital data of COVID-19 cases to identify patients with concurrent MGUS, and comparison of disease severity, outcomes, and differences in the immunological indices between MGUS, and non-MGUS groups. In-vitro studies based on lymphocyte-stimulation by SARS-CoV-2 antigens to assess the immune-responsiveness of people with MGUS to COVID-19 vaccines. 39 ** Since people with MGUS may have an impaired anti-viral antibody response, 4 a lower SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG in the MGUS population as compared to the HC in the serology-based epidemiological studies would suggest an increased susceptibility of people with MGUS to COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.bcmd.2020.102481 id = cord-282913-sw4enfkk author = Jain, Parul title = Manifestations in Neonates Born to COVID-19 Positive Mothers date = 2020-06-05 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Manifestations in Neonates Born to COVID-19 Positive Mothers To the Editor: We report two neonates born to coronavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive women. Baby''s COVID-19 RT PCR was sent at 18 h of life and was negative. Another extramural term male neonate was delivered to a COVID-19 positive mother by C-section due to fetal distress and meconium stained liquor. However, two authors reported positive SARS-CoV-2 infection in neonates born to COVID-19 positive mother [5, 6] . in a preterm neonate born to COVID-19 positive mother [6] . In both the cases, it remains unknown whether events could be attributed to COVID-19 positive status of the mother or are manifestations of neonatal disease. Clinical characteristics of 19 neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 A case report of neonatal COVID-19 infection in China Neonatal early-onset infection with SARS-CoV-2 in 33 neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. doi = 10.1007/s12098-020-03369-x id = cord-033550-47sqvg54 author = Jain, Rachna title = Deep learning based detection and analysis of COVID-19 on chest X-ray images date = 2020-10-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = For contributing to an analysis of Covid-19, we collected uploaded data of X-ray images of healthy and covid-19 infected patients from different sources and applied three different models (InceptionV3, Xception, and ResNeXt). This work mainly focuses on the use of CNN models for classifying chest X-ray images for coronavirus infected patients. In [17] , the authors proposed a framework model based on Capsule Networks to diagnose Covid-19 (i.e., COVID-CAAPS) disease with the help of X-ray images. In [27] , the authors applied a deep learning model on the collected image dataset of chest CT to identify the impacts of Covid-19 from persons acquired pneumonia and lung disease. In [31] , the authors recommended a deep based methodology (with vector gadget classifier) for the detection of patients infected from Covid-19 by using X-ray images. In [37] , the authors proposed a model that automatically detects the Covid-19 with the help of Chest X-ray images. doi = 10.1007/s10489-020-01902-1 id = cord-349558-vof63qat author = Jain, Vageesh title = Systematic review and meta-analysis of predictive symptoms and comorbidities for severe COVID-19 infection date = 2020-03-16 keywords = ICU; covid-19; severe summary = Exclusion criteria included: [1] studies of exclusively paediatric or pregnant patients, due to the varying presentation of COVID-19 in these groups, [2] insufficient data on symptoms/comorbidities on admission in either severe or non-severe disease groups (or ICU and non-ICU All rights reserved. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in Table 1 shows details of all included studies including reported findings pertaining to symptoms and comorbidities related to disease severity or ICU admission. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in Tables 3 and 4 show the odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals and p-values for the individual symptoms and comorbidities that were investigated in at least three of the included studies, for both severe disease and ICU admission, respectively. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.15.20035360 id = cord-326081-9gh6tj7g author = Jaiswal, A. K. title = COVIDPEN: A Novel COVID-19 Detection Model using Chest X-Rays and CT Scans date = 2020-07-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = To tackle this problem, we propose~COVIDPEN~-~a transfer learning approach on Pruned EfficientNet-based model for the detection of COVID-19 cases. [1] suggested a deep neural network-driven model for prediction of Covid-19 which is termed as Covid-Net trained on the dataset COVIDx. The architecture built on a PEPX design pattern was first pre-trained on ImageNet and also utilized data augmentation. In this paper, we consider a task of identifying COVID-19 disease which is a binary classification, where the input to COVIDPEN is a chest X-ray or CTs image I x and the model outputs a binary label P y ∈ {positive, negative} delineating whether the coronavirus prediction is positive or negative. In this work, a deep neural network-based classifier is proposed i.e., COVIDPEN to diagnose COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 cases from chest radiographs and chest X-ray datasets. Covid-19: automatic detection from x-ray images utilizing transfer learning with convolutional neural networks doi = 10.1101/2020.07.08.20149161 id = cord-341503-3cvtoc2j author = Jaiswal, J. title = Disinformation, Misinformation and Inequality-Driven Mistrust in the Time of COVID-19: Lessons Unlearned from AIDS Denialism date = 2020-05-21 keywords = AIDS; COVID-19; HIV summary = Much of the evidence needed to fully inform clinical and public health responses is not yet available, making COVID-19 uniquely vulnerable to a proliferation of disinformation, misinformation, and medical mistrust, including what are often called "conspiracy beliefs" [6, 7] . The purpose of this commentary is to suggest that understanding the etiologies of disinformation, misinformation, and medical mistrust must be an important component of the public health response to COVID-19. It is vital to consider how people, as individuals and as members of groups, experience and interpret social and economic inequality, and how those experiences affect their trust in or mistrust of evidence-based public health messaging, as well as their readiness to accept any promulgated misinformation or disinformation [64] . Public health and medical professionals have a responsibility to communicate science in an effective, accurate and accessible manner, without bias-and with the understanding that structural racism and other forms of oppression are root causes of inequality-driven mistrust. doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-02925-y id = cord-350450-43v36b2s author = Jakhar, Deepak title = Dermoscopy Practice during COVID-19 Pandemic: Recommendations by SIG Dermoscopy (IADVL Academy) date = 2020-05-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = • Disposable dermoscopic lens cover: provided with most dermatoscopes now-a-days • Plastic bottle cap: a disposable plastic bottle cap fitting the size of the dermatoscope may be used [10] • Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) food wrap: a PVC film is placed (with or without mineral oil on both sides of it) between the dermatoscope lens and the lesion [11] • Transparent adhesive tape: after placing the immersion fluid, a transparent adhesive tape is applied to assist contact dermoscopy [10] • Microscopic glass slide: a glass slide can be placed over the lesion in front of the dermatoscope [8] • Polyethylene tube for mucoscopy: a disposable polyethylene tube can be used with a USB dermatoscope for performing mucoscopy [12] • Car phone holder for oculoscopy. Postdermoscopy, especially in COVID-19 suspected cases, the dermatoscope and all other surfaces exposed to the patients should be cleaned with 60-90% isopropyl alcohol. doi = 10.4103/idoj.idoj_231_20 id = cord-269101-7altkx5u author = Jakhmola Mani, Ruchi title = Deciphering underlying mechanism of Sars-CoV-2 infection in humans and revealing the therapeutic potential of bioactive constituents from Nigella sativa to combat COVID19: in-silico study date = 2020-10-28 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; Nigella; SARS summary = title: Deciphering underlying mechanism of Sars-CoV-2 infection in humans and revealing the therapeutic potential of bioactive constituents from Nigella sativa to combat COVID19: in-silico study An amazing herb, Nigella sativa, having antiviral, antihypertensive, antidiarrhoeal, analgesics, and anti-bacterial properties, needs to be explored for its efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. sativa bioactive constituents were similar to the pathways followed in SARS-COV-2 pathology, like renin-angiotensin system, kidney functions, regulation of blood circulation, blood vessel diameter, etc. To study the effectiveness of N.sativa against SARS-CoV-2, protein interactions studies were carried out for receptors predicted via swiss target prediction for this plant''s bioactive constituents, to understand their beneficial effect on SARS-CoV-2 in humans. sativa bioactive constituents by protein interaction and docking studies as well as proven their binding efficiency with ACE2 receptor and now this can be studied further in wet lab and be formulated as the medicine to combat the deadly disease COVID-19. doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1839560 id = cord-278721-g5zqebju author = Jakhmola, Shweta title = Comorbidity Assessment Is Essential During COVID-19 Treatment date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; Netherlands; SARS summary = Our study revealed that deaths associated with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are highly significant (p < 0.0001) compared to hospitalized in countries like Italy, France, and Spain unlike the Netherlands. Deaths from kidney diseases (Italyp < 0.0001; Swedenp < 0.0001; Netherlandsp = 0.0001; Francep = 0.0033) and neurological ailments (Francep = 0.0001; Netherlandsp < 0.0001) are significantly higher than the total hospitalized patients affected by the particular comorbidity. The information about numbers of hospitalized or deceased COVID-19 patients with associated comorbidities from individual countries was already provided in their respective reports. The death proportions due to Heart Diseases including, cardiovascular diseases and hypertension, were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) compared to the total hospitalized patients in Italy, Sweden, and Spain. Notably we found that heart diseases, including hypertension along with cardiovascular diseases, are the most frequent association with SARS-CoV2 infection in most countries (Italy, France, Spain, and Sweden) except the Netherlands. doi = 10.3389/fphys.2020.00984 id = cord-295041-5vpawtef author = Jakhmola, Shweta title = SARS-CoV-2, an Underestimated Pathogen of the Nervous System date = 2020-09-28 keywords = ACE-2; CNS; COVID-19; SARS; virus summary = Numerous clinical studies have reported neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients since the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), apart from the atypical signs of pneumonia. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), a potential receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry, is expressed on various brain cells and cerebral parts, i.e., subfornical organ, paraventricular nucleus, nucleus of the tractus solitarius, and rostral ventrolateral medulla, as well as in non-cardiovascular areas such as the motor cortex and raphe. The resident CNS cells like astrocytes and microglia also express ACE-2, thus highlighting the vulnerability of the nervous system to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of COVID-19 patients is confirmed through genome sequencing [4] ; however, experimental evidence is needed to validate virusmediated neurological damage. Furthermore, the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE-2-expressing neuronal/glial cells may facilitate virus entry into the nervous system through different routes. doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00522-7 id = cord-258895-bfosmipc author = Jalaber, Carole title = Role of upfront CT pulmonary angiography at admission in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-08-25 keywords = covid-19 summary = • There is no clear evidence that there is a benefit to routinely perform CT pulmonary angiography as first-line imaging modality in patients suspected of COVID-19 pneumonia. Recent studies (6, 7, 8) have reported a high cumulative incidence of acute pulmonary embolism (PE), ranging from 23% to 30%, but these reports mainly concerned severe patients admitted in ICU. To date, the prevalence of acute PE at baseline presentation of unselected COVID-19 patients remains unknown, as is the benefit of a systematic CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) at initial screening. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of PE when systematically performing CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) as first-line imaging modality in patients with COVID-19 suspicion. From March 26 th , 2020, following the reports of frequent PE in COVID-19 patients (9, 10) , it was decided to systematically perform CTPA as first-line imaging modality in patients suspected of COVID-19 at xxxx (Blinded for review) University Hospital, unless there were contraindications to contrast medium administration. doi = 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.08.037 id = cord-297413-gw0z23z9 author = Jalili, M. title = Burnout among healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study date = 2020-06-13 keywords = June; covid-19; preprint summary = This study was conducted on healthcare workers providing care for COVID-19 patients and aimed to explore the level of burnout among this population and also to examine factors associated with the development of this psychological sequel. This cross-sectional study was conducted during the current COVID-19 pandemic to evaluate the level of burnout among healthcare providers who were taking care of covid-19 patients at 8 university-affiliated hospitals. Study participants included all healthcare providers (i.e. physicians, residents, interns, and nurses) who had taken care of COVID-19 patients at anytime during the first 2 months of the outbreak. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.12.20129650 doi: medRxiv preprint recognized, validated, self-report questionnaire for measuring the severity of workplace burnout (15) , using the three dimensions of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Burnout is a well recognized psychological consequence of working in the healthcare section and its impact on staff physical and emotional health, patient safety, and quality of care is documented. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.12.20129650 id = cord-168710-a5pst4gf author = Jalilian, Abdollah title = A hierarchical spatio-temporal model to analyze relative risk variations of COVID-19: a focus on Spain, Italy and Germany date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; Germany; Spain summary = In this paper, we use a spatio-temporal stochastic model to explain the temporal and spatial variations in the daily number of new confirmed cases in Spain, Italy and Germany from late February to mid September 2020. To account for the underlying temporal and spatial autocorrelation structure in the spread of COVID-19, available data on the daily number of new cases and deaths in different countries/regions have already been analyzed in a considerable number of studies. Variations of the random rate Λ it relative to the expected number of cases E it provide useful information about the spatio-temporal risk of COVID-19 in the whole spatial domain of interest during the study period. For example, a histogram with heights Table 4 presents the Bayesian estimates (posterior means) for every parameter of the considered model fitted to the daily number of new COVID-19 cases in Spain, Italy and Germany. doi = nan id = cord-254043-1slz1dvr author = Jamil, Tahira title = No Evidence for Temperature-Dependence of the COVID-19 Epidemic date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = Here we examine the relationship between the apparent exponential rate of SARS-CoV-2 spread (γ ) and the Effective Reproductive number (Rt) of infection and the average daily temperature (T avg ) across nations and Chinese provinces where epidemics, with at least 1,000 cases reported, have been reported (data updated up to 31 May, 2020). Figure S3 | The relationship between the apparent exponential rate of SARS-CoV-2 spread (γ ) and the Effective Reproductive number of infection (Rt) and the average daily temperature (T avg ) across nations and Chinese provinces where > 100 cases of COVID-19 have been reported, as of Figure 1 , but with all data updated only until 27th March. Figure S3 | The relationship between the apparent exponential rate of SARS-CoV-2 spread (γ ) and the Effective Reproductive number of infection (Rt) and the average daily temperature (T avg ) across nations and Chinese provinces where > 100 cases of COVID-19 have been reported, as of Figure 1 , but with all data updated only until 27th March. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00436 id = cord-299845-ql3tvot5 author = Janani, Leila title = COVID-19 Population Survey of Iran (COPSIR) study protocol: Repeated survey on knowledge, risk perception, preventive behaviors, psychological problems, essential needs, and public trust during COVID-19 epidemic date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: COVID-19 Population Survey of Iran (COPSIR) study protocol: Repeated survey on knowledge, risk perception, preventive behaviors, psychological problems, essential needs, and public trust during COVID-19 epidemic This study will provide information on trends of knowledge, risk perception, preventive behaviors, psychological problems, essential needs, and public trust among Iranian adults during COVID-19 epidemic. In December 2019, the new Coronavirus was detected in patients with viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China, by the China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1) , and it was named as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 2020 (2) . The aims of this study are to monitor knowledge, risk perception, preventive behaviors, psychological reactions, essential needs, and public trust among Iranian adult population during COVID-19 epidemic. The COVID-19 Population Survey of Iran (COPSIR) is designed as a repeated cross sectional survey and will be conducted in 8 consecutive waves in the first week of April 2020. doi = 10.34171/mjiri.34.52 id = cord-021146-wdnnjlcw author = Jandrić, Petar title = Postdigital Research in the Time of Covid-19 date = 2020-03-21 keywords = covid-19; pandemic; viral summary = Writing these words from home isolation in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic, it is hard not to overstate the viral nature of, and viral perspective to, our postdigital reality. Postdigital viral modernity is equally about biology, culture, and society; in the long run, humanity cannot defend itself from Covid-19 and create a better future without engaging all strata of the society. Therefore, it is crucial that academic researchers working in the humanities and social sciences immediately join the struggle against the pandemic. Instead, we should look into the strengths of our disciplinary knowledges and research methods to try and create opportunities to contribute to humanity''s collective struggle against the Covid-19 pandemic and point towards more sustainable futures. Wearing my academic researcher hat, I am not ashamed of naivety of this paper-it honestly represents my current thoughts and feelings about the Covid-19 pandemic on 16 March 2020. doi = 10.1007/s42438-020-00113-8 id = cord-270083-gm8i9olj author = Jang, Jong Geol title = Prognostic Factors for Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Daegu, Korea date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we found that diabetes mellitus, body temperature ≥ 37.8°C, peripheral oxygen saturation < 92%, and CK-MB > 6.3 are independent predictors of severe disease in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Older age, male sex, presence of comorbidities, low oxygen saturation, and abnormal lab findings (high lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] , high procalcitonin, low CD4 cell count, low albumin level) were shown to be risk factors for severe However, patient-and disease-related factors vary from region to region, and these factors may be associated with the clinical severity of COVID19. We showed that the presence of diabetes mellitus, body temperature ≥ 37.8°C, peripheral oxygen saturation < 92%, and CK-MB > 6.3 were independent predictors of severe disease in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e209 id = cord-258078-k7y8k1vx author = Jang, Sukbin title = Three cases of treatment with Nafamostat in elderly patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who need oxygen therapy date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; March summary = title: Three cases of treatment with Nafamostat in elderly patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who need oxygen therapy We report three cases of COVID-19 pneumonia who progressed while using antiviral drugs and needed supplementary oxygen therapy, improved after treatment with nafamostat. Three COVID-19 patients had the following conditions: pneumonia with progression despite antiviral treatment; were elderly, over 65 years; and had underlying diseases that were known as high risk J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f factors. On admission, he was not dyspneic or cyanotic, with a body temperature of 37.0°C, respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute, heart rate of 75 beats per minute, and blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg. Initial laboratory results were as follows: white blood cell (WBC) count 5,150/μL (65% segmented neutrophil), and C-reactive protein (CRP) 2.61 mg/dL. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.072 id = cord-319910-s2e56ety author = Jani, B. D. title = Comparison of COVID-19 outcomes among shielded and non-shielded populations: A general population cohort study of 1.3 million date = 2020-09-21 keywords = covid-19; risk summary = Poisson regression models and population attributable fractions were used to compare COVID-19 outcomes by overall risk category, and individual risk criteria: confirmed infection, hospitalisation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, population mortality and case-fatality. The moderate risk had intermediate risk of confirmed infection (RR 4.11, 95% CI 3.82-4.42) and population mortality (RR 26.10, 95% CI 20.89-32.60), but had comparable case-fatality (RR 5.13, 95% CI 4.24-6.21) to the shielded, and accounted for a higher proportion of deaths (PAF 75.27% vs 13.38%). After adjustment 1 for sex and deprivation quintile, the risk of laboratory-confirmed infection remained higher in 2 the moderate-risk category and highest in the shielded group (Table 3). Among the moderate-risk category criteria, age ≥70 years and 21 weakened immune system had risks of population mortality (Table 3) and case-fatality (Table 22 5) that were at least as high as the overall shielded group. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.17.20196436 id = cord-254121-soiloa5l author = Jani, Bhautesh Dinesh title = Recording COVID-19 consultations: review of symptoms, risk factors, and proposed SNOMED CT terms date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; SNOMED summary = AIM: To collate a list of relevant symptoms, assessment items, demographics, and lifestyle and health conditions associated with COVID-19, and match these data items with corresponding SNOMED CT clinical terms to support the development and implementation of consultation templates. DESIGN & SETTING: Published and preprint literature for systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical guidelines describing the symptoms, assessment items, demographics, and/or lifestyle and health conditions associated with COVID-19 and its complications were reviewed. 9 The aim of this study was to collate a list of relevant symptoms, assessment items, demographics, and lifestyle and health conditions associated with COVID-19 and its complications, and match these data items with proposed examples of corresponding SNOMED CT clinical terms, which will support the development and implementation of primary care consultation templates. doi = 10.3399/bjgpopen20x101125 id = cord-271896-1ad18z11 author = Janowitz, Tobias title = Famotidine use and quantitative symptom tracking for COVID-19 in non-hospitalised patients: a case series date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; famotidine; patient summary = CONCLUSIONS: The results of this case series suggest that high-dose oral famotidine is well tolerated and associated with improved patient-reported outcomes in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19. Based on a national institute of health (nih)-endorsed Protocol to research Patient experience of cOViD-19, we collected longitudinal severity scores of five symptoms (cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, headaches and anosmia) and general unwellness on a four-point ordinal scale modelled on performance status scoring. Based on a national institute of health (nih)-endorsed Protocol to research Patient experience of cOViD-19, we collected longitudinal severity scores of five symptoms (cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, headaches and anosmia) and general unwellness on a four-point ordinal scale modelled on performance status scoring. The results of this case series suggest that high-dose oral famotidine is well tolerated and associated with improved patient-reported outcomes in non-hospitalised patients with cOViD-19. doi = 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321852 id = cord-265530-hn7fi5cv author = Jansen, Danielle title = Child and adolescent health needs attention now, and in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-01 keywords = child; covid-19 summary = A comparison of the seven countries in which the EUPHA Child and Adolescent Public Health section (CAPH) directorate lives and works (Denmark, Finland, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and the UK) yielded both identical policy responses, such as physical distancing and closing of schools, and differences, such as restrictions on gathering ranging from no gathering allowed (Spain) to more liberal policies allowing for up to 10 people to meet throughout the peak pandemic (Denmark and Finland). Similarly, there were interventions aimed to improve access to care, via providing online consultations (the Netherlands, Spain and Denmark) and helplines for children and adolescents with mental health problems (Denmark, Portugal). We differentiate child and adolescent public health into eight core public health priorities, all most probably affected by the pandemic (Children''s Commisioner 2018): (1) injuries, (2) mental health (3) maltreatment, (4) risky behaviors, (5) nutrition in early life and prevention of childhood and adolescent obesity, (6) vaccination uptake, (7) access to health care, and (8) inequity in child development and learning. doi = 10.1007/s00038-020-01446-8 id = cord-349355-k48s9sum author = Janssen, Joris title = Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a male adult with COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Here we report a case of a 52 year old male who presented with a spontaneous pneumomediastinum in COVID-19 pneumonia, followed by a severe course of disease. Here we present a case of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in COVID-19 pneumonia, and discuss the possible mechanism underlying this association as well as clinical implications. Furthermore, a recent case series described three cases of COVID-19 pneumonia that were complicated by spontaneous pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax, all of which were followed by a severe course of disease with fatal outcome [13] . J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Therefore, further research is warranted to assess whether spontaneous pneumomediastinum is an indicator of disease severity in COVID-19 pneumonia. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is a rare complication of COVID-19 pneumonia and was associated with a severe course of disease in our patient. Future studies are warranted to assess whether spontaneous pneumomediastinum is an indicator of disease severity in COVID-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.066 id = cord-299852-t0mqe7yy author = Janssen, Loes H. C. title = Does the COVID-19 pandemic impact parents’ and adolescents’ well-being? An EMA-study on daily affect and parenting date = 2020-10-16 keywords = Model; affect; covid-19 summary = In this ecological momentary assessment study, we investigated if the COVID-19 pandemic affected positive and negative affect of parents and adolescents and parenting behaviors (warmth and criticism). However, Intolerance of uncertainty, nor any pandemic related characteristics (i.e. living surface, income, relatives with COVID-19, hours of working at home, helping children with school and contact with COVID-19 patients at work) were linked to the increase of parents'' negative affect during COVID-19. In addition, we asked parents and adolescents about daily difficulties and helpful activities during the COVID-19 pandemic that possibly influenced their affect in positive and negative ways. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the most reported daily difficulties across the 14 days of EMA for parents were (1) missing social contact with friends (14.6%), (2) concerns about the coronavirus in general (13.5%), (3) irritations with family members (12.8%), (4) worrying about health of others (8.3%), and (5) coronavirus-related news items (8.0%). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240962 id = cord-291037-19csqq89 author = Janssen, Rob title = Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) gene polymorphism as determinant of differences in Covid-19-related disease severity date = 2020-08-25 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) gene polymorphism as determinant of differences in Covid-19-related disease severity A genetic polymorphism in the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1, VKORC1 -1639A, is particularly prevalent in East Asia and associates with low vitamin K recycling rates. A genetic polymorphism in the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1, VKORC1 -1639A, is particularly prevalent in East Asia and associates with low vitamin K recycling rates. We speculate that the disparity in morbidity and mortality from Covid-19 between East and West may be at least partially explained by differences in the allele distribution of a VKORC1 polymorphism determining the rate of vitamin K recycling. If the VKORC1 -1639A allele is shown to be associated with decreased thrombotic complications and/or death, it would further support the hypothesis that vitamin K metabolism is an important determinant of Covid-19-related disease severity. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110218 id = cord-269914-75to9xr2 author = Jansson, Miia title = Artificial Intelligence for clinical decision support in Critical Care, required and accelerated by COVID-19 date = 2020-10-21 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = Diagnostic models have been proposed in a variety of clinical situations including early detection or stratification of sepsis [5] , bacterial and viral infections (e.g., COVID-19) [5] , and delirium in the ICU [5] , as well as pulmonary embolism in primary care [6] . Prognostic models have focused on predicting ICU-related mortality [7] , infections (e.g., positive blood culture, MRSA) [5] , responses to treatments [5] , antibiotic resistance [5] , asynchronies during assisted ventilation [8] , prolonged MV [9] , extubation failure [10] , and death in influenza [11] , COVID-19 [12, 13] , and community-acquired pneumonia [14] . Geolocated critical care demand prediction, optimal hospital resource planning, and intelligent patient flow management with decision support algorithms can also be achieved by integrating real time clinical data with population statistics and health interventions. doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.09.010 id = cord-256568-mbkrg98v author = Jantzen, R. title = Epidemiological and socio-economic characteristics of the COVID-19 spring outbreak in Quebec, Canada: A population-based study date = 2020-09-01 keywords = covid-19; international; test summary = 7.6% of the participants declared that they have experienced at least one of the four COVID-related symptoms chosen by the Public Health authorities (fever, cough, dyspnea, anosmia) but were not tested. Results from the tree-based model analyzes adjusted on exposure factors show that the combination of dyspnea, dry cough and fever was highly associated with being tested whereas anosmia, fever, and headache were the most discriminant factors for having a positive test among those tested. A multiple logistic regression analyzis showed that place of residence, dweling, risk exposure (medical worker, contact with a COVID-19 positive patient, international travel), having at least one pre-existing condition were independent factors associated with the outcome ( Table 1) . Taking into account socio-demographic, medical and exposure factors (place of residence, dweling, medical worker, contact with a COVID-19 positive patient, international travel, pre-existing condition) as confounding factors and COVID-related symptoms as explanatory variables, we performed a GPLTR analyzis for identifying the combinations of symptoms leading to the most homogeneous sub-groups with respect to being tested. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.26.20182675 id = cord-289201-pcnba40n author = Janus, Scott E. title = Prognostic Value of Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain in COVID-19 date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Prognostic Value of Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain in COVID-19 The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020 (1) . Reports have noted right ventricular longitudinal strain to be a strong predictor of mortality in patients with COVID-19 (2) . Between March 16, 2020 and May 21, 2020, we reviewed 35 consecutive patients with laboratory confirmed diagnosed COVID-19 within the University Hospital Health System who underwent echocardiography. The median time from COVID-19 confirmation to echocardiogram was 3 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Thus, we observed significantly increased mortality with decrease (less negative) in left ventricular GLS in patients with COVID-19. Model 1 comparing tertile of global longitudinal strain (GLS) and mortality by days since COVID-19 diagnosis as adjusted for ejection fraction (EF) and age. Prognostic Value of Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain in Patients with COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.06.053 id = cord-316325-uqrlza4k author = Jardim, L. title = The effective reproductive number (Rt) of COVID-19 and its relationship with social distancing date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Here we investigated the relationship between average number of transmissions though time, the reproductive number Rt, and social distancing index as reported by mobile phone data service inloco, for Goias State, Brazil, between March and June 2020. The broad-scale real time monitoring of mobility derived from mobile phones has been reported to significantly correlate with decrease in the number of COVID-19 cases and increased social distance in the population 6 . Although more sophisticated methods are available to account for such delays and eventually sub notifications 16 , here we simply truncated the end of the distribution of cases as our goal is not to have a real-time estimate of Rt, but rather to correlate the shifts in the time series with the isolation indicator and to evaluate the impact more rigid or flexible social distancing measures in place in the State throughout the study period, as well as the observed decreasing levels of isolation from middle April on. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.28.20163493 id = cord-300689-dz6lybgi author = Jarman, Molly P. title = The Surgical Health Services Research Agenda for the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-01 keywords = covid-19; surgical summary = Surgery programs are a source of surge capacity during the COVID-19 response, both in terms of inpatient bed capacity and clinical personnel, with many surgeons redeployed to focus on critical care or staffing COVID-19 procedure teams. COVID-19 and the resulting pandemic response broadly impact short-and long-term health outcomes for surgical patients. Payment and Delivery System What is the direct financial impact of delaying elective surgical care to hospitals, and outcomes including hospital closures, personnel layoffs, and decreased access to care for patients? Does postponement of emergency general surgery or use of nonoperative interventions to manage emergency general surgical conditions during the pandemic adversely impact outcomes for non-COVID patients, compared to emergency general surgery after prepandemic standards of care? COVID-19 will profoundly affect the US surgical system, including changes to healthcare infrastructure, payment systems, safety standards, clinical training, and population health. doi = 10.1097/sla.0000000000004126 id = cord-294906-1m4h116m author = Jarmoliński, Tomasz title = SARS‐CoV‐2 viral clearance during bone marrow aplasia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation – a case report date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; HSCT summary = title: SARS‐CoV‐2 viral clearance during bone marrow aplasia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation – a case report Here, we report a unique case of a child with viral pneumonia caused by coinfection with human metapneumovirus (MPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS‐CoV‐2 after HSCT. CONCLUSIONS: Posttransplant care in HSCT recipients with COVID‐19 infection is feasible in regular transplant units, provided the patient does not present with respiratory failure. Early and repeated testing for SARS‐CoV‐2 in posttransplant patients with concomitant infection mitigation strategies should be considered in children after HSCT who develop fever, respiratory symptoms and perhaps gastrointestinal symptoms to control the spread of COVID‐19 both in patients and healthcare workers in hospital environments. The epidemiology and clinical characteristics of co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses in patients during COVID-19 outbreak Mortality from Respiratory Virus Infections within the First One Hundred Days in Children after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation doi = 10.1111/petr.13875 id = cord-349477-3qhpu7v0 author = Jarynowski, A. title = An attempt to optimize human resources allocation based on spatial diversity of COVID-19 cases in Poland date = 2020-10-15 keywords = Jarynowski; Kempa; Poland; SARS; covid-19; poviat summary = Our task is to examine the relationship between the SARS-CoV-2 arrival and the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in the first wave (period from March 4 to May 22, 2020 (unofficial data)), and socio-economic variables at the powiat (county) level (NUTS-4) using simple statistical techniques such as data visualization, correlation analysis, spatial clustering and multiple linear regression. Demographic (like age, mobility, migration etc.), social ("income","PiS_support") and COVID-related factors (population size,forest_density,population_density,arrival_SARS) are the ground for our proposal of proper sanitary staff allocation. The aim of this paper is an exploratory and preliminary quantitative evaluation of the geographical spread on the level of county/poviat (NUTS-4) of SARS-CoV-2 virus (and COVID-19 disease caused by it) in Poland during the Spring wave of infections. The main statistical approach is calculating multiple regressions with Akaike selection criteria on the SARS-CoV-2 arrival time to each poviat and the number of COVID-19 cases based on socio-economic variables. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.14.20090985 id = cord-029863-f3bn550o author = Jassi, Amita title = OCD and COVID-19: a new frontier date = 2020-07-14 keywords = CBT; COVID-19; OCD; people summary = The authors highlight some of the considerations to take in CBT in light of our current understanding of COVID-19, including therapists and clients taking calculated risks when developing behavioural experiments and exposure tasks, considering viral loading and vulnerability factors. Stringent following of UK government guidelines to reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19 to an observer may mimic the presentation of some of the most publicly perceived symptoms of OCD, for example repetitive handwashing/antibacterial gel use, avoidance of potential contaminants, or socially isolating. Uncertainty around whether individuals have COVID-19 or not, about the ''right'' level of necessary precaution, receiving inconsistent or even conflicting messages from different institutions, as well as ''the new normal'', where even people without OCD are trying to avoid potential contamination in a variety of ways, may make sufferers uncertain about whether they are taking the right approach or whether what they are doing is excessive. doi = 10.1017/s1754470x20000318 id = cord-338979-ew046wcr author = Jasti, Madhu title = A review of pathophysiology and neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS summary = This novel coronavirus reportedly had symptoms resembling that of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (SARS-CoV) seen in the year 2003 [3] . A recently published study that looked at 214 cases of severe coronavirus illness treated in Wuhan during the early phase of the global pandemic reported that about 36% of patients displayed neurological symptoms [11] . There have been a fair number of reports suggesting SARS-CoV-2 infecting the neurons, raising questions about the direct effects of the virus on the brain that play a role in patients'' deaths. By contrast, there have been a few case reports which mention no penetrance of virus into the central nervous system as evidenced by the absence of SARS-CoV-2 in CSF and that the CNS effects are secondary to elevated inflammatory markers as CSF analyses during the acute stage showed pleocytosis with increased IL-8 and TNF-α concentrations [17] . doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-09950-w id = cord-283352-0l1ggmhx author = Javelot, H title = Panic and pandemic: narrative review of the literature on the links and risks of panic disorder as a consequence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; disorder; panic summary = Abstract Although the ''panic'' word has been abundantly linked to the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic in the press, in the scientific literature very few studies have considered whether the current epidemic could predispose to the onset or the aggravation of panic attacks or panic disorder. The current SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic is likely to induce, beyond its potentially dramatic impact on health, serious psychological consequences, particularly in terms of the often reported "panic" state it triggered, and the medical disorder potentially linked to this state, i.e., panic disorder [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . In this review, we propose to address : (i) the way in which the international literature has used to date the terminology of "panic" in relation to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, (ii) the very concept of panic attack, panic disorder and the specificity of the respiratory component frequently associated with it, (iii) and finally, a synthesis of the links and risk factors between COVID-19 and "respiratory" panic disorder. doi = 10.1016/j.encep.2020.08.001 id = cord-301943-qdtfjdxr author = Javelot, H title = Panique et pandémie: revue de la littérature sur les liens entre le trouble panique et l''épidémie à SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; panique; trouble summary = Résumé L''état de panique associé à la pandémie liée au SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) incite à s''interroger sur les troubles anxieux que cette situation pourrait générer ou aggraver. D''éventuelles situations co-morbides entre un tel trouble et la COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) doivent inciter à certaines précautions en matière de prescriptions médicamenteuses, notamment en lien avec les traitements, ou situations, sources d''hypokaliémie : (i) le salbutamol, source potentielle de surconsommation, notamment chez les patients anxieux, (ii) l''infection par le SARS-CoV-2 et plus encore en cas de diarrhées et/ou vomissements. D''éventuelles situations co-morbides entre un tel trouble et la COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) doivent inciter à certaines précautions en matière de prescriptions médicamenteuses, notamment en lien avec les traitements, ou situations, sources d''hypokaliémie : (i) le salbutamol, source potentielle de surconsommation, notamment chez les patients anxieux, (ii) l''infection par le SARS-CoV-2 et plus encore en cas de diarrhées et/ou vomissements. doi = 10.1016/j.encep.2020.05.010 id = cord-354900-bzv4yhqi author = Jawhara, Samir title = How to boost the immune defence prior to respiratory virus infections with the special focus on coronavirus infections date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; glucan summary = During the period of home confinement facing individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic, our immune defence could be weakened by different factors, including stress, anxiety and poor nutrition, while a healthy diet rich in vitamins C and D can reinforce the immune defence and reduce the risk of microbial infections. This short review focuses on the role of baker''s yeast β-glucan, with a healthy diet rich in natural vitamins C and D, in addition to a healthy gut microbiota can provide synergistic immune system support, helping the body to naturally defend prior to respiratory virus infections, until stronger options such as vaccines are available. Of note, the SARS-CoV-2 particles first invade the respiratory mucosa and infect other cell types, causing a series of immune responses and the overproduction of cytokines ''cytokine storm'' , which may be related to the critical condition of COVID-19 patients [21] . doi = 10.1186/s13099-020-00385-2 id = cord-261971-rt6uo9pw author = Jaworsky, Bernadette Nadya title = The Politics of Blaming: the Narrative Battle between China and the US over COVID-19 date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; China; July; Trump; U.S.; chinese summary = 16 Meanwhile, however, another MFA Spokesperson, Zhao Lijian, tweeted on the same day, "It might be US army who brought the epidemic to Wuhan." 17 On March 16, Trump again referred to the "Chinese Virus," 18 and during a White House press briefing on the 17th, he defended his use of the term: "I didn''t appreciate the fact that China was saying that our military gave it to them." 19 He also rejected the idea that such a term creates a stigma: "I don''t think so. Pushing back, The People''s Daily published an article entitled, "US COVID-19 statistics challenged by multiple research: lethal virus is far more widespread in the country than previously thought." 28 Meanwhile, in Washington, Trump claimed on April 23 that he has evidence that gives him "high level confidence" that the virus came from the Wuhan Institute of Virology in China. doi = 10.1007/s11366-020-09690-8 id = cord-353519-cmeociax author = Jay Miller, J. title = Child Welfare Workers and Peritraumatic Distress: The Impact of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; child; welfare; worker summary = This exploratory study examined COVID-19 related peritraumatic distress among child welfare workers (N=1,996) in one southeastern state in the United States (U.S.). Sexual orientation, self-reported physical and mental health, relationship status, supervision status, and financial stability impacted distress levels experienced by child welfare workers. In a broader review of six articles published about the impact of COVID on healthcare workers, Spoorthy, Pratapa, and Mahant (2020) concluded that factors such as gender, age, and lack of social support, among others, were linked to stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms among study participants. Research Question 1: What are COVID-19 related peritraumatic distress levels among child welfare workers? This study is likely the first to examine COVID-19 related distress among child welfare workers. In addition, though exploratory, the study has a more than adequate sample size of child welfare workers and examines the concept of peritraumatic distress related to the pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105508 id = cord-300399-21xozruq author = Jayamohan, Harikrishnan title = SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a review of molecular diagnostic tools including sample collection and commercial response with associated advantages and limitations date = 2020-10-18 keywords = CRISPR; CoV-2; PCR; RNA; SARS; covid-19; sample summary = This review paper examines current molecular diagnostic tools (Fig. 1) , such as amplification-based (including CRISPR-Cas based), antibody and antigen tests, and sequencing, utilized for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we also discuss sample preparation aspects that are relevant to wider utilization and point-of-care (POC) deployment of COVID-19 diagnostic tests (PCR, isothermal amplification, and sequencing-including library preparation). RT-PCR broadly involves four steps-lysis of SARS-CoV-2 in the sample, purification of the viral RNA, reverse transcription to complementary DNA (cDNA), and amplification of specific regions of the cDNA, and finally, optical detection of the amplified cDNA. The assay can detect the virus from respiratory swab samples with sensitivity comparable to that of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) SARS-CoV-2 real-time RT-PCR assay in 30-40 min. Evaluation of novel antigen-based rapid detection test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory samples doi = 10.1007/s00216-020-02958-1 id = cord-263457-puf8gjir author = Jayarangaiah, Apoorva title = COVID-19-Associated Coagulopathy: An Exacerbated Immunothrombosis Response date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; figure; platelet summary = Activated leukocytes potentiate a procoagulant state via release of intravascular tissue factor, platelet activation, NETosis, and inhibition of anticoagulant mechanisms. 4, 5 The predominant underlying mechanism in COVID-19-related mortality is hypothesized to be widespread tissue damage and endothelial injury from an overactivated immune system via exaggerated T-cell responses and increased cytokine secretion, leading to a cytokine storm. 70 In conclusion, a viral-mediated coagulant state culminates in the presence of endothelial injury and dysfunction and cytokine-driven inflammatory conditions, leading to activation of TF-mediated thrombosis. The current COVID-19 pandemic has resurrected the concept of immunothrombosis as it is a relevant model to demonstrate the potentiating effects of the immune system and the coagulation system and the detrimental effects associated with their unrestrained activation, as evidenced by microthrombi and overt venous and arterial thrombi (Figure 4 ). A procoagulant state in COVID-19 is the result of a direct viral-related endothelial injury, leukocyte-and cytokinemediated platelet activation, TF release, and NETosis augmented by an unchecked activation of the complement system. doi = 10.1177/1076029620943293 id = cord-257707-brrrg4fr author = Jayasighe, Ravindri title = Quality of online information for the general public on COVID-19 date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; information summary = Validated tools were used to assess readability [Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES)], usability and reliability (LIDA tool) and quality (DISCERN instrument). CONCLUSION: The majority of websites on COVID-19 for the public had moderate to low scores with regards to readability, usability, reliability and quality. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Prompt strategies should be implemented to standardize online health information on COVID-19 during this pandemic to ensure the general public has access to good quality reliable information. Therefore, we conducted this study to analyse the current COVID-19 websites targeting the general public in terms of quality, usability, readability, and reliability using a wide search strategy and validated instruments. So far only a limited number of studies have been done to assess the quality of health information websites related to COVID-19. This study has shown the quality, readability, usability, and reliability of the information on COVID-19 on majority of websites providing health information to the general public are to be of substandard quality. doi = 10.1016/j.pec.2020.08.001 id = cord-253252-s8fm5rfa author = Jayaweera, Mahesh title = Transmission of COVID-19 virus by droplets and aerosols: A critical review on the unresolved dichotomy date = 2020-06-13 keywords = SARS; aerosol; covid-19; droplet; figure; transmission summary = This review paper intends to outline the literature concerning the transmission of viral-laden droplets and aerosols in different environmental settings and demonstrates the behavior of droplets and aerosols resulted from a cough-jet of an infected person in various confined spaces. There have been myriads of hypotheses corroborating that certain threshold levels of humidity, temperature, sunlight, and ventilation will speed up the virus-laden droplet and aerosol transmission, aggravating the spread of the SARS-CoV disease (Morawska, 2006) . Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the use of masks for the control of SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosol transmission from an infected person to a susceptible host is uncertain and not fully conceivable. Researchers have speculated that both droplets and aerosols generated from non-violent and violent expirations of SARS-CoV-2-infected people may be responsible for the nonnosocomial and nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109819 id = cord-283513-3f4rsgzm author = Jaywant, Abhishek title = Behavioral interventions in acute COVID-19 recovery: A new opportunity for integrated care date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Behavioral interventions in acute COVID-19 recovery: A new opportunity for integrated care Here, we describe how neuropsychology and consultation-liaison psychiatry have collaborated to implement interventions within this unit to facilitate patients'' recovery. Consistent with early reports [4] , we have found a high prevalence of cognitive dysfunction in COVID-19 patients on our recovery unit. To facilitate orientation and memory, all patient rooms have a large whiteboard on which providers write their names and where patients'' rehabilitation goals and progress are recorded. Psychoeducation on rehabilitation; clinician-led mindfulness; virtual reality-based mindfulness; cognitive restructuring; problem-solving; brief psychotherapy scheduled prior to PT/OT; cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy group; chair yoga. Use of room whiteboard to track date, location, names of providers, and rehabilitation goals and progress; clinicians wear large ID tags and assist in reorientation; "memory books." Early intraintensive care unit psychological intervention promotes recovery from post traumatic stress disorders, anxiety and depression symptoms in critically ill patients doi = 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.07.001 id = cord-315453-mbv8vb2r author = Jean, Shio-Shin title = Old and re-purposed drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-01 keywords = SARS; covid-19; treatment summary = EXPERT OPINION: Although strong evidence of well-designed randomized controlled studies regarding COVID-19 therapy is presently lacking, remdesivir, teicoplanin, hydroxychloroquine (not in combination with azithromycin), and ivermectin might be effective antiviral drugs and are deemed promising candidates for controlling SARS-CoV-2. In future, clinical trials regarding a combination of potentially effective drugs against SARS-CoV-2 need to be conducted to establish the optimal regimen for the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19. Recently, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the phase 3, double-blind ODYSSEY study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04326426, initiated on 12 April 2020) to investigate the efficacy and safety of tradipitant at a dosage of 85 mg orally twice daily for the treatment of inflammatory lung injury following critical COVID-19 infection [35] . Apart from remdesivir that was shown to have acceptable clinical efficacy against moderate-to-severe COVID-19 and acceptable side effects, the potential antiviral drugs that are likely useful in the treatment of patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 included hydroxychloroquine, teicoplanin, and ivermectin. doi = 10.1080/14787210.2020.1771181 id = cord-259338-q3kw6n9o author = Jean, Sim Xiang Ying title = Utilizing the Electronic Health Records to Create a Syndromic Staff Surveillance System During the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-11-04 keywords = ARI; COVID-19 summary = We aimed to create a prototype staff surveillance system for the detection of acute respiratory infection (ARI) clusters amongst our healthcare workers (HCWs) and describe its effectiveness. Conclusion The use of syndromic surveillance to detect ARI clusters amongst HCWs in the COVID-19 pandemic may enable early case detection and prevent onward transmission. Utilizing the electronic health records, we have created a prototypic surveillance system in the detection of acute respiratory infection (ARI) clusters amongst staff and aim to describe its effectiveness in this study. The aim of this descriptive analytic study is to describe the effectiveness of a prototypic staff syndromic surveillance system in identifying acute respiratory infection (ARI) clusters amongst the staff population in the hospital. This initial feasibility study shows that the use of a syndromic surveillance system has the ability to identify ARI clusters amongst staff populations that would initiate downstream investigation and active screening. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.11.003 id = cord-321867-7n88rl6p author = Jee, J. title = Oncologic Immunomodulatory Agents in Patients with Cancer and COVID-19 date = 2020-08-12 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = A recent retrospective study found a possible trend toward worse outcomes associated with corticosteroid use in cancer patients, although no analysis was performed to correct for possible selection bias in which sicker patients received those medications [11] . For all analyses we considered the number of patients who developed a primary composite endpoint of respiratory failure (use of nonrebreather, high-flow nasal oxygen, or mechanical ventilation) or death within 28 days of SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. When patients were stratified by level of respiratory support, corticosteroid use was associated with worse outcomes in the pre-2L oxygen cohort (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.9), a trend not observed in the post-2L oxygen (HR 0.9, 95% CI 0.4-1.9) and post-critical cohorts (HR 0.8, 95% CI 0.5-1.4), though these additional analyses were limited by All rights reserved. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.11.20145458 doi: medRxiv preprint from neutropenia 60 to 180 days prior to SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis did not have worse outcomes. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.11.20145458 id = cord-340921-tg62xw8v author = Jee, Youngmee title = WHO International Health Regulations Emergency Committee for the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-03-19 keywords = COVID-19; PHEIC summary = With the commencement of largescale community transmission in European and Middle Eastern countries, the WHO Director-General Ghebreyesus declared COVID-19 a pandemic, based on the speed and scale of spread of the assessment of significant risk of international spread, and impact of the infectious disease on travel or trade. Although the COVID-19 pandemic declaration will not significantly change the responses of the State Parties, it has reaffirmed that the countries vulnerable to this novel infectious disease shall prepare for outbreaks more thoroughly, and WHO shall actively support and collaborate with them to accomplish the same. As mentioned above, PHEIC declaration provides a rationale for WHO to actively cooperate with vulnerable countries with poor public health infrastructure and assist them in preparing for outbreaks of novel infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, and to provide technical guidance and assistance as well as mobilizing international experts for on-site assistance, if necessary. doi = 10.4178/epih.e2020013 id = cord-342340-q6j7vy8u author = Jefferies, Sarah title = COVID-19 in New Zealand and the impact of the national response: a descriptive epidemiological study date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; New; SARS; Zealand summary = METHODS: We did a descriptive epidemiological study of all laboratory-confirmed and probable cases of COVID-19 and all patients tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in New Zealand from Feb 2 to May 13, 2020, after which time community transmission ceased. Demographic features and disease outcomes, transmission patterns (source of infection, outbreaks, household transmission), time-to-event intervals, and testing coverage were described over five phases of the response, capturing different levels of non-pharmaceutical interventions. This descriptive epidemiological study examined a cohort of all confirmed and probable COVID-19 cases and all people tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection in New Zealand up to May 13, 2020 , which marked the easing of the most restrictive non-pharmaceutical interventions, after which community transmission ceased. doi = 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30225-5 id = cord-257273-itefsyv4 author = Jefsen, O. H. title = COVID‐19‐related self‐harm and suicidality among individuals with mental disorders date = 2020-07-30 keywords = covid-19 summary = H.; Rohde, C.; Nørremark, B.; Østergaard, S. describe how the COVID-19 pandemic may affect mental health and psychiatric care, and predict that suicide rates may increase because of the pandemic. 5 One of the most severe manifestations of pandemic-related psychopathology was self-harm/suicidality, which was described in 102 clinical notes from 74 patients. This effort was approved by the Chief Medical Officer of Psychiatry in the CDR as part of a quality development project (''COVID-19 and mental disorders'') aiming at optimizing the detection and care of patients with pandemic-related psychopathology. 3 Although we have no knowledge of the counterfactual (how these patients would have fared without the pandemic), our results seem compatible with the COVID-19 crisis leading to increased self-harm/suicidality in individuals with mental disorders, thereby corroborating the concern expressed by Madsen et al. Psychiatric symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1111/acps.13214 id = cord-353200-5csewb1k author = Jehi, Lara title = Development and validation of a model for individualized prediction of hospitalization risk in 4,536 patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; model; patient summary = OBJECTIVE: To characterize a large cohort of patients hospitalized with COVID-19, their outcomes, develop and validate a statistical model that allows individualized prediction of future hospitalization risk for a patient newly diagnosed with COVID-19. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of patients with COVID-19 applying a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression algorithm to retain the most predictive features for hospitalization risk, followed by validation in a temporally distinct patient cohort. MEASUREMENTS: Demographic, clinical, social influencers of health, exposure risk, medical co-morbidities, vaccination history, presenting symptoms, medications, and laboratory values were collected on all patients, and considered in our model development. Hospitalization risk prediction and outcomes in COVID-19 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237419 August 11, 2020 2 / 15 ethical restrictions by the Cleveland clinic regulatory bodies including the institutional review Board and legal counsel. We also develop and validate a statistical model that can assist with individualized prediction of hospitalization risk for a patient with COVID-19. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0237419 id = cord-273433-0014ih0d author = Jelinek, Lena title = Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder During COVID-19: Turning a Problem into an Opportunity? date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19; OCD summary = The questionnaire inquired about (1) demographic information, such as age and gender, as well as predominant OCD symptoms (obsessions, washing/cleaning, checking, symmetry/ordering, hoarding, and other); (2) reasons for the change in symptom severity (reduced mobility, availability of cleaning/hygiene products, economic factors, lack of availability of doctors/therapist, interpersonal conflicts) as rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with 1 = significantly increased to 5 = significantly decreased; (3) the change in OCD symptom severity (total, obsessions, compulsion, avoidance) as rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with 1 = significantly decreased to 5 = significantly increased (items largely corresponded to a scale used to quantify change during the COVID-10 pandemic in eating disorders, Schlegl, Maier, et al., 2020; Schlegl, Meule, et al., 2020) ; (4) dysfunctional and functional beliefs associated with COVID-19 (for items, see Table 3 ) rated on a Likert scale ranging from 1 = does not apply at all to 5 = totally applies; (5) experience of self-competence associated with prevention of infection with COVID-19 (e.g., giving other people helpful hygiene tips; for items, see Table 4 ) rated on a Likert scale ranging from 1 = totally applies to 6 = does not apply at all. doi = 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102329 id = cord-323497-9km0i816 author = Jella, Tarun K. title = Geospatial Mapping of Orthopaedic Surgeons Age 60 and Over and Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19; U.S.; orthopaedic summary = METHODS: Demographic statistics from the most recent State Physician Workforce Data Reports published by the Association of American Medical Colleges were extracted to identify the 2018 statewide proportion of practicing orthopaedic surgeons ≥60 years of age as well as age-related demographic data for all surgical specialties. Therefore, the purposes of the present study are (1) to determine the geographic distribution of older orthopaedic surgeons in the U.S., (2) to compare the distribution with those of other surgical specialties, and (3) to compare this distribution with the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S. D emographic statistics for 2018 were extracted from the most recent State Physician Workforce Data Reports published by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) to identify the proportion of practicing orthopaedic surgeons ‡60 years of age in each state 13 . doi = 10.2106/jbjs.20.00577 id = cord-334280-qs40g1fz author = Jella, Tarun K. title = Geospatial Distribution of Neurosurgeons Age 60 and Above Relative to the Spread of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-14 keywords = July; covid-19 summary = Objective To perform an ecological study in order to analyze the geospatial distribution of neurosurgeons ≥ 60 years old and compare these data with the spread of COVID-19 across the; U.S. Methods Data regarding the distribution of COVID-19 cases was collected from the Environmental Systems Research Institute and demographic statistics from the American Association of Medical Colleges 2019State Workforce Reports. Results As of July 5, 2020, the 10 states with the highest number of COVID-19 cases showed older neurosurgical workforce proportions (the proportion of active surgeons aged 60 years or older) ranging from 20.6% to 38.9%. As 80 a result, this study was performed in order to establish first the geographical distribution of 81 neurosurgeons aged 60 years or older and, secondly, to compare this data to the distribution of 82 COVID-19 cases across the country. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.10.037 id = cord-354073-tn76muv6 author = Jen, Tung-Hui title = Geographic risk assessment of COVID-19 transmission using recent data: An observational study date = 2020-06-12 keywords = CFR; Rasch; covid-19 summary = This study aimed to visualize the epidemic outbreak and the provisional case fatality rate (CFR) using the Rasch model and Bayes''s theorem and developed an algorithm that classifies countries/regions into categories that are then shown on Google Maps. Although a number of factors were involved in publishing the geographic risk stratification, including size (e.g., the number of confirmed cases), geographic distribution, and epidemiology of the outbreak, [8] none of these objectively observed criteria were provided to us for our assessment of the COVID-19 situation for each country/region. No solid geographic risk assessment for COVID-19 transmission has been seen yet on the internet, including on those websites [3, 4, [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] providing simple and widely available information (e.g., the number of confirmed, deaths, and recovered cases based on countries/regions along with death rate, transmission rate, incubation period, as well as discussions on age and demographics) to the public. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000020774 id = cord-350466-z5yvfo22 author = Jena, Anuraag title = Fecal calprotectin levels in COVID-19: Lessons from a systematic review on its use in inflammatory bowel disease during the pandemic date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Fecal calprotectin levels in COVID-19: Lessons from a systematic review on its use in inflammatory bowel disease during the pandemic 8 We therefore performed a systematic review to study the elevations of fecal calprotectin in COVID-19 and if these elevations were different in patients with or without gastrointestinal symptoms . After removing the duplicates, we screened for the original studies reporting about fecal calprotectin in COVID-19 patients. These four studies reported about fecal calprotectin levels in 174 patients with COVID-19 ( Table 1) . The elevations of fecal calprotectin were more frequent in those patients who had gastrointestinal symptoms in all the three studies which provided this information (Figure 1 ). Further, as patients of IBD with elevated fecal calprotectin levels could be immunocompromised, it would be better to exclude COVID-19 infection prior to increasing immunosuppression. Also, there are no direct studies of fecal calprotectin in IBD patients infected with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.dld.2020.10.021 id = cord-319312-fmfj8bkp author = Jenab, Yaser title = Occurrence of acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary thromboembolism, and cerebrovascular event in COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19; PTE summary = Herein, we presented a case of COVID‐19 presented with acute coronary syndrome followed by pulmonary thromboembolism and cerebrovascular accident. Given the patient''s age, fever, and suspicion of COVID-19, a decision was made to administer full antiplatelet (ASA 300 mg and clopidogrel 300 mg stat doses), anticoagulant (unfractionated heparin; 60 unit/kg stat and 12 unit/kg/hour infusion), and antiischemic therapy and obtain a chest computed tomography (CT) scan. The patient was an old woman with multirisk factors suffering from acute coronary syndrome, COVID-19, PTE, and acute CVA. 5 Venous thromboembolism threatens patients with COVID-19 and adds the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome. These patients have pulmonary hypertension and RV dysfunction, and small acute PTE may deteriorate the condition. Another theory may be the coincidence of acute coronary syndrome, COVID-19, and PTE, which prompted the patient to refer to our emergency department, albeit with a 4-day delay. Thromboembolic risk and anticoagulant therapy in COVID-19 patients: emerging evidence and call for action doi = 10.1002/ccr3.3112 id = cord-344295-gwbmsmbv author = Jenei, Kristina title = Challenges and opportunities for graduate students in public health during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Challenges and opportunities for graduate students in public health during the COVID-19 pandemic Moreover, students who have lost work can apply for the Canada Emergency Response Benefit (CERB). Graduate students in public health across Canada represent an untapped resource in public health responses to COVID-19. This is an opportune moment to support applied research in real time while building capacity for a strong public health workforce in the future. We urge universities to decrease or suspend tuition fees in the upcoming terms as we are forced to work remotely without the same calibre of academic, mental, and financial supports (Canada Federation for Students 2020). However, it also offers many novel opportunities for public health students to learn and contribute. Virtual mental health supports during COVID-19 Mental health care for international Chinese students affected by the COVID-19 outbreak doi = 10.17269/s41997-020-00349-8 id = cord-347955-bud745if author = Jenelius, Erik title = Impacts of COVID-19 on public transport ridership in Sweden: Analysis of ticket validations, sales and passenger counts date = 2020-11-30 keywords = COVID-19; Stockholm; ticket summary = The paper analyses the impacts of COVID-19 on daily public transport ridership in the three most populated regions of Sweden (Stockholm, Västra Götaland and Skåne) during spring 2020. The aim of this paper is to address the identified research gap by analysing the impacts of COVID-19 on daily public transport ridership in the three most populated regions of Sweden (Stockholm, Västra Götaland and Skåne) during spring 2020. Every registered tap-in generates a record containing several attributes that are used in this study, in particular the transport mode (metro, commuter train, tram/LRT or bus) and ticket product (various period cards, single ticket, travel funds, full or discounted rate, etc.). This paper has examined the effects of COVID-19 on public transport ridership in the three largest regions of Sweden based on ticket validation, ticket sales and passenger counting data. doi = 10.1016/j.trip.2020.100242 id = cord-317062-nn0u82dp author = Jenkins, Aaron title = Nested ecology and emergence in pandemics date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The global extent of COVID-19 and our ability to respond to and prevent future pandemics will benefit from a complex systems perspective. Vulnerable populations and places-eg, with elevated levels of poverty, high prevalence of non-communicable diseases, or degraded natural systems-are at high risk of having poor health outcomes and being epicentres for the emergence of pathogens with pandemic potential. A myriad of human and ecosystem health co-benefits could be realised by approaching pandemic preparedness and public health using nested systems approaches that recognise how subsystems ranging from genes, to individual behaviours, and the environment (inclusive of health care and surveillance systems) work together to regulate health. The COVID-19 pandemic might change policy on preparedness for future zoonotic infectious disease outbreaks-eg, enforcing constraints on the wildlife trade, being more circumspect about the interactions between domestic animals and wildlife, and regulating wildlife markets more carefully. COVID-19: another infectious disease emerging at the animal-human interface doi = 10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30165-0 id = cord-286418-9ho5fg3h author = Jenkins, Ian title = Lessons from Walking the Medical Distancing Tightrope date = 2020-05-28 keywords = covid; distance; patient summary = Like many academic programs before the pandemic, UCSD''s Division of Hospital Medicine emphasized interdisciplinary bedside rounding, focusing on clinical care, quality, patient experience, and teaching. SARS-CoV2, capable of spreading from presymptomatic and asymptomatic persons, 3 threatened to injure or kill high-risk hospitalized patients (i.e. elderly, or with comorbid illnesses) as well as healthcare workers (HCW), making them patients instead of caregivers during our projected surge. 8 For example, on April 9, UCSD Health had a total census of 471 patients (56% occupancy) of which only 4.2% had COVID, with 10 patients on the hospital medicine service, 8 on ventilators (5.2% of capacity), and only 3 total deaths to date. AAMC guidelines advise that medical students not be involved in patient care unless COVID risks are low and protective equipment and testing are available. 12 As we contemplate the future of hospital care and training, we continue to monitor our distancing efforts for signs of adverse effects on safety, efficiency, and experience. doi = 10.1016/j.jcjq.2020.05.006 id = cord-324857-ll3xmk3i author = Jenkins, Louis S. title = The evolving role of family physicians during the coronavirus disease 2019 crisis: An appreciative reflection date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; family summary = Ten family physicians and family medicine registrars in a South African semi-rural training complex reflected on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis during their quarterly training complex meeting. Ten family physicians and family medicine registrars in a South African semi-rural training complex reflected on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis during their quarterly training complex meeting. The importance of preventative and promotive care in a community-oriented approach, being a capacity builder and leading the health team as a consultant have assumed new meanings. The importance of preventative and promotive care in a community-oriented approach, being a capacity builder and leading the health team as a consultant have assumed new meanings. The roles of the family physician in South Africa and the contribution to district health services have been well described. Figure 2 (left side) presents the ''traditional'' model of how a family physician might exercise his or her roles during the COVID-19 crisis. doi = 10.4102/phcfm.v12i1.2478 id = cord-256091-mrc9p1vw author = Jenkins, Wiley D. title = COVID‐19 During the Opioid Epidemic – Exacerbation of Stigma and Vulnerabilities date = 2020-04-11 keywords = PWUD; covid-19 summary = 2 The inequalities described above are particularly pronounced for rural persons who use drugs (PWUD), who face multiple barriers to seeking and obtaining health care, including both stigma (which negatively impacts their ability to self-function and seek care) and drug-use-associated illness and injury. PWUD may be at increased risk for contracting and spreading COVID-19 since drug procurement and use practices usually require social contact. PWUD may avoid seeking medical care if COVID-19 symptoms present due to stigma associated with drug use and lack of trust in health care providers. Even before the pandemic, rural PWUD were less likely to seek medical care (eg, urgent care, paramedics) and actively avoid others (eg, police) who are now especially prominent in the COVID-19 response. [19] [20] Thus, PWUD may encounter negative police interactions, ticketing, and arrests due to shelter-in-place enforcement measures, particularly if they venture out to procure drugs, harm reduction supplies, or access substance use-related services, or if they are homeless. doi = 10.1111/jrh.12442 id = cord-346842-ip4i3bdk author = Jeon, JuYeun title = The Impact of COVID-19 on the Conduct of Clinical Trials for Medical Products in Korea date = 2020-09-07 keywords = COVID-19; Korea; trial summary = METHODS: The impact on subject''s scheduled visits and major milestones of clinical trials in Korea were measured by conducting a survey among clinical project manager (CPMs) working at global clinical research organization. New approaches were necessary in clinical trials to eliminate the risk of infection by complying with the guideline and enable subjects to continue to participate in trials if no better alternative treatment options were available, for protecting the subjects'' safety and well-being. The study evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic and the KCDC disease control guideline on the conduct of clinical research in Korea, on subjects, investigators, monitor, pharmaceutical companies, Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and regulatory authorities (RAs), in order to suggest recommendations for conducting clinical trials during the pandemic. The survey was distributed to total 140 clinical project manager (CPMs) who were working at global clinical research organization and responsible for trials performed in Korea, according to method of simple random sampling from February 24, 2020 to March 7, 2020. doi = 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e329 id = cord-346008-6v2gdz4a author = Jeong, Areum title = Changes in the Clinical Practice of Ophthalmology during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak: an Experience from Daegu, Korea date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Changes in the Clinical Practice of Ophthalmology during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak: an Experience from Daegu, Korea Due to close contact during examination, frequent exposure to tears and ocular discharge, and the inevitable sharing of equipment, ophthalmologists and patients are at a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To prevent the transmission of COVID-19 in clinics, we follow steps based on three levels of control measures: administrative control, environmental control, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). If any of the aforementioned conditions are met, the patient is masked, isolated, and instructed to visit the COVID-19 screening center for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Patients who have fever but negative test results postpone the appointment or attend the clinic. To reduce the exposure time, all patients should wear a mask in the waiting room. Characteristics of ocular findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 doi = 10.3947/ic.2020.52.2.226 id = cord-276493-hoaxv5e0 author = Jeong, Gi Uk title = Therapeutic Strategies Against COVID-19 and Structural Characterization of SARS-CoV-2: A Review date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; RBD; RNA; SARS summary = With increasing structural data of key proteins in both SARS-CoV-2 and the host, such as the spike glycoprotein (S), the main protease (M pro ), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), the structure-based design of new drugs has emerged as the most promising antiviral strategy. Several structure-based drug discovery studies have investigated the interaction of inhibitors in the substrate-binding pockets of SARS-CoV-2 M pro ( Figure 3C ) (Dai et al., 2020; Jin et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020b) . Because most inhibitors occupy the substrate binding pocket of SARS-CoV-2 FIGURE 4 | CryoEM structure of RdRp in complex with cofactors (nsp7 and nsp8), RNA template, and remdesivir. In addition, we provided structural insights into the mechanism of action of well-characterized drugs targeting the interaction between hACE2 and the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 for viral entry, as well as M pro and RdRp for viral replication. doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01723 id = cord-333943-9d93na7s author = Jeong, Han Eol title = Association between NSAIDs use and adverse clinical outcomes among adults hospitalized with COVID-19 in South Korea: A nationwide study date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; Health summary = title: Association between NSAIDs use and adverse clinical outcomes among adults hospitalized with COVID-19 in South Korea: A nationwide study BACKGROUND: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may exacerbate COVID-19 and worsen associated outcomes by upregulating the enzyme that SARS-CoV-2 binds to enter cells. [1, 2] Concerns exist that the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may exacerbate COVID-19 by upregulating angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expressions, [3, 4] the enzyme which SARS-CoV-2 binds to enter cells. This cohort study therefore aimed to examine the association between NSAIDs use, compared to non-use, and worsened clinical outcomes among adults hospitalized with A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t page | 5 COVID-19 using South Korea''s nationwide healthcare database containing all COVID-19 patients. To our knowledge, this is the first population-based study conducted using all hospitalized patients with COVID-19 to assess the association between NSAID use and COVID-19 related outcomes. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1056 id = cord-033401-0o1g1924 author = Jerry II, Robert H title = COVID-19: responsibility and accountability in a world of rationing date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; care; health; liability; provider summary = 62 Effective April 17, 2020, Wisconsin grants immunity to health care providers -for the death of or injury to any individual or any damages caused by actions or omissions‖ that were provided during the COVID-19 state of emergency or up to 60 days after its termination if such acts or omissions are rendered pursuant to the -direction, guidance, recommendation, or other statement made by a federal, state, or local official to address or in response to the emergency or disaster.‖ Wis. Stat. Cuomo of New York, which, among other things, extended immunity to physicians and other health care providers from -civil liability for any injury or death alleged to have been sustained directly as a result of an act or omission by such medical professional in the course of providing medical services in support of the State''s response to the COVID-19 outbreak‖ unless it was doi = 10.1093/jlb/lsaa076 id = cord-283927-683mzwga author = Jette, Alan M title = Responding to the Coronavirus Pandemic date = 2020-07-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In a second Point of View article, Dr Vanessa Alpalhão and Dr Miguel Alpalhão 4 discuss some of the adaptations being made in physical therapist practice in Portugal in an effort to respond to the COVID-19 crisis and the needs of their patients. They emphasize the importance of providing patient and family education; coordinating community resources; including referring to other health care team members and community-based rehabilitation service options; and discuss current challenges for optimizing outcomes for people with PICS, including future directions for research and practice. The last area of essential need noted by the authors is the ability to respond to a second crisis looming-that is, to provide rehabilitation care for the projected surge of patients who have recovered from the acute effects of COVID-19. The essential role of home-and community-based physical therapists during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1093/ptj/pzaa094 id = cord-317441-tnde2jp5 author = Jewell, Jennifer S title = Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Online Survey date = 2020-10-23 keywords = COVID-19; United; health; mental summary = The current pandemic is likely to be associated with similar mental health outcomes, as a result of potential exposure to stressors including loss of loved ones, economic hardship, social isolation, and childcare responsibilities following school and day care closures. Across numerous studies, social isolation has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality, with an increase in coronary heart disease, stroke, and poor mental health outcomes such as depression and anxiety [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] . The current study examines demographic differences in mental health and well-being outcomes and specific sources of concern that impact these outcomes among a US sample of 1083 adults surveyed between April 7 and June 1, 2020, immediately following business closures and movement restrictions. Based on a review of the limited literature specifically related to the COVID-19 pandemic, Rajkumar [24] found that older adults were at greater risk for mental health concerns [35] . doi = 10.2196/22043 id = cord-342776-hkjhqgie author = Jewett, Anahid title = The Potential Effect of Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 on NK Cells; A Perspective on Potential Therapeutic Interventions date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = While studies on SARS-CoV-2 effects on immune cell function continue to progress, we know very little about the significance of depletion of key immune effectors by the virus in the mortality and morbidity of the disease. It also underscores the necessity for the future comprehensive studies of NK cells in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals and animal models to better understand the role and significance of reported NK cell depletion and functional inactivation in disease morbidity and mortality, in hope to design effective therapeutic interventions for the disease. In particular, in the peripheral blood of patients that were infected with SARS, it was noted that there were significantly lower numbers of natural killer (NK) cells compared to healthy subjects (14) . As mentioned above the infectious agent of COVID-19 disease depletes NK cells in the peripheral blood, and potentially even in the lung tissues of patients, thereby, disabling and depleting the core immune effectors necessary to remove the virus and regulate uncontrolled immune activation. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01692 id = cord-026811-6bdzut3d author = Jha, Ashish K. title = Emerging Treatment and Prevention Strategies against COVID-19: A Brief Update date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; SARS summary = doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1712547 id = cord-317561-ewo6vvlr author = Jha, Sujeet title = HCQ prophylaxis in COVID-19 did not show any QTc prolongation in Healthcare workers date = 2020-11-10 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ summary = METHODS: This was a prospective, cross sectional and observational study conducted on Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) among Healthcare Workers (HCWs) at Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, India. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, ours is a first study in the middle of the pandemic which showed that HCQ prophylaxis in young HCWs without comorbidities did not show any QTc prolongation. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) The Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR), National Task Force for COVID 19 issued recommendations for HCQ to be used as a prophylaxis for the asymptomatic exposed Healthcare Workers (HCW) in late March 2020. We decided to follow up a subset of the study population to see the effects of cumulative doses of HCQ on those HCWs who continued to take it. Ours is a first study in the middle of the pandemic which showed that HCQ prophylaxis in young HCWs without comorbidities did not show any QTc prolongation. doi = 10.1016/j.ihj.2020.11.005 id = cord-307880-atrihlc2 author = Jhaveri, Kinnari title = “Soup cans, brooms, and Zoom:” Rapid conversion of a cancer survivorship program to telehealth during COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; survivor summary = The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Psycho-Oncology service sought to meet these needs by rapidly transferring the Survivorship Wellness Group Program (SWGP) 6 , an evidence-based health behavior change program, to telehealth and adding COVID-19 relevant content. The increase in attendance also coincided with patient reports regarding a greater need for behavioral health and social support services in the context of COVID-19. In a rapid response to the needs of cancer survivors during COVID-19, the SWGP transitioned to telehealth and adapted content, increased accessibility and expanded the reach of the program while maintaining the quality of the intervention and its foundation in evidenced-This article is protected by copyright. As demonstrated by the rapid adaptation of the Survivorship Wellness program, cancer centers are uniquely positioned to offer interdisciplinary services to survivors at this critical transition in their care, made more critical in the context of COVID-19. doi = 10.1002/pon.5473 id = cord-276325-l26sdtxf author = Jheon, Sanghoon title = General thoracic surgery services across Asia during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-12 keywords = April; January; Kong; covid-19 summary = Hong Kong has largely avoided a massive surge in the incidence of COVID-19 cases despite the large numbers of people that normally travel daily between it and mainland China where the virus outbreak was first reported. On January 8, before a single case had even been confirmed in Hong Kong, the new "severe respiratory disease associated with a novel infectious agent" was listed as a notifiable disease, and all visiting at public hospitals was restricted. The net result of these parallel approaches was that care for suspected cases of COVID-19 was concentrated in public hospitals, whereas private hospitals could continue a degree of normal service, including elective surgery. At the time of writing, the only uncertainty in the near future is whether a recent uptick in the number of COVID-19 cases due to Hong Kong citizens returning from abroad and a mini-outbreak from those going to bars and clubs may evolve into a full-blown second or third wave of infections. doi = 10.1177/0218492320926886 id = cord-349210-8t4a5qqo author = Ji, Ping title = Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Proteins in COVID‐19: Current Clinical Development and Clinical Pharmacology Considerations date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; clinical; patient summary = Immunomodulatory biological therapies are being evaluated in clinical trials for the management of the systemic inflammatory response and pulmonary complications in patients with advanced stages of COVID‐19. A randomized, open-label, controlled trial for the efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with elevated TNF-α levels in the critical stages of severe COVID-19 is ongoing in Shanghai, China, with the main outcome of time to clinical improvement. A Phase 2 trial of the efficacy and safety of infliximab was initiated to evaluate whether early institution of TNF-α inhibitor therapy in patients with severe COVID-19 infections could prevent further clinical deterioration and reduce the need for advanced cardiorespiratory support and early mortality at a 5 mg/kg IV single dose. extrinsic factors ( Route of administration: As described before, the immunomodulatory therapeutic proteins currently in clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19 mostly are directed towards patients with moderate and severe stages of the disease. doi = 10.1002/jcph.1729 id = cord-012916-1op8m0pk author = Jia, Fei title = Using social media to analyze public psychological status during the recovery period of COVID-19 in China date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Using social media to analyze public psychological status during the recovery period of COVID-19 in China RESULTS: With the gradual control of the COVID-19 in China, the public psychological status changes from negative to neutral, accompanied by a weakening of negative emotions and an increase in positive emotions. Taking the recovery period of COVID-19 in China, for example, we collected WeChat Index data and analyzed the public''s concern about the course of COVID-19 and the restoration of emotional tendency through keywords search. With the gradual control of the COVID-19 in China, the public psychological status changes from negative to neutral, accompanied by a weakening of negative emotions and an increase in positive emotions. With the gradual control of COVID-19 in China, the public psychological status generally changes from negative to neutral, accompanied by a weakening of negative emotions and an increase in positive emotions. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa152 id = cord-267030-khzivbzy author = Jia, Peng title = Understanding the Epidemic Course in Order to Improve Epidemic Forecasting date = 2020-10-01 keywords = covid-19; epidemic summary = Spatial lifecourse epidemiology provides a new perspective to understand the course of epidemics, especially pandemics, and a new toolkit to predict the course of future epidemics on the basis of big data. The advanced spatial and digital technologies provide a new perspective to understand the transmission patterns of epidemics, especially pandemics, and a new toolkit to predict the progression of future epidemics on the basis of big data. Transparent, anonymous reporting of travel and contact history of a relatively large number of COVID-19 cases has been realized in China for the first time in the history of pandemics, thus opening a new avenue in the era of big data for more advanced, transdisciplinary approaches to refine results from mathematical prediction models and achieve a data-driven epidemic course of the COVID-19 in China (Kummitha, 2020) . doi = 10.1029/2020gh000303 id = cord-356235-py38bel4 author = Jia, Xingwang title = Clinical significance of IgM and IgG test for diagnosis of highly suspected COVID-19 infection date = 2020-03-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = The positive detection rate of combination of IgM and IgG for patients with COVID-19 negative and positive nucleic acid test was 72.73% and 87.50%. Total 57 suspected COVID-19 infection patients were enrolled in our study All rights reserved. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.28.20029025 doi: medRxiv preprint patients with COVID-19 nucleic acid negative results, the IgM fluorescence intensity (Flu) of 20 patients was more than 0.88, the positive rate was 60.61%. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.28.20029025 doi: medRxiv preprint detection for 24 patients with COVID-19 negative nucleic acid test was 87.50%. In our study, the positive rate of COVID-19 nucleic acid in the 57 All rights reserved. As shown in Figure 7B , the nucleic acid detection result of Patient ID 19 was positive, but the IgM and IgG were negative results, according to the CT results, All rights reserved. B: Patient ID 19, the nucleic acid detection result was positive, but the IgM and IgG results were negative, no obvious lesion was found in both lungs. doi = 10.1101/2020.02.28.20029025 id = cord-292501-2jv7xkfn author = Jiang, Saiping title = Liver Injury in Critically Ill and Non-critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Multicenter, Retrospective, Observational Study date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; injury; liver summary = Multivariable regression showed that the number of concomitant medications (odds ratio [OR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.21) and the combination treatment of lopinavir/ritonavir and arbidol (OR: 3.58, 95% CI: 1.44-9.52) were risk factors for liver injury in non-critically ill patients. Multivariable regression showed that the number of concomitant medications (odds ratio [OR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.21) and the combination treatment of lopinavir/ritonavir and arbidol (OR: 3.58, 95% CI: 1.44-9.52) were risk factors for liver injury in non-critically ill patients. In the non-critically ill group, the univariate logistic analyses showed that the combination treatment of lopinavir/ritonavir and arbidol and the number of concomitant medications were significantly associated with liver injury ( Table 4) . Drug factors, including the combination treatment of lopinavir/ritonavir and arbidol and the number of concomitant medications were independent risk factors for liver injury in non-critically ill patients with COVID-19, which may be due to drug interactions at the metabolic level. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00347 id = cord-264578-hwq1k866 author = Jiang, Ying title = The association between COVID-19 deaths and short-term ambient air pollution/meteorological condition exposure: a retrospective study from Wuhan, China date = 2020-08-15 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: The association between COVID-19 deaths and short-term ambient air pollution/meteorological condition exposure: a retrospective study from Wuhan, China We collected the daily COVID-19 death number, air quality index (AQI), ambient air pollutant concentrations, and meteorological variables data of Wuhan between Jan 25 and April 7, 2020. Previous multi-city studies in Europe showed that ambient air pollution has larger association with respiratory causes of death than other diseases (Atkinson et al. In the current study, the authors aim to explore the potential association between COVID-19 deaths and air pollutants as well as meteorological variables. (2020a) further concluded that PM 10 could increase the case fatality rate of COVID-19 patients with mild to severe disease Fig. 1 The association between daily air quality index (AQI) and death number of COVID-19 patients in Wuhan. Future studies should explore the association between ambient air pollutants/meteorological variables with COVID-19 death cases with detailed clinical data from multiple regions. doi = 10.1007/s11869-020-00906-7 id = cord-324075-8r7v0g29 author = Jiang, Yuanyuan title = COVID‐19 affected patients'' utilization of dental care service date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = According to the guidelines of the Chinese Stomatological Association (CSA), dental clinics in China suspended the routine dental services and only provided emergency dental care between January and April 2020 (CSA, 2020). The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of COVID-19 on patients'' utilization of dental services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Table 2 showed patients'' psychological state, behaviour, and awareness of COVID-19 and their evaluations on the current dental service. But most respondents in the study still showed worries about the potential risk of COVID-19 during their dental visits. In summary, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected patients'' dental care-seeking psychology and behaviour. Factors associated with patients'' psychology of COVID-19 Urgent dental care for patients during the COVID-19 pandemic Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China Health services provision of 48 public tertiary dental hospitals during the COVID-19 epidemic in China doi = 10.1111/odi.13568 id = cord-346459-tkt5ldyo author = Jie, Li Shao title = Risk factors for Coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia after admission outside Wuhan, China date = 2020-11-06 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The patients diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia at 2 medical centers in Hunan Province were studied, and those whose conditions changed after admission were compared. This study analyzed the clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who underwent changes after admission at 2 medical centers in Hunan Province to investigate the risk factors for the changes in the condition of patients and construct a risk prediction model to Editor: Gunjan Arora. We retrospectively collected the medical data of 109 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Xiangtan city and Shaoyang city from January 2020 to March 2020, including their general condition, epidemiological history, signs and symptoms, laboratory examination and imaging findings, treatment and prognosis. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of 109 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia at 2 medical centers in Hunan Province (Xiangtan city and Shaoyang city) and analyzed the cases with changes in condition after admission. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000022980 id = cord-285030-ecsa83kf author = Jimenez-Cauhe, Juan title = Reply to “COVID-19 can present with a rash and be mistaken for Dengue”: Petechial rash in a patient with COVID-19 infection date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-285030-ecsa83kf authors: Jimenez-Cauhe, Juan; Ortega-Quijano, Daniel; Prieto-Barrios, Marta; Moreno-Arrones, Oscar M.; Fernandez-Nieto, Diego title: Reply to "COVID-19 can present with a rash and be mistaken for Dengue": Petechial rash in a patient with COVID-19 infection date: 2020-04-10 journal: J Am Acad Dermatol DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.016 sha: doc_id: 285030 cord_uid: ecsa83kf nan Dermatologists have a unique opportunity to study COVID-19 cutaneous manifestations during this pandemic, and illustrative images are the first step for other colleagues to start looking for them. A golden principle of medicine becomes now more important: "the more you see, the more you know; and the more you know is the more you see". COVID-19 can present with a rash and be mistaken for Dengue Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: a first perspective doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.016 id = cord-332496-xxz6qd3i author = Jiménez, Óliver title = Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Confinement and Its Relationship with Meditation date = 2020-09-11 keywords = Mindfulness; covid-19; self summary = The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychological impact of confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, considering any protective factors, such as the practice of meditation or self-compassion, and their relationship with different lifestyles and circumstances of adults residing in Spain. A cross-sectional study was done using an anonymous online survey in which 412 participants filled out the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-2; the Impact of Events Scale; and the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form, reporting severe symptomatology of posttraumatic stress and mild anxiety and depression. In spite of these limitations, the results of this study provide important information on the psychological and social impact of the first three weeks of a COVID-19 quarantine period, including that self-compassion might be an important protective factor, and may be used as a reference in future epidemics or outbreaks of the virus that provoke similar short or long-term situations to generate hypotheses for improvement of prevention and intervention. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17186642 id = cord-263494-u4tca4es author = Jiménez-Rodríguez, Diana title = Simulated Video Consultations as a Learning Tool in Undergraduate Nursing: Students’ Perceptions date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; consultation; simulation summary = Simulated video consultations, a teaching tool based on high-fidelity simulations, were implemented in response to the necessary adaptation of high-fidelity clinical simulation sessions to the online or virtual modality during the university closure due to the COVID-19 confinement. Nursing students should be trained in this modality of healthcare to face the challenge brought on by its increased use in healthcare services, beyond the specific adaptation of clinical simulation sessions due to the closure of universities during this pandemic. They also considered that this modality contributed to increasing and/or reinforcing their learning of non-technical skills (communication, active listening, appearance, empathy, and teamwork), promoting health education, as all the technical skills required during the simulated scenarios had to be explained to the standardized patient to mitigate the inability to perform them in a face-to-face clinical simulation session. Furthermore, the nursing students ascribed value to the learning acquired through simulated video consultations, considering that this modality could be used in their future clinical practice. doi = 10.3390/healthcare8030280 id = cord-267465-7rrveyrh author = Jiménez-Ruiz, Carlos A. title = COVID-19 Y TABAQUISMO: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA Y METAANÁLISIS DE LA EVIDENCIA date = 2020-07-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A efectos de determinar la asociación del consumo de tabaco con las condiciones más críticas posibles de COVID-19, se llevó a cabo un segundo metaanálisis que analizó una variable conjunta que incluyó el ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI), la intubación orotraqueal y la muerte, según la disponibilidad de datos de los estudios incluidos. Los 15 artículos de la RS excluidos del MA lo fueron porque, aunque disponían de datos de tabaquismo, estos estaban relacionados con la prevalencia de comorbilidades y consumo de tabaco y vapeo, expresión de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina, análisis de características clínicas de los pacientes con infección por Covid-19, y varios MA previos por lo que no incorporaban variables de interés para responder a las preguntas de este MA. doi = 10.1016/j.arbres.2020.06.024 id = cord-103533-k1lg8c7q author = Jin, C. title = Development and Evaluation of an AI System for COVID-19 date = 2020-03-23 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19 summary = We developed and evaluated a deep learning based COVID-19 diagnosis system, using multi-center data, which includes 756 subjects (496 COVID-19 positives and 260 negatives) collected in Wuhan Union Hospital, Western Campus of Wuhan Union Hospital, and Jianghan Mobile Cabin Hospital in Wuhan, the major epidemic area in China (detailed information is in Table 1 ). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.20.20039834 doi: medRxiv preprint sists of five key components (Figure 1 a) , (1) a 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) model for segmenting the lung, (2) a COVID-19 diagnosis model, (3) an abnormal slices locating block to locate abnormal slices in positive cases, (4) a network visualization module for interpreting the attentional region of deep networks, and (5) an image phenotype analysis module for explaining the features of the attentional region. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.20.20039834 id = cord-334790-lav794w0 author = Jin, Huijuan title = Consensus for prevention and management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for neurologists date = 2020-04-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = 1 Clinical symptoms of 2019-nCoV have mostly resembled that of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) of 2003. The nervous system manifestations were significantly more common in patients with severe infection, manifested as ischaemic stroke and cerebral haemorrhage diagnosed by clinical symptoms and head CT, impaired consciousness and skeletal muscle injury. Symptoms related to the development of acute cerebrovascular diseases Among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, middle-aged and elderly people accounted for the majority of strokes, especially in critically ill patients. According to the ''Technical guidelines for prevention and control of new coronavirus infection in medical institutions (First Edition)'' 16 developed by General Office of the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China and clinical characteristics of these patients, we propose the following precautions for neurologists, especially for those who are working in high-risk areas. doi = 10.1136/svn-2020-000382 id = cord-279032-plj9kg42 author = Jin, Kaifeng title = Re: Can the summer temperature drop COVID-19 cases? date = 2020-08-15 keywords = covid-19 summary = Abstract The temperatures may have influence on the spread of COVID-19, However, we believe that government regulation and cooperation of public play a more important role. The temperatures may have influence on the spread of COVID-19, However, we believe that 2 government regulation and cooperation of public play a more important role. Even the situation in American is still worse, more young people do not want stay at 38 home anymore, Data from the American CDC shows that the average age of COVID-19 infection 39 in the United States was significantly reduced. In summary, we believe environment temperature may 48 affect viral activity (the source of infection), but government regulation and cooperation of public 49 play a more important role in blocking route of transmission and protecting susceptible population 50 [4] . Can the summer temperatures reduce COVID-19 cases? doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.041 id = cord-286854-0s7oq0uv author = Jin, Xi title = Virus strain from a mild COVID-19 patient in Hangzhou represents a new trend in SARS-CoV-2 evolution potentially related to Furin cleavage site date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; Furin; SARS; Wuhan; ZJ01 summary = title: Virus strain from a mild COVID-19 patient in Hangzhou represents a new trend in SARS-CoV-2 evolution potentially related to Furin cleavage site The evolutionary pattern of SARS-CoV-2 towards FCS formation may result in its clinical symptom becoming closer to HKU-1 and OC43 caused mild flu-like symptoms, further showing its potential in differentiating into mild COVID-19 subtypes. Sequence alignment analysis indicated 38 mutation sites for ZJ01 compared with other SARS-CoV-2 family members ( Figure 2(A) ). Further comparative alignment analysis of GZ02 (SARS viral strain), Wuhan-Hu-1 (the earliest sequenced SARS-CoV-2), RaTG13, HKU9-1 (the potential ancestor of SARS and SARS-CoV-2), HKU-1 and OC43 showed that the variation of FCS sequence had certain regularity in coronavirus evolution ( Figure 4(B) ). We speculated that, despite the gene similarity between ZJ01 and Wuhan-Hu-1, the mutation near the FCS changed the protein structure conformation and surface electrostatic potential of ZJ01, which further influenced its binding capacity with Furin. doi = 10.1080/22221751.2020.1781551 id = cord-319256-7pyinx1a author = Jin, Xin title = The values of coagulation function in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-10-29 keywords = PAIC; covid-19 summary = We analyzed the coagulation function in COVID-19 patients through the data including thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), α2-plasmininhibitor-plasmin Complex (PIC), thrombomodulin (TM), t-PA/PAI-1 Complex (t-PAIC), prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), thrombin time (TT), D-Dimer (DD), and platelet (PLT). RESULT: The levels of TAT, PIC, TM, t-PAIC, PT, INR, FIB, and DD in COVID-19 patients were higher than health controls (p<0.05), and also higher in the patients with thrombotic disease than without thrombotic disease (p<0.05). As the Table 1 shown, COVID-19 patients had significantly higher values of TAT, PIC, TM, t-PAIC, PT, INR, FIB, and DD than healthy controls, and there were no significant differences in APTT, TT, and PLT. TAT, PIC, TM, t-PAIC, PT, INR, APTT, FIB, TT, DD, and PLT are expected to assess the function of the coagulation systems in patients and indicate the severity of the patients to provide clinical assistance. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241329 id = cord-309478-yhmgopmr author = Jin, Ying-Hui title = Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in Wuhan: a cross-sectional survey date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan; infection summary = title: Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in Wuhan: a cross-sectional survey Results showed that they experienced psychological burden, especially nurses, women, those in Wuhan, and frontline healthcare workers directly engaged in the diagnosis, treatment, and care for patients with COVID-19. All 105 infected medical staff with COVID-19 in our hospital was invited, finally 103 cases agreed with the consent and finished our questionnaire was included for analysis (response rate: 98.1%), Table 1 presented their basic characteristics. Protective equipment should be upgraded in hospital at the onset of a new disease especially for staff conducting procedures involving close contact and caring for high risk patients. How to train the health personnel for protecting themselves from novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection during their patient or suspected case care doi = 10.1186/s40779-020-00254-8 id = cord-341804-rnj3wtg4 author = Jin, Zhe title = Drug treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS summary = This article reviewed the clinical use, mechanism and efficacy of the clinically approved drugs recommended in the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (DTPNCP) released by National Health Commission of P.R.China, and the novel therapeutic agents now undergoing clinical trials approved by China National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) to evaluate experimental treatment for COVID-19. However, more evidence is needed either for 4 supporting or opposing the systemic therapeutic administration of glucocorticoids in 5 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection (Qin et al., 2020 a variety of immune cells 20 and improves the immunity, while IFN-β takes effect by inhibiting the adsorption of certain 1 viruses, enhancing phagocytosis of natural killer cells and mononuclear macrophages Tocilizumab is a recombinant humanized anti-IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) monoclonal antibody, 21 13 which can specifically bind to soluble and membrane-bound IL-6 receptors and inhibit 1 signal transduction mediated by IL-6, thereby reducing inflammation and blocking cytokine 2 storm caused by COVID-19 (Scheinecker et al., 2009) . doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173326 id = cord-284955-6y6nnqno author = Jing Liang, Jing title = Characteristics of laboratory findings of COVID-19 patients with comorbid diabetes mellitus date = 2020-07-22 keywords = T2DM; covid-19 summary = Herein, our objective was to investigate the characteristics of laboratory findings of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: The levels of lymphocytes, uric acid (UA), and globulin in the T2DM group were significantly higher. CONCLUSION: T2DM patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed decreased levels of body mass index (BMI), lymphocytes, UA, and albumin, and increased CRP levels. Considering the above, we hypothesized that the reduction in the UA levels of patients with COVID-19 was the result of antioxidant reaction and overconsumption of free radicals after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In recent studies, LDH levels are increased in COVID-19 patients [17, 18] and related to the severity of the disease [4] . The results of the current study also indicated that LDH levels were increased in patients with COVID-19. The decreased BMI, UA, and albumin levels may be associated with oxidative stress response and nutritional consumption. doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108351 id = cord-266118-jjzr4yn3 author = Jing, Zhi-Cheng title = Recommendations from the Peking Union Medical College Hospital for the management of acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-03-31 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Patients without thrombolytic contraindications should first start intravenous thrombolysis and then transfer to the local designated medical institution of infectious disease for further treatment. Considering the fact that most medical centres do not have professional protected interventional catheterization rooms, and the conflict between time required for novel coronavirus nucleic acid detection and early reperfusion for AMI, it is recommended to start emergency intravenous thrombolysis for STEMI patients if COVID-19 cannot be excluded in a short time. Patients excluded from COVID-19 should be transferred immediately to the cardiac catheterization room for emergency coronary interventional therapy, and patients diagnosed with COVID-19 should be transferred to the local designated medical institution for infectious diseases. b. If COVID-19 can be excluded by the infectious disease specialist according to chest CT, it is recommended to choose a treatment strategy according to the risk stratification of NSTE-ACS: intervention or medication. doi = 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa258 id = cord-348435-z1c16thl author = Jiricka-Pürrer, Alexandra title = City tourism pre- and post-covid-19 pandemic – Messages to take home for climate change adaptation and mitigation? date = 2020-09-30 keywords = Austria; Vienna; city; covid-19; tourism summary = Firstly, the pandemic provides a strong ability to discuss the impact of city tourism due to short-term air travel and options to enhance more climate-friendly options on the other hand. Considering the typically short length of stay compared to other forms of travel, and assuming repeated trips to urban destinations within a single year, the intra-European travel activities of city breakers also have a negative impact on climate change if they are conducted by air plane (in particular without compensation) or car. Reflection on the transferability of coping with such crowding effects, related to the adaptive behaviour of residents and tourists in times of severe heat waves, might be relevant for both city tourism and summer tourism destinations near metropolitan areas. Reflection on the transferability of coping with such crowding effects, related to the adaptive behaviour of residents and tourists in times of severe heat waves, might be relevant for both city tourism and summer tourism destinations near metropolitan areas. doi = 10.1016/j.jort.2020.100329 id = cord-344087-4f40zj13 author = Jo, Min-Woo title = The Burden of Disease due to COVID-19 in Korea Using Disability-Adjusted Life Years date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; Korea summary = METHODS: We used data on confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 between January 20 and April 24, 2020 provided by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the local governments and the public media to determine disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) by sex and age. For the calculation of the YLDs, we used the numbers of confirmed cases by sex and age group, the duration of disease, and disability weights (DWs). The numbers of confirmed cases of COVID-19 by sex or age group were obtained from Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). To compare the results with previous studies, we estimated the YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs per 100,000 population for the mid-year population of 2019 by sex and age, using data from the Statistics Korea demographic survey. doi = 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e199 id = cord-294966-3jolt83r author = Joensen, L. E. title = Diabetes and COVID‐19: psychosocial consequences of the COVID‐19 pandemic in people with diabetes in Denmark—what characterizes people with high levels of COVID‐19‐related worries? date = 2020-05-29 keywords = covid-19; diabetes; people summary = The COVID-19 outbreak and associated mass media coverage about the course of the pandemic worldwide and the frightening mortality levels in some countries are expected to increase the prevalence and change the character of psychological problems, including anxiety, depression and stress among citizens in affected countries [4] [5] [6] . Alongside with items on COVID-19-specific worries, the questionnaire included items on sociodemographic and health status, social relations, diabetes-specific social support, diabetes distress as well as changes in diabetes-specific behaviours. • This study showed a high prevalence of diabetesspecific worries related to COVID-19, especially fear of being overly affected by the virus, labelling of people with diabetes as a high-risk group, and inability to manage diabetes if infected. This study of 1396 people with diabetes showed that worries related to the COVID-19 pandemic were highly prevalent. doi = 10.1111/dme.14319 id = cord-029606-2z1tw4xo author = John, Janice title = Developing an Intensive Community Covid-19 Management Strategy: Helping Our Patients Access Patient-Centered Care across a Continuum of Covid-19 Disease Needs date = 2020-05-27 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = An intensive community management strategy, including outreach to high-risk patients, dedicated telephone triage, and a respiratory clinic, can reduce hospitalizations and improve outcomes for Covid-19. Our model spans the continuum of care and includes six key components: high-risk outreach, telephonic primary care, a phone triage system, a community management group, a respiratory clinic, and integrated emergency room/hospital care ( Figure 1 ). The triage center is a dedicated group of nurses supported by onsite physicians who (1) determine whether patients'' symptoms are clinically consistent with Covid-19 using a symptom checklist, (2) risk-stratify patients for severe disease complications using risk stratification criteria (Table 1) (3) determine whether patients meet criteria for testing, (4) conduct robust education (about 10-15 min) on home care with attention to self-isolation and selfquarantine and (5) evaluate patients for symptoms requiring urgent in-person assessment at the respiratory clinic based on identification of potential pulmonary involvement. doi = 10.1056/cat.20.0181 id = cord-273150-bz617ovx author = John, Teny M. title = Migratory Pulmonary Infiltrates in a Patient with COVID-19 Infection and the Role of Corticosteroids date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 2 Herein, we present a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who developed organizing pneumonia (OP) as a late manifestation of COVID-19 after an initial improvement, who was successfully treated with corticosteroids. The patient was enrolled in John 4 the Mayo Clinic COVID-19 expanded access program for convalescent plasma (CCP) on day 9 of her illness and received one dose of CCP. A repeat chest CT, on day 17 of illness ( Figure 1, panel B) , revealed new and migratory ground-glass opacities in both lungs that were consistent with an organizing pneumonia (OP) pattern. 6 John 5 Ibrutinib, a highly potent inhibitor of BTK, is considered to protect against lung injury in COVID-19. Time to consider histologic pattern of lung injury to treat critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection The BTK-inhibitor ibrutinib may protect against pulmonary injury in COVID-19 infected patients doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.023 id = cord-273045-ele1cz86 author = Johnson, Claire D. title = Response of Practicing Chiropractors during the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Descriptive Report date = 2020-06-13 keywords = April; COVID-19; Chiropractic; Health; March; care; patient; practice summary = authors: Johnson, Claire D.; Green, Bart N.; Konarski-Hart, Karen K.; Hewitt, Elise G.; Napuli, Jason G.; Foshee, William K.; Brown, Jason W.; Kopansky-Giles, Deborah; Stuber, Kent J.; Lerede, Caterina; Charlton, Scott T.; Field, Jonathan R.; Botelho, Marcelo B.; Da Silva, Kendrah L.; Tønner, Gitte; Yap, Terrence BK.; Gkolfinopoulos, Vasileios S.; Quintero, Gabriel; Agaoglu, Mustafa H. 68 The Texas Board of Chiropractic Examiners issued guidelines on appropriateness of chiropractic care through April 30 that stated, "Licensees should only provide essential chiropractic services for patients with current or recurrent complaints of pain or disability which adversely affects the patient''s ability to engage in the essential activities of daily living or work, or adversely affects the patient''s quality of life, and with anticipation of material improvement under chiropractic care." 69 As of May 1, updated orders included that licensed chiropractors could provide wellness care but, "should continue to adhere to safety and prevention best practices specified in the most current advice from the Centers for Disease Control." 70 William Foshee. doi = 10.1016/j.jmpt.2020.05.001 id = cord-327924-q29lgopf author = Johnson, Jared title = The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Fellowship Training: A National Survey of Pediatric Otolaryngology Fellowship Directors date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; fellowship summary = CONCLUSION: Overall, pediatric otolaryngology fellowship directors reported the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the overall fellowship experience within the field of pediatric otolaryngology, with the majority feeling that both their fellows surgical and clinical experience have been significantly impacted. By conducting a web-based survey of all pediatric otolaryngology fellowship directors, our study looked to gain a better understanding of the effects the COVID-19 pandemic has had on current and future pediatric otolaryngology fellowship training, as well as how the application process was impacted this past year. Overall, pediatric otolaryngology fellowship directors reported the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the overall fellowship experience within the field of pediatric otolaryngology, with the majority feeling that both their fellows'' surgical and clinical experience have been significantly impacted. Overall, pediatric otolaryngology fellowship directors reported the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the overall fellowship experience within the field of pediatric otolaryngology, with the majority feeling that both their fellows'' surgical and clinical experience have been significantly impacted. doi = 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110217 id = cord-258395-m9ws5rmv author = Johnson, Joshua K title = Frequency of Physical Therapist Intervention Is Associated With Mobility Status and Disposition at Hospital Discharge for Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; discharge summary = The primary aims of this study were to examine the relationship of physical therapy visit frequency and duration in the hospital with patients'' mobility status at discharge and probability of discharging home. RESULTS: For the 312 patients included, increased physical therapy visit frequency was associated with higher 6-Clicks mobility (b = 3.63; 95% CI = 1.54–5.71) and JH-HLM scores (b = 1.15; 95% CI = 0.37–1.93) at hospital discharge and with increased probability of discharging home (adjusted relative risk = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.25–2.63). CONCLUSION: Patients with COVID-19 demonstrated improved mobility at hospital discharge and higher probability of discharging home with increased frequency and longer mean duration of physical therapy visits. As an exploratory analysis to understand whether the relationships between physical therapy visit frequency or mean visit duration and mobility status at discharge or discharge to home were moderated by patient characteristics, we included interaction terms in separate regression models. doi = 10.1093/ptj/pzaa181 id = cord-305534-936peb1n author = Johnson, Kemmian D. title = Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; patient summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus−2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recently identified as the culprit of the highly infectious, outbreak named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. While it is known that COVID-19 manifests similarly to the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the 2012 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), primarily affecting the pulmonary system, the impact of the disease extends far beyond the respiratory system and affects other organs of the body. In the severe disease state, the patient''s clinical course is complicated by the development of pneumonia with ARDS, acute hypoxic respiratory failure, and/or death (7) . Several retrospective studies have consistently reported pulmonary manifestations in patients with COVID-19, which include cough, shortness of breath, sputum production, respiratory failure, and ARDS (Table 1) (5, 7, (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) . Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00526 id = cord-309728-7vfotgrr author = Johnson, Kristen M. title = Managing COVID‐19 in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Review of Recent Literature and Case Supporting Corticosteroid‐sparing Immunosuppression date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = PHARMACOTHERAPY Volume **, Number **, 2020 We present the case and outcomes of a renal transplant recipient with SAR-CoV-2 treated in our hospital whose immunosuppressive therapy was managed with only a modest reduction in calcineurin inhibitor target trough concentration and antiproliferative dose reduction. We have described the case of a renal transplant recipient who was successfully treated for COVID-19 with supportive care along with steroid-sparing immunosuppression regimen changes that included dose-reduced antiproliferative therapy and a modest decrease in tacrolimus target trough level. [22] [23] [24] Finally, currently published cases of SARS-CoV-2 in renal transplant recipients have demonstrated variable results in progression of respiratory disease and survival when substituting higher doses of corticosteroids for complete cessation of maintenance calcineurin inhibitor and antiproliferative therapy. 8, 11 Conclusion It is difficult to compare and draw conclusions regarding optimal immunosuppressant management in renal transplant recipients treated for SARS-CoV-2 from the limited data presented in currently published cases along with significant confounding variables. doi = 10.1002/phar.2410 id = cord-254475-rdimnsmo author = Johnson, S. S. title = Excess Risk of COVID-19 to University Populations Resulting from In-Person Sporting Events date = 2020-09-28 keywords = campus; covid-19; event summary = Distribution of cumulative COVID-19 cases in 1,000 simulated university campuses with controlled epidemics, comparing a campus with no in-person sporting events to two scenarios where visitors come from a low prevalence area and mix with the campus community at a low rate or a high rate respectively. Distribution of cumulative COVID-19 cases in 1,000 simulated university campuses with controlled epidemics, comparing a campus with no in-person sporting events to two scenarios where visitors come from a high prevalence area and mix with the campus community at a low rate or a high rate respectively. Distribution of cumulative COVID-19 cases in 1,000 simulated university campuses with uncontrolled epidemics, comparing a campus with no in-person sporting events to two scenarios where visitors come from a high prevalence area and mix with the campus community at a low rate or a high rate respectively. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.27.20202499 id = cord-287684-z3l9tsir author = Johnson, Sonia title = Impact on mental health care and on mental health service users of the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed methods survey of UK mental health care staff date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; health; mental; service; table summary = Our aim was to inform further research and service responses by conducting, in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, a survey of the perspectives and experiences of staff working in inpatient and community settings across the UK health and social care sectors. doi = 10.1007/s00127-020-01927-4 id = cord-316878-zemaygnt author = Johnson, Stephanie B. title = Advancing Global Health Equity in the COVID-19 Response: Beyond Solidarity date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; global; health summary = This paper argues that achieving global health equity in the context of COVID-19 will require that notions of reciprocity and relational equity are introduced to the response. Global coordinated efforts in response to COVID-19 led by international organizations such as UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO) have attempted to integrate notions of global "solidarity" into practice and policy. It will help countries expand their health-care capacity and mitigate its social impact." Similarly, the WHO publication Addressing Human Rights as Key to the COVID-19 Response sets out that [u] nder international human rights law, the obligations undertaken by State parties beyond their borders, i.e. to International Assistance and Cooperation are akin to their domestic obligations, not subsidiary or secondary in any way. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10008-9 id = cord-356010-wwzv4tl7 author = Jolley, Daniel title = Pylons ablaze: Examining the role of 5G COVID‐19 conspiracy beliefs and support for violence date = 2020-06-21 keywords = conspiracy; covid-19 summary = Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID‐19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real‐life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID‐19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future. Specifically, in a British sample, we hypothesize that 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory beliefs will be positively associated with the justification and willingness of real-life violence, hypothetical violence, and the intention to be violent in response to the alleged link between 5G and COVID-19 (H1), which will be mediated by higher levels of state anger (H2). Our findings provide empirical support for such an assertion: belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories were positively associated with such violent responses, mediated by state anger, especially for individuals highest in paranoia. doi = 10.1111/bjso.12394 id = cord-301622-mn59vszt author = Jomah, Shahamah title = Clinical efficacy of antivirals against novel coronavirus (COVID-19): A review date = 2020-08-03 keywords = LPV; RTN; SARS; covid-19 summary = However, several agents are included in Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Management Guidelines for treatment of COVID-19 patients; including antimalaria (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine), antivirals (lopinavir/ritonavir), antibacterial (azithromycin, and immunomodulators (Tocilizumab) based on their beneficial role reported by practicing physicians or small scale clinical trials. Additional keywords such as treatment", "antiviral", "protease inhibitors", "lopinavir ritonavir", "ribavirin", Remdesivir", "arbidol",Östalmovir", "Favipiravir", human studies, randomized controlled trials (RCT), prospective or retrospective cohort designs, case-control designs, case series and case report, with COVID-19 produced more than 300 trails. A randomized control trial including 199 severe COVID-19 patients revealed that lopinavir group had significantly shorter time for clinical improvement compared to standard therapy. Prospective, randomized, controlled, open-label multicenter trial [27] • 236 moderate/severe confirmed COVID-19 cases randomized; 116 to receive Favipiravir for 10 days and 120 to receive Umifenovir (Arbidol) for 10 days and all patients received conventional therapy. doi = 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.013 id = cord-318821-m8vx0wgs author = Jombart, T. title = Real-time monitoring of COVID-19 dynamics using automated trend fitting and anomaly detection date = 2020-09-03 keywords = ASMODEE; NHS; covid-19 summary = Our approach relies on automatically selecting the best (fitting or predicting) model from a range of user-defined time series models, excluding the most recent data points, to characterise the main trend in an incidence. ASMODEE first identifies past temporal trends using automated model selection, and then uses outlier detection inspired by classical Shewhart control-charts to signal recent anomalous data points. COVID-19 incidence dynamics were simulated using a branching process model with realistic estimates of the time-varying reproduction number (Rt) and serial interval, under four scenarios: steady state (Rt close to 1), relapse, lockdown and flare-up following low levels of transmission. These values may need to be adjusted over time to ensure optimal detection of changes in temporal trends, and to balance the need for the calibration window to contain sufficient data points to fit the most complex time series model considered. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.02.20186502 id = cord-330786-52xyuwum author = Jones, C. M. title = Considerations for the Treatment of Oesophageal Cancer With Radiotherapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19; cancer summary = Consensus was sought for evidence-based approaches to the management of oesophageal cancer that would maintain benefit, minimise risk to the patient, accommodate for service pressures and limit hospital attendance. Standard treatment approaches for potentially curable oesophageal cancer typically comprise neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by either resection or definitive CRT (dCRT), with some patients receiving postoperative chemotherapy or CRT dependent on resection margins and performance status. If there is uncertainty related to surgical capacity, we would suggest that dCRT with no neoadjuvant or induction component is the most appropriate option to provide an upfront definitive treatment approach while limiting infection risk. In patients for whom the risks of dCRT are considered too great, or in instances where there is limited chemotherapy provision, consider definitive hypofractionated radiotherapy for locally advanced disease. Tumours of up to 5 cm Table 1 A summary of recommendations for the radiotherapy-based management of patients with oesophageal cancer during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.clon.2020.04.001 id = cord-257781-ybpliz32 author = Jones, Eben title = Subcutaneous Emphysema, Pneumomediastinum, and Pneumothorax in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; CPAP; patient summary = IMPORTANCE: Management of severe coronavirus disease 2019 relies on advanced respiratory support modalities including invasive mechanical ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure, and noninvasive ventilation, all of which are associated with the development of subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and pneumothorax (herein collectively termed barotrauma). Barotrauma cases had longer illness duration prior to critical care admission (10 vs 7 d; interquartile range, 8–14 and 6–10, respectively; p = 0.073) and were more often treated with continuous positive airway pressure or noninvasive ventilation as the initial modality of advanced respiratory support (87.5% vs 36.0%; p = 0.007). Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and pneumothorax-herein collectively termed "barotrauma" (referring to the manifestation, rather than etiologic mechanism, of airway tract damage and resultant extra-alveolar air)-are known complications of all forms of positive pressure respiratory support and are associated with multiple organ failure and death (6) . doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000210 id = cord-310165-xj025ruz author = Jones, Rodney P title = Would the United States Have Had Too Few Beds for Universal Emergency Care in the Event of a More Widespread Covid-19 Epidemic? date = 2020-07-19 keywords = New; U.S.; bed; covid-19 summary = Relatively low population density in over half of US states appeared to have limited the spread of Covid-19 thus averting a potential major hospital capacity crisis. This study will seek to evaluate if U.S. states had enough hospital beds to cope with a large epidemic across all parts of the country and will use a new method for comparing inter-and intra-national bed numbers to do so. In this analysis confirmed Covid-19 deaths were from Bing.com [5] , total hospital bed numbers include adult and pediatric acute care, plus maternity and mental health. In 2019 that US average was 191 acute beds per hospital (range 90 in Wyoming to 259 in New Jersey and Connecticut and 306 in New York) [32] The relatively low population density in most US states seemingly averted a catastrophic Covid-19 bed capacity overload. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17145210 id = cord-031175-4dm4asen author = Joo, Jaehun title = Resolving the tension between full utilization of contact tracing app services and user stress as an effort to control the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; Code; app; contact summary = Thus, for being required by both governments, Self-quarantine Safety Protection app of South Korea and Health Code app of China are representative technology for examining the relationship between the effectiveness of mandatory centralized contract tracing apps and user stress. Based on the coping theory (Beaudry and Pinsonneault 2005; Lazarus and Folkman 1984) , this study proposes a structural equation model that shows the relationships between contact tracing app users'' stress and how they accept such stress through a process called challenge appraisal. To test the research hypotheses derived from the proposed structural equation model, survey data were collected from the users of Health Code, which is the mandatory and centralized contact tracing app with the largest user base. Figure 1 shows the relationships among accuracy and privacy concerns as factors affecting stress, challenge appraisal, emotion-focused coping behavior, and infusion as a structural equations model. doi = 10.1007/s11628-020-00424-7 id = cord-275319-j36gnu0e author = Joob, B. title = COVID-19 in medical personnel: observation from Thailand date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Sir, COVID-19 is a new emerging coronavirus infection that has spread to several countries [1] . Thailand is a country in Indochina that has experienced many imported cases of this new disease [2] . Here we describe our experience of COVID-19 amongst HCWs in Thailand. At the time of writing (21 st February 2020), there were 35 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Thailand, including one HCW. The HCW had contact with a patient with COVID-19 who had been diagnosed with dengue at the time. Indeed, it is now known that some patients with COVID-19 do not have fever or respiratory symptoms at the time of presentation [3] . Emerging new coronavirus infection in Wuhan, China: situation in early 2020 Imported cases of 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections in Thailand: mathematical modelling of the outbreak Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.02.016 id = cord-345637-eg8kuewb author = Joob, B. title = Lung ultrasound in pregnant women with suspicion of COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-345637-eg8kuewb cord_uid: eg8kuewb they believe that their course ''represents one possible model for implementing lung ultrasound education and might be a useful launch-pad for gynecologists and obstetricians involved in the management of pregnant patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19. The usefulness of lung ultrasonography in the diagnosis of lung pathology in pregnant women with COVID-19 has been confirmed 2 . Yet, the limited availability of data on lung ultrasound findings in COVID-19 is a challenge, particularly as various non-specific forms of lung abnormality are observable in this disease 2 . Furthermore, the availability of ultrasound in remote areas of developing countries is usually limited. For example, in our country, the knowledge of practitioners regarding COVID-19 3 is limited and we lack such a rapid training program. Effectiveness of rapid lung ultrasound training program for gynecologists and obstetricians managing pregnant women with suspected COVID-19 Lung ultrasound findings in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia doi = 10.1002/uog.22091 id = cord-307416-v2296g5p author = Joob, Beuy title = Pulmonary Pathology of Early Phase 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To the Editor: We read the publication on "Pulmonary pathology of early phase 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer" with great interest. 2 Asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic COVID-19 is possible 3 and the pathologic findings in the lungs mentioned by Tian et al. 1 To the Editor: Thank you for forwarding the letter by Joob and Wiwanitkit 1 regarding our recent paper "Pulmonary pathology of early phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer." 2 We thank Dr. Joob and Dr. Wiwanitkit for their interest in our work and appreciate their comments. Although the patients did not exhibit symptoms at the time of the operation, subsequent pathologic examination revealed changes as reported in the paper; 2 thus, this represents the early changes seen in COVID-19 pneumonia. Pulmonary pathology of early phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer doi = 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.03.013 id = cord-337670-3wq260lj author = Joob, Beuy title = Letter to the Editor: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Infectivity, and the Incubation Period date = 2020-03-31 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Joob, Beuy; Wiwanitkit, Viroj title: Letter to the Editor: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Infectivity, and the Incubation Period Dear Editor, We read with great interest the recent publication entitled "A Chinese case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) did not show infectivity during the incubation period: based on an epidemiological survey" [1] . Bae concluded that "the epidemiological findings support the claim that the COVID-19 virus does not have infectivity during the incubation period [1] . " In fact, a pathogen should not have infectivity during the incubation period or development of disease. How the author was able to confirm the reliability of the patient''s self-reported history is an interesting issue for further discussion. A Chinese case of novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) did not show infectivity during the incubation period: based on an epidemiological survey Incubation period and other epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infections with right truncation: a statistical analysis of publicly available case data doi = 10.3961/jpmph.20.065 id = cord-261228-o80y5cic author = Jorge, D. C. P. title = Assessing the nationwide impact of COVID-19 mitigation policies on the transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil date = 2020-06-28 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; state summary = In this work we analyzed the effects of 547 published governmental interventions, and population adherence thereof, on the dynamics of COVID-19 cases across all 27 Brazilian states, with emphasis on state capitals and remaining inland cities. In this work, we comparatively analyze the evolution of the COVID-19 transmission rate and reproductive number in all 27 Brazilian states, with emphasis on state capitals and remaining inland cities, establishing links with measures of governmental restrictions (NPIs) implemented in each region together with the human behaviour response, particularly the adherence to recommendations of social distancing. In this work we evaluated the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions and social mobility reduction patterns on the spread dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 throughout the 27 Brazilian states, by employing an underlying SEIR model to estimate TRs. Our results show that the measures adopted, combined with the population adherence to restrict circulation, contributed to the decrease of the TR in almost all states, an effect that was perceived in both capitals and inland cities. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.26.20140780 id = cord-309946-1j8ewpcf author = Jorge-Pérez, Pablo title = Recomendaciones en reanimación cardiopulmonar en pacientes con COVID-19 date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = RESUMEN La atención a la parada cardiorrespiratoria en una situación de elevada contagiosidad, como la pandemia por COVID-19, puede condicionar una serie de medidas con el fin de garantizar por un lado, una actuación precoz y eficaz y por otro, una adecuada protección y seguridad de reanimadores, paciente y entorno. Desde el Grupo de Trabajo de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar (RCP) de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología, y tras analizar la situación actual, hemos decidido elaborar este documento con el fin de resumir de forma práctica las principales recomendaciones en el contexto de la RCP durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Recientemente se han publicado algunas consideraciones sobre cómo atender a los pacientes con PCR durante la pandemia por COVID-19 de las que se pueden extraer los siguientes puntos clave 8 : -Identificación de la PCR: se debe valorar el estado de conciencia evitando la aproximación a la vía aérea. doi = 10.1016/j.rccl.2020.04.005 id = cord-346787-uo8k6qic author = Jorgensen, Sarah CJ title = Remdesivir: Review of pharmacology, pre‐clinical data and emerging clinical experience for COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; remdesivir summary = 3 The remdesivir dosing regimen being evaluated in clinical trials (200 mg IV on day 1, then 100 mg IV on days 2 through 5 or 10) was substantiated by in vitro data and bridging the PK with the rhesus monkey experience to humans. Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir treatment significantly reduced MERS-CoV-induced clinical signs, viral titers in respiratory specimens and the severity of lung lesions compared to control animals. 14 In the SARS-CoV-2 study, remdesivir was again initiated shortly before viral titers are expected to peak at 12 hours post-inoculation and a dosing regimen equivalent to the regimen being tested in human COVID-19 clinical trials was used (10 mg/kg load ~ 200 mg in humans, then 5 mg/kg daily ~ 100mg daily in humans x 6 days). In a summary of safety data reported by the FDA from the a remdesivir clinical trial comparing 5 and 10day treatment courses in patients with COVID-19, Grade 3 and 4 ALT and/or AST elevations occurred in 7% patients. doi = 10.1002/phar.2429 id = cord-344647-jr85915d author = Joseph, Adrien title = Acute kidney injury in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-09-03 keywords = AKI; COVID-19; SARS summary = Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection but data are scarce in ICUs. AKI has been previously reported with an average incidence of 11% (8-17%) overall, with highest ranges in the critically ill (23%; 14-35%) [2] [3] [4] . Different applications of the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria for AKI, in particular different methods to estimate missing baseline creatinine and handling urinary output, can cause important variations of estimated incidence [5, 6] and may contribute to the discrepancies among these studies. High levels of IL-6 have been associated with the development of severe disease [24, 25] and acute respiratory distress syndrome [8] during COVID-19 infection, but the role of inflammation markers in COVID-19-induced-AKI remains speculative [7] . Our study suggests a tremendously high incidence of AKI in our cohort of critically ill COVID-19 patients, along with an independent association between AKI and outcome. doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00734-z id = cord-271944-oxtus5vb author = Joseph, Rudman title = Seizure And COVID-19: Association and Review of Potential Mechanism date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, this highly transmissible virus has since spread rapidly around the world. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is a novel coronavirus that causes Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID19) , a disease that can present with a variety of symptoms [1] . The most common symptoms at the onset of COVID-19 illness are fever, cough, and fatigue; in severe cases, patients may develop severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and organ failure [4] . This article presents a review of the current literature on seizures linked with SARS-COV 2 infection and describes possible underlying mechanisms. describes the demographic data, time to onset of neurological symptoms, diagnostic criteria, intervention, and outcomes from 11 studies of seizures associated with SARS-COV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.npbr.2020.10.001 id = cord-292826-lus0tqmi author = Joseph, Tony title = Trauma care in a low-COVID pandemic environment: A new normal date = 2020-06-12 keywords = covid; patient summary = Injury 51 (2020) [1245] [1246] Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Injury journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/injury Editorial Trauma care in a low-COVID pandemic environment: A new normal A pandemic is defined as an outbreak of a disease that spreads quickly over a wide geographical area and infects a high proportion of a population. As we have seen with the current COVID-19 pandemic, some countries have managed to control spread early (eg Taiwan, Singapore, New Zealand and Australia) by immediate action involving physical distancing, widespread testing, contact tracing, isolation of positive cases and supportive treatment. Current recommendations [5] for the management of injured patients in a COVID-19 environment include bypassing the Emergency Department for uncomplicated injuries, minimising invasive procedures, in particular those that are AGPs, and providing surgical treatment that is only absolutely essential. Editorial / Injury 51 (2020) [1245] [1246] The COVID 19 pandemic presents challenges for trauma clinicians with the ongoing risk of virus transmission for both patients and clinical staff which will need to be managed over the coming months or longer. doi = 10.1016/j.injury.2020.05.041 id = cord-028557-68jypaaw author = Joshi, Jaiteerth R. title = COVSACK: an innovative portable isolated and safe COVID-19 sample collection kiosk with automatic disinfection date = 2020-07-05 keywords = covid-19; kiosk; patient summary = The possible reasons for the virus transmission to the healthcare worker could be due to (1) lack of sufficient quantity of personal protective equipment (PPE) at the most infected places; (2) PPE provided not meeting the quality standard requirements; (3) inadequate or unsuitable isolation chambers for testing of suspected patients; and (4) prevailing unhygienic conditions in the facilities where COVID-19 positive patients are treated. The healthcare worker who is standing outside the chamber inserts his hands through the long cuff gloves and collects the sample from either nose or throat of COVID-19 patient. At the deployed hospital, the first prototype COVSACK unit stands to be highly effective in preventing the transmission of COVID-19 virus to healthcare workers during sample collection from suspected persons, due its in-built features such as air tightness, use of long cuff gloves and automatic disinfectant spraying followed by thorough water flushing after each patient exits the kiosk. doi = 10.1007/s41403-020-00139-1 id = cord-276829-c1krlejx author = José Antonio, Soriano Sánchez title = EARLY REPORT ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 OUTBREAK IN NEUROSURGICAL PRACTICE AMONG MEMBERS OF THE LATIN AMERICAN FEDERATION OF NEUROSURGICAL SOCIETIES date = 2020-05-07 keywords = Latin; covid-19 summary = Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe economic consequences by local governmental measures to contain the outbreak1 We provide insight on the impact that healthcare restriction has made on neurosurgical activity in Latin Iberoamerica. By using the FLANC as a 53 platform, we aimed to provide an insight on the socioeconomic impact that healthcare 54 restriction has made on Latin Iberomerican neurosurgical practice as a baseline to 55 understand the potential financial burden it will imply (especially to other physicians 56 involved in non-essential treatment) in terms of sustainability if these measures are to be 57 overcome) this crisis. The medical praxis has also been affected, as the World Health Organization has 181 recommended reducing activity with the advance of epidemy in local countries to provide 182 essential care to give the best use of resources to contain the outbreak and reduce infection 183 rates 5 . doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.226 id = cord-318038-psultpzy author = José Concepción Zavaleta, Marcio title = Diabetic ketoacidosis during COVID-19 pandemic in a developing country date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We read with interest the study published by Goldman et al [1] , who identified four patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) resistant to standard therapy that was triggered by COVID-19 and was associated with high morbidity and mortality. The mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 triggers DKA has not been fully elucidated; however, it has been shown that it uses the receptor for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a gateway, which is expressed in the intestine, kidney, and pancreas [3] , organs that are part of the "egregious eleven," the pathophysiological basis of type 2 diabetes mellitus [4] . This damage can be expressed by an elevation of pancreatic enzyme levels in patients with COVID-19 [5] ; however, DKA itself can present with elevated pancreatic enzyme levels in 16%-25% of cases [6] . Likewise, a state of insulin resistance triggered by COVID-19 has been described, which, together with pancreatic injury, contributes to an increased risk of hyperglycemic crisis in patients with diabetes [3] . High prevalence of COVID-19-associated diabetic ketoacidosis in UK secondary care doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108391 id = cord-356195-5pcaxpp9 author = Jothimani, Dinesh title = COVID-19 and Liver. date = 2020-06-15 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Similar to SARS Co-V, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme2 (ACE2) appears to be the susceptible receptor for COVID-19 and is expressed in more than 80% of alveolar cells in the lungs. Interestingly, the level of ACE2 expression in cholangiocytes was similar to type 2 alveolar cells of the lungs, indicating that the liver could be a potential target for SARS-CoV-2. Summary of recently published studies are in described in Table 2 With the knowledge of current evidence, it is clear that elevated liver enzymes are observed predominantly severe and critical cases of COVID-19 compared to mild infection. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection doi = 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.06.006 id = cord-301723-zz24wmv7 author = Jotz, Geraldo Pereira title = Why We Need to Use and which Mask Types are Effective against the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)? date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; mask summary = title: Why We Need to Use and which Mask Types are Effective against the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)? We recommend using masks to self-protect and to protect others around, during the COVID-19 pandemic, mainly in inside closed spaces as buildings and malls. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] The United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has standardized N95 face masks (►Figure 1). 12 The use of medical masks in the city, nonetheless, may create a false sense of security, with neglect of other essential measures, such as hand hygiene practices and physical distancing, and may lead to touching the face under the masks and under the eyes. 13 For any type of mask, appropriate use and disposal are essential to ensure that they are effective and to avoid any increase in transmission. Why We Need to Use and which Mask Types are Effective Jotz, Bittencourt Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19. doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1713588 id = cord-304327-mtkgr542 author = Jouffroy, Romain title = Prehospital pulse oximetry: a red flag for early detection of silent hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-06-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = Based on retrospective data, we aimed to describe the discrepancy between prehospital initial RR (RRi) and initial SpO2 (Spo2i; i.e., before oxygen supplementation, FiO2 = 21%) in COVID-19 patients suffering from ARF. After having measured the SpO2i/RRi values in COVID-19 patients, we compared them to those of non-COVID-19 patients (i.e., patients with other causes of ARF treated by the BLS teams over the previous 3 years in the same period). In summary, this retrospective study based on prehospital first responder data highlighted a relatively higher discrepancy between SpO2i and RRi in COVID-19 ARF patients, in comparison with previous non-COVID-19 ARF patients. Fig. 1 Scatter plot representing the initial SPO2 (SPO2i) and initial respiration rate (RRi) values for each patient, for COVID-19 (March 2020) and non-COVID-19 patients from the previous 3 years. RRi, initial respiratory rate; SpO2i, initial pulse oximetry value; N, number of patients included doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03036-9 id = cord-315634-fkm6slkc author = Jouffroy, Romain title = Hypoxemia Index Associated with Prehospital Intubation in COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-09-20 keywords = COVID-19; prehospital summary = In the present study, we report the relationship between COVID-19 patients intubated in the prehospital setting by a Paris Fire Brigade advanced life support team and the Hypoxemia Index (HI), defined as the ratio between initial pulse oximetry and initial respiratory rate. From ALS prehospital medical reports, we retrieved the patients'' demographic characteristics (age and gender), medical history (previous hypertension, cardiopathy, coronaropathy, chronic renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, stroke, immunosuppression, asthma, and active smoking), initial (i.e., at the first medical contact) prehospital vital sign values (systolic blood pressure, heart rate (HR), pulse oximetry (SpO 2 ), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, and Glasgow coma scale (GCS)), and record of administered prehospital treatments (oxygen modality and catecholamine type and dose). Third, we assessed the relationship between HI and prehospital intubation using logistic regression-including the following potential confounders: age, hypertension, cardiopathy, coronaropathy, chronic renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, immunosuppression, asthma, active smoking, systolic blood pressure, and HR-based on previous studies and physiopathological knowledge [6, 9, 11, 19, 20] . doi = 10.3390/jcm9093025 id = cord-322714-s0wge7o4 author = Joyner, Michael J. title = Safety Update: COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma in 20,000 Hospitalized Patients date = 2020-07-19 keywords = COVID-19; plasma summary = Recently, our investigation of key safety indicators in 5,000 patients transfused with COVID-19 convalescent plasma demonstrated an incidence of transfusion-related serious adverse events (SAE) of less than 1% and a mortality rate of 14.9% 10 . Web-based, standardized data reporting surveys were completed to assess clinical status of patients at regular time intervals (four-hours and seven-days after convalescent plasma transfusion) using the Research Electronic Data Capture system (REDCap, v.9.1.15 Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN) 14, 15 . In this safety update of the US Convalescent Plasma Expanded Access Program of 20,000 hospitalized patients in the US with severe or life-threatening COVID-19, the overall frequency of SAEs classified as attributable or likely secondary to convalescent plasma transfusion continued to be low (<1% of all transfusions) and the seven-day mortality rate in this extremely high risk cohort was 8.6%. doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.028 id = cord-251959-3j4bqub4 author = Jozaghi, Ehsan title = COVID-19 and people who use drugs: a call for action date = 2020-05-13 keywords = covid-19 summary = However, we would like to raise concern about the state of social care and housing for marginalized people who use drugs and how COVID-19 could cause devastation if effective preventive measures fail to be implemented. At the same time, the housing available for people who use drugs (PWUDs) often includes shared bathrooms, kitchens, and other facilities that could increase the risk of an outbreak if preventive measures are not considered. Similarly, we urge the health agencies to plan and find appropriate physical spaces for PWUDs when they become infected with COVID-19 because all of the protective measures listed above will be inefficient if infected PWUDs are left in shelters, homeless camps, or single room occupancy locations where other vulnerable people are also housed. The city of Victoria, BC, for example, passed an emergency resolution calling on the government in BC to use emergency powers to utilize empty hotels and motels for vulnerable homeless populations as a self-isolation measure during the COVID-19 pandemic (The Canadian Press 2020). doi = 10.17269/s41997-020-00326-1 id = cord-351930-puhm3w42 author = Juan, J. title = Effects of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Maternal, Perinatal and Neonatal Outcomes: a Systematic Review of 266 Pregnancies date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; case summary = . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.02.20088484 doi: medRxiv preprint are fever, cough, dyspnea/shortness of breath and fatigue; third, on admission, most cases have patchy shadowing or ground-glass opacity on CT of the chest, and that normal or low leukocyte, lymphocytopenia and raised CRP are the most common laboratory findings observed in COVID-19-infected pregnant patients; fourth, the rate of severe COVID-19 pneumonia is relatively low but there are two reported maternal deaths, as of April 23, 2020; fifth, COVID-19 does not appear to increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia; sixth, only a few pregnancies have resulted in a spontaneous miscarriage or abortion; seventh, of those who have delivered, the gestational age at delivery ranged from 28 to 41 weeks and the majority of cases have had Cesarean delivery; and eighth, in the case-series there have been no reported cases of neonates tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, however, in the case-reports there has been one case each with positive SARS-CoV-2 in amniotic fluid and neonatal throat swab. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.02.20088484 id = cord-325901-gucnce1f author = Juanjuan, Li title = Patient reported outcomes of breast cancer patients during the COVID-19 outbreak in the epicenter of China: A cross sectional survey study date = 2020-06-07 keywords = China; covid-19 summary = All the enrolled patients signed digital informed consent before accessing to the questionnaire online, consisting of a series of questions including demographic characteristics, clinical features of breast cancer, current treatment and patient reported outcomes using four validated psychological assessment scales. Patients with Wuhan exposure, poor general condition by self-identification, treatment discontinuation, and had metastatic breast cancer were more likely to report experiencing severe symptoms of anxiety, depression, insomnia and distress (Table 3, Univariable logistic regression analysis showed that patients with Wuhan exposure (P=0.014), poor general condition by self-identification (P=0.008), less than 4 months after BC diagnosis (P=0.003), aggressive BC molecular subtypes (P=0.014), treatment discontinuation (P=0.003), CVC flushing delay exceeding 4 weeks (P=0.032), and close contact with COVID-19 patient (P=0.006) were more likely to report moderate and severe anxiety symptoms (Supplementary Figure 2A Figure 3B ). doi = 10.1016/j.clbc.2020.06.003 id = cord-291687-kwu0otpi author = Judson, Gregory L. title = Cardiovascular Implications and Therapeutic Considerations in COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; disease; patient summary = A review of 44,672 confirmed COVID-19 cases from Wuhan, China, demonstrated increased mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease (10.5%), diabetes (7.3%), and hypertension (6%), which was significantly higher than the overall case-fatality rate of 2.3% [22] . These initial cases series have shown a similar relationship between underlying cardiac comorbidities with a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and obesity in patients requiring mechanical ventilation [24] . Early studies reported a prevalence of acute cardiac injury of 12% in the entire cohort as defined by either high sensitivity troponin (Hs Tn) or the MB fraction of creatinine kinase (CK-MB) [ 99 th percentile or new echocardiographic or electrocardiographic abnormalities with greater elevations in cardiac biomarkers among patients requiring ICU care [1, 20] . Case cohort studies included data in patients for whom the outcome and illness course helped further elucidate the role of cardiac injury in COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1007/s40119-020-00184-5 id = cord-254456-d79z01jh author = Juergens, Carsten title = Trustworthy COVID-19 Mapping: Geo-spatial Data Literacy Aspects of Choropleth Maps date = 2020-10-23 keywords = covid-19; map summary = title: Trustworthy COVID-19 Mapping: Geo-spatial Data Literacy Aspects of Choropleth Maps Since the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic is a global phenomenon, many scientists and research organizations create thematic maps to visualize and understand the spatial spread of the disease and to inform mankind. GIS and web-mapping technologies play an essential role to provide rapid visualization of the geo-spatial spread of the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic (e.g. Zhou et al. There are many options to influence the information content and the appearance of a thematic map and its readability, e.g., by choosing colors, line styles, text styles, symbol styles or its scale (Juergens 2020) . This paper intends to raise the reader''s awareness against the influencing factors that can distort the information content of choropleth map data. "[…] a strong Fig. 2 Thematic map of COVID-19 cases/100,000 inhabitants in Germany on July 6, 2020 based on states (left) and counties (right) (Robert Koch Institut 2020) (Legend shows color and value ranges per class). doi = 10.1007/s42489-020-00057-w id = cord-344911-pw0ghz3m author = July, Julius title = Impact of the coronavirus disease pandemic on the number of strokes and mechanical thrombectomies: A systematic review and meta-analysis: COVID-19 and Stroke Care date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19; number summary = title: Impact of the coronavirus disease pandemic on the number of strokes and mechanical thrombectomies: A systematic review and meta-analysis: COVID-19 and Stroke Care BACKGROUND: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on stroke care, including the number of stroke alerts/codes, number of reperfusions, and number of thrombectomies during the pandemic compared to those during the pre-pandemic period. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of this pandemic on stroke care, including the number of stroke alerts/codes, number of reperfusions, and number of thrombectomies during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period. Meta-analysis of proportion was used to determine the number of stroke alerts/codes, reperfusions, and mechanical thrombectomies during the pandemic compared to that during the historical pre-pandemic control period. A meta-analysis of 9 studies showed that the number of stroke alerts/codes, reperfusions, and mechanical thrombectomies was less during the pandemic period than during the prepandemic period. doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105185 id = cord-301083-nnh95i0k author = Jumreornvong, Oranicha title = Telemedicine and Medical Education in the Age of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; care; medical; telemedicine summary = Training medical students to deliver high-quality, secure, and personalized health care through telemedicine will prepare the next generation of physicians to conscientiously use these technologies and meet a growing need for telehealth services. Training medical students to deliver high-quality, secure, and personalized health care through telemedicine will prepare the next generation of physicians to conscientiously use these technologies and meet a growing need for telehealth services. Videoconferencing technologies, such as Project ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes), can aid in the incorporation of case-based discussions, short didactic presentations, and real-time evaluations to educate future providers in underserved areas or global settings on remote care. 26 They could use the following learning vehicles to help medical students explore these domains: (1) asynchronous lectures covering telehealth history; (2) discussions on applications, ethics, safety, etiquette, and patient considerations; (3) faculty-supervised standardized patient telehealth encounters; and (4) hands-on diagnostic or therapeutic procedures using telehealth equipment such as live video, the store-and-forward method, remote patient monitoring (RPM), and mobile health. doi = 10.1097/acm.0000000000003711 id = cord-318458-jadk2qbm author = Jung, Chan-Young title = Association between Body Mass Index and Risk of COVID-19: A Nationwide Case-Control Study in South Korea date = 2020-08-25 keywords = BMI; Korea; covid-19 summary = METHODS: We examined the association between BMI level and the risk of COVID-19 infection in a nationwide case-control study comprised of 3,788 case patients confirmed with COVID-19 between January 24 and April 9, 2020 and 15,152 controls matched by age and sex, who were aged 20 years or more and underwent National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) health examinations between 2015−2017, using data from the Korean NHIS with linkage to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data. In multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic, comorbidity, laboratory and medication data, there was a graded association between higher BMI levels and higher risk of COVID-19 infection; compared to normal weight individuals, the adjusted ORs in the overweight and obese individuals were 1.13 (95% CI, 1.03-1.25) and 1.26 (95% CI, 1.15-1.39), respectively. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1257 id = cord-329925-p4hfqath author = JunziShi title = Radiology workload changes during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for staff redeployment date = 2020-10-02 keywords = COVID-19; March; volume summary = Therefore, this study aimed to quantify changes in total and by-subspecialty radiology workload due to deferring non-urgent services during the initial COVID-19 pandemic, and describe operational strategies implemented due to shifts in priority. During the study period, daily productivity metrics including total numbers of radiology reports by setting (inpatient, outpatient and Emergency Department), and associated work relative value units (RVUs) were tracked by subspecialty division using a pre-existing quality and safety dashboard.(references redacted) These data were subsequently downloaded to Microsoft Excel® (2020, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). In this assessment of initial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on radiology department workload, overall report volume and associated relative value units decreased in the 5-weeks after deferments of non-urgent outpatient services and surgeries began, compared with the 5-weeks prior to initiating deferments, by 60% (p<0.001). Deferring non-urgent outpatient procedures and surgeries resulted in decreased radiology volumes, overall and by-subspecialty division, during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.acra.2020.09.008 id = cord-258084-nkr3lrov author = Juthani, Prerak title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Manifestation as Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Young, Healthy Male date = 2020-07-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In this case report, we describe a 29-year-old nonobese hospital food service associate who presented with diffuse abdominal and chest pain; he was found to be positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with significantly elevated levels of troponin T and multiple acute phase reactants; his EKG demonstrated ST-elevations consistent with anterolateral infarction. In this case report, we discuss a young patient who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and subsequently developed significant cardiovascular complications. We believe that this case is unique because this was a young, athletic patient with minimal risk factors for coronary disease who tested positive for COVID-19 and developed an acute MI with STEMI and required stent placement. It is a reminder to us that cardiovascular complications must be considered in the COVID-19 population, even in those patients with minimal risk factors for heart disease. doi = 10.1155/2020/8864985 id = cord-350062-6xsh2pis author = Juul, Sophie title = Interventions for treatment of COVID-19: A living systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses (The LIVING Project) date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; trial summary = Meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses showed that we could exclude the possibility that hydroxychloroquine versus standard care reduced the risk of all-cause mortality (RR 1.07; 95% CI 0.97–1.19; p = 0.17; I(2) = 0%; 7 trials; low certainty) and serious adverse events (RR 1.07; 95% CI 0.96–1.18; p = 0.21; I(2) = 0%; 7 trials; low certainty) by 20% or more, and meta-analysis showed evidence of a harmful effect on nonserious adverse events (RR 2.40; 95% CI 2.01–2.87; p < 0.00001; I(2) = 90%; 6 trials; very low certainty). Random-effects meta-analysis showed no evidence of a difference between lopinavir-ritonavir versus standard care on serious adverse events (RR 0.64; 95% CI 0.39-1.04; p = 0.07, I 2 = 0%; 2 trials; very low certainty) (S10 Fig, S7 Table) . Random-effects meta-analysis showed no evidence of a difference between lopinavir-ritonavir versus standard care on adverse events not considered as serious (RR 1.14; 95% CI 0.85-1.53; p = 0.38, I 2 = 75%; 2 trials; very low certainty) (S12 Fig; S7 Table) . doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003293 id = cord-279132-florvm7z author = K., Branimir title = From apparent to true – from frequency to distributions (II) date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; bayesian summary = According to Roda et al (2) , one of the main reasons for the variability in predicting the COVID-19 epidemic is the lack of data on the actual dynamics of the infection spread, which results in so-called nonidentifiability in model calibration. The authors determined the model parameters using the Bayesian approach and Markov chain Monte Carlo, and concluded that the COVID-19 epidemics in Wuhan and Seattle had likely been spreading for several weeks before they became apparent and were far more extensive than initially reported. Feroze (7) used Bayesian structural time series models to investigate the pattern of SARS-CoV-2 spread in India, Brazil, USA, Russia, and the UK between March 1 and June 29, 2020 to assess the impact of mitigation measures and predict the dynamics of the epidemic over the next 30 days. Dehning et al (9) used the SIR epidemiological model framework in combination with Bayesian inference to analyze the effective growth rate of the number of new cases over time. doi = 10.3325/cmj.2020.61.381 id = cord-318675-lrrro5g9 author = KARIMI, S. M. title = Spring Weather and COVID-19 Deaths in the U.S. date = 2020-06-22 keywords = PM2.5; U.S.; county; covid-19 summary = This study used statistically robust regression models to control for a large set of confounders (including county-level time-invariant factors and time trends, regional-level daily variation, state-level social distancing measures, ultraviolet light, and levels of ozone and fine particulate matter, PM2.5) to estimate a reliable rather than simple regression for the impact of weather on the most accurately measured outcome of COVID-19, death. The estimates from the first model, which include U.S.-level day fixed-effects, show that a 1°F increase in the five-day average of the daily minimum temperature was associated with a 3.8% increase in adult COVID-19 deaths in a typical U.S. county during the study period. According to the estimates from the specification with the preferred set of time-constant and time-varying controls but without other weather elements and air pollutants, Model (4), a 1°F increase in the five-day minimum temperature was associated with a 2.4% increase in county-level COVID-19 deaths during the study period ( Table 2) . doi = 10.1101/2020.06.20.20136259 id = cord-265370-mhy4nu7e author = KINI, GANESH title = All’s not well with the “worried well”: understanding health anxiety due to COVID-19 date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; health summary = Individuals with health anxiety may get dismissed as the "worried well" in this pandemic due to disruption of mental health services and inability of healthcare systems to understand the psychosocial factors in the background. Education of general public, training of healthcare workers in cognitive behavioural model of health anxiety and timely referral to mental health professionals in severe cases is need of the hour. The novel corona virus (SARS-CoV2) which was first reported in Wuhan, China has engulfed the world in fear [1] World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11, 2020 [2] . Individuals who are worried about infection with the virus may not get adequate care due to disruption of mental health services during the pandemic. Some may develop avoidance behaviour and isolate themselves from family members, avoid revealing their symptoms to others, or even skip medical appointments fearing they might test positive for COVID-19 or be put in quarantine. doi = 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2020.61.3.1605 id = cord-320877-1i0hzfjk author = KIYKAÇ ALTINBAŞ, Şadıman title = Gynecological laparoscopic surgery in the shade of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-23 keywords = covid-19; patient; surgery summary = Non-urgent elective surgeries have been cancelled or postponed to free up beds for coronavirus critically ill patients, to allow the best use of medical resources for both the patients and the health care providers, and to reduce the contamination risk of healthy people. Although elective surgeries are limited during the COVID-19 pandemic, situations requiring an urgent gynaecological or obstetric surgical approach must still be performed. Although elective surgeries are limited during the COVID-19 pandemic, situations requiring an urgent gynaecological or obstetric surgical approach must still be performed. The routes chosen to perform the surgery either by open or by minimally invasive (laparoscopy, robotics or vaginally) techniques, it is vital to follow patient management algorithms prepared within the evidence during COVID-19 pandemic. When aerosol-generating procedures are performed, and until air exchanges have reduced the virus after the procedure, airborne precaution PPE is recommended and should be worn by all surgical staff within the OR during all operations, whether by laparoscopy or laparotomy [5, 15] . doi = 10.3906/sag-2004-272 id = cord-283953-vuvd6mvz author = KM, S. title = Trace, Quarantine, Test, Isolate and Treat: A Kerala Model of Covid-19 Response date = 2020-06-19 keywords = India; Kerala; covid-19 summary = Importation and transmission-based approach for Testing Strategy On January 26th 2020, even before the first case of COVID-19 was reported in the state (9). The state moved fast because of that by mid-January it had already put in place a strategy to isolate people who showed symptoms in hospitals, to trace their contacts and put them in-home quarantine. At the beginning (first phase lockdown) one active case per 34 tests reported (Fig 5) due to the formidable step was taken by the government. High risk people who were in contact with the positive cases were tracked, and kept in quarantine helped in optimal utilization of the Covid-19 treatment kits. . Figure 6 shows the number of people isolated per one active COVID-19 case in a different phase of lockdown in Kerala. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.15.20132308 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 7 shows the percentage of people in home isolation in different phases of lockdown in Kerala. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.15.20132308 id = cord-315209-xpzqd0wk author = Kabamba Nzaji, Michel title = Predictors of Non-Adherence to Public Health Instructions During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; Health; public summary = Non-adherence was associated with never studied and primary education level [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.63, CI=1.31–2.03], unemployed status [aOR=1.29, CI=1.01–1.67], living in Kamina (Haut-Lomami province) [aOR=1.63, CI=1.31–2.03], female gender of head of household [aOR=1.53, CI=1.16–2.03], no attending lectures/discussions about COVID-19 [aOR=1.61, CI=1.08–2.40], not being satisfied with the measures taken by the Ministry of Health [aOR=2.26, CI=1.78–2.81], not been regularly informed about the pandemic [aOR=2.25, CI=1.80–2.03], and bad knowledge about COVID-19 [aOR=2.36, CI=1.90–2.93]. Table 3 presents the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the following variables predicted non-respect of the instructions for the COVID-19 pandemic: never studied and primary education level, unemployed status, living in Kamina (Haut-Lomami province), female gender of head of household, not attending lectures/discussions about COVID-19, not been satisfied with the measures taken by the Ministry of Health, not been regularly informed about the pandemic, and bad knowledge about COVID-19. doi = 10.2147/jmdh.s274944 id = cord-288017-f9b3t0ts author = Kabeerdoss, Jayakanthan title = Understanding immunopathological fallout of human coronavirus infections including COVID‐19: Will they cross the path of rheumatologists? date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; IFN; SARS summary = High risks for fatal disease in COVID‐19 include older age, metabolic syndrome, male gender, and individuals who develop delayed type I IFN response. 54 In a macaque model of SARS-CoV infection too, aged macaques had more severe lung pathology, lower expression of type I IFN and higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines as compared to younger macaques. 80 to patients with COVID-19 that it is a mild immunomodulatory F I G U R E 2 Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) inhibits SARS-CoV-2 entry and inhibits virus-induced type I interferon (IFN) signaling and proinflammatory cytokines production. While male gender, older age and people with metabolic syndrome seem to be at a higher risk of contracting more severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, younger females of African and Asian ancestry have higher risk for developing SLE; male gender among lupus patients, however, is an independent risk factor for severe disease. Evasion by stealth: inefficient immune activation underlies poor T cell response and severe disease in SARS-CoV-infected mice doi = 10.1111/1756-185x.13909 id = cord-294800-akr4f5p8 author = Kabir, Md. Tanvir title = nCOVID-19 Pandemic: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Potential Investigational Therapeutics date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; China; MERS; RNA; SARS; vitamin summary = They also summarized that as viral load is quite high during the time of hospital admissions, use of potent antiviral agents at an early stage might prove Abbreviations: ACE2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2; AP, antigen presentation; APCs, antigen presentation cells; APN, aminopeptidase N, ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CDC, Centers for Disease Control; nCOVID-19, novel coronavirus disease 2019; CoVs, coronaviruses; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; dsRNA, double-strand RNA; EC 50 , half maximal effective concentration; ED, emergency department; ELISA, enzymelinked immunosorbent assay; EUA, emergency use authorization; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; GGO, ground-glass opacity; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus;, MHC, major histocompatibility complex; or HLA, human leukocyte antigen; ICU, intensive care unit; IL-6, interleukin 6; LPV/r, lopinavir/ritonavir; mAbs, monoclonal antibodies; MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome; N7-MTase, N7-methyltransferase; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PRRs, pattern recognition receptors; PUI, patient under investigation; RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; S protein, spike protein; SAM, S-adenosyl-methionine; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TMPRSS2, transmembrane serine protease 2; WHO, World Health Organization. doi = 10.3389/fcell.2020.00616 id = cord-234996-hah19vmk author = Kabiri, Aliakbar title = How different age groups responded to the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of mobility behaviors: a case study of the United States date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19; group summary = In this paper, we attempt to fill the current gap in the literature by examining how different communities with different age groups performed social distancing by following orders such as the national emergency declaration on March 13, as well as how fast they started changing their behavior after the regulations were imposed. For this purpose, we calculated the behavior changes of people in different mobility metrics, such as percentage of people staying home during the study period (March, April, and May 2020), in different age groups in comparison to the days before the pandemic (January and February 2020), by utilizing anonymized and privacy-protected mobile device data. Several aspects of mobility patterns including percentage of people staying at home and social distancing index, have been investigated in this paper to illustrate how different age groups behave during the pandemic. doi = nan id = cord-299107-0rd2uj4r author = Kadi, Nadjat title = Population density, a factor in the spread of COVID-19 in Algeria: statistic study date = 2020-08-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = RESULTS: The cluster analysis allowed us to isolate the groups of cities with the highest numbers of COVID-19 infected cases and the highest population densities. 2010 ) and the coefficient of determination to determine the strength and the nature of the relationship between population density and the number of infected cases, through data for 48 cities, then according to geographic regions (coast, highlands, and the south); -We construct a simple linear model (Schneider et al. Until researching the relationship between population density and the spread of COVID-19 in Algeria, we propose to give an idea of the classification of cities by number of cases infected with the virus. We note also through Fig. 4 that is a significant effect at the significance level of 5% of the population density on the increase in infections with COVID-19 because each time the population density increases by 1 individual/km2, there is an increase in the number of cases of COVID-19 estimated at 0.48 for coastal cities. doi = 10.1186/s42269-020-00393-x id = cord-327415-nu1msnui author = Kadiane-Oussou, N’dri Juliette title = COVID-19: comparative clinical features and outcome in 114 patients with or without pneumonia (Nord Franche-Comte Hospital, France) date = 2020-10-10 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: COVID-19: comparative clinical features and outcome in 114 patients with or without pneumonia (Nord Franche-Comte Hospital, France) Clinical description from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak reveals that most of 35 the patients have minor disease (minimal symptoms to influenza like illness) or pneumonia (1). These 136 signs were reported as the main symptoms in most cohorts with clinical description of COVID-19, 137 especially in patients with pneumonia and severely ill patients (5,9). However, compared with this 138 group, patients without COVID-19 pneumonia were more likely to report symptoms such as facial 139 headache, dysgeusia, anosmia, sore throat, rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction. Patients with 156 COVID-19 pneumonia may become critically ill; more than a fifth of patients in group P were 157 transferred to ICU for ARDS with a mean duration of hospitalization in ICU of 12 days and a high 158 lethality as compared to the mortality described in China (7). doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.10.002 id = cord-353072-n92atcrx author = Kadkhoda, Kamran title = COVID-19: an Immunopathological View date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Unravelling these mechanisms can assist basic scientists, laboratory medicine practitioners, clinicians, public health practitioners, funding agencies, and health care policymakers in responding to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. This is consistent with high-level surface expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor, on pneumocytes (2) . In the context of COVID-19, since ACE2 is highly expressed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (9), shedding the virus in the stool is prolonged (10); however, diarrhea is uncommon likely because virus-specific effector memory T cells typically home to the mucosal surfaces they had previously encountered with an infection with a common CoV, i.e., upper and lower respiratory tract. It has recently been shown that SARS-CoV and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV take advantage of non-or subneutralizing antibodies and enter cells via surface CD32a receptors (Trojan horse mechanism) (11, 12) . doi = 10.1128/msphere.00344-20 id = cord-032268-oj94e8wo author = Kaeuffer, Charlotte title = The BAS²IC score: a useful tool to identify patients at high risk of early progression to severe COVID-19 date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; score summary = We developed a score, based on easily accessible data (age, sex, BMI, dyspnea and inflammatory parameters), to predict the risk of rapid progression to severe disease in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. In a previous multicenter study involving 1,045 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19, we identified several independent risk factors, such as advanced age, obesity and inflammation, associated with the early development of severe disease [3] . In the present study, we aimed to develop a practical score for estimating the risk of rapid progression to severe disease in a cohort of patients hospitalized for COVID-19. [SD], 16), and 612 patients (58.6%) were men (supplementary Table 1 Based on previously identified prognostic factors [3] , we then defined a prognostic BAS²IC score including BMI, age, sex, shortness of breath and inflammatory parameters to screen patients at a risk of developing early severe disease (Table 1 ). doi = 10.1093/ofid/ofaa405 id = cord-353976-gns5omyb author = Kafieh, Rahele title = COVID-19 in Iran: A Deeper Look Into The Future date = 2020-04-27 keywords = April; COVID-19; Iran summary = . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.24.20078477 doi: medRxiv preprint analysis of the accuracy of our forecasting model, and some of the possible future trends for COVID-19 situation in Iran and other countries. used phenomenological models that have been validated during previous outbreaks to generate and assess short-term forecasts of the cumulative number of confirmed reported cases in Hubei province, the epicenter of the epidemic, and for the overall trajectory in China, excluding the province of Hubei. In [14] , Liu and colleagues used early reported case data and built a model to predict the cumulative number of cases for the COVID-19 epidemic in China. The machine learning models are trained and tested based on 18576, 18576, and 17569 occurrences of daily number of confirmed, death, and recovered COVID-19 cases. Figure 7 is designed to show MAPE value for predicting occurrences of confirmed, death, and recovered cases from COVID-19 when lags of 1-20 days are used on validation data in preparatory model to find the optimum lag. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.24.20078477 id = cord-260264-8fzlllde author = Kahan, Barry D. title = COVID-19 Minisymposium: Toward a Strategic Roadmap date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; transplant summary = The pandemic with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus disease 2019 ), an RNA virus, poses major challenges to the transplant enterprise from donation to operation and perioperative care to long-term follow-up, including treatment of afflicted cases. Clearly, at the present state of knowledge, the use of COVID-19-positive donors must require negative results of tissue biopsies that have been subjected to real-time polymerase chain reactions for nucleic acid detection and/or immunochemistry or electron microscopic evaluations for virions, because the disease process may produce secondary effects, such as hepatocellular or renal injury, in noninfected, potentially transplantable organs. Individual centers report their series Q3 of kidney (Lum et al [14] ; Kocak et al [15] ; Hasanoglu et al [16] ; Aziz et al [17] [14] , including 41 afflicted renal transplant recipients who most often presented with fever, dyspnea, and cough, revealed hospitalization to be necessary in 63.4% of subjects, with a 9.8% mortality rate and a 26.9% incidence of acute kidney injury. doi = 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.09.008 id = cord-298258-satk2t9z author = Kahwash, Basil M. title = Allergy/Immunology Trainee Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic: AAAAI Work Group Report of the Fellows-in-Training Committee date = 2020-11-02 keywords = AAAAI; COVID-19; fit summary = title: Allergy/Immunology Trainee Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic: AAAAI Work Group Report of the Fellows-in-Training Committee To capture the experiences of allergy and immunology fellows throughout the United States and Canada during this time, a 17-item electronic questionnaire was distributed to 380 fellow-in-training (FIT) members of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology enrolled in US and Canadian allergy/immunology fellowship programs. Key words: COVID-19; Fellows-in-training; Trainee; Education; Survey; Telemedicine; Telehealth; Virtual learning; Allergy and immunology The web-based survey was designed and implemented by the AAAAI FIT Committee, and responses were obtained from 124 FITs. Data were collected on demographics, reassignment to treat patients with COVID-19, transition to virtual training platforms, and the impact of the pandemic on fellowship training. This Work Group Report summarizes and presents the data from the survey of FITs in allergy and immunology training programs in the United States and Canada to understand workflow and education changes, as well as concerns among fellows in response to change. doi = 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.09.036 id = cord-307516-5r5h1z1o author = Kahyaoglu Sut, Hatice title = Anxiety, depression, and related factors in pregnant women during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Turkey: A web‐based cross‐sectional study date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; pregnant summary = PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression and related factors in pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. The present study aimed to examine the level and prevalence of anxiety and depression and related factors in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, HADS-anxiety and HADS-depression scores were significantly higher in pregnant women who had no information about the effects of COVID-19 on pregnancy (Q5) and who were not informed by healthcare workers about the effects (Q6) ( Table 5 ). The risk of anxiety and depression in pregnant women with low education levels was found to be higher in the present study. The prevalence of anxiety and depression in pregnant women has significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnant women: a preliminary study doi = 10.1111/ppc.12627 id = cord-225145-m5udub60 author = Kai, De title = Universal Masking is Urgent in the COVID-19 Pandemic: SEIR and Agent Based Models, Empirical Validation, Policy Recommendations date = 2020-04-22 keywords = ABM; COVID-19; SEIR; mask; masking summary = We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. To validate these theoretical models, we compare their predictions against a new empirical data set we have collected that includes whether regions have universal masking cultures or policies, their daily case growth rates, and their percentage reduction from peak daily case growth rates. doi = nan id = cord-320892-dcfi5u04 author = Kaidi, Austin C. title = Timing and Tips for Total Hip Arthroplasty in a Critically Ill COVID-19 Patient with a Femoral Neck Fracture: A Case Report date = 2020-07-14 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = title: Timing and Tips for Total Hip Arthroplasty in a Critically Ill COVID-19 Patient with a Femoral Neck Fracture: A Case Report This case report describes a patient with COVID-19 pneumonia complicated by multi-organ system failure requiring intubation who sustained a femoral neck fracture that required total hip arthroplasty (THA). This case report 7 describes a patient with COVID-19 pneumonia complicated by multi-organ system failure 8 requiring intubation who sustained a femoral neck fracture that required total hip arthroplasty 9 Furthermore, implant cementation and spinal anesthesia in critically ill 14 COVID-positive patients should be approached cautiously in the setting of pulmonary disease 15 and multi-organ system failure. Furthermore, implant cementation and spinal anesthesia in critically ill 14 COVID-positive patients should be approached cautiously in the setting of pulmonary disease 15 and multi-organ system failure. doi = 10.1016/j.artd.2020.07.006 id = cord-332559-2r2gavbq author = Kajdy, Anna title = Risk factors for anxiety and depression among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A web-based cross-sectional survey date = 2020-07-24 keywords = GAD-7; PHQ-9; covid-19; study; woman summary = title: Risk factors for anxiety and depression among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A web-based cross-sectional survey The secondary aim is to assess demographic, economic, and social aspects affecting maternal anxiety and depression scores among pregnant women worldwide in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey has three parts: 1) questions related to general demography, pregnancy health history, mental health history, socioeconomic factors, as well as perception of fear, burden and restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic and 2) General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire for anxiety assessment 3) Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression assessment. The survey consists of 60 questions, and it has the following structure: screening questions, consent form, demographic and socioeconomic questions, mental health history questions, general health history questions, pregnancy risk assessment questions, COVID-19 specific questions, and the GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scales. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000021279 id = cord-307313-sox12zfo author = Kalaitzaki, Argyroula E. title = The healthcare professionals amidst COVID-19 pandemic: A perspective of resilience and posttraumatic growth date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Healthcare professionals are at the front-line of this crisis and are those who are actively engaged in the process of providing care for patients with COVID-19 while managing critical issues daily (e.g., lack of hospital facilities, personal protection measures, exhausting working hours, fear of contagion and spreading the virus).Most of the reports and studies have examined the obvious negative outcomes on health professionals, such as increased levels of stress, anxiety and depression (Lai et al., 2020) . That said, at this point, we would like to argue that the COVID-19 pandemic should signify a shift toward the study of how patient care can be a positive experience for the professionals and their well-being by focusing on the psychological assets and resources that empower people to cope. Evidence-based interventions aiming at safeguarding health professionals from the negative effects of the pandemic, while concurrently -and mainly-strengthening their personal assets and resources, are of paramount importance both for the safety of all the parties being involved (i.e., professionals and patients), and the quality of patient care itself. doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102172 id = cord-257611-z0sng9sx author = Kalantari, Hamidreza title = Determination of COVID-19 prevalence with regards to age range of patients referring to the hospitals located in western Tehran, Iran date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We decided to examine suspected samples of pneumonia outbreak caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and provide information about the mortality rate due to this infection in different age groups in Iran. In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, a total of 784 samples of naso/oropharyngeal swabs of suspected patients with COVID-19 symptoms who had referred to Imam Khomeini, Shahid Fayaz-Bakhsh and Modarres hospitals in Tehran from February 24, 2020 to March 24, 2020 were examined by RT-PCR method. Therefore, in this study, we aimed at targeting these three genes using real-time RT-PCR method to examine suspected samples of COVID-19 and to determine the mortality rate due to this infection in different age groups in Iran. This was in accordance with the results of the present study, in which the highest number of deaths and positive cases were reported in people in the age group of >70 years. doi = 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100910 id = cord-310998-zchtu6cm author = Kalash, Danny A. title = How COVID-19 Deepens Child Oral Health Inequities date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = Well before the coronavirus, U.S. children in poverty, from low-income families, or racial and ethnic minorities, overrepresented our national dental disease burden. 3 When compounded with social barriers, the chronic and cumulative consequences of child oral disease contribute to wider health inequities through the life course. 5 By abruptly pausing the provision of child dental care, COVID-19 adds delays to time-sensitive treatment, worsens the status of already significant decay, and further overburdens our previously strained dental safety net including community health centers, federally qualified health centers, and hospitals. 6 COVID-19''s spread refocuses our attention to those social inequities, perpetuated by deficient federal and state policies, which carry both direct and unintended consequences for child oral health. This forces families to prioritize only absolute necessities -like food, shelter, and utilities -and neglect or delay other expenses, including parent or child oral health care or hygiene supplies. Dr. Kalash did not report any disclosures. doi = 10.1016/j.adaj.2020.05.015 id = cord-259837-5tbdqzxr author = Kalcioglu, Mahmut Tayyar title = May COVID-19 cause sudden sensorineural hearing loss? date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: May COVID-19 cause sudden sensorineural hearing loss? In previous studies, viral infections have been reported to have an important role in the etiology of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) (Cohen et al., 2014) . Moreover, recently, studies on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 virus on central and peripheral nervous systems have been published. Some of these studies have reported Guillain -Barré syndrome (Toscano et al., 2020) and impaired olfactory function (Eliezer et al., 2020) to be related to SARS-CoV-2. Another recently published study reported neurologic changes in 58 of 64 patients with COVID-19 (Helms et al., 2020) . Therefore, we investigated the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection in these J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f patients. Sudden and Complete Olfactory Loss Function as a Possible Symptom of COVID-19 An investigation into SARS-COV-2 in the etiology of sudden sensorineural hearing loss doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1468 id = cord-320389-zgujsi9c author = Kalfaoglu, Bahire title = T-cell dysregulation in COVID-19 date = 2020-11-07 keywords = CD4; COVID-19; cell summary = Particularly, we highlight the impairment of FOXP3 induction in CD4(+) T-cells and how the impaired FOXP3 expression can lead to the differentiation of abnormally activated (hyperactivated) T-cells and the dysregulated T-cell responses in severe patients. SARS-CoV-2-infected epithelial cells can detect viral RNA by cytosolic sensors including RIG-1 and MDA5 and produce type-I IFNs, which induces IFN-mediated anti-viral responses [22] . These collectively suggest that the impairment of FOXP3 induction in severe COVID-19 induces autoimmune-like T-cell responses to self-antigens, which deplete immunological resources that could have been used by virus-specific T-cells. In addition, FURIN expression is induced in T-cells by TCR signalling in vivo and in vitro [33] , and therefore, FOXP3 + Treg and highly activated CD25 + CD4 + T-cells could potentially enhance the activation of S protein in inflammatory tissues. Collectively, FOXP3 -CD25 + CD4 + T-cells in severe COVID-19 patients are considered to be abnormally activated (hyperactivated), failing to differentiate into specific T-cell subsets. doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.079 id = cord-329855-pr7g6ivu author = Kalfaoglu, Bahire title = T-cell hyperactivation and paralysis in severe COVID-19 infection revealed by single-cell analysis date = 2020-05-30 keywords = CD4; Fig; covid-19 summary = By in silico sorting CD4+ T-cells from a single cell RNA-seq dataset, we found that CD4+ T-cells were highly activated and showed unique differentiation pathways in the lung of severe COVID-19 patients. Notably, those T-cells in severe COVID-19 patients highly expressed immunoregulatory receptors and CD25, whilst repressing the expression of the transcription factor FOXP3 and interestingly, both the differentiation of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and Th17 was inhibited. Collectively, CD4+ T-cells from severe COVID-19 patients are hyperactivated and FOXP3-mediated negative feedback mechanisms are impaired in the lung, while activated CD4+ T-cells continue to promote further viral infection through the production of Furin. These CD25 + activated T-cells are likely to be short-lived and do not initiate FOXP3 transcription in severe COVID-19 patients, while they can differentiate into Tregs in moderate infections. These collectively support that FURIN expression is induced in highly activated non-regulatory CD25 + CD4 + T-cells in severe COVIDOur study has shown that CD4 + T-cells in severe COVID-19 patients have dysregulated activation and differentiation mechanisms. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.26.115923 id = cord-317988-1buh1wm0 author = Kalichman, Seth C. title = Intersecting Pandemics: Impact of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Protective Behaviors on People Living With HIV, Atlanta, Georgia date = 2020-06-05 keywords = HIV; covid-19; participant summary = At follow-up, in the first month of responding to COVID-19, engaging in more social distancing behaviors was related to difficulty accessing food and medications and increased cancelation of health care appointments, both by self and providers. These results suggest social responses to COVID-19 adversely impacted the health care of people living with HIV, supporting continued monitoring to determine the long-term effects of co-occurring HIV and COVID-19 pandemics. 15 High prevalence of substance use and co-occurring underlying health conditions have the potential to amplify the severity of COVID-19 in people living with HIV. 43 Although people with HIV will recognize their increased risks due to an immune suppressive condition, the added burden of smoking and other substance use, as well as underlying conditions common to HIV infection, have not been included in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports of severe case outcomes and have not been included in public health messaging. doi = 10.1097/qai.0000000000002414 id = cord-280437-6u3kepat author = Kalippurayil Moozhipurath, R. title = Evidence of Protective Role of Ultraviolet-B (UVB) Radiation in Reducing COVID-19 Deaths date = 2020-05-12 keywords = UVI; covid-19; uvb summary = We use the cumulative number of COVID-19 deaths and case-fatality rate (CFR) as the main dependent variables to test our hypothesis and isolate UVI effect from potential confounding factors such as underlying time trends, country-specific time-constant and time-varying factors such as weather. The corresponding country level data consist of the cumulative daily COVID-19 deaths and infections, the daily ultraviolet index (UVI), which is closely connected to the daily UVB radiation, and a set of control variables such as daily weather parameters such as precipitation index, cloud index, ozone level, humidity level, as well as minimum and maximum temperature. The effect of UVI is isolated from time-constant country-specific factors (see Figure 1 ) by using a within-transformation of the transformed structural model as The key finding is the significant negative long-run association of UVI on cumulative COVID-19 deaths. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.06.20093419 id = cord-024081-19wk56an author = Kalla, Ismail S. title = COVID-19: The Concept of Herd Immunity – Is It A Strategy for South Africa? date = 2020-04-17 keywords = Africa; COVID-19 summary = The current outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) was declared a global health emergency by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in January 2020, while the United Nations has described this pandemic as the worst crisis that humanity has faced since the World War II.(1) Our President declared a state of disaster in South Africa on 26 March 2020, enforcing a military-supported national lockdown. The concept of herd immunity was introduced with the widespread use of vaccines to protect against common, but severely debilitating illnesses, such as smallpox and polio, which are spread by human contact and for which humans, are a major reservoir of these viruses. Using mathematical modelling, they postulated a strategy with the aim of achieving herd immunity by allowing the disease to run rampant through their population. However, there are preliminary reports that countries with the widespread use of the BCG vaccine seem to have a lower morbidity and mortality from COVID-19, thus potentially protecting our population. doi = 10.18772/26180197.2020.v2nsia7 id = cord-278710-2fiyzl5u author = Kalner, Samantha title = Periorbital Erythema as a Presenting Sign of Covid-19 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Reports in literature of the presence of cutaneous findings in patients who have tested positive for SARS-CoV2 which causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have ranged from 20.4% 1 to 0.2% of the cases 2 . Herein, we present a novel cutaneous finding, a dusky red, non-pruritic, non-blanching periorbital dyschromia that we have observed in several patients who have been diagnosed with COVID-19. Some of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 that have been described in the literature have ranged from erythematous eruptions involving the trunk, to widespread erythema and chickenpox-like vesicles 1 , to skin rash with petechia 3 , to confluent erythematous-yellowish papules on heels bilaterally which progressed to hard, erythematous plaques 4 . We believe that appearance of periorbital dyschromia may potentially serve as an early cutaneous manifestation of COVID-19 and as a precursor of the systemic symptoms which seem to follow this presentation. doi = 10.1016/j.jdcr.2020.05.001 id = cord-033420-pjtyv0pv author = Kalokairinou, Louiza title = The promise of direct-to-consumer COVID-19 testing: ethical and regulatory issues date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; DTC; FDA; test summary = Although the provision of DTC tests has potential benefits—such as expanding access to testing and reducing the risk of exposure for consumers and medical personnel—it also raises significant ethical and regulatory concerns. The second part discusses five primary issues for DTC COVID-19 tests: test accuracy; potential misinterpretation of results; misleading claims and other misinformation; privacy concerns; and fair allocation of scarce resources. The second part identifies five primary ethical and regulatory issues for DTC COVID-19 tests: uncertainty over the accuracy of test results; potential misinterpretation of test results by users; misleading product promotion and misinformation; privacy concerns; and fair allocation of scarce resources. We conclude with recommendations for regulators, companies, and other relevant stakeholders that can help ensure high-quality, accurate, and equitably distributed COVID-19 tests, and inform the ethical provision of DTC health tests during public health crises. doi = 10.1093/jlb/lsaa069 id = cord-305657-ayqxesiv author = Kalra, Mannudeep K. title = Chest CT practice and protocols for COVID-19 from radiation dose management perspective date = 2020-07-03 keywords = PCR; covid-19 summary = Out of concern over the use of CT and associated radiation doses to patients with suspected or known COVID-19 infection, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) organized a survey and a webinar to discuss CT practice and protocol optimization for COVID-19 pneumonia on April 9, 2020. When these assays have limited availability, diagnostic imaging (chest radiographs or CT) can be used in patients with at least moderate to severe clinical features supportive of COVID-19 pneumonia. Although there are no specific publications or guidance on this matter, in pregnant patients with suspected complications or worsening respiratory status, a chest CT may be indicated and, when necessary, performed with single-phase, non-contrast, lowdose CT protocol. Most national and international organizations recommend against routine use of diagnostic imaging for the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia unless there is a lack of availability or access to RT-PCR or immunoassays in patients with moderate to severe disease, worsening respiratory status, or a suspicion of cardiopulmonary complications. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-07034-x id = cord-355314-2gb9pzy0 author = Kalyanaraman Marcello, R. title = Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients in New York City''s Public Hospital System date = 2020-06-01 keywords = NYC; covid-19 summary = Background New York City (NYC) has borne the greatest burden of COVID-19 in the United States, but information about characteristics and outcomes of racially/ethnically diverse individuals tested and hospitalized for COVID-19 remains limited. Male sex, older age, diabetes, cardiac history, and chronic kidney disease were significantly associated with testing positive, hospitalization, and death. We describe here the results of our analysis of the demographic and clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients tested for COVID-19 and admitted to New York City''s public hospital system, the largest case series in NYC and the United States reported to date. Comorbidities were defined as the presence or absence of the following chronic conditions recorded as billing diagnoses or "active" in a patient''s problem list in the EHR: diabetes, hypertension (HTN), arrhythmia, cardiovascular disease (CVD), congestive heart failure (CHF), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), liver disease, cancer, HIV, and a flag for having one or more specified chronic disease (diabetes, All rights reserved. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.29.20086645 id = cord-341987-lsvifqyo author = Kalyanasundaram, Sridhar title = Novel Corona Virus Pandemic and Neonatal Care: It’s Too Early to Speculate on Impact! date = 2020-08-03 keywords = SARS; covid-19; infection summary = We discuss the basic aspects of the infection, the approach of care to novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in positive pregnant women, the likely presentation in newborns (as per current knowledge), and the approach to the management of neonates with infection or at risk of the infection. In this article, we discuss the basic aspects of the infection, the approach of care to novel corona virus disease 2019 in positive pregnant women, the likely presentation in newborns (as per current knowledge), and the approach to the management of neonates with infection or at risk of the infection. Another recent case study published in Nature Communication reported transplacental transmission of COVID-19 from a positive pregnant mother during the last trimester to her offspring which occurred due to maternal viremia, placental infection, and neonatal viremia following placental infection [34] . doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00440-8 id = cord-333627-tcgamaev author = Kam, Ariana title = PERCEIVED STRESS, INSOMNIA SEVERITY, AND THE IMPACT OF EVENTS AMONG IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) PATIENTS DURING THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) PANDEMIC date = 2020-09-30 keywords = ASRM; covid-19 summary = title: PERCEIVED STRESS, INSOMNIA SEVERITY, AND THE IMPACT OF EVENTS AMONG IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) PATIENTS DURING THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) PANDEMIC OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the Perceived Stress Scale, Insomnia Severity Index, and Impact of Events Scale-Revised scores of patients at a fertility clinic in Manhattan during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We excluded one question from the standard 22-item IES-R questionnaire: ''''During the past seven days with respect to (insert event) have you felt yourself acting or feeling like you were back at that time?'''' All patients who did not respond to the Perceived Stress Scale, Insomnia Severity Index, and/or IES-R questionnaires were excluded from the respective analyses. RESULTS: According to the results of the Perceived Stress Scale, 66.9% of patients at the Manhattan-based fertility clinic self-reported experiencing moderate stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.08.500 id = cord-324307-2zbm4iwn author = Kam, Kai-qian title = A Well Infant With Coronavirus Disease 2019 With High Viral Load date = 2020-02-28 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = A well 6-month-old infant with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had persistently positive nasopharyngeal swabs up to day 16 of admission. A well 6-month-old infant with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had persistently positive nasopharyngeal swabs up to day 16 of admission. Two specific real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) methods, targeting the N and ORF1ab genes, were designed to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. A nasopharyngeal specimen taken on admission and tested by rRT-PCR confirmed the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection with low cycle threshold (N gene, 15.57; Orf1ab gene, 13.73), suggesting high viral load. On day 2 of admission, he was found to be viremic with detection of SARS-CoV-2 in his blood sample via rRT-PCR. Repeat testing of his urine on day 9 of admission was negative, but his stool sample became positive for SARS-CoV-2. Similar to reports of adult COVID-19, we confirm the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the stool of our infant. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa201 id = cord-263530-t9ryky6f author = Kamal, Yasmine Mohamed title = Cerebrospinal fluid confirmed COVID-19-associated encephalitis treated successfully date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; CSF; patient summary = ► Abdominal CT was normal ► Brain MRI with contrast, performed after 2 weeks to comply with our hospital''s protocol that only allows COVID-19-negative patient to get in contact with the MRI machine, revealed abnormal signal intensity in the temporal lobe cortex bilaterally in a rather symmetrical fashion. Seven hundred and fifty milligrams of intravenous acyclovir sodium, three times per day, was started empirically before the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results were obtained, addressing the possibility of herpes simplex virus (HSV) I and II encephalitis. The early suspicion of COVID-19 encephalitis and performing the appropriate CSF studies was the key to establishing the correct diagnosis and timely management. ► A red flag of the possibility of COVID-19 encephalitis should be raised whenever patients present with abnormal behaviour, acute psychosis, confusion state or drowsiness. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-237378 id = cord-324359-88vy3dre author = Kamara, Foday Mamoud title = How villagers in central Sierra Leone understand infection risks under threat of Covid-19 date = 2020-06-24 keywords = Ebola; covid-19 summary = We undertook fieldwork in two villages in central Sierra Leone to gain insight into how rural people faced with Covid-19 assess epidemic infection risks. Asked to explain their choices 48% of players cited information on infection risks modelled by the game and 31% stated that their choices reflected awareness of the need for personal action and respect for local regulations. The data relate to rural populations in Sierra Leone exposed both to Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in 2014-15 and now to Covid-19 in 2020. Three kinds of responses (Table 5 , 89% of all remarks) dominated comments after people made choices in the game-need for rules governing e.g. quarantine, comments on personal capacities to prevent or avoid infection (often made in the context of justifying a choice for disease "mango"), and comments about the relative risks to be inferred from "reading the stones" (i.e. recognition of a pattern in the way the stones were cast, as in divination practices). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0235108 id = cord-310105-a4fzp6bn author = Kamdar, Hera A. title = Clinician''s Perception of Practice Changes for Stroke During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perception of Practice Changes for Stroke During COVID-19 date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19; stroke summary = CONCLUSION: Our study highlights a change in practices and polices related to acute stroke management in response to COVID-19 which are variable among institutions. Our study highlights a change in practices and polices related to acute stroke management in response to COVID-19 which are variable among institutions. Amongst these changes, updates in hospital transport guidelines and practices related to IV-tPA and MT may affect the perceived care and outcome of acute stroke patients. Amongst these changes, updates in hospital transport guidelines and practices related to IV-tPA and MT may affect the perceived care and outcome of acute stroke patients. The primary objective of this survey is to understand the changes in practices and policies related to acute stroke care during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is evident from our questionnaire that change in practices for acute stroke care including hospital transport guidelines and policies regarding interventional therapies may impact perceived stroke outcome or care. doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105179 id = cord-268389-0agwvsrv author = Kaminski, Monica A. title = Tocilizumab Therapy of COVID-19: A Comparison of Subcutaneous and Intravenous Therapies date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This study aimed to compare the effects of intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) tocilizumab, an IL-6 receptor antagonist, on respiratory parameters and clinical outcome in patients with COVID 19. C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher in patients in the IV group that did not respond (Table 2) Lastly, laboratory markers of inflammation were analyzed before and during the seven days following tocilizumab therapy to identify trends that correlated with response involving the respiratory parameters (Table 3) . Tocilizumab has been found to be associated with improved outcomes in patients with COVID-19 related respiratory disease, particularly for patients with critical illness (i.e., requiring mechanical ventilation) (Rossotti et al., 2020 , Somers et al., 2020 . In our report, levels of C-reactive protein fell acutely in both patients that did and did not have improvement in respiratory parameters seven days following tocilizumab therapy. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1447 id = cord-322313-bq1g5g6p author = Kamishima, Tamotsu title = Editorial for “Clinical Potential of UTE‐MRI for Assessing the COVID‐19: Patient‐ and Lesion‐Based Comparative Analysis” date = 2020-07-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 3 Due to the rapid spread and increasing number of COVID-19 cases caused by a new coronavirus-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the rapid and accurate detection of the virus and/or the disease is increasingly vital for controlling the sources of infection and for preventing progression of the illness in patients. The accurate diagnosis of viral pneumonia based on imaging may indicate isolation and can inform the management of patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially when there are no scientifically proven therapies for the treatment of COVID-19. In this issue of JMRI, Yang et al 8 report the results from a prospective study that aimed to evaluate the clinical potential of ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging (UTE-MRI) for the assessment of COVID-19 using CT as the reference method. Clinical potential of UTE-MRI for assessing COVID-19: Patient-and lesion-based comparative analysis doi = 10.1002/jmri.27291 id = cord-334490-42gykxdx author = Kammerlander, Andreas A. title = COVID-19: frequently asked questions to the cardiologist date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; ace summary = The specific causes of troponin rise in COVID-19 in patients without cardiac conditions, such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS), aortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and tachycardia A. Cardiac injury, defined as elevated troponin levels, is frequently observed in patients with COVID-19. The European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) issued a position statement on invasive management in patients with ACS during the COVID-19 pandemic [19] . The EAPCI recommends that in cases of mild troponin elevation (<2-3 times the upper limit of normal), particularly in older patients with pre-existing cardiac conditions, a work-up for type 1 MI is not indicated, unless strongly indicated by clinical presentation and electrocardiograph (ECG) findings. Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China Association of Renin-Angiotensin system inhibitors with severity or risk of death in patients with hypertension hospitalized for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1007/s00508-020-01696-9 id = cord-347351-emdj66vj author = Kampf, Günter title = Potential sources, modes of transmission and effectiveness of prevention measures against SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-09-18 keywords = CoV-2; RNA; SARS; covid-19; patient; transmission summary = Originating from a single travel-associated primary case from China, the first documented chain of multiple human-to-human transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 outside of Asia allowed a detailed study of transmission events and identified several factors (e.g. cumulative face-toface contact, direct contact with secretions or body fluids of a patient, personal protective equipment) to classify contacts as low or high risk [32] . In the close surrounding of COVID-19 patients in hospitals SARS-CoV-2 RNA is detected more frequently compared to surfaces outside the patient rooms but samples were so far consistently negative for infectious virus. General disinfection of frequently touched surfaces in the public such as shopping carts or door handles is, however, unlikely to add any protective value because even in COVID-19 wards inanimate surfaces were mainly contaminated in the permanent and immediate surrounding of symptomatic patients (detection of viral RNA, not of infectious virus) and only rarely one room away [138] suggesting that the risk to find SARS-CoV-2 on frequently touched surfaces in the public is low. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.09.022 id = cord-322063-96suqyfg author = Kampmeier, Stefanie title = A nosocomial cluster of vancomycin resistant enterococci among COVID-19 patients in an intensive care unit date = 2020-09-22 keywords = VRE; covid-19; patient summary = title: A nosocomial cluster of vancomycin resistant enterococci among COVID-19 patients in an intensive care unit Here, we report a nosocomial cluster of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) that occurred on a COVID-19 dedicated intensive care unit (ICU) despite intensified contact precautions during the current pandemic. Whole genome sequence-based typing (WGS) was used to investigate genetic relatedness of VRE isolates collected from COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients during the outbreak and to compare them to environmental VRE samples. METHODS: Five VRE isolated from patients (three clinical and two screening samples) as well as 11 VRE and six vancomycin susceptible Enterococcus faecium (E. RESULTS: WGS revealed two genotypic distinct VRE clusters with genetically closely related patient and environmental isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Our results illustrate the importance of continued adherence to infection prevention and control measures during the COVID-19 pandemic to prevent VRE transmission and healthcare associated infections. doi = 10.1186/s13756-020-00820-8 id = cord-269328-ypjc5v60 author = Kamran, Aziz title = The COVID-19 outbreak and behavioral changes, public perceptions and psychological responses in Iran date = 2020-08-07 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-269328-ypjc5v60 title: The COVID-19 outbreak and behavioral changes, public perceptions and psychological responses in Iran journal: Arch Psychiatr Nurs cord_uid: ypjc5v60 involvement in controlling the spread of the disease has been unprecedented, such as locking up Qom and surrounding towns, extending holidays and closing schools, sending thousands of medical personnel to the affected areas, and launching intense public messaging campaigns. Second, people have relatively mixed information, partly because knowledge about the COVID-19 is growing. The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak Effective recommendations for reducing anxiety and depression caused by COVID-19 outbreak in medical staff Research on COVID-19 Virus Spreading Statistics based on the Examples of the Cases from Different Countries A Mathematical Modelling Approach in the Spread of the Novel 2019 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak provides a unique platform to review behavioral changes in Iran. Asian journal of psychiatry, 51, 102090. doi = 10.1016/j.apnu.2020.08.002 id = cord-355590-io3qv72x author = Kanburoglu, Mehmet Kenan title = The Challenges of Contact Tracing in a Case of Early Neonatal Sepsis with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-22 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: The Challenges of Contact Tracing in a Case of Early Neonatal Sepsis with COVID-19 To find the source of transmission, we investigated all the people who may have had contact with the baby, including the family members and the hospital staff, by testing with nasopharyngeal COVID-19 PCR and for total IgG and IgM (Hotgen Biotech Co.). The antibody response is closely related to disease severity; many asymptomatic people may have low antibody titers, which is inadequate for obtaining positivity on tests [2] . Characteristics and assessment of the usefulness of serological tests in the diagnostic of infections caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 on the basis of available manufacturer''s data and literature review Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019 Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China Clinical and CT features in pediatric patients with COVID-19 infection: different points from adults doi = 10.1007/s12098-020-03400-1 id = cord-254715-4dt8aqof author = Kander, Thomas title = Coagulation disorder in COVID-19 date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In severe cases, the host response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to sepsis or septic shock as defined by the international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3), including life-threatening organ dysfunction. 2 In COVID-19-induced sepsis or septic shock, the respiratory manifestations such as severe dyspnoea and hypoxaemia are particularly obvious and pertinent and are also the basis for the grading of mild, moderate, severe, and critical COVID-19 infection, as suggested by the diagnosis and treatment protocol for novel coronavirus pneumonia published by National Health Commission in China. Pending the results of several randomised controlled trials (NCT04345848, NCT04366960, NCT04367831 and NCT04372589), the opinion of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis on thrombosis prophylaxis is that "a change of anticoagulant regimen from prophylactic low molecular weight heparin or intermediate-dose to treatment-dose regimen can be considered in patients without established venous thromboembolism, but deteriorating pulmonary status or acute respiratory distress syndrome". doi = 10.1016/s2352-3026(20)30218-0 id = cord-317323-wp3vh4c1 author = Kandhari, Rajat title = The changing paradigm of an aesthetic practice during the COVID‐19 pandemic: An expert consensus date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; N95; PPE summary = It is pertinent that the physician today understands the infection, disinfection measures, and personal protective equipment to reduce chances of viral transmission and provide safe clinical settings for oneself, the staff and the patients. While certain guidelines and expert consensus have recently been published [2] [3] [4] providing an overview of "safe" working protocols, it appears that we are evolving every day in our practices with respect to "what works" and "what does not." Our article aims to bridge the gap between guidelines and in-clinic experiences to provide a set of best practices to follow for aesthetic procedures after reopening our practices. In contrast, the occurrence of airborne transmission is due to smaller particles, which maybe suspended in the air for long periods and can infect people distant from the source (eg, AGP''s)PPE consists of protective apparel and/or equipment designed for providing protection against infectious agents to HCW''s and their patients. Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings doi = 10.1111/dth.14382 id = cord-325844-w0zqxwdh author = Kanekar, Amar title = COVID-19 and Mental Well-Being: Guidance on the Application of Behavioral and Positive Well-Being Strategies date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; mental; pandemic summary = Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have provided some guidelines to reduce stress and initiate coping [9] , the need of the hour seems to be planning and having resources and techniques for long-term mental health flourishing and better emotional health management. Although there is enough evidence-based literature on the application of positive mental health techniques at individual level for stress reduction or life fulfillment, its application in a pandemic scenario is minimally explored [17, 18] . There are several determinants of positive mental health such as hardiness, sense of coherence, social support, optimism, and self-esteem [36] that are important in the context of COVID-19. doi = 10.3390/healthcare8030336 id = cord-262029-zzn74cjr author = Kang, Chang Kyung title = In vitro activity of lopinavir/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 at concentrations achievable by usual doses date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We examined the in vitro activity of lopinavir/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine on SARS-CoV-2, at concentrations which can be used to treat coronavirus-19 patients with little concern of toxicity. Its in vitro antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative virus of COVID-19, has been recently suggested [4] . Therefore, the screening of poten-tial antivirals to fight COVID-19 is urgently needed and led us to assess the in vitro activity of lopinavir/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine on SARS-CoV-2 at clinically administrable doses. We examined the in vitro activity of the oral antivirals lopinavir/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 at their patient administrable doses. In conclusion, this in vitro experimental study showed that lopinavir/ritonavir, at its clinically relevant concentration, showed significant anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity when it was administered following viral infection. 1. Lopinavir/ritonavir showed significant anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) activity both in terms of the prevention of cytotoxicity and reducing the viral load at plasma concentrations achievable by usual doses. doi = 10.3904/kjim.2020.157 id = cord-302279-d1or6wty author = Kang, Chuanyuan title = Patients with chronic illness urgently need integrated physical and psychological care during the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-04-07 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Patients with chronic illness urgently need integrated physical and psychological care during the COVID-19 outbreak With the global outbreak of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) (Wang et al., 2020) , different quarantine policies have been implemented in different countries in order to control the epidemic in time. While the epidemic continues to ravage most of countries, becoming a worldwide public health emergency, and social isolation will be required for the whole society, the patients with chronic severe diseases would suffer from more and more difficulties. Now the outbreak is under control for China since the middle of March, many patients flood into hospitals seeking for help, however, because some medical staffs from other provinces are still in Hubei or in the quarantine last for14 days, in addition to the shortage of medical supplies, so medical physicians can only take care of some patients physically. Rethinking online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 epidemic doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102081 id = cord-291638-oatrjbo3 author = Kang, Dayun title = Spatial epidemic dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = This study described the spatio-temporal pattern and measured the spatial association of the early stages of the COVID-19 epidemic in mainland China from 16 January–06 February 2020. The results showed that most of the models, except medical-care-based connection models, indicated a significant spatial association of COVID-19 infections from around 22 January 2020. There are 31 provinces in mainland China, and this study used 3 weeks'' data from 16 January to 06 February 2020, which was during the early stages of COVID-19 in China. Because COVID-19 spread from Hubei Province, the epicentre of the outbreak, the number of newly confirmed cases in the provinces neighbouring Hubei was investigated. It used Moran''s I statistic, a measure of spatial association, for the number of confirmed cases with different types of neighbourhoods. On 22 January Models 1-4 first detected a significant spatial dependency on the number of newly confirmed cases. Since approximately 24 January, the number of newly confirmed cases show significant spatial dependency in Models 1 and 2. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.076 id = cord-033759-cjxzenld author = Kang, Jaeho title = The Media Spectacle of a Techno-City: COVID-19 and the South Korean Experience of the State of Emergency date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; Korea; South; confucian summary = Analyzing the intensification of surveillance and the rapid datafication of society, this essay argues that the current state of emergency is not a breakdown of normality but a continuation of the state of crisis and disaster that rules a developing country like South Korea. 7 Les Echos, the oldest French financial newspaper, featured an opinion column arguing that the French government should not sacrifice individual freedoms by adopting the tracking measures deployed by South Korea, a totalitarian country with "a culture of hyper-surveillance and denunciation." 8 The Asia Times, a Hong Kong-based news platform, stressed that Confucian Asian countries were winning the war against COVID-19 while Western countries were losing the battle with "fear, panic and hysteria." 9 The portrayal of Korea as a Confucian patriarchal country-that is, a hierarchical, homogeneous, monolithic, traditional, and collectivist society in Asia-is not only found in media outlets but also resonates in a more sophisticated and philosophical way among prominent intellectuals. doi = 10.1017/s0021911820002302 id = cord-028034-pjotppso author = Kang, Jian‐Sheng title = Vitamin intervention for cytokine storm in the patients with coronavirus disease 2019 date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The clinical features of 138 patients with COVID-19 revealed that the number of lymphocytes decreased, the number of monocytes unchanged, and the number of neutrophil significantly increased, which might account for the cytokine storm. 7 Together, the simultaneous administration of sufficient Vc and Vd might ameliorate the neutrophil-related cytokine storm in the patients with COVID-19, especially those under ICU (Figure 1 ). Neutrophil-related cytokine storm was reported to be associated with the severity and death of patients with COVID-19. Vitamin C could decrease the number of neutrophils, escort the apoptotic process, and avoid inflammatory necrosis following the activation of neutrophil dietary intakes of ∼100 mg/day, 5 it is important to use safe dose for the intervention of neutrophil-related cytokine storm and avoid slowing the clearance of viruses by immune response. The role of vitamin D in suppressing cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients and associated mortality doi = 10.1002/mco2.7 id = cord-264037-43yr6qon author = Kang, Yun-Jung title = Lessons Learned From Cases of COVID-19 Infection in South Korea date = 2020-05-07 keywords = Korea; case; covid-19 summary = The highly contagious virus known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infected Case No. 31 in Daegu; she was the first patient related to Sincheonji Church. This study, through collecting epidemiological data about various COVID-19 infection cases, discovered that getting together in large groups leads to mass infection, and that paying close attention to personal hygiene by means of wearing masks, sanitary gloves, etc., can prevent the spread of COVID-19. This study collected and studied various cases of COVID-19 infections to the time of this writing to determine measures of prevention against the spread of the disease, while suggesting a managerial direction for public health, which is in urgent demand now. The temporary conclusion of this study, based on limited epidemiological data and information on confirmed cases currently available, is that group meetings lead to mass infections of COVID-19, and that caring for individual hygiene by wearing masks and sanitary gloves can prevent its spread. doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.141 id = cord-349078-59wel5o5 author = Kanniah, Kasturi Devi title = COVID-19''s impact on the atmospheric environment in the Southeast Asia region date = 2020-05-25 keywords = Himawari-8; Malaysia; SEA; covid-19 summary = In this study, we used aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations from Himawari-8 satellite, along with tropospheric NO2 column density from Aura-OMI over SEA, and ground-based pollution measurements at several stations across Malaysia, in order to quantify the changes in aerosol and air pollutants associated with the general shutdown of anthropogenic and industrial activities due to COVID-19. In addition, for a more detailed analysis over Malaysia, which is only marginally affected by the forest and vegetation fires in the northern part of SEA, the AOD values were extracted for a single pixel Emili et al., 2011 ) that is located over or closest to the 65 monitoring stations including industrial (7), urban (10) cultivation, biogenic emissions, dust, peat and vegetation fires, which explain the comparable or even higher AODs than the urban sites, a large part of the significant AOD decrease at all sites is attributed to the general shutdown of the anthropogenic activities in order to restrict the expansion of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139658 id = cord-311559-vkb7a4cm author = Kanwugu, Osman N. title = HIV/SARS‐CoV‐2 coinfection: A global perspective date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; HIV summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a potentially fatal respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly identified coronavirus, which was first recognized in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and has since rapidly spread to over 200 countries/territories/areas and have been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). 4, 6, 7 In line with this, one of the puzzling questions in the wake of this pandemic is "Does HIV infection increases the risk of getting and disease severity of COVID-19?." This is important, especially in Africa, as the region accounts for more than 70% of the global burden of human immunodefeciency virus (HIV) infection. The first case of HIV/SARS-CoV-2 coinfection was reported in Wuhan, China, the terminus a quo of the pandemic. Severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in a 58-year-old patient with HIV: a clinical case report from the Republic of Cyprus doi = 10.1002/jmv.26321 id = cord-294624-d71za6hi author = Kapepula, Paulin M. title = Artemisia Spp. Derivatives for COVID-19 Treatment: Anecdotal Use, Political Hype, Treatment Potential, Challenges, and Road Map to Randomized Clinical Trials date = 2020-07-23 keywords = Artemisia; COVID-19; treatment summary = authors: Kapepula, Paulin M.; Kabengele, Jimmy K.; Kingombe, Micheline; Van Bambeke, Françoise; Tulkens, Paul M.; Sadiki Kishabongo, Antoine; Decloedt, Eric; Zumla, Adam; Tiberi, Simon; Suleman, Fatima; Tshilolo, Léon; Muyembe-TamFum, Jean-Jacques; Zumla, Alimuddin; Nachega, Jean B. Derivatives from the herb Artemisia annua have been used as traditional medicine over centuries for the treatment of fevers, malaria, and respiratory tract infections. This highlights the urgent need for further research on herbal compounds to evaluate efficacy through controlled trials, and for efficacious compounds, to establish the active ingredients, develop formulations and dosing, and define pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and safety to enable drug development. 6, 7 Among many, derivatives from the herb Artemisia annua (Figure 1 ) have been used as traditional medicine over centuries for the treatment of fevers, malaria, and respiratory tract infections. Annua for COVID-19 following claims from politicians and others in low-income countries highlights the need for hard data to establish the active ingredients; develop formulations and dosing; define the pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and safety; and evaluate efficacy through controlled trials. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0820 id = cord-259311-ccx61owl author = Kapitula, D. S. title = Performance & Quality Evaluation of Marketed COVID-19 RNA Detection Kits date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; kit summary = In order to provide better understanding of the Quality and performance of COVID-19 RNA detection kits on the market, we designed a system to evaluate the specificity (quantitation), sensitivity (LOD) and robustness of the kits using positive RNA and pseudovirus controls based on COVID-19 genomic sequence. At the time of submission, 23 diagnostic kits have been approved in China, of which 8 are based on quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) using COVID-19 viral RNA sequence as templates and fluorescence detection. Our study aims at providing objective evaluation and comparison of the quality and performance characteristics of 8 of the currently marketed COVID-19 nucleic acid detection kits in China based on qPCR and fluorescence detection. Our study provides an elegant design to define the most important performance characteristics of the RNA detection kits for COVID-19, which are specificity (quantitative), sensitivity (LOD), and robustness. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.25.20080002 id = cord-197922-i1ojh8jj author = Kapoor, Amol title = Examining COVID-19 Forecasting using Spatio-Temporal Graph Neural Networks date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; graph; mobility summary = In this work, we examine a novel forecasting approach for COVID-19 case prediction that uses Graph Neural Networks and mobility data. In contrast to existing time series forecasting models, the proposed approach learns from a single large-scale spatio-temporal graph, where nodes represent the region-level human mobility, spatial edges represent the human mobility based inter-region connectivity, and temporal edges represent node features through time. We evaluate this approach on the US county level COVID-19 dataset, and demonstrate that the rich spatial and temporal information leveraged by the graph neural network allows the model to learn complex dynamics. We propose a spatio-temporal graph neural network that can learn the complex dynamics inherent to disease modeling, and use this model to make forecasts on COVID-19 daily new cases from fine-grained mobility data. doi = nan id = cord-303600-96vtj89w author = Kapoor, Deeksha title = Elective Gastrointestinal Surgery in COVID Times date = 2020-10-22 keywords = covid; patient; surgery summary = This led to the cancellation and delay in elective surgical cases which can have far-reaching consequences This study reports our experience of elective gastro-intestinal surgical procedures during the COVID pandemic, after instating preventive strategies and screening protocols to prevent the transmission of COVID infection. With preventive and screening strategies and proper patient selection, it is possible to deliver safe GI surgical services during the COVID pandemic, without increasing the risk for major postoperative complications. None of the surgical patients developed COVID-related symptoms in the postoperative period or required testing while in the hospital. Our experience taught us that there are three main challenges in surgery during the COVID pandemic, namely, how to select patients for elective surgical procedures; modifications, if any, of the existing treatment and surgical protocols; and ensuring the safety of patients and the healthcare personnel involved. doi = 10.1007/s12262-020-02642-9 id = cord-322142-y7v8tcnb author = Kapoor, Indu title = Transference of COVID-19 patient in hospitals – A crucial phase date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = • Transportation of COVID-19 patient carries very high transmission risk to personals involved. Apart from procedures that promote aerosol production, transportation of COVID-19 patient carries a very high transmission risk to personnel involved. If available, one can use a barrier enclosure, that is, a transparent plastic box with small ventilation ports on both sides covering head of the patient. [5] In situations where none of the above is available, use of large transparent sheet to cover the patient from head to toe could be a possible solution. For shifting of intubated COVID-19 patient, a dedicated transport ventilator should be utilized. Aerosol box and large transparent sheets covering patients head can also be used in intubated COVID-19 patients to avoid aerosol exposure. The purpose of this communication is to highlight possible measures that can help avoid aerosol exposure to the personnel involved in shifting of COVID-19 patients. Community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 doi = 10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109931 id = cord-323965-6mzzibj8 author = Kapoor, Krishan Mohan title = COVID‐19 Pandemic: Consensus Guidelines for Preferred Practices in an Aesthetic Clinic date = 2020-05-16 keywords = aesthetic; covid-19; patient; procedure summary = A set of consensus guidelines for ''preferred practices'' in aesthetic clinics is proposed in this paper for maintaining a high level of safety for the patients coming to the clinic for treatment as well as for the doctors/ therapists performing the procedures. • Small procedure rooms 12 with limited or no natural ventilation • Central air conditioning having a single cooling unit and multiple room vents in most aesthetic clinics, without HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filtration as present in most operating rooms 13 • Inadequate distance between the patient and treating doctor or therapist 14 • Some of the procedures could take a long time with a patient, e.g., Full Face Ultherapy treatment, Whole body laser hair reduction • Repeated handling of equipment like touch screen, desktop, patient chairs by doctor/therapist and initial screening and handling of patient forms, cash, credit card by the front office staff doi = 10.1111/dth.13597 id = cord-144221-ohorip57 author = Kapoor, Mudit title = Authoritarian Governments Appear to Manipulate COVID Data date = 2020-07-19 keywords = Benford; COVID-19; datum summary = First, data on COVID-19 cases and deaths from authoritarian governments show significantly less variation from a 7 day moving average. Second, data on COVID-19 deaths from authoritarian governments do not follow Benford''s law, which describes the distribution of leading digits of numbers. Figure 2 plots the natural logarithm of the mean of the squared deviation of daily cases and deaths per million people, respectively, from the 7 day moving average against the EIU''s overall democracy index score. We investigate whether governments manipulate data by testing whether the COVID-19 data on cumulative cases and deaths across different regimes (authoritarian, hybrid, flawed democracy, and full democracy) confirms to Benford''s law. Natural logarithm of the Mean of squared deviations of observed daily cases and deaths per million people from a 7-day centered moving average, by EIU democracy index score. doi = nan id = cord-030256-muah207b author = Kapoor, Poonam Malhotra title = COVID-19 Thrombosis: An Unsolved Mystery date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; ECMO; patient summary = The marked elevation of IL-6 in patients with cytokine release syndrome (CRS) led to the institution of successful targeted therapy for the treatment of CRS using IL-6 receptor blockade (tocilizumab). It is widely acknowledged that the majority of COVID-19 patients, especially those with severe disease, are characterized by lymphocytopenia. Where extracorporeal life support (ECLS) expertise is available, it should be considered according to the standard management algorithm for ARDS in supporting patients with viral lower respiratory tract infection. Although there are no published outcomes, early experience in Wuhan, China, indicates that prone position was widely used in patients with COVID-19 related severe ARDS and had possible benefits. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study United States Center for Disease Control interim guidance for clinical management of COVID-19 patients with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1715279 id = cord-258670-dphg8ukj author = Karaahmet, Fatih title = Endothelial progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells to overcome vascular deterioration and cytokine storm in critical patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Endothelial progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells to overcome vascular deterioration and cytokine storm in critical patients with COVID-19 In light of this information, the sufficient repair of the endothelial lining of blood vessels with Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) treatment may have a crucial role to overcome the vascular collapse driving forces in COVID-19 patients, as well as to modulate human immune system. Accumulating evidence leads to suggest that bone marrow-derived EPCs for repairing endothelial damage is now considered as an important novel potential therapeutic option for vascular repair (7, 8) . In critical patients in the course of COVID-19, EPCs may have an important contribution to stem cell treatments to maintain vascular endothelin functions. In critical patients who do not respond to current treatment, the restoration of vascular endothelial function and modulation of immune system by synergistic use of EPCs and MSCs may have a crucial role to overcome the vascular collapse driving forces in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109973 id = cord-304340-9mrtic2k author = Karacan, Ilker title = The origin of SARS-CoV-2 in Istanbul: Sequencing findings from the epicenter of the pandemic in Turkey date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; Istanbul; SARS summary = Although SARS-CoV-2 has a lower mutation rate than expected [18] , real-time tracking of the virus isolates in populations may help epidemiological understanding of the disease and early detection of important mutational or recombination events. Herein, we analyzed full-length SARS-CoV-2 genomes from three patients in Istanbul together with their clinical findings. Sample Collection: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from unrelated patients and tested for SARS-CoV-2 presence as a standard care protocol for routine diagnosis in Umraniye Training and Research Hospital (UEAH), Istanbul. The physical examination in the emergency department revealed a body temperature of 36.8°C, blood pressure of 120/70 mm Hg, the pulse of 100 beats per minute, respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute, and oxygen saturation of 97% while the patient was breathing ambient air. Herein, we report three virus genomes isolated in Istanbul for the first time together with patients'' clinical findings. doi = 10.14744/nci.2020.90532 id = cord-291025-u5z8zji3 author = Karami, Parisa title = Mortality of a pregnant patient diagnosed with COVID-19: A case report with clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Mortality of a pregnant patient diagnosed with COVID-19: A case report with clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings According to the data, several clinical outcomes such as sepsis, respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), septic shock, coagulopathy, acute cardiac injury, and acute kidney injury are significantly (all P-values < 0.0001) higher in non-survivor patients compared to survivors. To our knowledge, this case is the first maternal death reported for pregnant patients diagnosed with COVID-19 so far. An early study has evaluated the outcome of nine pregnant patients with COVID-19 without any specific underlying diagnosed diseases (all gestational ages ≥36 weeks). Another study evaluated 13 pregnant patients (two cases < and 11 cases≥ 28 week of gestation) diagnosed with COVID-19. This case with the mentioned clinical, imaging, and laboratory data was the first report of COVID-19 pregnancy mortality. doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101665 id = cord-279891-v71rysnw author = Karampekos, George title = Differences between fellows and fellowship program directors in their perception of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gastroenterology training: results from a nationwide survey in Greece date = 2020-10-12 keywords = covid-19; training summary = In both questionnaires, the latter section consisted of the same 20 questions, classified into 5 distinctive domains, assessing participants'' perception of the effect of the COVID-19 outbreak on: 1) the overall impact on training; 2) the impact on training in gastroenterology-specific fields (endoscopy, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatology); 3) the impact on different aspects of endoscopy training; 4) the impact on academic training; and 5) perspectives regarding training in the post-pandemic era. Specifically, one international study, involving 770 trainees from 63 countries [8] , reported that the pandemic led to restrictions in endoscopic volumes (99%; IQR 85-100% reduction in all procedures) and endoscopy training, with high rates of anxiety and burnout, while a second questionnaire distributed to members of the Italian Young Gastroenterologist and Endoscopist Association and some European representatives, not including Greece [9] , underlined the significant impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on gastroenterologists'' clinical activity. doi = 10.20524/aog.2020.0546 id = cord-347775-hidb8q1u author = Karatza, Eleni title = Optimization of hydroxychloroquine dosing scheme based on COVID-19 patients’ characteristics: a review of the literature and simulations date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ summary = Model-based simulations of HCQ concentrations revealed that high initial doses followed by low and sparse doses may offer significant benefits to patients by decreasing the viral load without reaching levels considered to produce adverse effects. 4. Based on the results from simulations performed and the currently published knowledge regarding HCQ in COVID-19 treatment, this study provides evidence that a high loading dose followed by sparse doses could offer significant benefits to the patients. Dosing schemes were designed in order to achieve a fast onset of "high" concentrations during the initial phase of the disease, since an initial higher viral load is anticipated, especially for patients with severe COVID-19, and then keep HCQ blood levels below 2250 ng/ml and over 500 ng/ml, at all times. doi = 10.1080/00498254.2020.1824301 id = cord-317512-kx0u9955 author = Karaye, Ibraheem M. title = The Impact of Social Vulnerability on COVID-19 in the U.S.: An Analysis of Spatially Varying Relationships date = 2020-06-26 keywords = Americans; COVID-19; U.S.; case summary = This study estimates the association between case counts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and social vulnerability in the U.S., identifying counties at increased vulnerability to the pandemic. At the "global" level, overall Social Vulnerability Index (e β=1.65, p=0.03) and minority status and language (e β=6.69, p<0.001) were associated with increased COVID-19 case counts. In this study, minority status and language, household composition and transportation, and housing and disability predicted COVID-19 case counts in the U.S. Addressing the social factors that create poor health is essential to reducing inequities in the health impacts of disasters. At the "global" level, the finding that overall SVI and minority status and language were associated with increased COVID-19 case counts, highlights the impact of social vulnerability on the pandemic. In this study, minority status and language, household composition and disability, and housing and transportation were found to predict COVID-19 case counts in U.S. counties. doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.006 id = cord-330936-qf4q8yqq author = Kardeş, Sinan title = Public interest in rheumatic diseases and rheumatologist in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from Google Trends date = 2020-10-18 keywords = COVID-19; Google summary = A wide range of search terms were determined to represent nearly all rheumatic diseases that patients might search on Google (i.e., Osteoarthritis, gout, pseudogout, calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD), fibromyalgia, axial spondyloarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, peripheral spondyloarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, septic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren''s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, relapsing polychondritis, familial Mediterranean fever, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptor-Associated Periodic Syndrome (TRAPS), Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with Periodic Fever Syndrome (HIDS), Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS), vasculitis, Takayasu arteritis, giant cell arteritis, temporal arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki disease, polymyalgia rheumatica, Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)associated vasculitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and Behçet''s syndrome). In the July 5-August 29, 2020 period, relative search volume of 7 of the 32 search terms (i.e., gout, fibromyalgia, peripheral spondyloarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, relapsing polychondritis, and Takayasu arteritis) statistically significantly decreased; however, 10 search terms (i.e., axial spondyloarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren''s syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, scleroderma, Kawasaki disease, ANCA-associated vasculitis, and rheumatologist) statistically significantly increased compared to prior 4 years (Table 1 ). doi = 10.1007/s00296-020-04728-9 id = cord-315886-f4ofmdcm author = Karim, A. title = Knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19 in Bangladesh: Population-level estimation and a comparison of data obtained by phone and online survey methods date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; knowledge summary = title: Knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19 in Bangladesh: Population-level estimation and a comparison of data obtained by phone and online survey methods However, the number of KD questions having significantly different correct response rates dropped to six when the phone survey data was adjusted to the socio-demographic characteristics of the online non-medical participant group. It is noticeable from our study that the total knowledge score did not differ significantly between the adjusted phone survey dataset and online non-medical dataset for the elderly (≥55 years), poor, and rural people. Furthermore, in our combined dataset of phone (unadjusted) and online non-medical participants, we found that higher total knowledge score was positively associated with having negative attitude towards the final control of COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.26.20104497 id = cord-279561-p6wh7jja author = Karim, Jamila S. title = Bolstering the surgical response to COVID‐19: how virtual technology will save lives and safeguard surgical practice date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The authors of ''COVID-19 and urology: a comprehensive review of the literature'' have written a perceptive article which clearly outlines the complex challenges that COVID-19 is posing to urological surgeons and, indeed, the global surgical community at large [1] . The authors of ''COVID-19 and urology: a comprehensive review of the literature'' have written a perceptive article which clearly outlines the complex challenges that COVID-19 is posing to urological surgeons and, indeed, the global surgical community at large [1] . Virtual technology solutions, such as the Proximie platform, can form the basis of a responsive approach to the surgical challenges posed by the pandemic. By remotely connecting surgeons in a live environment, such technologies can enable surgeons in isolation to amplify their expertise and provide invaluable support to colleagues on the frontline, including trainees who may be required to perform procedures without direct supervision. doi = 10.1111/bju.15080 id = cord-303363-uu9hb1c9 author = Karimi, Mehran title = Implications of SARSr-CoV 2 infection in thalassemias: Do patients fall into the “high clinical risk” category? date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; thalassemia summary = We''re all flying blind regarding coronavirus, but it''s fair to think if thalassemic patients are particularly vulnerable to SARS-COV-2 infection or are at potential higher risk of complications from COVID-19 than normal population, specially when they become older. Therefore, it is recommended that patients with diabetes maintain a good glycemic control, because it might help reduce the risk of infection itself and may also modulate the severity of the clinical expression of the disease (39) . Hemoglobin disorders including thalassemias are generally not associated with respiratory diseases but anemia and iron-overload involving the heart, lungs (pulmonary hypertension), liver disease, diabetes and even the immune system, can encounter these patients to have higher risk of complications from SARS-COV-2 infection than normal population, specially when they become older. The few reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people with thalassemias might reflect the efforts to minimise social contacts or other unclarified reasons, such as lower beta globin protein as a possible target of COVID-19 in these patients (51) . doi = 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9592 id = cord-340164-vzdyy656 author = Karimi, Zohreh title = The Lived Experience of Nurses Caring for Patients with COVID-19 in Iran: A Phenomenological Study date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; care; patient summary = title: The Lived Experience of Nurses Caring for Patients with COVID-19 in Iran: A Phenomenological Study CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that nurses working in the wards and care centres designated for patients with COVID-19 are experiencing mental and emotional distress and are working in inadequate professional conditions. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the lived experiences of nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 in Iran. We performed a qualitative descriptive phenomenological study to discover and interpret the meaning of nurses'' lived experiences caring for patients with COVID-19. The participants included those nurses who cared for the patients with COVID-19 in hospitals at the Coronavirus Center in Iran. Analysis of the nurses'' experiences caring for patients with COVID-19 by descriptive phenomenology revealed three main themes: mental condition, emotional condition, and care context (Table 4 ). This study has explored the lived experiences of nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 in designated treatment centres in Iran. doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s258785 id = cord-316186-254z62e4 author = Kario, Kazuomi title = COVID‐19 and hypertension—evidence and practical management: Guidance from the HOPE Asia Network date = 2020-07-09 keywords = Asia; COVID-19; SARS summary = 1 Early clinical experience suggested that older age and the presence of a number of comorbidities, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and chronic respiratory disease increased the risk of death in patients with 3 In addition, the renin-angiotensin aldosterone (RAS) system (specifically the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [ACE2] protein) has been identified as playing an important role in facilitating entry of coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, into target cells, especially in the lungs. Despite the theoretical possibility that use of RAS inhibitors increases the risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and the severity of COVID-19 illness, analyses including patients from the current pandemic indicate that this does not seem to be the case ( Table 2 ). Association of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors with severity or risk of death in patients with hypertension hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1111/jch.13917 id = cord-104440-9hbib8b3 author = Kariyanna, Pramod Theetha title = Thrombus in Transit and Impending Pulmonary Embolism Detected on POCUS in a Patient with COVID-19 Pneumonia date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; POCUS summary = title: Thrombus in Transit and Impending Pulmonary Embolism Detected on POCUS in a Patient with COVID-19 Pneumonia In this report, we present the case of a 55-year-old man who presented with COVID-19 pneumonia, and was found to have a thrombus in transit by routine point of care ultrasound (POCUS). We present the case of a 55-year-old man who presented with COVID-19 pneumonia, who was found to have a thrombus in transit by routine point of care ultrasound (POCUS). A point of care ultrasound ( Figure 3 Figure 4 ) on day 7 of hospitalization revealed thrombus in transit in the inferior vena cava and right atrium suggesting impending pulmonary embolism hence the patient was started on thrombolytic therapy and full dose anticoagulation with heparin drip. We present a case of a thrombus in transit in a critically ill patient with COVID-19 pneumonia, where the initial diagnosis was made with POCUS. doi = nan id = cord-104467-elwfz1gk author = Kariyanna, Pramod Theetha title = A Systematic Review of COVID-19 and Myocarditis date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; myocarditis; patient summary = A systematic review was conducted to investigate characteristics of myocarditis in patients infected with COVID-19 using the search term "Coronavirus" or "COVID" and "myocarditis," "heart," or "retrospective." Case reports and retrospective studies were gathered by searching Medline/Pubmed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of myocarditis in COVID-19 patients to evaluate clinical features, diagnostic tests and current therapeutic management. [14] reported a case of a 37-year-old COVID-19 male from China with fulminant myocarditis who was treated with glucocorticoids and intravenous human immunoglobulin. [20] described a case of a 69-year-old Italian woman with COVID-19 and lowgrade myocardial inflammation; viral particles were seen in the patient''s myocardium and the she required venous-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. We have identified through this systematic review that patients with COVID-19 myocarditis will commonly present with dyspnea, followed by coughing, fever and chest pain. doi = nan id = cord-104473-bx3svdrk author = Kariyanna, Pramod Theetha title = Utility of D-dimer as a Prognostic Factor in SARS CoV2 Infection: A Review date = 2020-06-22 keywords = covid-19 summary = One study found significantly higher D-dimer levels in diabetic patients with COVID-19 when compared to non-diabetics, indicating that diabetics are more prone to a hypercoagulable state in setting of COVID-19 infection, underscoring the predictive value of D-dimer for progression toward severe disease in that patient population [7] . The early identification of high-risk patients based on D-dimer values could prevent progression to ARDS, DIC, cytokine storm and their associated increase in mortality, if anticoagulation is initiated [31, 33, 38, 55] . In a study of 449 patients with severe COVID-19, anticoagulant therapy with mainly low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) was associated with lower mortality in a sub-population meeting sepsis-induced coagulopathy criteria or with markedly elevated D-dimer [14, 55] . Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease Risk factors associated with disease progression in a cohort of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus. doi = nan id = cord-338683-nzgnpi6f author = Karligkiotis, Apostolos title = Changing paradigms in sinus and skull base surgery as the COVID‐19 pandemic evolves: Preliminary experience from a single Italian tertiary care center date = 2020-06-08 keywords = SARS; covid-19; pandemic; patient summary = The aim of the present paper is to report our preliminary experience with the management of urgent and nondeferrable endoscopic surgeries for sinus and skull base diseases, during the COVID-19 period, describing the evolving recommendations which have been implemented day by day, as new evidences emerged, until reaching the actual protocol of precautions. At the beginning, no specific protection was recommended during surgery and all health care workers in the operating room (OR) continued to wear standard surgical masks and gowns, leaving viral-filtering-PPE available to be used only in case of confirmed COVID-19 patients. 10 In order to investigate the health of the patients belonging to the PANDEMIC-group after their last postoperative medication, a telephone interview was carried out retrospectively, examining the following factors: fever, cough, dyspnoea, anosmia, dysgeusia, gastrointestinal signs/symptoms, myalgias, fatigue, headache, pharyngodynia, rhinorrhea, active pneumonia, need for hospitalization for any reason, potential swab or serological tests performed, and if they had been in contact with COVID-19 positive individuals. doi = 10.1002/hed.26320 id = cord-264563-c3wbie4i author = Karni, N. title = Self-rated smell ability enables highly specific predictors of COVID-19 status: a case control study in Israel date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; Classifier summary = A penalized logistic regression classifier based on 5 symptoms (degree of smell change, muscle ache, lack of appetite, fever, and a negatively contributing sore throat), has 66% sensitivity, 97% specificity and an area under the ROC curve of 0.83 (AUC) on a hold-out set. Conclusions: Self-reported quantitative olfactory changes, either alone or combined with other symptoms, provide a specific and powerful tool for clinical diagnosis of COVID-19. 71 Earlier studies have already suggested associations between anosmia (loss of smell) 72 and the coronavirus causing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), SARS-CoV-1. Taste and smell change often, but not always, together: Figure combinations of symptoms established better classifiers than Classifier 1, those using 279 quantitative questions exhibiting better performance than those using binary ones. Using the quantitative smell and taste descriptors resulted in higher AUC''s 300 than binary (yes/no) descriptors of these changes. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.30.20164327 id = cord-300460-jh6h83n9 author = Karnon, Jonathan title = The Case for a Temporary COVID-19 Income Tax Levy Now, During the Crisis date = 2020-04-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = One policy option that could reduce the longer-term consequences of increased government spending in response to the crisis is a temporary COVID-19 income tax levy. This means increased tax revenue collected during the crisis is unlikely to displace economic activity or reduce population wellbeing and longer-term government revenue. The size of a COVID-19 levy would need to be determined (my preference is that households in the lowest income quintile would be exempted, with a 1% levy applied to the second quintile rising linearly to 4% for highest quintile), but the understanding that employed individuals are contributing to the effort to reduce the effects of an ongoing crisis, relative to their ability to contribute, may further reduce negative externalities. The characteristics of the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic-constrained consumption and the negative externalities associated with widespread unemployment and worsening social determinants of health-inform an expectation that temporary income tax levies will increase population wellbeing over the medium term, i.e. the next 5-10 years. doi = 10.1007/s40258-020-00585-6 id = cord-275028-u6s0gr31 author = Karos, Kai title = The social threats of COVID-19 for people with chronic pain date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; chronic; pain; social summary = 48 In this review, we draw attention to the potential for social and systemic changes associated with attempts to contain the spread of COVID-19 to precipitate, maintain, and exacerbate pain by increasing the social threats faced by individuals with chronic pain ( ½F1 Fig. 1 ). Although pain management is a fundamental right, 23 the health system responses to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 may significantly affect access for patients with complex medical conditions (eg, people with comorbid mental health conditions and addiction) and widen existing inequities in relation to pain management for socially disadvantaged populations. Crucially, COVID-19 should not only be regarded as a challenge but also as a unique opportunity for researchers and clinicians to develop new ways to deliver social support and pain management, as well as understand the impact of social adjustment among individuals with chronic pain. doi = 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002004 id = cord-268817-wx96wwpg author = Karp, Donna Grace title = Sensitive and Specific Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Using a High-Throughput, Fully Automated Liquid-Handling Robotic System date = 2020-08-20 keywords = ADAP; PCR; SARS; covid-19 summary = Here, we present an ultrasensitive and high-throughput automated liquid biopsy assay based on the Hamilton Microlab ADAP STAR automated liquid-handling platform, which was developed and validated for the qualitative detection of total antibodies against spike protein 1 (S1) of SARS-CoV-2 that uses as little as 4 µL of serum. 6 In this study, we report the development and validation of a highly sensitive and specific SARS-CoV-2 total antibody assay on a Hamilton MicroLab STAR liquid-handling platform (Fig. 1) , based on the ADAP STAR assay-ready workstation. The successful implementation of the automated high-throughput ADAP SARS-CoV-2 total antibody assay solution as described herein can help meet the surge in demand for COVID-19 infection testing. To evaluate the assay''s sensitivity, 57 serum specimens from COVID-19 patients were subjected to the ADAP SARS-CoV-2 total antibody analysis. doi = 10.1177/2472630320950663 id = cord-348771-gr7oa9up author = Karri, Jay title = Point of care procedures in physiatry: Practice considerations during the Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-08 keywords = covid-19; procedure summary = The CDC and CMS recently released recommendations that all elective and non-essential medical, surgical, and dental procedures be deferred in an attempt to optimize use of healthcare equipment and resources amidst the Covid-19 pandemic 4, 5 . The overarching aims for the current national recommendations are four-fold: (1) to preserve personal protective equipment (PPE), inpatient beds, and ventilators; (2) to ensure that the healthcare workforce is available to care for patients most in need; (3) to encourage patients to remain home as much as possible to limit exposure; and (4) to provide a framework for triaging non-essential surgeries and procedures. Beyond these recommendations, both the CDC and CMS agree that decisions about proceeding with non-essential surgeries and procedures will be made at the local level by the clinician, patient, hospital, and state and local health departments 4, 5 . doi = 10.1097/phm.0000000000001463 id = cord-103929-5rnmyq3n author = Karsiyakali, Nejdet title = Evaluation of the Sexual Functioning of Individuals Living in Turkey during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Internet-Based Nationwide Survey Study date = 2020-10-26 keywords = covid-19; sexual summary = There was a statistically significant difference between the participants according to the decrease in the number of weekly sexual intercourse when they compared in terms of smoking status, alcohol consumption, marital and parental status, being a health care worker, having a regular sexual partner, and the working status during the COVID-19 pandemic (p<0.05, for each). In contrast, there was a statistically significant difference between the participants according to the decrease in the number of weekly sexual intercourse when they compared in terms of smoking status, alcohol consumption, marital and parental status, being a health care worker, having a regular sexual partner, and the working status during the COVID-19 pandemic (p<0.05, for each) ( Table 2 ). In addition to that, living in a metropolitan area is associated with a decline in both sexual intercourse frequency and sexual desire during the COVID-19 pandemic according to our study results. doi = 10.1016/j.esxm.2020.10.007 id = cord-258118-j26v354r author = Karuppal, Raju title = It is time for a more cautious approach to surgical diathermy, especially in COVID-19 outbreak: A schematic review date = 2020-05-16 keywords = covid-19; particle; smoke; surgical summary = Apart from the numerous chemicals, surgical smoke had been shown to harbour intact bacterial and virus particles especially COVID-19 in the current time. OBJECTIVE: To identify the inhalational, infectious, chemical, and mutagenic risks of surgical smoke and suggest evidence-based hazard reduction strategies. Heating of tissues causes vaporisation of protein and fat which results surgical smoke(2) which contain particles from combustion and numerous chemicals like hydrocarbons, acrylonitrile, phenols and fatty acids and biological particles, viruses, and bacteria which are known to be potentially hazardous. In COVID-19 outbreak scenario, the use of surgical diathermy has to be minimised or avoided due to the very high risk of viral spread among operating room personals. Multiple precautions like use of a standard surgical mask, laser or high filtration mask, masks coated with nanoparticles, operating room ventilation guidelines, and use of wall suction have been using to reduce the health hazards, but each one has its own limitations. doi = 10.1016/j.jor.2020.05.013 id = cord-301416-rfrbgnft author = Kashnitsky, Ilya title = COVID-19 in unequally ageing European regions date = 2020-08-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = The map presented in this brief note summarizes regional differences in population age structures between the NUTS-3 regions of Europe in the context of unequal ageand sex-specific death risks associated with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the map NUTS-3 regions of Europe are colored according to the deviation from European pooled estimate of the proportion of population at risk of death due to COVID-19. We adjust IFRs by sex ratios of age-specific case-fatality ratios observed for the pooled population of all the European countries in the COVerAGE database (Riffe & Acosta, 2020) . The map in Figure 1 summarizes regional differences in population age structures between the NUTS-3 regions of Europe in the context of unequal age-and sexspecific death risks associated with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Highlights -European regions are ageing unequally -The COVID-19 pandemic is hardest in the elderly populations -Population age structures alone may account for four-fold variation in average regional infection-fatality ratios across Europe doi = 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105170 id = cord-294468-0v4grqa7 author = Kasilingam, Dharun title = Exploring the Growth of COVID‐19 Cases using Exponential Modelling Across 42 Countries and Predicting Signs of Early Containment using Machine Learning date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; country; infection summary = This research uses exponential growth modelling studies to understand the spreading patterns of the COVID‐19 virus and identifies countries that have shown early signs of containment until 26(th) March 2020. Machine learning models based on logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, and support vector machines are developed and show accuracies between 76.2% to 92.9% to predict early signs of infection containment. The objective of the research is to develop a mathematical model using exponential growth analysis coupled with machine learning, to predict worldwide COVID-19 early containment signs. Secondly, the research aims at building supervised machine learning models with high accuracies for predicting signs of early containment with infrastructure availability, environmental factors, infection severity factors, and government policies of countries as independent variables. The research presents machine learning models based on variables such as infrastructure, environment, policies, and the infection itself, to predict early signs of containment in the country. doi = 10.1111/tbed.13764 id = cord-346017-wforwxes author = Kasperkiewicz, M. title = Expert recommendations for the management of autoimmune bullous diseases during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-04-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 1, 2 A novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the recent worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Since immunosuppressive therapy can generally inhibit antiviral immunity, AIBD patients undergoing immunomodulatory treatment, especially elderly patients with co-morbidities, may be at higher risk of worse outcomes should they develop COVID-19. -Abrupt termination or considerable dose reduction of systemic corticosteroids should be avoided, particularly in patients with severe forms of AIBDs. Of note, there is some evidence that prednisolone may potentially have beneficial impacts on COVID-19. -Patients with AIBDs on immunosuppressive therapies are generally prone to develop opportunistic infections including viral infections, and microbial pathogens may potentially in turn trigger the bullous disease. 5 However, since long-lived SARS-CoV-2-specific plasma cells are not expected to be present in most individuals, AIBD patients treated with rituximab within the last one year may have a more severe/prolonged COVID-19 infection compared to healthy persons. doi = 10.1111/jdv.16525 id = cord-307622-r23eebet author = Kass, David A title = Obesity could shift severe COVID-19 disease to younger ages date = 2020-05-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = Obesity could shift severe COVID-19 disease to younger ages C o r o n a v i r u s d i s e a s e 2 0 1 9 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was first reported in China in late December, 2019, and has since evolved into a global pandemic. However, as the pandemic hit the Johns Hopkins Hospital in late March, 2020, younger patients began to be admitted to our ICU, many of whom were also obese. With use of least squares univariate and multivariate linear regression, we examined the correlation between body-mass index (BMI) and age in patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU at university hospitals at Johns Hopkins, University of Cincinnati, New York University, University of Washington, Florida Health, and University of Pennsylvania (appendix). Public messaging to younger adults, reducing the threshold for virus testing in obese individuals, and maintaining greater vigilance for this at-risk population should reduce the prevalence of severe COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31024-2 id = cord-355267-ndzgxk0k author = Kassa, Semu M. title = Analysis of the mitigation strategies for COVID-19: from mathematical modelling perspective date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; case; disease; figure summary = Whereas knowledge of the virus dynamics and host response are essential for formulating strategies for antiviral treatment, vaccination, and epidemiological control of COVID-19, estimation of changes in transmission over time can provide insights into the epidemiological situation and help to identify whether public health control measures are having a measurable effect [5, 39] . Applying the above described set of assumptions in the bounds for some of the parameters, we optimized the model output to fit the daily new cases data reported from the Hubei province, China. Analysis of the mitigation strategies for COVID-19 Figure 11 : Dynamics of the disease with at most 10% of the population in the class and at least 50% of the class are detected and quarantined just after Phase 1 period, with strict social distancing rule imposed for 11 weeks. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109968 id = cord-249065-6yt3uqyy author = Kassani, Sara Hosseinzadeh title = Automatic Detection of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in X-ray and CT Images: A Machine Learning-Based Approach date = 2020-04-22 keywords = CNN; covid-19; image summary = To the best of our knowledge, this research is the first comprehensive study of the application of machine learning (ML) algorithms (15 deep CNN visual feature extractor and 6 ML classifier) for automatic diagnoses of COVID-19 from X-ray and CT images. • With extensive experiments, we show that the combination of a deep CNN with Bagging trees classifier achieves very good classification performance applied on COVID-19 data despite the limited number of image samples. Motivated by the success of deep learning models in computer vision, the focus of this research is to provide an extensive comprehensive study on the classification of COVID-19 pneumonia in chest X-ray and CT imaging using features extracted by the stateof-the-art deep CNN architectures and trained on machine learning algorithms. The experimental results on available chest X-ray and CT dataset demonstrate that the features extracted by DesnseNet121 architecture and trained by a Bagging tree classifier generates very accurate prediction of 99.00% in terms of classification accuracy. doi = nan id = cord-324175-5c4ijkpm author = Kassas, Mohamed El title = COVID-19 in Egypt: Through Crisis to Adaptation; a gastroenterologist’s Perspective date = 2020-07-19 keywords = COVID-19; Egypt; patient summary = Liver injury is usually mild and does not require specific treatment [13] ; however, rare cases of severe acute hepatitis in patients with COVID -19 have been reported [9] . Telemedicine has started in many centers in Egypt after the COVID-19 pandemic by customizing dedicated phone numbers for different gastroenterology and hepatology services as viral hepatitis clinics, liver cirrhosis clinics, vascular liver diseases clinics, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) clinics. Although many centers have multidisciplinary teams for the management of different gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases (hepatocellular carcinoma and IBD), online meetings for these teams are not a common practice. Preparation for liver transplantation in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic requires testing for SARS-CoV-2 for donors and recipients before the operation, which is not applicable in many countries, including Egypt, because of the test sparing to suspicious cases only [28] . doi = 10.1016/j.ajg.2020.07.004 id = cord-351734-wjvhu1qg author = Kassaw, Chalachew title = The Current Mental Health Crisis of COVID-19 Pandemic Among Communities Living in Gedeo Zone Dilla, SNNP, Ethiopia, April 2020 date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; study summary = title: The Current Mental Health Crisis of COVID-19 Pandemic Among Communities Living in Gedeo Zone Dilla, SNNP, Ethiopia, April 2020 This study aimed to assess the current mental health crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic among communities living in, Gedeo zone, Dilla, Ethiopia. The second part of the questioner was about the mental health crisis and assessed using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) a 21-item Likert scale and sored \ 30 (Normal), 30-43 (mild) and 43-59 (moderate) [ 60 (severe) [9] . Dependent variable-mental health crisis Independent variables-Age, sex, educational status, occupational status, family size, and monthly income, and KAP about COVID-19. Mental Health Crisis 44.4% of the respondents were reported mild to moderate psychological problem. This study found 44.4% of the respondents were reported mild to moderate psychological problems in response to COVID 19 pandemic. This study found that as there is a mental health crisis in the community living in the Gedeo zone, SNNP, Ethiopia. doi = 10.1007/s40737-020-00192-7 id = cord-289852-4uxb70rh author = Kassem, Dina H. title = Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles: A Potential Game Changer for the COVID-19 Crisis date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cell; patient summary = Thus, harnessing the immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to ameliorate that cytokine-storm can indeed provide a golden key for the treatment of COVID-19 patients, especially severe cases. In fact, MSCs transplantation can improve the overall outcome of COVID-19 patients via multiple mechanisms; first through their immunomodulatory effects which will help to regulate the infected patient inflammatory response, second via promoting tissue-repair and regeneration, and third through their antifibrotic effects. Similar studies are also warranted to compare the therapeutic benefit of a certain MSCs type, and its derived EVs. Antimicrobial activity of mesenchymal stem cells: current status and new perspectives of antimicrobial peptide-based therapies Expanded umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) as a therapeutic strategy in managing critically ILL COVID-19 patients: the case for compassionate use Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy in patients with COVID-19: a phase 1 clinical trial doi = 10.3389/fcell.2020.587866 id = cord-267307-kyh0xsrp author = Kasting, Monica L. title = Public perceptions of the effectiveness of recommended non-pharmaceutical intervention behaviors to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; effectiveness summary = Public health efforts should focus on increasing perceived severity and threat of SARS-CoV-2-related disease, while promoting NPI as effective in reducing threat. A six-item measure was used to assess participants'' perceptions of the effectiveness of NPIs to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and spread. Three of the six items measured the perceived effectiveness of preventing yourself from spreading COVID-19 to others and included: 1) wearing a mask anytime you leave the house to go out in public, 2) practicing social distancing by leaving at least six feet between you and other people (this does not include people you live with), and 3) covering your mouth when you cough. Any variable that was significant at p<0.01 in bivariate comparisons was included in an adjusted logistic regression model with the binary lower/ higher perceived effectiveness of COVID-19 prevention measures as the outcome. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241662 id = cord-282504-m3npy0om author = Kastritis, Efstathios title = Challenges in the Management of patients with systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Patients with light chain (AL) amyloidosis have an underlying usually low-grade plasma or B-cell malignancy causing their disease, and they receive chemotherapy (Merlini, et al 2018) , thus, being at higher risk for infections (Kristinsson, et al 2012) , including from SARS-CoV-2, and probably at higher risk for severe COVID-19 (Pietrantonio and Garassino 2020) . Treatments for AL amyloidosis have not been developed in the context of multiple randomized studies, thus, we have limited data to propose one therapy over the other or assess the importance of full vs reduced dosing of critical drugs such as bortezomib or For selected patients who have achieved a satisfactory hematologic response (for example CR or VGPR or even PR with organ response), the treating physician may discuss to complete therapy earlier or continue with a less intensive schedule (for example reduce weekly to bi-weekly bortezomib). doi = 10.1111/bjh.16898 id = cord-327442-e02y93f6 author = Kastritis, Efstathios title = Systemic autoimmune diseases, anti-rheumatic therapies, COVID-19 infection risk and patient outcomes date = 2020-07-11 keywords = covid-19; disease; patient summary = Thus far there is no convincing evidence that any disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (conventional synthetic, biologic or targeted synthetic) including hydroxychloroquine, may protect against severe COVID-19 infection; answers about their possible usefulness in the management of the cytokine storm associated with severe COVID-9 infection will only arise from ongoing randomized controlled trials. In such cases, a dysregulated immune response has been described, usually during the 2nd week of infection, characterized more often by T cell lymphopenia (both CD4 and CD8 cells) [5] , enhanced production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), IL-1 and G-CSF [5] [6] [7] 18] , decreased production of antiviral type I and III interferons [17] and T cell exhaustion [17] .This "hyperinflammatory state" which is being referred to as "cytokine storm" shares certain clinical (high fever), laboratory (increased C-reactive protein-CRP, ferritin, serum IL-6 and D-dimer levels) and immunological (macrophage and T cell activation) features with the macrophage activation syndrome or secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) seen in a subset of patients with infections (bacterial or viral), auto-immune or auto-inflammatory diseases (such as systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, adult Still''s disease and systemic lupus erythematosus) and after CART cell therapy in patients with leukemia or lymphoma [19] [20] [21] . doi = 10.1007/s00296-020-04629-x id = cord-274203-urqed43m author = Katal, Sanaz title = Chest-CT findings of COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing malignancies; a pictorial review date = 2020-06-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and exponentially increasing incidence throughout the world, in at-risk and vulnerable populations such as patients with known malignancies, infection with SARS-CoV-2 should be included in the differential considerations even with atypical image pictures. [6] on 1,590 patients with COVID19 in China has asserted that pre-existing conditions (including malignant neoplastic disease) correlate positively with poorer clinical outcomes, similar to previous findings in other severe acute respiratory diseases, such as SARS and MERS [7] . To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted to evaluate chest CT features in patients with malignancy and concomitant COVID-19 infection and the specific imaging findings have not yet been fully understood in this setting. However, although peripheral GGOs and consolidations are usually highly suggestive of superimposed COVID-19 pneumonia, these findings can be hardly distinguishable from an underlying lung malignancy or other opportunistic infections in patients with known lung cancer and warrant clinical, epidemic and laboratory correlation with PCR testing. doi = 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.06.004 id = cord-352969-rpt7xja6 author = Kataria, Ashish title = COVID-19 in Kidney Transplantation: Epidemiology, Management Considerations, and the Impact on Kidney Transplant Practice date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; study; transplant summary = 1, 4 Solid organ transplant (SOT) patients including kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are at a uniquely increased risk of serious complications from COVID-19 because of immunosuppressive (IS) medication use, elderly age (>65 y), and preexisting comorbidities like diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Kidney transplant recipients may be at a uniquely increased risk of serious complications from COVID-19 as compared to the general population because of a chronically immunosuppressed state and a high prevalence of comorbidities like diabetes, heart disease, and lung disease. Kidney transplant recipients may be at a uniquely increased risk of serious complications from COVID-19 as compared to the general population because of a chronically immunosuppressed state and a high prevalence of comorbidities like diabetes, heart disease, and lung disease. 71, 72 At this time, there is no evidence to suggest that kidney transplant patients are at an increased risk of thrombotic events compared with the general population for disease of similar severity. doi = 10.1097/txd.0000000000001031 id = cord-258315-yt1ytasw author = Kato, Hideaki title = Clinical course of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in individuals present during the outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Clinical course of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in individuals present during the outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship Abstract We investigated the clinical course of individuals with 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) who were transferred from the Diamond Princess cruise ship to 12 local hospitals. In this study, we describe the clinical conditions, treatment, and the clinical course of the patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 who were transferred from the Diamond Princess cruise ship for further medical care to the participating hospitals in this study. The patients'' vital signs, laboratory data, chest radiographs, or computed tomography (CT) findings at the time of admission and treatment, and the data on the clinical course and prognosis were collected using case report forms. Notably, the severity of this disease in the patients transferred from the cruise ship was very high compared with that previously reported in the general population in China [5, 6] . doi = 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.05.005 id = cord-319707-j8y9gt2o author = Kato, Verstrepen title = Neurological manifestations of COVID-19, SARS and MERS date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; Syndrome summary = The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is likewise a causative pathogen for severe viral pneumonia with the risk of progression to respiratory failure and systemic manifestations. Articles related to the topic were identified by following terms: "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome", "Middle East Respiratory Syndrome", Coronavirus disease 2019", "Neurology", "MERS", "SARS", "COVID-19", "Stroke", "Epilepsy", "Guillain-Barré Syndrome", "Encephalitis", "Myelitis", "Meningitis", "Neurological Sequels", "Polyneuropathy" and "Carotid Dissection". Several recent articles report associated cases of encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis and other neurological symptoms, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome or ADEM, as possible complications of a HCoV infection [6] . Detection of SARS coronavirus RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome Neurological complications of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of two cases and review of the literature doi = 10.1007/s13760-020-01412-4 id = cord-266394-ehh61x5c author = Katsoulis, M. title = Obesity during the COVID-19 pandemic: cause of high risk or an effect of lockdown? A population-based electronic health record analysis in 1 958 184 individuals. date = 2020-06-23 keywords = BMI; COVID-19; June summary = Methods: In population-based electronic health records for 1 958 638 individuals in England, we estimated 1-year mortality risk(''direct'' and ''indirect'' effects) for obese individuals, incorporating: (i)pre-COVID-19 risk by age, sex and comorbidities, (ii)population infection rate, and (iii)relative impact on mortality(relative risk, RR: 1.2, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0). Using causal inference models, we estimated impact of change in body-mass index(BMI) and physical activity during 3-month lockdown on 1-year incidence for high-risk conditions(cardiovascular diseases, CVD; diabetes; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD and chronic kidney disease, CKD), accounting for confounders. Using population-based electronic health records (EHR) in England, we estimated: (i) background mortality in severe obesity by underlying risk factors; (ii) direct and indirect excess deaths in individuals with severe obesity; and (iii) impact of BMI gain and physical activity on the incidence of the most common high-risk diseases for COVID-19, and mortality. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.22.20137182 id = cord-297241-ajy2wi51 author = Katz, Carmit title = Invisible children and non-essential workers: Child protection during COVID-19 in Israel according to policy documents and media coverage date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; Israel; child summary = title: Invisible children and non-essential workers: Child protection during COVID-19 in Israel according to policy documents and media coverage OBJECTIVE: Examine child protection in Israel during COVID-19, as portrayed in mainstream news media and government policy documents. CONCLUSION: Children were initially invisible to Israeli policymakers facing the pandemic, highlighting the centrality of advocates promoting children''s rights and of mainstream news media in disseminating the discourse of protecting children from maltreatment, especially in times of crisis. Through an analysis of official government policy documents as well as media coverage, the current study seeks to answer the following questions: (1) What were the government''s policies with respect to protecting children from maltreatment during COVID-19? Parallel to the neglect of children in published policy documents, child protection advocates led a media campaign targeting the public and policymakers, which highlighted the need to provide children and families at risk with services. doi = 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104770 id = cord-279913-lgdmlies author = Katz, D. H. title = Proteomic Profiling in Biracial Cohorts Implicates DC-SIGN as a Mediator of Genetic Risk in COVID-19 date = 2020-06-11 keywords = ABO; COVID-19; JHS; Study summary = To understand how these loci might confer risk and whether this differs by race, we utilized proteomic profiling and genetic information from three cohorts including black and white participants to identify proteins influenced by these loci. We tested for associations between genetic variants at the ABO and 3p21.31 loci and protein levels in the three cohorts to identify possible mediators of disease. Table 1 shows the 56 proteins that associate with variants within 1MB of the transcription start site (TSS) of the ABO gene in either JHS or FHS/MDCS or both at a p-value < 5×10 -8 . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.09.20125690 doi: medRxiv preprint Proteins associated with any variant within 1MB of transcription start site of ABO gene in either Jackson Heart Study (JHS) or Framingham Heart Study (FHS)/Malmö Diet and Cancer Study (MDCS). Proteins associated with any variant within chr3:45800446-46135604 of hg38 in either Jackson Heart Study (JHS) or Framingham Heart Study (FHS)/Malmö Diet and Cancer Study (MDCS) meta-analysis. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.09.20125690 id = cord-353254-8xa0is5g author = Katzman, Joanna G title = COVID-19 Has Provided 20/20 Vision Illuminating Our Nation’s Health Crises date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = (9) Approximately 42 Million Americans suffer from loneliness, which significantly worsened across the country as the COVID-19 pandemic forced more Americans to stay at home.(9) Most continue to rightfully shelter in place when possible, and others have rigid restrictions imposed on those who may come to visit them. At the same time, we need to have a cohesive national strategy that is thinking proactively about the hundreds of millions that continue to suffer from the public health epidemics of chronic pain, opioid overdose, suicide and loneliness while also addressing the drop in cancer screenings, and vascular disease prevention and treatment. The medical and public health communities are already working together to improve the lives of all Americans related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our Health is the Public''s Health: Pain Management Leadership in the COVID-19 Pandemic Pain Management Best Practices from Multispecialty Organizations During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Public Health Crises doi = 10.1093/pm/pnaa357 id = cord-307673-ekajojon author = Kaukinen, Catherine title = When Stay-at-Home Orders Leave Victims Unsafe at Home: Exploring the Risk and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19; IPV; pandemic summary = The short-and longterm health consequences of COVID-19, stay-at-home orders and social distancing measures, family isolation, and the economic impacts of the pandemic are likely to impact both women''s experience of IPV and their ability to navigate ending these violent relationships, and potentially reverse the declining trend in IPV. Mazza, Maranoa, Laib, Janiria, and Sania (2020) have suggested that COVID-19 stay-at-home orders and social distancing will likely lead to a woman''s home becoming one of the most dangerous places for IPV victims due in large part to the requirement to quarantine day-after-day with their violent and abusive partner with limited access to those that might provide care and assistance. In looking at the way in which the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to shape the incidence, prevalence, and impact of IPV it is important to note that scholars have explored how past natural disasters and epidemics have shaped trends in rates of violence, impacted the health and well-being of IPV victims, but also exacerbated the factors associated with violent behaviors and victimization. doi = 10.1007/s12103-020-09533-5 id = cord-285472-cj5r3xt1 author = Kaur, Parminder title = Acute upper limb ischemia in a patient with COVID-19 date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection mainly present with upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms, with complications related to cytokine storm syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome. As per American Society of Hematology, some patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have fulminant activation of coagulation and consumption of coagulation factors, which meets the criteria for disseminated intravascular coagulation as per International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Thus, complement inhibition may be a reasonable treatment for COVID-19-related systemic thrombosis by reducing the innate immune-mediated consequences of severe coronavirus infection [10] . In conclusion, we report a COVID-19 patient who developed arterial thrombosis leading to acute ischemia in the right upper extremity. Changes in blood coagulation in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia doi = 10.1016/j.hemonc.2020.05.001 id = cord-327622-ezgufe24 author = Kaur, Ramandeep title = Practical strategies to reduce nosocomial transmission to healthcare professionals providing respiratory care to patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; NIV; SARS; patient summary = • When removing the endotracheal tube, simultaneously turn off the ventilator • Avoid disconnecting ETT from the ventilator circuit before extubation to reduce spray of contaminated aerosols 9 Transport • Place a filter between the artificial airway and the transport ventilator circuit • Use HME that has filter function (HME-F) • Consider clamping the ETT before disconnection from ventilator circuit 10 Bronchoscopy assist* 2 in vivo [44, 45] • For spontaneously breathing patients, place a surgical mask on patient''s face (Fig. 7a, b) • Use NIV mask with examination port for patients on NIV (Fig. 7d) • Use swivel adapter to insert bronchoscope for intubated patient (Fig. 7c) Abbreviations: HFNC high-flow nasal cannula, IPPB intermittent positive pressure breathing, HME heat moisture exchanger, ETT endotracheal tube, NIV non-invasive ventilation *Based on CDC guidelines, these procedures should ideally be performed in airborne infection isolation rooms entrainment or nonrebreather mask [53] . doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03231-8 id = cord-300899-yi2mx91a author = Kaur, Satinder title = Understanding COVID-19 transmission, health impacts and mitigation: timely social distancing is the key date = 2020-07-18 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS summary = COVID-19 is a highly infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, first identified in China and spread globally, resulting into pandemic. Various measures are undertaken to prevent infection such as maintaining hygiene, using facemasks, isolation/quarantine, social/physical distancing, in extreme cases lockdown (restricted movement except essential services) in hot spot areas or throughout the country. Python programming is conducted for change point analysis (CPA) using Bayesian probability approach for understanding the impact of restrictions and mitigation methods in terms of either increase or stagnation in number of COVID-19 cases for eight countries. COVID-19 is caused by novel strain of virus SARS-CoV-2 emerged from China and now declared as pandemic due to its presence across the continents in more than 213 countries. Rise in number of cases in different weeks is presented in Table 1 where it can be observed that India, France and Japan had experienced increase in fifth week, that in USA and Spain in the fourth week, Italy in the third week except for Iran and China in second week. doi = 10.1007/s10668-020-00884-x id = cord-328396-p2gvpe8i author = Kaur, Savneet title = The Enigma of Endothelium in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-04 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; SARS summary = In the current perspective, we envisage a key role of mEC in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2). These studies along with the fact that the pulmonary epithelium is more resistant to injury than the endothelium signify that SARS-CoV-2-induced ARDS and associated coagulopathy may be caused by a direct endothelial infection by the virus in the lungs (Matthay et al., 2019) . A summary of such recent reviews and short reports is provided in Table 1 (Alvarado-Moreno and Majluf-Cruz, 2020; Amraei and Rahimi, 2020; Cure and Cure, 2020; Froldi and Dorigo, 2020; Guler et al., 2020; Gupta et al., 2020; Gustafson et al., 2020; Mangalmurti et al., 2020; Marchetti, 2020; Mondal et al., 2020; Panfoli, 2020; Pons et al., 2020; Sardu et al., 2020b; Teuwen et al., 2020) . doi = 10.3389/fphys.2020.00989 id = cord-258701-jyzxu9nk author = Kaushal, Darwin title = Endoscopy in Otorhinolaryngology During Corona Outbreak: A Proposal for Safe Practice date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; endoscopy summary = In this article, we propose essential steps that can be implemented at the departmental and institutional levels to do endoscopic diagnostic procedures effectively during COVID-19 outbreak and to break the transmission chain. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a type of viral pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Person-toperson transmission is thought to occur among close contacts mainly via respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes, which is very common in endoscopic procedures in Otorhinolaryngology. • Deep cleaning and fumigation of the room should be performed when a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction COVID-19 positive patient undergoes a procedure. • When possible, procedures on COVID-19 suspect/positive patients should be performed as the last procedure, and the endoscopy room should be thoroughly ventilated for at least 1 h before the next procedure by using blowers or natural ventilation. doi = 10.1007/s12070-020-02048-9 id = cord-340474-hbcu72cm author = Kaushik, Akanksha title = Urticaria in the times of COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 2 As per one review, 88/256 (34.3%) patients across 16 studies demonstrated skin manifestations, mostly as erythematous maculopapular rash, urticaria or vesicular rash. 4 While there was a report of one COVID-19 patient presenting with urticaria and dry cough without any fever, 5 the timing of appearance of urticaria was variable, with lesions appearing before, with, as well as >48 hours after onset of fever. [6] [7] [8] [9] Although skin manifestations did not correlate with disease severity in most case reports, 2,6 the prospective This article is protected by copyright. study from Spain suggested that presence of urticaria and maculopapular lesions were associated with more severe COVID 19 illness and a higher (2%) mortality. With an eye on the reported literature, we make a few suggestions regarding urticaria in This article is protected by copyright. Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: a rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases Acute urticaria with pyrexia as the first manifestations of a COVID-19 infection doi = 10.1111/dth.13817 id = cord-310534-ng6321hh author = Kaushik, Ashlesha title = COVID-19 in Children: Clinical Approach and Management- Correspondence date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = We would like to commend the authors for a timely and succinct article on approach to management of pediatric COVID-19, providing essential and practical guidance to clinicians, and would like to comment on the management of COVID-19 in light of recent evidence, available studies and guidelines. The therapeutic approach for managing critically ill patients with Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)/ respiratory failure centers around lung protection with low tidal volumes, high positive end-expiratory pressures and fluid restriction. A recent multicenter expert pediatric guidance panel has recommended Remdesivir as the preferred antiviral agent in children if available [3] . HCQS has been shown to be effective against SARS CoV-2 in in-vitro studies, considered relatively safe in children, and is also suggested by authors in the management approach. But in regions where Remdesivir is not available, either Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Hydroxychloroquine (or Chloroquine) maybe used in children with severe disease (preferably as a part of clinical trial). doi = 10.1007/s12098-020-03374-0 id = cord-318879-4ual2ssa author = Kaveh-Yazdy, Fatemeh title = Track Iran''s National COVID-19 Response Committee’s Major Concerns using Two-stage Unsupervised Topic Modeling date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19; LDA; NCRC; concern; topic summary = title: Track Iran''s National COVID-19 Response Committee''s Major Concerns using Two-stage Unsupervised Topic Modeling The topic modeling and tracking are utilized in a two-stage framework, which is customized for this problem to separate miscellaneous sentences from those presenting concerns. The remained sentences are vectorized, adopting Tf-IDF weighting schema in the second stage and topically modeled by the LDA method. Disease-related text mining researches with respect to their application can be divided into four primary groups as follows, 1-Outbreak monitoring and prediction 2-Infodemic and misinformation detection 3-Social/public concern detection 4-Control Disease Centers response analyzing We collect news posts, including quotes made by members of the NCRC, and then group them to select a major part of the sentences covering similar topics. In this article, we used a two-stage framework to group, select, and cluster the sentences expressing concerns of Iran''s NCRC. doi = 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104309 id = cord-259924-a14svuwu author = Kavčič, Tina title = Psychological Functioning of Slovene Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Does Resilience Matter? date = 2020-06-17 keywords = covid-19; health; mental summary = The aim of the present study was to investigate the buffering role of personal resilience in two aspects of psychological functioning, mental health and stress, among Slovene adults at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak. Within five days after Slovenia declared epidemics, 2722 participants (75% female) completed an on-line survey measuring mental health and perceived stress as outcome variables and demographics, health-related variables, and personal resilience as predictor variables. The crucial factor promoting good psychological functioning during the COVID-19 pandemics was resilience, additionally buffering against detrimental effects of demographic and health-related variables on mental health and perceived stress. The present study investigated the buffering role of personal resilience in two aspects of psychological functioning, stress and mental health, during the outbreak of COVID-19 and subsequent social lockdown, while taking into account individuals'' demographic and healthrelated characteristics. doi = 10.1007/s11126-020-09789-4 id = cord-343740-vcys2q2t author = Kawachi, Ichiro title = COVID-19 and the ‘rediscovery’ of health inequities date = 2020-09-24 keywords = USA; covid-19; health summary = The social epidemiology of disaster shows that socio-economically disadvantaged groups are both more likely to be exposed to disaster (because they live in disaster-prone areas or live in structurally unsound houses) and more likely to suffer the consequences of exposure (because they suffer disproportionately from preexisting morbidity, making them vulnerable to problems such as the interruption of services that follow inevitably in the wake of disaster). Compounding the misery of Covid-19 morbidity and mortality, the public health response to the pandemic has come at the cost of a sharp global economic contraction. It may turn out to be the case that lockdowns produce a net health equity gain by saving the lives of the most vulnerable segments of the workforce (especially if adequate social protections are in place to mitigate the consequences of job loss). Global, regional, and national estimates of the population at increased risk of severe COVID-19 due to underlying health conditions in 2020: a modelling study doi = 10.1093/ije/dyaa159 id = cord-276401-zsim1pn2 author = Kay, Emma Sophia title = From HIV to Coronavirus: AIDS Service Organizations Adaptative Responses to COVID-19, Birmingham, Alabama date = 2020-04-24 keywords = BAO; COVID-19 summary = When HIV/AIDS first became a major public health concern in the United States in the 1980s, ASOs were established to provide HIV testing and social services to people living with HIV (PLWH) and their families. One ASO that quickly responded to COVID-19 is Birmingham AIDS Outreach (BAO), first established in 1985 as Alabama''s first ASO, and a primary provider of social services for PLWH in the Birmingham, AL area. Deemed an "essential" organization under guidance from the US Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration, BAO has remained continuously open even after the Alabama State Governor ordered closure of all non-essential businesses on March 27, 2020 in response to the COVID-19 outbreak [3] . During BAO''s first week of COVID-19-related operational changes, it provided 57 telehealth visits, 21 phone counseling sessions, 80 h of legal services, and 172 food and personal care boxes. doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-02879-1 id = cord-262412-bs7quwov author = Kaya, Gürkan title = Clinical and Histopathological Features and Potential Pathological Mechanisms of Skin Lesions in COVID-19: Review of the Literature date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; lesion; patient summary = Clinical manifestations are as follows (see Table 1 ): generalized or localized rash (erythematous, papulovesicular, maculopapular, petechial, morbilliform, symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema (SDRIFE)-like, digitate papulosquamous pityriasis rosea-like), generalized urticaria, varicelliform rash, herpes lesions (zoster), purpuric lesions (retiform purpura), livedoid lesions (livedo reticularis, livedo racemosa), acro-ischemic lesions (dry gangrene, blisters, cyanosis), erythema multiforme-like, chilblain-like lesions (COVID toes) and other lesions such as urticarial vasculitis, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP)-like rash, eosinophilic panniculitis, COVID mask, periorbital dyschromia, oral ulcers and COVID red half-moon nail sign. In a recent report, the postmortem histology of COVID-19 patients revealed lymphocytic endotheliitis in lung, heart, kidney, liver and small intestine, a pathological picture reminiscent of what is seen in skin lesions, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection facilitates the induction of endothelial inflammation in several organs as a direct consequence of viral involvement and of host inflammatory response [61] . doi = 10.3390/dermatopathology7010002 id = cord-035210-s9t76pcz author = Kaye, Avi Gurion title = The efficacy of IL-6 inhibitor Tocilizumab in reducing severe COVID-19 mortality: a systematic review date = 2020-11-02 keywords = IL-6; SOC; TCZ; covid-19 summary = However, results from this systematic analysis of published research provide positive evidence for the potential efficacy of TCZ to treat severe COVID-19, validating the ethical basis and merit of ongoing randomized controlled clinical trials. After early evidence and recommendations against the use of corticosteroids to treat severe COVID-19 (Russell, Millar & Baillie, 2020; Alhazzani et al., 2020) , a large randomized evaluation of dexamethasone found that the drug significantly reduced 28-day mortality in patients included in the study (rate ratio 0.83; 95% CI [0.74-0.92]; p < 0.001). For the initial screening, the primary search terms were "COVID-19" or "SARS-CoV-2" and "tocilizumab." Papers with primary data for a case-control study comparing mortality rate from severe COVID-19 between TCZ and standard of care (SOC) were included for data synthesis. A systematic review of the clinical data of IL-6 inhibitor tocilizumab (TCZ) for severe COVID-19 points towards efficacy in reducing mortality from the disease. doi = 10.7717/peerj.10322 id = cord-335019-esttc16z author = Kayem, Gilles title = A snapshot of the Covid-19 pandemic among pregnant women in France date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; woman summary = OBJECTIVE: To describe the course over time of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in French women from the beginning of the pandemic until mid-April, the risk profile of women with respiratory complications, and short-term pregnancy outcomes. Our main objectives were to describe the course over time of SARS-CoV-2 infection in French pregnant women, the clinical profile and risk factors for women with maternal respiratory complications, and short-term pregnancy outcomes. Aggregated data, extracted from medical files by local physicians, from all diagnosed cases of COVID-19 in pregnant women in these hospitals (for prenatal care, illness, or delivery) from March 1 to April 14 were merged and analyzed to provide a snapshot of the pandemic''s consequences in this population. We then report maternal characteristics and maternal, pregnancy, and neonatal outcomes according to the severity of the respiratory disease, categorized in 3 exclusive groups: non-severe (no respiratory support), requiring oxygen (nasal oxygen therapy or noninvasive ventilation), or critical (invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ECMO). doi = 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101826 id = cord-247879-jdkikd29 author = Kayode, John Stephen title = The Covid-19 pandemic''s effects on poor rural dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa: A case study of access to basic clean water, sanitary systems and hand-washing facilities date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; SSA; water summary = title: The Covid-19 pandemic''s effects on poor rural dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa: A case study of access to basic clean water, sanitary systems and hand-washing facilities In the present uncertain situation surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, it is critical for the people to get access to clean and safe sustainable water for domestic and sanitation uses to guarantee public hygiene and better food and, hence, improve their health conditions (Hunter, et al., 2009). This paper therefore provides proven knowledge and valuable support for sustainable, hygienic, clean, safe water and good sanitary systems for the rural poor dwellers in the SSA to safeguard the people from unrestricted exposure to possible infection from the COVID-19 disease through water and sanitation systems, with the level of cases recorded as at 30th April shown in Table 1 . doi = nan id = cord-293692-t5rfvyvj author = Kazi, Sajida title = The delights and perils of publishing, knowledge-sharing and critique during a pandemic: Observations from COVID-19 coagulopathies date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Despite the limited data, the high-stakes milieu and risk of litigation have led several institutions to adopt a more aggressive approach of using intermediate or full-dose anticoagulation for most of their critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit [22] . The dissemination of knowledge during times of international crisis is guided by the principles first set out in the World Health Organization''s 2016 statement on data-sharing during public health emergencies, which incorporated lessons from the Ebola and Zika outbreaks, and was undersigned by many notable foundations and journals [23] . These principles have been adopted for use in the current pandemic through a call to share "research data and findings relevant to the novel coronavirus (COVID19) outbreak" in the same fashion [24] . Sharing research data and findings relevant to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak doi = 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.05.023 id = cord-309395-5yan9fcn author = Kazory, Amir title = SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and intravascular volume management strategies in the critically ill date = 2020-04-16 keywords = COVID-19; fluid; patient summary = 6 Due to lack of data on treatment strategies specific to more severe cases of COVID-19, available evidence on management of the critically ill needs to be extrapolated to the clinical features of this potentially fatal disease. 27 In support of this notion, Murphy et al reported that among patients with acute lung injury secondary to septic shock, those who received both adequate initial fluid resuscitation as well as conservative late fluid management (i.e., negative to even fluid balance on 2 consecutive days during the first week after sepsis) had the best survival rates compared with those who achieved only one of these goals or neither of the two. 41, 42 In the face of positive fluid balance during the de-escalation phase of sepsis management, one might consider earlier application of renal replacement therapy (RRT), especially in those patients with more severe volume overload, progressive metabolic alkalosis with diuretic use, suboptimal diuretic response or diuretic refractoriness, and development of oliguric AKI. doi = 10.1080/08998280.2020.1754700 id = cord-318029-xd7nuahh author = Ke, Chunjin title = 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in hemodialysis patients: a report of two cases date = 2020-04-30 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = authors: Ke, Chunjin; Wang, Yufeng; Zeng, Xing; Yang, Chunguang; Hu, Zhiquan OBJECTIVE: To analyze the diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic renal failure complicated with novel coronavirus pneumonia, and to evaluate the effect of blood purification technology on the treatment and prognosis of such patients METHODS: Two COVID-19 cases undergoing hemodialysis with chronic renal failure were retrospectively analysed in our hospital. On January 8, 2020, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention officially announced the pneumonia was caused by a new type of coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [2] . Hyperviremia and cytokine storm are important causes for COVID-19''s evolution to severe pneumonia, even to multiple organ dysfunction in a few cases [6] . Blood purification technology seems to be helpful for preventing COVID-19 patients with chronic renal failure from severe pneumonia or even multiple organ dysfunction. Interferon and cytokine responses to SARS-coronavirus infection doi = 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.04.008 id = cord-294073-65h2mkdy author = Ke, Jia title = Strategies and recommendations for the management of gastrointestinal surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: experience shared by Chinese surgeons date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = We also recommend that each hospital should establish a group of diagnostic experts with responsibilities for risk stratification, especially for patients under investigation who need urgent surgery. • It is known that fever is one of the most common symptoms of COVID-19 and that patients with certain GI diseases (e.g. acute appendicitis, gastric perforation, intestinal obstruction) who required urgent care with emergency GI surgery often present with high fever as well. COVID-19-positive patients with GI bleeding with hemodynamic stability should undergo conservative treatments first, including angioembolization, before endoscopic treatment due to the high risk of endoscopy being an aerosol-generating procedure. For confirmed/high-risk COVID-19 patients and PUIs, diagnostic and therapeutic GI endoscopies should be performed in a negative-pressure room with Level Three precautions. For all surgical personnel involved in GI surgery for confirmed/ high-risk COVID-19 patients or for PUIs for COVID-19, we recommend the following protective measures (Figure 1 ). doi = 10.1093/gastro/goaa030 id = cord-354902-t9df8vhc author = Kearns, Donovan G. title = Assessing the risk of dupilumab use for atopic dermatitis during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Assessing the risk of dupilumab use for atopic dermatitis during the COVID-19 pandemic 10 Dupilumab, an interleukin 4 alpha receptor antagonist that inhibits IL-4 and IL-13 signaling, is a 11 treatment for patients >12 years with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD). In three randomized, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trials (SOLO 1, SOLO 2, and 18 CHRONOS), adults with moderate-to-severe AD received dupilumab (300 mg) weekly (qw), 19 3 Furthermore, in 28 all three trials, it was concluded that the rate of infection was not increased in dupilumab-treated 29 patients compared to placebo. Two Phase 3 Trials of Dupilumab versus 58 Placebo in Atopic Dermatitis Long-term management of 60 moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis with dupilumab and concomitant topical 61 corticosteroids (LIBERTY AD CHRONOS): a 1-year, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-62 controlled, phase 3 trial doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.015 id = cord-355910-nn4jxwym author = Kearon, Joanne title = The Role of Primary Care in a Pandemic: Reflections During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada date = 2020-09-27 keywords = COVID-19; care summary = From planning to surveillance to vaccination, primary care physicians are positioned to play a unique and vital role in a pandemic. 5 Therefore, family physicians have a duty to remain up-to-date with the best evidence as the pandemic progresses, and public health organizations must maintain open lines of communication with primary care. Nevertheless, when a patient is diagnosed, there is an opening for their family physician to contact them and reinforce public health measures. Primary care physicians are a key component of surveillance systems, with the responsibility to report to public health when they identify communicable diseases of significance. 5, 10 This function will become increasingly important in post-peak surveillance, when primary care physicians will be the ones to whom patients are most likely to first present, and may therefore be the first to identify resurgence of COVID-19. doi = 10.1177/2150132720962871 id = cord-289575-2kxhav4q author = Kearsley, R. title = The COVID‐19 information pandemic: how have we managed the surge? date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; information summary = While we adapt our practice and learn how to best manage our COVID-19 patients, a second pandemic information overload has become our Achilles'' heel. At times, guidelines from reputable organisations have also provided contrasting clinical opinions, such as the use of high-flow nasal oxygen in patients with COVID 19 [8] . The COVID-19 pandemic is demonstrating that we are utilising social media as one of our main sources for the dissemination of medical information [14] . Knowledge and debate surrounding personal protective equipment (PPE) has been one of the most prominent COVID-19 discussion points, due to the high risk of contagion via droplet spread [18, 19] , with frequent social media use [22] . We have witnessed an increase in public interest, awareness and knowledge of the role of the anaesthetist in healthcare due to this pandemic. Social media for rapid knowledge dissemination: early experience from the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1111/anae.15121 id = cord-330411-hg1cxcs7 author = Keddie, S. title = Laboratory biomarkers associated with COVID-19 severity and management date = 2020-10-22 keywords = CRP; IL-6; covid-19 summary = This study investigates the routine laboratory tests and cytokines implicated in COVID-19 for their potential application as biomarkers of disease severity, respiratory failure and need of higher-level care. From analysis of 203 samples, CRP, IL-6, IL-10 and LDH were most strongly correlated with the WHO ordinal scale of illness severity, the fraction of inspired oxygen delivery, radiological evidence of ARDS and level of respiratory support (p ≤ 0.001). This study comprehensively explored clinical disease features and routine laboratory tests against specialist cytokine biomarkers associated with COVID-19 disease and its complications, to address their association with disease severity, respiratory intervention and outcome. Biomarker analysis of CRP, LDH and the cytokines IL-6, IL-10 and TNFα, alongside thorough clinical assessment of COVID-19 patients, enables more accurate stratification of high from low risk cases and the need for intensive care support. doi = 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108614 id = cord-252703-00ks1j0x author = Keddy, Karen H title = Developing health policies in patients presenting with SARS-CoV-2: consider tuberculosis date = 2020-10-15 keywords = covid-19 summary = The global pandemic of COVID-19 has led to a prominent public health response, with many countries introducing highly proactive measures for screening and identifying severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 might additionally negatively affect T-cell-mediated immunity, causing lymphopenia, particularly in those with a severe form of the disease, 8 which could reactivate latent tuberculosis or render patients with COVID-19 more susceptible to acquiring a tuberculosis infection. Any symptomatic patient presenting with presumptive COVID-19 from a population at a high risk for tuberculosis, or from a country in which tuberculosis is highly endemic, 4 should have both diseases considered when it comes to submitting specimens for diagnosis, because of the potential reactivation of latent tuberculosis caused by the presence of SARS-CoV-2, or the greater frequency of tuberculosis presenting as community-acquired pneumonia in those populations. doi = 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30413-7 id = cord-280981-p0l5bpqi author = Keenan, Jesse M. title = COVID, resilience, and the built environment date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID; community; disaster; resilience summary = Through this perspective, the article hopes to explore those often overlooked aspects of the physical and social parameters of the built environment that may be understood as providing opportunities to inform future disaster, public health, and climate change preparations and responses. Through this perspective, the article hopes to explore those often overlooked aspects of the physical and social parameters of the built environment that may be understood as providing opportunities to inform future disaster, public health, and climate change preparations and responses. In the past decade, multi-hazard disaster and engineering resilience planning has had significant impacts in shaping the design and management of the built environment in everything from supporting the business continuity of private enterprise (Keenan 2015) to the sustainable provision of critical public services (Humphries 2019) . doi = 10.1007/s10669-020-09773-0 id = cord-353196-pbjrgyj2 author = Keeney, Tamra title = Physical Therapy in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Forging a Paradigm Shift for Rehabilitation in Acute Care date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This expected surge in rehabilitation needs has sparked national-level conversations around the importance of physical therapy for COVID-19 survivors in home and communitybased settings 1-3 as well as in postacute care facilities. In recent years, pressure to decrease hospital length of stay and increase "through-put"-the rate at which patients are moved in and out of the system-has contributed to a culture in many acute care environments whereby physical therapy functions primarily as a consultation service for discharge recommendations. Now, as COVID-19 ravages many long-term care and rehabilitation centers, patients are increasingly denied acceptance to these facilities and decisions Increased rehabilitation staffing in acute care ensures rehabilitative care is consistently delivered to patients with skilled therapy needs and may result in faster functional gains during hospitalization. Although rehabilitation utilization in hospitals varies enormously based on institution size, financial resources, and geographic location, it is clear that even in settings where acute care physical therapy is well staffed and well-funded, expansion of our roles is essential. doi = 10.1093/ptj/pzaa097 id = cord-348813-v1sdodz9 author = Kefale, Belayneh title = Prevalence and Risk Factors of Thromboembolism among Patients With Coronavirus Disease-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Prevalence and Risk Factors of Thromboembolism among Patients With Coronavirus Disease-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis English-language based databases (PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EMBASE, and Cochrane library) were exhaustively searched to identify studies related to prevalence of thromboembolism among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The pooled prevalence of thrombotic events of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 was 33% (95% CI: 25-41%, I(2) = 97.30%, p < 0.001) with a high degree of heterogeneity across studies. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive overview of venous thromboembolism prevalence based on 19 studies involving 2,520 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. 51, 53, 54 In this systematic review and meta-analysis, various factors contributing to the prevalence of thrombotic events among patients with COVID-19 were identified. Prevalence and risk factors of thromboembolism among patients with COVID-19: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1177/1076029620967083 id = cord-272720-isqc0bv8 author = Keil, Evan J. title = Social Media Perceptions of Surgical Cancer Care in the Era of COVID-19: A Global Cross-Sectional Study date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; cancer summary = Tweets most frequently focused on cancellations of surgeries (399; 40.1%), followed by education on COVID-19-related items (211; 21.2%), research studies (93; 9.3%), noncancelled cancer CONTEXT Key Objective What is the impact of COVID-19 on the surgical oncologic social media community? Relevance Patients and families are active on social media, and analysis of trends within these communities may allow physicians and academic institutions to respond to the rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic and further improve patient care. The primary objective of this observational, cross-sectional study was to illuminate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer care and surgery across the globe through an analysis of social media. Perspectives from academic institutions, patients, friends and family, businesses, and physicians highlight such topics as cancellation of surgery; COVID-19 education; research studies; and, less frequently, the resumption of surgery and cancer guidelines. doi = 10.1200/go.20.00326 id = cord-339252-ph10txit author = Keita, Abdoulaye title = Anosmie sans agueusie chez des patients COVID-19: à propos de 2 cas date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Dans la pandémie actuelle, l''anosmie associée ou non à une agueusie semble être un symptôme fréquent en cas d''infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 responsable de COVID-19. L''anosmie et/ou l''agueusie en l''absence d''autres maladies respiratoires telles que la rhinite allergique, la rhinosinusite aiguë ou la rhinosinusite chronique, devraient alerter les médecins sur la possibilité d''une infection par COVID-19 [3] et inciter sérieusement à s''auto-isoler et à tester ces personnes [3] . Ça été le cas chez nos patients qui ont été testé positif au COVID-19 et c''est au cours de leur convalescence que l''anosmie sans agueusie s''est installée brutalement, chose qui a été décrit dans certaines études [4] . Cependant, chez les patients COVID-19, il ne semble pas y avoir une composante inflammatoire aussi importante et l''altération de l''odorat n''est généralement pas accompagnée de symptômes de rhinite [1, 2] . L''anosmie est un symptôme observé chez les patients COVID-19. doi = 10.11604/pamj.2020.36.176.24027 id = cord-353599-cw29edwr author = Kelleni, Mina T. title = Early use of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in COVID-19 might reverse pathogenesis, prevent complications and improve clinical outcomes date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = In this manuscript, we present a novel theory to explain the pathogenesis of COVID-19; lymphocyte distraction theory upon which the author has used, in a preprinted protocol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); diclofenac potassium, ibuprofen and ketoprofen, successfully to treat COVID-19 patients. It was previously suggested that SARS CoV induced lymphopenia is likely to be caused by indirect mechanisms such as an increase in cortisol levels that occurred as part of the body stress response to this severe respiratory viral infection or by an iatrogenic effect of glucocorticoids used to manage those patients. Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial doi = 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110982 id = cord-286915-lhxg4vjn author = Keller, Brian C. title = Early COVID‐19 infection after lung transplantation date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; transplant summary = Herein, we report the first case of COVID‐19 in a lung transplant recipient in the immediate posttransplant period, and we describe the epidemiologic challenges in identifying the source of infection in this unique situation. COVID-19, the clinical syndrome caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, continues to rapidly spread, leading to significant stressors on global healthcare infrastructure. Herein, we report the first case of COVID-19 in a lung transplant recipient in the immediate posttransplant period, and we describe the epidemiologic challenges in identifying the source of infection in this unique situation. coronavirus, COVID-19, lung transplant Sixty hours after hospital admission, the donor was taken to the operating room for organ procurement following cardiac death. Given concern for infection, MMF was decreased to 500 mg every 12 hours, and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing via nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) was obtained on POD9, returning positive 35 hours later. Case report of COVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient: does immunosuppression alter the clinical presentation? COVID-19 in a lung transplant recipient doi = 10.1111/ajt.16097 id = cord-256482-xcoignha author = Kelley, Maureen title = An appeal for practical social justice in the COVID-19 global response in low-income and middle-income countries date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: An appeal for practical social justice in the COVID-19 global response in low-income and middle-income countries The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic hit the world''s wealthiest countries first, shaping global public health responses and messaging. First, the self-determination and agency of LMICs are important to uphold and respect, which means that LMICs develop and shape contextually relevant public health interventions, drawing on international partners as needed. 6 Front-line health workers also face economic hardships, reflected in ongoing health worker strikes in many LMICs. In Zimbabwe, for example, some clinical staff have not been paid for several months, and yet they are expected to lead the fight against COVID-19. 7 Key actions include lifting health facility user fees, ensuring fair pay, infection control training, provision of personal protective equipment, and COVID-19 testing for front-line staff. Assessing the hospital surge capacity of the Kenyan health system in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30249-7 id = cord-354039-2fwy9z19 author = Kelly, Brendan D. title = Mental health, mental capacity, ethics and the law in the context of Covid-19 (coronavirus) date = 2020-10-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = This special issue of the International Journal of Law and Psychiatry explores mental health law, mental capacity law, and medical and legal ethics in the context of Covid-19. Together, these articles demonstrate the complexity of psychiatric and legal issues prompted by Covid-19 in terms of providing mental health care, protecting rights, exercising decision-making capacity and a range of other topics. The range of possible implications is broad and includes actual or proposed emergency legislation, negative ramifications for the human rights of people with mental illness or impaired mental capacity, the pandemic"s potential impact on justice for these populations and various implications for legal and forensic practice in psychiatry. Taken together, this collection demonstrates clearly the complexity of psychiatric and legal issues prompted by Covid-19, ranging from providing mental health care to protecting rights, from exercising decision-making capacity to ensuring the provision of accurate, reliable information to those who need it. doi = 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101632 id = cord-305659-4pdtqmgp author = Kemmner, Stephan title = Cyclosporine as preferred calcineurin inhibitor in renal allograft recipients with COVID-19 infection date = 2020-06-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-305659-4pdtqmgp authors: Kemmner, Stephan; Guba, Markus; Schönermarck, Ulf; Stangl, Manfred; Fischereder, Michael title: Cyclosporine as preferred calcineurin inhibitor in renal allograft recipients with COVID-19 infection date: 2020-06-04 journal: Kidney Int DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.024 sha: doc_id: 305659 cord_uid: 4pdtqmgp nan The therapeutic regimen consisted of withdrawal of the antimetabolite, conversion to low-dose steroid and introduction of low-dose cyclosporine, azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine. He required mechanical ventilation for four days until his general condition improved significantly and the patient could be discharged after 17 days with stable allograft function. Therefore, switching to a Cyclosporine-based immunosuppression may represent another therapeutic option in the case of COVID-19 infection following kidney transplantation. A single center observational study of the clinical characteristics and short-term outcome of 20 kidney transplant patients admitted for SARS-CoV2 pneumonia COVID-19 infection in kidney transplant recipients Early experience with COVID-19 in kidney transplantation Cyclosporin A inhibits the replication of diverse coronaviruses doi = 10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.024 id = cord-280780-owudyf7j author = Kemp, Oliver J title = Comparison of chest X-ray interpretation by Emergency Department clinicians and radiologists in suspected COVID-19 infection: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Comparison of chest X-ray interpretation by Emergency Department clinicians and radiologists in suspected COVID-19 infection: a retrospective cohort study OBJECTIVES: We describe the inter-rater agreement between Emergency Department (ED) clinicians and reporting radiologists in the interpretation of chest X-rays (CXRs) in patients presenting to ED with suspected COVID-19. We compared ED clinicians'' and radiologists'' interpretation of the CXRs according to British Society of Thoracic Imaging (BSTI) guidelines, using the area under the receiver operator curve (ROC area). ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This is the first study to examine inter-rater agreement between ED clinicians and radiologists in regards to COVID-19 CXR interpretation. This study describes the accuracy of ED clinicians'' CXR interpretation in cases of suspected COVID-19 infection, when compared to radiologist opinion. Data obtained for this research included the treating ED clinician''s interpretation of the patient''s CXR as well as the formal radiology report, both according to the BSTI COVID-19 guidelines. doi = 10.1259/bjro.20200020 id = cord-336488-opjjowcq author = Kenanidis, Eustathios title = Organizing an Orthopaedic Department During COVID-19 Pandemic to Mitigate In-Hospital Transmission: Experience From Greece date = 2020-06-17 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = The aim of this paper is to review the existing orthopaedic literature and to present the principles of management and care implemented in the orthopaedic departments of a tertiary academic hospital in Greece to operate during COVID-19 pandemic in order to mitigate the risk of in-hospital transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to the medical, nursing and administrative orthopaedic personnel. In addition, we presented the clinical indications to delineate orthopaedic patients who deserve emergency or urgent in-hospital care from those that can be treated in the outpatient setting, as well as from the day surgery clinics or could not be admitted in the hospital, in order to decrease the SARS-CoV-2 transmission load. The proposed principles of management and care are deployed below as (1) general management of the orthopaedic departments, (2) recommendations for the management of traumatic orthopaedic injuries, (3) hospital pathways for the admitted orthopaedic patients (4) workflow of the isolated and negative pressure COVID-19 operating theatre (COT) and (5) postoperative care of the COVID-19 infected patients. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8676 id = cord-316354-pix0hmpj author = Kennedy, Nicholas A title = Organisational changes and challenges for inflammatory bowel disease services in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; IBD; IQR summary = ► Essential services for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients including outpatient care, advice lines, endoscopy and infusion units may be affected. The number of whole-time equivalent gastroenterologists and IBD nurses providing elective outpatient care decreased significantly between baseline (median 4, IQR 4-7.5 and median 3, IQR 2-4) to the point of survey (median 2, IQR 1-4.8 and median 2, IQR 1-3) in the 6-week period following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (p<0.001 for both comparisons). The number of whole-time equivalent gastroenterologists and IBD nurses providing elective outpatient care decreased significantly between baseline (median 4, IQR 4-7.5 and median 3, IQR 2-4) to the point of survey (median 2, IQR 1-4.8 and median 2, IQR 1-3) in the 6-week period following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (p<0.001 for both comparisons). doi = 10.1136/flgastro-2020-101520 id = cord-312293-2h37qxcg author = Kennelly, Brendan title = The COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland: An overview of the health service and economic policy response date = 2020-09-09 keywords = April; COVID-19; Health; Ireland summary = Transparency, a commitment to a relatively open data policy, the use of traditional and social media to inform the population, and the frequency of updates from the Department of Health and the Health Services Executive are all commendable and have led to a high level of compliance among the general public with the various non-medical measures introduced by the government. We analyse the available data on cases, hospitalisations and deaths, and outline the key public health initiatives undertaken by the government in Ireland. Ireland has followed a multi-faceted approach to the COVID-19 crisis involving measures to: 1) limit the spread of the virus in the community and specific institutional settings, 2) test and trace suspected contacts, 3) ensure that there were adequate healthcare services and equipment available for people who became seriously ill with the virus, and 4) limit the financial burden on individuals and businesses due to the response to the virus. doi = 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.021 id = cord-257268-6a6nc2k7 author = Kennelly, S. P. title = Asymptomatic carriage rates and case-fatality of SARS-CoV-2 infection in residents and staff in Irish nursing homes date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Aims: To examine characteristics of NHs across three Community Health Organisations (CHOs) in Ireland, proportions with COVID-19 outbreaks, staff and resident, symptom-profile and resident case-fatality. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.11.20128199 doi: medRxiv preprint Manuscript word count: 2498 words References: 14 Tables: 3 Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection and the related illness COVID-19 has disproportionately affected nursing home (NH) residents since its emergence in late 2019 [1] . We aimed to examine characteristics of NHs across three Irish Community Health Organisations (CHOs) in Dublin/Eastern Ireland, the proportion with outbreaks of COVID-19, symptom profile for staff and residents, and resident mortality rates. NHs with "early" outbreaks had a higher number of deaths expressed as a proportion of total residents but similar case-fatality rates for residents with confirmed/suspected COVID-19 as NHs with "late" outbreaks [ Table 3 ]. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.11.20128199 doi: medRxiv preprint In ten NHs with COVID-19 where total staffing levels were recorded, the median proportion of residents with confirmed/suspected COVID-19 was 43.7% (IQR 34.6-53.4%). doi = 10.1101/2020.06.11.20128199 id = cord-273235-jxsldz4o author = Kennelly, Sean P title = Asymptomatic carriage rates and case-fatality of SARS-CoV-2 infection in residents and staff in Irish nursing homes date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Asymptomatic carriage rates and case-fatality of SARS-CoV-2 infection in residents and staff in Irish nursing homes AIMS: To examine characteristics of NHs across three Irish Community Health Organisations (CHOs), proportions with COVID-19 outbreaks, staff and resident infection rates symptom-profile, and resident case-fatality. METHODS: Forty-five NHs surveyed requesting details on occupancy, size, COVID-19 outbreak, outbreak timing, total symptomatic/asymptomatic cases, and outcomes for residents from 29/02/2020–22/05/2020.  A significant proportion of residents and staff with COVID-19 may be asymptomatic  Outbreak timing (''early'' vs ''late'') may impact clinical outcomes for residents  Systematic mass-testing of nursing home residents and staff allows timely identification of asymptomatic individuals  Identification and isolation of asymptomatic individuals is essential for outbreak eradication and recovery in this setting To examine characteristics of NHs across three Irish Community Health Organisations (CHOs) in Dublin/Eastern Ireland, the proportion with COVID-19 outbreaks, symptom profile for staff and residents, and resident mortality rates. doi = 10.1093/ageing/afaa220 id = cord-027798-aq13cugo author = Kenny, Sue title = Covid-19 and community development date = 2020-06-01 keywords = community; covid-19 summary = In the context of the immense demand, there is growing pressure for community development practitioners to focus entirely on welfare work, as agents of the "benign" state. A society in which fear is amplified, power is ceded to governments and communities practise self-surveillance provides an ideal setting for authoritarian practices. Nevertheless, there is a growing chorus of voices warning us of the ways in which authoritarianism is seeping into the fabric of society, particularly when this takes place under the guise of controlling the Covid-19 pandemic. For example, we are being alerted to the ways in which authoritarian populists such as Orban in Hungary and Bolsonaro in Brazil have used the pandemic as a cover to extend their powers, by eliminating dissent and extending state surveillance. At the beginning of May, 2020, what can those committed to community development be doing in response to the Covid-19 pandemic and the changing socio-political milieu? doi = 10.1093/cdj/bsaa020 id = cord-284555-5qbigvun author = Kent, David M. title = When predictions are used to allocate scarce health care resources: three considerations for models in the era of Covid-19 date = 2020-05-20 keywords = covid-19; prediction summary = MAIN BODY: We review three issues of importance for microallocation: (1) Prediction of benefit (or of medical futility) may be technically very challenging; (2) When resources are scarce, calibration is less important for microallocation than is ranking to prioritize patients, since capacity determines thresholds for resource utilization; (3) The concept of group fairness, which is not germane in shared decision-making, is of central importance in microallocation. Because prognostication by physician clinical judgment is vulnerable to myriad cognitive biases [2] and prone to error [3, 4] , and because the extreme psychological burdens of this approach to allocation of life-saving resources should be avoided, there is an important potential role for prognostic models. While more generally it is assumed that patients at highest risk derive the most benefit from medical interventions, amongst the critically ill, this assumption is turned on its head: medical futility (i.e. dismal prognosis despite maximal therapy) is typically thought to be the most useful prediction for withholding of scarce critical care resources. doi = 10.1186/s41512-020-00079-y id = cord-279649-wllc0gl5 author = Kent, Katherine title = Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Predictors of Food Insecurity in Australia during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-02 keywords = Australia; covid-19; food; insecurity summary = Fifteen socio-demographic variables were collected, including age (in years), gender (male, female, other), local government area of residence, if they identified as from Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander descent, whether they have a health condition or disability that limited their activity, citizenship status (born in Australia, Australian citizen, permanent resident or temporary resident), the highest level of education, relationship status, household composition, employment status, total household income bracket and whether they were the main shopper for their family. Socio-demographic characteristics of the survey respondents according to food security categories and assessments of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment and income are presented in Table 1 . This study presents results from a survey of adults in Tasmania, Australia, assessing the prevalence and socio-demographic predictors of household food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.3390/nu12092682 id = cord-330676-urr9oqfc author = Keny, Dr Swapnil title = Emergency and Urgent Orthopaedic Surgeries in non covid patients during the COVID 19 pandemic: Perspective from India date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID; patient summary = This case series describes our experience of the first 18 emergency and urgent surgeries performed at a tertiary care institute in India during the COVID 19 pandemic following the protocols set up by our centre as per government guidelines and International recommendations. Between March 20th 2020 and April 30th 2020, over a span of 40 days, 18 Emergency and Urgent Orthopaedic Surgeries were performed on non COVID patients by four surgeons at our centre in the city of Mumbai , in India as per protocols set up at our institution. Once the preliminary thermal screening for Pyrexia and symptoms of COVID 19 was performed, the patients were directed to 3 different containment zones in the ER All Emergency surgeries were performed by personnel from the surgical team, the anesthesia team and the medical support staff wearing PPE''s. doi = 10.1016/j.jor.2020.05.012 id = cord-302566-pps56i3b author = Kenyon, C. title = Intensive COVID-19 testing associated with reduced mortality - an ecological analysis of 108 countries date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.28.20115691 id = cord-256665-p9vbeffv author = Kenyon, Chris title = The Forrest Gump approach to preventing severe COVID-19 – reverse the predisposing pro-inflammatory state with exercise date = 2020-05-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: The Forrest Gump approach to preventing severe COVID-19 – reverse the predisposing pro-inflammatory state with exercise The Forrest Gump approach to preventing severe COVID-19 -reverse the predisposing 1 pro-inflammatory state with exercise 2 chronic diseases predispose to severe disease is that they are associated with a pro-33 inflammatory state and an imbalance between the pro-inflammatory angiotensin converting Exercise has also consistently been shown to be an effective way to reduce blood pressure in 70 hypertensives [15] . If this theory is correct, then regular exercise and a healthy diet would not reduce one''s risk 76 of getting infected with SARS-CoV-2, but they would reduce one''s risk of getting severe 77 disease. We must acknowledge that randomized clinical trials in high risk populations would 78 need to be conducted before we can conclude that exercise and diet would have this 79 protective effect. As an alternative, the protective-effect-of-exercise/diet could be 81 tested in animal models of severe COVID-19 [18] . doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.003 id = cord-269559-gvvnvcfo author = Kergaßner, Andreas title = Memory-based meso-scale modeling of Covid-19: County-resolved timelines in Germany date = 2020-08-03 keywords = Germany; covid-19; model summary = Here, we combine a spatially resolved county-level infection model for Germany with a memory-based integro-differential approach capable of directly including medical data on the course of disease, which is not possible when using traditional SIR-type models. Based on the history of S, other quantities and subgroups can be determined directly from including medical data on the various courses and infectiousness levels of the disease via corresponding integration weights: We distinguish between the states infectious γ I , symptomatic γ S , tested and quarantined γ Q , hospitalized γ H , in intensive care γ ICU , recovered γ R and deceased γ D . Figure 6 shows the model predicted spatial distribution at county resolution of infectious, symptomatic, hospitalized, and patients in intensive care, following from the individual disease courses in Fig. 1 . doi = 10.1007/s00466-020-01883-5 id = cord-291483-ni6toh8c author = Kermani-Alghoraishi, Mohammad title = A Review of Venous Thromboembolism Phenomena in COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; VTE summary = One of the most important known complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the occurrence of venous thromboembolic (VTE) events, especially in critically ill patients and hospitalized in the intensive care unit. Diagnosis of VTE disease, especially pulmonary embolism, in patients with SARS-CoV 2 infections are incredibly difficult and challenging. As the first para-clinical approach in the diagnostic algorithm of pulmonary embolism, the use of D-dimer in the patients admitted with SARS-CoV 2 infection is controversial, because this marker has been increased as an acute reaction factor in hospitalized patients in need of respiratory care and loses its predictive value due to its low specificity (28) . Finally, according to recent studies, it is recommended that most of the hospitalized COVID-19 patients, especially critically ill patients admitted to ICU or cases with high D-dimer level, use pharmacological VTE prophylaxis (23, 37) . doi = 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100692 id = cord-346942-88l03lf0 author = Kerpel, Ariel title = Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Chest Radiographs for COVID-19 at Presentation date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; CXR; RALE summary = The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of chest radiographs (CXR) for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at presentation. 13 Data on the strengths and weaknesses of chest radiography for the diagnosis of COVID-19 are important, as CXRs are the most commonly used triage imaging tool in any patient presenting with respiratory symptoms. We identified our study population by extracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RT-PCR test results (positive or negative) of nasopharyngeal swabs from all consecutive patients older than 18 years analyzed at our hospital''s laboratory from the ED from March 6-31, 2020, who had a CXR at presentation (within 24 hours of the first RT-PCR). When the RALE score was evaluated as a prognostic indicator within the COVID-19 patient group, both readers had statistically significant discriminatory accuracy for severe disease and poor outcomes (Table 3) . doi = 10.5811/westjem.2020.7.48842 id = cord-315490-xs5v3uc3 author = Kessler, Remi A. title = Neurosurgical management of brain and spine tumors in the COVID-19 era: an institutional experience from the epicenter of the pandemic date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; case; patient; tumor summary = In this case-based formatted report, we present the Mount Sinai Hospital (New York, NY) Department of Neurosurgery institutional experience in the epicenter of the pandemic and the guiding principles for our current management of intracranial, skull base, and spine tumors. In this paper, we present our institutional neurosurgical oncology patient management approach for the treatment of brain and spine tumors during the COVID-19 pandemic in NYC. The following example cases are solely to provide our guiding principles and experience at this unprecedented time in neurosurgical practice at a large tertiary care academic medical center in NYC, the heart of the coronavirus pandemic in the United States. In this report, we provide examples of the Mount Sinai Hospital (New York, NY) neurosurgical experience and clinical reasoning for the changes in management of brain and spine tumors. doi = 10.1007/s11060-020-03523-7 id = cord-296592-njf6u0v2 author = Keswani, Rajesh N. title = How To Maximize Trainee Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives from Around the World date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; trainee summary = Furthermore, due to the high virulence of SARS-CoV-2, emergent demand for stringent standards of infection control, and rationing of necessary personal protective equipment (PPE) 2 , the overall endoscopy volumes decreased dramatically with only a minority the units performing outpatient procedures. The GI societies have been at the forefront in providing unique and impactful educational opportunities to trainees both regarding the COVID-19 pandemic as well as general gastroenterology and endoscopy. Local and regional GI societies are similarly addressing trainee member needs by offering new fellows'' series and sharing virtual educational opportunities across institutions. However, given the pandemic-associated limitation on endoscopy volume and trainee participation, this is a time for training programs to "rediscover" simulation. This has already occurred to an extent via global expansion of fellow networks through GI societies and shared web-based resources, providing trainees with a perspective on the global impact of this pandemic on training. • Societies work in concert with training programs to offer regional-based simulation opportunities (multiple institutions pooling resources) Virtual Learning doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.012 id = cord-267621-oc8bw7ft author = Kevorkian, Jean-Philippe title = Early short-course corticosteroids and furosemide combination to treat non-critically ill COVID-19 patients: An observational cohort study date = 2020-09-01 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = title: Early short-course corticosteroids and furosemide combination to treat non-critically ill COVID-19 patients: An observational cohort study 5 Therefore, to address the effectiveness of early short-course corticosteroid/furosemide treatment in the non-critically ill COVID-19 patient, we designed a retrospective observational cohort study. In the corticosteroid/furosemide treatment group, incidence of invasive MV or death given once daily for up to ten days reduced 28-day mortality by one-third among mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients and by one-fifth among patients treated with oxygen, while no benefit was observed in patients not receiving respiratory support at randomization. To conclude, our data provides evidence that early short-course of corticosteroids combined to furosemide reduces the risk of invasive MV requirement or 28-day mortality in the non-critically ill COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.045 id = cord-279525-76iq0gcy author = Kewan, Tariq title = COVID‐19 patient with immune thrombocytopenic purpura date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: COVID‐19 patient with immune thrombocytopenic purpura Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an acquired disease characterized by thrombocytopenia secondary to autoantibodies against platelet antigens. We here report a case of ITP in a patient with COVID-19 Laboratory tests on admission showed a normal white cell count, hemoglobin (Hb) of 12.0 g/d, and platelet count (175 000/mm 3 ). On day 13, the patient''s oxygen requirements increased and he was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) for monitoring. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. All authors contributed to article revision and approved the submitted version. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura Immune thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient with Covid-19 COVID-19-associated immune thrombocytopenia Hemostatic laboratory derangements in COVID-19 with a focus on platelet count Updated international consensus report on the investigation and management of primary immune thrombocytopenia Practical guidance for the management of adults with Immune Thrombocytopenia during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1111/ijlh.13303 id = cord-284038-93s3ffoy author = Keyhanian, Kiandokht title = SARS-CoV-2 and nervous system: From pathogenesis to clinical manifestation date = 2020-11-07 keywords = CNS; COVID-19; CSF; SARS; patient summary = Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a growing body of evidence indicates that besides common COVID-19 symptoms, patients may develop various neurological manifestations affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as skeletal muscles. Growing number of case reports and/or series indicate that a variety of neurological conditions and post-viral triggered autoimmune complications, as we discuss below, occur in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection which mainly include Guillain-Barré syndromes (GBSs) (table 2), myopathy and rhabdomyolysis (table 2) , encephalopathy, meningoencephalitis, encephalomyelitis, and myelitis (table 3) . Moreover, two cases of acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) in patients with COVID-19 positivity from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab, but without CSF PCR for SARS-CoV-2 data, were reported in the literature (Poyiadji, Shahin, 2020 , Radmanesh et al. doi = 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577436 id = cord-351740-779g8tr1 author = Khaba, Moshawa Calvin title = COVID-19 in an HIV-infected patient. Lessons learned from an autopsy case date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; HIV summary = We report the first autopsy case of HIV-infected individual with COVID-19 as the cause of death. The first confirmed case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was reported in China in December 2019. To the best of our knowledge, this manuscript represents the first published report of an autopsy performed on an HIV infected patient with cause of death attributed to COVID-19. The final cause of death was SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in HIV infected patient. In accord to what is already published, the lung findings on the index patient showed early phase of diffuse alveolar damage with associated microthrombi which is seen in COVID-19. Whilst HIV infected people on treatment with normal CD4 count and low viral load may not be at a high risk of serious illness, the presence of other chronic conditions may increase their overall risk (7) The fact that SARS-CoV-2 can cause transient immune deficiency, it denotes that HIV and COVID-19 interaction may have adverse immunological and clinical outcomes. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1435 id = cord-339637-hb6bsb6q author = Khader, Mohammed Abdul title = A cross sectional study reveals severe disruption in glycemic control in people with diabetes during and after lockdown in India date = 2020-08-18 keywords = India; covid-19; diabetes summary = A highly significant correlation (r = 0.89, p = 0.0145) was found between increasing age and reporting of higher BGLs. Conclusion: This study provides a firsthand evidence of major disruption in diabetes care activities during and after the lockdown phase in India and increased risk of poorer clinical outcomes, if infected by SARS-CoV-2. Inclusion criteria -People who are diagnosed with diabetes -Any gender -Age more than 18 years Exclusion criteria -Not able to provide informed consent for the study The questionnaire consisted of mainly 3 domains: A) socio-demographic details, e.g., subject''s age, gender, state, city, town, educational qualification, financial income; B) medical and social history, e.g., type of diabetes, comorbidities, smoking, and drinking habits; C) impact of COVID-19 outbreak on their medical and social life, e.g., frequency of clinic visits, changes in glycemic levels, digital glucometer at home, access to health care services, changes in the eating habits and physical activity, changes in drinking and smoking habits, online consultations, the reason for cancellation or postponement. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.011 id = cord-033882-uts6wfqw author = Khakharia, Aman title = Outbreak Prediction of COVID-19 for Dense and Populated Countries Using Machine Learning date = 2020-10-16 keywords = ARIMA; covid-19; model summary = The proposed prediction models forecast the count of new cases likely to arise for successive 5 days using 9 different machine learning algorithms. A set of models for predicting the rise in new cases, having an average accuracy of 87.9% ± 3.9% was developed for 10 high population and high density countries. The data on the spread of COVID-19 in the top 10 densely populated countries, viz., India, Bangladesh, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Pakistan, China, Philippines, Germany, Indonesia, Ethiopia, and Nigeria were analyzed. The best outbreak prediction model was selected for each country depending on the accuracy values obtained decisions. Let us represent the Prediction plots for the number of COVID-19 patients that would rise in the next 5 days for some countries, where an exponential increase in the curve is expected or the rise in the cases would remain constant. doi = 10.1007/s40745-020-00314-9 id = cord-253862-jl1zhg13 author = Khalaf, Khalil title = SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, and Advancements in Diagnostics and Treatment date = 2020-10-06 keywords = ACE-2; COVID-19; CoV-2; IFN; RNA; SARS; cell; patient summary = Although this novel virus is less severe than the first SARS-CoV outbreak, human-to-human transmission remains very high and the number of cases continues to rise exponentially in major urban areas, highlighting the urgent need to develop new containment, diagnostic, and treatment protocols. In the case of SARS-CoV-2, viral evasion of the innate immune system leads to an increase in cytokine production and late CD4+/CD8+ response, which then leads to pathogenic inflammation in patients with high viral loads. (ChiCTR2000029308), involving severe SARS-CoV-2 cases, compared lopinavir/ritonavir treatment with standard care alone, and they showed that the antivirals yielded no clinical benefits. In an open-label control study conducted by Cai et al., the antiviral activity of favipiravir + IFN-α was compared to that of lopinavir/ritonavir + IFN-α in patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570927 id = cord-035269-60im90ab author = Khalaf, Ola Osama title = Coping with depression and anxiety in Egyptian physicians during COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-11-11 keywords = COVID-19; scale summary = In this cross-sectional study, we assessed depression, stress, and coping among a sample of Egyptian physicians using an electronic survey. It included demographic data; Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21); and Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS). The BRCS score had a significantly negative correlation with the depression, anxiety, and stress scales of DASS (p = 0.018, 0.014, and 0.007 respectively). The questionnaire included demographic data; the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21) [12] ; and Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) [17] . The Brief Resilient Coping Scale score had a significantly negative correlation with the depression, anxiety, and stress scales of DASS (p = 0.018, 0.014, and 0.007, respectively) ( Table 5 ). Therefore, we can conclude that the psychological wellbeing of the studied Egyptian physicians in this sample is affected negatively by the COVID-19 pandemic suffering from depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms. doi = 10.1186/s43045-020-00070-9 id = cord-258344-55n3wwle author = Khalafallah, Adham M. title = In Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding “Impact of COVID-19 on an Academic Neurosurgery Department: The Johns Hopkins Experience” date = 2020-08-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: In Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding "Impact of COVID-19 on an Academic Neurosurgery Department: The Johns Hopkins Experience" The authors thank Dr. Venkataram and colleagues for their thoughtful and thorough 1 analysis of our recent study "Impact of COVID-19 on an Academic Neurosurgery Department: 2 The Johns Hopkins Experience." 1 As stated in our paper, we believe that publishing the unique 3 experiences of different academic medical centers during the COVID-19 pandemic is essential in 4 clarifying the many challenges facing both American neurosurgery as well as neurosurgery 5 across the world, and we also believe sharing such information is important for establishing a 6 consensus regarding best practices as the situation continues to evolve. Impact of COVID-19 on an Academic Neurosurgery Department: The Johns Hopkins Experience Elective surgery cancellations due to the COVID-19 pandemic: global predictive modelling to inform surgical recovery plans doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.033 id = cord-306008-kh4y44uy author = Khalatbari-Soltani, Saman title = Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards date = 2020-05-07 keywords = SEP; covid-19; risk summary = Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards Saman Khalatbari-Soltani, 1,2 Robert G Cumming, 1,2 Cyrille Delpierre, 3, 4 Michelle Kelly-Irving 3,4,5 ABSTRACT Disadvantaged socioeconomic position (SEP) is widely associated with disease and mortality, and there is no reason to think this will not be the case for the newly emerged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has reached a pandemic level. As COVID-19 spreads worldwide, it is crucial to collect and report data on socioeconomic determinants as well as race/ethnicity to identify high-risk populations. As COVID-19 spreads worldwide, it is crucial to collect and report data on socioeconomic determinants as well as race/ethnicity to identify high-risk populations. We identified published studies through a rapid review of PubMed from inception to 03 April 2020, with the following search terms: (''COVID-19'', ''SARS-CoV-2'') and (''characteristic'', ''risk factors'', ''socio'', ''socioeconomic'', ''occupation'', ''education'', ''income'', ''wealth''). doi = 10.1136/jech-2020-214297 id = cord-304328-6lwhuido author = Khaled, Arwa title = The Knowledge and Attitude of the Community from the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia, Toward COVID-19 and Their Precautionary Measures Against the Disease date = 2020-09-30 keywords = Aseer; COVID-19; Region summary = OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of the community from the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia, toward COVID-19 and their precautionary measures against the disease. CONCLUSION: This study confirms that residents of the Aseer Region have high knowledge of, demonstrate a positive attitude toward, and use appropriate precautionary measures against COVID-19, which is associated with obtaining information about the virus from the Ministry of Health website. This cross-sectional online study was designed to assess the level of knowledge and overall attitude of the community from the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia, toward COVID-19 and their precautionary measures against the disease. In summary, this study confirms that residents of the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia, have good knowledge of, demonstrate a positive attitude toward, and use appropriate precautionary measures against COVID-19, which is associated with obtaining information about the virus from the MOH website. doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s271899 id = cord-301828-qux5hvcw author = Khalifa, Ibrahim title = Tannins inhibit SARS‐CoV‐2 through binding with catalytic dyad residues of 3CL(pro): An in silico approach with 19 structural different hydrolysable tannins date = 2020-08-11 keywords = 3CL; COVID-19; SARS summary = We therefore theoretically studied and docked the effects of 19 hydrolysable tannins on SARS‐CoV‐2 by assembling with the catalytic dyad residues of its 3CL(pro) using molecular operating environment (MOE 09). Likewise, tannin-type compounds, such as epiacutissimins A and B, castalin, vescalin, chebulagic acid, and punicalagin showed anti-herpesvirus activity via targeting viral glycoprotein-glycosaminoglycan binding to inhibit access and cell-to-cell feast (Lin et al., 2011; Aires, 2020 The current study was designed to find out a potent inhibitor against COVID-19 from 19 structural different hydrolysable tannins which could target the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 using in silico approaches (molecular docking and drug-likeness scan). Among these hydrolysable tannins, pedunculagin, strongly interacted with the catalytic dyad residues (Cys-145 and His-41) of SARS-CoV-2-3CL pro , with sense binding affinity, docking score, and ADMET properties. Herein, we screened the structural relationship activity of 19 hydrolysable tannins as potential antiviral components and we chose the top three hits that may inhibit the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 and hence virus copying. doi = 10.1111/jfbc.13432 id = cord-274459-781by93r author = Khalifa, Shaden A. M. title = Comprehensive Overview on Multiple Strategies Fighting COVID-19 date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; China; Health; SARS; people summary = Our review aims to evaluate strategies of the most affected countries from different continents all over the world (China, Italy, Germany, France, Spain, America, Canada, Brazil, UK, India, Japan, Singapore, Iran, Korea, and Australia) for confronting the epidemic as it explains the best practices that could help other countries to overcome current or any upcoming pandemic. Most countries were forced to announce emergency measures to protect vulnerable people and block ways of transmission due to the continuous increase in confirmed cases by time as reported in Figure 3 [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . Most countries were forced to announce emergency measures to protect vulnerable people and block ways of transmission due to the continuous increase in confirmed cases by time as reported in Figure 3 [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165813 id = cord-252725-e3pazjdi author = Khalil, Ayman title = The upshot of Polyphenolic compounds on immunity amid COVID-19 pandemic and other emerging communicable diseases: An appraisal date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; SARS; TNF; anti; virus summary = In fact, several studies and clinical trials increasingly proved the role of polyphenols in controlling numerous human pathogens including SARS and MERS, which are quite similar to COVID-19 through the enhancement of host immune response against viral infections by different biological mechanisms. Actually, data indicated that activation of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB transcription factor (NF-κB) signaling pathway represents a major contribution to the inflammation induced post SARS-CoV infection and that NF-κB inhibitors are promising antiviral drugs against infections caused by the virus and potentially other pathogenic human coronaviruses [8] . Moreover, it was found to reduce the reactive oxygenated species (ROS) produced during viral infection and subsequently decrease pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 [25] and increases anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 [35] , indicating that it has clear antiviral effects on several respiratory and common cold viruses through its ability to reduce virus imputation, replication and viral load in vitro, as well as lung inflammation and airways hyper-responsiveness in vivo [29] . doi = 10.1007/s13659-020-00271-z id = cord-301297-vgijyani author = Khalili, Mohammad Reza title = Outbreak of methanol-induced optic neuropathy amid COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Outbreak of methanol-induced optic neuropathy amid COVID-19 pandemic We recently witnessed a significant increase in the number of patients referring to our eye emergency department in Khalili Hospital affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars province, Iran, with methanol-induced optic neuropathy. From about 300 patients with methanol poisoning that were referred or consulted to us, 108 cases of methanolinduced optic neuropathy were diagnosed in our eye emergency department (unpublished data) in only 2 weeks'' time. This incidence is far higher than the total number of patients that have been referred to our center and were diagnosed as methanol-induced optic neuropathy within the last 15 years. Based on the information obtained from the patients, there were several factors that have led to the methanol poisoning and methanol-induced optic neuropathy outbreak. All these together resulted in an outbreak in methanol-induced optic neuropathy amid COVID-19 pandemic with catastrophic consequences to patients'' visual function that ultimately resulted in permanent visual impairment in many patients. doi = 10.1007/s00417-020-04918-y id = cord-323020-9v44cg3b author = Khaliq, Maria title = An Analysis of High-Resolution Computed Tomography Chest Manifestations of COVID-19 Patients in Pakistan date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Objective The objective of the present study is to describe high-resolution CT (HRCT) chest manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients presenting to a tertiary healthcare facility in Punjab, Pakistan, and to analyze the distribution of the disease in lung fields. Each study was evaluated for the presence of ground-glass opacities (GGOs), consolidation, mixed pattern, distribution, crazy paving, reverse halo sign, nodules, pleural effusion, and other findings. Typical imaging features of COVID-19 on CT chest include ground-glass opacities (GGOs) and consolidation with bilateral and multilobe involvement and basal and peripheral predominance [5] . In this study, we describe the typical imaging features of COVID-19 pneumonia on CT chest in patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Punjab, Pakistan, and analyze the distribution of the disease in lung fields. The present study showed that the predominant pulmonary parenchymal pattern for this disease is ground-glass haze/opacity followed by consolidation, as seen in 88.5 and 52.8% of patients respectively. doi = 10.7759/cureus.9373 id = cord-321412-6g3obmzc author = Khamis, Faryal title = Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Adults with Severe COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-06-23 keywords = TPE; covid-19 summary = Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) was performed on patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) with confirmed or imminent acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or severe pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: The use of TPE in severe COVID-19 patients has been associated with improved outcomes, however, randomized controlled clinical trials are warranted to draw final conclusive findings. TPE was given after 7 and up to 14 days of illness to adult patients, 18 years of age, with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 disease who were admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) with confirmed or imminent respiratory failure and any one of the following conditions (ARDS Definition Task Force, 2012): The study enrolled a total of 31 COVID-19 patients fulfilling the WHO case definition (WHO Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance, 25 January 2020, 2020) with an overall mean age of 51  15 years (range: 27-76 years) and 90% (n = 28) were males. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.064 id = cord-273741-ipnt6g0i author = Khan, Adeel A title = Fluid Replacement Versus Fluid Restriction in COVID-19 Associated Hyponatremia date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Literature describes syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone (SIADH) as the mechanism of hyponatremia in COVID-19 requiring fluid restriction for management. We present a case of hypovolemic hyponatremia in a patient with COVID-19, which unlike SIADH, required fluid replacement early in the disease course for its correction. Hypovolemic hyponatremia should be distinguished from SIADH as these conditions employ different management strategies, and early diagnosis and management of hypovolemic hyponatremia affects morbidity and mortality. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been recently reported to manifest as hyponatremia secondary to syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone (SIADH ) [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . With the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there is a possibility of hypovolemic hyponatremia secondary to GI loss [7] . An early clinical judgement should consider the volume status of the COVID-19 patients with hyponatremia to decide between fluid restriction and isotonic fluid replacement. doi = 10.7759/cureus.9059 id = cord-300991-ipy24zxp author = Khan, Amira Sayed title = Obesity and COVID-19: Oro-Naso-Sensory Perception date = 2020-07-08 keywords = SARS; TNF; covid-19; obesity; olfactory summary = Through a recent upsurge of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, the clinical assessment of most of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) patients clearly presents a health condition with the loss of oro-naso-sensory (ONS) perception, responsible for the detection of flavor and savor. Hence, obesity represents a great risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, as it may hide the viral-associated altered ONS symptoms, thus leading to a high mortality rate in these subjects. Moreover, the number of immunosuppressive T-regulatory, Treg (CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + ) cells and concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were upregulated in patients with severe COVID-19 [18] , suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to "over-immunosuppression" in the case of obesity ( Figure 1 ). SARS-CoV-2 infection may further aggravate the ONS functions; mask the obesity-induced inflammation, including loss of taste and smell; and render the obese subjects more vulnerable and prone to severe pathophysiological consequences such as RTI, leading to death. doi = 10.3390/jcm9072158 id = cord-323898-054gv684 author = Khan, Anas A. title = Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Short Title: COVID-19 Survival and Cost in Saudi Arabia) date = 2020-10-13 keywords = ICU; Saudi; covid-19 summary = Objectives: Assess the survival of hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients across age groups, sex, use of mechanical ventilators (MVs), nationality, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This high reported rate of hospitalization among COVID-19 cases may exacerbate the cost burden of viral respiratory infections in a country that was deeply affected by the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012, and resulted in a huge financial burden with an estimated direct medical cost per patient of SAR 48,551.36 (United States dollars (USD) 12,947.03) [13] . In light of the high rate of hospitalization among COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia, there is a need to identify different sociodemographic (e.g., age, sex) and medical (e.g., mechanical ventilator (MMV) use, ICU admission) status that might increase mortality risk. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17207458 id = cord-254124-4p1ah2h3 author = Khan, Asif Iqbal title = CoroNet: A Deep Neural Network for Detection and Diagnosis of COVID-19 from Chest X-ray Images date = 2020-06-05 keywords = covid-19 summary = The limited quantity of testing kits and increasing number of daily cases encouraged us to come up with a Deep Learning model that can aid radiologists and clinicians in detecting COVID-19 cases using chest X-rays. METHODS: In this study, we propose CoroNet, a Deep Convolutional Neural Network model to automatically detect COVID-19 infection from chest X-ray images. The proposed model is based on Xception architecture pre-trained on ImageNet dataset and trained end-to-end on a dataset prepared by collecting COVID-19 and other chest pneumonia X-ray images from two different publically available databases. RESULTS: CoroNet has been trained and tested on the prepared dataset and the experimental results show that our proposed model achieved an overall accuracy of 89.6%, and more importantly the precision and recall rate for COVID-19 cases are 93% and 98.2% for 4-class cases (COVID vs Pneumonia bacterial vs pneumonia viral vs normal). doi = 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105581 id = cord-283900-4pa93xqi author = Khan, M. Ali title = Perceptions of Occupational Risk and Changes in Clinical Practice of U.S. Vitreoretinal Surgery Fellows during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; PPE summary = Abstract Purpose To assess perceptions of occupational risk and changes to clinical practice of ophthalmology trainees in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Main outcome measures Survey questions assessed policies guiding COVID-19 response, known or suspected exposure to SARS-CoV-2, changes in clinical duties and volume, and methods to reduce occupational risk including availability of personal protective equipment. Survey questions assessed training program environment, policies guiding 106 COVID-19 response, changes in fellow duties and clinical volume, and methods to reduce 107 occupational risk including availability of PPE. Discussion of data regarding differential reduction of SARS-CoV-2 or other coronavirus 307 transmission with surgical or N95 respirator masks is outside the scope of this study assessing ophthalmology trainee perceptions of occupational risk. This study reports 323 occupational risk perceptions, currently utilized risk mitigation strategies, and surgical volume 324 training concerns for second year US vitreoretinal surgery fellows mid-pandemic escalation. doi = 10.1016/j.oret.2020.05.011 id = cord-321718-nzxvbj8b author = Khan, Moien AB. title = “Covibesity,” a new pandemic date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The COVID-19 lockdown produced behavioral, psychosocial and environmental changes 31 which, through a variety of mechanisms, has led to widespread rapid weight gain 32 amongst certain populations worldwide. The COVID-19 lockdown produced behavioral, psychosocial and environmental changes 31 which, through a variety of mechanisms, has led to widespread rapid weight gain 32 amongst certain populations worldwide. 33 There has been an increase in food shopping, food take ways and increase in alcohol Since declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic on March 11, 2020, rapid global spread of 59 the disease has led to unprecedented measures. The early surge in cases threatened to 60 overwhelm medical services and led to more than 2.6 billion people going into lockdown 61 in order to ''flatten the curve'' of COVID. The impromptu nature of such 63 lockdown has triggered rapid weight gain, or covibesity. COVID 19 related home confinement in adults: weight gain 161 risks and opportunities doi = 10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100282 id = cord-253345-r4dhmpq1 author = Khan, Muhammad Bilal title = A Systematic Review of Non-Contact Sensing for Developing a Platform to Contain COVID-19 date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; WCSI; contact; non summary = This study proposes a non-contact sensing platform for the early diagnosis of COVID-19 symptoms and monitoring of the human activities and health during the isolation or quarantine period. (2) Propose a non-contact sensing platform for the early diagnosis of COVID-19 symptoms and the monitoring of human activities and health during the isolation or quarantine period. The rest of paper is organized as follows: Section 2 includes a literature review of the COVID-19 pandemic, the existing non-contact wireless sensing platforms and technology exploited, the monitoring of human activities and health, and the classification approach and accuracy achieved. A non-contact sensing method uses passive Doppler radar to capture human body movements to recognize respiration and other physical activities used for monitoring health. This research presents a comprehensive review on existing non-contact sensing of human activities and health monitoring that could be used for the development of a COVID-19 pandemic platform. doi = 10.3390/mi11100912 id = cord-327032-4bet4e8l author = Khan, S. H. title = Delirium Incidence, Duration and Severity in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-01 keywords = CAM; COVID-19; ICU summary = Background Delirium incidence, duration and severity in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to COVID-19 is not known. Therefore, we conducted this study at two large academic health systems in urban Midwest to measure incidence of delirium, delirium duration and delirium severity, and investigate risk factors associated with delirium in critically ill patients admitted with COVID-19. Patients who were discharged from the intensive care unit prior to 14 days did not have subsequent delirium or coma assessments performed outside the ICU. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.31.20118679 doi: medRxiv preprint cohort, hypoactive delirium occurred in 86.8% of patients on the first CAM-ICU assessment, and the median duration of hypoactive delirium was 4 days (IQR: 2-4). Delirium was defined as a positive CAM-ICU assessment in the patient medical record for up to 14 days during their ICU COVID-19 stay. Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) doi = 10.1101/2020.05.31.20118679 id = cord-279395-qfb06csa author = Khan, Samea title = Is Pakistan prepared for the COVID‐19 epidemic? A questionnaire‐based survey date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; Pakistan summary = In this cross‐sectional survey, a self‐designed questionnaire was distributed among 302 HCWs including physicians (10.9%), nurses (1.32%), lab staff (1.65%), and academic individuals including faculty and students (86.42%) of different organizations. [4] [5] [6] At present as the world health organization (WHO) has declared the COVID-19 as a pandemic, Pakistan is facing a critical situation and strict measures need to be taken to avert the threat of a national health crisis. The main aim of the present questionnaire-based analysis was to check the awareness level among the employees at educational institutes and the health care workers (HCWs) in various organizations across Pakistan. These include students and faculty (261) and HCWs (41) of which 32 physicians, 4 nurses and 5 laboratory staff in public and private sector educational and health institutes across Pakistan filled a questionnaire. HCWs (13.56%) of which 10.59% physicians, 1.32% nurses and 1.65% laboratory staff in public and private sector educational and health institutes across Pakistan submitted their responses to the questionnaire. doi = 10.1002/jmv.25814 id = cord-281501-ca9oxl7f author = Khan, Shumayila title = Neuropathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-07-30 keywords = ACE2; SARS; covid-19 summary = Emerging reports of encephalopathies and similar ailments with the detection of the virus in the CSF has elicited an urgent need for investigating the possibility of neuroinvasiveness of the virus, which cannot be ruled out given the expression of low levels of ACE2 receptors in the brain. One study from Japan which described the first case of COVID-19-associated encephalitis where the patient was admitted for convulsions accompanied by unconsciousness reported that although the patient tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 in a nasopharyngeal swab, the viral RNA was surprisingly detected in the CSF, and the patient MRI exhibited abnormalities of the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus (Moriguchi et al., 2020) . The preliminary reports which hint towards the involvement of the CNS imply an urgent need for more studies, and a systematic collection and preservation of CSF samples along with associated clinical data, at least in patients displaying extrapulmonary or neurological symptoms, to examine the neuronal aspect of COVID-19. doi = 10.7554/elife.59136 id = cord-254278-awdqguoo author = Khan, Suliman title = Association of COVID-19 infection with pregnancy outcomes in healthcare workers and general women date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Association of COVID-19 infection with pregnancy outcomes in healthcare workers and general women Several studies 6 focusing on infected patients from the general population have been reported, however, limited 7 information is available in the aspects of pregnancy outcomes of COVID-19 infected women. 15 We conducted a case series study on pregnant women (n =17) infected with COVID-19 16 admitted to Hubei general hospital (Renmin Hospital) from Jan 25 to Feb 15, 2020. To 20 assess the neonatal infection with COVID-19, cord blood and neonatal throat swab samples were 21 collected immediately after delivery in the operating room and were tested by using quantitative 22 RT-PCR. We conducted a comprehensive literature search for the current 24 outbreak of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women and a thorough search for the impact of 25 SARS-CoV pregnancy outcomes. Based on our findings in these seventeen patients, we suggest that COVID-19 infection 12 may lead to the occurrence of neonatal pneumonia and preterm delivery. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.03.034 id = cord-276769-th7iou21 author = Khan, Suliman title = Coronaviruses disease 2019 (COVID-19): causative agent, mental health concerns, and potential management options date = 2020-07-25 keywords = MERS; SARS; covid-19 summary = Despite physical health consequences, COVID-19 pandemic has created stress and anxiety, as result there is an increased risk of mental illnesses both in the infected and normal individuals. Although bats are thought to be the source of origin for SARS-CoV-2, the intermediate animal that caused the transmission of virus to humans, is still unknown [3] . The individuals at higher risk of developing severe disease after contracting the infection should be give the priority for treatment and providing the mangeemtn and health servicesConsidering the importance of COVID-19 in the aspects of the asymptomatic spread of the virus and adverse health impacts, it is deemed necessary to investigate the factors associated with the rate of infectiousness and severity of symptoms. After originating in bats, SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan, spread all over the world through human to human transmission, and infected millions of individuals. doi = 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.010 id = cord-279443-2e4gz2bo author = Khan, Suliman title = Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Required Developments in Research and Associated Public Health Concerns date = 2020-06-09 keywords = CoV-2; SARS; covid-19; transmission summary = To identify and select the papers in this review we searched the published research and review articles relevant to origin and outbreaks of three human coronaviruses, and features, transmission, spread, entry mechanisms, infectiousness, control strategies, and animals hosts for SARS-CoV-2. Although it is important to know about the symptoms'' appearance and severity, however, understanding the transmission of the infection to healthy individuals from COVID-19 patients and zoonotic sources can be of great importance in the aspects of developing strategies to prevent and control the spread of COVID-19. This outbreak was reported to be caused by SARS-CoV, originated from market civets before its transmission and infection in humans (17) . Early claims came FIGURE 2 | The SARS-CoV-2 transmission from bats via unknown intermediate to humans causes infectiousness known as COVID-19 disease. According to the CDC report on coronavirus disease, individuals with underlying chronic medical conditions are at higher risk for contracting COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00310 id = cord-296363-qgoxlqoq author = Khan, Yusra Habib title = Threat of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Pakistan: The Need for Measures to Neutralize Misleading Narratives date = 2020-06-22 keywords = Pakistan; covid-19 summary = We believe that ethical and responsible behavior of mass media, a careful advisory from the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority, stern measures from healthcare authorities, effective maneuvers to increase public awareness on COVID-19, vigorous analysis of information by data or communications scientists, and publication of counter opinions from health professionals against such theories will go a long way in neutralizing such misleading claims. Of these, alleged poor quality of vaccines, questioning of dosing recommendations, religious prohibitions ("infidel vaccine"), and rumors related to the presence of active virus in the vaccines are some leading claims obstructing the anti-polio campaign in the country. 1 Unfortunately, a conspiracy theory against COVID-19 vaccine is currently being spread in Pakistan. A similar approach was adopted by the country when the polio vaccine campaign was hindered by a conspiracy theory claiming that these vaccines were monkey-or pig-derived products, which are forbidden in Islam. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0654 id = cord-259181-g47n97tc author = Khan, Zahid Hussain title = Tests with proven value in diagnosis of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = At times chest CT-Scan is used as an important compliment to the rRT-PCR test for the diagnosis of COVID-19 because it has a higher Se reaching up to 97% (4) . Other than the chest CT-Scan, the currently available diagnostic tests for the coronavirus disease have a low positive predictive value for the disease because of a low Se and moderate Sp. Thus, we are witnessing a large number of false positives or else would be missing too many true positives. Improved molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 by the novel, highly sensitive and specific COVID-19-RdRp/Hel real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay validated in vitro and with clinical specimens Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases doi = nan id = cord-309138-44qpk2vf author = Khanna, Kanika title = Herbal Immune-boosters: Substantial Warriors of Pandemic Covid-19 Battle date = 2020-10-03 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; PAK1; SARS; infection summary = Moreover, AYUSH has recommended certain preventive and medicinal plants for prevention and prophylactic of COVID-19 including warm extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (advised for chronic fever), Andrograhis paniculata (advised for fever and cold), Cydonia oblonga, Zizyphus jujube and Cordia myxa (enhancing antioxidant, immune-modulatory, anti-allergic, smooth muscle relaxant, anti-influenza activity) and Ever since, has been elucidated that, PAK1 tends to cause cancers, viral diseases like HIV, Hepatitis, pappiloma, influenza, ebola, SARS and corona virus along with immune system suppression of hosts, henceforth, propolis would be quintessential in blocking COVID/coronavirus curbed fibrosis in respiratory tract and boosting the immunity of an individual (Maruta, 2014) . Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) From Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Study Molecular mechanism of action of repurposed drugs and traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of patients infected with COVID-19: A systematic review Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a review and perspective doi = 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153361 id = cord-318694-370ccaoc author = Khanna, Niharika title = Utilizing the Learning Health System Adaptation to guide Family Medicine Practice to COVID-19 response date = 2020-10-16 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = We examined Learning Health System guidance from the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine and adapted it to our primary care practice to create an efficient, effective, adaptive response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The DFCM reviewed the principles of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NAM) learning health system guidance, which recommend that each patient received care that was personal, safe, effective, equitable, efficient, accessible, transparent, adaptive and secure. A series of decisions lead to ultimate success: the first decision was for the clinical sites to stay open throughout the pandemic; the creation of a nimble leadership team of individuals who did not hesitate to lead their domains into the unknown; the creation of methods of data sharing and dissemination; leveraging infrastructure supports through the health system and information technology infrastructure; access to elite COVID-19 testing platforms; billing process updates, the decision to enforce active patient panel management by faculty and staff. doi = 10.1177/2150132720966409 id = cord-277679-sc9hugxr author = Khateb, Mohamed title = Coronaviruses and Central Nervous System Manifestations date = 2020-06-23 keywords = CNS; COVID-19; SARS summary = This minireview scans the literature regarding the involvement of the CNS in coronavirus infections in general, and in regard to the recent SARS-CoV-2, specifically. In December 2019, the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China. Accumulating evidence implies a possible link between infection with the novel SARS-CoV-2 and acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Accumulating evidence from the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, together with literature on other coronaviruses, suggest that infection with coronaviruses may be related to CNS manifestations or complications, including anosmia, acute ischemic strokes, viral meningoenchephalitis, acute necrotizing encephalopathy, acute flaccid paralysis, and other presumably post/para-infectious syndromes. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2 Detection of SARS coronavirus RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.00715 id = cord-104509-hxaq9bf5 author = Khateri, Sorour title = The Prevalence of Underlying Diseases and Comorbidities in COVID-19 Patients; an Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Cross-sectional and retrospective studies reporting the prevalence of comorbid conditions such as acute cardiac injury, acute myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, acute liver injury, shock, acute respiratory disease, and acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with COVID-19 were included in the study. CONCLUSION: According to this meta-analysis, comorbidities such as hypertension, acute liver and kidney injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, shock, diabetes, and coronary heart disease seem to be a predisposing factor for symptomatic and severe COVID-19 infection. In addition, studies reporting the prevalence of comorbid conditions like acute cardiac injury, acute myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, acute liver injury, shock, acute respiratory disease, and acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with COVID-19 were included in the study. Also, comorbid conditions like hypertension, acute liver injury, acute kidney injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, shock, diabetes, and coronary heart disease seem to be a predisposing factor for symptomatic and severe COVID-19 infection. doi = nan id = cord-277643-xh8z9v0m author = Khatiwada, Asmita Priyadarshini title = Paradigm shift of drug information centers during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19; information; patient summary = Pharmacists played a crucial role in direct patient care, medication information, and proper drug distribution with proactive communication among themselves and with other HCPs during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemic. However, new roles including immunization, contraception, public awareness, identifying infected patients and redirecting them to hospitals and isolation centers, logistics, supplies and clinical management, and being an information hub for patients and HCPs regarding the disease, transmission, preventive measures, management approaches, and investigational medications were identified [14, 15] . Even though the various services provided by the pharmacists during different pandemics were not directly through DICs, pharmacists were actively involved in the dissemination of information on the disease and investigational World Health Organization (WHO)-approved/non-approved medications to the patients, HCPs and the public. Detailed information on COVID-19 and its effects in patients with various health conditions, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus, neurological issues, and respiratory illnesses, can be disseminated to HCPs and patients/ public via DICs, thereby promoting the role of pharmacists in patient management. doi = 10.1007/s40267-020-00757-3 id = cord-349226-xzlc1pni author = Khatiwada, Saroj title = Lung microbiome and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): possible link and implications date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; lung; respiratory summary = To date there is no direct evidence from human or animal studies on the role of lung microbiome in modifying COVID-19 disease; however, related studies support that microbiome can play an essential role in developing immunity against viral infections. The COVID-19 disease is caused by a virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019 [4] . The COVID-19 disease begins with the invasion of lungs by SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the major complications that develop subsequently are related to lung infection and immune response generation, therefore, lung microbiome might play an important role from initiation to the progression of this disease [16] . The SARS-CoV-2 viral infection occurs amid the local environment of diverse microbiota; therefore, it is apparent that lung microbiota can have an impact on the initiation, development, and progression of the COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1016/j.humic.2020.100073 id = cord-310803-iig414jg author = Khazeei Tabari, Mohammad Amin title = Applying Computer Simulations in Battling with COVID-19, using pre-analyzed molecular and chemical data to face the pandemic date = 2020-10-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = COVID-19 is a disorder caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has CoV-2 genome sequencing demonstrated that ORF1a/b is closely similar to those from the bat, 4 civet, and other human SARS-CoVs, but the external sub-domain amino acid sequence of the 5 spike receptor-binding domain for this novel virus is only 40% similar to other SARS-related 6 coronaviruses. Nelfinavir was predicted to be a potential 5 inhibitor of 2019-nCov main protease by an integrative approach combining homology 6 modelling, molecular docking and binding free energy calculation Structural and molecular modelling studies 24 reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 25 infection Network-based drug repurposing 29 for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 Emodin blocks the SARS coronavirus 46 spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 interaction Repurposing didanosine as a potential treatment for COVID-19 using scRNA-18 seq data Repurposing Didanosine as a Potential Treatment for COVID-19 Using Single-Cell 20 RNA Sequencing Data doi = 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100458 id = cord-288394-h9hozu9j author = Kheirallah, Khalid A. title = The Effect of Strict State Measures on the Epidemiologic Curve of COVID-19 Infection in the Context of a Developing Country: A Simulation from Jordan date = 2020-09-08 keywords = Jordan; covid-19 summary = The simulation model estimated the highest number of total daily new COVID-19 cases, in the pre-symptomatic compartmental state, to be 65 cases, with an epidemic curve growing to its peak in 49 days and terminating in a duration of 83 days, and a total simulated cumulative case count of 1048 cases. The simulated epidemic curves for COVID-19 provided evidence that Jordan may have successfully implemented NPI measures that facilitated suppressing (containing) the spread of the epidemic by reducing the number of daily new reported cases and the total duration of the epidemic. The simulated epidemic curves for COVID-19 provided evidence that Jordan may have successfully implemented NPI measures that facilitated suppressing (containing) the spread of the epidemic by reducing the number of daily new reported cases and the total duration of the epidemic. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17186530 id = cord-277117-11m27kmi author = Khialani, Bharat title = Transcatheter management of severe aortic stenosis during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; TAVI; aortic; valve summary = With the primary goal of reducing the risk of spread of COVID-19, protecting patients and healthcare teams and preserving access to necessary/emergency care, the UK National Health Service (NHS) issued specialty guidance for the management of cardiology patients during this time. 4 While surgical valve replacement (sAVR) was the treatment of choice for decades, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become an increasingly safe and effective treatment option in patients at high or intermediate risk. 26 The PARTNER 2A trial, which randomised 2032 patients with intermediate surgical risk (Society of Thoracic Surgery Predicted risk of Mortality (STS-PROM) score 4%-8% and Heart Team consensus) to either TAVI or sAVR, demonstrated equivalent outcomes at 2 years. ► Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an effective treatment for AS and has less impact on hospital (and particularly critical care) capacity than surgical AVR. Transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement in patients with severe aortic stenosis at low and intermediate risk: systematic review and metaanalysis doi = 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317221 id = cord-337436-3xzgv370 author = Khider, Lina title = Curative anticoagulation prevents endothelial lesion in COVID‐19 patients date = 2020-06-18 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = METHODS: Study analyzed clinical and biological profiles of patients with suspected COVID‐19 infection at admission, including hemostasis tests and quantification of circulating endothelial cells (CECs). Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) are considered as relevant markers of Accepted Article 1 endothelial lesion or dysfunction (12) and were used to explore the potential vascular dysfunction 2 in COVID-19 patients. Among COVID-19 positive patients, 64% were above this threshold, suggesting a SARSThe originality of this study was to evidence an endothelial lesion during SARS-CoV-2 infection, 3 as witnessed by increased levels of CECs. Second, we show that this endothelial damage is 4 thwarted by curative anticoagulation. Interestingly, patients enrolled while they were treated with 6 curative anticoagulation had a significantly lower level of CECs, especially in the hypertensive 7 population treated with ACEi or ARBs. Increased mortality and/or morbidity of COVID-19 in 8 patients with hypertension has been described in China (3). doi = 10.1111/jth.14968 id = cord-277931-3hxhsmw8 author = Khitan, Zeid J. title = SCan Charcoal Improve Outcomes in COVID-19 Infections? date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; charcoal summary = We propose to examine the potential utility of oral activated charcoal with the hypothesis that such treatment would lower absorption of microbiome derived toxins and ameliorate systemic oxidant stress and inflammation. We propose to examine the potential utility of oral activated charcoal with the hypothesis that such treatment would lower absorption of microbiome derived toxins and ameliorate systemic oxidant stress and inflammation. It appears that age, renal dysfunction and obesity are amongst the most important risk factors for serious or fatal COVID-19 infection 3, 4 . To test this hypothesis, we would suggest first a proof of concept study where a relatively small group of patients at high risk for COVID-19 complications are given activated charcoal at doses similar to that used in previous renal failure studies 18, 19 when the diagnosis is first made. Uremic Toxins Activates Na/K-ATPase Oxidant Amplification Loop Causing Phenotypic Changes in Adipocytes in In Vitro Models Protein-bound uremic toxins, inflammation and oxidative stress: a cross-sectional study in stage 3-4 chronic kidney disease doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110176 id = cord-031518-1w14wr0i author = Khodarahmi, Reza title = The ACE2 as a “rescue protein” or “suspect enzyme” in COVID-19: possible application of the “engineered inactive hrsACE2” as a safer therapeutic agent in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-09-07 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = The authors expressed that hrsACE2 can block early entry of SARS-CoV-2 infections in various host cells, especially alveolar epithelial type II cells, as a viral reservoir and stated that they cannot make any predictions with respect to the effect of the recombinant protein on the later stages of COVID-19 and, also, honestly mentioned the study limitations. Moreover, since ACE2 is expressed in various tissues including the heart, kidney tubules, the luminal surface of the small intestine and blood vessels [2] and references therein), SARS-CoV-2could also infect these tissues, so that clinically, SARS-CoV-2 has been found in the urine, and cardiovascular and renal dysfunctions have been reported for many patients with COVID-19. As mentioned above, patients with COVID-19 have significantly elevated levels of plasma angiotensin II compared to that of healthy individual and membrane-bound ACE2 (in addition to protecting from lung injury, based on its catalytic domain) is the critical in vivo SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein receptor. doi = 10.1007/s13738-020-02049-z id = cord-338680-wwlttymp author = Khonyongwa, K. title = Incidence and outcomes of healthcare-associated COVID-19 infections: significance of delayed diagnosis and correlation with staff absence date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS summary = Due to the high prevalence of infection during the peak of the outbreak, one of the suggested strategies to prevent healthcare transmission was to screen all patients on admission by a single combined nose and throat swab assessed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA to allow segregation into COVID-19 positive and non COVID-19 cohort wards. The latter included assessment of the utility of a single combined throat and nose swab (CTNS) for patient placement, delayed RNA positivity, COVID-19 patients as sources of infection, self-reported COVID-19 sickness absence among hospital staff hospital bed occupancy, community incidence, and the incidence of other significant hospital-acquired infections. NHS England released its reporting criteria in May 2020 (written communication described in supplementary data) following which cases were also classified as per date of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection. Correlation between weekly incidence of HA-COVID-19 (including late indeterminate cases) and staff self-reported sickness absence, delayed RNA positive cases, community incidence and Trust COVID-19 bed occupancy is displayed in figure 3. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.24.20148262 id = cord-269408-6qncy0nd author = Khonyongwa, Kirstin title = Incidence and outcomes of healthcare-associated COVID-19 infections: significance of delayed diagnosis and correlation with staff absence date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = AIMS: This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence and clinical outcomes of Healthcare-associated COVID-19 infections (HA-COVID-19) during the 2020 epidemic and study factors which may promote or correlate with its incidence and transmission in a Teaching Hospital NHS Trust in London, England. Factors studied included the utility of a single combined throat and nose swab (CTNS) for patient placement, delayed RNA positivity (DRP), selfreported COVID-19 sickness absence among hospital staff, total hospital bed occupancy, community incidence of COVID-19 (CIC19) and the change in incidence of other significant hospital-acquired bacterial infections (HAB). When a HA-COVID-19 case was identified, actions included staff refresher training for correct PPE usage, rapid transfer of patients to a COVID-19 positive cohort ward, deep cleaning (washing walls and carpets) followed by increasing the cleaning frequency until no further transmission was seen (defined as no new symptom onset within 2 weeks of last known case and in haematology and geriatrics a CNTS was tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA twice weekly for all contacts up to 2 weeks from last positive case regardless of symptoms). doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.10.006 id = cord-281035-tv9t0zlr author = Khose, Swapnil title = Epidemiology of the 2020 Pandemic of COVID-19 in the State of Texas: The First Month of Community Spread date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Although the urban areas of Texas account for the majority of COVID-19 cases, the higher case-fatality rates and low health care capacity in rural areas need attention. However, among counties with greater than 10 cases, the highest incidence rates were in following four counties: We compared the distribution of county-level demographics and community resources by quintiles of COVID-19 IRs (Table 1) , including counties with no cases, in order to understand similarities or dissimilarities between counties yet to experience spread of the disease. Among counties with greater than 10 cases, the highest CFR were in: (1) We also compared the distribution of county-level demographics and community resources by quintiles of COVID-19 CFRs (Table 2) , including counties with no deaths, to understand mortality trends of the disease. To date, this is the first study to describe the epidemiology of COVID-19 in the state of Texas, with geographic trends and explaining possible county-level differences that are correlated with higher incidence and case fatality rates. doi = 10.1007/s10900-020-00854-4 id = cord-299312-asc120pn author = Khoshnaw, Sarbaz H.A. title = A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of the COVID–19 Pandemic Model date = 2020-05-25 keywords = covid-19; model summary = Mathematical models with computational simulations are effective tools that help global efforts to estimate key transmission parameters and further improvements for controlling this disease. Interestingly, we identify that transition rates between asymptomatic infected with both reported and unreported symptomatic infected individuals are very sensitive parameters concerning model variables in spreading this disease. Interestingly, we identify that 27 transition rates between asymptomatic infected with both reported and unreported 28 symptomatic infected individuals are very sensitive parameters concerning model variables 29 This helps international efforts to reduce the number of infected 30 individuals from the disease and to prevent the propagation of new coronavirus more 31 widely on the community. This helps international efforts to reduce the number of infected 30 individuals from the disease and to prevent the propagation of new coronavirus more 31 widely on the community. One of the identified key parameters is the transmission rate 515 between asymptomatic infected and reported symptomatic individuals. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109932 id = cord-291275-qylkm2tn author = Khosravi, Mohsen title = The challenges ahead for patients with feeding and eating disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-07 keywords = COVID-19; food summary = However, the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the patients with feeding and eating disorders (FEDs) are at this stage unclear. The COVID-19 pandemic can potentially aggravate FEDs and the associated mental health symptoms because of the intensified economic limitations resulting in food insecurity (that is, restricted food access caused by economic problems). These exacerbations may be caused due to several reasons, such as the stress-triggering impacts of the daily reports of new cases and mortality rate of the disease (some mental health professionals call it "headline stress disorder" [11] ; worrying about infection and death of their family members [12] ; the inescapable media coverage on the grocery shopping, food safety, food shortages threats, and "how to control emotional eating"; or the focus of some online contents regarding the pandemic on "how to appear perfect on a webcam") as well as at-home workout challenges can involuntarily strengthen the eating-disorder behaviors and cognitions [9] . doi = 10.1186/s40337-020-00322-3 id = cord-298918-o1bmulz3 author = Khosrawipour, Veria title = Failure in initial stage containment of global COVID‐19 epicenters date = 2020-04-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = We analyzed available data on COVID‐19 cases of eight majorly affected countries, including China, Italy, Iran, Germany, France, Spain, South Korea, and Japan. 8, 9 The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare case development, growth rate and doubling time during the initial phase of COVID-19 exposure for each respective country. The present study included F I G U R E 1 Cumulative development of COVID-19 cases in China, South Korea, Japan, Italy, Germany, France, Spain, and Iran according to WHO data. Data for the months of January, February and March and magnification of latest case developments outside of China F I G U R E 2 Cumulative development of COVID-19 cases in China, South Korea, Japan, Italy, Germany, France, and Spain within the first and second 3-week intervals. The first 6 weeks after initial reports of COVID-19 cases in Italy, France, Spain, Iran, South Korea, Japan, Germany, and China were subject to analysis. doi = 10.1002/jmv.25883 id = cord-282371-39qo9afy author = Khulood, Daulat title = Convalescent plasma appears efficacious and safe in COVID-19 date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy is a classic adaptive immunotherapy which has been in use for more a century to prevent and treat infections including SARS, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and H1N1 pandemic. Despite its promising beneficial effects in patients severely ill with COVID-19, CP therapy requires further evaluation in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) as a lack of satisfactory efficacy data from this area certainly enhances the hesitancy with regard to employing this treatment. Although CP therapy showed satisfactory efficacy in treating patients with severe COVID-19, 41 this approach requires evaluation in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) 38 as lack of data from this area certainly enhances the hesitation with regard to employing this treatment. 46 Recently, the FDA has approved use of CP to treat critically ill patients while a clinical trial of plasma therapy for COVID-19 has been approved in the UK. Treatment with convalescent plasma for critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1177/2049936120957931 id = cord-353275-pindjvhk author = Khurana, A. title = Prevalence and clinical correlates of COVID-19 outbreak among healthcare workers in a tertiary level hospital date = 2020-07-24 keywords = July; covid-19; international summary = In this study, we summarize the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 outbreak among Healthcare workers (HCWs) in a tertiary care hospital and compared various parameters and preventive measures taken by positive HCWs to a comparable cohort of COVID negative HCWs. 52.1% of COVID-19 positive HCWs showed symptoms of which only three needed hospitalization possibly due to a younger cohort of HCWs who got infected (35.9 +9.3 years). We also observed outbreak control with increased awareness, near universal testing, PPE provision, sanitization drive, and promoting social distancing among HCWs. An epidemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a positive sense single stranded RNA virus of zoonotic origin, emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019. Findings of present study found some protective role of full course (7 weeks) of prophylactic hydroxychloroquine as compared to a control group of negative healthcare workers with p=0.021 and use of N95 masks over others. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.21.20159301 id = cord-322233-1i6zj9b3 author = Khurana, Sonal title = Now is the time to press the reset button: Helping India’s companies to become more resilient and effective in overcoming the impacts of COVID-19, climate changes and other crises date = 2020-10-01 keywords = AHP; COVID-19; India; help; pandemic summary = Table 1 lists identified key factors, which were selected as essential for helping industries to rebuild in the post COVID-19 pandemic period and hopefully contribute to more sustainable societies, globally in the context of the likelihood of more pandemics in the near future due to climate changes. • Provide Economic stimulus packages to provide low-cost money to industries to help them to restart • Targeted social security programmes for those below the poverty line • Close cooperation of Government and industry to improve efficiency and resilience of production and supply chain management issues • Measures are to be adopted to ensure demand for locally produced products, i.e. produced in India • Strong and quick decision-making and effective implementation of the selected approaches • New norms for personal Hygiene and sanitation • New healthcare norms doi = 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124466 id = cord-309236-p4c2d5y3 author = Khurram, Ruhaid title = Spontaneous tension pneumothorax and acute pulmonary emboli in a patient with COVID-19 infection date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = We exhibit a case of a 64-year-old man with suspected COVID-19 pneumonia who presented acutely to the emergency department with tension pneumothorax and acute pulmonary emboli. Routine blood test results on admission were as follows: haemoglobin: 129 g/L; white cell count: 11.2×10 9 /L; platelets: 538×10 9 /L; neutrophils: Following initial management for the tension pneumothorax, a repeat chest radiograph demonstrated lung re-expansion with a small residual pneumothorax, but with no mediastinal shift; peripheral ground glass airspace opacities were accentuated, in keeping with COVID-19 infection (figure 2). The chest drain was removed on day 3 of admission following the CTPA findings of iatrogenic pneumatocoele, and a repeat chest radiograph showed significant reinflation of the right lung with no residual pneumothorax. To our knowledge, we have reported the first documented case of a patient with COVID-19 pneumonia presenting with both spontaneous tension pneumothorax and acute pulmonary emboli. ► Spontaneous pneumothorax and acute pulmonary emboli are important coexisting respiratory pathologies to consider on a background of COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-237475 id = cord-340887-k88hchau author = Khusid, Johnathan A. title = Well‐Being and Education of Urology Residents During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Results of an American National Survey date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; resident summary = To address this gap, in the current study we aim to assess the well-being, clinical practice, and education of urology residents throughout the USA during the COVID-19 pandemic through the use of an anonymous survey. Potential risk factors included: resident age, gender identity, level of training, practice setting (urban/suburban/rural), AUA geographical section, perception of local COVID-19 severity (Likert), marital status, children, perceived household susceptibility to disease (Likert), history of COVID-19 symptoms, months of intensive care unit training, redeployment status, perceptions of availability of PPE (Likert) and COVID-19 testing, cancellation of elective cases, number of weekly operations before the pandemic, perceived program and hospital support (Likert), perception of shared responsibility with attendings (Likert), and perceived difficulty meeting case minimums (Likert). Perception of support from hospital administration (β=-0.23, 95% CI=-0.40, -0.05) and shared responsibility between residents and attendings (β=-0.22, 95% CI=-0.39, -0.07) were associated with lower declination of redeployment whereas concern regarding ability to reach graduation case requirements was associated with higher declination of redeployment (β=0.16, 95% CI=0.00, 0.32). doi = 10.1111/ijcp.13559 id = cord-322159-3anst3os author = Kiaghadi, A. title = Assessing COVID-19 Risk, Vulnerability and Infection Prevalence in Communities date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; County; Harris summary = Methods: Across 46 variables, we defined five broad categories: 1) access to medical, 2) underlying health conditions, 3) environmental exposures, 4) vulnerability to natural disasters, and 5) sociodemographic, behavioral, and lifestyle factors. Thus, the goals for developing the planning tool are to better understand 88 medical access gaps and demands for hospitalization, identify parts of the county where more 89 protective measures and response actions need to be put in place, and have a data-driven 90 framework for estimating case numbers, hospitalizations, and deaths by census tract. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.03.20089839 doi: medRxiv preprint vulnerability findings presented above for Harris County (Fig 6, and yellow highlighted values in 426 Table 3); a total of 59,307, 98,702, 78,723, 105,431, and 59,624 seniors (+65 years) , who are at 427 most risk of COVID-19 mortality, are living in areas with the highest vulnerability in Category 1 428 through 5, respectively. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.03.20089839 id = cord-351142-g20f6bxc author = Kiaghadi, Amin title = Assessing COVID-19 risk, vulnerability and infection prevalence in communities date = 2020-10-29 keywords = County; Fig; Harris; covid-19 summary = A finer spatial resolution is important from a vulnerability and risk standpoint as demonstrated in a recent study that showed that the poorest neighborhoods in Houston, Texas, might be at a higher risk of hospitalization from COVID-19 [14] based on an analysis of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) underlying risk factors for severe COVID-19 cases [4] that include: asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and a history of heart attacks or strokes. In this study, we develop a rigorous planning tool at the census tract level that examines influential determinants of vulnerability to COVID-19 in 5 broad categories (with 46 variables) that include: 1) access to medical services, 2) underlying medical conditions, 3) environmental exposures, 4) vulnerability to natural disasters and 5) sociodemographic, behavioral, and lifestyle factors. Fig 9A shows the normalized total number of confirmed COVID-19 cases as of August 16, 2020, in Harris County at the census tract level. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241166 id = cord-305739-hr52e5iz author = Kiddell-Monroe, Rachel title = Inuit communities can beat COVID-19 and tuberculosis date = 2020-04-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Inuit communities are at high risk for respiratory infections and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) because they are currently fighting another respiratory infection epidemic, tuberculosis. 1 COVID-19 has been reported in Inuit communities in Nunavik, Canada; however, no case of COVID-19 disease has been reported in Nunavut, Canada. In Clyde River, Nunavut, the community is already implementing emergency readiness plans for the control of COVID-19. Community leadership together with a coordinated public health approach are needed to eliminate tuberculosis in Nunavut. WHO has recognised the need for community-driven responses and encourages implementation of innovative people-centred approaches to tuberculosis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Equipped with culturally appropriate information and ownership of the resources needed to tackle COVID-19 and tuberculosis, Inuit communities can protect and prepare their members. Elsewhere, communities that are given adequate resources and implement prevention and treatment strategies can win the fight against COVID-19 and tuberculosis. We can pass the flame: a community first approach to tuberculosis elimination in Nunavut doi = 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30091-8 id = cord-252513-zwdy1h7j author = Kiely, Daniel J. title = Health care team training and simulation-based education in obstetrics during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; simulation summary = title: Health care team training and simulation-based education in obstetrics during the COVID-19 pandemic ABSTRACT Health care team training and simulation-based education are important for preparing obstetrical services to meet the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. First, the impact of infection prevention and control protocols on processes of care (e.g., appropriate and correct use of personal protective equipment, patient transport, preparation for emergency cesarean delivery with the potential for emergency intubation, management of simultaneous obstetric emergencies, delivery in alternate locations in the hospital, potential for increased decision-to-delivery intervals, and communication with patients). This article outlines strategies (spatial, temporal, video-recording, video-conferencing, and virtual) to effectively engage in health care team training and simulation-based education while maintaining social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. virtual) to effectively engage in health care team training and simulation-based education while maintaining social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.jogc.2020.05.007 id = cord-331858-oz4mvyw8 author = Kifer, D. title = Effects of environmental factors on severity and mortality of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; July; international; preprint summary = Aiming to evaluate the association of humidity, and ambient temperature with the severity of the COVID-19 disease, we analysed individual-patient data for 6,914 patients with COVID-19 admitted to hospitals in Bergamo, Italy: Barcelona, Spain; Coburg, Germany; Helsinki, Finland; Milan, Italy; Nottingham, United Kingdom; Warsaw, Poland; Zagreb, Croatia and Zhejiang province, China since the beginning of the pandemics and compared it to environmental temperature and calculated indoor humidity. It is very difficult to prove causality in an observational study, in particular when many correlated factors are changed in the same time, but the observed decrease in COVID-19 severity with the end of winter fits very well with the known effects of outside temperature on indoor humidity and consequential restoration of mucosal barrier function, which is often impaired by dry air during the heating season 16 . doi = 10.1101/2020.07.11.20147157 id = cord-318979-1t68f5pp author = Kihira, Shingo title = Fatal cerebral infarct in a child with COVID-19 date = 2020-07-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-318979-1t68f5pp title: Fatal cerebral infarct in a child with COVID-19 cord_uid: 1t68f5pp Over the next 4 days his condition improved. Emergent decannulation was performed and a head CT (Fig. 1 ) revealed a large acute right anterior and middle cerebral artery territory infarction and subarachnoid hemorrhage in the left hemisphere. Neurologic exam demonstrated Fig. 1 Axial non-contrast head CT in a 5-year-old boy with recent COVID-19 infection demonstrates massive right anterior and middle cerebral artery infarction (asterisk) and subarachnoid hemorrhage in the left hemisphere (arrows) absent corneal, gag and pupillary responses and no movement to painful stimuli. This is an unfortunate case of a healthy 5-year-old boy with COVID-19 infection complicated by cardiogenic shock and hypercoagulable state. The combination of cardiogenic shock and hypercoagulable state presumably contributed to the massive cerebral infarction, with the contributing role of ECMO cannulation uncertain. Hypercoagulability of COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit. doi = 10.1007/s00247-020-04779-x id = cord-338415-6tmk7l89 author = Kihira, Shingo title = Neurovascular complications that can be seen in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-10-06 keywords = Fig; covid-19 summary = Hypercoagulable state has been described as one of the hallmarks of SARS-CoV-2 infection and has been reported to manifest as pulmonary embolisms, deep vein thrombosis, and arterial thrombosis of the abdominal small vessels. We present a series of cases of patients with COVID-19 presenting with intracranial and extracranial large vessel occlusions, intraparenchmal hemorrhage, and venous sinus thrombosis. Noncontrast head CT (Fig. 1 ) demonstrated subtle loss of gray-white differentiation in the right anterior middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory with Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) of 8. Subsequent MRI (Fig. 1d , e) demonstrated large acute infarct in the right MCA territory involving the right frontal-parietal-temporal lobes with associated cytotoxic edema and gyral swelling. These four cases include intracranial and extracranial large vessel occlusions, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, and venous sinus thrombosis in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, a few recently published case series have demonstrated ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes in COVID-19 patients [19, [21] [22] [23] . doi = 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.09.011 id = cord-266055-ki4gkoc8 author = Kikkisetti, S. title = Deep-learning convolutional neural networks with transfer learning accurately classify COVID19 lung infection on portable chest radiographs date = 2020-09-02 keywords = CNN; COVID-19; September summary = title: Deep-learning convolutional neural networks with transfer learning accurately classify COVID19 lung infection on portable chest radiographs This study employed deep-learning convolutional neural networks to classify COVID-19 lung infections on pCXR from normal and related lung infections to potentially enable more timely and accurate diagnosis. This retrospect study employed deep-learning convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning to classify based on pCXRs COVID-19 pneumonia (N=455) on pCXR from normal (N=532), bacterial pneumonia (N=492), and non-COVID viral pneumonia (N=552). Deep-learning convolutional neural network with transfer learning accurately classifies COVID-19 on portable chest x-ray against normal, bacterial pneumonia or non-COVID viral pneumonia. The goal of this pilot study is to employ deep-learning convolutional neural networks to classify normal, bacterial infection, and non-COVID-19 viral infection (such as influenza) All rights reserved. In conclusion, deep learning convolutional neural networks with transfer learning accurately classify COVID-19 pCXR from pCXR of normal, bacterial pneumonia, and non-COVID viral pneumonia patients in a multiclass model. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.02.20186759 id = cord-254177-jzdy1aq2 author = Kilaru, Austin S. title = Return Hospital Admissions Among 1419 Covid‐19 Patients Discharged from Five US Emergency Departments date = 2020-08-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = While many patient 18 characteristics, co-morbidities, and diagnostic tests have been evaluated as risk 19 factors for severe Covid-19 infection, we sought to include risk factors relevant to 20 patients being considered for ED discharge and ensure the robustness of the 21 model by limiting the number of covariates. Three additional risk factors were 6 associated with increased odds of return hospital admission within 7 days of the 7 index ED encounter: hypertension (AOR 1.5; 95%CI 1.1 to 2.0), obesity (AOR 8 1.5; 95%CI 1.1 to 2.0), and age between 41-59 years (AOR 2.1; 95%CI 1.6 to 9 2.8). 10 11 To our knowledge, no prior study has evaluated the outcome of return hospital 12 admission in patients with Covid-19 following ED discharge. Sixth, 17 we did not include the full range of potential risk factors as covariates in the 18 model that may be associated with return hospital admission. doi = 10.1111/acem.14117 id = cord-300310-21llzfxz author = Kilham, Henry A title = COVID‐19 apocalypse for children: Predictable, preventable? date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In his editorial Apocalypse Perhaps, the Editor-in-Chief gives us a fine and balanced analysis of the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. This commentary, then, is restricted to considering children and young people, and essentially argues that these age groups can reasonably be predicted to face an apocalypse from the downstream economic effects of the pandemic. First, although, is the joyous fact that it is very rare for children and young people to suffer severe disease and die from COVID-19. How much worse would it be if children died more often than much older people, or if deaths were across all ages? 2 So children and young people, then? Yet the damage to children and young people if we have a prolonged world-wide recession could be far greater, from the known direct consequences of severe poverty (Table 1) . doi = 10.1111/jpc.15039 id = cord-326584-io2f52kn author = Killeen, G. title = Why lockdown? Simplified arithmetic tools for decision-makers, health professionals, journalists and the general public to explore containment options for the novel coronavirus date = 2020-04-20 keywords = China; Coronavirus; Tanzania; case; covid-19; figure summary = Faced with such brutally difficult decisions, it is essential that as many people as possible understand (1) why lock-down interventions represent the only realistic way for individual countries to contain their national-level epidemics before they turn into public health catastrophes, (2) why these need to be implemented so early, so aggressively and for such extended periods, and (3) why international co-operation to conditionally re-open trade and travel between countries that have successfully eliminated local transmission represents the only way to contain the pandemic at global level. Faced with such brutally difficult decisions, it is essential for policy-makers, health professionals, journalists and the general public that as many people as possible understand (1) why lock-down interventions represent the only realistic way for individual countries to contain their national-level epidemics before they turn into public health catastrophes, (2) why these need to be implemented so early, so aggressively and for such extended periods, and (3) why international co-operation to conditionally re-open trade and travel between countries that have successfully eliminated local transmission represents the only way to contain the pandemic at global level. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.15.20066845 id = cord-314466-6j4vuqer author = Kim, A. S. title = Transformed time series analysis of first-wave COVID-19: universal similarities found in the Group of Twenty (G20) Countries date = 2020-06-14 keywords = CCC; CCD; COVID-19; Italy summary = To investigate the universal similarities among the cumulative profiles of confirmed cases and deaths of 19 individual nations in the G20, a transformation algorithm of the time series data sets was developed with open-source software programs. After these statistical phenomena were viewed as identical events occurring at a distinct rate in each country, the reported algorithm of the data transformation using the reduced time revealed a nation-independent, universal profile (especially initial periods of the pandemic spread) from which a nation-specific, predictive estimation could be made and used to assist in immediate public-health policy-making. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.11.20128991 doi: medRxiv preprint CCC of the E6 Figure 2 (a) shows that not all E6 nations have a similar onset trend after a certain latency period, but most appear to follow Italy''s profile after their CCC numbers exceed approximately no more than 100, denoted here as the default CCC threshold ν c = 100. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.11.20128991 id = cord-305618-tq401g18 author = Kim, Beom Joon title = Management of Acute Stroke Patients Amid the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Scientific Statement of the Korean Stroke Society date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; acute summary = title: Management of Acute Stroke Patients Amid the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Scientific Statement of the Korean Stroke Society If hospitals and emergency rooms establish pre-arrival screening measures for COVID-19, including assessment of travel history and respiratory symptoms, it would save time for acute stroke care. Measures to contain SARS-CoV-2 transmission during acute stroke care in the emergency room in case of outof-hospital occurrence or at the place of onset in case of in-hospital stroke (1) All medical staff should use personal protective equipment (PPE), including full-sleeved gown, N95 respirator, eye protection (goggles or face shields), and gloves. Otherwise, designate an angiography suite for treating a stroke patient with COVID-19 and prepare isolation measures beforehand. It is recommended that each stroke center develops and updates an institutional protocol for providing safe and efficient stroke care amid the COVID-19 pandemic, based on its medical resources, local epidemics, and emerging prevention and treatment options against COVID-19. doi = 10.5853/jos.2020.01291 id = cord-286709-rend93ng author = Kim, D.H. title = Personal protective equipment availability and usage amongst pediatric otorhinolaryngologists during the COVID-19 pandemic: an international survey date = 2020-09-01 keywords = PAPR; covid-19 summary = METHODS: A survey of 13 questions was created collecting information on: basic demographics of practice, types of PPE used for procedures of varying aerosolization risk, access to positive air-purifying respirator (PAPR) and patient testing for SARS-CoV-2. This would aid the practitioners to take into account recommendations by the governing bodies, otolaryngologic colleagues practices and their local resources to request for lacking PPEs. Herein, we report a survey of global pediatric otolaryngology specialists to assess their usage and access to PPE during the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey captured information on basic demographics of practice, types of PPE used for procedures of varying aerosolization risk, access to positive air-purifying respirator J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f (PAPR) and patient testing for SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110349 id = cord-280551-9hoxy5ok author = Kim, Donghee title = Predictors of Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease: US Multi-center Study date = 2020-09-17 keywords = CLD; COVID-19; patient summary = We performed survival analysis to identify independent predictors of all-cause mortality and COVID-19 related mortality, and multivariate logistic regression to determine the risk of severe COVID-19 in patients with CLD. The liver-specific factors associated with independent risk of higher overall mortality were alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) (hazard ratio [HR] 2.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29-4.55), decompensated cirrhosis (HR 2.91 [1.70-5.00]) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (HR 3.31 [1.53-7.16]). Future studies will be needed to analyze specific subgroups within the spectrum of alcohol liver disease (ALD) who are at higher risk for adverse outcomes with COVID-19. We identify decompensated cirrhosis, ALD, and HCC to be determinants of mortality in patients with CLD, and additionally show that Hispanic ethnicity is independently associated with severe COVID-19. In this large study of 867 patients from 21 centers across the US with CLD with COVID-19 we determine that patients with alcohol related liver disease (ALD), decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma have a high risk for allcause mortality from COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.09.027 id = cord-289370-3n56low4 author = Kim, Hong Nyun title = A Case of COVID-19 with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiogenic Shock date = 2020-07-08 keywords = AMI; COVID-19 summary = We herein present our first case of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for patients with COVID-19 infection who developed AMI with cardiogenic shock during hospitalization in intensive care unit. This is the first case of a patient with COVID-19 who underwent PCI for AMI complicating cardiogenic shock. Therefore, it is necessary to closely observe and properly test ECG, cardiac enzymes, and TTE (if suspected) in patients with cardiovascular risk factors or underlying cardiovascular conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. 15, 16 However, in real-world practice, it is possible to have a significant time delay between AMI diagnosis and the actual procedure because the primary PCI of a COVID-19 patient is accompanied by the possibility of COVID-19 transmission in hospital facilities, medical staff, and other patients. In our case, although he had AMI with cardiogenic shock, primary PCI was performed at the end of the scheduled procedures to minimize exposure of other patients. doi = 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e258 id = cord-031942-mfz313q0 author = Kim, Hye Kyung title = Effects of COVID-19 Misinformation on Information Seeking, Avoidance, and Processing: A Multicountry Comparative Study date = 2020-09-13 keywords = COVID-19; Korea; Singapore; South; information summary = Guided by the RISP model (Griffin et al., 1999) , the current study examines whether and how exposure to misinformation about COVID-19 prevention motivates or deters effortful seeking and processing of relevant information. Thus, we posit the following direct and indirect effects of misinformation exposure on information seeking and avoidance, as well as systematic and heuristic processing. Because misinformation on COVID-19 prevention is characterized by scientific uncertainty, we suggest that cultural differences in uncertainty avoidance may moderate the effect of misinformation exposure on information seeking and processing. Research Question 2 (RQ2): Do the direct and indirect effects of misinformation exposure on information seeking, avoidance, and processing differ between the United States and South Korea or Singapore? In predicting information avoidance, the direct effect of misinformation was significant across all three countries (Β US = .399, Β SG = .370, Β KR = .538, all p < .001), but the effect size significantly differed only between the U.S. and South Korea samples (p = .006; United States-Singapore comparison, p = .63). doi = 10.1177/1075547020959670 id = cord-353648-rl9dts7l author = Kim, Hyun Joo title = Guidelines for the control and prevention of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) transmission in surgical and anesthetic settings date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = (4) After completion of patient treatment or examination, and upon completion of any work that may involve contact with contaminants, including disinfection, cleaning, washing of instruments, and environmental disinfection, PPE must be removed, and hand hygiene must be performed (handwashing or disinfection) before leaving the area. If no humidification function is available, low-flow anesthesia (< 1-2 L/min) can be performed ( Fig. 1 ) (2) To prevent contamination of the anesthesia machine by a patient with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, a high-quality viral filter should be installed between the patient''s respiratory tract and the breathing circuit (as shown in the figure). If contamination of the anesthesia machine could not be prevented because of improper filter use or excessive secretion from the patient, disinfection of the inner components of the machine must be mandatorily performed. Cleaning and disinfection manual of Mindray anesthesia machine; https://www.youtube.com/playlist? Cleaning and disinfection manual of Draeger anesthesia machine; https:// www. doi = 10.4097/kja.20235 id = cord-280917-j2a77fw3 author = Kim, Hyun-Sook title = Self-care recommendations for patients with rheumatic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Self-care recommendations for patients with rheumatic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic Adherence to strict personal hygiene rules and proper treatment are important for respiratory virus protection in patients with rheumatic diseases. Selfcare against COVID-19 for Koreans with rheumatic diseases includes conduct during infectious disease outbreaks, washing hands, precautions against airborne particles or droplets, universal facial mask use, avoiding people with a fever or symptoms and public places, being physically active inside, sun exposure, a regular diet, mental health, no smoking, treatment adherence, and caution regarding health supplement advertising. Patients with rheumatic diseases use a variety of immunomodulators and anti-inflammatory drugs administered under the supervision of a rheumatologist. Therefore, the KCR does not recommend taking health supplements for COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases. We do not know how the COVID-19 pandemic will affect people with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases in the long term. doi = 10.1007/s00296-020-04614-4 id = cord-034058-8lokg6hs author = Kim, In Kyung title = The impact of social distancing on box-office revenue: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-21 keywords = Korea; covid-19; market; movie summary = In this paper, I study the short-run effect of social distancing due to the COVID-19 outbreak on movie demand and box-office revenue. Using multi-market data from the first week of January 2017 to the third week of February 2020, I first estimate a nested logit model of movie demand similar to those considered in the previous literature (Einav 2007; Moul 2007; Leung et al. Following these works, in this paper I consider the nested logit framework for movie demand estimation, but unlike them, I use multi-market data that allow me to estimate the varying effect of the COVID-19 outbreak on consumer utility and ticket sales in different markets. In this paper, I study the short-run impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the Korean movie theater industry through the change in consumer behavior, quantifying the revenue loss due to consumers'' voluntary social distancing practices during the first five weeks after the outbreak. doi = 10.1007/s11129-020-09230-x id = cord-318681-enq0j6dr author = Kim, Je Hyeong title = Experience of augmenting critical care capacity in Daegu during COVID-19 incident in South Korea date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19; Daegu summary = To establish a system for transferring and treat critically ill patients to other regions, KSCCM started to identify available ICU beds for COVID-19 critically ill patients and contact and discuss with the relevant government authorities [3] . After arriving at Daegu Dongsan Hospital, the medical team held a meeting with hospital officials to find out the current status of intensive care such as the number of critically ill patients and medical staffs, the size of ICUs, beds, facilities, and equipment. This medical collaboration is an unprecedented case in which local hospitals, professional medical staffs from an academic society, national medical institutions, private medical institutions, a healthcare NGO, and the Community Chest of Korea established a cooperative system to augment critical care capacity to treat critically ill patients in the face of disaster caused by a new infectious disease. doi = 10.4266/acc.2020.00275 id = cord-286853-9gbel3pq author = Kim, Jiwon title = Prognostic Utility of Right Ventricular Remodeling Over Conventional Risk Stratification in Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a growing pandemic that confers augmented risk for right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and dilation; the prognostic utility of adverse RV remodeling in COVID-19 patients is uncertain. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to test whether adverse RV remodeling (dysfunction/dilation) predicts COVID-19 prognosis independent of clinical and biomarker risk stratification. Cardiac injury has also been reported to predict prognosis among COVID-19-infected patients, as evidenced by outcomes data that troponin elevation was present in 46% of nonsurvivors as opposed to 1% of survivors (5) and was associated with a >10-fold increased risk of mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients (6) . Related to this, it is important to note that whereas our results demonstrate adverse RV remodeling to strongly predict mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19, available study data was insufficient to establish the mechanism for RV dilation or dysfunction. doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.066 id = cord-300802-2y2oxss4 author = Kim, Judith title = Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Outcomes for Patients Admitted with Gastrointestinal Bleeding in New York City date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This study examined the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on outcomes for patients admitted for gastrointestinal bleeding at two affiliated hospitals in New York City, the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic 2 . This was a retrospective cohort study of all adults ≥18 years of age admitted with suspected gastrointestinal bleeding from February 1, 2020 to April 24, 2020 at two hospitals in Northern Manhattan affiliated within a single healthcare system (Columbia University Irving Medical Center). This study aimed to characterize the impact of massive reorganization to hospital operations during the COVID-19 pandemic on outcomes for patients admitted with gastrointestinal bleeding at two hospitals in New York City. Patients admitted during the pandemic, even those without COVID-19, had more concerning laboratory findings on admission, were less likely to undergo inpatient endoscopy, more likely to be transfused, and had increased hospital length of stay. doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.031 id = cord-295715-d8zrn42r author = Kim, Jungkeun title = Effect of COVID-19 on Preference for Private Dining Facilities in Restaurants date = 2020-07-21 keywords = covid-19; private summary = Abstract The present research investigates the effect of the perceived threat of the virus on the preference for private dining facilities. Based on Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) (Elliot, 2006) theory, the contagion effect (Argo, Dahl, & Morales, 2006) , and crisis management theory (Barton, 1994) , in this paper we examine the effect of the salience of COVID-19 on the preference for restaurants with private dining facilities or private tables. The high perceived threat of the COVID-19 pandemic will increase preference for a restaurant with private rooms. Study 1 investigated the main prediction about the effect of the perceived threat of the virus on the attitude towards the private dining restaurant. This research note provided four empirical studies investigating the effect of the perceived threat or salience of the virus on the preference for the private dining restaurant or dining table. doi = 10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.07.008 id = cord-264143-30h09e1k author = Kim, M. S. title = Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Pharmacological Managements for Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Protocol for Systematic Review and Trade-Off Network Meta-Analysis. date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; preprint summary = title: Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Pharmacological Managements for Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Protocol for Systematic Review and Trade-Off Network Meta-Analysis. Therefore, in this network meta-analysis (NMA), we aim to compare the multiple treatment options that are currently being investigated for COVID-19 with the goal of synthesizing the scattered research results on the pharmacological treatment of COVID-19, determining which agents have demonstrated efficacy, and finally comparing agents against each other to determine which ones are most effective and safe for hospitalized COVID-19 patients based on data accrued so far. Strength of evidence (SoE) evaluates potential weaknesses that must be taken into account when interpreting the results including small sample size effect, unrealistically large or small odds ratios with extended 95% confidential intervals, high risk of bias of individuals studies composing individual outcomes, inconsistency between direct and indirect evidence, and several other reporting biases. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.18.20103697 id = cord-034156-adcnahpn author = Kim, Michael G. title = Fatal Cerebral Edema in a Child with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-22 keywords = PMIS; covid-19 summary = Many patients with the pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome (PMIS) associated with COVID-19 present without respiratory symptoms. [1, 2] We present a pediatric patient with COVID-19 who experienced rapid neurologic deterioration, diffuse cerebral edema, and ultimately brain death secondary to PMIS. His serum inflammatory labs showed a normal procalcitonin, ferritin, and white blood cell count, but had an elevated C-reactive protein of 13 mg/dL (0.00-0.50 mg/dL), erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 38 mm/hr (0-15 mm/hr), and Ddimer of 6.54 mg/L (<0.59 mg/L). [3, 4] An overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines can cause vascular injury, cell death, and increased vascular permeability, which could account for the cerebral edema in our patient. It is unclear why PMIS presents in a delayed fashion in pediatric patients who otherwise J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Kim 4 did not manifest the early stages of COVID-19. Pediatric COVID-associated Multi-system Inflammatory Syndrome (PMIS) doi = 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.10.005 id = cord-281487-x0a9qgjs author = Kim, Min Young title = General Approach to the Clinical Care of Solid Organ Transplant Recipients with COVID-19 Infection: Management for Transplant Recipients date = 2020-10-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; recipient; transplant summary = The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic has led to unique challenges in solid organ transplantation as centers balance the risk of caring for immunosuppressed patients with the best timing and urgency of transplantation. Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia were included Abbreviations: CHF, congestive heart failure; Because renal abnormalities are associated with a high risk of in-hospital death and appear to be more prevalent in transplant recipients [36] , serum creatinine and urinalysis should be monitored closely. Figure 1 shows a model for the management of solid organ transplant recipients during COVID-19 pandemic, based on recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Society of Transplantation (AST) [52, 61] . Transplant recipients with direct contact (< 6 ft for ≥ 15 min) with a COVID-19 infected individual should be quarantined for 14 days and consider testing for SARS-CoV-2 after exposure or if they develop symptoms [49, 52] . doi = 10.1007/s40472-020-00305-y id = cord-262681-2voe4r7f author = Kim, Moon-Young title = Proposal of the Autopsy Guideline for Infectious Diseases: Preparation for the Post-COVID-19 Era (abridged translation) date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; Korea; autopsy; death summary = The autopsy, one of the most important tools of forensic medicine, is also useful to infectious diseases because it identifies the causal relationship between death and infection, reveals medical and epidemiological knowledge, and provides objective evidence for legal disputes. Therefore, a guideline for the standard autopsy for infectious diseases is stated here, which aims to: 1) provide scientific grounds to establish appropriate plans for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, 2) contribute to improving national health by controlling the spread of pathogens within the community, and 3) protect human resources engaged in autopsy-related work from the risk of infection. In the case of personnel who participated in the autopsy of a body confirmed to be infected but the standard protocol was followed, there is no possibility of exposure, so only selfmonitoring of the symptoms and the minimizing of face-to-face contacts during the expected incubation period are required. doi = 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e310 id = cord-254825-c5d0wul9 author = Kim, Sei Won title = Containment of a healthcare-associated COVID-19 outbreak in a university hospital in Seoul, Korea: A single-center experience date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the results of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing, contact history, and presence of respiratory symptoms in a single center with a healthcare-associated COVID-19 outbreak. We reviewed the history of patients to assess whether they visited China or other high-risk countries within two weeks prior to the outbreak of healthcare-associated COVID-19, or if they came into contact with confirmed COVID-19 cases. After SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed, the Seoul city government announced the closure of the hospital on February 21, 2020, to prevent a healthcare-associated outbreak. After the hospital staff member responsible for transporting patients was confirmed as the first COVID-19 case, people with contact history, fever, or respiratory symptoms were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection with RT-PCR (Fig 2) . After the first case was reported, epidemiologists from KCDC and the infection control unit of our hospital reviewed electronic medical charts, CCTV, and personal movements to identify individuals with potential contact with confirmed COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0237692 id = cord-277564-x5qfxag3 author = Kim, Si-Hyun title = Infection prevention and control practices for emergency surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary care hospital in South Korea date = 2020-10-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Infection prevention and control practices for emergency surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary care hospital in South Korea Patients with findings suggestive of COVID-19 should be placed in a negative-pressure isolation room in the ED until the results of the rRT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 are confirmed as negative. However, patients requiring emergency surgery before confirmed negative SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR test results are evaluated for the risk of transmission by infectious disease specialists and the infection control team based on 3 criteria: clinical signs or symptoms, epidemiological risk, and chest radiological findings (Fig. 1 ). Patients who still have unconfirmed SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR test at the end of the surgery are transferred to the cohort ward, a single room, or a negative-pressure isolation room according to their risk. doi = 10.1016/j.ijso.2020.10.007 id = cord-287470-otsts5c9 author = Kim, So Mi title = Perception and attitudes of medical students on clinical clerkship in the era of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; clerkship; student summary = DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey with web-based 3-fields/14-items questionnaire was conducted, from April 7 to 14, 2020, to evaluate their self-assessed perception and attitudes on clerkship training of hospital practice under the COVID-19 outbreak and spread among 161 (78 on pre-clerkship course, 83 on clinical clerkship course) medical students at Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea. CONCLUSIONS: In circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic, educational strategies to clinical clerkship training for medical students should be developed to provide them with the opportunity to be actively involved in hospital practice under strict safety guidance focused on preventing virus infection and transmission. In this survey, the majority of medical students showed a positive attitude toward hospital practices at this time, despite concerns that clerkship training during the COVID-19 pandemic could spread the virus. doi = 10.1080/10872981.2020.1809929 id = cord-310190-405m9bco author = Kim, Tark title = Strategical Preparedness and Response Actions in the Healthcare System Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 according to Transmission Scenario in Korea date = 2020-07-22 keywords = Korea; covid-19 summary = Depending on the epidemiological situation, each medical institution should systematically share the responsibility for patient screening, disposition and treatment according to clinical severity. Therefore, we suggest preparedness and response actions in the healthcare system against COVID-19 according to the transmission scenario in Korea on our experiences. The healthcare system of Korea is under a national health insurance system achieving universal coverage for all Korean citizens.The medical institutions are classified by the function, the number of beds and specialty departments as follows: public health centers, private clinic (<30 beds), hospital (30 -99 beds), general hospital (≥100 beds, 6 -9 specialities) and tertiary carehospital (≥500 beds, ≥20 specialities) [5] . In the situation from scenario 3 and 4, ARIC is dedicated to screening for COVID-19 patients, so that other private clinics ordinarily maintain their care. doi = 10.3947/ic.2020.52.3.389 id = cord-262520-480kgpp2 author = Kim, Yun Jeong title = How to keep patients and staff safe from accidental SARS-CoV-2 exposure in the emergency room: Lessons from South Korea’s explosive COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: How to keep patients and staff safe from accidental SARS-CoV-2 exposure in the emergency room: Lessons from South Korea''s explosive COVID-19 outbreak Conclusions: Problematic accidental exposure and nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 can be successfully prevented through active isolation and surveillance policies and comprehensive PPE use despite longer ER stays and the presence of more severely ill patients during a severe COVID-19 outbreak. Conclusions: Problematic accidental exposure and nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 can be successfully prevented through active isolation and surveillance policies and comprehensive PPE use despite longer ER stays and the presence of more severely ill patients during a severe COVID-19 outbreak. 5 To prevent ER shutdown and nosocomial transmission of COVID-19, many ERs in Daegu revised triage procedures and performed active surveillance and isolation and implemented a universal mask policy and comprehensive use of PPE, similar to our hospital. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.376 id = cord-316632-rr9f88oi author = Kimura, Yurika title = Society of swallowing and dysphagia of Japan: Position statement on dysphagia management during the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-07-23 keywords = PPE; SARS; covid-19 summary = On April 14, the Society of Swallowing and Dysphagia of Japan (SSDJ) proposed its position statement on dysphagia treatment considering the ongoing spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This statement is arranged into separate sections providing information and advice in consideration of the COVID-19 outbreak, including "terminology", "clinical swallowing assessment and examination", "swallowing therapy", "oral care", "surgical procedure for dysphagia", "tracheotomy care", and "nursing care". The current set of statements on dysphagia management in the COVID-19 outbreak is not an evidence-based clinical practice guideline, but a guide for all healthcare workers involved in the treatment of dysphagia during the COVID-19 epidemic to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. 48 This statement is arranged into separate sections provid-49 ing information and advice considering the COVID-19 out-50 break, including "clinical swallowing assessment and ex-51 amination", "dysphagia rehabilitation", "oral care", "nursing 52 care", "surgical procedure for dysphagia", and "tracheotomy 53 care". doi = 10.1016/j.anl.2020.07.009 id = cord-325794-lir8ht2i author = Kinar, Y. title = Predicting individual risk for COVID19 complications using EMR data date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; ILI summary = the use of an existing EMR-based model for predicting complications due to influenza combined with available epidemiological data to create a model that identifies individuals at high risk to develop complications due to COVID-19 and b. The available dataset for COVID-based model included a total 2137 SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals who were either not hospitalized (n=1658), or hospitalized and marked as mild (n=332), or as having moderate (n=83) or severe (n=64) complications. Here, we describe two approaches and tools to assess the individual risk of developing COVID-19 complications based on medical records: a model developed by combining a machinelearning approach for influenza-like illness (ILI) to be used as a proxy model for COVID-19 and a second model using data on COVID-19 patients. As an initial prior we used the information based on COVID-19 mortality available from China [https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-age-sex-demographics/] as proxy for complications probabilities (appendix table 1). doi = 10.1101/2020.06.03.20121574 id = cord-258019-njky7v5x author = Kinaret, Pia A.S. title = Covid-19 acute responses and possible long term consequences: What nanotoxicology can teach us date = 2020-08-10 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = However, similarities between the responses to SARS-CoV-2 and certain nanomaterials suggest fibrotic pulmonary disease as a concern for public health in the next future. Also rigid multi-walled carbon nanotubes (rMWCNT), among other nanomaterials, induce innate immune response by activation of NF-κB, STAT3 and HIF-1/2, and consequent cytokine cascade [15, 16] . As the Covid-19 disease progresses, massive damage of the pulmonary tissue occurs by induction of an uncontrolled innate immune response, mainly mediated by M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages and granulocytes. Moreover, up-regulation of antigen processing pathways, RIG-1 and several viral-induced human disease pathways have been reported consequently to carbon nanomaterial exposure, both in vitro [23] and in murine lung in vivo [19, 24] . On the other hand, certain nanoparticles might induce lung fibrosis by a combination of metabolic tissue damage and primary activation of the innate immune cells. Here we summarized noticeable cellular and molecular similarities between the acute responses to both SARS-CoV-2 infection and certain nanomaterials exposure. doi = 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100945 id = cord-266469-n484zqq1 author = King, Michael J. title = Lung base CT findings in COVID-19 adult patients presenting with acute abdominal complaints: case series from a major New York City health system date = 2020-07-04 keywords = clinical; covid-19; patient summary = title: Lung base CT findings in COVID-19 adult patients presenting with acute abdominal complaints: case series from a major New York City health system Data is rapidly emerging given the novel nature of this devastating disease, with a paucity of published reports investigating abdominal presenting symptoms and subsequent CT imaging findings in COVID-19 patients. The purpose of our study is to describe the demographic, clinical, biological, and lung base CT findings in COVID-19 patients presenting with acute abdominal complaints, either in isolation or in combination with respiratory complaints. In this study, we described demographic, clinical, biological, and lung base CT findings in a population of COVID-19 patients who presented to our Health System with acute abdominal complaints, either in isolation or in combination with respiratory complaints. In conclusion, we report demographic, clinical, biological, and lung base CT findings in a group of patients presenting to our Health System with acute abdominal complaints who were found to have COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-07040-z id = cord-345510-togrmvlk author = Kinney, Brad title = Rapid outdoor non-compression intubation (RONCI) of cardiac arrests to mitigate COVID-19 exposure to emergency department staff date = 2020-05-27 keywords = CPR; covid-19 summary = title: Rapid outdoor non-compression intubation (RONCI) of cardiac arrests to mitigate COVID-19 exposure to emergency department staff The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced numerous challenges for Health Care Professionals including exposing Emergency Department (ED) staff to the SARS-CoV-2 virus during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). We propose a novel technique for rapid outdoor non-compression intubation (RONCI) of cardiac arrest patients while en route from the ambulance bay to the resuscitation bay to further decrease the risk of viral aerosolization. 5 We present a case of an outdoor non-compression intubation of a patient in cardiac arrest to minimize COVID-19 exposure to staff while still providing standard Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS). Non-compression intubation is suggested by ED resuscitation experts and the American Heart Association (AHA) to minimize COVID-19 exposure to staff. 5 The AHA recommends that the "provider…with the best chance of first-pass success" should perform the intubations in suspected COVID-19 infected patients in cardiac arrest. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.080 id = cord-291188-ddw6ir08 author = Kip, K. E. title = Temporal Changes in Clinical Practice with COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients: Potential Explanations for Better In-Hospital Outcomes date = 2020-09-29 keywords = covid-19 summary = Our observed practice pattern of more frequent use of steroids is also consistent with a recently published (September 2, 2020) meta-analysis of six trials involving random assignment of different steroids (dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone) compared to placebo, and approximately 30% lower risk of 28-day mortality among patients treated with steroids. An obvious question that arises from the present analysis is to what extent did the recent changes in clinical practice (e.g. greater use and earlier initiation of steroids and anticoagulants) lead to overall lower rates of mechanical ventilation and hospital mortality, as well shorter length of hospital stay? Recently treated hospitalized COVID-19 patients in our large health care system have overall lower rates of mechanical ventilation/in-hospital mortality and shorter length of hospital stay compared to earlier intervals. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.29.20203802 id = cord-255908-gcttlpxm author = Kiprov, Dobri title = Immunomodulation for the Management of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Convalescent plasma provides passive immunity and has been used for the prophylaxis and treatment of a number of infectious diseases, including recent epidemics with SARS-Cov-1, Ebola and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). 1 Small studies from China have demonstrated that infusion of convalescent plasma from people who have recovered from COVID-19 is safe and results in reduction of viral load and improved clinical outcome. 3 Since parabiosis is not possible in humans, therapeutic plasma exchange, (TPE) has been proposed as an alternative because it has a multifaceted immunomodulatory effect. 5 We believe that TPE with a combination of 5% albumin and convalescent plasma replacement at the end of the procedure can be a valuable treatment option for COVID-19 patients and warrants a comparison trial with simple convalescent plasma infusion. Deployment of convalescent plasma for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 A novel treatment approach to the novel coronavirus: an argument for the use of therapeutic plasma exchange for fulminant COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102856 id = cord-302947-flgwxc57 author = Kipshidze, Nicholas title = Targeted, Site-Specific, Delivery Vehicles of Therapeutics for COVID-19 Patients. Brief Review date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; delivery; drug summary = In this review we have outlined various target directed approaches which include microbubbles, extracellular vesicles including exosomes, adenosine nanoparticles, novel bio-objects, direct aerosol targeted pulmonary delivery and catheter-based drug delivery with reference to their relative effectiveness for the specific lesions. 3, 4 Considering that COVID-19 primarily affects the lungs in patients with ARDS, 5 we propose a targeted drug delivery strategy using different types of drug delivery vehicles including microbubbles, extracellular vesicles (EV), nanoparticle drug carriers, liposomes, viral vectors, perfluorocarbon droplets, catheter-based and aerosol-based approaches. Microbubbles specifically have shown to adhere to sites of damaged vascular endothelium and thus may be a method of systemically targeting delivery of therapeutics to damaged lungs with SARS-CoV-2. Further investigations through well-designed, timely clinical studies for targeted site-specific therapy will demonstrate evidence toward the best carriers, delivery methods, and approach (i.e. combination systemic and local delivery versus stand-alone). doi = 10.1177/1076029620954911 id = cord-029906-vfkqmri7 author = Kirigia, Joses Muthuri title = The monetary value of human life losses associated with COVID-19 in Turkey date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; Turkey summary = Monetary valuation of human life is useful in quantifying the size of disease burden in dollar terms 13 , building a justification for intervention programmes and research 13 and advocacy for increased investments 14 to bridge gaps in IHR capacities, UHC, and safely managed water and sanitation services. This study replicates the human capital approach (HCA) methodology proposed by Weisbrod in 1961 18 The monetary value for human life losses accruing to each k th age group (MVHL k=1,.,9 ) is the sum of the product of discount factor, years of life lost, net GDP per capita, and the number of COVID-19 deaths in an age group 15 . Analysis assuming Turkey''s mean life expectancy of 78.45 years and a 3% discount rate As depicted in Table 2 The total monetary value of human life losses associated with COVID-19 was equivalent to 0.045% of the total GDP for Turkey. doi = 10.35241/emeraldopenres.13822.1 id = cord-266132-i57avso9 author = Kirksey, Lee title = Pandemic Superimposed on Epidemic: Covid-19 Disparities in Black Americans date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; black summary = Viewed holistically, multiple factors are contributing to the perfect storm: 1) Limited availability of public testing, 2) A dramatic increase in low wage worker unemployment/health insurance loss especially in the service sector of the economy, 3) High rates of preexisting chronic disease states/reduced access to early healthcare and 4) Individual provider and structural healthcare system bias. 14 Unfortunately, the fact that not all local, state and federal public health agencies are collecting race and ethnic data points will contribute to delays in reaching a complete understanding of the magnitude of this pandemic''s impact on Black communities ( Figure 1 ). 21 Viewed holistically multiple factors are contributing to the perfect storm: 1) Limited availability of public testing, 2) A dramatic increase in low wage worker unemployment/health insurance loss especially in the service sector of the economy, 3) High rates of pre-existing chronic disease states/reduced access to early healthcare and 4) Individual and structural healthcare system bias. doi = 10.1016/j.jnma.2020.07.003 id = cord-279224-rwcvkhiy author = Kirmani, Salman title = Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric services at a referral centre in Pakistan: lessons from a low-income and middle-income country setting date = 2020-06-29 keywords = covid-19 summary = 2 Although most children are going to recover uneventfully from the infection, the impact of the disruption on the usual care of children such as school, sports and healthrelated activities including routine immunisations and preventative care visits is predicted to have severe consequences for the health of children in our part of the world. There is a gradual increase over the last few weeks, probably indicating that as the public slowly realises that this pandemic will last for some time to come, the potential risk of exposure becomes less of a factor compared with the perceived health benefits of visiting their child''s healthcare provider. It is essential to continue to spread public health awareness messages about how to prevent COVID-19 infection and about the importance of routine immunisations and seeking appropriate advice from healthcare providers when necessary. doi = 10.1136/archdischild-2020-319424 id = cord-284910-vjcrhwqz author = Kirresh, Ali title = COVID-19 infection and high intracoronary thrombus burden date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Emerging evidence demonstrates a strong association with a pro-thrombotic state and we present the first patient admitted with COVID-19 and an inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with evidence of high intracoronary thrombus burden. We review the mechanism of the high thrombus burden, which may be driven by the significant cytokine storm, endothelial dysfunction, increase risk of coronary plaque rupture and hypercoagulability. We present the first patient admitted with inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with evidence of high intracoronary thrombus burden and provide a review of potential underlying mechanisms. There are emerging theories regarding the mechanism of increased thrombus burden seen in COVID-19, central to which seems to be a significant proinflammatory state (8). Plaque rupture results in an increase in tissue factor (TF), collagen and platelet activation causing increased fibrin production and a higher thrombus burden (16) . doi = 10.1016/j.carrev.2020.07.032 id = cord-308085-x00c3eex author = Kirsch, David G. title = Lack of supporting data make the risks of a clinical trial of radiation therapy as a treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia unacceptable date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = As far as we are aware, there are only a small number of case series of patients with viral pneumonia treated with low dose thoracic radiation therapy that have been reported. Oppenheimer concluded that "roentgen therapy of virus pneumonia is useful mainly during the early stages of disease." These findings suggest that even if low dose thoracic radiotherapy has any efficacy in patients with COVID-19, it may not be useful in later stages of the disease once hypoxia or ARDS develop. The authors concluded that "roentgen therapy instituted 24 hours after viral inoculation of mice with swine influenza has no effect on the mortality of this disease." Taken together, these preclinical data are insufficient to support a clinical trial of low dose radiation therapy in patients with COVID-19. As there are currently no approved treatments for COVID-19, some have suggested that 0.5 to 1 Gy of whole thorax radiation therapy would present a very low risk to COVID-19 patients in a clinical trial [9] . doi = 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.04.060 id = cord-331520-o9e4qqn4 author = Kistler, Christine E. title = The Winter Respiratory Viral Season During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; respiratory summary = The winter respiratory virus season always poses challenges for long-term care settings; this winter, SARS-CoV-2 will compound the usual viral infection challenges. This special article discusses unique considerations that COVID-19 brings to the health and well-being of residents and staff in nursing homes and other long-term care settings this winter. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, influenza was the most concerning viral respiratory infection 27 for nursing home (NH) residents, with outbreaks requiring both treatment and prophylaxis, and 28 even causing some buildings to close to outsiders for brief periods of time. In 39 this special article, we discuss unique challenges that COVID-19 will bring to the health and 40 well-being of residents and staff in long-term care settings this winter. The winter respiratory virus season always poses challenges for long-term care settings, and 307 those challenges will be exacerbated with the second wave of COVID-19; as such, they present 308 numerous implications for practice, policy, and research. doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.10.030 id = cord-315772-jt3vjsqe author = Kivi, Marie title = Up and about: Older adults’ wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Swedish longitudinal study date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; Sweden summary = METHODS: We analyzed annual changes in four aspects of wellbeing over five years (2015–2020): life satisfaction, financial satisfaction, self-rated health, and loneliness in a subsample (n=1071, aged 60–71) from a larger survey of Swedish older adults. RESULTS: 1) In relation to COVID-19: 44.9% worried about health, 69.5% about societal consequences, 25.1% about financial consequences; 86.4% perceived a high societal risk, 42.3% a high risk of infection, and 71.2% reported high levels of social distancing. Our study uses data from the longitudinal HEalth, Aging and Retirement Transitions in Sweden (HEARTS) project to investigate the early psychological effects of COVID-19 in a sample of older adults. Older adults aged 65-71 perceived high societal risks related to the COVID-19 pandemic; the majority reported having reduced close physical contact with others (social distancing), and were concerned A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t about adverse effects on social structures and the world economy. doi = 10.1093/geronb/gbaa084 id = cord-257056-0z3qiz6p author = Kivuti-Bitok, L. W. title = System Dynamics Model of Possible Covid-19 Trajectories Under Various Non-Pharmaceutical Intervention Options in Low Resource Setting. date = 2020-10-08 keywords = Kenya; October; covid-19 summary = We present a population-based System Dynamics Model (SDM) of possible Covid-19 trajectories under various intervention options in the uniqueness of Kenya. Since total lockdown of the country would not be feasible due to possible catastrophic social-economic impact, we assumed a scenario whereby the general population would is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint As demonstrated in Fig 11, realistic intervention levels of all the selected non pharmaceutical interventions; effectiveness of physical distancing and hand hygiene at 65%, curfew at 80%, quarantining at 80% and person to person contact at maximum of 30) would result to a delay of peak of Covid-19 cases from 178 th day since first confirmed infection to a peak of 246 th day allowing approximately 67 extra days for preparedness of health care system. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.06.20204487 id = cord-303489-ve1fgnyg author = Klabunde, Thomas title = How high and long will the COVID-19 wave be? A data-driven approach to model and predict the COVID-19 epidemic and the required capacity for the German health system date = 2020-04-17 keywords = Germany; covid-19 summary = This study aims to describe the impact of these control measures on the spread of the disease for Italy and Germany, forecast the epidemic trend of COVID-19 in both countries and estimate the medical capacity requirements in terms of hospital beds and intensive care units (ICUs) for optimal clinical treatment of severe and critical COVID-19 patients, for the Germany health system. Based on the projected number of new COVID-19 cases we expect that the hospital capacity requirements for severe and critical cases in Germany will decline from the 2nd week of April onwards from 13,500 to ~2500 hospital beds (range 1500-4300) and from 2500 to ~500 ICU beds in early May (range 300-800). Since early March several European governments have implemented numerous control measures to reduce the transmission of the disease and decrease the number of new daily cases of COVID-19 so that fewer patients need to seek treatment at any given time and avoid overwhelming hospital capacity, commonly referred as "flattening the curve". doi = 10.1101/2020.04.14.20064790 id = cord-307585-dbc0spzv author = Klain, Michele title = Management of differentiated thyroid cancer through nuclear medicine facilities during Covid-19 emergency: the telemedicine challenge date = 2020-09-23 keywords = RAI; TMS; covid-19 summary = Although among newly DTC diagnosed cases, there was a slightly higher proportion of patients requiring RAI therapy after surgical treatment during the Covid-19 pandemic compared with patients evaluated during the corresponding period of 2019, a statistical significance was not reached (85% vs. Results of follow-up visits obtained in outpatients by TMS during the Covid-19 pandemic and by in-ward access during the corresponding period of 2019 were analyzed according to three subgroups of patients: (1) those requiring a further RAI therapy or surgical treatment (8/450 vs. Our experience demonstrates that, despite the virus containment measures during the Covid-19 pandemic, the number of DTC patients'' evaluations performed by TMS was only 15% less as compared with the in-ward examinations in the corresponding months of 2019. doi = 10.1007/s00259-020-05041-0 id = cord-317956-srbualjc author = Klang, Eyal title = Sex Differences in Age and Comorbidities for COVID-19 Mortality in Urban New York City date = 2020-08-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The aim of this study was to compare age and comorbidities between women and men who died from COVID-19. We used a multivariable logistic regression model to identify independently significant variables associated with gender in patients who died from COVID-19. In the multivariable model, cardiovascular comorbidities were not significantly different between women and men. This study demonstrates that women who died of COVID-19 showed a similar cardiovascular disease profile as men. The present study was designed to compare age and comorbidities between women and men who died from COVID-19. Univariate analysis compared age and comorbidities between men and women who died from COVID-19. This study demonstrates that in patients who died from COVID-19, no significant difference was noted between cardiac morbidity and gender. Our study is limited to an assessment of gender differences among patients who have died from COVID-19 without considering the comorbidity rate of men versus women in the general population. doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00430-w id = cord-338498-3238fz73 author = Kleen, Thomas-Oliver title = Mitigating Coronavirus Induced Dysfunctional Immunity for At-Risk Populations in COVID-19: Trained Immunity, BCG and “New Old Friends” date = 2020-09-04 keywords = BCG; CD4; CD8; COVID-19; SARS; cell; imm-101 summary = Bacterial "new old friends" such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or Mycobacterium obuense have the ability to elevate basal systemic levels of type 1 cytokines and immune cells, correlating with increased protection against diverse and unrelated infectious agents, called "trained immunity." Here we describe dysfunctional immune responses induced by coronaviruses, representing potentially difficult to overcome obstacles to safe, effective vaccine development for COVID-19, and outline how trained immunity could help protect high risk populations through immunomodulation with BCG and other "new old friends." One recent example of the need for continued vigilance is a study using Chinese macaques indicating cause for concern by showing that vaccine-induced, S-specific immunity in the form of anti-spike IgG resulted in severe ALI by skewing macrophage responses during subsequent, acute infection with closely related SARS-CoV (139) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02059 id = cord-339649-ppgmmeuz author = Klein, Michael G. title = COVID-19 Models for Hospital Surge Capacity Planning: A Systematic Review date = 2020-09-10 keywords = LOS; covid-19; model summary = CONCLUSION: The results of our study provide information to physicians, hospital administrators, emergency response personnel, and governmental agencies on available models for preparing scenario-based plans for responding to the COVID-19 or similar type of outbreak. For each user-defined scenario, these tools identify an epidemic curve of the expected number of COVID-19 cases per day and the expected hospital occupancy per day in medical-surgical wards and ICUs. We provide the input parameters, highlight key features, and explain the output that can be produced from each model. This online tool provides an estimate of the maximum manageable daily number of incident COVID-19 cases that a health care system could serve based on an age-stratified case distribution and severity, as well as available medical resources, such as the number of available acute and critical care beds. The main goal of this review was to identify models that can project both COVID-19 caseload and surge capacity requirements over time for hospital level analysis with parameters including LOS, occupancy, and ventilator capacity. doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.332 id = cord-321440-sts3re6p author = Klein, Sebastian J. title = Unrecognized diabetes in critically ill COVID-19 patients date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We retrospectively analyzed the incidence of diabetes in all critically ill patients admitted to the four dedicated COVID-19 intensive care units (ICU) at the University Hospital in Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria, which covers 180,000 inhabitants as primary hospital and also functions as a tertiary referral center for the whole region of Tyrol. Of 47 COVID-19 patients admitted to our ICUs, HbA1c was measured in 44, which were included in the analysis ( Table 1 ). Recent data demonstrating viral particles in endothelial cells of several organs suggest "endotheliitis" as a possible mechanism of organ dysfunction leading to critical illness in COVID-19 patients which may be aggravated by endothelial Abbreviations: IQR interquartile range, BMI body mass index, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, CRP C-reactive protein, IL-6 interleukin-6, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 *If specified in the patients'' health records dysfunction associated with prediabetes and diabetes [6] . doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03139-3 id = cord-351672-7oi9w87s author = Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír title = COVID‐19 pandemic facilitating energy transition opportunities date = 2020-09-30 keywords = covid-19; energy summary = As the COVID-19 pandemic stimulated new markets in distance meeting/learning, home office, e-shopping and e-socialising, the promising development trend of 5G is highly expected after the pandemic is well controlled. Many innovative and intensified services as e-shopping, advanced and possible person-less waste management collection and treatment, and applications of novel ways for deliveries, for example, drones, can change the energy requirements. 20 It means that with many options opened the new emerging options and opportunities for energy saving and making the generation, distribution and usage more efficient becomes a crucial issue and the research in this direction should be encouraged and facilitated. The future research should follow several avenues: novel opportunities continuously arising as a response to the new demands, energy efficiency and savings as well as reducing and minimising the environmental burden created by electrical power generation, transmission and distribution. Minimising the present and future plastic waste, energy and environmental footprints related to COVID-19 doi = 10.1002/er.6007 id = cord-351166-0pajmek3 author = Kligerman, Maxwell P. title = Challenges Facing Otolaryngologists in Low- and Middle-Income Countries During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; lmic summary = title: Challenges Facing Otolaryngologists in Lowand Middle-Income Countries During the COVID-19 Pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic poses significant challenges for otolaryngologists practicing in lowand middle-income countries (LMICs). The COVID-19 pandemic poses significant challenges for otolaryngologists practicing in lowand middle-income countries (LMICs). This commentary highlights some of the challenges faced by otolaryngologists in LMICs and draws on the personal experience of the authors to suggest future directions for collaboration and risk mitigation. [13] Therefore, when otolaryngologists interact with their patients, their number of secondary contacts and COVID-19 exposure risk is likely much greater when compared to their colleagues in HICs. Misunderstanding and fears amongst the general population in some LMICs, has also led to skepticism over the virus and in some unfortunate instances even violence or protests directed against healthcare providers. The COVID-19 pandemic poses significant challenges for otolaryngologists and their patients, particularly in LMICs. While the situation and recommendations are constantly changing, it will be J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f doi = 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110322 id = cord-261473-162uk7wm author = Klimach, Anna title = Rash as a presenting complaint in a child with COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = There is now also a growing body of literature regarding skin involvement in children, with reports of papulovesicular, petechial and widespread macular and papular lesions, as well as chilblains (pernio). We describe the case of a thirteen‐year‐old boy with confirmed COVID‐19 in the United Kingdom who presented with skin findings localized to the plantar aspects of the feet, axillae and lower limbs. 1 In children, cutaneous manifestations include widespread erythematous macular and papular lesions, a skin rash in the context of a multisystem inflammatory state or similar clinical presentation to Kawasaki''s disease, and papulovesicular eruptions. 2, 3 We report a case of confirmed COVID-19 in a child who presented with skin findings localized to the axillae, lower limbs and plantar aspects of the feet. Currently the most commonly reported symptoms of COVID-19 in the pediatric population are cough and fever. doi = 10.1111/pde.14257 id = cord-320831-owfnttqr author = Klimek, Ludger title = Allergen immunotherapy in the current COVID-19 pandemic: A position paper of AeDA, ARIA, EAACI, DGAKI and GPA: Position paper of the German ARIA Group(A) in cooperation with the Austrian ARIA Group(B), the Swiss ARIA Group(C), German Society for Applied Allergology (AEDA)(D), German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI)(E), Society for Pediatric Allergology (GPA)(F) in cooperation with AG Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Environmental Medicine of the DGHNO-KHC(G) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) date = 2020-05-28 keywords = AIT; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = The highest risk of transmission for medical staff is present when standard precautions are missing, when primary infection prevention and control measures for respiratory infections are not undertaken, and when infected, potentially asymptomatic patients who are not yet tested positive for COVID-19 are treated without protective measures. The staff, including doctors, medical assistants, nutritional scientists, nursing and administrative staff, and all other staff at the facility with patient contact, should be made aware of: a) the current epidemiological situation of COVID-19 in Germany/Austria/ Switzerland and worldwide; b) known risk factors for infection; c) clinical signs and symptoms of COVID-19; d) recommended measures to prevent and contain infections in their region or country, including those mentioned in this document; e) procedures for reporting and transferring examined patients and probable/confirmed cases taking into account the appropriate regional regulations and specifications [36, 40] . doi = 10.5414/alx02147e id = cord-345381-9cckppk2 author = Klimek, Ludger title = Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)(A), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)(B), Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)(C), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)(D), Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)(E), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)(F) in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groups(G), and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) date = 2020-09-07 keywords = CoV-2; SARS; covid-19; disease; infection; patient summary = title: Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)(A), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)(B), Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)(C), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)(D), Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)(E), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)(F) in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groups(G), and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) Conclusion: The use of biologicals for the treatment of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and spontaneous urticaria should be continued as usual in patients without suspected infection or proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion: The use of biologicals for the treatment of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and spontane-ous urticaria should be continued as usual in patients without suspected infection or proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.5414/alx02166e id = cord-355533-5kgdg2nb author = Kline, Jonathan D title = Sentinel Case of COVID-19 at Fort Stewart, GA in a National Guard Soldier Participating in Annual Training: A Case Report date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = For healthcare providers, specifically military and federal public health personnel, prompt and accurate diagnosis and isolation of SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus patients provide a two-fold benefit: (1) directing appropriate treatment to the infected patient as early as possible in the progression of the disease to increase survival rates and minimize the devastating sequelae following recovery and remission of symptoms; (2) provide critical information requirements that enable commanders and public health officials to best synchronize policy, regulations, and troop movement restrictions while best allocating scarce resources in the delicate balance of risk mitigation versus mission readiness. While treatment and management of these patients are currently supportive, both before and after official results return, there exists a possibility of a delay in tightening of health protection measures in areas that have not yet identified positive cases. doi = 10.1093/milmed/usaa144 id = cord-345114-b06uz0sj author = Klinger, Danielle title = Significantly Improved COVID-19 Outcomes in Countries with Higher BCG Vaccination Coverage: A Multivariable Analysis date = 2020-07-11 keywords = BCG; DPM; covid-19; figure summary = The analysis of countries according to an age-group partition reveals that the strongest correlation is attributed to the coverage in BCG vaccination of the young population (0–24 years). Due to the varying effect of each age group on the viral spread in the population, we next investigated the relevance of age groups to the observation showing that years of BCG administration are strongly correlated with better COVID-19 outcomes. Due to the varying effect of each age group on the viral spread in the population, we next investigated the relevance of age groups to the observation showing that years of BCG administration are strongly correlated with better COVID-19 outcomes. The histogram (d-f) shows the statistical significance of the correlation of BCG years of administration for the 4 different COVID-19 outcomes according to the 3 age groups marked as: young (d) middle age (e) and elderly (f). doi = 10.3390/vaccines8030378 id = cord-347384-lwrrm5kx author = Klocker, J. title = Operieren, Absagen, Verschieben oder Selektionieren?: Ergebnisse einer Umfrage unter gefäßchirurgischen Zentren während der Covid-19-Krise in Österreich date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; Patienten; Zentren; der; die summary = März 2020 angeordneten Lockdowns in Österreich erfolgte, welche gefäßchirurgischen Operationen weiter durchgeführt, abgesagt oder verschoben wurden, und wie einheitlich oder uneinheitlich dieses Vorgehen in verschiedenen gefäßchirurgischen Zentren des Landes war, wurde mittels eines Onlinefragebogens erfasst. Wie sich (im Nachhinein) herausgestellt hat, waren die Begriffe "abgesetzt" und "verschoben" schlecht zu differenzieren, wurden also vielfach nahezu synonym verwendet, da das "Absetzen" einer OP (ein für alle Mal) selten anzunehmen ist und das "Verschieben" allerdings in vielen Fällen mit unklarem und nicht festgelegtem Zeitfenster erfolgen musste, also de facto zunächst einem "Absetzen" entsprach (zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung war die zeitliche Befristung der OP-Einschränkungen seitens der Behörden nicht absehbar). Die in Österreich in gefäßchirurgischen Zentren durchgeführte Onlineumfrage zeigt, dass in allen Institutionen Patienten mit COVID-19-Infektion behandelt wurden, aber vergleichsweise seltener Patienten und Mitarbeiter der gefäßchirurgischen Abteilungen betroffen waren. doi = 10.1007/s00772-020-00686-5 id = cord-336810-77wq9laa author = Klocperk, Adam title = Complex Immunometabolic Profiling Reveals the Activation of Cellular Immunity and Biliary Lesions in Patients with Severe COVID-19 date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; figure; patient summary = Therefore, we observed a gradual increase of CRP, procalcitonin, ferritin, and serum IL-6 corresponding to the severity of the disease; however, these markers displayed a relative failure to upregulate in patients with a fatal course, who instead displayed high sIL2R and D-dimers ( Figure 1C ). Most markers of inflammation, the immune response, and liver damage presented in patients with a fatal course of COVID-19 so far seem mostly on par with those seen in patients with a moderate form of the disease, suggesting a weaker response to the infection compared to severely ill patients, which resulted in the patients'' deaths. In contrast, patients with fatal COVID-19 ( Figure 5B ) displayed a negative correlation between leukocytes and lymphocytes, and their inflammatory markers increased with markers of organ failure (liver enzymes, amylase, GGT, urea, and creatinine) and cytotoxic cellular immunity (activated CD38+ HLA-DR+ CD8 T cells) instead. doi = 10.3390/jcm9093000 id = cord-287191-e8073l9p author = Klompas, Michael title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Protecting Hospitals From the Invisible date = 2020-03-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is optimized to spread widely: Its signs and symptoms are largely indistinguishable from those of other respiratory viruses. The signs and symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are largely indistinguishable from those of other respiratory virus infections. Case detection is still primarily focused on identifying patients with fever, cough, or shortness of breath; this focus leads to underestimation of the number of infected persons, overestimation of the mortality rate, and ongoing spread of disease. To cause a nosocomial outbreak, it will take just 1 patient with occult COVID-19 who is hospitalized, tests negative for influenza virus, and is taken off precautions despite persistent respiratory symptoms. But if we are frank about the morbidity and mortality of all respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, this is the best thing we can do for our patients and colleagues regardless of COVID-19. doi = 10.7326/m20-0751 id = cord-311453-l6quzef6 author = Klopfenstein, Timothée title = Impact of Tocilizumab on mortality and/or invasive mechanical ventilation requirement in a cohort of 206 COVID-19 patients date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; TCZ summary = CONCLUSION: Despite the small sample size in the group TCZ, this result suggests that TCZ reduces mortality and/or IMV requirement in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. We have recently published a retrospective study including 45 patients treated in our hospital, which shows that TCZ seems to reduce the number of COVID-19 severe cases and/or mortality (11) . Based on the medical literature, we checked several criteria before starting TCZ treatment: no contraindication to TCZ, confirmed COVID-19 with real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR SARS-CoV-2 RNA, failure of standard treatment, period since symptoms onset ≥ 5 days, oxygen therapy ≥ 4 liters/min, ≥ 25% of lung damages on chest computed tomography (CT) scan, and ≥ 2 parameters of inflammation or biological markers of mortality (with a high level) such as ferritin, CRP, D-dimer, lymphopenia, and/or lactate dehydrogenase. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.024 id = cord-297886-kxb17zx4 author = Kluger, Dan M. title = Impact of healthcare worker shift scheduling on workforce preservation during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-20 keywords = Kluger; covid-19 summary = We ran Monte Carlo simulations modeling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in non–COVID-19 wards, and we found that longer nursing shifts and scheduling designs in which teams of nurses and doctors co-rotate no more frequently than every 3 days can lead to fewer infections. In summary, pandemics necessitate widespread reassessment of workforce planning to ensure backup of sufficient uninfected HCWs. Using various input variables for our simulations for non-COVID-19 services, we make 3 primary observations: (1) Having all HCWs work at least 3 consecutive days reduces the chance of team failure, (2) longer nursing shifts (12 versus 8 hours) decreases the rate of HCW infection, and (3) avoiding staggering of rotations of attendings, house staff, and nurses reduces the number of infected HCWs. When applying this model to the real-world challenge of staffing hospital units, clinical setting variables such as trainee presence, patient acuity, stay length, and nurse-patient ratio will need to be considered. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.337 id = cord-309809-zvh2k97q author = Knepple Carney, Amy title = Age Moderates Perceived COVID-19 Disruption on Well-being date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; age summary = DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Findings are consistent with the strength and vulnerability integration (SAVI) model, wherein older adults try to maintain positive emotional well-being; with middle-aged and older adults in the current study having experienced less negative impact on well-being. Even in non-crisis situations, regardless of age, higher levels of global perceived stress heighten a person''s negative affective response to stress (Scott et al., 2013) ; although, older adults in another study reported less of an increase in negative affect when faced with a daily stressor, compared to younger adults (Uchino, et al., 2006) . Consistent with previous findings on stress (Uchino, et al., 2006) , the current study found that when faced with a stressor, in this case a global pandemic, middle-aged and older adults may be better at regulating their emotions even when they perceive the stressor as disruptive. doi = 10.1093/geront/gnaa106 id = cord-273044-ikk9d6wz author = Knio, Ziyad O title = Heated Air Delivery by Micro-Sauna: An Experimental Treatment Prototype Concept for Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Heated Air Delivery by Micro-Sauna: An Experimental Treatment Prototype Concept for Coronavirus Disease 2019 The present report describes the engineering of a micro-sauna prototype for the delivery of heated air. The present report describes the engineering of a micro-sauna prototype for the 1 2 1 delivery of heated air in a safe and tolerable manner. The present report demonstrates the feasibility of engineering a micro-sauna prototype for heated air delivery. The micro-sauna prototype, with its delivery of air heated to 80-90 degrees C, is more likely to be successful. Heated air delivery by a micro-sauna treatment prototype may prove beneficial in treating viral pathogens. A micro-sauna delivering air heated to 80-90 degrees C can be feasibly engineered from an electric heater, EMT conduit connector, anesthesia mask, and PID controller with thermocouple. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8162 id = cord-316402-6u1czbfe author = Knowles, Kelly A. title = Anxiety and Safety Behavior Usage During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Prospective Role of Contamination Fear date = 2020-10-20 keywords = behavior; covid-19; safety summary = Accordingly, the present study prospectively examines contamination fear and obsessive-compulsive washing symptoms as predictors of anxiety and safety behaviors in response to COVID-19 in a student sample (N = 108). Although baseline contamination fear and obsessive-compulsive washing symptoms did not significantly predict coronavirus-related anxiety, contamination fear did significantly predict safety behavior usage in response to both COVID-19 and influenza. The present study examines the extent to which contamination fear and obsessivecompulsive washing symptoms prospectively predict COVID-19 and influenza-related anxiety and safety behaviors in a sample of undergraduates, who were surveyed at the beginning of the semester in January 2020 and again in late February through March 2020. For the prospective analyses examining contamination fear and obsessive-compulsive washing symptoms as predictors of coronavirus and flu anxiety and safety behaviors, partial Pearson correlations controlling for the date on which the survey was taken were conducted. doi = 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102323 id = cord-272737-m05f4eml author = Ko, Jane P. title = Pulmonary COVID-19: Multimodality Imaging Examples date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = COVID-19 primarily targets the lung, with patients presenting with pneumonia that can result in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In patients with a positive RT-PCR test result with moderate or severe clinical features of COVID-19, chest imaging can be used to evaluate the baseline severity of any lung disease (Figs 1, 2). Imaging can be used to evaluate for alternative diagnoses in patients with a negative RT-PCR test result despite a persisting clinical suspicion for COVID-19. The objective of this online presentation is to provide a resource for understanding the imaging appearance of pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 at multiple imaging modalities, including CT, chest radiography, and point-of-care lung US, as well as to highlight typical imaging findings and provide examples of differential diagnostic considerations and mimics. The role of chest imaging in patient management during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multinational consensus statement from the Fleischner Society doi = 10.1148/rg.2020200158 id = cord-329323-1cquorhs author = Ko, Jean Y title = Risk Factors for COVID-19-associated hospitalization: COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID; hispanic; net summary = Generalized Poisson regression models were used to calculate adjusted rate ratios (aRR) for hospitalization RESULTS: Among 5,416 adults, hospitalization rates were higher among those with ≥3 underlying conditions (versus without)(aRR: 5.0; 95%CI: 3.9, 6.3), severe obesity (aRR:4.4; 95%CI: 3.4, 5.7), chronic kidney disease (aRR:4.0; 95%CI: 3.0, 5.2), diabetes (aRR:3.2; 95%CI: 2.5, 4.1), obesity (aRR:2.9; 95%CI: 2.3, 3.5), hypertension (aRR:2.8; 95%CI: 2.3, 3.4), and asthma (aRR:1.4; 95%CI: 1.1, 1.7), after adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. BRFSS data were used to calculate weighted population estimates of community-dwelling adults with and without individual underlying medical conditions by age, sex, and race/ethnicity strata for the COVID-NET catchment area and served as the analytic A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 7 denominators. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1419 id = cord-340889-ff35696d author = Ko, Nai-Ying title = Changes in Sex Life among People in Taiwan during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Roles of Risk Perception, General Anxiety, and Demographic Characteristics date = 2020-08-11 keywords = Taiwan; covid-19; sex; sexual summary = The associations of change in sex life with risk perception of COVID-19, general anxiety, gender, age, and sexual orientation were also examined. Given that the COVID-19 is a novel respiratory infectious disease resulting in global impacts on human lives worldwide, additional studies are required on whether risk perception of COVID-19 and general anxiety are significantly associated with changes in sex life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, we examined the associations of gender, age, sexual orientation, risk perception of COVID-19, and general anxiety with changes in sex life. The present study found that risk perception, general anxiety, gender, age, and sexual orientation related to various aspects of changes in sex life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Risk perception of COVID-19, general anxiety, gender, age, and sexual orientation were associated with greater change in various aspects of an individual''s sex life. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165822 id = cord-318417-jfqnepzy author = Koay, Hui-Fern title = An unconventional view of COVID-19 T cell immunity date = 2020-10-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = Early studies identified an immune signature associated with severe COVID-19 disease, including lymphopenia (Tan et al., 2020) ; excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF (Chen et al., 2020a; Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al., 2020) ; and extensive activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells, which include B and T cells, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and myeloid cells such as neutrophils and monocytes (Kuri-Cervantes et al., 2020) . These findings are in line with other recent studies that have reported altered frequencies and function of MAIT (Kuri-Cervantes et al., 2020; Parrot et al., 2020) , NKT, and γδT cells (Odak et al., 2020; Rijkers et al., 2020) in severe COVID-19 patients. It is possible that unconventional cells are activated in a TCR-independent manner as a result of the hyper-inflammatory cytokine milieu during disease, as suggested by unchanged TCR levels on MAIT and NKT cells (Jouan et al., 2020) . Numbers of NKT, MAIT, and γδT cells decreased in peripheral blood and are found in lung aspirates with heightened levels of activation as measured by CD69 and PD-1 during severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1084/jem.20201727 id = cord-355186-7u4h083p author = Kobak, Senol title = Comment on “Colchicine may not be effective in COVID-19 infection; it may even be harmful?” date = 2020-06-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = The main argument of the authors is that colchicine may have not increased the intracellular pH enough and cannot prevent the binding of the virus to the target angiotensin converting enzyme 2(ACE2) receptors. Also, they suggest that colchicine may increase the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) and disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC) which may occur during COVID-19 infection. There are no studies investigating the intracellular concentration of colchicine in corona infection, while such data exist regarding chloroquine [2] . When COVID-19 is passed into the cell via ACE2, activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is triggered by immunological mechanisms. Considering the mechanism of action of colchicine, it would make rationale use in patients with COVID-19 infection [8] . Recently, we reported COVID-19 infection in a patient with FMF under treatment with colchicine [9] . Covid-19 infection in a patient with FMF: does the colchicine have protective effect doi = 10.1007/s10067-020-05233-x id = cord-345674-wkwqlnz2 author = Kobayashi, Jun title = Nitric oxide inhalation as an interventional rescue therapy for COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Given the extent of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the large numbers of hospitalized patients requiring respiratory support, clinical use of inhaled nitric oxide may become an alternate rescue therapy before extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with COVID-19. While there is no specific recommended antiviral treatment, and vaccines have yet to be developed, the authors provided a powerful pharmacological strategy for the treatment of critically ill patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In this review article, the drug applications for COVID-19 are well described according to disease severity; however, nitric oxide (NO) inhalation therapy, which is not described in this review, may be included in the strategy as a promising therapeutic candidate. Protocol of a randomized controlled trial testing inhaled nitric oxide in mechanically ventilated patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome in COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00681-9 id = cord-352247-baqbxez9 author = Kobayashi, Yoshiharu title = Public Support for Development Aid during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; aid; country; foreign; support; worry summary = The second experiment exposes respondents to a message linking COVID-19 to increased hardships for people in poorer countries or to a message suggesting aid that helps African countries deal with COVID-19 will also have public health benefits at home in several months. The second channel stresses the effects of COVID-19 on people in recipient countries and how news, arguments, and messages about them influence donor-side public attitudes. First, we estimate the ITT effect by comparing the expressed aid support under the treatment about household financial worries against the control condition. Prompting respondents to worry about the country''s financial situation causes them to be less supportive of foreign aid, while asking them to consider their own household finances does little to their aid opinions. The results from two experiments demonstrate that voters'' worry about the financial impact of COVID-19 on their own country reduces their support for aid and that their awareness of the benefits of assisting developing countries in curbing the second wave of outbreak at home substantially increase support. doi = 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105248 id = cord-306748-i9ndb71n author = Kobia, Francis title = COVID-19: Are Africa’s diagnostic challenges blunting response effectiveness? date = 2020-04-17 keywords = Africa; SARS; covid-19 summary = In fact, this strategy is being used by Senegal, which together with UK collaborators, is developing an affordable COVID-19 RDT (expected to cost $1 per test) for home use in African countries (Financial Times, 2020b). The authors contend that most African countries lack the capacity to administer mass screening to ascertain the extent of the disease spread, and call for support toward the development of homegrown RDTs and POCTs as a strategy to achieve mass screening of COVID-19 in Africa The present review by the authors provides important information on diagnostic challenges facing African countries in their combat against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Specific to the present COVID-19 case, would it be faster and cheaper importing the diagnostic tools, as is already being done by some countries?The authors may wish to put " " section before " COVID-19 point of care testing strategies " section, for consistency with the conclusion. doi = 10.12688/aasopenres.13061.1 id = cord-270422-2xqptne5 author = Kobsa, Serge title = Commentary: A Pandemic Blueprint for Planning Your Act and Acting Your Plan date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = a comprehensive and detailed plan to take care of both types of patients. Regular and uninterrupted communication with full transparency on the current status, data analysis and future predication further empowers the team. As an example, an analysis at our center showed that the rate of in hospital transmission in a non-COVID CTICU unit was extremely low(5). The plan, however, is to be modified and updated through constant data and situation analysis. As the authors astutely point out, one should not risk a patient dying from heart disease to save someone dying of COVID-19 -a principle we could not agree with more. Institutional preparedness strategies for heart failure patients during the COVID-19 pandemic The rapid transformation of cardiac surgery practice in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: Insights and clinical strategies from a center at the epicenter Transition of a Large Tertiary Heart Failure Program in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Changes That Will Endure doi = 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.09.057 id = cord-317966-ut6tzc8s author = Kocak, Burak title = A Case Report of Oligosymptomatic Kidney Transplant Patients with COVID-19: Do They Pose a Risk to Other Recipients? date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = A 28-year-old female patient previously referred to our department with a diagnosis of end-stage renal disease secondary to a lupus-like syndrome, who underwent a preemptive kidney transplant from her mother six months ago, presented to the transplant clinic with complaints of rhinorrhea, sore throat, malaise, and subfebrile fever self-measured at home shortly after a vacation to England. Thus, kidney transplant patients who are on steroids and other immunosuppressive drugs may exhibit unusual clinical courses resulting from coronavirus infection. Our two patients presented to the hospital with symptoms not suggesting COVID-19, and they were ineligible to be screened for SARS-CoV-2 according to the national outbreak management case definition, which was "a reported body temperature over 38 0 C" or "cough and/or respiratory distress" and "epidemiologic risk of contact". Case report of COVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient: Does immunosuppression alter the clinical presentation? doi = 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.05.028 id = cord-298372-4pw1y404 author = Koch, Lionel title = Natural outbreaks and bioterrorism: How to deal with the two sides of the same coin? date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; Ebola; SARS; disease; outbreak summary = The last Ebola outbreak in 2014 in West Africa was regarded as a paradigm of the issues caused by emerging infectious diseases nowadays: this extremely deadly pathogen has naturally emerged in a large new area, and its overwhelming spread has subsequently impacted Europe and the United States [3] . At the same time, some natural outbreaks were caused by naturally altered pathogens like the Escherichia coli O104:H4 in Europe in 2011, a strain that acquired and combined unusual virulence factor and drug resistance genes [25] or in 2003 the new human coronavirus (SARS-CoV) identified with surprise in front of severe acute respiratory syndrome cases [26] . Indeed, even if the substantial remaining risk in the case of an attack is the possibility of secondary actions aiming to maximise damages to the emergency infrastructure [38] , the real challenge for global safety remains the early detection, the accurate characterisation and the establishment of specific measures, whatever the outbreak origin [39, 40] . doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.020317 id = cord-258072-6d5ieakl author = Kochhar, Anuraj Singh title = Lockdown of 1.3 Billion People In India During Covid-19 Pandemic: A Survey Of Its Impact On Mental Health date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; lockdown summary = After reviewing the pertinent literature which included scales such as, Impact of Event Scale -Revised (IES-R), Perceived stress scale 10 (PSS-10), and the international guidelines, a self administered, pre-validated web-based questionnaire with 18 questions in English, exploring age and domains of knowledge about COVID-19, understanding reasons for lockdown, stressors which included fear of infection, helplessness and boredom, scarce supplies, and post quarantine stressors related to work, finances and stigma was floated on a famous social media site, Facebook (groups from New Delhi). Variations in eating patterns were observed in the present study in 79.5% of participants, with people aged 35-50 years experiencing maximum alterations in diet patterns that were positively correlated with the practice of social distancing and fear of acquiring the disease on meeting someone. 4. Dr. Himanshu Dadlani: Conception and design of the study, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the article, critically evaluating and giving final approval. doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102213 id = cord-277539-xt2nt11e author = Kochhar, Anuraj Singh title = Dentistry during and after COVID-19 Pandemic: Pediatric Considerations date = 2020 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; dental; infection; patient summary = Despite the avalanche of information that has exploded in relation to this rapidly spreading disease, there is a lack of consolidated information to guide dentists regarding clinical management including precautions to take materials to use and postprocedure care, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary from the available literature on COVID-19, its insinuation in dentistry, recommendations that have been published, and the actual in-practice implications, so a plan can be formulated and adapted to the circumstances of each dental practice during the pandemic and the times to follow. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary from the available literature on COVID-19, its insinuation in dentistry, recommendations that have been published, and the actual in-practice implications, so a plan of measures can be formulated and adapted according to the circumstances of each dental practice during the pandemic and the times to follow. doi = 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1782 id = cord-287221-oh7lnxwt author = Kock, Florian title = Understanding the COVID-19 tourist psyche: The Evolutionary Tourism Paradigm date = 2020-09-09 keywords = Coronavirus; Kock; covid-19; evolutionary; tourism summary = All these factors are important research subjects, and evolutionary psychology explicitly studies these deep-rooted threats and offers a plethora of explanations of how they can impact human thinking, feeling, and behavior. Specifically, drawing on research from evolutionary psychology on the behavioral immune system, we demonstrate across two studies how this pandemic impacts important tourism phenomena, such as tourist xenophobia (Kock, Josiassen & Assaf, 2019a) . Yet, it is important to note that each motive provides a myriad of unique ultimate explanations to many human behaviors and can serve as the starting point for an evolutionary based investigation in tourism research. Based on the Evolutionary Tourism Paradigm and, more specifically, the theory on disease avoidance (ultimate motive) presented above, this study tests whether a higher pathogen threat (ecology) relates to tourists'' crowding perceptions and increased levels of xenophobia and ethnocentrism (phenotypic plasticities). doi = 10.1016/j.annals.2020.103053 id = cord-299324-0hzlvwfn author = Koeberle, Séverine title = COVID 19 outbreak: organisation of a geriatric assessment and coordination unit. A French example date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID; care; unit summary = To organise an ad hoc follow-up channel, including the necessary resources for the different levels of care required, according to the resources of the territorial network, and the creation of a specific COVID geriatric palliative care service. • Organise an ad hoc follow-up channel, including the necessary resources for the different levels of care required, according to the resources of the territorial network, including the creation of a specific COVID geriatric palliative care service. e next day, an e-mail containing an information note specifying the objectives of this geriatric evaluation and coordination unit, as well as the informationgathering guide that had been drawn up, was sent to all the facilities and hospitals caring for vulnerable persons, as well as to the Medical Boards of the four departments of our area, in agreement with the concerned Regional Health Agency. • CFS 5 to 6: Decision-making support concerning the level of care in real time, 24 h a day, integrating the opinion of the resuscitation doctors if requested, depending on the clinical condition, by the geriatric evaluation unit and its health professionals. doi = 10.1093/ageing/afaa092 id = cord-297414-zq16s9ud author = Koh, Adrian H. C. title = What COVID-19 has taught us: lessons from around the globe date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = This was integrated with the NHI PharmaCloud System, which allowed thorough checks on the travel and medical history of preregistered patients for all outpatient clinic visits, day This article is part of a topical collection on Perspectives on COVID-19 surgery, scheduled examinations, or hospital admissions in advance [8] . Measures in the clinic include plastic barrier shields mounted to slit lamps and machines; all staff are asked to wear cap, eye goggles, protective clothing, surgical mask, and glove during clinic; video calls to check the patients with fever and red eye but not yet diagnosed with COVID at the emergency department. The fact is, telemedicine has been proposed and discussed for several decades before the COVID pandemic, but the current situation where many countries have imposed lockdowns and restrictions to travel to clinics and hospitals has greatly accelerated its use and implementation [10] . Virtual visits in ophthalmology: timely advice for implementation during the COVID-19 public health crisis doi = 10.1007/s00417-020-04791-9 id = cord-283116-ib5c3lbi author = Koh, David title = Occupational health responses to COVID‐19: What lessons can we learn from SARS? date = 2020-05-13 keywords = SARS; covid-19; health summary = Among the insights gained from the past outbreaks were: outbreaks caused by viruses are hazardous to healthcare workers; the impact of the disease extends beyond the infection; general principles of prevention and control are effective in containing the disease; the disease poses both a public health as well as an occupational health threat; and emerging infectious diseases pose a continuing threat to the world. Among the insights gained from the past outbreaks were: outbreaks caused by viruses are hazardous to healthcare workers; the impact of the disease extends beyond the infection; general principles of prevention and control are effective in containing the disease; the disease poses both a public health as well as an occupational health threat; and emerging infectious diseases pose a continuing threat to the world. coronavirus, COVID-19, health care, occupational health, outbreaks, public health, SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases and over 62 000 deaths spread over 200 countries and territories. doi = 10.1002/1348-9585.12128 id = cord-334477-vdpaxj4e author = Koh, Jiayun title = Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Cases During the Early Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = title: Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Cases During the Early Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis The WHO-China Joint Mission on COVID-19 also reported that Chinese patients with comorbidities had higher case fatality rates (13.2% with cardiovascular disease, 9.2% with diabetes, 8.4% with hypertension, 8.0% with chronic respiratory disease) (49) . From our pooled results, the common symptoms presented at admission were consistent with another study comprising of 1,099 COVID-19 patients (91.1% with pneumonia diagnosis) across 552 Chinese hospitals up till January 29th 2020 (52) . Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00295 id = cord-234254-svjajpp4 author = Kohler, J. title = Robust and optimal predictive control of the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-05-07 keywords = ICU; MPC; covid-19; section summary = Our theoretical findings support various recent studies by showing that 1) adaptive feedback strategies are required to reliably contain the COVID-19 outbreak, 2) well-designed policies can significantly reduce the number of fatalities compared to simpler ones while keeping the amount of social distancing measures on the same level, and 3) imposing stronger social distancing measures early on is more effective and cheaper in the long run than opening up too soon and restoring stricter measures at a later time. Another example for an open-loop optimal policy applied to the COVID-19 pandemic is presented in [14] where the authors consider optimal control of the German outbreak using a slightly simpler model as the one chosen in the present paper (without distinguishing between detected and undetected individuals), which also includes an increased mortality rate if the ICU capacity is exceeded. doi = nan id = cord-312835-a60bkohc author = Kohli, Utkarsh title = Fulminant myocarditis and atrial fibrillation in child with acute COVID-19 date = 2020-10-18 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = COVID-19 has manifested with ventricular dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmias, most commonly atrial fibrillation (AFib), in adults. We report a 15 year-old girl with acute COVID-19, fulminant myocarditis and AFib. Serum pro-NT BNP, inflammatory markers and high sensitivity troponin concentration were all markedly elevated (Supplement 1). While ventricular dysfunction and the whole gamut of arrhythmias have been reported in adults with acute COVID-19 [1] , pediatric patients have either been asymptomatic or have mostly manifested with mild respiratory illness [2] . Rare pediatric patients with COVID-19 have presented with ventricular dysfunction [3] ; however, arrhythmias such as AFib, which are exceedingly rare in otherwise healthy children, have not been reported in children with acute COVID-19 [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . In a recently published single center pediatric series (n=36), nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (n=5) and sustained atrial tachycardia (n=1) were noted in approximately 17 % of children with acute COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2020.10.004 id = cord-351718-sf5zp5wg author = Kohli, Utkarsh title = COVID-19 pneumonia in an infant with a hemodynamically significant ventricular septal defect date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Reports thus far suggest a mild course for acute COVID-19 infection in children; however, its effects in vulnerable paediatric populations, including children with haemodynamically significant congenital heart disease, have rarely been reported. We therefore report on a 4-month-old Hispanic male with a moderate sized conoventricular ventricular septal defect and pulmonary overcirculation who presented with COVID-19-associated pneumonia. 6 Children with haemodynamically significant congenital heart disease are at an increased risk of decompensation and hospitalisation when concomitantly infected with other respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus and influenza, [12] [13] [14] lending credence to the notion that COVID-19 could run a more severe course in these children. Given the probable paucity of these patients at any single paediatric centre, there is a dire need for collaborative research efforts on a global scale to characterise the clinical features and outcomes of COVID-19 in children with haemodynamically significant congenital heart disease as well as other vulnerable paediatric populations. doi = 10.1017/s1047951120003303 id = cord-326369-ur67a7jv author = Kokane, P. P. title = Understanding the Incidence of Covid-19 among the police force in Maharashtra through a mixed approach date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; June; Maharashtra; police summary = Abstract Background: The study tries to understand the incidence of COVID-19 among police officials along with the challenges they face and their preparedness during the pandemic response in Maharashtra. Since a significant proportion of cases are related to occupational exposure, these at-risk groups which include the local police personnel should be given adequate social and mental health support (19) . We analyzed the trends of daily reported confirmed, active, recovered, and death cases in lockdown phases-wise in Maharashtra for the general population and the police professionals. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.11.20125104 doi: medRxiv preprint people continued their daily life routine irrespective of government orders, the movement of people increased and resulted in increased duty time and higher exposure to the infection among police force in Maharashtra. (2020) reported that 28% of respondents have symptoms of anxiety and depression in the general population during this period (26) while in our study, 50% of police personnel are mentally disturbed due to fear of COVID-19 and faces challenges at the workplace. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.11.20125104 id = cord-253054-qipyqtsi author = Kokkoris, Michail D. title = Would You Sacrifice Your Privacy to Protect Public Health? Prosocial Responsibility in a Pandemic Paves the Way for Digital Surveillance date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; responsibility summary = Second, going beyond prior research, we found that perceived prosocial responsibility also predicted willingness to accept restrictions of individual rights and privacy, as well as to accept digital surveillance for the sake of public health. Second, going beyond prior research, we found that perceived prosocial responsibility also predicted willingness to accept restrictions of individual rights and privacy, as well as to accept digital surveillance for the sake of public health. Specifically, we examined whether prosocial responsibility predicts on the one hand compliance with self-isolation and self-distancing measures, as prior literature suggests, and on the other hand acceptance of digital surveillance and restrictions of individual rights and privacy, as we propose. Inspection of correlation coefficients indicates that prosocial responsibility was positively correlated with compliance with measures to fight COVID-19, r = 0.50, p < 0.001; willingness to sacrifice privacy, r = 0.46, p < 0.001; past surveillance acceptance, r = 0.11, p = 0.059; willingness to accept surveillance, r = 0.41, p < 0.001; and prioritizing public health over individual freedoms when a trade-off between the two is inevitable, r = 0.57, p < 0.001. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.578618 id = cord-307477-yddx2585 author = Kolani, Sylvie title = Spontaneous pneumomediastinum occurring in the SARS-COV-2 infection date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; spontaneous summary = We present a case of spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) in COVID-19 pneumonia and discuss the possible mechanism explaining this association. Dionísio et al, found that precipitating factors for a spontaneous pneumomediastinum present in 86.7% of cases, including coughing bouts, excessive tobacco use, inhalation of other drugs and varnishes, strenuous physical activity and emesis. Therefore, the damage of alveolar membrane in coronavirus infections can be one of the mechanism leading to alveolar rupture thus the occurrence of spontaneous pneumomediastinum. At our knowledge, two cases of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in COVID-19 patients have been reported. His chest CT revealed parenchymal abnormalities compatible with the evolution of the COVID-19 pneumonia but also a pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. Our patient has no precipitating or predisposing factors of spontaneous pneumomediastinum and presented no symptoms. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is not a common presentation in the COVID-19 infection and can potentially be an aggravating factor in the management of the COVID-19 pneumonia. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and subcutaneous emphysema Complicating H1N1 Virus Infection doi = 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00806 id = cord-180835-sgu7ayvw author = Kolic, Blas title = Data-driven modeling of public risk perception and emotion on Twitter during the Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-03 keywords = Fechner; Twitter; affect; covid-19; death summary = By inspecting the correlations between the NLSs and the epidemiological indicators, we find that as the pandemic intensifies -in the sense of an increasing number of cases and deaths reported daily -our emotional response diminishes, as expected from a psychophysical numbing phenomenon. Altogether, this analysis demonstrates that words indicating a subjective emotional/affective experience and words related to death are well-separated in this Twitter data, which is consistent with the notion of psychophysical numbing as an explanation for the trends and correlations observed in Figures 1 and 2 . We also showed that the psychophysical laws of Weber-Fechner and of power law perception in humans accurately model the relationship between the frequency of words related to death and the actual daily number of Covid-19 deaths in each country. doi = nan id = cord-256458-3fyul3k2 author = Kolikonda, Murali Krishnan title = Association of Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Stroke: A Rising Concern date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several chemical, mechanical, and/or inflammatory central nervous system pathologies are proposed to explain how this viral infection might induce acute cerebrovascular disease. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the coronavirus 2019 (COVID19) disease, which quickly became a pandemic [1] . Beyond knowing that bacteria and viruses can be risk factors for cerebrovascular ischemia, the impact of this novel coronavirus on emergency medical issues like acute ischemic stroke remains to be clarified [2] . Although the exact mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 causing cerebrovascular pathology is unclear, there might be a neuroinvasive potential that increases the incidence of stroke, thromboses, and related neuropsychiatric conditions [10] [11] [12] . While coronavirus precautions are being relaxed, acknowledging COVID-19 associations to cerebrovascular disease helps plan health care services and should improve clinical outcomes. doi = 10.1159/000510134 id = cord-030956-wire1g2n author = Kolta, Marian Fayek title = COVID-19 variant radiological findings with high lightening other coronavirus family (SARS and MERS) findings: radiological impact and findings spectrum of corona virus (COVID-19) with comparison to SARS and MERS date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = BACKGROUND: Chest CT is remarkably considered as an imminent diagnostic tool and follow-up study in pulmonary changes in COVID-19 patients; being familiar to other coronavirus family CT findings, this improve our diagnostic experience and hence enhance our ability to early diagnose and combat the outbreak of COVID-19. Radiological examinations are vital in early diagnosis and assessment of disease course, as most COVID-19 infected patients were diagnosed with pneumonia and characteristic CT imaging patterns [1] . This cross section study included 50 patients (43 males, 7 females) with age range from 32 to 75 years (mean age of 47.2 years) confirmed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2, referred for multislice CT (MSCT) assessment of the chest ( Table 1) . Variety of imaging features seen while studying MSCT of chest of COVID-19 patients shows great similarity to that described in other coronavirus-associated syndromes. doi = 10.1186/s43055-020-00262-7 id = cord-356164-y778k3hs author = Komiyama, Maki title = Smoking Cessation as a Public Health Measure to Limit the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date = 2020-04-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = Risk factors for COVID-19, such as cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes, are all strongly associated with smoking habits. In a report on 1,099 infected individuals from China, 12.4% of current smokers and 23.8% of past smokers developed critical outcomes, including being admitted into an intensive care unit or fitted with a ventilator, or mortality. A small study from China using multivariate analysis identified the following four factors as being associated with COVID-19 deterioration: smoking history, body temperature of >37.3°C at the time of admission, respiratory failure and age ≥60 years. 21 Although only a few reports on smoking have been published to date and further accrual of evidence is warranted, smoking is likely to be an important and significant factor associated with COVID-19 severity. Cigarette smoking decreases lung function, and evidently poses a general risk factor for severe respiratory infections, thus there is an apparent association between cigarette smoking and COVID-19 severity. doi = 10.15420/ecr.2020.11 id = cord-258135-9i024s08 author = Konala, Venu Madhav title = Co-infection with Influenza A and COVID-19 date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = COVID-19, also called severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), originated in Wuhan, China. We describe the case of a 66-year-old woman who was diagnosed with influenza A and COVID-19 co-infection. INTRODUCTION COVID-19, also called severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), originated in Wuhan, China. We describe the case of a 66-year-old woman with a diagnosis of influenza A and COVID-19 co-infection. The most common symptoms of influenza are fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, headache, myalgia and arthralgia, similar to those of COVID-19. analysed common respiratory pathogens presenting as co-infections with COVID-19 from Quingdao and Wuhan. Only one of the co-infected patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and required non-invasive ventilation. The clinical characteristics of pneumonia patients co-infected with 2019 novel coronavirus and influenza virus in Wuhan CONCLUSION Influenza and COVID-19 co-infection can occur in patients and can present with similar symptoms. doi = 10.12890/2020_001656 id = cord-296619-uhhndp0a author = Kondo, Yuki title = Coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We reported a case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and influenza A virus coinfection. We reported a case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and influenza A virus coinfection. We report a case of coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus in a patient with pneumonia in Japan. The patient with both COVID-19 and influenza virus infection presented similar clinical characteristics with COVID-19 only. Initial considerations for this patient who presented acutely with fever and cough include infection with a common virus (rhinoviruses, non-SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses and influenza virus) and communityacquired pneumonia. 3 The clinical characteristics of patients with both COVID-19 and influenza virus infection were similar to those of COVID-19 cases. ► There was no significant difference in rates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in patients with and without other pathogens. The clinical characteristics of pneumonia patients coinfected with 2019 novel coronavirus and influenza virus in Wuhan doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-236812 id = cord-316006-t080mykk author = Kong, Dechuan title = Clusters of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) cases in Chinese tour groups date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; China; case summary = Our study describes clusters of COVID-19 cases within tour groups travelling in European countries from January 16 through 28. Tour group transmission may have occurred in the following sceParis-Shanghai, all of the confirmed and suspected cases had seats within two rows ( Figure 3 ). We reported three clusters of COVID-19 confirmed cases in three tour groups travelling in European countries and one cluster of suspected cases on one flight in late January 2020. In group A, the cluster was initiated by a familial transmission, followed by spread of disease to 13 out of 34 members in the 12-day tour. In conclusion, we reported a cluster of 13 COVID-19 cases, which was initiated by within-family transmission followed by propagative transmission into tour groups travelling in European countries. The study findings show that clustered cases in tour groups may be more propagative than simple familial transmission. Clusters of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases in Chinese tour groups doi = 10.1111/tbed.13729 id = cord-347916-9suvf3ln author = Kong, Man title = Higher level of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte is associated with severe COVID-19 date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; NLR summary = This study aims to assess the association between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the incidence of severe COVID-19 infection. A study indicated that large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum were associated with pulmonary inflammation and extensive lung damage in COVID-19, similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-COV) infection [6] . The current study aimed to investigate the association between different laboratory data (including lymphocyte subsets and inflammatory biomarkers) and clinical characteristics of hospitalised patients with mild and severe COVID-19 infection to reveal a potentially useful prognostic factor associated with severe morbidity. Compared with the mild group, most patients in the severe group showed higher levels of infection-related indicators, such as procalcitonin (0.07 vs. In this study, the patients in the highest NLR tertile presented a 5.9-fold increased risk of incidence of severe COVID-19 after adjustments for potential confounders were applied. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001557 id = cord-300466-sk9iilum author = Kong, Wen-Hua title = Serologic Response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 Patients with Different Severity date = 2020-07-23 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = According to the Chinese Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) report, among 72,314 COVID-19 cases in China''s mainland most of cases (81%) presented only mild illness or moderate pneumonia, yet 14% developed severe symptoms such as dyspnea, high respiratory frequency and low blood oxygen saturation, and another 5% were in critical conditions like respiratory failure, septic shock, and multiple organ dysfunction/failure (Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response and Chinese CDC, 2020; Wu and McGoogan 2020) . In this study, we, compared the results of serologic tests and nucleic acid test (NAT) from a group of COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, and analyzed the serologic IgM and IgG antibody level of patients with different disease severity. In summary, this study supported the combination of serologic testing and NAT in routine COVID-19 diagnosis and provided evidence on the temporal profile of antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with different disease severity. doi = 10.1007/s12250-020-00270-x id = cord-303232-0lwmzjxz author = Konig, Maximilian F title = Targeting the catecholamine-cytokine axis to prevent SARS-CoV-2 cytokine storm syndrome date = 2020-04-08 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19 summary = The mortality of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appears to be driven by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and a dysregulated immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Emerging evidence suggests that a subset of COVID-19 is characterized by the development of a cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), and interleukin (IL)-6 levels are predictors of COVID-19 severity and in-hospital mortality. As high infection rates threaten to overwhelm hospital capacity during this pandemic, preventative approaches that ameliorate COVID-19 severity and reduce excessive mortality are desperately needed. We hypothesize that treatment with prazosin of individuals who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 could reduce catecholamine surges, secondary cytokine dysregulation, and mortality. Prospective, randomized clinical trials of alpha-1 receptor antagonists (e.g. prazosin) administered prior to the onset of severe symptoms are needed to assess their efficacy in preventing CSS and reducing mortality in COVID-19. Prospective, double-blinded clinical trials of ⍺1-AR antagonists in high-risk patients, when administered prior to symptom onset, will therefore be required to assess their utility in preventing COVID-19-CSS. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.02.20051565 id = cord-035077-qjrokb17 author = Konstantinov, Vsevolod title = COVID-19 Impact on Kazakhstan University Student Fear, Mental Health, and Substance Use date = 2020-11-09 keywords = COVID-19; student summary = title: COVID-19 Impact on Kazakhstan University Student Fear, Mental Health, and Substance Use Based on earlier COVID-19 research of university students in Russia and Belorussia, we hypothesize COVID-19 fear, mental health, and substance use among Kazakh university students are linked to gender and religious status. Specifically, we believe gender predicts fear level, mental health problems, and substance use; and religiosity is not a protective factor among university students in terms of COVID-19-related mental health conditions. Present findings, consistent with earlier studies in Russia and Belarus, evidence a higher level of fear among religious female students . Kazakh study results, like those from Russia and Belarus, evidence that COVID-19 does not appear to significantly affect the pattern of student substance use. Present study findings evidence that the level of substance use among Kazakh university students is lower than that reported in Russia and other countries (Isralowitz et al. doi = 10.1007/s11469-020-00412-y id = cord-252664-h02qy4z0 author = Kontis, V. title = Age- and sex-specific total mortality impacts of the early weeks of the Covid-19 pandemic in England and Wales: Application of a Bayesian model ensemble to mortality statistics date = 2020-05-25 keywords = covid-19; death summary = title: Ageand sex-specific total mortality impacts of the early weeks of the Covid-19 pandemic in England and Wales: Application of a Bayesian model ensemble to mortality statistics Methods: We developed an ensemble of 16 Bayesian models that probabilistically estimate the weekly number of deaths that would be expected had the Covid-19 pandemic not occurred. We developed and applied methodology to quantify the weekly mortality impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic and associated responses by age group and sex in England and Wales. We developed an ensemble of 16 short-term Bayesian mortality projection models that each make an estimate of weekly death rates that would be expected if the Covid-19 pandemic had not occurred. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.20107680 doi: medRxiv preprint already a >92% probability that there were more deaths in both sexes and all age groups ≥45 years than would occur in the absence of the pandemic; the probability was 100% (i.e., every one of the 16,000 draws were positive) from the subsequent week (Figures 2 and 3) . doi = 10.1101/2020.05.20.20107680 id = cord-280630-2g7ygxys author = Koo, Bo Kyung title = Glove-Wall System for Respiratory Specimen Collection and COVID-19 Mass Screening date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Glove-Wall System for Respiratory Specimen Collection and COVID-19 Mass Screening In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Korea has devised an effective strategy for massive diagnostic testing combined with isolation [1] [2] [3] . Specimen collection for COVID-19 requires heavy personal protective equipment (PPE) which is exhausting for the examiner and difficult during mass screening. Respiratory specimen is collected from the suspected patient in the Glove-Wall area where the examiner and examinee are completely separated (Fig. 1B) . To secure the safety of the examinees side and prevent cross-contamination from the surrounding environment, the examiner disinfects the fixed gloves between patients using alcohol and quaternary ammonium wipes approved for coronavirus (Fig. 1C) [4] . Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases COVID-19 working group. Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study Report on the epidemiological features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in the Republic of Korea from doi = 10.3947/ic.2020.52.2.219 id = cord-028300-u8hogdyf author = Koop, Royce title = Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected MPs’ Representational Activities? date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The pandemic has affected MPs'' daily work through increased constituent demands for service in an abruptly changed operating environment. MPs report increased volume of constituent inquiries and requests, a changed nature in these demands as constituents mostly seek assistance and information related to COVID-19, and significant implications of a remote workstyle for MPs'' daily activities and those of their staff. Most importantly, the pandemic resulted in an increased emphasis on constituents'' requests for service from MPs, which limited the diversity of representational practices normally found among MPs. While some MPs already prioritize service connections, this became the case during the pandemic for all MPs we interviewed, supplanting other types of connections. MP Churence Rogers, for example, suggests "… there''s a lot of things about this COVID pandemic that will maybe change the way that I do the job in the future." He expands, "… We also heard from some MPs that they are developing new representational connections with various local populations. doi = 10.1017/s0008423920000566 id = cord-336455-dmaatzjc author = Kooraki, Soheil title = Re: Ventilation-perfusion Scans During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Re: Ventilation-perfusion Scans During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak In complete agreement with the authors, the potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the nuclear medicine departments needs to be addressed, as the nuclear medicine department staff are at high-risk of exposure to COVID-19. In addition, contamination of the department equipment can initiate an outbreak within the healthcare facility. [5] In summary, limiting the acquisition of pulmonary V/Q scan, elimination of the ventilation phase of the scan, appropriate use of PPE by all department staff, the use of negative airway pressure in the procedure room and thorough decontamination of the procedure room after each V/Q scan can help the nuclear medicine department to minimize the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the staff, the equipment and the healthcare facility. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: What the Department of Radiology Should Know COVID-19 and Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q) Lung Studies COVID19 -Nuclear Medicine Departments, be prepared doi = 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.03.028 id = cord-253238-ptmxkpae author = Kopel, Jonathan title = Clinical Insights into the Gastrointestinal Manifestations of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS summary = Furthermore, testing stool after a patient has been infected with COVID-19 may be necessary to monitor any GI complications, and the potential for fecal-oral transmission after respiratory symptoms has resolved. Despite the limited information on COVID-19 and its GI symptoms, information from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV provides some insights on the symptoms and disease severity from other CoVs. The MERS-CoV has shown to infect human primary intestinal epithelial cells, small intestine It is also found to transmit via the fecal-oral route [35] . Physicians should monitor for GI symptoms in COVID-19-infected patients and examine whether the virus continues to remain in their stools after their respiratory symptoms have resolved. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Human intestinal tract serves as an alternative infection route for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus doi = 10.1007/s10620-020-06362-8 id = cord-260629-ml1qjipn author = Kopelovich, Sarah L. title = Community Mental Health Care Delivery During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Practical Strategies for Improving Care for People with Serious Mental Illness date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; care; client; health; mental; provider summary = These include offering a spectrum of options for remote and in-person care, greater integration of behavioral and physical healthcare, prevention of viral exposure, increased collaborative decision-making related to long-acting injectable and clozapine use, modifying safety plans and psychiatric advance directives to include new technologies and broader support systems, leveraging natural supports, and integration of digital health interventions. Outreach teams should meet outside the residence in well-ventilated areas, to visually assess how the person is doing, present as a familiar and comforting supportive social visit, model and reinforce behaviors, deliver medications, and provide an in-person demonstration of how to use smartphones or other devices to engage in e-mental health. Several targets for assessment and treatment should be prioritized for both new and existing clients, including safety assessment and management, psychological and pharmacotherapeutic strategies to manage psychiatric symptoms and co-occurring substance use disorders, assessment and management of physical health, and augmenting care by enlisting natural supports and employing asynchronous digital health interventions. doi = 10.1007/s10597-020-00662-z id = cord-337482-imxkpfrn author = Koplan, Jeffrey title = Maxims for a Pandemic: Time, Distance, and Data date = 2020-10-27 keywords = Alagoz; covid-19 summary = In their article, Alagoz and colleagues explored the effect of COVID-19–related public health mandates in 3 U.S. locations. The editorialists discuss lessons from this analysis and the role of modeling to inform decision making related to the COVID-19 pandemic and future public health crises. I n their article, Alagoz and colleagues explored the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related public health mandates in 3 U.S. locations-Dane County, Wisconsin; the Milwaukee metropolitan area; and New York City-using agent-based simulation models (1) . They modeled variations in adherence to social distancing mandates, time of intervention, and population density. Alagoz and colleagues'' study provides an opportunity to pause and assess how modeling can and should inform COVID-19 decision making. With mass vaccination months, if not years, away and few effective therapies, the timely use of nonpharmaceutical public health interventions will reduce morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. Effect of timing of and adherence to social distancing measures on COVID-19 burden in the United States. doi = 10.7326/m20-6934 id = cord-310891-yfouizjb author = Korada, Sai Krishna C. title = Management of COVID-19 in a Durable Left Ventricular Assist Device Recipient: A Continuity of Care Perspective date = 2020-08-20 keywords = LVAD; covid-19; patient summary = Though the severe respiratory clinical manifestations of this disease have been well reported, the data regarding cardiovascular presentations and outcomes of patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 are rapidly emerging. 2 This report describes the clinical course of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) recipient with acute COVID-19 infection from initial hospital admission to outpatient management. This includes a relatively benign clinical course in a patient with multiple co-morbidities, probably due to immunomodulatory effect of LVAD support. Management of COVID-19 infection has largely been guided by standard respiratory care, case reports, expert opinion, small randomized clinical trials, and prior experience with SARS-CoV-1, MERS, and H1N1. We describe a unique case of a patient mild COVID-19 infection on LVAD support. However, prompt diagnosis, supportive care, and close follow-up are vital in the management of LVAD recipients with COVID-19 infection. Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a Patient on Durable Left Ventricular Assist Device Support doi = 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.08.012 id = cord-311535-ppkwd1kp author = Korakas, Emmanouil title = Obesity and COVID-19: immune and metabolic derangement as a possible link to adverse clinical outcomes date = 2020-07-01 keywords = SARS; covid-19; obesity summary = The production of increased amounts of cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) lead to oxidative stress and defective function of innate and adaptive immunity, whereas the activation of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome seems to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the infection. Endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness could favor the recently discovered infection of the endothelium by SARS-CoV-2, whereas alterations in cardiac structure and function and the prothrombotic microenvironment in obesity could provide a link for the increased cardiovascular events in these patients. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, hypercytokinemia, immune dysregulation, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiovascular abnormalities are all possible mechanisms through which the excess in adipose tissue could lead to the acute hyperinflammatory state that characterizes severe SARS-CoV-2 infections and is responsible for its complications. doi = 10.1152/ajpendo.00198.2020 id = cord-309238-7lbt0f03 author = Koratala, Abhilash title = Need for Objective Assessment of Volume Status in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: The Tri-POCUS Approach date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; POCUS; patient summary = title: Need for Objective Assessment of Volume Status in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: The Tri-POCUS Approach For example, lung ultrasound (LUS) findings in ARDS may be difficult to distinguish from that of cardiogenic pulmonary edema and, sometimes, patient positioning may limit the scan zones available for evaluation. We believe that a "Tri-POCUS" approach ( Fig. 1) combining LUS, focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS), and venous Doppler ultrasound can overcome the shortcomings of individual techniques and enhance the reliability by providing valuable insights into patients'' hemodynamics when interpreted in the clinical context. Evaluation of blood flow pattern in the hepatic, portal, and intrarenal veins using bedside Doppler ultrasound to assess venous congestion is another attractive means to gauge fluid status in critically ill patients, though not specifically studied in those with ARDS. doi = 10.1159/000508544 id = cord-352512-h58oh2jx author = Korbel, Jan O. title = Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on life scientists date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; scientist summary = The ability to rapidly connect with scientists in spite of institutional shutdowns has, on top of this, facilitated the engagement of researchers in collaborative activities targeted against COVID-19. Twenty-five percent of respondents reported at least 1 month and up to 6 months of work had been lost due to laboratory shutdown-with large differences seen between wet lab (73%) and dry lab (31%) researchers. The personal living conditions-for example, alone versus living with a spouse or family-and whether scientists are based in an institution within their home country or whether they are expatriates also seem to affect the level of personal impact the COVID-19 outbreak has caused. Although 49% of scientists reported that their research hours have been reduced during the COVID-19 outbreak, many indicated that they are using the times of shutdown to devote more time to data analysis (43%), manuscript or thesis writing (45%), or developing grant applications (11%) (see Fig. 1 ). doi = 10.1186/s13059-020-02031-1 id = cord-259250-ybfyiykz author = Korem, Sindhuja title = Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with COVID-19 disease date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; GBS summary = In this case report, we describe the symptoms of a patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 whose clinical course was complicated with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). In this case report, we describe the symptoms of a patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 whose clinical course was complicated with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). To date, there are only 12 published cases of COVID-19-related Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). 4 Increasing reports of neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 are emerging, but only a few cases of GBS associated with this virus have been established. The case series by Mao et al in Wuhan, China, was one of the first studies that showed neurologic manifestations in patients with COVID-19. 15 There Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) should be considered in patients with peripheral nervous system symptoms. Guillain-Barré syndrome following COVID-19: new infection, old complication? Guillain Barre syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection: a case report doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-237215 id = cord-258855-2i51eyfq author = Korman, Tony M title = Early Outpatient Treatment of Symptomatic, High-Risk Covid-19 Patients date = 2020-07-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = Risch makes an impassioned plea that we are "unable to wait for results of randomized controlled trials" for COVID-19 and should "immediately roll out" early outpatient treatment with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and azithromycin (AZ). Brazil showed a reduced hospitalization rate for 636 outpatients treated with HCQ+AZ (1.9%) compared to a "control" group of 224 patients who "refused treatment" (5.4%). Early Outpatient Treatment of Symptomatic, High-Risk Covid-19 Patients that Should be Ramped-Up Immediately as Key to the Pandemic Crisis Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial Early treatment of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: A retrospective analysis of 1061 cases in Marseille, France Empirical treatment with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin for suspected cases of COVID-19 followed-up by telemedicine The QT interval in patients with COVID-19 treated with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin doi = 10.1093/aje/kwaa154 id = cord-337896-mct29erg author = Kornbluth, Asher title = Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and COVID-19 in New York City 2020: The Epicenter of IBD in the First Epicenter of the Global Pandemic date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; IBD; NYC; SARS; patient summary = A number of the major GI societies, the Crohn''s & Colitis Foundation, 3 British Society of Gastroenterology, 4 European Crohn''s and Colitis Organization, 5 The American Gastroenterology Association, 6 and the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IOIBD) 7 have published guidelines regarding treating the IBD patient with SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. 8 The key features are that the patient without proven or suspected SARS-CoV-2 should continue on their current medications with aggressive attempts to reduce steroid usage because this is the only single agent that has been associated with increased poor outcomes with COVID-19, defined in the SECURE registry as a composite score of hospitalization, intubation, or death. 14 We are now participating in the development of a database that will follow patients after clearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to determine the courses and outcomes of the IBD and of any sequelae or recurrence of COVID-19 after any drug therapy has been suspended. doi = 10.1093/ibd/izaa212 id = cord-311431-5pi3bzli author = Korobelnik, Jean-François title = Response to letter: COVID-19 and macular edema—a necessary blindness? date = 2020-07-18 keywords = covid-19 summary = that ophthalmologists have faced difficult decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic and that a delicate balance is needed to protect both lives and vision. & Minimizing the risk of exposure to COVID-19 for both the patient and healthcare staff & Simplifying anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment regimens & Prioritizing treatment for those at greatest risk of irreversible vision loss By implementing stringent safety practices and triaging those who are most vulnerable, we have the opportunity to continue to provide the best possible care to patients. With lockdown restrictions now easing in many countries, we are re-evaluating our initial guidance [1] to determine which measures can be relaxed while the infection rate remains low and which should remain in place until a suitable vaccine or treatment for COVID-19 becomes available. The updated guidance for the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and for the post-lockdown era will be available from https://www.visionacademy.org/. Guidance for anti-VEGF intravitreal injections during the COVID-19 pandemic Conflict of interest Jean-François Korobelnik is a consultant for Allergan, Bayer, Kanghong, Novartis, and Roche. doi = 10.1007/s00417-020-04839-w id = cord-275266-e6omvo5x author = Kort, Nanne P title = Resuming hip and knee arthroplasty after COVID-19: ethical implications for well-being, safety and the economy date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; arthroplasty; patient; surgery summary = 7, 8 These economic factors will influence the decision to re-start elective total joint Resuming hip and knee arthroplasty after COVID-19: ethical implications for well-being, safety and the economy arthroplasty during the COVID-19 pandemic. This specific, informed consent (IC) for elective surgery in times of COVID-19 requires further discussion with the patient about higher risk of virus transmission including from healthcare workers, the long incubation period (up to 14 days), the variable nature of the disease from mild to fatal, and discussions regarding ceilings of care and the potential need for ventilation. In this challenging time, when reinstating elective surgery in a risky scenario with limited resources, surgeons have the responsibility to follow a shared decision-making process with the patient that includes an understanding of the legal aspects of complications, and COVID-19 specific, informed consent. doi = 10.1177/1120700020941232 id = cord-103214-3lz33pj3 author = Kortuem, S. O. title = The Role of the Emergency Department in Protecting the Hospital as a Critical Infrastructure in the Corona Pandemic Strategies and Experiences of a Rural Sole Acute-Care Clinic date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; Department; Emergency; patient summary = An essential strategic element was a very short-term restructuring of the Emergency Department with the objectives of reducing the number of cases within the clinic, detecting COVID-19 cases as sensitively as possible and separating the patient pathways at an early stage. After establishing a pre-triage with structured algorithms, all confirmed COVID-19 cases were identified before entering the clinic and assigned to an appropriate treatment pathway. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.07.20185819 doi: medRxiv preprint As of March 27, 2020, a specially developed algorithm for case detection was established, which, in addition to broader range of clinical criteria, focuses on the regionally observable epidemiological events in risk facilities, e. 7%) of the patients, neither direct contact with confirmed COVID-19 cases nor a stay in high-risk areas or facilities could be recorded at the time of pre-triage ( Figure 6 ). At this point, the Emergency Department has the key function of identifying those patients who need treatment with the hospital resources for medical reasons and referring other cases to the outpatient sector. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.07.20185819 id = cord-313992-ogdqq3dl author = Kortuem, S. O. title = Corona-Independent Excess Mortality Due to Reduced Use of Emergency Medical Care in the Corona Pandemic: A Population-Based Observational Study date = 2020-10-28 keywords = April; COVID-19; emergency summary = Since a drift of patients with the use of other service providers is unlikely, we assume that fears of infection in overburdened hospitals, one-sided public communication and reporting, and the extent of contact restrictions have contributed significantly to the decline in case numbers and to excess mortality (collateral damage). This paper investigates changes in the use of clinical and pre-clinical structures of emergency medical care as well as effects on overall mortality in a rural supply area during the first phase of the corona pandemic (9th to 22nd calendar week 2020). Nevertheless, the results suggest that, in our supply area, secondary pandemic mortality (collateral damage) with a quantifiable excess mortality rate of more than 16% compared to the average of previous years has occurred in connection with reduced use of emergency medical structures. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.27.20220558 id = cord-284097-94pz1601 author = Korun, Oktay title = The impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on congenital heart surgery practice: An alarming change in demographics date = 2020-08-13 keywords = covid summary = CONCLUSIONS: Congenital cardiac surgery practice can be safely maintained with restricted case volume during the pandemic period. The data of all patients who had congenital heart surgery in our clinic on the specified dates were retrospectively reviewed. However, operating theaters, intensive care units and wards used for pediatric cardiac surgery were left in the non-COVID part of the hospital and no additional regulation was made regarding the way of working. The distribution of the main procedures of 70 surgeries performed during the COVID period is shown in Table 3 The comparison of the postoperative results can be seen in Table 5 . The change of case volume, distribution, and outcomes in a congenital cardiac surgery referral center during the first 2 months of the COVID-19 pandemic was investigated in this study. These data indicate that congenital cardiac surgery services can be safely maintained with simple measures during the pandemic period. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on congenital heart surgery practice: An alarming change in demographics doi = 10.1111/jocs.14914 id = cord-321747-u2v1w99n author = Korytkowski, Mary title = A Pragmatic Approach to Inpatient Diabetes Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Appropriate glycemic management contributes to a reduction in adverse clinical outcomes in acute illness but also requires intensive patient interactions for bedside glucose monitoring, intravenous and subcutaneous insulin administration, as well as rapid intervention for hypoglycemia events. A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 6 Some suggested methods for limiting exposure time for health personnel when caring for patients with COVID-19 includes minimizing the use of IV insulin infusions in critically ill patients, using remote continuous glucose monitoring devices (CGM) devices to minimize time spent in direct patient contract, and reconsidering use of non-insulin therapies. Previously published guidelines recommend discontinuation of non-insulin medications and initiation of insulin therapy for patients with diabetes or newly recognized hyperglycemia at time of hospital admission (5,6,11). doi = 10.1210/clinem/dgaa342 id = cord-265022-p5cab562 author = Kotfis, Katarzyna title = COVID-19: ICU delirium management during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; SARS; delirium; patient summary = Indeed, patients with COVID-19 are at accelerated risk for delirium due to at least seven factors including (1) direct central nervous system (CNS) invasion, (2) induction of CNS inflammatory mediators, (3) secondary effect of other organ system failure, (4) effect of sedative strategies, (5) prolonged mechanical ventilation time, (6) immobilization, and (7) other needed but unfortunate environmental factors including social isolation and quarantine without family. Given early insights into the pathobiology of the virus, as well as the emerging interventions utilized to treat the critically ill patients, delirium prevention and management will prove exceedingly challenging, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU). Many hospitalized patients with COVID-19 will develop delirium, and given early insights into the pathobiology of this virus indicating invasion into the brain stem, as well as the emerging interventions utilized to treat these critically ill patients, delirium prevention and management may prove exceedingly challenging, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU). doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-02882-x id = cord-316065-fn64o0id author = Kotian, Rahul P title = Knowledge and understanding among medical imaging professionals in India during the rapid rise of the covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; India summary = An online cross-sectional survey during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak was used to assess the knowledge and understanding among MIPs on COVID-19 in India between March 31, 2020 to April 05, 2020, the second week after the national lockdown. The overall questionnaire had 15 questions (Table 1) : regarding clinical presentations, regarding transmission routes and regarding prevention and control during Medical Imaging procedures of COVID-19. The questions regarding practices followed by the imaging professionals on considering air-exchange rate in imaging rooms, after scanning a suspected COVID-19 patient was unclear with respondents having mixed responses (15.5%) 15 min, (28.4%) 30 min, 1 (28.5%) and 2 (27.6%) hour respectively. Despite these limitations, the present study provides vital information about the knowledge and understanding of medical imaging professionals during the rapid rise period of COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s12553-020-00437-2 id = cord-321062-j4cd1uho author = Kottlors, Jonathan title = Body composition on Low Dose Chest CT is a Significant Predictor of Poor Clinical Outcome in COVID-19 Disease - a Multicenter Feasibility Study date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; FMR summary = Considering the above-mentioned theory that obesity as well as a comparatively lower muscle area represented in a high FMR may have an unfavorable influence on the outcome of an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, the purpose of this study was to analyze the FMR as an early biomarker in an early LDCT of the chest for a poor clinical outcome and the necessity of intensive care treatment within the follow up period. 20, 24 Since several studies showed a strong correlations between body composition and measurements on axial CT slices, we J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f used these established methods to quantify obesity in the initial LDCT-scan of COVID-19 patients to predict the clinical course of the COVID-19 patients. Using the FMR measured in the initial LDCT examination -derived from the ratio of total cross-sectional circumference to muscle area -it was possible to predict whether a patient would need intensive care treatment in the period following admission. doi = 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109274 id = cord-315358-22srds0e author = Kovacs, George title = Just the Facts: Airway management during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COVID-19; PPE summary = 3 COVID-19 pneumonia patients in respiratory distress with persistent hypoxemia and who are showing signs of fatigue (altered mental status) despite escalation of oxygen therapy (i.e., non-rebreather face mask at 15 L/min) are at significant risk for requiring urgent intubation. 5 Another major reason why airway management in COVID-19 patients is different relates to the details and sequencing related to provider safety. Answer: There is considerable discussion and concern amongst healthcare providers around the availability and access of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for high-risk AGPs such as intubation. 6 While every institution should have access to PPE for providers performing an AGP, it is important to ask the question of whether these recommendations are what is best for a provider in a room (negative pressure or not) preparing to intubate the sickest of COVID-19 patients. • Airway management of COVID-19 patients requires a paradigm shift from a focus primarily on patientoriented outcomes to one that focuses on provider safety. doi = 10.1017/cem.2020.353 id = cord-324186-yw5qpbme author = Kovalic, Alexander J. title = Prevalence of chronic liver disease in patients with COVID-19 and their clinical outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-07-28 keywords = CLD; COVID-19 summary = title: Prevalence of chronic liver disease in patients with COVID-19 and their clinical outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis In this novel systematic review and meta-analysis, the presence of underlying chronic liver disease was significantly associated with more severe COVID-19 infections and mortality. It is not known whether patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) are more likely to develop COVID-19 as there is a paucity of data on the prevalence of CLD among patients Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https ://doi.org/10.1007/s1207 2-020-10078 -2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. doi = 10.1007/s12072-020-10078-2 id = cord-256309-hbdrobn1 author = Kow, Chia Siang title = Meta-analysis of Effectiveness of Statins in Patients with Severe COVID-19 date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Some researchers [6] have also argued that statins might promote the development of a more severe course of COVID-19 due to activation of the inflammasome pathway in acute respiratory distress syndrome, leading to increased pro-inflammatory interleukin-18 (IL-18) levels and subsequent cytokine storm [7, 8] . Individual observational studies [9] [10] [11] [12] have since reported on this area and we carried out a meta-analysis to summarise the existing evidence on the effect of statins on the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 from adjusted analyses. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and medRxiv (preprint repository) databases, up to 27 July 2020, for studies evaluating the risk of severe illness and/or mortality in COVID-19 among statin users compared to non-statin users, with the following keywords and their MeSH terms: Studies were included if they are of cohort or case-control design, included patients with confirmed COVID-19, and with data available to compare the risk of severe illness and/or mortality among statin users compared to non-statin users in adjusted analyses. doi = 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.08.004 id = cord-264535-zhz9wzh9 author = Kow, Chia Siang title = Metformin use amid coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Firstly, the authors suggested that the reduction of weight with the use of metformin, especially among obese patients, may have a protective effect on mortality from COVID-19. 5 Since vitamin B12 plays an important role in immune system regulation, its deficiency may negate the potential protective effects, if any, from COVID-19 and its associated mortality. Specifically, cellular immunity, especially related to CD8+cells and the natural killer cells, may be impaired in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency. Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised placebo-controlled trial Long-term metformin use and vitamin B12 deficiency in the diabetes prevention program outcomes study Immunomodulation by vitamin B12: augmentation of CD8+ T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cell activity in vitamin B12-deficient patients by methyl-B12 treatment Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus doi = 10.1002/jmv.26090 id = cord-265006-m1dmgcd1 author = Kow, Chia Siang title = Do the meta-analyses provide a clean bill of health to the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in COVID-19? date = 2020-08-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In fact, we are aware of the publication of few systematic reviews and metaanalyses [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] which included these observational studies with questionable quality to determine the association between renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors use, including angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and mortality/severity of COVID-19. A systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers ACEI/ARB use and risk of infection or severity or mortality of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis Outcomes of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis The use of renin angiotensin system inhibitor on mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1167 id = cord-268347-xz6fptol author = Kow, Chia Siang title = Pharmacotherapeutic considerations for systemic rheumatic diseases amid the COVID-19 pandemic: more questions than answers date = 2020-08-16 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = It is not known for certain if there is an association between any pharmacological agent used for rheumatologic treatment, including biological and non-biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and an increased risk of COVID-19 acquisition or adverse outcomes from COVID-19, although these agents have been associated with an overall higher risk of infections. To illustrate, the aforementioned prospective case series [3] that included 86 patients from New York with confirmed or presumptive COVID-19 with concurrent immunemediated inflammatory disease reported no increased odds of COVID-19 hospitalization among those who were receiving biological agents or Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors at baseline [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.85; 95% CI 0.71-1.02]. There are proven benefits for initiation or continuation of any pharmacological agents for the management of systemic rheumatic diseases, including treatment with conventional DMARDs and other immunosuppressive agents (e.g. hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, sulfasalazine, methotrexate, leflunomide, tacrolimus, ciclosporin, mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine), as well as biological DMARDs, such as abatacept, tocilizumab and JAK inhibitors (e.g. tofacitinib, baricitinib and upadacitinib). doi = 10.1007/s40267-020-00767-1 id = cord-286241-ej9guh4d author = Kow, Chia Siang title = Interleukin-6 blockade with tocilizumab in COVID-19: Does it live up to its hype? date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-286241-ej9guh4d title: Interleukin-6 blockade with tocilizumab in COVID-19: Does it live up to its hype? cord_uid: ej9guh4d The findings from randomized controlled trials have proved that the use of tocilizumab in COVID-19 did not live up to the hype, where the increased concentration of IL-6 does not imply that its neutralization will be effective in COVID-19.. 5 compared the concentrations of IL-6 between 27 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and 36 patients with non-COVID-19 pneumonia. The findings of this prospective study, coupled with the findings from two randomized controlled trials that failed to detect mortality benefits with tocilizumab, suggest that IL-6 may not be the cytokine that drives the progression of COVID-19. Tocilizumab among patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit: a multicentre observational study Tocilizumab in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia Is Interleukin 6 the Right Target in COVID-19 Severe Pneumonia? doi = 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.10.004 id = cord-291585-a6y8k1a5 author = Kow, Chia Siang title = The use of antiplatelet agents for arterial thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-291585-a6y8k1a5 title: The use of antiplatelet agents for arterial thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19 cord_uid: a6y8k1a5 1 to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who developed acute arterial thrombosis. Based on the reported findings, we observed that the proportion of COVID-19 patients with major cardiovascular risk factors who developed acute arterial thrombosis is higher than that of their non-COVID-19 counterparts. This finding hinted at the possibility that thromboinflammation plays a greater role for the development of arterial thrombosis in COVID-19 patients than traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, we would like to propose routine antiplatelet therapy (low-dose aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor, prasugrel, ticlopidine, and dipyridamole) for arterial thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19 patients who are deemed at heightened risk for the development of acute arterial thrombosis. Arterial thrombotic complications in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 The procoagulant pattern of patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome doi = 10.1016/j.rec.2020.08.009 id = cord-332942-l0tbak9l author = Kow, Chia Siang title = Macrolides for patients with COVID-19 and concurrent pertussis infection date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Nonetheless, we are concerned with the use of macrolides among patients with COVID-19 and concurrent pertussis infection. A recent systematic review and metaanalysis reported an increased risk of death with the use of azithromycin in combination with hydroxychloroquine though this was not the case for the use of hydroxychloroquine alone, among patients with COVID-19 [4] . Likewise, a follow-up study of a randomized trial evaluating 4,373 patients with stable coronary heart disease who received either clarithromycin or placebo for the treatment of atherosclerosis reported an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality with the use of clarithromycin during the first three years of follow-up [8] . This may be the reason for the increased risk of death with the use of azithromycin in combination with hydroxychloroquine in this patient population. Effect of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin on the mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115245 id = cord-345686-zy3sulbi author = Kow, Chia Siang title = Revascularization strategy in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction amid COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We read with great interest the consensus on the management of acute coronary syndrome in patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the Taiwan Society of Cardiology [1] . However, we are deeply concerned about the recommended revascularization strategy for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) where fibrinolytic therapy is considered before primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as depicted in the proposed algorithm. It should also be recognized that many patients have a persistent reduction in blood flow in the infarct-related artery after fibrinolysis and thus are at persistent risk for reinfarction since the clinical benefits of fibrinolytic therapy are observed only with the restoration of normal flow. Management of acute coronary syndrome in patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019: Consensus from Taiwan Society of Cardiology doi = 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.07.041 id = cord-355577-w1yhtbz8 author = Kowalski, Luiz Paulo title = Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Activity of Physicians Working in the Areas of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; SARS summary = Conclusion The study demonstrated a direct impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the clinical practice of specialties related to the treatment of patients with diseases of the head and neck region already in the beginning of the illness management in Brazil. Specifically, we collected data regarding the impact of de COVID-19 pandemic on: 1) the amount and type of outpatient appointments, surgeries and exams with the risk of generating aerosols; 2) availability of adequate PPE in different settings and practices; 3) the preparedness of the responder''s health institution in orienting their HCPs and developing strategies to manage COVID-19 suspected and confirmed patients. Although the pandemic is already in its 7 th week in Brazil, since the identification of the 1 st case, 45.3% and 48.8% of physicians in the private and public sectors, respectively, reported that they had not received face-to-face or distance training in the management of confirmed or suspected patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1712169 id = cord-296312-nh4poc71 author = Kowitt, Sarah D. title = Tobacco Quit Intentions and Behaviors among Cigar Smokers in the United States in Response to COVID-19 date = 2020-07-25 keywords = COVID-19; quit; tobacco summary = Black or African American participants, participants who reported using a quitline, and participants with higher COVID-19 risk perceptions had higher intentions to quit using tobacco due to COVID-19, and higher odds of making a quit attempt since COVID-19 started. Due to the potential negative health outcomes associated with COVID-19, it is possible that many tobacco users feel more vulnerable to its health effects and are trying to quit using tobacco-which aligns with both previous research and theory on risk perception [12, 13] . We first examined bivariate associations with our two outcomes (quit intentions and quit attempts) and all correlates of interest-participant characteristics, tobacco use variables, and other COVID-19 variables. Specifically, quit intentions and odds of making a quit attempt were higher in people who reported decreasing their tobacco use and people with higher COVID-19 risk perceptions, which is in line with what is often called the "vulnerability hypothesis". doi = 10.3390/ijerph17155368 id = cord-281090-v3icun6z author = Kozlowski, Hannah N. title = COVID‐19: A Pandemic Experience that Illuminates Potential Reforms to Health Research date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; Toronto; research summary = All rights reserved To meet the COVID-19 challenge, the global scientific community focused human and material resources to develop new drugs, therapies, vaccines, diagnostics and so on. We highlight the critical importance of cooperation and compassion in maintaining productivity during the pandemic and identify opportunities for shaping a new era of research with increased patient engagement, fewer silos and a shared goal of improving health and decreasing disease burden. The development of ready-for-use clinical products during the COVID-19 pandemic has engendered cooperativity, engagement and investment in a common goal (Figure 1 ), enabled by a shared view of the problem and a genuine desire to contribute to its solution. The scale and speed of these agreements was only possible because academic researchers and private industry worked together with a shared understanding of the problem and jointly identified their collective goals, expertise, available resources and clinical networks. doi = 10.15252/emmm.202013278 id = cord-345730-bxwsup70 author = Kočar, Eva title = Cholesterol, lipoproteins, and COVID-19: basic concepts and clinical applications date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19; HDL; SARS; cholesterol summary = In vitro depletion of membrane-bound cholesterol from Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2)-expressing cells led to a reduced infectivity of CoVs, since the binding of the spike protein was reduced by half [44] . By participating in cholesterol outflow from the cell membrane to HDL particles, PON1 contributes to lowering the cholesterol levels within lipid rafts, thus modulating viral infection (Fig. 1c) . Therefore, it is intriguing to contemplate whether NAFLD patients without treatment are more J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f susceptible for SARS-CoV-2 infection, or whether statin application may directly affect the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell by regulating cholesterol cell levels. As lipid lowering drugs, statins might thus significantly reduce the attachment and internalization of SARS-CoV-2 by lowering membrane cholesterol levels (Fig. 1c ) [37] . doi = 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158849 id = cord-314349-rhm1ii3d author = Kraft, Miquel title = Incidence, features, outcome and impact on health system of de-novo abdominal surgical diseases in patients admitted with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = Summary Background Data Gastrointestinal involvement has been described in COVID-19; however, no clear figures of incidence, epidemiology and economic impact exist for de-novo surgical diseases in hospitalized patients Methods This is a prospective study including all patients admitted with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 rT-PCR, between 1 March and 15 May 2020 at two Tertiary Hospitals. The overall median length of stay(LOS) of patients admitted to ICU was longer in those requiring surgical consultation compared with those who did not (51.5 vs 25 days,p=0.0042). Patients requiring surgical consultation and treatment for de-novo surgical disease had longer median ICU-LOS (31.5 vs 12 days, p=0.0004). In this study, the overall incidence of de-novo surgical disease in hospitalized patients for COVID-19 was 0.32% in two tertiary hospitals during the peak phase of the pandemic, which increased to 1.9% when only considering patients already admitted in ICU for COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.surge.2020.08.006 id = cord-340799-1awmtj52 author = Krajewska, Joanna title = Review of practical recommendations for otolaryngologists and head and neck surgeons during the COVID-19 pandemic: Recommendations for otolaryngologists during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-06 keywords = ENT; Neck; PPE; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = Laryngectomy patients and individuals after tracheotomy with COVID-19 carry a particularly high risk of infecting ENT specialists and other members of medical staff as the way of breathing is these individuals is modified and enables the easy spread of SARS-CoV-2 containing aerosolized tracheal secretions [11] . In accordance with such high risk of infection, only emergency consultations and procedures should be performed by ENT specialists in times of COVID-19 pandemic in areas with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases [23, 28] . American Head and Neck Society, AAO-HNS, and the American Colleges of Surgeons, recommended that preoperative testing for SARS-CoV-2 presence should be performed in all individuals undergoing high-risk procedures [22, 30] . Patients with acute airway obstruction requiring tracheotomy should be considered as COVID-19 positive, as there is no time for SARS-CoV-2 testing in case of such urgent surgery [29] . doi = 10.1016/j.anl.2020.05.022 id = cord-296483-x95lwwnm author = Kranke, Peter title = Geburtshilfliche Anästhesie während der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie: Übersicht der Handlungsempfehlungen date = 2020-04-09 keywords = SARS; covid-19; der; die summary = Diese Annahmen stützten sich möglicherweise auf den Umstand, dass die Morbidität Schwangerer bei saisonaler Influenza höher ist als in einem Vergleichskollektiv [4 -6] und im beschriebenen Kollektiv zu einer gegenüber einem Vergleichskollektiv überproportionalen Frühgeburtlichkeit von 24-25 % führte [7] . In Bezug auf die vertikale Übertragung (Übertragung von der Mutter auf das Kind prä-oder intrapartal) zeigen nahezu alle publizierten Fallberichte aus China keine Hinweise für eine Übertragung auf den Fetus [9, 15 -17] . Einschränkend sollte berücksichtigt werden, dass es sich bislang nur um einen einzigen Fallbericht handelt und es im Rahmen der systemischen Inflammation möglicherweise zu einem erhöhten Transfer von Antikörpern kommen könnte. Expert consensus for managing pregnant women and neonates born to mothers with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection Expert consensus for managing pregnant women and neonates born to mothers with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection Empfehlungen des RKI zu Hygienemaßnahmen im Rahmen der Behandlung und Pflege von Patienten mit einer Infektion durch SARS-CoV-2 (23.03.2020). doi = 10.1055/a-1144-5562 id = cord-333703-1ku3jc9s author = Kraus, Aurora title = A zebrafish model for COVID-19 recapitulates olfactory and cardiovascular pathophysiologies caused by SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-11-08 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; RBD; SARS; figure; zebrafish summary = Exposure of larvae to SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) receptor binding domain (RBD) recombinant protein was sufficient to elevate larval heart rate and treatment with captopril, an ACE inhibitor, reverted this effect. In mice and humans, ace2 expression is detected in 121 sustentacular cells, olfactory stem cells known as horizontal and globose basal cells in the 122 olfactory epithelium, and vascular cells (pericytes) in the olfactory bulb (Brann et al., 2020 The present study reports for the first time that zebrafish larvae exposed to SARS-CoV-2 appear 134 to mount innate immune responses that resemble cytokine responses of mild COVID-19 patients. There are copious amounts of immune cells in the teleost olfactory organ ( Intranasal delivery of SARS-CoV-2 S RBD induces inflammatory responses and 318 widespread loss of olfactory receptor expression in adult zebrafish olfactory organ 319 320 doi = 10.1101/2020.11.06.368191 id = cord-319538-bawzonq1 author = Krause, Martin title = Association between procalcitonin levels and duration of mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; mechanical summary = Based on observational studies from the epicenters of the pandemic in Wuhan, China, the Lombardy region in Italy, and the New York City area in the United States, a significant portion of patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for ventilatory support: Between 17%-24% of hospitalized patients and up to 72% of patients admitted to the ICU have required invasive mechanical ventilation [2] [3] [4] [5] . We aimed to identify if plasma procalcitonin levels on admission are associated with the duration of mechanical ventilation (primary outcome), 28-day mortality, and time to intubation (secondary outcomes) in a cohort of COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation. In the univariate analysis of our observational cohort study, procalcitonin levels >0.1 ng/ml on admission were associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation in critically ill COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239174 id = cord-317538-i6amqpmt author = Krawczyk, Noa title = Lessons from COVID 19: Are we finally ready to make opioid treatment accessible? date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; treatment summary = Despite overwhelming evidence for methadone and buprenorphine, two opioid agonists that substantially reduce overdose risk (Sordo, Barrio, and Bravo, et al, 2017) , these medications remain highly controlled and inaccessible to most individuals in need of treatment for opioid use disorder. Years of research have shown that requiring frequent visits, heavy monitoring, and mandatory participation in adjunct services to be eligible for life-saving medications created unnecessary barriers to accessing care (Krawczyk, Buresh, Gordon, Blue, et al, 2019) . These barriers have not only resulted in limited utilization of available treatment programs but have likely helped to sustain an illicit market of buprenorphine that allows opioid users to access treatment and reduce overdose risk more easily than enrolling in a formal treatment program (Carlson, Daniulaityte, Silverstein, Nahhas, 2020) . Existing models for services both in the U.S. and other countries exemplify the potential for offering opioid treatment through more accessible mechanisms (Krawczyk, Buresh, Gordon, Blue, et al, 2019; Calcaterra, Bach, Chadi, et al, 2019) , doi = 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108074 id = cord-319930-ymqnb54a author = Kremer, Stéphane title = Brain MRI Findings in Severe COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; MRI; SARS; patient summary = Eight distinctive neuroradiologic patterns (excluding ischemic infarcts) were identified in patients with severe COVID-19 infection with abnormal brain MRIs. In patients with COVID-19, the most frequent neuroimaging features were: involvement of the medial temporal lobe, non-confluent multifocal white matter hyperintense lesions on FLAIR with variable enhancement and hemorrhagic lesions, and extensive and isolated white matter microhemorrhages. Inclusion criteria were: (i) diagnosis of COVID-19 based on possible exposure history or symptoms clinically compatible, validated with a detection of SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays on the nasopharyngeal, throat or lower respiratory tract swabs; (ii) severe COVID-19 infection defined as requirement for hospitalization and oxygen therapy; (iii) neurologic manifestations; (iv) abnormal brain MRI with acute/subacute abnormalities. Among the eight groups of brain MRI features classification, three main neuroradiological patterns appeared more frequently in patient with severe COVID-19: signal abnormalities located in the medial temporal lobe, non-confluent multifocal WM hyperintense lesions on FLAIR and diffusion with variable enhancement, associated with hemorrhagic lesions, and extensive and isolated WM microhemorrhages. doi = 10.1148/radiol.2020202222 id = cord-355031-l0tj7kp2 author = Krenitsky, Nicole M. title = Primed for a Pandemic: Implementation of Telehealth Outpatient Monitoring for Women with Mild COVID-19 date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; patient; telehealth summary = A virtual telemonitoring clinic for obstetric patients with mild COVID-19 offers an effective surveillance strategy as it allows for close monitoring, direct connection to in person evaluation, minimization of patient and provider exposure, and scalability. 16 An appropriately implemented telehealth system can ensure that patients with COVID-19 receive adequate monitoring and that their care can be escalated to in-person when warranted by their clinical status. Given the constraints of a pandemic and the success of previous obstetric telehealth programs, a virtual outpatient COVID-19 clinic was established at an academic medical center and its affiliated community hospital in New York City, the epicenter of the United States pandemic. This novel clinic was designed to enable the close tracking of pregnant and postpartum women via the integration of telehealth visits, remote patient monitoring devices, and electronic medical record keeping. doi = 10.1016/j.semperi.2020.151285 id = cord-272303-6s0qr4e6 author = Kriaucioniene, Vilma title = Associations between Changes in Health Behaviours and Body Weight during the COVID-19 Quarantine in Lithuania: The Lithuanian COVIDiet Study date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; consumption; weight summary = This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the quarantine on dietary, physical activity and alcohol consumption habits of Lithuanians and the association between health behaviours and weight changes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the higher odds of weight gain were associated with females, older age, increased consumption of sugary drinks, homemade pastries and fried food, eating more than usual, increased snacking, decreased physical activity and increased alcohol consumption. Univariate and Nutrients 2020, 12, 3119 3 of 9 multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations between weight gain during COVID-19 quarantine (dependent variable) and social factors, nutrition, physical activity and alcohol consumption habits. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, the association of weight gain with increased intake of carbonated or sugary drinks, homemade pastries and fast food, increased snacking, eating more than usual, decreased physical activity and increased alcohol consumption remained statistically significant. doi = 10.3390/nu12103119 id = cord-169141-71qh6yjr author = Krieg, Steven J. title = Pandemic Pulse: Unraveling and Modeling Social Signals during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; news summary = Our preliminary results show that the number of COVID-19-related news articles published immediately after the World Health Organization declared the pandemic on March 11, and that since that time have steadily decreased---regardless of changes in the number of cases or public policies. We collected COVID-19 case data from Johns Hopkins Univerisity [11] , news data from the Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone (GDELT) [13] , web search data from Google trends, media bias labels from Media Bias/Fact Check [8] and AllSides [5], social distancing data from Unacast [15] , and demographic data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention [1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10 ]. Our current data includes COVID-19 case data, demographic data, longitudinal news and web search trends, media bias data, and mobility reports, but there are many other types of social signals that could be studied in order to better understand and model the effects of the pandemic. doi = nan id = cord-292100-3ls0po4k author = Krishna, Sanjeev title = Repurposing antimalarials to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-19 keywords = IL-6; covid-19 summary = Artemisinins have also shown anti-inflammatory effects, including inhibition of interleukin-6 that plays a key role in the development of severe COVID-19. The basis for wanting to repurpose hydroxychloroquine derived from in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity (the causative agent of COVID-19), its affordability and well understood safety profile in other conditions, and small uncontrolled studies suggesting antiviral and clinical benefits in patients. Another ACT, mefloquine-artesunate has also shown potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 [4] with increased drug concentration in lung tissue, a potential clinical advantage in COVID-19 (Table 1) . In addition to their in vitro SARS-CoV-2 effects as noted above, artemisinins, including artesunate, also have anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-inflammatory effects of artesunate in a range of disease states are detailed below and suggest that artemisinins may be beneficial in managing COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2, which induces COVID-19, causes Kawasaki-like disease in children: role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines doi = 10.1016/j.pt.2020.10.003 id = cord-272054-9udb4djk author = Krishnamoorthy, Parasuram title = Biventricular strain by speckle tracking echocardiography in COVID-19: findings and possible prognostic implications date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; RVFWS summary = Myocardial strain measurement by speckle-tracking echocardiography, which can measure LV global longitudinal strain (LVGLS), RV free wall strain (RVFWS) and RV global strain (RVGS), plays a diagnostic and prognostic clinical role in several cardiac diseases and provides objective quantification of biventricular myocardial deformation and dynamics [11] [12] [13] . From 103 clinically appropriate TTEs performed on hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 12 (12%) were of adequate quality for biventricular speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) analysis and were included in this single-center, retrospective study. We report firstly that, while we were able to measure biventricular mechanics in only 12% of all TTEs performed in our hospital for COVID-19 patients, both RVGS and RVFWS were significantly decreased in patients with poor outcomes; and secondly that LVGLS was severely decreased in all patients regardless of their outcome (either survival to discharge or death) and/or requirement for endotracheal intubation. doi = 10.2217/fca-2020-0100 id = cord-276428-oy8e2cpx author = Krishnan, Lakshmi title = Historical Insights on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the 1918 Influenza Pandemic, and Racial Disparities: Illuminating a Path Forward date = 2020-06-05 keywords = Americans; COVID-19; community; health; pandemic summary = This commentary examines the historical arc of the 1918 influenza pandemic, focusing on black Americans and showing the complex and sometimes surprising ways it operated, triggering particular responses both within a minority community and in wider racial, sociopolitical, and public health structures. This commentary examines the historical arc of the 1918 influenza pandemic, focusing on black Americans and showing the complex and sometimes surprising ways it operated, triggering particular re-sponses both within a minority community and in wider racial, sociopolitical, and public health structures. We examine the historical arc of the 1918 influenza pandemic, focusing on black Americans and showing the complex, sometimes surprising ways it triggered particular responses both within a minority community and in wider racial, sociopolitical, and public health structures. Although the influenza pandemic does not reveal ready associations between deleterious social, cultural, and economic conditions and poor outcomes (aside from higher case-fatality rate) for black Americans, the gaps in historical documentation may reflect inherent disparities and consequences of limited racial/ethnic data collection. doi = 10.7326/m20-2223 id = cord-323471-stajtsbf author = Kristoffersen, ES title = Hospital-based headache care during the Covid-19 pandemic in Denmark and Norway date = 2020-10-29 keywords = Denmark; Norway; covid-19 summary = The aim of the present study was to investigate how the initial phase of the Covid-19 pandemic affected the hospital management of headache in Denmark and Norway. CONCLUSION: Hospital-based headache care and research was impacted in Denmark and Norway during the initial phase of the Covid-19-pandemic. The aim of this "Neurology during a pandemic (NeuroPan) study" was to examine how the lockdown due to the Covid-19 pandemic affected the specialized hospital-based treatment of headache patients in Denmark and Norway. In Norway, hospitals were twice as likely to start patients on CGRP antibodies rather than BTX as the new preventive treatment for chronic migraine (41%) compared to Denmark (17%). BTX is one of the few available and effective treatments for a large group of headache sufferers with chronic migraine in Denmark and Norway, and the lack of access to care thus negatively affected the most vulnerable headache patients [9, 28] . Hospital-based headache care and research was impacted in Denmark and Norway during the initial phase of the Covid-19-pandemic. doi = 10.1186/s10194-020-01195-2 id = cord-306567-44w6op7p author = Krittanawong, Chayakrit title = Misinformation dissemination in Twitter in the COVID-19 era date = 2020-08-14 keywords = covid-19 summary = (Figure) To our knowledge, this is the first study utilizing Twitter to identify individuals'' selfreporting of COVID-19 perceptions and attributions in non-academic settings. Our results demonstrate that Tweets related to the COVID-19 pandemic in non-academic settings may be a valuable source of public health research, especially related to misinformation dissemination. Interestingly, after manual review, we found that Tweets related to the COVID-19 pandemic in non-academic contexts primarily contain unverifiable information or blatant misinformation. Notwithstanding, COVID-19 is an evolving disease, and there has been no robust clinical evidence linking the influenza vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Third, misinformation regarding the possible mislabeling of influenza or allergy-related deaths or cases as a COVID-19 death or case is relatively common among non-academic Tweets. However, there is no strong evidence to support the claim that patients with allergies, influenza, or asthma are at an increased risk for COVID-19 infection or infection-related death (11) . doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.07.012 id = cord-339360-vm4yy47i author = Krywyk, J. title = DYNAMICS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMICS: GLOBAL PATTERN AND BETWEEN COUNTRIES VARIATIONS date = 2020-07-26 keywords = COVID-19; country summary = The pattern seems common to a very large number of countries, and congruent with that of epidemics of other respiratory syndromes, opens the hypothesis that the COVID-19 pandemic would have developed its "natural history" by spreading spontaneously despite the measures taken to contain it. A preliminary analysis of the evolution of mortality selecting only countries with a complete epidemic cycle -determined a general pattern of COVID-19 similar to some common winter respiratory viral . The apparent similarity of the epidemic dynamics of the 14 selected countries are prone to construction of the average curve of the evolution of the number of deaths, covering a period of 110 days [ Figure 3 ]. The incidence of deaths can be observed with a certain similarity between the countries that are most advanced in the epidemic, revealing a dynamic specific to COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.20.20155390 id = cord-287376-wxldnlih author = Krüger, Colin M. title = Can surgery follow the dictates of the pandemic “keep your distance”? Requirements with COVID-19 for hygiene, resources and the team date = 2020-08-03 keywords = covid-19; patient; surgery; surgical summary = Finally, the choice of surgical method, whether open surgery or minimally invasive procedures, is critical in determining how many colleagues are exposed to the risk of infection from COVID-19 patients, sometimes for hours. Here, robot-assisted surgery can comply with the pandemic''s requirement to "keep your distance" in a unique way, since the surgeon can operate at virtually any distance from the surgical site, at least with regard to aerosol formation and exposure. There were two central factors in the German hospital landscape that led to the restrictions described below: First, the call by the German Federal Ministry of Health to substantially increase the number of intensive care beds which would allow invasive ventilation of patients by temporarily postponing elective procedures; and second, the shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE), which is mainly produced in China, that accompanied the beginning of the pandemic. doi = 10.3205/dgkh000354 id = cord-350321-jy4i403g author = Ku, Benson S. title = Associations Between Primary Care Provider Shortage Areas and County-Level COVID-19 Infection and Mortality Rates in the USA date = 2020-08-21 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Associations Between Primary Care Provider Shortage Areas and County-Level COVID-19 Infection and Mortality Rates in the USA 1 However, it is not known whether shortage areas are associated with higher COVID-19 infection or mortality rates. This study investigates the hypothesis that primary care HPSAs are associated with higher rates of COVID-19 infection and mortality. 3 The 2013 rural-urban continuum codes used to classify rurality and whole county primary care HPSAs were separately derived from the 2018 Area Health Resource File. Generalized linear mixed models with negative binomial distribution were used to test the associations of primary care HPSAs and COVID-19 rates, controlling for time, rurality, population, and six county-level socioeconomic variables. Our findings suggest that primary care provider shortage areas with reported COVID-19 cases face a higher burden of COVID-19 infections and death even after adjusting for socioeconomic and other county-level factors. doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-06130-4 id = cord-024317-w1ep0wq8 author = Ku, Zhiqiang title = Antibody therapies for the treatment of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = Here, we discuss some of the most active areas of developing strategies to treat COVID-19, focusing on approaches to generate neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 for prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of COVID-19. SIGNIFICANCE: Development of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies with the desired efficacy and safety profile is a critical part of the toolbox of therapies for the treatment of COVID-19. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 plays an essential role in virus entry into host cells and is a primary target of neutralizing antibodies 5, 9 (Figures 1C,D) . Two MERS-CoV neutralizing mAbs, G2 and 7D10, target the S1-NTD region and function by blocking spike protein interaction with the host receptor DPP4 47, 48 . In the monkey study, researchers found that rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2 through the intratracheal route had mild illness, and their lungs showed signs of pneumonia similar to those in humans with COVID-19 58 . doi = 10.1093/abt/tbaa007 id = cord-285187-1h5tjs0r author = Kuchenbuch, Mathieu title = An accelerated shift in the use of remote systems in epilepsy due to the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; China; France; Italy summary = PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to describe epileptologists'' opinion on the increased use of remote systems implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic across clinics, education, and scientific meetings activities. Interestingly, before the COVID-19 pandemic, remote systems were significantly more frequently used in China for clinical activity compared with France or Italy. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the acute use of remote systems in clinics, education, and scientific meetings in the field of epilepsy and to explore the users'' satisfaction and the perspectives of future use. We conducted a cross-sectional, electronic survey of epileptologists, neurologists, and pediatric neurologists mainly involved in the epilepsy field to determine the use of remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic (supplementary data). Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the rate of respondents who had experienced remote working systems was higher in China than in the two other countries (91.6% versus 61.7% for France and 25% for Italy, p = 10 −4 ). doi = 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107376 id = cord-335704-qejpc4x8 author = Kuhar, Hannah N. title = Otolaryngology in the Time of Corona: Assessing Operative Impact and Risk During the COVID-19 Crisis date = 2020-06-02 keywords = OHNS; PPE; covid-19 summary = 5 Regarding surgical management of otolaryngologic cases, it is recommended that patient COVID-19 status be determined ahead of surgery, that high-risk operations be performed in negativepressure operating rooms with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) worn by all staff, and that only essential staff be in the operating room for intubation and extubation. Immediately following the present study period of data collection (March 18-April 8, 2020), with the increasing availability of PPE, OHNS departments across all 3 centers developed standardized protocols for universal use of aerosol-protective PPE for all AGPs, regardless of the patient''s COVID-19 status. From the experience of OHNS departments at pediatric and adult academic medical centers, we identified availability of rapid COVID-19 testing and adequate aerosol-protective PPE to be significant limitations to operationalizing society recommendations. doi = 10.1177/0194599820930214 id = cord-313916-i9af6rgx author = Kuhn, Andrew W. title = To “Heed the Call” Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives From 4 Incoming Orthopaedic Surgery Interns date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; orthopaedic summary = title: To "Heed the Call" Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives From 4 Incoming Orthopaedic Surgery Interns Although we should take time to reflect on our medical school careers, in its essence, Match Day and graduation ceremonies are just 2 more of the many steps necessary to reach our goal of becoming practicing orthopaedic surgeons. In certain metropolitan areas hit hardest, such as New York City, orthopaedic residents and attending surgeons have been redeployed "into the trenches" (i.e., the emergency department or intensive care unit) to help take care of COVID-19 patients. Instead of going to medical school to become physician first and an orthopaedic surgeon second, many seem to bypass the physician part." 14 Our classmates graduating and going into specialties such as emergency medicine, internal medicine, general surgery, or pediatrics have likely had additional exposure to fields such as pulmonology, medical intensive care, and infectious diseases during their elective time. doi = 10.2106/jbjs.oa.20.00063 id = cord-346998-01i6zxv8 author = Kulkarni, Spoorthy title = COVID-19 and hypertension date = 2020-05-20 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = COVID-19 seems to follow a pattern seen with influenza and previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) outbreaks: that the severity and mortality of the infection is higher in the elderly age group. The controversy regarding continuing or discontinuing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in COVID-19 patients arose after it became apparent that SARS-CoV uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to gain entry in host cells. 12 Consequently, the increased expression of ACE2 would facilitate an increased rate or susceptibility to infection with SARS-CoV-2 and further hypothesis that this may increase the risk of developing severe and fatal COVID-19. The study tested the hypothesis of an increased risk of severe illness in COVID-19 with hypertension with ACEi use (on ACEi n=37; not on ACEi n=168) in admitted patients. Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism and its expression on clinical outcome in acute respiratory distress syndrome doi = 10.1177/1470320320927851 id = cord-331434-2x9m37cw author = Kumar Jain, Vijay title = Fracture management during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID; COVID-19; fracture; patient summary = We have performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the available studies, by analyzing the fracture types, presentation, treatment, complication, and early outcomes among COVID-19 negative and positive patients. Most papers related to fractures and COVID-19 came from Iran (4), followed by Italy (3) This study was designed to reflect on how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected fracture care globally, with a propensity to some fractures over other, the surgeon''s treatment selection mode, preoperative investigations done, anesthesia administered (did not mention in the result anywhere), the surgeon and patient protective measures taken, the remodeling or modification of the operating theatres, union rate (did not mention in the result anywhere), hospital stay, antibiotic pattern, the complications localized to fracture (did not mention in the result anywhere) and general complications peculiar to COVID 19, morbidity and mortality. doi = 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.06.035 id = cord-330869-k5ro0edf author = Kumar Singh, Awadhesh title = Assessment of risk, severity, mortality, glycemic control and antidiabetic agents in patients with diabetes and COVID-19: A Narrative Review date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; diabete; increase; patient summary = Not only 50% of population was found to have diabetes during the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in 2012, but patients with diabetes had an odds ratio (OR) of 7.2 to 15.7 for severe or critical type of MERS-CoV infection with a relative high 35% rate of mortality, compared to the overall population [3] [4] [5] . In a large retrospective study (n=7337), Zhu et al reported a significant 49% relative increase in all-cause mortality (HR 1.49; 95% CI, 1.13-1.96; p=0.005) in patients with diabetes (n=810), compared to the groups without diabetes (n=6385) and COVID-19 even after the adjustment of multiple confounding factors [42] . However, available studies clearly suggest that the patients with diabetes had a significantly higher severe variety of COVID-19 as well as increased mortality, compared to the cohorts without diabetes. doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108266 id = cord-275111-38hgg0jz author = Kumar, Abhishek title = Pattern of liver function and clinical profile in COVID-19: A cross-sectional study of 91 patients date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Pattern of liver function and clinical profile in COVID-19: A cross-sectional study of 91 patients AIM: To analyse the liver function in patients with COVID-19 and their association with respect to age, sex, severity of disease and clinical features. 91 patients admitted with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included in this study and divided into asymptomatic, mild, moderate and severe groups. CONCLUSION-Liver injury is common in SARS-CoV-2 infection and is more prevalent in the severe disease group. CONCLUSION-Liver injury is common in SARS-CoV-2 infection and is more prevalent in the severe disease group. In this study, we aimed to analyse the liver function abnormalities in patients with COVID-19 and their association with respect to age, sex, severity of disease and clinical features. [16, 21, 22] In our study, the levels of AST and ALP between different groups of disease severity was highly significant which is consistent with a previous report. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.10.001 id = cord-255603-quuju9h4 author = Kumar, Aishwarya title = A review of modern technologies for tackling COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus summary = The aim of the present study is to discuss the various aspects of modern technology used to fight against COVID-19 crisis at different scales, including medical image processing, disease tracking, prediction outcomes, computational biology and medicines. For example, early in the outbreak when China initiated its response to virus it focused on artificial intelligence (AI) by relying on like facial recognition cameras to track the infected patients with travel history, robots to deliver food and medicines, drones to disinfect public places, to patrol and broadcast audio messages to public encouraging them to stay at home [1] . In recent writings, it has been discovered that a few research works use artificial intelligence to help analyze computational tomography (CT) scans, while other research works use patient''s clinical information to predict the advancement of the infection [7, 8] . doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.008 id = cord-339874-not2z6q6 author = Kumar, Ankush title = Modeling geographical spread of COVID-19 in India using network-based approach date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; India summary = India is a large country, with a highly variable inter-state mobility, and dynamically varying infection cases in different locations; thus, the existing models, based solely on the aspects of growth rates, or generalized network concepts, may not provide desired predictions. In India, the mobility towards professional sites can surge incoming cases at Maharastra and Karnataka, while migration towards the native places can risk Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. To model COVID-19 spread in India, here we use the states and union territories as components and their reported positive cases as the number of people infected. The passenger''s air-transport analysis and regular transport based on migration map (case(c)), both predict that Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Karnataka could receive a significantly higher number of cases. The present work proposes a network-based model for predicting the spread of COVID-19, incorporating human mobility through knowledge on migration and air-transport. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.23.20076489 id = cord-287091-a3nieh5p author = Kumar, Anuj title = Identification of phytochemical inhibitors against main protease of COVID-19 using molecular modeling approaches date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In the current study, we report novel natural metabolites namely, ursolic acid, carvacrol and oleanolic acid as the potential inhibitors against main protease (M(pro)) of COVID-19 by using integrated molecular modeling approaches. Besides the uses of various FDA-approved antiviral compounds as mentioned above, there are many in-silico studies have been performed to screen the novel phytochemical molecules as a potential inhibitors of main protease of SARS-CoV-2 or develop new drugs against COVID-19 (Adem et al., 2020; Chandel et al., 2020; Gentile et al., 2020; Gonzalez-Paz et al., 2020; Khaerunnisa et al., 2020; Khan et al., 2020; Qamar et al., 2020; Sharma & Kaur, 2020; Sun et al., 2020) . In the present study, we have targeted the protease of SARS-CoV-2 virus using available molecular modelling based methods and studied the interactions with selected natural compounds (ursolic acid, carvacrol and oleanolic acid) by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations followed by molecular mechanic/generalized Born/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/G/P/BSA) validation. doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1772112 id = cord-301641-epr1sct6 author = Kumar, Durgesh title = Understanding the binding affinity of noscapines with protease of SARS-CoV-2 for COVID-19 using MD simulations at different temperatures date = 2020-05-04 keywords = 23b; COVID-19; SARS summary = Herein, MM-GBSA method was to calculate the change in enthalpy and the change in free energy for the formation of complex, number of hydrogen bonds (HBs) are determined to study the binding of the hit molecule with the protease of SARS-CoV-2 for COVID-19. However, the designed molecules were filtered against the protease of SARS-CoV-2 for COVID-19 based on total energy or binding energy (kcal/mol) of drug-target complex using iGEMDOCK Singh et al., 2019; Zhao et al., 2019) . Herein, MM-GBSA method is used to determine the change in enthalpy and change in free energy for the formation of complex, number of HBs to understand the binding of screened noscapines with the protease of SARS-CoV-2 of COVID-19 (Al-Anazi et al., 2018; Chaudhari & Pahelkar, 2019; Chinnasamy et al., 2019; Du et al., 2011) . Further, the detailed analysis of newly formed drug-target complex through root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF) versus the residue number of protease of coronavirus for COVID-19 for top hit molecule is represented in Figure 7 . doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1752310 id = cord-320640-5m6sqwq8 author = Kumar, Harender title = COVID-19 Creating another problem? Sustainable solution for PPE disposal through LCA approach date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; India; PPE; waste summary = In the present work, Life Cycle Assessment of PPE kits has been performed using GaBi version 8.7 under two disposal scenarios, namely landfill and incineration (both centralized and decentralized) for six environmental impact categories covering overall impacts on both terrestrial and marine ecosystems, which includes Global Warming Potential (GWP), Human Toxicity Potential (HTP), Eutrophication Potential (EP), Acidification Potential (AP), Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential (FAETP) and Photochemical Ozone Depletion Potential (POCP). With reported cases of COVID-19 infected health and sanitation workers (Satheesh 2020 ; Hindustan times 2020; New India Express 2020), waste management of used infectious safety gears has become a critical component to restrict the spread of novel coronavirus (Bherwani et al. The effective management of coronavirus infectious waste, including PPEs, has been identified by as a key area of concern by regulatory agencies in India, with the release of waste handling-treatment-disposal guidelines generated during treatment-diagnosis-quarantine of COVID-19 patients (CPCB Revision 2020; Aggarwal 2020). doi = 10.1007/s10668-020-01033-0 id = cord-333872-shhugvx0 author = Kumar, Jitendra title = The conundrum of rising Covid19 infection among health care workers: An emerging paradigm date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: The conundrum of rising Covid19 infection among health care workers: An emerging paradigm Such asymptomatic infected HCWs can transmit infection unknowingly to the patients and other HCWs. At one of the London hospital, sample for RT-PCR testing for covid19 taken from asymptomatic and healthy HCWs at multiple point of time. In a total number of 1,479 health care worker''s sample, 1.1% to 7.1% (at different point of time) were found positive for Covid19 [9] . COVID-19 and the Risk to Health Care Workers: A Case Report Death from Covid-19 of 23 Health Care Workers in China COVID-2019) Infection Among Health Care Workers and Implications for Prevention Measures in a Tertiary Hospital in Wuhan, China Healthcare workers & SARS-CoV-2 infection in India: A case-control investigation in the time of COVID-19 COVID-19: PCR screening of asymptomatic health-care workers at London hospital COVID-19: the case for health-care worker screening to prevent hospital transmission doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.001 id = cord-294159-721il1e2 author = Kumar, Kanta title = COVID-19 and ethnicity: challenges in rheumatology date = 2020-06-17 keywords = BAME; COVID-19 summary = Data from the Office of National Statistics in the UK and the Centre for Disease Control in the USA suggest people from black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) backgrounds have been disproportionately affected by COVID 19 [1] . We are aware that local and global registries in rheumatology still lack detail, a control arm and often have a very small number of patients from BAME backgrounds, hence are unable to provide any meaningful outcomes in this context. As we progress over the next 12 months with this pandemic there is an essential requirement for additional in-depth understanding from local, national and international data on health-seeking behaviours and the clinical experiences of different ethnic groups during COVID-19. We believe the lessons learnt during COVID-19 may shine a crucial light on these issues and thus gain the attention required from clinicians, policy makers, national and international societies and patient charities to work harder to reduce the health inequalities. doi = 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa329 id = cord-321085-u0pl323l author = Kumar, Karan title = Elevated Liver Chemistries in COVID-19—Is It Not a Concern? date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The authors have shown that around 28% of patients with COVID-19 have deranged liver function tests (LFTs) at admission, and furthermore, 32% of patients developed elevated liver chemistries during illness. Another interesting observation made in this study was that deranged LFT has no impact on the outcome of COVID-19 patients. In the recent meta-analysis comprising 107 studies, it has been shown that nonsurvivors and severely infected COVID-19 patients had a higher risk of presenting with a deranged LFT. Elevated liver chemistries also aid in predicting the outcomes of COVID-19, which is in contrast to the observation made in the current study (3, 4) . Despite this correlation in the current study, patients with deranged LFTs had no difference in outcomes. The authors have reported that COVID-19 patients with pre-existing CLD had outcomes similar to those without preexisting CLD, which is in congruence with the observation made in the recently published meta-analysis. doi = 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000914 id = cord-296986-8fuj072z author = Kumar, Manish title = A chronicle of SARS-CoV-2: Part-I - Epidemiology, diagnosis, prognosis, transmission and treatment date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; SARS summary = The review explicitly covers the aspects like genome and pedigree of SARS-CoV-2; epidemiology, prognosis, pathogenesis, symptoms and diagnosis of COVID-19 in order to catalog the right information on transmission route, and influence of environmental factors on virus transmissions, for the robust understanding of right strategical steps for proper COVID-19 management. We have explicitly highlighted several useful information and facts like: i) No established relationship between progression of SARS-CoV-2 with temperature, humidity and/or both, ii) The underlying mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 is not fully understood, iii) Respiratory droplet size determines drop and airborne-based transmission, iv) Prognosis of COVID-19 can be done by its effects on various body organs, v) Infection can be stopped by restricting the binding of S protein and AE2, vi) Hydroxychloroquine is believed to be better than chloroquine for COVID-19, vii) Ivermectin with Vero-hSLAM cells is able to reduce infection by ~5000 time within 2 days, and viii) Nafamostat mesylate can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 S protein-initiated membrane fusion. Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): increased transmission beyond China-fourth update doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139278 id = cord-320935-3n157yl4 author = Kumar, Manish title = Making Waves Perspectives of Modelling and Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in Aquatic Environment for COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; RNA; SARS; virus summary = This paper aims to collate information on recent developments on WBE in monitoring the trend of community-scale SARS-CoV-2 prevalence as well as models to predict virus spread and transmission among populations. While several studies have identified the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the faecal matter of corona-infected patients [35, 36] , there is a growing concern on the transmission of the virus through water treatment plants (WTPs) and WWTPs. Several studies also detected the genetic material of the virus in raw wastewater across the globe [22, 26, 27] . These studies provided enough excellent reasons for modelling the spread of 2019-nCoV with the external environmental conditions, assuming that the cases of infection will decrease through secondary infection routes due to the inactivation of the virus on different surfaces; however, the possibility of transmission via direct contact remains unchanged. doi = 10.1007/s40726-020-00161-5 id = cord-252389-xrdbmosj author = Kumar, Mukesh title = Neurological manifestations and comorbidity associated with COVID-19: an overview date = 2020-10-14 keywords = CNS; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = In this article, we have reviewed the neurological characteristic features of COVID-19 patients, latent neurotropic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 involvement in the comorbidity associated with CNS disorders, and neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19. Therefore, exploring the neurologic manifestations associated with COVID-19 is urgently required for better understanding the SARS-CoV-2 brain infections, inhibiting the additional spread and treating patients affected by this pandemic. The neuronal cells infected with virus, immune systems (microphase, T cells, and monocytes) triggered, and inflammatory system activated leads to cytokine storm, oxidative stress, and associated neurological manifestations neuroinvasiveness of SARS-CoV-2 [11, 35] . In a recent review [51] , authors have categorized the reported neurological findings related to COVID-19 into three categories: a) Central (headache, dizziness, impaired consciousness, acute cerebrovascular disease, ataxia, seizures, and special senses) b) Peripheral (hypogeusia, hyposmia) c) Musculoskeletal (ischemic or hemorrhagic) Apart from the above, increasing evidence indicated that coronaviruses may invade the CNS, causing neurological disorders. doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04823-6 id = cord-295853-lxakf79k author = Kumar, Pavan title = Forecasting the dynamics of COVID-19 Pandemic in Top 15 countries in April 2020: ARIMA Model with Machine Learning Approach date = 2020-03-31 keywords = April; covid-19 summary = title: Forecasting the dynamics of COVID-19 Pandemic in Top 15 countries in April 2020: ARIMA Model with Machine Learning Approach We used the data of cumulative confirmed death and recovery of COVID-19 cases reported from January 21 until March 26, 2020, that were obtained from John Hopkins Coronavirus resource center (https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/). We analyzed the data using dynamic models to generate 30 days forecasts and to understand the positive effect in the near future as well as projecting trends over trajectories. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.30.20046227 doi: medRxiv preprint cumulative incident cases, mortality, and recovery of COVID-19 information among the top 15 affected countries is shown in Figure 2 . Top countries'' data of China, Italy, Spain, and Iran showed highly disastrous mortality and badly effected with a vast number of COVID-19 cases. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.30.20046227 doi: medRxiv preprint Fig. 2 : Comparisons between cumulative reported, recovery and death incidence of cases with COVID-19 on the top 15 affected countries . doi = 10.1101/2020.03.30.20046227 id = cord-029590-95rp9u93 author = Kumar, Pooja title = Reassessing Covid-19 Needs: How Providers Can Reexamine Their Surge Capacity, Supply Availability, Workforce Readiness, and Financial Resiliency date = 2020-05-07 keywords = care; covid-19; provider summary = To rapidly increase bed capacity to treat Covid-19-positive patients, providers are (a) cancelling nonurgent procedures through the development of detailed procedural priority levels detailed at service-line levels (e.g., orthopedics, cardiovascular); (b) moving care of non-Covid-19 patients to telemedicine whenever possible; (c) encouraging and supporting Covid-19 patients with mild symptoms to stay home (and leverage remote care); (d) preparing to increase bed capacity for treating patients who need hospitalization by developing tiered surge plans or utilizing recently developed tools8 that guide decision-making with bed capacity thresholds as activation triggers; and (e) preparing to efficiently discharge patients once appropriate as they recover. In addition, to support keeping Covid-19-negative patients uninfected, keeping the workforce healthy, treating sick patients efficiently and effectively, and protecting their financial position/ability to serve patients as much as possible during the peak of this pandemic, providers are making adjustments to their clinical operations (see Appendix). doi = 10.1056/cat.20.0112 id = cord-257884-5exwwxin author = Kumar, Rajesh title = Acute pericarditis as a primary presentation of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; patient; pericarditis summary = We report a case whose first manifestation of COVID-19 was pericarditis, in the absence of respiratory symptoms, without any serious complications. We present a case where pericarditis, in the absence of the classic COVID-19 signs or symptoms, is the only evident manifestation of the disease. 1 2 Chest pain in COVID-19 may have cardiac causes, including acute coronary syndrome, pericarditis and myocarditis. 3 We present the first described case of acute pericarditis in the absence of initial respiratory symptoms secondary to COVID-19. 7 To our knowledge this is the first case where COVID-19 presents as pericarditis, in the absence of evident respiratory or myocardial involvement. This case highlights the importance of recognising COVID-19 infection with atypical clinical presentations such as pericarditis and non-specific ECG changes, and coordination with healthcare team regarding prompt isolation to decrease the risk of transmission of the virus and if any need of early hospitalisation. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-237617 id = cord-345342-04tvuj9f author = Kumar, Rebecca N. title = COVID‐19 in an HIV‐positive Kidney Transplant Recipient date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; HIV summary = This case describes the clinical course of a symptomatic kidney transplant recipient with HIV who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. A 50-year-old HIV+ (CD4 395 cells/µL, CD4% 28%, HIV RNA < 20 copies/mL) African-American male with deceased donor kidney transplantation 14 months earlier for end-stage renal disease secondary to HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN)/focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) presented to the Emergency Department (ED) complaining of fevers for two days, with temperatures to 101°F, chills, nasal congestion, and mild cough. All rights reserved There have been reported cases of COVID-19 in HIV-infected patients and cases of COVID-19 in transplant recipients [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . However, this case is the first detailed report of an HIVpositive kidney transplant recipient who developed and recovered from COVID-19. Case Report: A Kidney Transplant Patient with Mild COVID-19 Case report of COVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient: Does immunosuppression alter the clinical presentation? doi = 10.1111/tid.13338 id = cord-355650-1x66nxgx author = Kumar, S. title = Will COVID-19 pandemic diminish by summer-monsoon in India? Lesson from the first lockdown date = 2020-04-25 keywords = April; COVID-19; India summary = We have investigated the effect of meteorological parameters like Temperature, relative humidity, and absolute humidity on the rate of spread of COVID-19 using daily confirm cases in India. For this, we have investigated the association of aerosols (AOD) and other pollutions (NO 2 ) with COVID-19 cases during the study period and also during the first lockdown period (25 March-15 April) in India. For this, we have investigated the association of aerosols (AOD) and other pollutions (NO 2 ) with COVID-19 cases during the study period and also during the first lockdown period (25 March-15 April) in India. We have studies the total number of daily confirmed cases of COVID-19 and its association with the temperature, relative humidity, and absolute humidity over India for March and April 2020. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.22.20075499 id = cord-262550-oip5m9br author = Kumar, S. Udhaya title = The Rise and Impact of COVID-19 in India date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; India; SARS summary = The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which originated in the city of Wuhan, China, has quickly spread to various countries, with many cases having been reported worldwide. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India has raised awareness about the recent outbreak and has taken necessary actions to control the spread of COVID-19. The recent outbreak of COVID-19 in several countries is similar to the previous outbreaks of SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) that emerged in 2003 and 2012 in China and Saudi Arabia, respectively (8) (9) (10) . A recent study reported that affected family members had not visit the Wuhan market in China, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 may spread without manifesting symptoms (21) . The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), India, has raised awareness about the recent outbreak and taken necessary action to control COVID-19. The impacts on health, society, and economy of SARS and H7N9 outbreaks in China: a case comparison study doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00250 id = cord-034398-g09usvbs author = Kumar, Santhi Iyer title = Filling the Bench: Faculty Surge Deployment in Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-29 keywords = covid-19; faculty summary = To prepare for Covid-19 surges, a medical center surveys its entire medical staff to gauge each physician''s ability and willingness to care for Covid-19 patients, and uses the results to provide additional training and devise a deployment plan. Using survey information, division chiefs were asked to rank each faculty member from 1 through 6 in each of the care domains based on the individual''s suitability. To ensure faculty members would be successful in their area of deployment, the hospitalists and intensivists created orientations to the Covid-19 patient care areas and designed processes and protocols that would support physicians unfamiliar with those clinical spaces. Each week, division chiefs provide a list of faculty members who are available for "surge duty." In order to minimize the stress of having to learn new and evolving Covid-related processes at each of the institutions, faculty were assigned to be deployed in the health system where they felt most comfortable and practiced most often. doi = 10.1056/cat.20.0511 id = cord-311284-5nxh7ybe author = Kumar, U. title = COVID-19 in rheumatic diseases: A random cross-sectional telephonic survey date = 2020-08-13 keywords = August; COVID-19 summary = To describe the incidence, clinical course, and predictive factors of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection in a cohort of rheumatological patients residing in New Delhi (National Capital Region), India. Patients with rheumatic diseases in India have similar incidence of COVID-19 infection compared to the community. To address this, we conducted cross-sectional, random telephonic survey from 20 th April to 20 th July 2020 to assess the incidence, and the predictive factors of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of rheumatological patients residing in Delhi, one of the worst hit regions of India. We observed a similar incidence of COVID-19 among patients with rheumatological diseases compared to the general population of Delhi. To conclude, we observed that the incidence of COVID-19 infection among patients with rheumatic diseases was similar to the community. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.09.20170985 id = cord-324708-2ypm0d52 author = Kumar, Venkatesan Sampath title = Bone sarcoma surgery in times of COVID‐19 pandemic lockdown‐early experience from a tertiary centre in India date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; lockdown summary = 3 Like in rest of the world, during the nationwide Indian lockdown, it was agreed that elective surgeries had to be deferred and emergency life-saving procedures should be performed with adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) if COVID-19 test results are awaited. [4] [5] [6] As a tertiary bone sarcoma referral centre catering to a large population, we continued to perform oncological procedures during the lockdown period with strict adherence to local protocols. We suppose that this study would be useful in providing inputs in formulating guidelines for bone sarcoma surgery in times like the current COVID-19 pandemic. We did not perform routine COVID-19 testing on all our preoperative patients as per existing guidelines during that period. There was a significant increase in number of major surgeries performed during lockdown (37 out of 41) as compared with normal period (24 out of 50). Bone sarcoma surgery in times of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown doi = 10.1002/jso.26112 id = cord-279180-xad53zht author = Kumaravel, Santhosh Kumar title = Investigation on the impacts of COVID-19 quarantine on society and environment: Preventive measures and supportive technologies date = 2020-08-17 keywords = Artificial; COVID-19; China; Fig; Health; India; Intelligence; SARS summary = The COVID-19 is a respiratory disease that spreads at a maximum rate through droplets of the infected people through the air (World Health Organisation 2020a). • In addition, the incorporation of lockdown with other treatment and prevention measures such as school closures, travel restrictions, and social distancing has had a greater impact on spread prevention, cases requiring critical care beds, and deaths compared with quarantine alone. Machine learning has the potential to support clinicians'' work processing and management of large amounts of medical data contained in electronic health records and used in clinical applications which includes recognizing high-risk patients in need of ICU, the identification of early signs of lung cancer, determination of patient''s respiratory status from X-rays in the chest, such deep learning approaches employ neural networks to predict the input-output data relationship. doi = 10.1007/s13205-020-02382-3 id = cord-277841-7sp8ftbc author = Kumari, Pratibha title = Potential diagnostics and therapeutic approaches in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; RNA; SARS; detection summary = Molecular diagnostic tests target the detection of any of the following markers such as the specific region of the viral genome, certain enzyme, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the structural proteins such as surface spike glycoprotein, nucleocapsid protein, envelope protein, or membrane protein of SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 is a contagious disease, caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). In this article, we evaluated literature for reports informing various diagnostic methods, potential antiviral chemical therapeutics, and effective treatment strategies towards clinical management of COVID-19 patients. Molecular diagnostic methods target to detect either specific regions of the viral genome or RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and/or structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 (Table 1) . Like most immunological diagnostic protocols, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for COVID-19 detection uses IgM and IgG antibody against nucleocapsid (N) and receptor binding domain spike proteins (S) of SARS-CoV-2. Table 2: Primers and probes for targeting SARS-Cov-2 genes in an RT-PCR test for COVID-19 diagnosis. doi = 10.1016/j.cca.2020.08.013 id = cord-292235-ckm89lnm author = Kummer, Benjamin R. title = History of Stroke Is Independently Associated With In-Hospital Death in Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Using our institutional data warehouse, we identified all adult patients who were admitted to the hospital between March 1, 2020 and May 1, 2020 and had a positive nasopharyngeal swab polymerase chain reaction test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the emergency department. 1,2 Several recent studies have suggested that cerebrovascular disease is associated with a nonsignificant trend toward in-hospital death in patients with COVID-19, but these results have been limited by small sample sizes. In this descriptive, observational study of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, we found that history of stroke was independently associated with in-hospital death. Available data are limited on the relationship between history of stroke and in-hospital death among patients with COVID-19. 8, 9 CONCLUSIONS In hospitalized patients with COVID-19, we found a significant and independent association between history of stroke and in-hospital death. doi = 10.1161/strokeaha.120.030685 id = cord-334324-remrcm2q author = Kunal, Shekhar title = Cardiovascular complications and its impact on outcomes in COVID-19 date = 2020-11-04 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = 6 Cardiovascular complications such as acute myocardial injury, heart failure (HF), cardiac arrhythmias, myocarditis, pericarditis and venous thromboembolism are increasingly being reported. [2] [3] [4] [5] In addition, use of multiple QT-interval prolonging drugs such as hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 infection may lead to increased incidence of malignant arrhythmias such as torsades pointes (TdP). Patients who presented with acute cardiac injury were significantly older, had greater frequency of co-morbidities including hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, higher total leucocyte count, liver enzymes, cardiac troponins and CK-MB levels. In this study, acute cardiac injury was the most common cardiovascular complication in COVID-19 patients. 3 had documented that acute cardiac injury was independently associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients. Acute cardiac injury is a frequently encountered complication in COVID-19 patients and is associated with an increased mortality. doi = 10.1016/j.ihj.2020.10.005 id = cord-012903-fdl1d8as author = Kundi, Harun title = Trends in acute myocardial infarction admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ankara, Turkey date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Trends in acute myocardial infarction admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ankara, Turkey As it is unknown whether this decrease applies to Turkey, we sought to show the trends of AMI patient admission during the COVID-19 era. The number of patients admitted to the Ankara City Hospital, the hospital with the largest bed capacity (3.704) in Europe, was determined using electronic health records between June 1 st , 2019 (the start date of full-capacity work in the department of cardiology of the Ankara City Hospital) and May 6 th , 2020. Additionally, the piecewise regression analysis showed that the number of AMI patient admissions decreased significantly during the COVID-19 era (p<0.001). Our study shows that the number of AMI patient admissions decreased during the COVID-19 era, similar to prior studies in the United States, Spain, and Austria (5) (6) (7) . doi = 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2020.70206 id = cord-024935-22jvb4i7 author = Kundu, Shinjini title = How Might AI and Chest Imaging Help Unravel COVID-19’s Mysteries? date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Another study trained a deep learning system (DeepPneumonia) that could localize lesions and classify a patient within 30 seconds with a reported AUC of 0.99 for COVID-19 findings (the system is available online for academic use) on 88 COVID-19 patients from 2 hospitals, 101 bacterial pneumonia patients, and 86 healthy patients [19] . Another report achieved a classification accuracy of 79.3% in external validation on a study differentiating images from 180 viral pneumonia cases from 79 COVID-19 cases using a transfer learning neural network based on Inception network [22] . Furthermore, the ability to identify COVID-19 pneumonia on imaging may depend on the timing of CT acquisition in the patient''s disease course. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases Machine learning-based CT radiomics model for predicting hospital stay in patients with pneumonia associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multicenter study doi = 10.1148/ryai.2020200053 id = cord-276328-08ava9ni author = Kunutsor, Setor K. title = Hepatic manifestations and complications of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-06-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Hepatic manifestations and complications of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis (1, 2) In addition to the observation that older patients, males and those with pre-existing comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and chronic liver disease are at highest risk for severe illness or death, (3, 4) COVID-19 complications have been shown to correlate with the disease severity or mortality. Renal complications in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis Markers of liver injury and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Comorbid Chronic Diseases and Acute Organ Injuries Are Strongly Correlated with Disease Severity and Mortality among COVID-19 Patients: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Longitudinal association between markers of liver injury and mortality in COVID-19 in China doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.043 id = cord-335355-lcrbs2op author = Kunutsor, Setor K. title = Markers of liver injury and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In this context, we aimed to determine the nature of the relationships of admission levels of five main markers of liver injury (ALT, AST, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin) with the risk of clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 using a systematic meta-analysis. MEDLINE, Embase, and The Cochrane library were searched from 2019 to 17 May 2020 for published studies reporting on relationships between admission levels of markers of liver injury (GGT, ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin) and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Taking the overall evidence together, the data supports a higher prevalence of elevated admission levels of markers of liver injury in severe or mortality due to COVID-19 disease, which suggests that patients with elevated levels of liver markers at baseline (during admission) had higher risks of developing worse outcomes in COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.045 id = cord-294696-pm6pfeeb author = Kunz, Y. title = Was sollte ein Urologe zu SARS-Cov-2 wissen? Risikoanalyse für urologische Operationen und Handlungsempfehlungen im klinischen Alltag date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS; der; eine; und summary = Ausgelöst wird diese Infektionskrankheit durch das Virus SARS-CoV-2 ("severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2"), das zur Familie der β-Coronaviridiae bzw. Das SARS-CoV-2 wird im Wesentlichen via Tröpfcheninfektion -und somit über Aerosole -von symptomatischen COVID-19-Patienten übertragen. Es wurde eine Literatursuche in PubMed, bioRxiv und medRxiv sowie den Datenbanken der WHO und des CDC über SARS-CoV-2 und chirurgisches Prozedere bei infizierten Patienten durchgeführt. Das Prostatagewebe scheint demgegenüber nicht von SARS-CoV-2 befallen zu werden, zumindest konnte eine chinesische Gruppe in einer kleinen Studie keine Virus-RNA im Prostatasekret nachweisen [29] . Da basierend auf der oben angesprochenen Studienlage eine SARS-CoV-2-Übertragung mittels Urin denkbar ist, muss bei COVID-19-Patienten und unklaren Verdachtsfällen zusätzlich zur gängigen Schutzkleidung im Operationssaal auf FFP-2-Masken und Schutzbrillen zurückgegriffen werden. Da Aerosole nicht nur während der Operation, sondern bereits zuvor im Rahmen einer OP-Einleitung entstehen können, sollte laut aktuellen Empfehlungen unbedingt auf FFP-2-Masken im Falle eines zu behandelnden Patienten mit Verdacht auf oder einer bestätigten COVID-19-Infektion zurückgegriffen werden. doi = 10.1007/s00120-020-01264-z id = cord-329051-gmwgb32g author = Kuo, C.-L. title = ApoE e4e4 genotype and mortality with COVID-19 in UK Biobank date = 2020-06-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = We previously reported that the ApoE e4e4 genotype was associated with COVID-19 test positivity (OR=2.31, 95% CI: 1.65 to 3.24, p=1.19×10 -6 ) [1] in the UK Biobank (UKB) cohort, during the epidemic peak in England, from March 16 to April 26, 2020 [2] . We previously reported that the ApoE e4e4 genotype was associated with COVID-19 test positivity (OR=2.31, 95% CI: 1.65 to 3.24, p=1.19×10 -6 ) [1] in the UK Biobank (UKB) cohort, during the epidemic peak in England, from March 16 to April 26, 2020 [2] . We previously reported that the ApoE e4e4 genotype was associated with COVID-19 test positivity (OR=2.31, 95% CI: 1.65 to 3.24, p=1.19×10 -6 ) [1] in the UK Biobank (UKB) cohort, during the epidemic peak in England, from March 16 to April 26, 2020 [2] . doi = 10.1101/2020.06.19.20134908 id = cord-346917-5dgnj11a author = Kuppalli, Krutika title = A glimpse into the eye of the COVID-19 cytokine storm date = 2020-05-07 keywords = covid-19 summary = The pathogenesis of pandemic coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) likely depends heavily on disruption of immune and inflammatory processes. This study clearly demonstrates that severe COVID-19 is associated with significant increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 as well as significant reductions in CD8+ T cells. These data indicate that cytokine storms may, in concert with suppressed Th1 antiviral adaptive responses, underlie the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 disease. These findings are valuable for clinicians as it further supports the significant effect SARS-CoV-2 has on the systemic inflammatory response and gives insight on how to identify patients at risk for severe disease. These data also suggest that monitoring N8R and NLR over time could be a way to identify patients early on at risk for developing severe disease [6] . doi = 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102789 id = cord-356363-gea5229c author = Kurdi, Amanj title = A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the use of renin‐angiotensin system drugs and COVID‐19 clinical outcomes: What is the evidence so far? date = 2020-10-20 keywords = acei; covid-19 summary = Consequently, we sought to undertake an updated and comprehensive evaluation of effect of ACEIs/ARBs use on all reported COVID-19-related outcomes, including exploration of any class differences, through a systematic review of the literature coupled with a meta-analysis. Key protein targets and ligands in this article are hyperlinked to corresponding entries in http://www.guide topha rmaco logy.org, F I G U R E 1 0 Forest plot depicting pooled estimates for the association between use of ventilator/Intensive Care Unit admission and the three levels of renin-angiotensin system drug exposure (ACEIs/ARBs, ACEIs, ARBs) Odds ratio the common portal for data from the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, 59 and are permanently archived in the Concise Association of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors with severity or risk of death in patients with hypertension hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China Effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers and ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) inhibitors on virus infection, inflammatory status, and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and hypertension: a single-center retrospective study A systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. doi = 10.1002/prp2.666 id = cord-306999-bedygxjs author = Kurihara, Hayato title = Authors'' response: Surgery in the coronavirus disease 2019 phase 2 Italian scenario: Lessons learned in northern Italy spoke hospitals date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; surgery summary = • We continue, during this pandemic event, to face different surgical scenarios, emergent, urgent, and elective (particularly cancer related), and we continue to use laparoscopy (in coronavirus disease patients too) when the laparoscopic technique is recommended and widely recognized. Despite HIVand HBV being blood-borne viruses, laparoscopic surgery is being performed in HIV and HBV patients for many years, and no clear demonstration is available of viral transmission through the pneumoperitoneum or surgical smoke. For these reasons, we do not believe that results from the available literature can be extrapolated to the COVID-19 pandemic as to justify the current too restrictive guidelines on laparoscopic surgery against the evident and well-known and evidence-based advantages of laparoscopy with respect to the open approach in many fields of surgery. 1 At the end of their letter, the authors point out that "resources and expertise are widely available" during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and a restrictive use of laparoscopy would have been acceptable only in a war scenario. doi = 10.1097/ta.0000000000002837 id = cord-323141-6z750avb author = Kuroda, Naoto title = Demand for BCG Vaccine Due to Unproven Claims of its Role in Preventing COVID-19 Is Causing Shortages of Vaccines for Infants in Japan date = 2020-12-05 keywords = BCG; COVID-19 summary = 5 On the other hand, the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend breast-feeding with strict contact precautions based on the fact that so far there is no evidence that the virus can be transferred via breast milk. 4 To show the causality between the BCG vaccine and the severity of COVID-19, we have to confirm the following Bradford Hill criteria: specificity, temporality, reversibility, and experiment. Based on this background, we analyzed the data concerning all pediatric patients with COVID-19 (0-18 years old) admitted to the San Matteo Hospital of Pavia until April 4. As of today (April 11), 17 children had COVID-19 diagnosis based on clinical data and positive swab (RT-PCR analysis). Analyzing the data concerning the whole Lombardy population, 29.3% of patients with COVID-19 had home isolation, 21.5% required low-medium-intensity care, 2.3% ICU admission, and 18.3% died. doi = 10.1097/inf.0000000000002724 id = cord-341543-gcnph9gf author = Kuryntseva, P. title = A simplified approach to monitoring the COVID-19 epidemiologic situation using waste water analysis and its application in Russia date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The approach includes i) the creation of a calibration curve on the basis of the serial dilution of excreta collected from people who are infected with COVID-19 and ii) the analysis of wastewater samples and their serial dilutions but the approach excludes usage of concentration techniques before wastewater sample analysis as well as usage of external control in RT-PCR reactions for calculation of numbers of viral particles. 30 In the present study, a modified approach for detection of COVID-19 infection rate using 31 wastewater analysis has been developed. 30 In the present study, a modified approach for detection of COVID-19 infection rate using 31 wastewater analysis has been developed. In the modelling experiment with the excreta of ten COVID-19 235 patients, it was demonstrated that the minimal rate of infected people in the community that can 236 be detected by this method is 10-2%. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.21.20197244 id = cord-351155-5bvo66yb author = Kushner, Tatyana title = Chronic Liver Disease and COVID‐19: Alcohol Use Disorder/Alcohol‐Associated Liver Disease, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis, Autoimmune Liver Disease, and Compensated Cirrhosis date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 6, 10 COviD-19 in PaTienTs wiTH nOnalCOHOliC FaTTY liver Disease/ nOnalCOHOliC sTeaTOHePaTiTis Given the association of COVID-19 severity with metabolic disease, the association with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH) has • Minimize in-person contact with medical system • Interaction with the health care system should be via a "COVID-free" pathway 6,10 • Test for SARS-CoV-2 in the setting of acute decompensation or acute-on-chronic liver failure 10 An Official Learning Resource of AASLD Chronic Liver Disease and COVID-19 Kushner and Cafardi review also been investigated (Table 3 ). Finally, in another study of 214 patients in China, the presence of obesity in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) was associated with a 6-fold increased risk for severe COVID-19. There are several key issues surrounding COVID-19 infection in patients with cirrhosis, including potentially increased risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection, higher risk for severe disease, and increased risk for hepatic decompensation (Fig. 1) . doi = 10.1002/cld.974 id = cord-335003-7ae0galy author = Kussmaul, William G. title = COVID-19 and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor/Angiotensin-Receptor Blocker Therapy date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Mackey and colleagues reported a systematic review that found high-certainty evidence that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers are not associated with greater illness severity in patients with COVID-19. The authors present data from 3 studies that found, with moderate certainty of evidence, no relationship of ACEI or ARB use with testing positive for the virus or becoming ill from it. On the basis of further data from 14 observational studies encompassing more than 23 000 adults with COVID-19, they found high-certainty evidence that the drugs are not associated with greater illness severity. As a result of this progression from fear and theory through data and multiple analyses from different continents, we now have reasonable reassurance that drugs that alter the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) do not pose substantial threats as either COVID-19 risk factors or severity multipliers. Can angiotensin receptor-blocking drugs perhaps be harmful in the COVID-19 pandemic? doi = 10.7326/m20-3047 id = cord-324794-h08uzro4 author = Kutlu, Ömer title = The explosion in scabies cases during COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-05-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = 2, 3 Recently, we reported that not number but percentages of patients with scabies, psoriasis, urticaria, and scabiesrelated visits to dermatology outpatient clinic increased immediately ten days after COVID-19 pandemic. In the literature, the increasing number of patients with scabies during COVID-19 pandemic has not yet been reported in European countries. Given Turkey''s cultural structure, the lifestyle such as living in the same household with a large number of people, which has become more common due to pandemic-related temporary migration is more frequent than European countries. On the other hand, although the number of patients who requests for outpatient clinics that are not directly related to the pandemic cases decreased in Turkey, most of the hospitals continued to provide healthcare services in all branches of medicine including dermatology. 4 All these factors may be a possible explanation of why Turkey has more scabies cases than European countries. The effect of the "stay-athome" policy on requests for dermatology outpatient clinic visits after the COVID-19 outbreak doi = 10.1111/dth.13662 id = cord-305629-utjng3dq author = Kutralam-Muniasamy, Gurusamy title = Impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on air quality and its association with human mortality trends in megapolis Mexico City date = 2020-10-28 keywords = City; Mexico; covid-19 summary = The present study assessed air quality and its association with human mortality rates during the lockdown by estimating changes observed in air pollutants (CO, NO(2), O(3), SO(2), PM(10) and PM(2.5)) between the lockdown (April 1–May 31) and prelockdown (January 1–March 31) periods, as well as by comparing the air quality data of lockdown period with the same interval of previous 5 years (2015–2019). We retrieved data of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths in Mexico City during the lockdown period from the official website of the Government of Mexico (https://coronavirus.gob.mx/datos/) to find the association between COVID-19 mortality and air pollutants between April 1, 2020, and May 31, 2020. 2020) , this study investigated the association between concentrations of air pollutants and reported daily number of COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths in Mexico City. doi = 10.1007/s11869-020-00960-1 id = cord-352543-8il0dh58 author = Kuzdeuov, A. title = A Network-Based Stochastic Epidemic Simulator: Controlling COVID-19 with Region-Specific Policies date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; model; susceptible summary = In this scenario, epidemiological models can be used to project the future course of the disease, and to estimate the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and related control measures that might be used to slow the contagion, and thereby provide time to enhance health care resources and develop effective immunological defenses such as new vaccines. We have developed and implemented a network-based stochastic epidemic simulator (leveraging our prior work [8] ) which models cities and regions as nodes in a graph, and the edges between nodes representing transit links of roads, railways, and air travel routes to model the mobility of inhabitants amongst cities. In each node, the simulator runs a compartmental Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model, such that individuals can cycle through the four stages based on state transition probabilities. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.02.20089136 id = cord-343926-47m17k1t author = Kuzemko, Caroline title = Covid-19 and the Politics of Sustainable Energy Transitions date = 2020-07-02 keywords = covid-19; energy; pandemic; sustainable; term summary = We identify some of the initial impacts of the ''great lockdown'' on sustainable and fossil sources of energy, and consider how economic stimulus packages and social practices in the wake of the pandemic are likely to shape energy demand, the carbon-intensity of the energy system, and the speed of transitions. Discussion focuses on four key themes that shape the politics of sustainable energy transitions: (i) the short, medium and long-term temporalities of energy system change; (ii) practices of investment around clean-tech and divestment from fossil fuels; (iii) structures and scales of energy governance; and (iv) social practices around mobility, work and public health. For example, the Paris Agreement instituted nationally determined climate goals; sustainability transitions were placed on the agendas of many local, national and global governing bodies; the cost of renewable energy continued to fall rapidly, making it an increasingly politically and economically viable option; divestment campaigns were taking off; and there was a surge in public buy-into the argument that urgent action was required to address climate change. doi = 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101685 id = cord-311030-k42iqh40 author = Kvasnovsky, Charlotte L title = Limiting operations for acute appendicitis in children: lessons learned from the U.S. epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic() date = 2020-06-23 keywords = NOM; appendicitis; covid-19 summary = Our tertiary care children''s hospital pivoted towards a trial of non-operative management (NOM) for all patients presenting with acute appendicitis to limit operating room use. While we were able to operate on patients for appendicitis, we shifted to NOM for all patients with acute appendicitis in an effort to conserve resources, minimize non-emergent surgical procedures, and at certain intervals to allow for COVID testing to result. 4 We report our experience attempting to safely manage children with acute appendicitis while also minimizing healthcare resource utilization (operating room use and hospital stays) during a pervasive modern-era pandemic. We retrospectively collected data on all children diagnosed with acute appendicitis by our pediatric surgical service from 3/31/2020-5/3/2020, the five-week period during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York. Compared to the same period in prior years, we treated a similar number of patients with acute appendicitis during the COVID-19 pandemic (Figure 2 ). doi = 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.06.024 id = cord-337965-z39q8ebq author = Kvernland, Alexandra title = Anticoagulation use and Hemorrhagic Stroke in SARS-CoV-2 Patients Treated at a New York Healthcare System date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19; hemorrhagic; patient summary = The clinical characteristics, underlying stroke mechanism, and outcomes in this particular subset of patients are especially salient as therapeutic anticoagulation becomes increasingly common in the treatment and prevention of thrombotic complications of COVID-19. This is a retrospective observational study including all consecutive patients with radiologic confirmation of acute hemorrhagic stroke during the specified time frame patients admitted to one of three comprehensive stroke centers in New York: NYU Langone Manhattan, NYU Langone Brooklyn (Sunset Park, Brooklyn), and NYU Langone Winthrop (Mineola, Long Island) with hemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) or non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)) hospitalized between March 1, 2020, and May 15, 2020. Clinical variables included history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation, prior intracerebral hemorrhage, home medications (including antiplatelets and anticoagulants), presenting symptoms, initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, date of likely stroke symptom onset (based on last known well or abstractors'' clinical judgment), ICH score, and the systolic blood pressure (closest to the time of hemorrhagic stroke diagnosis). doi = 10.1007/s12028-020-01077-0 id = cord-301946-erzh30mt author = Kwak-Kim, Joanne title = COVID-19 and immunomodulation treatment for women with reproductive failures date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; RFI; SARS; TNF summary = With the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, patient care has been significantly challenged not only for the COVID-19 cases but for the others, including pregnant women with a history of reproductive failures (RF), such as recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL), repeated implantation failures (RIF), with immune etiologies including autoimmune diseases, cellular immune dysfunction, and rheumatic conditions. SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus), which caused the SARS outbreak in 2003, infects macrophages and T cells (Perlman and Dandekar 2005) and induces various cytokines, such as type I IFN, TNF-α, IL-1, etc., and B cell-related antibodies (Prompetchara et al. With the currently available data, it is unlikely that the use of IVIg in patients with RFI will impact the chances of contracting the disease or negatively affect the clinical course in women with COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. doi = 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103168 id = cord-274918-dkl41b60 author = Kwee, Thomas C. title = The “crisis after the crisis”: the time is now to prepare your radiology department date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Radiology departments prepare for the surge of COVID-19 patients by employing policies and procedures to ensure sufficient capacity for continued operation, to support the care of COVID-19 patients, and to maintain radiologic services for the entirety of the hospital and health system [2] . The aim of this communication is to increase awareness about the projected aftermath and consequences of the COVID-19 crisis on a radiology department, and to present possible solutions. In response to the ongoing COVID-19 crisis, healthcare providers outside the radiology department are suspending most non-urgent elective care. Advantages of the current COVID-19 crisis for a radiology department, at least ours, are the availability of time to implement solutions and a potentially increased willingness of the entire radiology team to comply with proposed measures compared to measures taken during a non-crisis setting [6] . It was demonstrated how our tertiary care radiology department prepares to process the large reservoir of radiologic procedures after the COVID-19 crisis in a timely manner. doi = 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.04.013 id = cord-284037-nj5jo1ev author = Kwee, Thomas C. title = Chest CT in COVID-19: What the Radiologist Needs to Know date = 2020-10-23 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = Chest imaging is indicated in patients with moderate to severe respiratory symptoms (ie, presence of significant pulmonary dysfunction or damage) and any pretest probability of COVID-19 infection, when RT-PCR test results are negative, and in any patient for whom an RT-PCR test is not performed or not readily available. According to the Fleischner Society consensus statement, chest imaging is indicated in patients with moderate to severe respiratory symptoms (ie, presence of significant pulmonary dysfunction or damage) and any pretest probability of COVID-19 infection, when RT-PCR test results are negative, and in any patient for whom an RT-PCR test is not performed or not readily available (59) . In cases of clinical worsening, chest imaging is advised to assess for COVID-19 progression or secondary cardiopulmonary complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), PE, superimposed pneumonia, or heart failure that can potentially be secondary to COVID-19-induced cardiac injury (59) . doi = 10.1148/rg.2020200159 id = cord-333121-kt6t41ff author = Kwenandar, Felix title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Cardiovascular System: A Narrative Review date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = At the end of 2019, a viral pneumonia disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2), emerged in Wuhan, China. Although this infective disease is mostly characterized by respiratory tract symptoms, increasing numbers of evidence had shown considerable amounts of patients with cardiovascular involvements and these were associated with higher mortality among COVID-19 patients. Cardiovascular manifestation in COVID-19 patients include myocardial injury (MI), arrhythmias, cardiac arrests, heart failure and coagulation abnormality, ranging from 7.2% up to 33%. [2] With the increasing number of confirmed cases and the accumulating clinical data, in addition to the common clinical presentation of respiratory failure caused by COVID-19, the cardiovascular manifestations induced by this viral infection has generated considerable concern. Although the exact pathophysiological mechanism underlying myocardial injury caused by COVID-19 is not fully understood, a previous report showed that in 35% of the patients infected, the SARS-CoV genome was positively detected in the heart. doi = 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100557 id = cord-267566-gdjl0qmu author = Kweon, Oh Joo title = Antibody kinetics and serologic profiles of SARS-CoV-2 infection using two serologic assays date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19; PSO; SARS summary = This study aims to assess the serologic profiles and time kinetics of antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients with COVID-19 using two immunoassays. METHODS: A total of 97 samples serially collected from 17 patients with COVID-19 and 137 negative control samples were analyzed for IgM and IgG against SARS-CoV-2 using the AFIAS COVID-19 Ab (Boditech Med Inc., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea) and the EDI(™) Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 ELISA Kit (Epitope Diagnostics, Inc., San Diego, CA). The diagnostic sensitivities of IgM/IgG for ≤14d PSO were 21.4%/35.7~57.1% and increased to 41.2~52.9%/88.2~94.1% at >14 d PSO with specificities of 98.5%/94.2% for AFIAS COVID-19 Ab and 100.0%/96.4% for EDI(™) Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 ELISA Kit. Among 137 negative controls, 12 samples (8.8%) showed positive or indeterminate results. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240395 id = cord-345464-9cnbco2i author = Kwiatkowski, S. title = Why we should not stop giving aspirin to pregnant women during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To our knowledge, there is insufficient data to suggest an increased risk between prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin and progression of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women at risk of placental complications. To our knowledge, there are limited data to suggest that there is an association between prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin and increased risk of progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In our opinion, during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is still essential to provide first-trimester screening for placental complications and to prescribe low-dose aspirin in women who are identified as high risk for pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Based on the current knowledge of the epidemiological situation, the benefits of placental complication prevention outweigh the potential risks of adverse outcome related to the usage of low-dose aspirin in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women with COVID-19, Their Newborn Infants, and Maternal-Fetal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes doi = 10.1002/uog.22049 id = cord-324498-kl63hglt author = Kwok, Benjamin title = Pulmonary Embolism Response Team activation during the COVID-19 pandemic in a New York City Academic Hospital: a retrospective cohort analysis date = 2020-09-10 keywords = covid; pert summary = title: Pulmonary Embolism Response Team activation during the COVID-19 pandemic in a New York City Academic Hospital: a retrospective cohort analysis We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of all patients greater than or equal to 18-years-old who received emergency department or inpatient care at an academic hospital in New York City between March 1st and April 30th, 2020 (COVID era) and were found to have radiographically confirmed PE. While there was an increase in cases of PE during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-COVID era, there was a decrease in proportion of PERT activations (26.8% vs. Patients without PERT activations during the pre-COVID era were less likely to be on LMWH (9.5% vs. In fact, PERT activations during COVID era were predominately on female patients, those with a history of DVT/PE, those on anticoagulants prior to hospital encounter, and those who were SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR negative. doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02264-8 id = cord-288184-fa1niz51 author = Kwon, Chan-Young title = Using Mind–Body Modalities via Telemedicine during the COVID-19 Crisis: Cases in the Republic of Korea date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; Korea; health summary = In this paper, the telemedicine manual is introduced to provide insights into the development of mental health interventions for COVID-19 and other large-scale disasters in the upcoming new-normal era. The center uses herbal medicine (mainly Qing-Fei-Pai-Du-Tang) with established protocols based on multidisciplinary expert discussions and empirical evidence [14] , and the center also used telemedicine in conjunction with mind-body modalities (including mindfulness meditation) to improve the mental health of COVID-19 patients in Korea. The center uses herbal medicine (mainly Qing-Fei-Pai-Du-Tang) with established protocols based on multidisciplinary expert discussions and empirical evidence [14] , and the center also used telemedicine in conjunction with mind-body modalities (including mindfulness meditation) to improve the mental health of COVID-19 patients in Korea. Throughout the manual, KM doctors categorized the potential psychological condition of individuals, and explained the symptoms that may happen in this stressful situation and guided potentially useful mind-body interventions. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17124477 id = cord-304526-hoybp1h6 author = Kwon, Ki Tae title = Drive-Through Screening Center for COVID-19: a Safe and Efficient Screening System against Massive Community Outbreak date = 2020-03-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = For safe and efficient screening for COVID-19, drive-through (DT) screening centers have been designed and implemented in Korea. Personal protective equipment (PPE) of inner and outer gloves, N95 respirator, eye-shield/face shield/goggles, and hooded coverall/gown is required for the HCWs who may have direct contact with testees. Specimen collection Drive-through COVID screening center is important since the examination work requires professionalism among all the DT stages, and this manpower pool is sparse during an outbreak situation. The main timeconsuming factor in the conventional COVID-19 screening system is the time required for ventilation and cleaning of the specimen collection room. 8 However, this time for ventilation and cleaning is not required for the DT screening system because testees'' cars are used as specimen collection rooms. In addition to the improved efficiency, the DT screening system can also exclude the risk of cross-infection between testees at the waiting space of conventional screening centers, for testees'' own cars work as isolation units throughout the test course. doi = 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e123 id = cord-290642-vlyingsf author = Kwon, S. title = Association of social distancing and masking with risk of COVID-19 date = 2020-11-13 keywords = COVID-19; distancing; social summary = We examined the association of community-level social distancing measures and individual masking with risk of predicted COVID-19 in a large prospective U.S. cohort study of 198,077 participants. Here, we conducted a prospective study in the U.S using a smartphone-based application that collected self-reported, individual-level information on COVID-19 like symptoms, masking and other personal risk factors, in combination with community-level social distancing measures to investigate the relative effectiveness of social distancing and masking policies with the risk of COVID-19. In this prospective study of 198,077 participants using a real-time mobile phone application in U.S., we observed that individuals living in communities with the greatest social distancing had a 31% lower risk of predicted COVID-19 compared with those living in communities with poor social distancing, with maximum benefit evident after a latency period of 14 days. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.11.20229500 doi: medRxiv preprint community with greater social distancing and risk of predicted COVID-19 was most consistently observed among younger individuals without significant health problems or limitations in mobility. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.11.20229500 id = cord-322279-6ffnejwj author = Kwon, Seungwon title = Could herbal medicine (Soshihotang) be a new treatment option for COVID-19?: A Narrative Review date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; SSHT; effect; treatment summary = 10 In this short narrative review, we will discuss the current clinical use and antiviral effects of Soshihotang (SSHT, Xiao Chai Hu Tang in Chinese, Shosaikoto in Japanese), which has been used in the past mainly for infectious diseases with chronic progression. Based on the search results, we summarized the following items in the form of a narrative review; i) indications of SSHT in classical medicine and in symptoms of COVID-19, ii) utilization status and clinical evidence of SSHT in infectious diseases, especially viral diseases, iii) antiviral effect of SSHT in experimental studies, iv) potential role of SSHT in repurposing J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f the treatment of COVID-19, v) SSHT variants that can be used according to various clinical symptoms, and vi) cautions when using SSHT. doi = 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100480 id = cord-294586-95iwcocn author = Kwuimy, C. A. K. title = Nonlinear dynamic analysis of an epidemiological model for COVID-19 including public behavior and government action date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; model summary = title: Nonlinear dynamic analysis of an epidemiological model for COVID-19 including public behavior and government action We use a nonlinear susceptible, exposed, infectious and removed transmission model with added behavioral and government policy dynamics. Given that, as of the writing of this paper, the COVID-19 situation is still evolving with considerable uncertainty about the future, we wish to use this paper to validate the importance of mathematical modeling in general, and nonlinear dynamic analysis in particular, to enhance our insights. The initial number of infected and removed cases for the SEIR model in both periods was considered as the real data, i.e., I 0 ¼ 1 and R 0 ¼ 0 for uncontrolled and I 0 ¼ 3736 and R 0 ¼ 47 for controlled time span. In this paper, we adapted and developed an SEIR model for the COVID-19 pandemic including different transmission rates for contacts with infected and exposed and integrated parameters and variables to model government action and social reaction. doi = 10.1007/s11071-020-05815-z id = cord-104500-m0kfom0x author = Kyriakopoulos, Anthony M. title = The Potential Role of Super Spread Events in SARS-COV-2 Pandemic; a Narrative Review date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COV-2; COVID-19; Coronavirus; MERS; SARS; SSE summary = A comprehensive search was conducted among literature available in multiple electronic sources to find articles that addressed the "potential role of SSEs on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) pandemic" and were published before 20(th) of August 2020. Specific screening strategies within potential super spreading host groups can also help to efficiently manage severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) epidemics, in contrast to the partially effective general restriction measures. However, the respective potential impact of SSEs on SARS-COV-2 outbreak is composed and presented in the current review, thereby implying the warranted effort required for effective SSE preventive strategies, which may lead to overt global community health benefits. Following this initial selection stage, further screening was performed by all reviewers, using the previously described search items to identify parameters determining the global impact of COVID-19 due to SSEs. Identified parameters included the global impact of immunity and vaccination, the holy cup and religion transmission, and the austerity caused by COVID-19 and other coronavirus epidemics due to restrictions applied. doi = nan id = cord-306141-19o76jqr author = Käpplinger, Bernd title = “The lockdown of physical co-operation touches the heart of adult education”: A Delphi study on immediate and expected effects of COVID-19 date = 2020-11-06 keywords = COVID-19; Delphi; adult; education summary = This article is based on the first wave of an ongoing worldwide Delphi study which is currently analysing the immediate and expected effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on adult education and adult learning. In a next step, the results of this first (qualitative) survey will be transferred into a new questionnaire, which will then again be presented to experts from different countries and continents (e.g. some contributors to this year''s cancelled international "Adult Education in Global Times" conference, AEGT2020). Although the first section of the questionnaire asked about immediate effects, respondents already mentioned likely changes in the near future here: "A new training for teachers, counsellors and other practitioners in adult education and learning will be necessary" (ID 45). In the second part of our questionnaire, we asked the experts about their expectations of the future effects of the COVID-19 crisis on adult education. doi = 10.1007/s11159-020-09871-w id = cord-311838-ymn96yj4 author = LIU)刘茜玮(, Qianwei title = Analysis of the Influence of the Psychology Changes of Fear Induced by the COVID-19 Epidemic on the Body date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; fear; kidney; patient summary = In this epidemic, some studies have found that when patients are diagnosed as suspected cases, most patients will fall into a psychological state of crisis, often with abnormal emotional excitement, shock, denial, anger, and do not cooperate with treatment work; while when patients are in isolation treatment, there is an increased sense of fear of the disease, accompanied by anxiety and depression [6] . In the COVID-19 epidemic, medical workers risk being infected by the virus at any time, and suffer from a variety of physical and mental distress in the rescue process, mainly manifested as physical reactions such as physical decline, dizziness and dyspnea, accompanied by psychological changes such as fear, anxiety, depression, fear and so on. There are many ways to reduce anxiety and fear in modern medicine, such as medicine, relaxation training, self-suggestion, At present, the following problems still deserve attention: first, many surveys during COVID-19 showed that front-line health care workers, staff, patients, middle-aged, elderly people and parturients are the groups that psychological survey researchers pay more attention to. doi = 10.1016/j.wjam.2020.06.007 id = cord-282699-tuas2tgd author = LIU, Wei-hong title = Understanding of guidance for acupuncture and moxibustion interventions on COVID-19 (Second edition) issued by CAAM date = 2020-03-17 keywords = COVID-19; China; TCM; moxibustion summary = To better apply "non-pharmaceutic measures"—the external technique of traditional Chinese medicine, in the article, the main content of Guidance for acupuncture and moxibustion interventions on COVID-19 (Second edition) issued by China Association of Acupuncture–Moxibution is introduced and the discussion is stressed on the selection of moxibustion device and the duration of its exertion. In response to the Chinese government''s call upon the solidarity in the fight against COVID-19 and to better apply the external techniques of TCM to the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of COVID-19, China Association of Acupuncture-Moxibustion (CAAM) developed and issued Guidance for acupuncture and moxibustion intervention on COVID-19 (Second edition) (hereinafter Guidance ) [7] . The main content of Guidance is introduced as follows to assist in the effective application of TCM techniques, e.g. acupuncture and moxibustion in treatment of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.wjam.2020.03.005 id = cord-322497-hdy3va8e author = LUBANSU, Alphonse title = COVID-19 impact on neurosurgical practice: lockdown attitude and experience of a European academic center. date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: COVID-19 impact on neurosurgical practice: lockdown attitude and experience of a European academic center. limited clinical neurosurgical experience including COVID-19 patients have been reported. A cohort of all neurosurgical patients managed during the lockdown period is presented and analyzed assessing suspected nosocomial infection risk factors. 69 Patients initially admitted to the neurosurgical ward were less likely to be suspected for a 70 COVID-19 infection when compared to patients admitted for critical emergencies, 71 particularly with neurovascular and stroke-related pathologies. 69 Patients initially admitted to the neurosurgical ward were less likely to be suspected for a 70 COVID-19 infection when compared to patients admitted for critical emergencies, 71 particularly with neurovascular and stroke-related pathologies. Accordingly, the health ministry guidelines reserved biochemical tests of nasopharyngeal 103 samples only for suspected COVID-19 patients requiring hospital admission, and no targeted 104 screening strategy was defined for healthcare providers. The management of emergency spinal surgery 372 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.168 id = cord-343322-vx3lub3s author = LUBANSU, Alphonse title = Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding " COVID-19 impact on neurosurgical practice: lockdown attitude and experience of a European academic center ". date = 2020-11-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-343322-vx3lub3s title: Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding " COVID-19 impact on neurosurgical practice: lockdown attitude and experience of a European academic center ". cord_uid: vx3lub3s for their interest and valuable questions regarding our recently published paper "COVID-19 impact on neurosurgical practice: lockdown attitude and experience of a European academic center". We noted and appreciated that the protocol and workflow for the management of neurosurgical patients that we applied at the early onset of the COVID 19 pandemic, at our institute, seems to be also effectively applied in larger and different countries such as India. On pandemics: the impact of COVID-19 on the practice of neurosurgery Preliminary Recommendations for Surgical Practice of Neurosurgery Department in the Central Epidemic Area of 2019 Coronavirus Infection Critical Care Utilization for the COVID-19 Outbreak in Lombardy, Italy: Early Experience and Forecast During an Emergency Response Countries where Coronavirus has spread -Worldometer doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.10.143 id = cord-338968-b1gg2ha7 author = La Rosée, Felicitas title = Ruxolitinib in COVID-19 Hyperinflammation and Haematologic Malignancies date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = COVID-19 is a pandemic illness forcing clinicians and clinician scientists to respond to an unforeseen 20% rate of hospital admissions due to respiratory distress and a sepsis-like hyperinflammatory cytokine release syndrome that develops in a subgroup of SARS-CoV2-infected patients. Initial results of the WUHAN COVID-19 cohort suggested a major impact of hyperinflammation characterized by a specific cytokine profile including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α on patient outcome. The antiviral drug remdesivir (rem) applied at early stages and the corticosteroid dexamethasone (dex) in oxygen-dependent and severely affected patients by now seem the only disease-modifying agents with signals of efficacy in randomized controlled trials [1] . The reported patients worsened clinically despite active immunosuppression, but responded to rux, a JAK1/2 inhibitor suppressing IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α besides other proinflammatory cytokines [2] . Combination of Ruxolitinib and Eculizumab for Treatment of Severe SARS-CoV-2-Related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Controlled Study doi = 10.1159/000510770 id = cord-279991-w2aoogjj author = Labrague, Leodoro J. title = Fear of Covid‐19, psychological distress, work satisfaction and turnover intention among frontline nurses date = 2020-09-27 keywords = COVID-19; Health; fear; nurse summary = As unmanaged anxiety or fear related to COVID-19 may potentially lead to long-term effects on nurses'' work performance and job satisfaction, leading to frequent absenteeism and eventual turnover (Lee et al., 2020; , it is critically important to examine whether frontline nurses'' fear of COVID-19 contributes to psychological distress, work satisfaction and intent to leave their organisation and the profession. After adjusting for nurse/unit/hospital characteristics, an increased level of fear of COVID-19 was associated with decreased job satisfaction (β = -0.165; p = 0.01), increased psychological distress (β = 0.464; p = 0.001) and increased organisational (β = 0.298; p = 0.001) and professional (β = 0.219; p = 0.001) turnover intentions. This study investigated the influence of fear of COVID-19 on frontline nurses'' job satisfaction, psychological distress, organisational turnover intention and professional turnover intention. doi = 10.1111/jonm.13168 id = cord-275852-hvbsx5an author = Lachapelle, F. title = COVID-19 Preprints and Their Publishing Rate: An Improved Method date = 2020-09-07 keywords = CORD-19; COVID-19; international; preprint summary = Findings: My analysis reveals that around 15% of COVID-19 preprint manuscripts in CORD-19 dataset that were uploaded on from arXiv, bioRxiv, and medRxiv between January and early August 2020 were published in a peer-reviewed venue. In this paper, using CORD-19 data and conditional fuzzy matching, I measure the proportion of preprints produce between January and August 2020 have been published as peer-reviewed articles, a measure I will refer to as ''conversion rate''. To the main research question of this paper, namely, which proportion of COVID-19 preprint manuscripts in CORD-19 dataset were also published in a peer-review journal, the analysis reveals that 14.68% (n=1, 328) research documents uploaded on MedArxiv, BioArxiv, and Arxiv servers between . My analysis reveals that around 15% of COVID-19 preprint manuscripts in CORD-19 dataset uploaded on three major repository servers between January and early August 2020 were published in a peer-reviewed venue. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.04.20188771 id = cord-287653-69nfi379 author = Lacy, J. Matthew title = COVID-19: POSTMORTEM DIAGNOSTIC AND BIOSAFETY CONSIDERATIONS date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; SARS summary =  Prosect cases in negative pressure isolation suite with at least 6-12 air changes per hour  Doff contact and droplet precaution PPE, as well as N95 respirator or PAPR  Limit personnel in the isolation suite to the minimum necessary to perform the examination  Employ splash and aerosol reduction techniques during prosection; oscillating saws are discouraged but if used should have vacuum shroud attachment  Use caution when handling sharps; allow only one person to prosect at a given time  Ensure a technician is outside isolation room to monitor procedure and provide support as needed  Procure synthetic nasopharyngeal (+/-lung) respiratory swabs in sterile tubes of 2-3 ml of viral transport media for SARS-CoV-2 testing as needed  Carefully decontaminate morgue surfaces and outer body bag following autopsy  Ensure body is fully enclosed in a secure bag, tag as infectious and ensure funeral home is informed  Consider modifying release procedures to prevent bag being opened in morgue for identification  Perform hand hygiene after doffing PPE A C C E P T E D doi = 10.1097/paf.0000000000000567 id = cord-355824-7p7lov2e author = Ladds, E. title = Persistent symptoms after Covid-19: qualitative study of 114 long Covid patients and draft quality criteria for services date = 2020-10-14 keywords = Covid; October; international summary = Analysis revealed a confusing illness with many, varied and often relapsing-remitting symptoms and uncertain prognosis; a heavy sense of loss and stigma; difficulty accessing and navigating services; difficulty being taken seriously and achieving a diagnosis; disjointed and siloed care (including inability to access specialist services); variation in standards (e.g. inconsistent criteria for seeing, investigating and referring patients); variable quality of the therapeutic relationship (some participants felt well supported while others described feeling fobbed off); and possible critical events (e.g. deterioration after being unable to access services). Whilst academic publications have estimated that 10-20% of people are still unwell after 3 weeks and 1-3% are still significantly unwell after 12 weeks, 3 8 self-surveys of patients recruited from long Covid peer support groups suggest a much high incidence of persistent symptoms even taking account of sampling bias (for example, several thousand people from the UK in such groups report symptoms six months after their acute illness, which suggests that the figure of 1% cannot be correct). doi = 10.1101/2020.10.13.20211854 id = cord-343389-n276aksa author = Lades, Leonhard K. title = Daily emotional well‐being during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-06-23 keywords = affect; covid-19 summary = Aspects of everyday life associated with reduced positive and reduced negative affect during the COVID-19 pandemic include the following: Time spent outdoors; Exercising; Going for a walk; Gardening; Taking care of children; and Engaging in in-person social interactions with friends. Aspects of everyday life associated with reduced positive and raised negative affect during the COVID-19 pandemic include the following: Being at work; Home-schooling children; Obtaining information about COVID-19; Work-related social interactions; and Interactions with one''s spouse or significant other. Drawing on the DRM, we estimated how affective experiences are associated with daily activities, time spent indoors/outdoors, and social interaction during the pandemic with a view to providing evidence to inform academic and policy debates on how the emotional consequences of self-isolation measures may be mitigated or exacerbated. In line with prior research (Bryson & MacKerron, 2017) , time spent in work-related personal or remote interactions was linked to reduced positive and increased negative affect (see Figure 1 and Table S2 ). doi = 10.1111/bjhp.12450 id = cord-273093-u79r80ip author = Laforge, Mireille title = Tissue damage from neutrophil-induced oxidative stress in COVID-19 date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; ROS summary = The high neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio observed in critically ill patients with COVID-19 is associated with excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promote a cascade of biological events that drive pathological host responses. By producing excessive ROS, deregulated neutrophils can spread a local inflammatory response so that it becomes systemic, which explains why they have been involved The high neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio observed in critically ill patients with COVID-19 is associated with excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promote a cascade of biological events that drive pathological host responses. ROS induce tissue damage, thrombosis and red blood cell dysfunction, which contribute to COVID-19 disease severity. ROS induce tissue damage, thrombosis and red blood cell dysfunction, which contribute to COVID-19 disease severity. In conclusion, the presence of oxidative stress markers (for example, lipid peroxidation, rTEM and a high neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio) in patients with COVID-19 may help to identify high-risk individuals early in the course of the disease and prevent their sudden deterioration. doi = 10.1038/s41577-020-0407-1 id = cord-340710-dmow5p7k author = Lagana, Stephen M. title = Hepatic pathology in patients dying of COVID-19: a series of 40 cases including clinical, histologic, and virologic data date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; liver; patient summary = title: Hepatic pathology in patients dying of COVID-19: a series of 40 cases including clinical, histologic, and virologic data Here we report the clinical and histologic findings related to the liver in 40 patients who died of complications of COVID-19. In conclusion, we found patients dying of COVID-19 had biochemical evidence of hepatitis (of variable severity) and demonstrated histologic findings of macrovesicular steatosis and mild acute hepatitis (lobular necroinflammation) and mild portal inflammation. A more recent study performed core needle biopsies on the livers of four patients and reported nonspecific findings, attributed to preexisting disease or perimortem injury [4] . Histologically, the most frequently encountered findings were macrovesicular steatosis, mild acute hepatitis, and minimal-to-mild portal inflammation. Nonetheless, based on the pattern of injury observed and the results of the PCR analysis, SARS-CoV-2 seems to involve the liver, and is associated with, possibly causal of, macrovesicular steatosis and acute hepatitis. doi = 10.1038/s41379-020-00649-x id = cord-339902-tsd6sjcx author = Lagunas-Rangel, F. A. title = Laboratory findings that predict a poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients with diabetes: A meta-analysis date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Diabetes is one of the main comorbidities in patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causative agent of the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Because the presence of diabetes and COVID-19 in the same patient is related to a poor clinical prognosis and a high probability of death, it is necessary to determine what findings allow us to predict a good or bad resolution of the disease in order to opt for a traditional treatment or a more incisive one. In this way, in the present work we analyze which laboratory parameters showed differences in patients with COVID-19 and diabetes who recovered and in those who had complications or died. 1 In COVID-19 patients, diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the 31 main comorbidities associated with severe disease, ARDS, and increased mortality. 3, 4 Since establishing an early prognosis in patients 38 with diabetes infected with SARS-CoV-2 could help in their treatment decisions, in the 39 present work we analyzed which laboratory parameters showed differences that could predict 40 a good or bad resolution of the disease. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.02.20145391 id = cord-257357-u1npw7tw author = Lagunas‐Rangel, Francisco Alejandro title = Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte‐to‐C‐reactive protein ratio in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19): A meta‐analysis date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and Lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio (LCR) are established inflammation markers that reflect systemic inflammatory response, and both are available in almost all laboratories. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to investigate whether NLR and LCR values can help predict clinical severity in patients with COVID-19. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A meta-analysis Despite several reports describing increased levels of neutrophils and C-reactive protein along with a decrease in lymphocyte numbers in patients with COVID-19, 2,6-10 until now, very few reports have considered the cost-effective markers NLR and LCR to aid complication predictions. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan Clinical features of 69 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. doi = 10.1002/jmv.25819 id = cord-352828-4ecik6xw author = Lagziel, Tomer title = Two False Negative Test Results in a Symptomatic Patient with a Confirmed Case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Suspected Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (SJS/TEN) date = 2020-05-19 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = title: Two False Negative Test Results in a Symptomatic Patient with a Confirmed Case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Suspected Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (SJS/TEN) The pathogen known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), is notable for attacking the pulmonary system causing acute respiratory distress, but it can also severely affect other systems in at-risk individuals including cardiovascular compromise, gastrointestinal distress, acute kidney injury, coagulopathies, cutaneous manifestations, and ultimately death from multi-organ failure. We present a confirmed COVID-19 case that was transferred to our burn center for concern of Steven Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) overlap syndrome after having two negative confirmatory COVID-19 tests at an outside hospital. We present a COVID-19 case that was transferred to our burn center for concern of Steven Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) overlap syndrome after having two negative confirmatory COVID-19 tests at an outside hospital. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8198 id = cord-298536-kksivbh8 author = Lahav, Yael title = Psychological Distress Related to COVID-19 – The Contribution of Continuous Traumatic Stress date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; CTS; PTSD; symptom summary = Individuals who had been exposed to trauma, and to CTS in particular, had elevated anxiety, depression, and peritraumatic stress symptoms compared to individuals without such a history or to survivors of non-ongoing traumatic events. Specifically, the current investigation strove to explore the contribution of PTSD symptoms as a result of past trauma exposure versus as a result of CTS in explaining psychological distress (peritraumatic stress symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and depression symptoms) in the face of COVID-19. To explore the moderating role of trauma type (CTS versus previous non-ongoing trauma exposure) in the associations between PTSD symptoms and psychological distress related to the COVID-19 pandemic, moderation analyses were conducted via PROCESS (Model 1) computational macro (Hayes, 2012) . Additionally, higher levels of PTSD symptoms subsequent to trauma exposure were related to elevated psychological distress manifested in anxiety, depression, and peritraumatic stress symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.141 id = cord-253704-y0t30xw3 author = Lahiri, Durjoy title = COVID-19 Pandemic: A Neurological Perspective date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; neurological; patient summary = Even though severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been observed to principally affect the respiratory system, neurological involvements have already been reported in some published work. Neurological manifestations can further be subdivided into the central nervous system (headache, dizziness, alteration of the sensorium, ataxia encephalitis, stroke, and seizures) and peripheral nervous system (skeletal muscle injury and peripheral nerve involvement including hyposmia and hypogeusia) symptomatology. Even though severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been observed to mainly affect the respiratory system, neurological involvements have already been reported in some published work. In the present paper, we have reviewed the recently published or pre-print original articles, case reports, and existing open-source data-sets in order to delineate the spectrum of neurological disorders in SARS-CoV-2 positive cases. Another report from China describes a case of acute myelitis, possibly affecting the cervical spinal cord, as evidenced by the clinical features, in a known patient of SARS-CoV-2 infection [22] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.7889 id = cord-325793-5vrr7msw author = Lahiry, Anup K. title = Dermatosurgery Practice and Implications of COVID-19 Pandemic: Recommendations by IADVL SIG Dermatosurgery (IADVL Academy) date = 2020-05-10 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Telemedicine services could be offered, depending on the recommendations issued separately, irrespective of the COVID-19 infective status of the patients. Use of hand sanitizer and wet wipes (60-90% alcohol based) should be ensured and they should be made available at the entry, in the waiting area, washrooms and examination rooms. 5. If any patient with symptoms or possible COVID-19 exposure needs to be seen, use droplet precautions. The goal should be to provide timely surgical care to patients presenting with emergent conditions requiring dermatosurgical intervention; while at the same time, optimizing patient care resources (availability of health care staff, personal protective equipment, gloves, masks, etc.), preserving the health of caregivers and breaking the chain of transmission. A retrospective cohort analysis of 34 patients undergoing elective surgery during the incubation period of COVID-19, showed poor surgical outcomes. If possible, room for suspected COVID-19 patients should be different from those for other emergent surgical patients. doi = 10.4103/idoj.idoj_237_20 id = cord-351890-b33zj9e9 author = Lahmer, T. title = Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: results from the prospective AspCOVID-19 study date = 2020-07-22 keywords = CAPA; COVID-19; IPA summary = Methods: We prospectively screened 32 critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia for a time period of 28 days using a standardized study protocol for oberservation of developement of COVID-19 associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). Along with other uncertainties during an intensive care unit (ICU) stay, superinfections, including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), are well-known complications of severe viral pneumonia in critically ill patients. In analogy to what has been reported in critically ill patients with severe influenza associated pneumonia, the aim of our prospective AspCOVID-19 study is to describe the incidence and outcome of COVID-19 associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) in critically ill patients with severe pneumonia using a standardized screening procedure and assess whether COVID-19 is independently associated with IPA. Patients of the COVID-19 cohort were prospectively screened in defined time intervals for developement of Covid-19 associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) following the study protocol (figure 1). doi = 10.1101/2020.07.21.20158972 id = cord-277489-lsrqko6p author = Lai, Chih-Cheng title = Global epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): disease incidence, daily cumulative index, mortality, and their association with country healthcare resources and economic status date = 2020-03-19 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = title: Global epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): disease incidence, daily cumulative index, mortality, and their association with country healthcare resources and economic status of days between the first reported case and 29 February 2020) was greatest in China (1320.85), followed by the Republic of Korea (78.78), Iran (43.11) and Italy (30.62). This is probably the reason why there was only 39 cases (as of 29 February 2020) with a DCI of 1 case per day in Taiwan, which is much lower than that of nearby countries such as the Republic of Korea and Japan. According to a report of the World Health Organization (WHO), COVID-19 has affected 85 403 pa-tients in 57 countries/territories and has caused 2924 deaths as of 29 February 2020, of which approximately 92.9% of cases and 97.1% of deaths have been in China [1] . doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105946 id = cord-304388-pth2d40p author = Lai, Chih-Cheng title = Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Facts and myths date = 2020-03-04 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS summary = Abstract Since the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (formerly known as the 2019 novel coronavirus [2019-nCoV]) in Wuhan, China in December 2019, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), more than 75,000 cases have been reported in 32 countries/regions, resulting in more than 2000 deaths worldwide. 11, 15 Similarly, the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team in China reported that 66.7% (n Z 29,798) of 44,672 cases of COVID-19 of varying degrees of severity were between 20 and 60 years of age. First, the clinical manifestation of COVID-19 ranges from the asymptomatic carrier state to severe pneumonia; however, most early reports only showed the findings of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, in which the ratio of male patients was much larger than that of female patients, there were no pediatric cases, and the mortality rate was high. doi = 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.012 id = cord-305763-160heazx author = Lai, Chih-Cheng title = Population-based seroprevalence surveys of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody: An up-to-date review date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = One population-based study demonstrated that the positive rate of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG or IgM in the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f hospital settings was 2.5% (170/6919), which was higher than that reported in the community setting (0.8%, 81/10,449) . Many studies had evaluated the seroprevalence among HCWs (Steensels et al., 2020; Martin et al., 2020; Korth et al., 2020; Stubblefield et al., 2020; Pallett et al., 2020; Grant et al., 2020; Hunter et al., 2020; Self et al., 2020; Moscola et al., 2020; Plebani et al., 2020 HCWs who regularly had direct contact with units housing adult COVID-19 patients in the month prior to undergoing testing with the validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against the extracellular domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Stubblefield et al., 2020) . These findings may be due to the fact that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence varies according to the different study countries/regions, study populations, timing during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, and methods used for serology tests. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.011 id = cord-282780-34j7gquo author = Lai, Kevin E. title = Tele-Neuro-Ophthalmology During the Age of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; Content; Digital; Supplemental; patient summary = In addition, a physician can use phone visits to triage visual symptoms with a normal dilated eye examination by another provider or discuss medication compliance and tolerance, neuroimaging findings, and laboratory test results. Before COVID-19, a telemedicine visit might follow an initial in-person visit: the patient could complete local visual field testing, fundus photographs, OCT, and/or MRI, and then review the results with the neuro-ophthalmologist over phone or video as the case history is discussed. Patients who have Apple iPhone 7 Plus or who do not have an assistant available can use "Vision@home," an online test validated for both near (40 cm) and distance (2 m, assistant needed) visual acuities that is accessible free on their phone browser at www.visionathome.com.au (9) . Conceptually, technological privacy and security refer to how the user (doctor-patient), the company providing the platform (e.g., Zoom and Google), and everyone else on the internet (external parties) relate to each other (see Supplemental Digital Content 15, Figure E8 , http://links.lww. doi = 10.1097/wno.0000000000001024 id = cord-348619-rnjvdu12 author = Lai, Lucinda title = Digital triage: Novel strategies for population health management in response to the COVID-19 pandemic() date = 2020-10-26 keywords = COVID-19; MGB summary = Recognizing that the majority of COVID-19 cases are mild and do not require hospitalization, Partners HealthCare implemented an automated pre-hospital triage solution to direct patients to the appropriate care setting before they showed up at the emergency department, which would otherwise consume resources, expose other patients and staff to potential viral transmission, and further exacerbate supply-and demand mismatching. 4, 5 To address these concerns, our organization-Partners HealthCare (now Mass General Brigham) in Boston, Massachusetts-created a set of offerings for patients and the public including a COVID-19 telephone hot-line, robotic process automation chatbots, specialized respiratory illness clinics (RICs), drive-through testing sites, surge facilities for acute and postacute care, and Emergency Department (ED) and inpatient pathways tailored to the unique needs of COVID-19 patients as we grappled with treating this disease at the same time we were learning about it. doi = 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2020.100493 id = cord-335192-ezl7xgeb author = Lai, Paul BS title = COVID‐19 and surgical practice date = 2020-07-22 keywords = covid-19 summary = From PubMed, 2 if you try to search "COVID-19 and surgery" as keywords, you will find 3219 publications published in the past few months. The most significant impact worldwide is the suspension of elective operations as surgical patients were deprived of access to operation theatres and intensive care units. Although the knock-on effects on surgery waiting time are yet to be seen, it is almost certain that there will be collateral damage to surgical patients in terms of loss of function or risk of adverse prognosis. In preparing better the surgical workforce to face future pandemic challenges, we may have to consider how we can equip frontline surgeons with the necessary skills and credentials to manage and care for patients suffering from COVID-19 or other infectious diseases if the demand surges. Immediate and long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on delivery of surgical services COVID-19 and laparoscopic surgery: scoping review of current literature and local expertise doi = 10.1111/1744-1633.12444 id = cord-313415-5qrpucr4 author = Lai, Rongtao title = Sentinel surveillance strategies for early detection of coronavirus disease in fever clinics: experience from China date = 2020-08-25 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = During SARS period in 2003, fever clinics emerged in many cities in mainland China with the purpose to screen the suspected SARS patients and to transfer the confirmed cases to designated hospitals for professional management. During SARS period in 2003, fever clinics emerged in many cities in mainland China with the purpose to screen the suspected SARS patients and to transfer the confirmed cases to designated hospitals for professional management. It is employed for discerning patients with suspected symptoms and signs, for timely isolation, for effectively blocking disease transmission during the early outbreak period before the pathogen has been identified, and for determining effective therapeutic methods; this strategy was used during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 [2] . In the early outbreak period, the use of the sentinel surveillance strategy in fever clinics can provide benefits in terms of identifying patients with suspected symptoms, effectively blocking disease transmission, and protecting vulnerable populations. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001892 id = cord-254967-r7c0pxep author = Lai, Xue-Li title = Recommendations for prevention and management of COVID-19 in peritoneal dialysis patients date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The novel coronavirus and the disease it caused were named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease (COVID-19), respectively, by the World Health Organization (WHO). Based on published research on COVID-19 and previous clinical practices for similar coronavirus outbreaks(e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome), we aimed to make recommendations to manage patients undergoing PD. Before entering hospitals or outpatient facilities, the patients and any accompanying individuals should correctly wear masks, report their epidemiological history, and indicate whether they have symptoms of a respiratory infection. Triage to the fever clinic is necessary when patients experience respiratory symptoms or are suspected of being infected with SARS-CoV-2. Based on the current knowledge about the virus, clinicians should provide practical assistance to patients on PD for the prevention and control of infection. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention doi = 10.1016/j.cdtm.2020.04.003 id = cord-319273-ok2p1h9f author = Lai, Yu-Ju title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 and the deduction effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in pregnancy date = 2020-08-17 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has transient overexpression and increased activity during pregnancy, which is now confirmed as the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 and plays essential roles in human infection and transmission. The management strategy includes monitoring fetal heart rate and uterine contractions; early oxygenation if O(2) saturation is less than 95%; empiric antibiotics for prevention of secondary infection; corticosteroid to treat maternal SARS-CoV-2 disease routinely is not suggested, only for fetal lung maturation in selected cases; and consideration of delivery is according to the obstetric indication, gestational age, and severity of the disease. 40 But a study indicated that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2, was highly expressed in maternal-fetal interface cells, suggesting the possibility of vertical transmission. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes doi = 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000362 id = cord-287027-ahoo6j3o author = Lai, Yuan title = Unsupervised Learning for County-Level Typological Classification for COVID-19 Research date = 2020-08-30 keywords = county; covid-19; datum summary = The analysis of county-level COVID-19 pandemic data faces computational and analytic challenges, particularly when considering the heterogeneity of data sources with variation in geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic factors between counties. The purpose of this study is to summarize publicly available and relevant COVID-19 data sources, to address the benchmarking challenge from the data heterogeneity through clustering, and to classify counties J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f based on their underlying variations. Particularly at the county-level, previous studies have implemented clustering techniques to analyze various data sources relating J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f to demographic, geographic, environment, and socioeconomic determinants of health and disease. While previous findings reveal possible geographical clusters of COVID-19 cases at the county-level, our study indicates this is from the underlying typology based on high-dimensional variables. doi = 10.1016/j.ibmed.2020.100002 id = cord-343061-4ab7ycwp author = Lakhani, Ali title = Introducing the Percent, Number, Availability, and Capacity [PNAC] Spatial Approach to Identify Priority Rural Areas Requiring Targeted Health Support in Light of COVID‐19: A Commentary and Application date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Introducing the Percent, Number, Availability, and Capacity [PNAC] Spatial Approach to Identify Priority Rural Areas Requiring Targeted Health Support in Light of COVID‐19: A Commentary and Application The PNAC approach can be applied to support rural health service planners'' identification of priority This article is protected by copyright. Rural locations have distinct demographic and health service capacity issues requiring tailored approaches to service delivery. It is expected that future applications of the PNAC method could be of particular benefit to rural service planning in light of COVID-19, as the approach considers both the demographic distribution (for example age) and service capacity issues unique to rural areas. However, it is important that COVID-19 service planning decisions within regions identified via the PNAC method are culturally and contextually appropriate, and they are informed by stakeholders with lived-experience working within identified rural areas. Identifying Priority Rural Areas for COVID-19 Epidoros-V2: A spatial data matrix to inform rehabilitation health service provision. doi = 10.1111/jrh.12436 id = cord-295223-5mlbup1i author = Lakhdar, Fayçal title = Letter: Neurosurgery at war with the COVID-19 pandemic: patient’s management from an African neurosurgical center date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Letter: Neurosurgery at war with the COVID-19 pandemic: patient''s management from an African neurosurgical center Altogether, the number of neurosurgical departments in the whole country was reduced and their activity was restricted to emergencies and critically ill patients. Academic neurosurgery departments have to manage, in addition to urgent and emergent neurosurgical cases, public health concerns regarding disease transmission, and the safety of department staff. For emergent and urgent cases, a COVID-19 swab was routinely carried out, and surgical operations were performed under strict precautions to minimize exposure to the virus. Letter to the editor by Dobran Mauro, Paracino Riccardo, and Iacoangeli Maurizio regarding Neurosurgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: update from Lombardy, northern Italy The impact of COVID-19 on neurosurgeons and the strategy for triaging non-emergent operations: a global neurosurgery study Neurosurgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: update from Lombardy, northern Italy doi = 10.1007/s00701-020-04406-6 id = cord-335733-u1g03s2y author = Lakshmanan, Hari Hara Sudhan title = Design of a Microfluidic Bleeding Chip to Evaluate Antithrombotic Agents for Use in COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; bleed; blood; channel summary = Since limited in vitro methods exist for assessing the effects of anticoagulants on hemostasis, the development of novel therapies to safely prevent thrombosis in COVID-19 patients relies on preclinical animal models and early phase human trials. METHODS: The design of the microfluidic device consists of two orthogonal channels: an inlet that serves as a model blood vessel, and a bleeding channel to model hemostatic plug formation at sites of compromised endothelial barrier function. RESULTS: Perfusion of human whole blood through the microfluidic bleeding chip led to initial platelet adhesion and aggregation at the pillars followed by hemostatic plug formation and occlusion of the bleeding channel. While the most clinically relevant conclusions regarding the safety of anticoagulants will ultimately be learned through clinical trials, in vitro models hold potential usefulness in revealing early safety and efficacy signals to guide future anticoagulant development of agents to prevent thrombosis in COV-ID-19 patients without compromising hemostasis. doi = 10.1007/s12195-020-00644-x id = cord-273262-1vqp188q author = Lal, Amos title = CT chest findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) date = 2020-04-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Although most of the radiological findings presented in these patients are generic and can be seen in many systemic infectious processes such as pneumonia (viral or bacterial), inflammatory conditions (inflammatory lung diseases, vasculitis) and cardiac etiologies affecting lung parenchyma such as decompensated congestive heart failure, early recognition and high index of suspicion is of paramount importance. 4, 7, 8 Even though the authors described this case as confirmed corona virus infection, they have omitted the important additional information about these patients such as underlying medical comorbidities, fluid status (volume overload), recent use of steroids and other concomitant infections (superadded pneumonia with corona virus infection). The readers would also benefit from the information about difference in clinical outcome of these patients with benign initial chest imaging that progressed to prolonged illness and/or further need for invasive mechanical ventilation versus the patients who present with early confluent radiological findings. First case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in Taiwan Chest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): relationship to duration of infection doi = 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.03.010 id = cord-290458-5fwbh9t9 author = Lal, Preet title = The dark cloud with a silver lining: Assessing the impact of the SARS COVID-19 pandemic on the global environment date = 2020-05-08 keywords = China; covid-19 summary = Rising global death tolls combined with the high infectivity of the virus, mild clinical symptoms, an uncertain incubation period, lack of pre-existing human immunity, and the possibility of asymptomatic healthy carriers (Bouey, 2020) led to the WHO declaring COVID-19 a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)" on 30 th January 2020 (World Health Organization, 2020a) . Projected near-surface air temperature, and relative humidity (RH) datasets acquired from CIMIP-5 model at RCP 8.5 scenario until November 2020 and were used to estimate the possible impacts of COVID-19 on different countries under future meteorological conditions. The future projections of absolute humidity based on the CIMIP-5 model at RCP 8.5 scenario until November 2020 were used to deduce the possible contribution of meteorological conditions to COVID-19 spread following January-March 2020 variations in AH and Bukhari and Jameel, (2020) concepts of virus transmission at the different threshold of AH. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139297 id = cord-280978-rtl5ut70 author = Lal, Rattan title = Home gardening and urban agriculture for advancing food and nutritional security in response to the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; HGUA; food summary = Home gardening can play an important role in advancing food and nutritional security during and after the COVD-19 pandemic, while also strengthening the provisioning of numerous ecosystem services (i.e., plant biodiversity, microclimate, water runoff, water quality, human health). The specific objective of this article is to describe: 1) properties of urban soils and their suitability for growing food, 2) home gardens and urban agriculture for food and nutritional security, 3) ecosystem services provisioned by HGUA, 4) soil management options to reduce risks of contamination of urban soils by heavy metals and other pollutants, and 5) the nexus thinking of waste and water management based on the concept of recycling nutrients and water for producing food, and advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations (U.N. 2015) through HGUA. Home gardening and urban agriculture for advancing food and nutritional security in response to the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1007/s12571-020-01058-3 id = cord-241146-j0qperwz author = Lallie, Harjinder Singh title = Cyber Security in the Age of COVID-19: A Timeline and Analysis of Cyber-Crime and Cyber-Attacks during the Pandemic date = 2020-06-21 keywords = Coronavirus; Security; attack; covid-19; cyber; pandemic summary = To increase likelihood of success, these attacks target sale of goods in high demand (e.g., Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) and coronavirus testing kits and drugs), potentially highly profitable in-vestments in stocks related to COVID-19, and impersonations of representatives of public authorities like WHO and aid scams [6, 37] . Information presented in the timeline includes the date China alerted the WHO about the virus, the date the pandemic was officially declared, and cyber-attacks which specifically relate to hospitals or medicine. By early May (07-05-20), more than 160,000 ''suspect'' emails had been reported to the National Cyber Security Centre [103] and by the end of May (29-05-20), £4.6m had been lost to COVID-19 related scams with around 11,206 victims of phishing and / or smishing campaigns [104] . To further increase the likely success of phishing attacks cyber-criminals have been identified registering large numbers of website domains containing the words ''covid'' and ''coronavirus'' [112] . doi = nan id = cord-316705-3wzurnfp author = Lalmuanawma, Samuel title = Applications of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence for Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic: A review date = 2020-06-25 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = A new novel model, that forecast and predicting 1-3 to 6 days ahead of total Covid-19 patient of 10 Brazilian states, using stacking-ensemble with support vector regression algorithm on the cumulative positive Covid-19 cases of Brazilian data was proposed, thus augmenting the short-term forecasting process to alert the healthcare expert and the government to tackle the pandemic [38] . A Canadian based forecasting model using time-series was developed employing Deep learning algorithm for the long-short-term-memory network, the studies found out a key factor intended for predicting the course with an ending point estimation of the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Canada and all over the globe [40] . Since the outbreak of the novel SARS-CoV-2, scientists and medical industries around the globe ubiquitously urged to fight against the pandemic, searching alternative method of rapid screening and prediction process, contact tracing, forecasting, and development of vaccine or drugs with the more accurate and reliable operation. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110059 id = cord-284925-vy2li9lz author = Lam, Dennis Shun Chiu title = COVID-19: Special Precautions in Ophthalmic Practice and FAQs on Personal Protection and Mask Selection date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; N95; SARS; mask summary = We also endeavor to answer the key frequently asked questions in areas of the coronaviruses, COVID-19, disease transmission, personal protection, mask selection, and special measures in ophthalmic practices. Ophthalmologists are at risk of COVID-19 infection, since routine ophthalmic examinations are usually performed in a setting with close doctor-patient contact. We have also shared the precautions and strategies that we have implemented in our ophthalmic practice, based on our previous and current successful experiences in preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and the current COVID-19 outbreaks in Hong Kong. For healthcare workers, surgical masks should be worn when performing sterile procedures, or as general protection against droplets infections. The close proximity of patients and doctors during eye examination, the presence of tears and liquids for anesthesia and dilation, or the potential aerosol or droplets from "air puff" tonometry, all pose a high risk for infective transmission. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare settings doi = 10.1097/apo.0000000000000280 id = cord-288485-m3g88fl2 author = Lam, Katherine W title = Continued In-Hospital Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Use in Hypertensive COVID-19 Patients Is Associated With Positive Clinical Outcome date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; arb summary = title: Continued In-Hospital Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Use in Hypertensive COVID-19 Patients Is Associated With Positive Clinical Outcome BACKGROUND: This study investigated continued and discontinued use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) during hospitalization of 614 hypertensive laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients. Because the widely used antihypertensive medications angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) may upregulate ACE2 receptors [7] [8] [9] , through which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the host cells [10] , concerns have been raised as to whether their use may result in increased morbidity and mortality [4, [11] [12] [13] . The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of in-hospital continuation and discontinuation of ACEi/ARBs on the clinical outcomes of hypertensive COVID-19 patients, controlling for newly developed hypotension or AKI during hospitalization. doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiaa447 id = cord-342989-9ie8mx4l author = Lam, Simon Ching title = Perceived Risk and Protection From Infection and Depressive Symptoms Among Healthcare Workers in Mainland China and Hong Kong During COVID-19 date = 2020-07-15 keywords = Hong; Kong; covid-19 summary = However, what remains largely absent from the literature to date, is an examination of actual pandemic situations and if perceived risk (vulnerability and fear of contracting) and mitigations (effectiveness of face masks and knowledge of COVID-19) are associated with mental health difficulties, such as depression, in physicians and nurses. Among the health beliefs, feeling susceptible and fearful of contracting COVID-19, as well as difficulty obtaining face masks are associated with higher risk of depression ( Table 4) . To our knowledge, we are the first group to report the mental health status, specifically depression, among a large sample of HCWs across both the pandemic and non-pandemic regions of China as well as Hong Kong and to examine the relevance of perceived risk and protection from infection in relation to depression. doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00686 id = cord-355356-g7lvb8b4 author = Lamb, Yvette N. title = Remdesivir: First Approval date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; remdesivir; simple summary = Having demonstrated potent antiviral activity against coronaviruses in preclinical studies, remdesivir emerged as a candidate drug for the treatment of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, during the current global pandemic. Based on preliminary results from the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multinational phase III ACTT-1 trial (NCT04280705) in patients with COVID-19, remdesivir significantly reduced time to recovery relative to placebo (median 11 days vs 15 days; rate ratio for recovery 1.32; 95% CI 1.12-1.55; p < 0.001) [primary endpoint] [41] . Among pregnant women (n = 67) and postpartum women (n = 19) who received compassionate use remdesivir for severe COVID-19, rates of clinical improvement were 96% and 89%, respectively, at day 28 [45] . In paediatric patients (aged 0-17 years) with severe COVID-19 treated with compassionate use remdesivir (n = 77), the clinical improvement rate was 88% at day 28 [46] . doi = 10.1007/s40265-020-01378-w id = cord-350618-rtilfnzi author = Lambelet, Valentine title = Sars‐CoV‐2 in the context of past coronaviruses epidemics: Consideration for prenatal care date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; infection; pregnancy; pregnant; woman summary = College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG), pregnant women with moderate symptoms should self-isolate, unless they attend a maternity unit where patients in the 2 nd or 3 rd trimester meeting PHE criteria ( ≥ 1 of: (1) Clinical/radiological evidence of pneumonia, (2) Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), (3) Fever ≥37.8 and at least one of acute persistent cough, hoarseness, nasal discharge/congestion, shortness of breath, sore throat, wheezing or sneezing) should be tested for COVID-19 and treated as infected until results are available. Past coronavirus epidemics were associated with adverse outcomes for the fetus and/or newborns including miscarriages (57%), preterm birth, fetal distress and FGR with SARS-CoV-1 infection during the 2 nd and 3 rd trimesters. In this review, we found that of 142 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections in pregnancy, 28% experienced preterm birth and 14% had adverse fetal/neonata l outcomes (FGR, fetal/neonatal demise, severe symptoms at birth). doi = 10.1002/pd.5759 id = cord-034814-flp6s0wd author = Lamsal, Rabindra title = Design and analysis of a large-scale COVID-19 tweets dataset date = 2020-11-06 keywords = Dataset; Twitter; covid-19; tweet summary = This paper presents COV19Tweets Dataset (Lamsal 2020a), a large-scale Twitter dataset with more than 310 million COVID-19 specific English language tweets and their sentiment scores. The amount of data can range from hundreds This article belongs to the Topical Collection: Artificial Intelligence Applications for COVID-19, Detection, Control, Prediction, and Diagnosis Rabindra Lamsal rabindralamsal@outlook.com 1 be (i) trimmed [38] or summarized [36, 40, 41, 50] and sent to the relevant department for further analysis, (ii) used for sketching alert-level heat maps based on the location information contained within the tweet metadata or the tweet body. A study [1] analyzed 2.8 million COVID-19 specific tweets collected between February 2, 2020, and March 15, 2020, using frequencies of unigrams and bigrams, and performed sentiment analysis and topic modeling to identify Twitter users'' interaction rate per topic. Multiple studies have performed social network analysis on Twitter data related to the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s10489-020-02029-z id = cord-280554-9jp85yzz author = Lamure, Sylvain title = Determinants of outcome in Covid-19 hospitalized patients with lymphoma: A retrospective multicentric cohort study date = 2020-10-13 keywords = covid-19; lymphoma; patient summary = The data obtained concerning lymphoma history included the date of diagnosis, pathological classification according to the WHO classification for lymphoid neoplasms [19] , number of treatment lines, past autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplant, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, detailed bendamustine and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody use (date of first and last administration), and lymphoma status at admission for Covid-19 (complete or partial remission, diagnosed at admission, under first or second line treatment, in watch and wait follow-up, or refractory/ relapsed). Covariates considered in this analysis were age ( 70 years versus below), gender, BMI ( 30 kg/m 2 versus below), smoking status, presence of comorbidities (overall or hypertension, diabetes, chronic lung disease, or past history of cancer) and ongoing antihypertensive treatment with an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB), main lymphoma subtypes (Hodgkin lymphoma, B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), or T-cell NHL), recent administration of corticosteroids (within one month), use of bendamustine (within one year), or anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (within one year), time between diagnosis of lymphoma and hospitalization for Covid-19 (< 2 years versus 2 years), past history of autologous stem cell transplant, and lymphoma status (refractory/relapsed versus others). doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100549 id = cord-267782-4pjfnund author = Lan, Fan-Yun title = Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection, exposure risk and mental health among a cohort of essential retail workers in the USA date = 2020-10-30 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = Therefore, we conducted this study aiming to investigate: 1) SARS-CoV-2 infection rate, transmission and exposure risks among grocery retail employees, 2) their use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and perception on COVID-19 and 3) their mental health state during the COVID-19 pandemic. ► This is the first study to demonstrate the significant asymptomatic infection rate, exposure risks and associated psychological distress of grocery retail essential workers during the pandemic, which supports the policy recommendations that employers and government officials should take actions on implementing preventive strategies and administrative arrangements, such as methods to reduce interpersonal contact, repeat and routine SARS-CoV-2 employee testing, to ensure the health and safety of essential workers. 13 14 In fact, a pioneering study conducted in the Table 3 Characteristics of retail essential employees in a single grocery store in Massachusetts, USA presented for SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, RT-PCR assay testing by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) screening score for depression These are in contrast to positions mainly dealing with consumer goods or the environment, such as stocker, backroom, receiving and maintenance. doi = 10.1136/oemed-2020-106774 id = cord-339579-4n43at58 author = Lan, Lan title = Early CT Findings of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Asymptomatic Children: A Single-Center Experience date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = OBJECTIVE: The current study reported a case series to illustrate the early computed tomography (CT) findings of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pediatric patients. CONCLUSION: Small patches of ground-glass opacity with subpleural distribution and unilateral lung involvement were common findings on CT scans of pediatric patients in the early stage of the disease. According to previous studies (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) , bilateral and peripheral predominant groundglass opacity (GGO) or mixed GGO and consolidation with signs such as crazy paving, air bronchogram, and interstitial thickening were common findings in adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19. CT = computed tomography, GGO = ground glass opacity, RT-PCR = reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction kjronline.org was not observed, although they were common findings in most adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (3, 17) . Regarding CT features, small patches of GGO with subpleural distribution and unilateral lung involvement were common findings in pediatric patients in the early stage of the disease. doi = 10.3348/kjr.2020.0231 id = cord-296725-ecy0rie9 author = Landau, Ruth title = Lessons Learned From First COVID-19 Cases in the United States date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The simultaneous surge of cases compounded by a critical shortage of protective personnel equipment (PPE), including N95 masks and high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters to avoid contaminating anesthesia machines, has added to the challenge that anesthesiologists are facing today on labor and delivery units across the United States. Current recommendations include airborne protection for all aerosolizing procedures such as endotracheal intubation during general anesthesia. As per current recommendations, for this patient who was neither tested nor symptomatic for COVID-19, the anesthesia team did not use any PPE (besides surgical masks and gloves) nor was a HEPA filter placed between the endotracheal tube and the anesthesia machine. Our case emphasizes that in labor and delivery units managing parturients from communities with a high prevalence of COVID-19 infection, in the absence of universal testing before cesarean delivery, all patients, even those initially asymptomatic on admission, should be treated as PUI when inducing general anesthesia. doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000004840 id = cord-355897-9wqrl744 author = Landi, Antonio title = The burden of thrombotic complications in critically ill patients with COVID-19: charting the uncharted date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The mortality rate of patients admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is nowadays up to 30%, requiring a careful assessment of thrombotic and bleeding risk in order to set a real fit-tailored treatment. Recently, several observational studies investigated the prevalence of thrombotic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU (Table 1) . Klok and colleagues analyzed 184 critically ill ICU patients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia, a selected population at high risk of thrombotic complications [1] . A multicenter French study of 150 COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU found a prevalence of thrombosis of 43%, despite prophylactic or therapeutic heparin treatment [3] . Baseline characteristics, heparin treatment and thrombotic complications of studies investigating the prevalence of thrombotic complications in critically ill patients with COVID-19 are summarized in Table 1 [2] [3] [4] . Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19 doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02393-1 id = cord-339460-7hzlyn79 author = Landsness, Eric C. title = Pivoting Research to COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 3 First Steps to Pivoting your Research to When discussing their transition to a new field, both panelists felt that critically appraising their own skill set, reflecting on their clinical/scientific observations, and asking, "How does my expertise apply to COVID-19?" were key steps in identifying how best to pivot their research. 6 Dr Justin McArthur joined the panelists in noting that the high number of patients being infected and the known increased recovery time for patients suffering neurological deficits will likely lead to a significant need for studying and caring for patients with COVID-19 with neurological sequela. Funding agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, the Department of Defense, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, and private foundations have quickly introduced COVID-19-related funding opportunities. As COVID-19 research enterprises are developed, engaging these under-represented and over-burdened communities will be a high priority. doi = 10.1002/ana.25784 id = cord-331230-mp7sdh73 author = Landy, David C. title = Public Interest in Knee Replacement Fell During the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Google Trends Analysis date = 2020-09-15 keywords = covid-19; knee summary = authors: Landy, David C.; Chalmers, Brian P.; Utset-Ward, Thomas J.; Ast, Michael P. CONCLUSION: Public interest in knee replacement, assessed through internet search queries, decreased during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. A recent patient survey found demand for knee replacement could be high when elective surgery resumes, though historical data suggests this could be tempered by other factors [10, 18] . This study sought to characterize public interest in knee replacement at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic by utilizing search engine query data. Our findings are consistent, with both studies reporting a sharp decline in internet searches for "knee replacement" in March 2020, during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA. While prior studies have utilized search engine query data to quantify and track public interest, internet searches may not accurately reflect the interests of specific subgroups such as patients considering knee replacement. doi = 10.1007/s11420-020-09794-0 id = cord-342746-2hbcbvt6 author = Lane, J. C. E. title = Safety of hydroxychloroquine, alone and in combination with azithromycin, in light of rapid wide-spread use for COVID-19: a multinational, network cohort and self-controlled case series study date = 2020-04-10 keywords = AZM; COVID-19; HCQ; international summary = 14-20 Early results from randomised controlled trials conducted in China have shown reduced severity and course of the disease with hydroxychloroquine HCQ, compared with placebo, without detecting serious adverse effects, although others have suggested no difference in outcome from conventional treatment. First, new user cohort studies were used to estimate the safety of HCQ compared to sulfasalazine (SSZ), and to assess the risks associated with the addition of AZM compared to amoxicillin (AMX) amongst users of HCQ in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20054551 doi: medRxiv preprint Database-specific counts, incidence rates (IR) of all study outcomes stratified by drug use are detailed in full in Supplementary Table S7 . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20054551 doi: medRxiv preprint Consistent findings were seen with the long-term (on treatment) use of HCQ vs SSZ (Figure 3) , with the exception of cardiovascular mortality, which appeared inconsistent in the available databases, but overall increased in the HCQ group when meta-analysed: pooled CalHR 1.65 (1.12-2.44). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.08.20054551 id = cord-345267-u24g6607 author = Lang, Frederick M. title = GM-CSF-based treatments in COVID-19: reconciling opposing therapeutic approaches date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; CSF; cell summary = GM-CSF has been shown to be upregulated either systemically and/or in the diseased tissues of patients with autoimmune conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis) 2,26 as well as in conditions that show similarities to late-stage COVID-19, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 27 , acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 28 , cytokine release syndrome (CRS) 29 , haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) 30 , hyperinflammation associated with graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) 31 and other inflammatory diseases of the lung 32 , heart 33-35 and nervous system 21, 23, 36, 37 . It has become increasingly well appreciated that the characteristic hyperactive immune response driving COVID-19 progression consists of a ''cytokine storm'' , overwhelming infiltration of inflammatory myeloid cells into the lungs (particularly monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils), and even a disease phenotype resembling secondary HLH (often referred to as ''macrophage activation syndrome'') 25, [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] . doi = 10.1038/s41577-020-0357-7 id = cord-314174-7axpgwva author = Lang, Min title = Operational challenges of a low-dose CT lung cancer screening program during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-26 keywords = covid summary = The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had tremendous impact on healthcare 5 systems, requiring diversion of resources to focus on the immediate needs of critically ill patients 6 while postponing "non-essential" services, including lung cancer screening (LCS) low dose CT 7 (LDCT). 7 The purpose of our study was to assess 13 how LCS LDCT volume was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Average weekly non-LCS chest CT volume decreased by 29% from the pre-COVID peak period 13 to the COVID peak period and recovered to 92% of pre-COVID peak levels during the post-14 COVID peak period (Figure 2A) . An average 10.8% of the weekly overall chest CT volume were LCS studies during 18 the pre-COVID-peak period compared to 3.6% during the COVID peak period, which recovered 19 to 8.1% by the end of July (week 29; Figure 2B ). Management of Lung Nodules and Lung Cancer 14 Screening During the COVID-19 Pandemic: CHEST Expert Panel Report doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.045 id = cord-331541-u0xm9a89 author = Lankes, Heather A title = Biospecimen Collection During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Considerations for Biobanking date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; biospecimen summary = METHODS: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) interim biosafety guidelines continue to be updated. Additional CDC SARS guidance recommended that laboratory personnel have a baseline serum sample collected prior to working with SARS-CoV biospecimens and stored for future reference. Testing of banked biospecimens collected in late 2019 may help define asymptomatic (or mildly symptomatic) circulation of SARS-CoV-2 prior to the presentation of severe cases in December; however, until a more accurate date is defined, use of October 1, 2019, as the start of the pandemic window is reasonable. Per CDC and WHO SARS-CoV-2 interim biosafety guidance 48, 49 and reported COVID-19 experience, 57 biobanks handling pandemic window biospecimens must: SARS-CoV-2 is the highly transmittable respiratory virus that causes COVID-19, a disease hallmarked by asymptomatic infection in some, and severe symptoms, including death, in others. doi = 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa171 id = cord-314884-110nqkej author = Lansiaux, Édouard title = Covid-19 And Vit-D: Disease Mortality Negatively Correlates With Sunlight Exposure date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; France summary = In the current study, we applied a Pearson correlation test to public health as well as weather data, in order to assess the linear relationship between COVID-19 mortality rate and the sunlight exposure. In the current study, we applied a Pearson correlation test to public health as well as weather data, in order to assess the linear relationship between COVID-19 mortality rate and the sunlight exposure. For instance in continental metropolitan France, average annual sunlight hours are significantly (for a p-value of 1.532x10 -32 ) correlated to the COVID-19 mortality rate, with a Pearson coefficient of -0.636. Specifically in the context of continental metropolitan France, the correlation between sunlight exposure and SARS-CoV-2 infection will be studied in this article, by using an adjusted Pearson test applied to public health and weather data [13] [14] [15] . doi = 10.1016/j.sste.2020.100362 id = cord-293285-w8c3ma8l author = Lanza, F title = Reflection on passive immunotherapy in those who need most: some novel strategic arguments for obtaining safer therapeutic plasma or autologous antibodies from recovered COVID ‐19 infected patients date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID; patient summary = title: Reflection on passive immunotherapy in those who need most: some novel strategic arguments for obtaining safer therapeutic plasma or autologous antibodies from recovered COVID ‐19 infected patients In this mini-report we propose three potential additional options as the source of such autologous Ab and provide some operational arguments, on evidence based to support implementation such strategic approaches urgently for those in need to save lives: a] the use of hyperimmune immunoglobulin concentrates, which derives from plasma of physiologically immunized donors. However, in western countries the use of convalescent plasma and related strategies may become a reality provided that our hospitals will recommend obtaining an informed consent from recovered COVID-infected patients in order to collect and store their FFP and their derived bioproducts. Use of convalescent whole blood or plasma collected from patients recovered from Ebola virus disease for transfusion, as an empirical treatment during outbreaks doi = 10.1111/bjh.16814 id = cord-290836-jldfrec9 author = Laosa, Olga title = Rapid assessment at hospital admission of mortality risk from COVID-19: the role of functional status date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Objective To evaluate the role of functional status along with other used clinical factors on the occurrence of death in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Estimated model coefficients served to calculate the expected probability of death for a selected combination of five variables: Barthel, sex, age, comorbidities and severity index (qSOFA). Evidence is even smaller regarding the joint 47 Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate, in patients hospitalized with COVID50 19, the role of limitations in activities of daily living along with other habitual clinical 51 factors on death during hospitalization, building a predictive model. Risk factors for mortality in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors for mortality in patients with cancer and COVID-19 in Hubei, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.10.002 id = cord-325599-2gutb4m1 author = Lapidus, Nathanael title = Biased and unbiased estimation of the average length of stay in intensive care units in the Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-16 keywords = ICU; LOS; covid-19 summary = METHODS: Two estimation methods of ICU_ALOS were compared: the average LOS of already discharged patients at the date of estimation (DPE), and a standard parametric method used for analyzing time-to-event data which fits a given distribution to observed data and includes the censored stays of patients still treated in the ICU at the date of estimation (CPE). In this study, we present a detailed examination of the timeline of the whole cohort of consecutive COVID-19 patients admitted to a devoted ICU of the Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University (ZHWU) in which we investigated the evolution of the ALOS estimation according to the accumulation of the cases, using two methods of estimation. The study also recalls that appropriate methods of estimation require the inclusion of censored cases in the analysis, and we also demonstrate the important bias associated with calculations only based on the stays of already discharged patients. doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00749-6 id = cord-315321-kax4gqhc author = Laplana, M. title = Lack of protective effect of chloroquine derivatives on COVID-19 disease in a Spanish sample of chronically treated patients date = 2020-09-09 keywords = covid-19; preprint summary = title: Lack of protective effect of chloroquine derivatives on COVID-19 disease in a Spanish sample of chronically treated patients Conclusion: We did not find differences of reported COVID-19 cases between treated and untreated groups, indicating a lack of protection by regular administration of chloroquine and its derivative drugs on COVID-19 infection. Thus, our study aims to test this hypothesis by evaluating the incidence 67 of COVID-19 disease in the population according to chloroquine treatment subgroups through a 68 survey. [11] 135 Discussion 136 Our results show no differences in COVID-19 prevalence among untreated and chronically treated 137 individuals with chloroquine or derivative drugs. 139 We must note that we found a clear association between the COVID-19 disease prevalence and 140 exposure to a close family member or flatmate positive for COVID-19 in both, treated and untreated 141 subjects, that points to a lack of any protective effect on SARS-CoV-2 infection attributable to 142 chronic treatment with chloroquine or derivative drugs. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.03.20158121 id = cord-253998-1jegybs9 author = Lara, Pedro C title = Whole-lung Low Dose Irradiation for SARS-Cov2 Induced Pneumonia in the Geriatric Population: An Old Effective Treatment for a New Disease? Recommendation of the International Geriatric Radiotherapy Group date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19; LDRT summary = title: Whole-lung Low Dose Irradiation for SARS-Cov2 Induced Pneumonia in the Geriatric Population: An Old Effective Treatment for a New Disease? Although most infected individuals experienced mild or no respiratory symptoms, in older patients (65year-old) or older with underlying co-morbidity, COVID 19 may induce severe lung inflammation leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), respiratory failure, and death despite artificial ventilation. In addition TPE was also effective in the treatment of interstitial pneumonitis in patients suffering the complications of lupus erythematosus (LE), an autoimmune disease [16] [17] [18] Taking together, any effective therapeutic intervention needs to break this vicious cycle of cytokines storm either through their modulating effect on macrophages function, and/or inflammatory cytokines [19] Pharmacology intervention to reduce COVID-19 induced cytokines storm Although controversial, many clinical trials are currently conducted to assess the efficacy of many drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 induced ARDS. doi = 10.14336/ad.2020.0506 id = cord-310144-s25do8cb author = Lara-Reyna, Jacques title = “Staying Home” - Early Changes in Patterns of Neurotrauma in New York City during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-27 keywords = March; case; covid-19 summary = In an attempt to slow the progression of COVID-19 pandemic, New York state and city governments enacted strict social distancing policies starting on March 12th, which included a progressive restriction and cancellation of non-fundamental activities, like the closure of schools, restaurants, bars, and business; as well as the cancellation of all elective surgical procedures. To assess these possible changes, we reviewed all neurotrauma admissions to our trauma center during the early COVID-19 period, and assessed changes in frequency, demographics, and mechanisms, in order to highlight any changes due to social distancing policies. 8 During this time period, we observed a decrease in the frequency of neurotrauma at the early phase after the strict limitation of non-essential activities in the city, compared to the pre-COVID-19 period. Interestingly, transit-related neurotrauma, as well as TBIs related to violence (direct head trauma with an object) increased in frequency in the COVID-19 period showing significant difference. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.07.155 id = cord-354993-gdz63spj author = Larcher, Victor title = Children of COVID-19: pawns, pathfinders or partners? date = 2020-06-05 keywords = child; covid-19 summary = 1 Covid-19 infection has been comparatively benign in children, but there is mounting evidence that their health and welfare have been aversely affected by social measures to control the pandemic. Ethical guidance so far issued makes no specific provision or concession for children-or indeed any vulnerable group, or those with instrumental value to society, 3 but is founded on the principle of equal concern and respect. 8 This Convention would apply to children''s involvement in the recovery from lockdown, for example, return to school, even if a consequence was of significant concomitant benefit to adults such as the ability of parents to return to work, improvement of family social circumstances and mental health. It would also encourage the more active involvement of children in the process, be compatible with participation rights as granted by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNRC) and give participants a sense of inclusivity and partnership that would be of social utility. doi = 10.1136/medethics-2020-106465 id = cord-263749-bbhh5xb1 author = Larenas-Linnemann, Désirée title = Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: trying to untangle facts from fictions date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; infection; respiratory; vitamin summary = We divide the reviewed interventions in: 1) lifestyle related (exercise, >7 hours sleep, forest walking, meditation/mindfulness, vitamin supplementation); 2) Non-specific immune stimulants (letting fever advance, bacterial vaccines, probiotics, dialyzable leukocyte extract, pidotimod) and 3) specific vaccines with heterologous effect (BCG vaccine, mumps-measles-rubeola vaccine, i.e.). The complete mechanism by which zinc could decrease the number or severity of viral infectious 308 processes in general and of COVID-19 in particular is not exactly understood yet; however, effects have 309 been observed on the binding of the viral agent to the mucosa and on its replication, as well as on the 310 regulation of the inflammatory process;(73) enhanced benefits have been hypothesized when co-311 administered with other medications such as (hydroxy)chloroquine that could function as a ionophore, 312 facilitating the entrance of zinc into the cells.(74) The human body''s ability to store zinc is known to be 313 low; its deficiency compromises the immune system, as has been evidenced occasionally by thymic 314 atrophy, lymphopenia and altered lymphocyte responses. doi = 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100476 id = cord-266573-vfl08i2p author = Largent, Emily A title = Paying Participants in COVID-19 Trials date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; research; trial summary = Given increased risk of undue influence against pandemic background conditions, incentive payment should be avoided unless essential to recruitment and retention in important trials whose social value outweighs this risk. Given the pandemic''s devastating economic effects, as well as the fact that risks may be higher or more uncertain in COVID-19 trials than in nonpandemic research, there is an increased likelihood of undue influence stemming from incentive payments. Rather, in light of pandemic circumstances-similar features of which may be replicated in other contexts, including research conducted in low-and middle-income countries or with participants whose nonresearch options are limited even in the absence of a pandemic-offers of compensation may raise ethical concerns akin to incentives [14] . Acknowledging this challenge, the best IRBs can do is to minimize the possibility of undue influence for trial participants on the whole by making it unlikely for research participation to constitute an objectively unreasonable choice for members of the target study population. doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiaa284 id = cord-347691-ia2i8svg author = Larici, Anna Rita title = Multimodality imaging of COVID-19 pneumonia: from diagnosis to follow-up. A comprehensive review date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; CXR; HRCT; pneumonia summary = The purpose of this comprehensive review is to understand the diagnostic capabilities and limitations of chest X-ray (CXR) and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in defining the common imaging features of COVID-19 pneumonia and correlating them with the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. As suggested in the recently published WHO (World Health Organization) advice guide for the diagnosis and management of COVID-19, chest imaging should be used for diagnostic purpose in symptomatic patients if RT-PCR is not available or its results are delayed, or in case of negative result in the presence of a high clinical suspicion of COVID-19 [11] . Apart from recognizing COVID-19 pneumonia features, imaging -especially CT -may reveal possible alternative diagnoses (e.g. pulmonary oedema, alveolar haemorrhage, other type of lung infections) that justify patient''s respiratory symptoms [25, 26] . doi = 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109217 id = cord-325729-2c7btqpl author = Larrouquere, Louis title = Genesis of an emergency public drug information website by the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; Fig summary = On March 16, 2020, the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics put online a national Question and Answer (Q&A) website, http://https%20%5Ch://sfpt-fr.org/covid19 on the proper use of drugs during the COVID‐19 pandemic. There is a pressing need to sustain a public drug information service combining the expertise of scholarly pharmacology societies, pharmacovigilance network, and the Ministry of Health to quickly provide understandable, clear, expert answers to the general population''s concerns regarding COVID‐19 and drug use and to counter fake news. The same day as the second presidential television broadcast, the SFPT''s scientific council had met (at 3 p.m.) and decided to create a national Question and Answer (Q&A) website within 24 hours, https://sfpt-fr.org/covid19 [1] to inform on the proper use of drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a pressing need to sustain a public drug information service combining the expertise of scholarly pharmacology societies, pharmacovigilance network, and the Ministry of Health to quickly provide understandable, clear, expert answers to the general population''s concerns regarding COVID-19 and drug use and to counter fake news. doi = 10.1111/fcp.12564 id = cord-285228-famhbr16 author = Larsen, Joseph R. title = Modeling the Onset of Symptoms of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; figure; symptom summary = To this end, we apply a Markov Process to a graded partially ordered set based on clinical observations of COVID-19 cases to ascertain the most likely order of discernible symptoms (i.e., fever, cough, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea) in COVID-19 patients. The seven-symptom implementation of the Stochastic Progression Model of COVID-19 shows that these additional symptoms did not perturb our initial ordering of fever, coughing, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea, but instead added another level of intricacy in the middle of the likely paths (Figure 4) . The most likely path of COVID-19 symptoms is fever, then cough, and next either sore throat, myalgia, or headache, followed by nausea/vomiting, and finally diarrhea, and this order is the same as the one indicated by the implementation developed from the confirmation dataset (COVID-19 with N = 1,099) (Figure 4) (16) . doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00473 id = cord-335516-om7w8y0t author = Larsen, Julie Brogaard title = Platelets in Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-04-30 keywords = covid-19 summary = A meta-analysis by Lippi et al, 10 including nine studies with more than 1,700 COVID-19 patients in total, reported a significant association between thrombocytopenia at admission and severe disease. Platelet counts were significantly lower in severely ill patients (weighted mean difference: -31.5 Â 10 9 /L) and were associated with increased mortality in a subgroup analysis. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: a meta-analysis Clinical course and outcome of novel coronavirus COVID-19 infection in 107 patients discharged from the Wuhan hospital Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a singlecentered, retrospective, observational study doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1710006 id = cord-275243-knr3mat0 author = Larsen, Kevin title = Detection of Pulmonary Embolism in Returning Travelers with Hypoxemic Pneumonia due to COVID-19 in Reunion Island date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; Island summary = title: Detection of Pulmonary Embolism in Returning Travelers with Hypoxemic Pneumonia due to COVID-19 in Reunion Island All returning travelers to Reunion Island with hypoxemic pneumonia due to COVID-19 underwent computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and were included in the cohort. 4 The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of pulmonary embolism in returning travelers with hypoxemic pneumonia due to COVID-19. 4 The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of pulmonary embolism in returning travelers with hypoxemic pneumonia due to COVID-19. To our knowledge, this is the only study that has consecutively evaluated the occurrence of pulmonary embolism in returning travelers with hypoxemic pneumonia due to COVID-19. Returning travelers with hypoxemic pneumonia due to COVID-19 should be systematically screened for pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis regardless of the level of D-dimers. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0597 id = cord-341359-c34gyuv6 author = Larson, Derek T title = Clinical Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 With Evidence-based Supportive Care date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = This retrospective study of an institutional cohort including 135 patients with confirmed COVID-19 demonstrates positive outcomes when organizational standards of care consist of evidence-based supportive therapies. Following widespread use of therapeutic agents with limited data to support their use, calls were made to focus on the evidence-based care that has been the foundation of modern medical therapy for most acute respiratory viral infections [7, 8] . Our study is the first report of COVID-19 outcomes when institutional standards of care consist solely of known evidence-based practices of supportive care. Of those diagnosed with COVID-19, 21 (15.6%) had severe enough disease to necessitate hospitalization and 6 (4.4%) required care in the ICU. Our study demonstrates favorable outcomes for patients with mild to moderately severe COVID-19 disease when evidence-based supportive care is considered the institutional standard. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa678 id = cord-270011-fmetxqqf author = Lasheras, Isabel title = Uso de antipalúdicos en el tratamiento del COVID-19: ¿una ventana de oportunidad? date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Sin embargo, un reciente ensayo clínico aleatorizado publicado en China que analizaba la eficacia y seguridad de la administración de 400 mg de hidroxicloroquina junto con los distintos tratamientos recomendados por el Plan Nacional Chino de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento (INF2a, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Arbidol, etc), frente al uso exclusivo de estos últimos en 30 pacientes con infección por COVID-19 no encontró diferencias significativas en la carga viral a los 7 días de tratamiento, ni en la estancia media hospitalaria, el tiempo medio de disminución de la temperatura corporal, la evolución radiológica en la TC o los efectos adversos, que, para ambos grupos, consistieron en diarrea transitoria y función hepática alterada. doi = 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.04.004 id = cord-326017-qw4qynqv author = Laskar, Partha title = “Tomorrow Never Dies”: Recent Advances in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Modalities against Coronavirus (COVID-19) amid Controversies date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; PCR; RNA; SARS; disease; patient summary = Considering this, we have summarized diverse research areas covering the current known biological properties of SARS-CoV-2, diagnostic tools for detection, therapeutic measurements for possible treatment, and prevention techniques to stop further spreading of this pandemic. Considering this, we have summarized diverse research areas covering the current known biological properties of SARS-CoV-2, diagnostic tools for detection, therapeutic measurements for possible treatment, and prevention techniques to stop further spreading of this pandemic. Overall, real-time RT-PCR based method enables developing a high-throughput testing for rapid, on-demand, low-cost, reliable, quantitative detection technique against COVID-19 in clinical settings [39] . Another newly developed method, SARS-CoV-2 DNA Endonuclease-Targeted CRISPR Trans Reporter (DETECTR), was found to perform simultaneous reverse transcription and isothermal amplification by (i) RT-LAMP for RNA extracted (for nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs), (ii) Cas12 detection of predefined coronavirus sequences, and (iii) cleavage of a reporter molecule confirms, which detects the virus [56] . doi = 10.3390/diseases8030030 id = cord-287156-3plpi6i9 author = Lassandro, Giuseppe title = Children in Coronaviruses’ Wonderland: What Clinicians Need to Know date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; East; MERS; Middle; SARS; respiratory summary = Among the seven coronaviruses that affect humans (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and the most recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represent potential life-threatening diseases worldwide. Children appear to be less susceptible to develop severe clinical disease and present usually with mild and aspecific symptoms similar to other respiratory infections typical of childhood. 8, 9 Additionally, three HCoVs responsible for outbreaks involving high case fatality rates have been detected in humans in the last two decades: the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV and the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ( Table 1) . Principal features of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV and the most recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) . Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission doi = 10.4084/mjhid.2020.042 id = cord-268354-dq17uhzx author = Lastinger, Lauren T. title = Triage and management of the ACHD patient with COVID-19: A single center approach date = 2020-06-19 keywords = ACHD; COVID-19 summary = Given that general internists and general cardiologists will often be asked to evaluate this group during the pandemic, we propose here an abbreviated triage algorithm that will assist in identifying the patient''s overarching ACHD phenotype and baseline cardiac status. The strategy outlined allows for rapid triage and groups various anatomic CHD variants into overarching phenotypes, permitting care teams to quickly review key points in the management of moderate to severely complex ACHD patients. This "ACHD phenotype" will allow the non-ACHD physician evaluating a patient with known/suspected COVID-19 to rapidly recognize CHD anatomy and apply appropriate triage guidelines based upon the phenotype and baseline physiologic CHD level of compensation/decompensation. Triage of the moderate-severely complex ACHD patient with known/suspected COVID-19 relies on a multi-step process that assesses patient characteristics in the following order: 1) Degree of COVID-19-specific symptoms, 2) Classification of COVID-19 symptom severity, 3) Assessment of general ACHD-based high-risk features and 4) Inpatient triage and management-specific key points based upon the over-arching ACHD phenotype. doi = 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.06.023 id = cord-354702-hi4nxf67 author = Laszkowska, Monika title = Disease Course and Outcomes of COVID-19 Among Hospitalized Patients with Gastrointestinal Manifestations date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; symptom summary = Background & Aims Our understanding of outcomes and disease time course of COVID-19 in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms remains limited. In this study we characterize the disease course and severity of COVID-19 among hospitalized patients with gastrointestinal manifestations in a large, diverse cohort from the Unites States. Conclusion Hospitalized patients with GI manifestations of COVID-19 have a reduced risk of intubation and death, but may have a longer overall disease course driven by duration of symptoms prior to hospitalization. week; however, like other early reports of GI symptoms, it did not account for the potential impact of factors such as age and comorbidities on mortality, and did not assess the overall time course of disease from symptom onset to death or discharge. 4, 21 Furthermore, small studies from China have assessed how time-course of disease is impacted by presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, and some suggest presence of diarrhea may be associated with prolonged symptoms. doi = 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.09.037 id = cord-273303-g86w0xt5 author = Latz, Christopher A. title = Early Vascular Surgery Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a Nationwide Survey date = 2020-05-23 keywords = PPE; covid-19 summary = This survey study sought to identify practice changes, understand current personal protection equipment (PPE) use, and determine how caring for patients with COVID-19 differs for vascular surgeons practicing in states with high COVID-19 case numbers versus low case numbers. The majority of vascular surgeons are reusing PPE The majority of 5 respondents worked in an academic setting (81.5%) and were performing only urgent and 6 emergent cases (80.5%) during preparation for the surge. The majority of vascular surgeons are reusing PPE The majority of 5 respondents worked in an academic setting (81.5%) and were performing only urgent and 6 emergent cases (80.5%) during preparation for the surge. The majority of vascular surgeon respondents were also being asked to 22 reuse PPE, a common practice throughout the United States during the pandemic. In our initial response (early March 2020), vascular trainees were not involved in 7 COVID-19 cases and attendings saw these patients alone (both to protect our trainees and to 8 limit use of PPE). doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.05.032 id = cord-255103-ckecol7i author = Lau, Hien title = Evaluating the massive underreporting and undertesting of COVID-19 cases in multiple global epicenters date = 2020-06-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = A crude case-fatality risk (cCFR) and adjusted case-fatality risk (aCFR) was calculated for China, South Korea, Japan, Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Iran and the United States. Differences in testing availability and capacity, containment as well as overall health care and medical infrastructure result in significantly different mortality rates and COVID-19 case numbers for each respective country. This study, therefore, aims to assess the extent of COVID-19 undertesting and underreporting based on reported and estimated mortality per case in multiple global epicenters, including China, South Korea, Japan, Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Iran and the United States [5, 6] . The total number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and related deaths for Asia (China, South Korea, Japan), Europe (Italy, France, Spain, Germany), Iran and the United States were sourced from the COVID-19 situation reports made publicly available by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 20 th , 2020. doi = 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.05.015 id = cord-273017-9yni18cl author = Lau, Lincoln Leehang title = COVID-19 response strategies: considering inequalities between and within countries date = 2020-08-12 keywords = Philippines; covid-19 summary = Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has been uncharted territory, and countries and governments have faced the challenge of implementing response strategies to manage local transmission. Local government units (LGUs) have been expected to enforce measures that are consistent with those in the National Capital Region (NCR), but the geographical, social and economic landscape from which these directives originate often differ from the rural communities in which they are meant to be implemented. Just as the Philippines lacks the resources and infrastructure to match South Korea''s COVID-19 response, regions outside of NCR likewise do not have the resources to replicate the proposed ambition of mass testing in the capital region. Given inherent disparities in how resources are distributed, countries should not be treated homogenously when designing national response strategies. Designation of Selected Regional TB Culture Laboratories for GeneXpert Diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Republic of Philippines Department of Health doi = 10.1186/s12939-020-01254-9 id = cord-331869-dm8ri6xf author = Lau, Louis HS. title = Collateral Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Hospitalizations and Clinical Outcomes in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases – A Territory-wide Observational Study in Hong Kong date = 2020-07-25 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Collateral Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Hospitalizations and Clinical Outcomes in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases – A Territory-wide Observational Study in Hong Kong (Supplementary Table 2) Discussion This is a territory-wide population-based study involving more than 195,000 patient-based hospital admissions over 17 months, providing real-life data on collateral effects of COVID-19 pandemic in digestive diseases. We searched all patients who were admitted to public hospitals under the Hospital Authority in Hong Kong during the study period, with the principal or the top five diagnosis codes of the index hospital admission included, based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM). As a result, we included patients admitted to hospitals during January 1, 2019 to May 31, 2020, either with emergency department attendance or with length of stay for more than one day, related to the above principal or top five diagnoses of major GI diseases for subsequent analysis. doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.07.042 id = cord-274707-mxh38hwd author = Laureano, Ana Flávia Santarine title = The different tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19 - A review in Brazil so far date = 2020 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS; dna summary = The virus is now widespread and causing the current pandemic of COVID-19, a highly pathogenic viral pneumonia, commonly presented with fever and cough, which frequently lead to lower respiratory tract disease with poor clinical outcomes associated with older age and underlying health conditions. Most rapid tests use colloidal gold particles in a technique known as immunochromatography, also called lateral flow immunoassay, a type of sandwich assay that relies on a pair of antibodies used to recognize two independent epitopes of a protein, and therefore it can achieve high specificity (Zhou et al., 2012) . One of the first rapid tests (lateral flow immunoassay) for SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM immune responses was developed by professor''s Feng Ye group at the National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease in Guangzhou, China. Development and Clinical Application of A Rapid IgM-IgG Combined Antibody Test for SARS-CoV-2 Infection Diagnosis doi = 10.5935/1518-0557.20200046 id = cord-283779-mudwcypl author = Lauretani, Fulvio title = Assessment and treatment of older individuals with COVID-19 multi-system disease: clinical and ethical implications date = 2020-05-11 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; SARS; clinical; infection; old; patient; phase summary = The chronic increase in inflammatory cytokines, augmented by COVID-19 infection, may explain the higher tendency for "the cascade leading to pulmonary fibrosis and insufficiency and activation of clotting" and poorer clinical prognosis, especially in multimorbid older persons (4) . In case of persistent fever, higher than 37.5°C for a time longer than 3 days and peripheral oxygen level lower than 95% after starting therapy, we should consider and proceed to hospitalization especially in multimorbid older patients with cardiac, respiratory diseases and diabetes. First, patients at risk for poor outcomes and higher mortality following infection with SARS-CoV-2, namely older adults and multimorbid individuals, should be checked for malnutrition through screening and assessment. Older patients infected by COVID-19 often experience atypical and less severe symptoms in older persons, side-effects of the drugs and require specific nutritional and motor treatment for avoiding disability and death. doi = 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9629 id = cord-324752-t50bg7pq author = Lavery, Michael Joseph title = Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 in children (and adults): A virus that does not discriminate date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child summary = COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a beta coronavirus with a characteristic S-glycoprotein ''spike'' on the cell surface.(1) Initial reports did not include cutaneous manifestations as a feature of COVID-19; however, there is a growing repertoire of reports demonstrating an array of dermatologic manifestations on the skin in children and adults. Dermatologic afflictions have been summarized into different categories several times, with the most recent analysis identifying six clinical patterns: urticaria, maculopapular-morbilliform eruption, papulovesicular exanthem, chilblain-like acral pattern, livedo reticularis-livedo racemose pattern, and purpuric ''vasculitic'' pattern.(2) In children, the dermatologic features appear to occur before or concomitantly with other COVID-19 manifestations. 24 Recently, nail changes have been identified in patients with COVID-19 manifesting as a convex half-moon shaped erythematous band at the distal margin of the lunula and coined ''the red half-moon nail sign.'' 25, 26 In the United Kingdom (UK), researchers analyzed data from users of the COVID Symptom Study application and noted 8.8% of 336,847 users, with a positive SARS-CoV-2 viral swab, reported a skin eruption. doi = 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.10.020 id = cord-302902-34vftqt9 author = Law, Brenda Hiu Yan title = Effect of COVID-19 Precautions on Neonatal Resuscitation Practice: A Balance Between Healthcare Provider Safety, Infection Control, and Effective Neonatal Care date = 2020-08-18 keywords = PPE; SARS; covid-19 summary = Adaptations have been proposed for resuscitation of infants born to women with COVID-19, to protect health care providers, maintain infection control, and limit post-natal transmission. Changes especially impact respiratory procedures, personal protective equipment (PPE) use, resuscitation environments, teamwork, and family involvement. Adaptations have been proposed for resuscitation of infants born to women with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, to protect health care providers (HCPs), limit post-natal transmission, and maintain infection control (7) . Neonatal resuscitation may be especially impacted by changes in (i) respiratory support, (ii) personal protective equipment (PPE), (iii) resuscitation environment, (iv) team-based activities, and (v) family involvement ( Table 1) . Modifications to ventilation practices during neonatal resuscitation have been proposed to protect HCPs during AGPs, based on limited evidence on vertical transmission and aerosolization of SARS-CoV-2 (7, 9) . General COVID-19 resuscitation guidelines recommend the use of viral filters on mask ventilation devices to decrease risks to HCPs (9) . doi = 10.3389/fped.2020.00478 id = cord-273778-68wxa782 author = Lawal, Olanrewaju title = Movement and risk perception: evidence from spatial analysis of mobile phone-based mobility during the COVID-19 lockdown, Nigeria date = 2020-11-02 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; Nigeria; mobility; state summary = The emergence of COVID-19 across the globe prompted many countries to institute total lockdown or other models of mobility restrictions to mitigate the spread of the disease. Examination of the weekly aggregated mobility for the retail and recreation category showed that 7 states exhibited no statistically significant trend (Fig. 4a) . Yobe and Gombe States recorded a declining trend for mobility in the Grocery and Pharmacy place category (Fig. 4c) . The remaining States spread across different parts of the country-mostly in the southern part displayed a statistically significant upward trend of mobility for this place categories. The multiple correspondence analysis identified two dimensions within the mobility trend designation recorded for each State for the six place categories ( Table 1 ). As mobility started an uptrend even during the lockdown period, there is an indication that generally, peoples'' perception of the disease is to consider the pandemic as a voluntary risk. doi = 10.1007/s10708-020-10331-z id = cord-274443-r6ponjr4 author = Lawson, Monica title = Child Maltreatment during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Consequences of Parental Job Loss on Psychological and Physical Abuse Towards Children date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; abuse; child summary = Guided by an ecological approach and the family stress and stress and coping models of child maltreatment, the potential buffering role of parental positive cognitive reframing on the association between parental job loss and psychological maltreatment and physical abuse was evaluated among parents of 4-to 10-year-olds living in the United States. Among parents who lost their jobs because of COVID-19 related economic downturns, the probability of psychologically maltreating and physically abusing their children was anticipated to decrease as positive reframing increased. Consistent with the study hypotheses and prior observations of increased rates of child abuse during economic crises (Brooks-Gunn et al., 2013; Schenck-Fontaine et al., 2017) , the current investigation identified parental job loss during the COVID-19 pandemic as a robust predictor of psychological maltreatment and physical abuse towards children during the pandemic. The finding that positive cognitive reframing served as a protective buffer against the effect of job loss on physical abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic is consistent with our hypothesis and the stress and coping model of child maltreatment. doi = 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104709 id = cord-299308-gza1pwx6 author = Laxminarayan, Ramanan title = Is Gradual and Controlled Approach to Herd Protection a Valid Strategy to Curb the COVID-19 Pandemic? date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Most pandemics in the twentieth and twentyfirst centuries have been caused by virusesinfluenza, chikungunya, HIV/AIDS and now the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Pediatric patients reportedly acquire COVID-19 either through close contact with infected family members (89%), exposure to endemic areas (33%), or both (22%); with the majority (53%) showing moderate symptoms and no severe or critical cases [2] . We do not endorse the idea of letting the epidemic a free hand in order to create sufficient herd immunity to end the epidemic;as it would entail an enormous burden on the healthcare system -United Kingdom, at first, considered a different approach -of unrestricted spread of disease without any brakes applied, but public health experts were able to convince the government to accept the more reasonable mitigation approach. The proportion of the population that should be exposed to the virus for herd immunity to be effective is calculated as 1-1/Ro. In the absence of serological studies, the true extent of spread of SARS-COV-2 in India is unknown. doi = 10.1007/s13312-020-1844-4 id = cord-316712-1ngcwdln author = Laxminarayan, Ramanan title = India’s Battle against COVID-19: Progress and Challenges date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19; India; SARS summary = The first reported case of infection with the SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, in India was reported on January 30, 2020 in an Indian student evacuated from Wuhan, and the first death was reported on March 12, 2020. Model-based estimates 8 produced in March 2020 had indicated that a national lockdown could reduce the number of infections at the peak of the pandemic-expected in early May-by 70-80%, depending on the degree of public compliance with physical distancing. Mortality rates (based on reported cases and deaths) appear to be low in India, as they are in most countries in the region, perhaps indicative of both limited testing and other unexplained factors. 12 At the current time, India has conducted approximately 18,000 tests per million population, a rate that is a third that of South Africa, about 60% that of Nepal, and among the lowest of any large country. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0992 id = cord-308740-06jr58kz author = Lazaridis, Charalampos title = Involvement of Cardiovascular System As The Critical Point in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Prognosis and Recovery date = 2020-06-10 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = All cases were linked to a seafood market in the same city 2 and were confirmed to be associated with a novel RNA betacoronavirus, which was later named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 3,4 . A recent study in patients with heart failure found that circulating levels of ACE2 were higher in men than in women, suggesting increased ACE2 tissue expression which could contribute to susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease progress 49 . Remarkably, severe COVID-19 has been associated with hypokalemia and higher blood pressure, supporting suggestions of decreased ACE2 function and augmented levels of angiotensin II after SARS-CoV-2 infection 96 . The participation of ACE2 in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, acting as a cell receptor for SARS-CoV-2 13 has caused increasing concern about the role of antihypertensive therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II Chloroquine, an antimalarial agent with known anti-viral effects 141 Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan doi = 10.1016/j.hjc.2020.05.004 id = cord-341259-1768lp0a author = Lazarus, G. title = High admission blood glucose is an independent risk factor of poor prognosis in COVID-19: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis date = 2020-09-27 keywords = Appendix; FBG; covid-19 summary = title: High admission blood glucose is an independent risk factor of poor prognosis in COVID-19: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis Materials and methods Eligible studies evaluating the prognostic value of fasting BG (FBG) and random BG (RBG) levels in predicting COVID-19 outcomes were included and assessed for risk of bias with the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. Inclusion criteria were set to filter primary studies investigating the association between admission BG level and poor outcomes among COVID-19 patients (see Appendix Table S2 ). We demonstrated that FBG was independently associated with poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients (Table 1 and Figure 3A -C), although all models yielded substantial heterogeneity (I 2 =84% for poor outcome; I 2 =87% for mortality, I 2 =78% for severity; all with P heterogeneity <0.001). Nonetheless, our results were consistent with the independent prognostic value of admission FBG, thus we judged the certainty of evidence for severity to be high, and for mortality and poor outcome to be moderate. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.25.20200774 id = cord-289825-9hpegqlh author = Lazarus, Gilbert title = Medical students in Indonesia: an invaluable living gemstone during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Medical students in Indonesia: an invaluable living gemstone during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic This article aims to deliver authors'' perspectives and recommendations on the role of Indonesian medical students during COVID-19 pandemic. Students'' movement as volunteers during this time can be seen as important experiences which need to be reflected upon hence the lessons will have positive impacts on their professional development and professional identity formation [12] . It is also recommended for current medical curriculum to provide rooms for such learning processes that discuss students'' current roles during pandemic, ethical reasoning of most appropriate venues to volunteer considering patient and student safety and their competencies, and well-being issues [14] . Guidebook for volunteer medical students fighting the COVID-19 pandemic The role of medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic A bold response to the COVID-19 pandemic: medical students, national service, and public health doi = 10.3946/kjme.2020.165 id = cord-328957-mzi8504f author = Lazebnik, T. title = The signature features of COVID-19 pandemic in a hybrid mathematical model - implications for optimal work-school lockdown policy date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19; November summary = Our unique use of contact details from 2 classes (children and adults), the interaction of populations depending on the time of day (the cycle of day and night), and several physical locations, allowed a new look at the differential dynamics of the spread and control of infection. Based on the different impact of 83 COVID-19 to the immune response, severity of infection and transmission disease in 84 different age groups (mainly children and adults) [17, 19] , we proposed a two classes 85 age-structured SIRD epidemic model dividing the population into children and adults. 86 Moreover, we developed a numerical, stochastic simulator based on this hybrid model 87 (https://teddylazebnik.info/coronavirus-sir-simulation/index.html) for COVID-19 popu-88 lation spread in addition to the analytical examination of the epidemic dynamics. 127 We divide the population into two classes based on their age: children and adults 128 because these groups experience the disease in varying degrees of severity and have 129 different infection rates. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.02.20224584 id = cord-301734-2anqedib author = Lazzari, Grazia title = Are there overlapping clinical features between thoracic radiotherapy side effects and covid-19 pneumonia? radiation pneumonitis outside the radiation ports : three case reports date = 2020-09-25 keywords = covid-19 summary = However, at the Covid-19 pandemic time, CT findings could yield confounding reporting in case of cancer patients previously treated with thoracic radiotherapy (tRT) due to atypical radiation pneumonitis occurring outside the radiation ports. These similarities make it difficult to correctly diagnose among these diseases as occurred in our experience on three cases of atypical radiation induced pneumonitis developed few months after RT off during the Covid-19 pandemic time. [8] Studies have assessed the key role of the CT scan in diagnosis of Covid-19 patients with false negative RT-PCR results showing a 98% sensitivity in detecting and monitoring this disease. However in patients who have received thoracic radiotherapy as in our cases, similar findings could be an expression of several atypical pneumonitis occurring as side effect of chest radiation due to radiation induced lung injury (RILI). doi = 10.1016/j.ctro.2020.09.007 id = cord-324898-bjxpuqhr author = Lazzeri, Marta title = How Italian respiratory physiotherapists have faced and are facing the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic date = 2020-08-03 keywords = COVID-19; respiratory summary = Where present, respiratory physiotherapists (RPh) made a great contribution by working together with other health professionals in assisting patients, providing "quick basic training sessions" about respiratory care for non-specialist healthcare professionals, locating and assessing all kinds of equipment (ventilators, interfaces, oxygen delivery systems, among others) to assist patients with respiratory failure and implementing early intervention with those patients in healthier conditions. Despite the absolute novelty of the pathology and the lack of scientific evidence, based on the available knowledge of physiopathology and respiratory care strategies, in collaboration with other scientific societies (Associazione Italiana Fisioterapisti -AIFI-, Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri -AIPO-, Società Italiana Pneumologia -SIP-, European Respiratory Society-ERS-), documents have been published in open-access journals and platform aimed to promote safe use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and to support the decision process in the management of COVID-19 patients in the acute and postacute phases [1] [2] [3] [4] . doi = 10.1186/s40945-020-00086-8 id = cord-285491-ad6jiqh9 author = Lazzerini, Marzia title = Delayed access or provision of care in Italy resulting from fear of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = During Italy''s national lockdown for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), official hospital statistics in the period March 1-27, 2020, show substantial decreases-ranging from 73% to 88%in paediatric emergency department visits compared with the same time period in 2019 and 2018 (figure). The substantial decreases in paediatric care access in Italy might reflect scarcity of available resources due to pandemic-related redistribution, or reticence on the part of parents and caregivers to risk exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a health-care setting, in addition to lower rates of acute infections and trauma. Two children presented to the emergency department with acuteonset type 1 diabetes and severe ketoacidosis due to delayed access to hospital care, even though parents had recognised abnormal symptoms (eg, polydipsia, polyuria, and dyspnoea); both required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). doi = 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30108-5 id = cord-346037-1sgwy0tx author = Le Couteur, David G title = COVID-19 Through the Lens of Gerontology date = 2020-03-31 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The case-fatality rate for COVID-19 increases dramatically with age from 3% to 5% between 65 and 74 years, 4% to 11% between 75 and 84 years, and 10% to 27% above 85 years and people aged 65 years and older account for 45% of hospitalizations, 53% of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and 80% of deaths (1) . The United States has seen an exponential increase in the number of cases with the vast majority of deaths also occurring in people aged 65 years or older. ICU admission and ventilation may be futile in some frail older people with multimorbidity; however, there is a very big ethical difference between decisions made on the basis of futility versus those based on rationing (7) . Arguments have been made that potential years of life lost should be considered if care is rationed, yet perhaps more critical to consider is the experience and wisdom of older adults. Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) -United States doi = 10.1093/gerona/glaa077 id = cord-329953-8nq7fvfh author = Le Grange, Lesley title = Covid-19 pandemic and the prospects of education in South Africa date = 2020-10-19 keywords = Africa; Grange; South; Ubuntu; covid-19 summary = This pandemic has revealed the underbelly of South African society in general and its education system more specifically—it has laid bare the gross inequalities that are the legacies of apartheid and the consequences of neoliberal capitalism. Drawing on ideas articulated in the four introductory chapters of the International Handbook of Curriculum Research, edited by William Pinar in 2014, this article discusses Covid-19 and the prospects of education in South Africa. The article shows how understanding the wisdom of indigenous traditions along with the moral dimensions of education, race, and the new technologies of surveillance, neoliberalism, and education can provide a nuanced awareness of the nature of the Covid-19 pandemic. Accordingly, I divide the rest of the article into the following sections: the moral dimension of education; race, technologies of surveillance, and bio-informationism; neoliberalism and the prospects of education after the Covid-19 pandemic; and why we need Ubuntu-currere. doi = 10.1007/s11125-020-09514-w id = cord-304418-k9owyolj author = Le Maréchal, M. title = COVID-19 in clinical practice: a narrative synthesis date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = Plasmatic detection of SARS-CoV-2 has been reported but only with low viral titers, and mainly in clinically severe cases [44] ; bloodstream infectivity has yet to be demonstrated. The first large clinical trial published on LPV/RTV on SARS-CoV-2 compared 99 patients receiving the antiviral vs 100 receiving SoC alone [124] ; there was no difference between the 2 groups regarding the primary end point (time to improvement) (15 vs 16 days, p=0.09). Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China Severity or Risk of Death in Patients with Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.medmal.2020.09.012 id = cord-337169-wv9n2e2o author = Le Roux, Gael title = COVID-19: home poisoning throughout the containment period date = 2020-04-25 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-337169-wv9n2e2o title: COVID-19: home poisoning throughout the containment period cord_uid: wv9n2e2o 1 Although health systems have to deal with such disasters to decrease massive contaminations, several countries, such as France, have implemented containment measures. 2,3 Poison control centres are-perhaps unexpectedly-being involved too in the COVID-19 outbreak as they are observing a change in the typology of the calls they receive, which is directly related to containment measures. Lastly, and in addition to the containment measures, we must also acknowledge that fear of being contaminated in the emergency room is another obstacle for many people who need health care after poisoning. Worldwide, prevention of such home poisonings is urgently needed to avoid unnecessary emergency medical system use in such critical times. Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts Evaluation of the effectiveness of surveillance and containment measures for the first 100 patients with COVID-19 in Singapore doi = 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30095-5 id = cord-250374-y84dufy4 author = Le''on, Ugo Avila-Ponce de title = A data driven analysis and forecast of an SEIARD epidemic model for COVID-19 in Mexico date = 2020-04-16 keywords = COVID-19; Mexico summary = We calculate the basic reproduction number ($R_0$) via the next-generation matrix method, and we estimate the per day infection, death and recovery rates. To describe the evolution of the epidemic in Mexico taking into account the social distancing measures taken by the government, we will assume that the infection rate, recovery rate and death rate are time-dependent functions, similar to those used in [3] . To model the effect of epidemic control measures, which cause the number of contacts per person per unit time to decrease as the epidemic progresses, we describe the infection rate by the function The optimization of parameters to describe the outbreak of COVID-19 in Mexico were fitted by minimizing the Sum of Squared Errors (SSE), in such a way that the solutions for D(t) and R I (t) obtained by the model approximate the reported values for deaths and recovered cases, respectively, while the sum I(t) + R I (t) + D(t) approximates the cumulative number of infected cases with symptoms. doi = nan id = cord-349794-mhviub6e author = Le, Brian L. title = Transcriptomics-based drug repositioning pipeline identifies therapeutic candidates for COVID-19 date = 2020-10-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; drug; signature summary = We applied a computational drug repositioning pipeline to SARS-CoV-2 differential gene expression signatures derived from publicly available data. By infecting human adenocarcinomic alveolar basal epithelial cells with SARS-CoV-2 and comparing to controls, the authors generated a list of 120 differentially expressed genes. Here, we applied our existing computational drug repositioning pipeline to identify drug profiles with significantly reversed differential gene expression compared to predicted inhibitors (including one tested in Calu-3) were incubated with SARS-CoV-2 infected human embryonic kidney 293T cells overexpressing ACE2 (293T-ACE2) with viral replication determined using an immunofluorescence-based assay. In this study, we applied our drug repositioning pipeline to SARS-CoV-2 differential gene expression signatures derived from publicly available RNA-seq data ( Figure 1 ). Here, we used a transcriptomics-based drug repositioning pipeline to predict therapeutic drug hits for three different input SARS-CoV-2 signatures, each of which came from distinct human cell or tissue origins. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.23.352666 id = cord-314921-u74jut63 author = LeVine, Shankar title = Case Report: The First Case of COVID-19 in Bhutan date = 2020-04-20 keywords = Bhutan; COVID-19 summary = The patient''s swab reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test for COVID-19 was confirmed positive at midnight, and by morning, the Ministry of Health had traced approximately 90 contacts from the healthcare sector and hotel and restaurant staff; based on their degree of exposure, the patient contacts were instructed to either home quarantine or present to a quarantine facility. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread to new countries, some aspects pertaining to the patient''s presentation, interventions to provide patient care, and the country''s measures of containment in response to this first case in Bhutan may be of broad interest. 6 The patient''s presentation did not fall into the case definition for COVID-19 that Bhutan was using at that time, which was limited to fever and respiratory symptoms. The public health strategies initiated by Bhutan''s Ministry of Health and government are beyond the scope of this case report, but the immediate steps pertaining to the patient''s contacts and medical staff caring for the patient are of interest. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0259 id = cord-035038-iefkv5g7 author = Leal Filho, Walter title = COVID-19: the impact of a global crisis on sustainable development research date = 2020-11-09 keywords = COVID-19; China; research; sustainability summary = Therefore, this article analyses to what extent COVID-19 as a whole and the blockade in particular have influenced sustainability research, and it describes the action paths that researchers around the world identify for overcoming the experienced challenges and the measures that can be implemented in the future based on existing technologies. Similarly, the provision of knowledge and science in understanding disaster and health-related emergency risks, as part of the sustainability research on current strategies for disaster resilience as outlined in the SENDAI Framework, can contribute to responses to COVID-19 (Djalante et al. These questions gathered relevant information on aspects such as respondents'' backgrounds, the impact of the lockdown on their work in terms of distance learning, workload and challenges faced, as well as future projections regarding the COVID-19 crisis influence on research. doi = 10.1007/s11625-020-00866-y id = cord-297210-b8bl5vq5 author = Leask, Andrew title = COVID-19: is fibrosis the killer? date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Patients that died had elevated IL-6 levels and acute respiratory distress syndrome. COVID-19 patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a disease that is characterized by rapid onset fibrosis. Moreover, the authors reported that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was cormorbid with COVID-19 (p = 0.056). Levels of interleukin (IL)-6, a proinflammatory cytokine linked with connective tissue disorders including fibrosis, were significantly higher in patients who died, and appeared to increase with disease progression. These data strongly imply that not only is pulmonary fibrosis a comorbidity for COVID-19, but that it may be the cause of mortality for COVID-19. In any event, these data strongly support the contention that development of anti-fibrotic agents is imperative not only to affect diseases such as scleroderma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Duchenne''s muscular dystrophy and metastatic cancers, but is also necessary to treat COVID-19. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study doi = 10.1007/s12079-020-00569-0 id = cord-324557-4u8dja0n author = Leblanc, Jean‐François title = Risk of Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus‐2 by Transfusion: A Literature Review date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = Complementary searches have identified reports demonstrating that the correlation between the presence of viral RNA in a biological sample and infectivity requires a minimal RNA load, which is rarely, if at all observed, in blood components. More specifically, PubMed was interrogated with a series of queries aimed at identifying references that relate to COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 and the detection of viral genomic material in blood, plasma, or serum. From this screen, 23 references reporting any data or stating any information on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 genomic material in human blood, plasma, or serum, were selected ( Table 2) . An exhaustive search strategy led to the identification of 23 references reporting data on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 genomic material in blood components (Table 2) . doi = 10.1111/trf.16056 id = cord-336039-s2alwzov author = Lebrasseur, Audrey title = Impact of COVID-19 on people with physical disabilities: A rapid review date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19; wrong summary = The objective of this paper was to review the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated 228 isolation and protective measures on people with physical disabilities. Multiple studies have been 229 conducted since the start of this global pandemic, with more than 40 000 papers resulting from 230 people with visual and hearing impairments, may be less susceptible to medical complications 254 due to COVID-19 than people with neurological disabilities. Another limitation of this review is the lengthy 323 publishing process of some journals, which might result in a lack of studies about the impact of 324 COVID-19 on people with physical disabilities in the short term. Our review also underlines the lack of research about the impacts of the 336 COVID-19 pandemic on people with physical disabilities, a population that is too often forgotten 337 in governmental decisions 62 and that should be included in future crisis strategies and response 338 planning 63 . doi = 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.101014 id = cord-256565-59bnifxm author = Lebwohl, Mark title = Reply to: “COVID-19, syphilis, and biologic therapies for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: A word of caution” date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Reply to: "COVID-19, syphilis, and biologic therapies for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: A word of caution" Reply to: ''''COVID-19, syphilis, and biologic therapies for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: A word of caution'''' To the Editor: We thank Dr Kansal 1 from the All India Institute of Medical Sciences for her pertinent comments in response to our publication on the use of biologic agents for psoriasis patients in the current COVID-19 pandemic. To be clear, we cannot know the long-term impact of biologic agents on patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 until more time passes and we have more data. For now, the most medical organizations, including the American Academy of Dermatology, the National Psoriasis Foundation, and the International Eczema Council, among others, have advocated not discontinuing biologics in patients who are not infected. Of course, these agents should be discontinued in patients with active infection. COVID-19, syphilis and biologic therapies for psoriasis andpsoriatic arthritis: a word of caution doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.103 id = cord-272295-9sonr8or author = Lechien, Jerome R. title = Objective Olfactory Findings in Hospitalized Severe COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-07-31 keywords = SLS; covid-19 summary = Objective: We investigate the prevalence of the self-reported and objective sudden loss of smell (SLS) in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Potential associations between olfactory evaluation and the clinical outcomes (duration of hospitalization; admission biology; one month serology (IgG), and chest computed tomography findings) were studied. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of self-reported and objective SLS in severe COVID-19 patients. Irrespective of the method used to evaluate the prevalence of SLS (patient-reported outcome questionnaire versus objective tests), these data indicate that SLS could be more prevalent in mild-to-moderate forms of the infection. According to a previous study conducted in the same population and with the same methods, self-reported SLS concerned more than 70% of mild COVID-19 patients, and among them, sixty-two percent had abnormal objective evaluations [3] . Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A multicenter European study Objective olfactory evaluation of self-reported loss of smell in a case series of 86 COVID-19 patients doi = 10.3390/pathogens9080627 id = cord-287094-73o7xxgt author = Lechien, Jerome R. title = In Reference to Anosmia and Ageusia: Common Findings in COVID‐19 Patients date = 2020-06-30 keywords = covid-19 summary = 1 The authors observed that 19.4% of paucisymptomatic COVID-19 patients have fever, anosmia, and ageusia, which was previously reported in only 1 Asian study. 2 We agree about the importance to consider these symptoms in the COVID-19 infection but, regarding our European multicenter study investigating the prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients, 3 we believe that the prevalence is significantly higher than reported by Vaira et al. Based on the evaluation of 417 hospitalized or confined mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients (RT-PCR+), we found that 85.6% and 88.0% of patients reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, respectively. 3 Based on an old publication investigating the olfactory disorder in upper respiratory viral infection, 6 authors suggested that the olfactory dysfunction may be related to direct damage by the virus on the olfactory receptors. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild to moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study doi = 10.1002/lary.28841 id = cord-333698-e73d9lbu author = Lechien, Jerome R. title = Features of Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Patients with Dysphonia. date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = INTRODUCTION: To explore the prevalence of dysphonia in European patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 and the clinical features of dysphonic patients. METHODS: The clinical and epidemiological data of 702 patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 were collected from 19 European Hospitals. The prevalence of the following symptoms was higher in dysphonic patients compared with non-dysphonic patients: cough, chest pain, sticky sputum, arthralgia, diarrhea, headache, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. CONCLUSION: Dysphonia may be encountered in a quarter of patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 and should be considered as a symptom list of the infection. 3, 4 However, recent European epidemiological studies suggested that European mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients could present a different clinical picture than Asian. Throughout a recent epidemiological study, 7 we observed the occurrence of dysphonia in some COVID-19 patients, with a minority reporting aphonia over the clinical course of the disease. Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of 1,420 European Patients with mild-to-moderate Coronavirus Disease doi = 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.05.012 id = cord-274521-u8p5lz9o author = Lee, Abby C. title = Tobacco, but Not Nicotine and Flavor-Less Electronic Cigarettes, Induces ACE2 and Immune Dysregulation date = 2020-07-31 keywords = ACE2; SARS; covid-19 summary = In this study, we mined three independent RNA expression datasets from smokers and vapers to understand the potential relationship between vaping/smoking and the dysregulation of key genes and pathways related to COVID-19. Both smoking and use of nicotine and flavor-containing e-cigs led to upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammasome-related genes. Current data indicate that patients who have cardiovascular and chronic respiratory conditions, including those caused by tobacco use, are at higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 symptoms and have significantly increased fatality [1] . The GSE138326 dataset, from Song et al., details gene expression in the bronchial epithelial cells of patients who smoked flavor-less and nicotine-less e-cigs vs. The GSE112073 dataset, from Corbett et al., details gene expression in bronchial cells of patients who smoked nicotine-containing e-cigs of any flavor vs. The upregulation of a significant number of inflammatory cytokines in smokers and nicotine/flavor-containing e-cig users and the association of smoking with IL-1B prompted us to examine inflammasome activation in smokers and e-cig users ( Table 2 ). doi = 10.3390/ijms21155513 id = cord-336258-dxps48bo author = Lee, Anne W.M. title = Advocacy to provide good quality oncology services during the COVID-19 pandemic – Actions at 3-Levels date = 2020-05-08 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = This review shows that it is possible to stop wide-spread infection in the country and to provide good quality oncology services even during this challenging period, through concerted efforts with well-organized actions at all levels (National/Municipal, Hospital and Department). Like all others, our hospital (an affiliated hospital of the University of Hong Kong) struggles to ensure protection of all staffs and patients from COVID-19 contraction; and our Center struggles to maintain comprehensive good quality oncology services (including radiotherapy, systemic therapy and palliative care) during this difficult period. As a designated hospital responsible for convalescent care of COVID-19 patients and screening of foreign citizens/visitors, special measures are implemented to ensure safety for all staffs and patients, while continuing to provide essential clinical services as far as we can. However, even at the most difficult period, our hospital policy is to continue clinical services for which delay may seriously affect patient survival; priority supports are hence provided for emergency treatment, oncology and obstetrics. doi = 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.04.031 id = cord-271870-8v9w3sps author = Lee, David title = Testing on the Move South Korea’s rapid response to the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; KCDC; Korea; South summary = Mobile applications from both government agencies and private developers played an important role in guiding people to testing centers, communicating movement trajectories of confirmed cases on digital maps, and tracking the health and movements of travelers and others at risk of exposure. In this paper, we briefly outline the progression of the outbreak within South Korea, local government implementation of low-contact testing to safely and efficiently detect its spread, and nationwide contact tracing and dissemination of individual movement patterns to identify and inform the exposed members of the public. In this article, we reported on the circumstances of the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea, its implementation of low-contact testing to scale up diagnostics and reduce health care worker exposure, and how mobile apps and online mapping helped to track its spread and alert the public of their risk of exposure. doi = 10.1016/j.trip.2020.100111 id = cord-328693-xf2w570s author = Lee, Delice Weishan title = Intubation outside of the operating room: new challenges and opportunities in COVID-19 era date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; airway summary = PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Airway management in patients outside the operating room is associated with increased difficulties and risks, and the setting of the COVID-19 global pandemic adds another layer of complexity. Additionally, anesthesiologists working in hospitals treating many infected patients have developed specialized teams responsible for airway management outside the operating room. Airway management in patients outside the operating room is associated with increased risks and the setting of the COVID-19 global pandemic adds another layer of complexity [4] . There are recently published reports on airway management in COVID-19 proven and suspect patients within the operating room which are applicable to the nonoperating room environment, however additional measures need to be considered to reduce the risk of infection to healthcare providers and to optimize patient safety [5 && ,6 && ]. Special requirements for ETT of COVID-19 patients outside of the operating room have prompted many hospitals to create special, anesthesia-based teams responsible for airway management. doi = 10.1097/aco.0000000000000892 id = cord-259288-eahhf7yh author = Lee, Elaine Y P title = COVID-19 pneumonia: what has CT taught us? date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In late December, 2019, a cluster of cases of viral pneumonia was linked to a seafood market in Wuhan (Hubei, China), and was later determined to be caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; previously known as 2019-nCoV). In The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Heshui Shi and colleagues 3 discuss the CT fi ndings and temporal changes of COVID-19 pneumonia with reference to the time of onset of symptoms, in the largest cohort thus far reported. [4] [5] [6] Notably, in Shi and colleagues'' study, the asymptomatic (subclinical) group of patients showed early CT changes, supporting what was fi rst observed in a familial cluster with COVID-19 pneumonia. There is more to be learnt about this novel contagious viral pneumonia; more research is needed into the correlation of CT findings with clinical severity and progression, the predictive value of baseline CT or temporal changes for disease outcome, and the sequelae of acute lung injury induced by COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30134-1 id = cord-102885-5y9nkal3 author = Lee, Hyeon-Seung title = Deterioration of mental health despite successful control of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea. date = 2020-11-13 keywords = COVID-19; Korea; South; health summary = Between March and June 2020, 400 South Korean residents participated in an online study of depression, anxiety, stress, psychosis-risk and loneliness, as well as indices of social network, physical health and demographics. The major aim of the present study was to survey mental health and social wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population in South Korea where effective public health strategies and high compliance by the residents were able to successfully stop the spread of the virus. Participants were asked to respond to questions about their demographic information (age, sex, education level, occupation, marital status), 4 levels of concern about the COVID-19 pandemic from "not at all concerned" to "extremely concerned", general physical health status, mental health, loneliness and social network. Overall, these findings suggest a significant psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and social wellbeing in South Korean, with high rates of depression, anxiety, stress and psychosis-risk. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113570 id = cord-351129-lzzyn570 author = Lee, Jae-Hyun title = Management of Allergic Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Asia date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; asthma; patient summary = For allergic patients who have been followed up at an allergy clinic in our region, it is recommended that they (patients with asthma, rhinitis, atopic dermatitis or chronic urticaria) continue to receive maintenance therapy and be in a well-controlled status. It was reported that none of the 140 patients who were hospitalized due to confirmed COVID-19 in Wuhan, China had asthma or other allergic diseases such as AR, atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy. The Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)-European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) mentioned that patients with common allergic conditions do not develop additional distinct symptoms or seem to be at increased risk of severe disease when infected with COVID-19. doi = 10.4168/aair.2020.12.5.783 id = cord-257361-7q0vbvvd author = Lee, James S. title = Critical care for COVID-19 during a humanitarian crisis—lessons learnt from Yemen date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = In May 2020, Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders (MSF) opened three COVID-19 treatment centres (CTC) in Sanaa and Aden, Yemen [1] . MSF''s three CTCs included wards and ICUs. Invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) received global attention but is only the visible "tip of the iceberg" for COVID-19 care. Each ICU had contextspecific resource constraints resulting in differences in the package of care related to equipment (ultrasound), investigations (laboratory, x-ray), oxygen supply, nutrition, medications, and staff (specialist doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, social workers, pharmacists, logisticians). Prone positioning had never been performed locally, but successfully taught in all 3 ICUs. Teaching critical care concepts within a few days (which typically take years of training) was challenging enough, but further complexity was added by simultaneously managing patients with a new disease, where medical knowledge of COVID-19 was evolving daily. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03281-y id = cord-350379-6l55soxu author = Lee, Jenny J. title = Scientific globalism during a global crisis: research collaboration and open access publications on COVID-19 date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; USA; covid-192020 summary = Thus, this study specifically focused on internationally authored scientific articles on COVID-19 published at the beginning of January 2020 to early May 2020 to observe the extent of international collaboration and open access compared with (a) the past five pre-pandemic years and (b) non-COVID-19 articles published during the same 2020 time period. This study sought to explore the nature of scientific globalism, as measured by the extent of scientific research collaboration and open-access articles on COVID-19 and how they compare to non-COVID-19 research (a) during the pandemic as well as (b) the past five pre-pandemic years. In other words countries with a higher GDP, already producing a high domestic output, which also tend to be in restricted journals, may not engage in as much scientific globalism (via international collaboration and open-access publishing) compared with their lower GDP counterparts. doi = 10.1007/s10734-020-00589-0 id = cord-332071-bqvn3ceq author = Lee, Jeong Seok title = Immunophenotyping of COVID-19 and influenza highlights the role of type I interferons in development of severe COVID-19 date = 2020-07-10 keywords = Fig; IFN; SARS; TNF; covid-19 summary = In a murine model of SARS-CoV infection, a delayed, but considerable type I IFN (IFN-I) response CORONAVIRUS Immunophenotyping of COVID-19 and influenza highlights the role of type I interferons in development of severe COVID-19 (Page numbers not final at time of first release) 2 promotes the accumulation of monocytes-macrophages and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in lethal pneumonia with vascular leakage and impaired virusspecific T-cell responses (10) . To examine the host immune responses in a cell type-specific manner, we subjected 59,572 cells to t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) based on highly variable genes using the Seurat package (17) and identified 22 different clusters unbiased by patients or experimental batches of scRNA-seq (Fig. 1A, Fig. S1D ). First, we combined both mild and severe COVID-19 as a COVID-19 group and identified disease-specific changes in genes for each cell type compared to the healthy donor group using model-based analysis of single cell transcriptomics (MAST) (18) . doi = 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd1554 id = cord-333928-boq65pci author = Lee, Jia‐Jung title = Review of the present features and the infection control challenges of COVID‐19 pandemic in dialysis facilities date = 2020-06-03 keywords = case; covid-19 summary = Taiwan has 429 COVID-19 confirmed cases with clinical presentation including 298 (69.6%) cases of mild disease, 95 (22.2%) cases of pneumonia, 35 (8.2%) cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome, and six deaths (1.4%). Accordingly, this interim summary is not a comprehensive review but aims to update present clinical information and infection control strategies currently focusing on COVID-19 control in dialysis facilities. In the first case series reported in the United States, in the presentation and outcome of 21 critically ill patients, the majority was linked to exposure at a skilled nursing facility. 10 One large, retrospective case series of 1591 COVID-19-positive cases who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in the Lombardy Region of Italy showed similar presentation and patient outcomes. Coronavirus disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: An analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China doi = 10.1002/kjm2.12239 id = cord-320022-e3ti4doi author = Lee, Jin title = Do We Really Need to Isolate All Children with COVID-19 in Healthcare Facilities? date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = While such methods are being enforced for strict infection control at the national level in response to COVID-19, most countries-including the United States and many in Europeallow people who are asymptomatic or those with mild symptoms be placed under selfisolation for at-home treatment ( Table 1) . With respect to the recently updated Korean isolation release criteria, 4,5 asymptomatic cases can be released from isolation if they 1) develop no clinical symptoms for 10 days after being confirmed, OR 2) receive two consecutive negative PCR test results taken at least 24 hours 2/4 https://jkms.org https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e277 For symptomatic patients: 10 days after symptom onset, plus at least 3 days without symptoms (without fever and respiratory symptoms). The decision of location should be made on a case-bycase basis and will depend on the clinical presentation, requirement for supportive care, potential risk factors for severe disease, and conditions at home, including the presence of vulnerable persons in the household. doi = 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e277 id = cord-275264-bdtet83d author = Lee, Jong-Koo title = We Cannot Go Back to the Old World, Before Global Pandemic Declaration of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Developing New Normal Practices in Society date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = COVID-19 spread to Korea within 2 weeks, and during the quarantine process on January 20 th , the first patient was identified. In the public health weekly report, over 90% of patients with COVID-19 did not need intubation with oxygen, and the spread between families was about 6 times higher than the spread among non-family members [1] . Therefore, whether or not China''s Wuhan fish market is the main area is still controversial, but is believed to be spread However, currently there''s no silver bullet and there may never be one, so for now, stopping COVID-19 outbreaks comes down to the basics of public health and disease control [4] . In many countries, essential services have been damaged due to paralysis of transportation facilities, closure of medical institutions, and a reduction in the number of individuals using these facilities due to COVID-19 lockdown. doi = 10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.4.01 id = cord-273477-ifhgbm2e author = Lee, Joon Kee title = Wearing face masks regardless of symptoms is crucial for preventing the spread of COVID-19 in hospitals date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 4, 5 In addition to the use of personal protective equipment by healthcare workers (HCWs), ensuring that all visiting patients and guardians wear face masks and adhere to strict hand hygiene protocols is crucial. Here, we share our experience in preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 within a hospital through strict monitoring at the hospital entrance by ensuring that all visitors wear face masks and practice strict hand hygiene. These measures include reducing the number of unnecessary access points, checking the body temperatures of visitors using a thermal camera, and ensuring that all visitors and employees adhere to hand hygiene protocols and wear face masks, regardless of symptoms. 8 To prevent hospital spread of COVID-19, hospital entrance control, wearing of face masks, and strict hand hygiene protocols appear to be effective. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare settings Infection prevention and control recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare settings doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.202 id = cord-263664-isgcm4lj author = Lee, Justin title = Male Balding is a Major Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19. date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Male Balding is a Major Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19. Descriptive frequencies for COVID-19 results, balding patterns, age, and BMI are reported in Our study compared a large sample of hospitalized COVID-19 positive patients to a control group of hospitalized COVID-19 negative patients and thus builds upon and supports the observations of Wambier 1 and coauthors. While the exact mechanism remains unknown, severe androgenic alopecia seems to be associated with hospitalization for COVID-19. The large effect of baldness on the risk of COVID-19 suggests that the presence of severe baldness may help clinicians and public health authorities identify and protect those at greatest risk. Descriptive frequencies for COVID-19 testing results, balding patterns, age, and BMI. A preliminary observation: Male pattern hair loss among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Spain -A potential clue to the role of androgens in COVID-19 severity doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.07.062 id = cord-287742-y1j9x5ne author = Lee, Kai Wei title = Stroke and Novel Coronavirus Infection in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; stroke; study summary = Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of currently available epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data related to both stroke and COVID-19 infection. We, therefore, performed a systematic review and metaanalysis involving the epidemiological, clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, and laboratory finding related to both stroke and COVID-19 infection. The following data were extracted from every study: the last name of the first author, year of publication, country, severity status, study design, patient characteristics (ethnicity composition, gender, and mean age), comorbidities (diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, previous stroke, chronic kidney disease/end-stage renal disease, number of stroke patients per overall participants, any information relevant to strokes such as the location of stroke [arterial or venous]), types of stroke (ischemic or haemorrhagic), classification of stroke, mortality rate, and blood parameters. The aim of this current study is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis concerning the epidemiological, clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, and laboratory findings related to both stroke and COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.579070 id = cord-355603-j811a48x author = Lee, KarlaA. title = Cancer and Risk of COVID‐19 Through a General Community Survey date = 2020-08-26 keywords = cancer; covid-19 summary = Among patients with cancer, current treatment with chemotherapy or immunotherapy was associated with a 2.2‐fold increased risk of a positive test. Through a large community-based survey, we sought to determine whether incidence of infection, including milder disease with more limited symptoms, is higher in individuals with cancer, including those on chemotherapy/immunotherapy. We separately analyzed the risk associated with chemotherapy or immunotherapy for a positive COVID-19 test among individuals with cancer. We also thank the investigators of the cohort studies enrolled in the COPE Consortium; the MGH Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit Clinical Research Coordination team; Sophie Papa, Paul Nathan, and Heather Shaw for development of cancer-related questions; the staff of Zoe Global Ltd for providing technical support for the app; and Stand Up to Cancer for their assistance in media and social media outreach. doi = 10.1634/theoncologist.2020-0572 id = cord-301628-m4zfib3f author = Lee, Kwan Yong title = Consensus statement on coronary intervention during the coronavirus disease 19 pandemic: from the Korean Society of Interventional Cardiology date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; Cath; Lab summary = For example, in the case of emergency diseases such as ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), efforts to reduce the risks to patients through rapid treatment can lead to an increase in the risk of infection of medical staff. • Disinfection procedures should be performed by staff wearing Level D PPE after the patient has left the Cath Lab. In cases of suspected patients or PUI, the disinfection methods can be modified after the screening test result is known. It is necessary to consider treatment strategies including emergency coronary interventions for patients with myocardial infarction accompanying suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection [6] [7] [8] . When an NSTEMI patient with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection must visit the Cath Lab, pre-and post-procedure isolation and tests for the virus are accomplished as for STEMI patients, as described above. doi = 10.3904/kjim.2020.290 id = cord-333183-xyuj1j57 author = Lee, Lennard Y W title = COVID-19 mortality in patients with cancer on chemotherapy or other anticancer treatments: a prospective cohort study date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = After adjusting for age, gender, and comorbidities, chemotherapy in the past 4 weeks had no significant effect on mortality from COVID-19 disease, when compared with patients with cancer who had not received recent chemotherapy (1·18 [0·81–1·72]; p=0·380). We are not able to identify evidence that cancer patients on cytotoxic chemotherapy or other anticancer treatment are at an increased risk of mortality from COVID-19 disease compared with those not on active treatment. Evidence before this study We searched PubMed for all studies related to the effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the cause of COVID-19, on patients with cancer, using the search terms "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "cancer", "treatment", "chemotherapy", "immunotherapy", "radiotherapy", "targeted therapy", "outcomes," "death", "mortality", and "risk". Therefore, we did a multivariate analysis with adjustment for age, gender, and comorbidities and found that deaths in patients with COVID-19 who have cancer who had received recent chemotherapy were still no more likely than in those who had not (table 3) . doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31173-9 id = cord-343797-kpmz5kwg author = Lee, Martin Beng‐Huat title = GOING TO WAR ON COVID19: MOBILIZING AN ACADEMIC NEPHROLOGY GROUP PRACTICE date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Here, we describe the specific measures that our division has taken in the hope that our experience in Singapore may be helpful to others METHODS: Descriptive narrative RESULTS: A compilation of operational responses to the COVID‐19 pandemic taken by a nephrology division at a Singapore university hospital CONCLUSION: Nephrology operational readiness for COVID‐19 requires a clinical mindset shift from usual standard of care to a crisis exigency model that targets best outcomes for available resources. Therefore, our doctors had a low threshold for screening for COVID-19 disease in CKD and ESKD patients admitted for fluid overload, respiratory, and non-respiratory symptoms 8 , in order to identify COVID-19 cases for immediate isolation to prevent infection within the hospital and its inpatient dialysis centre. For PD inpatients who are in isolation for suspected or confirmed COVID-19, we will preferentially do automated PD (APD) instead of continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) in order to reduce patient contact and infection risk to PD nurses, and halve the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). doi = 10.1111/nep.13753 id = cord-168579-w2lsg7go author = Lee, Minha title = Human Mobility Trends during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States date = 2020-05-04 keywords = covid-19; home; mobility summary = We aim to provide tangible evidence of the human mobility trends by comparing the day-by-day variations across the U.S. Large-scale public mobility at an aggregated level is observed by leveraging mobile device location data and the measures related to social distancing. We explore the mobility variations regarding the COVID-19 progression and government stay-at-home orders by applying the metrics that are closely related to social distancing. Then the statewide trend analysis further evaluates the public reaction stability based on one measure, the percentage of people staying home, which we believe to have a high correlation with social distancing. In order to provide an integrated perspective on public reactions related to the pandemic propagation and the non-pharmaceutical interventions, we examine the day-by-day mobility variations across the U.S. by leveraging mobile device location data and the measures related to social distancing. doi = nan id = cord-133998-yni5wnwq author = Lee, Myeong title = Human Mobility during COVID-19 in the Context of Mild Social Distancing: Implications for Technological Interventions date = 2020-06-28 keywords = COVID-19; Korea; South; Voronoi; mobility; panic summary = To understand the role of socio-political context during the COVID-19 outbreak, we study the human mobility change between December in 2019 and May in 2020 in a metropolitan city in South Korea, where social distancing was encouraged but not implemented in the form of strong travel restrictions or stay-at-home orders. From a scientific point of view, the context of mild social distancing in South Korea provides opportunities to understand: (1) how human mobility manifests based on people''s prevention behaviors and perceptions, rather than by the government''s policies and administrative enforcement, (2) how social determinants of health outcomes such as demographic and socio-economic features shape people''s mobility, (3) how mobility changes when the infection rate is decreasing (i.e., during a releasing period), and (4) what the mobility changes during special occasions such as the national election look like during the pandemic. doi = nan id = cord-326851-0jxdnm1l author = Lee, Sang M. title = Lessons Learned from Battling COVID-19: The Korean Experience date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19; Daegu; Korea; MERS; pandemic; patient summary = Results: Korea''s success rests on its readiness, with the capacity for massive testing and obtaining prompt test results, effective contact tracing based on its world-leading mobile technologies, timely provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) to first responders, effective treatment of infected patients, and invoking citizens'' community and civic conscience for the shared goal of defeating the pandemic. More specifically, this study has the following objectives: (1) To analyze Korean experiences with cases where healthcare facilities failed to prevent previous infectious diseases from spreading, and how these failures served the government in devising effective approaches to encounter the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) To dissect cases that showed innovative and successful response measures to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, and (3) To elaborate on suggestions for crisis management based on the lessons learned from these COVID-19 response cases in Korea. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17207548 id = cord-290590-cmmkfokm author = Lee, Se Yoon title = Estimation of COVID-19 spread curves integrating global data and borrowing information date = 2020-04-29 keywords = April; COVID-19; Gompertz summary = Scientists are working on estimating or predicting infection trajectory for the COVID-19 confirmed cases, which will be useful for future planning and policymaking to effectively cope with the disease. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian hierarchical model that integrates global data to estimate COVID-19 infection trajectories. The novelties of our method are as follows: we (i) use a flexible hierarchical growth curve model to global COVID-19 data, (ii) integrate information from multiple countries for estimation and prediction purposes, (iii) adjust for country-specific covariates, and (iv) perform covariate selection to identify the important reasons to explain the differences among the country-wise infection trajectories. In this context, each of the curve parameters can be interpreted as follows: θ 1 is the maximum cumulative number of infected cases across the times; θ 2 is the growth rate of the trajectory at the inflection time point; doi = 10.1101/2020.04.23.20077065 id = cord-264651-cqxmpxyq author = Lee, Shawna J. title = Parenting Activities and the Transition to Home-based Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; U.S.; child; home; parent summary = During previous global health crises, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and influenza A (H1N1), research documented issues related to school closures such as conflicts between parental work responsibilities and child care needs, lack of effective communication between parents and schools, and a lack of inclusive procedures to provide students access to needed resources and services (Boon et al., 2011; Braunack-Mayer et al., 2013; O''Sullivan et al., 2009 ). To the best of our knowledge, to date there are no national estimates of how many parents were able to use online resources to provide at-home education for their children during the time period examined in the current study (April 2020). We present qualitative analyses using thematic content coding to examine parents'' responses to open-ended questions about common daily disruptions, the use of technology for children''s education, parents'' perceived changes in child behavior, and parents'' perceptions of what children need during the pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105585 id = cord-338024-8kq5nzv5 author = Lee, Sokbae title = Sparse HP filter: Finding kinks in the COVID-19 contact rate() date = 2020-09-26 keywords = covid-19 summary = In this paper, we estimate the time-varying COVID-19 contact rate of a Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model. To estimate a SIR-type model, Fernández-Villaverde and Jones (2020) allowed for a time-varying contact rate to reflect behavioral and policy-induced changes associated with social distancing. To extract the time-varying signal from the noisy measurements, we consider nonparametric trend filters that produce possibly multiple kinks in β t where the kinks are induced by government policies and changes in individual behavior. To document and monitor outbreaks of COVID-19, we propose to use piecewise constant contact growth rates using the piecewise linear trend estimates from the sparse HP filter. Table 1 reports the time-varying contact growth rates in the five countries that we investigate, using the sparse HP trend estimates. We have developed a novel method to estimate the time-varying COVID-19 contact rate using data on actively infected, recovered and deceased cases. doi = 10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.08.008 id = cord-297965-3bdv6ady author = Lee, Sun Young title = Operation and Management of Seoul Metropolitan City Community Treatment Center for Mild Condition COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19; CTC; Seoul summary = BACKGROUND: In response to the disaster of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG) established a patient facility for mild condition patients other than hospital. CONCLUSION: In the time of an infectious disease disaster, a metropolitan city can operate a temporary patient facility such as CTC to make a surge capacity and appropriately allocate scarce medical resource. To respond the shortage of medical resource due to COVID-19 outbreak, the Korean government introduced a temporary patient facility called community treatment centers (CTCs). To prepare and respond second wave of COVID-19 epidemic and future emerging infectious disease disaster, analysis of operation of actual CTC and information of patient triage in the community is needed. 1,34 In a metropolitan city with a population of 10 million, through operating the two-stage surge capacity consisting of dedicated COVID-19 hospitals and CTCs, allocating scarce hospital resources to critically ill patients was possible. doi = 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e367 id = cord-286525-0354438s author = Lee, Todd C. title = Tocilizumab versus the covid19 tempest: all’s well that ends well or much ado about nothing? date = 2020-09-29 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = One of the unexpected findings from this study was an observed lack of benefit from steroids in contrast to the RECOVERY randomized controlled trial results [4] or a recent meta-analysis of steroid trials in critically ill patients. The phase III COVACTA trial (NCT04317092) found tocilizumab did not reduce mortality in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia [11] . Similarly a large trial of sarilumab (NCT04315298) in severe and critical COVID-19 was stopped by the data safety monitoring board due to lack of benefit and a potential signal for harm in non-ventilated patients [12] and a second international trial (NCT04327388) also failed to meet its primary or key secondary outcomes [13] . Reconciling their results with those from randomized control trials raises important questions about the causal effect of the hyperinflammatory response and its role in the development of severe COVID-19. Sanofi provides update on Kevzara® (sarilumab) Phase 3 trial in severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients outside the doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.033 id = cord-344572-90gqyn1q author = Lee, Whanhee title = COVID-19 in South Korea: epidemiological and spatiotemporal patterns of the spread and the role of aggressive diagnostic tests in the early phase date = 2020-08-04 keywords = April; COVID-19; Korea summary = This study reports how COVID-19 has spread in South Korea and examines the effects of rapid widespread diagnostic testing on the spread of the disease in the early epidemic phase. In addition, as of 13 April, the case fatality rate of COVID-19 in Korea was 2.1%, suggesting a positive effect of the targeted treatment policy for severe patients and medical resources. Several international media outlets and governments have highlighted the ''aggressive testing'' strategy that Korea implemented in the early stage of the epidemic and its consequences, leading to a drastic reduction in the spread and the lower fatality rate of COVID-19. In conclusion, our study describes the epidemiological spread patterns of COVID-19 in Korea and suggests the effectiveness of intervention policies based on aggressive Table 3 Associations between medical indicators and fatality rate with the total cases at region level. doi = 10.1093/ije/dyaa119 id = cord-349646-imv0sc9y author = Lee, Yonghyun title = Prevalence and Duration of Acute Loss of Smell or Taste in COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; ageusia summary = Initially, acute loss of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia) was not considered important symptoms for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To determine the prevalence of these symptoms and to evaluate their diagnostic significance, we (approximately 150 physicians of the Daegu Medical Association) prospectively collected data of cases of anosmia and ageusia from March 8, 2020, via telephone interview among 3,191 patients in Daegu, Korea. Acute anosmia or ageusia was observed in 15.3% (488/3,191) patients in the early stage of COVID-19 and in 15.7% (367/2,342) patients with asymptomatic-to-mild disease severity. Anosmia and ageusia seem to be part of important symptoms and clues for the diagnosis of COVID-19, particularly in the early stage of the disease. From March 8, 2020, DMA physicians prospectively questioned patients newly diagnosed with COVID-19 who were awaiting hospitalization or facility isolation regarding the presence of anosmia or ageusia; they also provided counseling on a daily basis for these symptoms until admission to hospitals or therapeutic living centers. doi = 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e174 id = cord-270922-7z0n78ja author = Lee, You Hyun title = Characteristics of Ocular Manifestations of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Daegu Province, Korea date = 2020-09-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = No significant differences were determined in terms of positivity of ocular symptoms between the first-episode group (12 patients, 16.9%) and the relapsed group (10 patients, 31.3%, P > 0.05). 6 also reported conjunctivitis as an ocular finding in COVID-19 patients, demonstrating a positive correlation with higher white blood cell and neutrophil counts and higher levels of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase in Hubei, China. Blood test results indicated significantly higher values of procalcitonin, neutrophil count, monocyte count, C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase in the first-episode group compared to the relapsed group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the positivity of ocular symptoms between the first-episode group (12 patients, 16 .9%) and relapsed group (10 patients, 31.3%, P = 0.18). Other factors such as age; total duration of hospitalization; gender; presence of pneumonia, diabetes, or hypertension; and other blood test results showed no significant difference between the ocular symptom-positive and -negative groups (P > 0.05). doi = 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e322 id = cord-308123-eu0azqfu author = Lee, Yun Young title = Long-acting nanoparticulate DNase-1 for effective suppression of SARS-CoV-2-mediated neutrophil activities and cytokine storm date = 2020-10-23 keywords = COVID-19; DNase-1; Fig; SARS summary = title: Long-acting nanoparticulate DNase-1 for effective suppression of SARS-CoV-2-mediated neutrophil activities and cytokine storm Our findings suggest that exogenously administered long-acting nanoparticulate DNase-1 can effectively reduce cfDNA levels and neutrophil activities and may be used as a potential therapeutic intervention for life-threatening SARS-CoV-2-mediated illnesses. We showed that an intravenous administration of DNase-1-coated polydopamine-poly (ethylene glycol) nanoparticulates, named long-acting DNase-1 (Scheme 1), effectively inhibited NETosis factors in blood samples of patients with COVID-19 and also improve survival in a sepsis model. We also observed markedly reduced NET levels, MPO activity, and NE levels in neutrophils of COVID-19 patients with sepsis upon treatment of the DNase-1 formulations (Fig. 4C-E) . patients with sepsis, the long-acting DNase-1 significantly reduced cfDNA levels and increased the activity of the DNase-1 ( Fig. S6A and B) . (C) NET ratio of SARS-CoV-2 Sepsis patient PBMCs was suppressed after free DNase-1 or long-acting DNase-1 treatment. doi = 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120389 id = cord-286932-2gjnpqqa author = Lee, Yung title = Impact of hospital lockdown secondary to COVID-19 and past pandemics on surgical practice: A living rapid systematic review date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COVID-19; HCW; study summary = title: Impact of hospital lockdown secondary to COVID-19 and past pandemics on surgical practice: A living rapid systematic review We included studies that assessed postoperative patient outcomes or protection measures for surgical personnel during epidemics. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights postoperative patient outcomes during worldwide epidemics including the COVID-19 pandemic and identifies specific safety measures to minimize infection of healthcare workers. Studies reporting outcomes of patients undergoing surgery during an epidemic-caused hospital lockdown and studies investigating the impact of lockdown on surgical HCW and surgical practice were included. 23,29,35 Fourteen studies described modifying the roles of HCW during epidemics, including formation of an "Emergency Incident Command Team" to identify and separate infected patients from other patients, allowing only essential personnel to be present during procedures, and assigning staff to conduct patient screening full-time. 21 No infections or adverse outcomes were reported for HCW during the SARS epidemics (0/128) from the included studies. doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.11.019 id = cord-318542-785hnh19 author = Leeson, Cale E. title = Systematic Review: Safety of Intravesical Therapy for Bladder Cancer in the Era of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-18 keywords = BCG; COVID-19 summary = In this review, we aim to summarize what is known about the immunologic mechanisms of COVID-19, the current recommendations, mechanisms of action and adverse effects of intravesical BCG in bladder cancer and determine if This article is part of the Topical Collection on Covid-19 * Ahmed Kotb drahmedfali@gmail.com intravesical BCG is safe in patients that are suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19. We reviewed relevant articles focusing on the mechanism of action of intravesical BCG and chemotherapy, including systemic outcomes and side effects from intravesical treatment, and its safety and efficacy in immunocompromised patients or those with acute immunological disorders. Search terms included "SARS-CoV-2" or "COVID-19" combined with "immune response", "intravesical BCG" combined with "bladder cancer", "urothelial carcinoma", "adverse events", "side effects", "mechanism of action", "immunocompromised" and "immunological disease". With knowledge of the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and the risk for severe complications such as ARDS, it is necessary to review the side effects of intravesical treatment in an attempt to determine its safety in COVID-19 and immunocompromised patients. doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00461-3 id = cord-292396-8w06oc5i author = Leger, Thomas title = Low-dose chest CT for diagnosing and assessing the extent of lung involvement of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia using a semi quantitative score date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; LDCT summary = OBJECTIVES: The purpose is to assess the ability of low-dose CT (LDCT) to determine lung involvement in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and to describe a COVID19-LDCT severity score. The objective is to evaluate the ability of (LDCT) to analyze well-known imaging abnormalities as well as to establish a COVID19-LDCT score reflecting disease severity and correlate it with clinical risk scores to allow better selection and follow-up of patients. For each patient, the following clinical parameters were recorded: age, sex, date of first symptoms, date of chest CT scan, delay between the first symptom and chest CT scan, fever, cough, dyspnea, diarrhea, myalgia, rhinorrhea, abnormalities at lung auscultation, temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and oxygen needed. The main findings of the presented work are that 1) LDCT scans can depict the typical features of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with limited irradiation; and 2) the COVID19-LDCT score is correlated with the NEWS used routinely to assess disease severity and patient prognosis. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241407 id = cord-276316-7ot9ds34 author = Lei, Chunliang title = Factors associated with clinical outcomes in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Guangzhou, China date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in respiratory tract, blood samples and digestive tract was detected and lymphocyte subsets were tested periodically. 270 patients were detected for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in anal swabs and/or blood samples, and the overall positive rate was 23.0 % (62/270), higher in severe/critical cases than in mild/moderate cases (52.0 % vs. Detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA in anal swabs and/or blood samples, as well as higher CD4/CD8 ratio were independent risk factors of respiratory failure and ICU admission. A total of 270 patients were detected for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in anal swabs J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 8 / 25 and/or blood samples, and the overall positive rate was 23.0% (62/270), higher in severe/critical cases than in mild/moderate cases (52.0% vs. doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104661 id = cord-348024-n8wn4och author = Lei, Fang title = Longitudinal association between markers of liver injury and mortality in COVID‐19 in China date = 2020-05-02 keywords = AST; COVID-19; liver summary = To reveal the hepatic injury related to this disease and its clinical significance, we conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study that included 5,771 adult patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia in Hubei Province. The ordinal regression analysis revealed the effects of age, sex, and coexisting disease-adjusted baseline characteristics and hospital medication on peak ALT, AST, ALP, and TBIL levels in COVID-19 patients from the longitudinal cohort (Tables 3) . Use of antifungal drugs, lymphocyte count decrease, chronic liver disease, systemic corticosteroids use, and male gender were the leading factors positively associated with elevated AST levels. Neutrophil count increase, lymphocyte count decrease, and male gender were common factors positively associated with elevated ALT, AST, ALP, and TBIL levels during hospitalization (Table 3) . The major finding is that elevation of AST level was more frequent and significant than the increase of ALT in severe patients on hospital admission, and AST levels had the highest correlation with mortality compared to other indicators reflecting liver injury. doi = 10.1002/hep.31301 id = cord-304766-h9kuytuf author = Lei, Hao title = Non-pharmaceutical interventions used to control COVID-19 reduced seasonal influenza transmission in China date = 2020-09-08 keywords = China; covid-19 summary = To suppress the COVID-19 pandemic, from January 23-25, 2020, 30 provinces began a 1-level response and implemented a set of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), including not only the classical isolation of the confirmed/suspected cases and quarantine of their close contacts in special facilities, but also unprecedented measures like strict community containments with social distancing, such as the Wuhan city travel ban to prevent the exportation of cases from Wuhan and other priority areas of Hubei Province, extension of the Spring Festival holiday, suspension of traffic and transportation, closure of school and entertainment venues, banning of mass gathering activities, compulsory community use of facemasks in public areas, and information about the epidemic and prevention measures widely disseminated, public risk communications and health education strengthened, new hospital built to ensure that all cases could be treated [2] . doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiaa570 id = cord-335815-51ih0b2y author = Lei, Lei title = Comparison of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Anxiety and Depression Among People Affected by versus People Unaffected by Quarantine During the COVID-19 Epidemic in Southwestern China date = 2020-04-26 keywords = China; Province; covid-19 summary = This study aimed to assess and compare the prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among people affected by quarantine and those unaffected during the COVID-19 outbreak in southwestern China in early Feb. 2020. In general, the high levels of anxiety and depression were associated with severe economic loss and low self-perceived health condition, and people living in Chongqing had higher SAS and SDS sum scores than those living in Yunnan Province. This study aimed to assess and compare the prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among the public affected by quarantine and unaffected during the COVID-19 outbreak in southwestern China in early Feb. 2020. This study aimed to assess and compare the prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among the public affected by quarantine and unaffected during the COVID-19 outbreak in southwestern China in early Feb. 2020. doi = 10.12659/msm.924609 id = cord-010540-0zkc5w74 author = Lei, Pinggui title = Multiple parameters required for diagnosis of COVID-19 in clinical practice date = 2020-03-19 keywords = covid-19 summary = We read with interest the recent papers in this Journal by Hao who described clinical features of atypical 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia with an initially negative RT-PCR assay. 3-6 Therefore, even though chest CT plays a key role in detection or diagnosis of COVID-19 infection, however, chest CT examination and RT-PCR results should be mutual verification for precise diagnosis in the patient suspected COVID-19 infection. In conclusion, even though chest CT has played a key role in detection or diagnosis of COVID-19 infection with some typical CT features while the initial RT-PCR result is negative. However, not all the cases had the initial abnormality chest CT results or positive RT-PCR in the patients with COVID-19 infection. Consequently, RT-PCR results, chest CT features, clinical manifestation, laboratory results, and exposure history should be made a comprehensive analysis to diagnose COVID-19 infection for the clinical decisions beyond clinical and radiological features. Clinical features of atypical 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia with an initially negative RT-PCR assay doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.016 id = cord-282499-baia5prj author = Lei, Pinggui title = The evolution of CT characteristics in the patients with COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-03-19 keywords = covid-19 summary = Actually, the CT features are various at different stages in the patients with COVID-19 infection. Recently, the studies demonstrated that the CT findings were typical signs for diagnosis at different stages of COVID-19 pneumonia. 3 , 4 Particularly, ground glass opacities (GGO) and consolidation were the principal manifestation in the CT images (CT scans before onset of symptoms or CT scans done ≤ 1 week after symptom onset), and GGO was decreased with increasing the stages of COVID-19 pneumonia. 4 Therefore, knowing the corresponding CT feature of COVID-19 pneumonia at different stages, which could be helpful to precisely diagnose and understand CT characteristics of the novel coronavirus pneumonia beyond the radiological findings itself. Clinical and computed tomographic imaging features of novel coronavirus pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 Clinical characteristics and imaging manifestations of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19):a multi-center study in Wenzhou city Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.014 id = cord-289476-8wh3hn0n author = Leiker, Brenna title = COVID - 19 BRIEF INTRODUCTION IN MENTAL HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE WORKERS AND PATIENTS date = 2020-07-28 keywords = CDC; COVID-19; SARS summary = This document describes five categories of people for SARS-CoV-2 testing with viral tests (i.e., nucleic acid or antigen tests) [the following are hot links to CDC resources]:  Testing individuals with signs or symptoms consistent with COVID-19  Testing asymptomatic individuals with recent known or suspected exposure to SARS-CoV-2 to control transmission  Testing asymptomatic individuals without known or suspected exposure to SARS-CoV-2 for early identification in special settings  Testing to determine resolution of infection (i.e., test-based strategy for Discontinuation of Transmission-based Precautions, HCP Return to Work, and Discontinuation of Home Isolation)  Public health surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Generally, viral testing for SARS-CoV-2 is considered to be diagnostic when conducted among individuals with symptoms consistent with COVID-19 or among asymptomatic individuals with known or suspected recent exposure to SARS-CoV-2 to control transmission, or to determine resolution of infection. Testing is considered to be surveillance when conducted among asymptomatic individuals without known or suspected exposure to SARS-CoV-2 for early identification, or to detect transmission hot spots or characterize disease trends. doi = 10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.101059 id = cord-331533-0toegbv8 author = Leiker, Brenna title = COVID – 19 CASE STUDY IN EMERGENCY MEDICINE PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE; FROM PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT TO DELIVERGY OF CARE date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID; COVID-19; Illinois; March; NorthShore; PPE; patient summary = The approach to the coronavirus pandemic in the emergency department focused on identification and isolation of infected individuals, adequate protection of staff, reporting of positive cases to the health department, effective treatment, and education of patients and families. APP''s in the ICU have been critical in helping fill the gaps where additional staff where needed to care for COVID patients, make calls to update family members, and provide input for treatment protocols We, the authors of this article, work as APP''s within the NorthShore emergency department. 1,865 Illinois residents have tested positive for the virus, and 26 have died as of Thursday (03/26) at 2:30 p.m., according to the state''s Coronavirus (COVID-19) Response webpage." (Herscowitz, 2020) Despite the virus''s rapid spread, NorthShore and IDPH worked to match the testing protocol with the demand within the community. doi = 10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.101060 id = cord-307502-vuju89lc author = Leipe, J. title = SARS-CoV-2 & Rheuma: Konsequenzen der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie für Patienten mit entzündlich rheumatischen Erkrankungen. Ein Vergleich der Handlungsempfehlungen rheumatologischer Fachgesellschaften und Risikobewertung verschiedener antirheumatischer Therapien date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; Patienten; SARS; update summary = V. (DGRh) bereits zu Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie im März 2020 erste Handlungsempfehlungen zum Management von Patienten mit entzündlich rheumatischen Erkrankungen (ERE) unter dem Aspekt der SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19-Bedrohung herausgegeben hat [13] , wurden diese im Juli 2020 durch ein Update aktualisiert und erweitert (im Folgenden DGRh-Update) [14] . Bezüglich der Risikoeinschätzung für schwere COVID-19-Verläufe wurde in den Empfehlungen der DGRh, EULAR und ACR postuliert, dass Patienten mit ERE kein grundsätzlich erhöhtes Risiko einer Infektion mit SARS-CoV-2 oder eines schweren Verlaufes für COVID-19 aufweisen. a. basierend auf teilweise kurz davor publizierten Daten, davon aus, dass auch die medikamentöse antirheumatische Therapie kein Risiko für einen schweren Verlauf von COVID-19 bei Patienten mit ERE darstellt, mit Ausnahme von Glukokortikoiden in einer Dosierung von 10 mg Prednisolonäquivalent/Tag und mehr [4] . Im DGRh-Update wurde, basierend auf aktuell publizierten Daten zu SARS-CoV-2 und Erkenntnissen aus früheren Studien zum allgemeinen Infektionsrisiko, von einem erhöhten Risiko für einen schweren COVID-19-Verlauf bei unzureichend eingestellten ERE ausgegangen [3] . doi = 10.1007/s00393-020-00878-0 id = cord-355208-hpldjsc5 author = Leisman, Daniel E. title = Facing COVID-19 in the ICU: vascular dysfunction, thrombosis, and dysregulated inflammation date = 2020-04-28 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19 summary = The reported inflammatory response in COVID-19 is also not consistent with either typical ARDS or cytokine-release syndromes (CRS) or "cytokine storm. Reports of increased respiratory dead space suggest lung-vascular thrombosis from thrombotic microangiopathy or pulmonary embolism. Reported findings indicate that immunosuppression, endothelial activation, and direct viral-mediated tissue damage, rather than hyperinflammatory injury, mediate COVID-induced organ dysfunction. Viral injury, disordered cytokine release, and damage-associated Fig. 1 (1) The SARS-CoV-2 virus infects an endothelial cell by binding to ACE-2. Cellular infection initiates localized inflammation, endothelial activation, tissue damage, and disordered cytokine release. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; AngI, angiotensin-I; AngII, angiotensin-II; Ang (1-7), angiotensin (1-7); DAMPs, damage-associated molecular pattern molecules molecular patterns (DAMPs) induce localized microvascular inflammation, which triggers endothelial activation, leading to vasodilation and pro-thrombotic conditions. Among the known effects of AngII are vasoconstriction, endothelial activation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. COVID-induced respiratory failure involves physiologic, clinical, and immunologic phenotypes that are not consistent with either ARDS or cytokine-release syndromes. doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-06059-6 id = cord-268306-wreifhzl author = Leitao, Darren Jonathan title = Pediatric rigid bronchoscopy and foreign body removal during the COVID-19 pandemic: case report date = 2020-09-14 keywords = Flyte; N95; covid-19 summary = These protocols have introduced and incorporated unique surgical draping over the patient to trap aerosols during bronchoscopy, minimized equipment and personnel in operating environments, and outlined the PPE requirements for staff. This paper will highlight our experience of a case of bronchoscopy for foreign body removal under emergent conditions, and our operating room processes developed to manage these cases during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, our team felt that enhanced PPE for staff was superior to additional environmental controls, and that our standard anesthetic and surgical technique would allow for the fastest procedure with the least exposure time for HCWs. As new techniques evolve and with more opportunities to practice in simulation, the use of additional draping techniques may allow for preservation of critical PPE while still maintaining safety for operating room personnel. Airway emergency simulation exercises are an invaluable resource to identify critical areas for improvement, especially when considering the dramatic changes to the operating room environment and surgical techniques during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1186/s40463-020-00464-z id = cord-278418-i8cbrs7y author = Leitner, Stephan title = On the dynamics emerging from pandemics and infodemics date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = This position paper discusses emerging behavioral, social, and economic dynamics related to the COVID-19 pandemic and puts particular emphasis on two emerging issues: First, delayed effects (or second strikes) of pandemics caused by dread risk effects are discussed whereby two factors which might influence the existence of such effects are identified, namely the accessibility of (mis-)information and the effects of policy decisions on adaptive behavior. As events such as the COVID-19 pandemic unfolds complex behavioral patterns which are hard to predict, sophisticated models which account for behavioral, social, and economic dynamics are required to assess the effectivity and efficiency of decision-making. Besides direct effects on behavior there might be indirect and delayed effects of an infodemic, as the spread of mis-information might increase the perception of the COVID-19 pandemic as a dread risk (Zarocostas 2020). doi = 10.1007/s11299-020-00256-y id = cord-329498-nr9k7hf2 author = Lemke, Michael Kenneth title = Syndemic frameworks to understand the effects of COVID-19 on commercial driver stress, health, and safety date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; health summary = To gain a complete understanding of how the COVID-19 pandemic 5 will affect commercial driver stress, health, and safety over time, and to mitigate these impacts, 6 research and prevention efforts must be grounded in theoretical perspectives that contextualize 7 these impacts within the chronic stressors already endemic to profession, the historical and 8 ongoing forces that have induced them, and the potentially reinforcing nature of the resulting 9 afflictions. To gain a complete understanding of how the COVID-19 pandemic 5 will affect commercial driver stress, health, and safety over time, and to mitigate these impacts, 6 research and prevention efforts must be grounded in theoretical perspectives that contextualize 7 these impacts within the chronic stressors already endemic to profession, the historical and 8 ongoing forces that have induced them, and the potentially reinforcing nature of the resulting 9 afflictions. doi = 10.1016/j.jth.2020.100877 id = cord-294118-tm2kesum author = Lemos, Daniele Rocha Queiros title = Health system collapse 45 days after the detection of COVID-19 in Ceará, Northeast Brazil: a preliminary analysis date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; Ceará; case summary = This study aim to describe the epidemiological course of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 and their impact on hospital bed occupancy rates in the first 45 days of the epidemic in the state of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: The first 45 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in Ceará revealed a large number of cases and deaths, spreading initially among the population with a high socioeconomic status. In Brazil, the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed on February 26, 2020, and the first death on March 17, both in the state of São Paulo 7 . We describe the epidemiological scenario of cases and deaths from COVID-19 and their impact on hospital bed occupancy rate in the first 45 days (February 17 to April 27, 2020) of the epidemic in Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. The study used an ecological design to compare confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths to bed occupancy rates in Ceará. doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0354-2020 id = cord-336771-5hh1l1dt author = Lemos, George Azevedo title = Human anatomy education and management of anatomic specimens during and after COVID-19 pandemic: Ethical, legal and biosafety aspects date = 2020-10-03 keywords = Brasil; COVID-19; anatomic summary = They possess and use a series of didactic-pedagogical resources such as synthetic models, computers and software with digital atlases, and cadaverous pieces, allowing the study of systemic and/or topographic anatomy Finally, legislation on the right to personality and its implications related to the exposure of images and videos of the dead human body during remote virtual classes, a common alternative in this COVID-19 pandemic, is discussed. We reiterate that, in cases of need for practical online classes, with the exhibition of images or videos of anatomic specimens, some measures must be adopted, aiming at the preservation of human dignity, as follows: a) Use of secure digital platforms with restricted access only to students and professors of the course; b) Authorization/consent from the anatomy sector/department, and from family members in cases of donated bodies; c) Awareness of students about the legislation related to the protection of the corpse and; d) Adoption of an ethical stance of respect for the corpse, regardless of its origin and condition. doi = 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151608 id = cord-329088-tcqp8qd2 author = Leng, C title = From chaos to a new norm: The Birmingham experience of restructuring the largest plastics department in the UK in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. date = 2020-09-20 keywords = COVID-19; ITU; plastic summary = Factors considered included: rota and shift pattern changes to implement depth and resilience to sudden fluctuations in staffing levels; a preparatory phase for focussed upskilling and relevant training packages to be delivered; managing the COVID-19 ward cover and ITU deployment; adjustments to our front of house and elective specialty specific service, including developing alternative and streamlined patient pathways; mitigating the effects on plastic surgical training during the pandemic; the importance of communications for patient care and physician wellbeing; and leadership techniques and styles we considered important. Factors considered included: rota and shift pattern changes to implement depth and resilience to sudden fluctuations in staffing levels; a preparatory phase for focussed upskilling and relevant training packages to be delivered; managing the COVID-19 ward cover and ITU deployment; adjustments to our front of house and elective specialty specific service, including developing alternative and streamlined patient pathways; mitigating the effects on plastic surgical training during the pandemic; the importance of communications for patient care and physician wellbeing; doi = 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.08.127 id = cord-213974-rtltf11w author = Lensink, Keegan title = Segmentation of Pulmonary Opacification in Chest CT Scans of COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; model; segmentation summary = In this work we provide open source models for the segmentation of patterns of pulmonary opacification on chest Computed Tomography (CT) scans which have been correlated with various stages and severities of infection. We have collected 663 chest CT scans of COVID-19 patients from healthcare centers around the world, and created pixel wise segmentation labels for nearly 25,000 slices that segment 6 different patterns of pulmonary opacification. Given the challenges mentioned above, the goal of this work is to provide open source models for the segmentation of patterns of pulmonary opacification, which have been correlated with various stages and severity of COVID-19 pneumonia. 1. We have collected 663 chest CT scans of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia from healthcare centers around the world, and created pixel wise segmentation labels for nearly 25,000 slices that segment 6 different forms of pulmonary opacification that have been correlated with stages and severity of COVID-19. doi = nan id = cord-342241-76mtn1m7 author = Lenti, Marco Vincenzo title = Carving out a place for internal medicine during COVID‐19 epidemic in Italy date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; Italy summary = Internal medicine has been immediately involved in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in Italy, which started in late February 2020. The first few COVID-19 cases were suspected and diagnosed in internal medicine wards, including, among others, a young adult male from Codogno (referred to as "patient 1"), who was later transferred to the Intensive Care Unit of our hospital. Internal medicine was also called to the front line and has proactively responded with great flexibility to the growing number of cases, transforming its divisions into departments dedicated to the care of COVID-19. At our hospital, two entire Internal Medicine Units, in a few days, were transformed into ''COVID'' wards. In summary, internal medicine has responded promptly to COVID-19 Italian epidemic, due to its holistic attitudethe sick patient as an individual, rather than the disease, is the object of the studyand its methodological approach [5] . doi = 10.1111/joim.13079 id = cord-344175-e2m9o8c2 author = Lentini, Giovanni title = COVID-19, Chloroquine Repurposing, and Cardiac Safety Concern: Chirality Might Help date = 2020-04-16 keywords = COVID-19; chloroquine summary = Besides the ethical concern related to accelerated large-scale clinical trials of drugs with unproven efficacy, the known potential detrimental cardiac effects of these drugs should also be considered. One of the options under investigation is the old antimalarial drug, chloroquine-a synthetic succedaneum of cinchona alkaloids [7] (Figure 1 )-which gave promising results in a Chinese clinical trial, where it was superior to the positive control treatment in more than 100 patients [8] . Besides the ethical concern related to accelerated large-scale clinical trials of drugs with unproven efficacy [11, 12] , the known potential detrimental cardiac effects of chloroquine should also be taken into account [13] . Thus, once again, 3D requirements might cause stereoselectivity of blocks and one of the chloroquine enantiomers might display weaker Besides the ethical concern related to accelerated large-scale clinical trials of drugs with unproven efficacy [11, 12] , the known potential detrimental cardiac effects of chloroquine should also be taken into account [13] . doi = 10.3390/molecules25081834 id = cord-275349-b35pt3mo author = Lenz, Heinz-Josef title = The Emergence of Baricitinib: A Story of Tortoises Versus Hares date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The artificial intelligence algorithms predicted that baricitinib would inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection of cells [2] , (an effect later confirmed in human liver spheroids) [3] , combined with its better-known anti-inflammatory properties. Consequently, the combined potential antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of this dually acting drug could be ideal for halting the progression of the disease in hospitalized patients, when taken for a limited duration. This new paper in the journal extends the previous published reports of baricitinib treatment in mild-tomoderate COVID19 patients and provides further evidence that baricitinib could be a potential treatment for unwell hospitalized patients with this disease, independent of severity. One would be advised to remain vigilant of such signals reflecting thromboembolic or infection risk in randomized controlled trials testing a variety of immunomodulatory therapies in COVID-19 patients, either alone or in combination, especially in view of associations between clots and SARS-CoV-2 infection [10] . doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa940 id = cord-338928-y5l7cf31 author = Leonardi, Matilde title = Neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19: a review and a call for action date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = While the epidemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread globally, more and more evidences are collected about the presence of neurological manifestations and symptoms associated with it. The review shows that although more and more papers are reporting neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19; however, many items remain unclear and this uncertainty calls for a global action that requires close coordination and open-data sharing between hospitals, academic institutions and the fast establishment of harmonised research priorities and research consortia to face the NeuroCOVID-19 complications. Reports are emerging from China and Italy and increasingly from several countries of neurological symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2, which may be worsening clinical pictures, respiratory outcomes and mortality rates in patients with COVID-19. Observations from Italy have confirmed Chinese data noting a high number of patients with hyposmia, anosmia and varying patterns of possibly centrally mediated symptoms including respiratory manifestations. Mechanisms of host defense following severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pulmonary infection of mice doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-09896-z id = cord-279356-s3iigb0j author = Leones, Louis Mervyn B title = Caring for the carers: safeguarding oncologists’ mental health in the time of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; health summary = Taking care of patients with chronic, terminal diseases presents unique challenges to the mental health of medical oncologists. Delegated to be a national COVID-19 referral centre, the University of the Philippines—Philippine General Hospital faced many challenges, including the increased workload in a perilous and anxiety-inducing national crisis which placed the entire healthcare team in an unprecedented situation. To adapt to these challenges, the Division of Medical Oncology employed the following measures to safeguard the mental health of its faculty and fellows: 1) use of psychological support materials; 2) initiation of a psychological intervention programme and 3) establishment of peer support programmes. To adapt to the situation, the Division of Medical Oncology employed the following measures to safeguard the mental health of its faculty and trainees: Participants reported that the seriousness of the disease and the current situation coupled with the responsibility of taking care of cancer patients contributed to the anxiety felt, especially when on duty at the COVID-19 areas. doi = 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1057 id = cord-337605-s07aorzi author = Leow, Lowell title = Surgery beyond COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-04 keywords = Australia; COVID-19 summary = Past pandemics may have primed us but COVID-19 unfolded on a scale not seen in modern history with many likening it to the 1918 Spanish Flu. Fortunately, medicine has progressed since then, and the response to COVID-19 in countries like Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan has been robust. The aggressive stance adopted by Australia and New Zealand in travel bans, social distancing and active quarantine and surveillance has flattened the curve, curtailed the spread and prevented overwhelming of healthcare systems by COVID-19 patients. As countries learn to live with COVID-19, with a flattened curve and limited outbreaks that can be controlled by quarantine and case contacting, coming out of a lockdown presents equal challenge to entering one. This pandemic has forced us to catch up with the rest of the world in the adoption of technology in our daily practice. doi = 10.1111/ans.16245 id = cord-312057-4zfaqkxm author = Leppla, Idris E. title = Optimizing Medication Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder During COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = In the setting of COVID-19, opioid use disorder treatment paradigms are being disrupted, including the fact that methadone clinics are scrambling to give "take-home" doses where they would typically not. The rapid transition away from in-person examination, dosing and group therapy in an era of social isolation calls for adjustments to clinical practice, including emphasizing patient-provider communication, favoring new inductees on buprenorphine and leveraging technology to optimize safety of medication treatment. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is disrupting opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment paradigms, which have traditionally relied on in-person examination, medication dispensing, counseling sessions, and group therapy. We review and provide guidance for clinicians regarding 3 prongs of medication treatment of OUD affected by COVID-19 healthcare mandates: methadone take-homes, buprenorphine treatment, and antagonist therapy. FAQs: Provision of methadone and buprenorphine for the treatment of Opioid Use Disorder in the COVID-19 emergency doi = 10.1097/adm.0000000000000678 id = cord-325833-gn4ftbzo author = Lepre, Luca title = Acute care surgery and post‐operative COVID‐19 pneumonia: a surgical and environmental challenge date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 3, 4 A report from Iran about peri-operative impact of COVID-19 in patients undergoing elective benign surgery showed a high fatality rate. 5 Emergency departments continue to take care of patients with acute diseases, some of those requiring urgent surgery. Starting from post-operative day (POD) 3, temperature >38 was detected without any other symptom. The fever persisted and at POD 14 thoracic CT scan detected bilateral consolidations mainly at the inferior lobes, with interstitial pattern, as showed in Figure 3 , suggestive for COVID-19 infection. This report highlights the possibility of COVID-19 infection during the post-operative course of patients admitted for emergency surgical procedures. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases Thoracic computed tomography scan at post-operative day 14 showing bilateral interstitial pneumonia doi = 10.1111/ans.15962 id = cord-285681-nv1aa116 author = Lesniewski, Andrew title = Estimating population immunity without serological testing date = 2020-04-26 keywords = covid-19 summary = We propose an approximate methodology for estimating the overall level of immunity against COVID-19 in a population that has been affected by the recent epidemic. The methodology relies on the currently available mortality data and utilizes the properties of the SIR model. We illustrate the application of the method by estimating the recent levels of immunity in 10 US states with highest case numbers of COVID-19. The purpose of this brief note is to propose an approximate methodology for determining the level of immunity in a population affected by (an infectious disease such as) COVID-19. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.23.20076786 doi: medRxiv preprint of the full cycle of COVID-19 appears to be about 6 months, we believe that any choice in the range of 20 to 30 would be appropriate. Our algorithm relies on the following properties of the SIR model. Using early data to estimate the actual infection fatality ratio from COVID-19 in France doi = 10.1101/2020.04.23.20076786 id = cord-320104-cgzqwbzs author = Lester, Paula E. title = Policy Recommendations regarding Skilled Nursing Facility Management of COVID-19: Lessons From New York State date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Policy Recommendations regarding Skilled Nursing Facility Management of COVID-19: Lessons From New York State ABSTRACT To provide policy recommendations for managing COVID-19 in Skilled Nursing Facilities (SNFs), a group of certified medical directors from several facilities in New York state with experience managing the disease used email, phone, and video conferencing to develop consensus recommendations. The resulting document provides recommendations on screening, and protection of staff, screening of residents, management of COVID-19 positive and presumed positive cases, communication during an outbreak, management of admissions and readmissions, and providing emotional support for staff. The impact of this 15 pandemic has been widely recognized in hospital systems but guidelines for care for this 16 disease in the Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF) are sorely lacking. Preparing for COVID 19; long term care facilities, nursing homes doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.05.058 id = cord-298886-xidaim04 author = Leszczyński, Piotr title = COVID-19: a short message to rheumatologists date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In the treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19, there is a possibility of using a TNF alpha inhibitor (adalimumab) or IL-6 receptor inhibitors (tocilizumab, sarilumab) [6] [7] [8] , which are currently being studied in randomized clinical trials in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with signs and symptoms of rapidly progressing pneumonia. Our own experience with the combined use of chloroquine and azithromycin or ceftriaxone (n = 34) and tocilizumab (n = 1) in the treatment of severe pneumonia in the course of COVID-19 disease is very good, although it should only be considered as a series of cases (Figs. In accordance with some clinical concerns of rheumatologists, patients with rheumatic diseases treated with disease-modifying drugs (DMARDs) should have a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patient with pharmacologically treated rheumatic disease after close contact (staying at a distance of less than 2 m, for more than 15 minutes, in the last 7 days) with a person with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection without clinical symptoms of COVID-19: doi = 10.5114/reum.2020.96685 id = cord-297518-6y2uzcde author = Leulseged, T. W. title = Determinants of Developing Symptomatic Disease in Ethiopian COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-10-13 keywords = covid-19; patient; symptomatic summary = Results: The result of the multivariable binary logistic regression shows that age group (AOR= 1.818, 95% CI= 1.210, 2.731, p-value=0.004 for 30-39 years; AOR= 1.611, 95% CI= 1.016, 2.554, p-value=0.043 for 40-49 years and AOR= 4.076, 95% CI= 2.582, 6.435, p-value=0.0001 for years and above), sex (AOR= 1.672, 95% CI= 1.216, 2.299, p-value=0.002) and history of diabetes mellitus (AOR= 2.406, 95% CI= 1.384, 4.181, p-value=0.002) were found to be significant factors that determine the development of symptomatic disease in COVID-19 patients. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.09.20209734 doi: medRxiv preprint Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the determinants of having symptomatic disease among COVID-19 patients admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia. Based on the chi-square/ Fischer''s exact test result, a significant difference in the presence of symptom was found among the different age groups, sex, different COVID-19 severity, those with a history of pre-existing co-morbid illness, cardiac disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, asthma and the need of oxygen supplement. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.09.20209734 id = cord-329499-jh4pbqxu author = Leulseged, T. W. title = COVID-19 in Hospitalized Ethiopian Children: Characteristics and Outcome Profile date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19; November; child summary = Aim: To assess the characteristics and outcome profile of 115 RT-PCR confirmed children with COVID-19, and to determine the presence of significant difference in disease severity and survival distribution between groups among children admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia. Therefore, in this study we aimed to assess the characteristics and outcome profile of 115 RT-PCR confirmed children with COVID-19, and to determine the presence of significant difference in disease severity and survival distribution between groups among children admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia. Based on the chi-square/ Fischer''s exact test result, a significant difference in COVID-19 disease severity was observed among the groups classified by the presence of symptom, fever, cough, sore throat, chest pain and headache. Therefore, in this study we have assessed the characteristics and outcome profile of 90 RT-PCR confirmed children with COVID-19 who were admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia from end of June to mid September, 2020. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.30.20223115 id = cord-326023-vwukiwe4 author = Leung, Char title = Risk factors for predicting mortality in elderly patients with COVID-19: a review of clinical data in China date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Given that single-centre studies are less likely informative as elderly remains a minority in the total Chinese population, the present study reviewed the clinical data of geriatric COVID-19 patients gathered from different sources in the public domain. Given that elderly only accounted for a small proportion of the total Chinese population and that clinical studies based on a single hospital are less likely informative, the present study reviewed the clinical data of geriatric COVID-19 patients gathered from different sources reported by the media and Chinese health authorities. While the lower prevalence of fever in deceased patients was surprising, a study of 913 patients (75% of them aged 65 or above) with bacterial infection found that lower body temperature was associated with increased risk for mortality 14 . A recent study reviewing the clinical features of COVID-19 patients admitted to Hainan General Hospital found significant difference in the prevalence of fever between young and middle-aged, and elderly patients 15 . doi = 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111255 id = cord-275858-46jzw94p author = Leung, Janice M. title = COVID-19 and COPD date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COPD; COVID-19; SARS summary = Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Clinical characteristics and co-infections of 354 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Risk factors associated with clinical outcomes in 323 COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Wuhan, China Clinical course and outcome of 107 patients infected with the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, discharged from two hospitals in Wuhan Clinical characteristics of laboratory confirmed positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China: a retrospective single center analysis A preliminary study on serological assay for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 238 admitted hospital patients Epidemiological, clinical, and virological characteristics of 465 hospitalized cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Zhejiang province in China. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1183/13993003.02108-2020 id = cord-330093-asba80bi author = Leung, Janice M. title = Smoking, ACE-2 and COVID-19: ongoing controversies date = 2020-07-16 keywords = ACE-2; COVID-19; SARS summary = Both research teams are reporting increased angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) expression in airways of current smokers and those with COPD, with important implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Since ACE-2 has been shown to be the main receptor utilised by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to enter the host cells [2] , the authors conclude that nicotine is a risk factor for COVID-19. Here, we bring to the discussion whether the increased susceptibility and virulence of SARS-CoV-2 via α7-nAChR and the upregulation of small airway ACE-2 expression may also be relevant for those who vape using nicotine-based e-cigarettes. While smoking may not necessarily increase one''s risk for contracting COVID-19, the biological and inflammatory cascade that occurs upon severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may be particularly devastating for a smoker. doi = 10.1183/13993003.01759-2020 id = cord-351823-ldbscq4s author = Leung, Marco Shiu Tsun title = COVID‐19 and Oncology: Service transformation during pandemic date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; NHS; patient summary = 10 The key recommendations included, first, essential and urgent cancer services must continue, and discuss with patients about risks associated with continuing treatment, second, referrals depart from normal practice and that safety netting must be in place to allow patients to be followed up, and, third, the development of COVID-free hub for cancer surgery with a centralized triage system. Delivery of home SATs certainly has its benefits but is not without challenges, and the advent of the global pandemic has expedited these changes into clinical practice, but it will certainly require close monitoring to ensure there is no increased risks to patients'' health and wellbeing. In the specific case of the future optimization and adaptation of oncological services using lessons learned during the COVID-19 era, the previous aforementioned implementation of telemedicine is particularly relevant as many of the oncology department''s patients are immunosuppressed and vulnerable to infection, 52 and this would also extend to a COVID-19 absent setting, if at a lesser severity due to treatment and the nature of cancer as a disease. doi = 10.1002/cam4.3384 id = cord-343530-3fnfs2e5 author = Leung, T.Y. title = Gender equity and public health outcomes: The COVID-19 experience date = 2020-05-21 keywords = covid-19; health; public summary = Specifically, it introduces a conceptual model incorporating the impact of gender equity and human development on women''s representation in legislature and public health expenditure, and their combined impact with human environment (population density, aging population and urban population) on important public health outcomes in the Covid-19 context, including the total number of tests, diagnosed, active and critical cases, and deaths. The authors begin with an extensive review of the relevant literature to develop a conceptual model and specific hypotheses about the impact of gender equity and human development on women''s representation in legislature and public health expenditure, and the combined impact of public health expenditure along with human environment (population density, aging population and urban population) on important public health outcomes in the Covid-19 context, including the total number of tests, diagnosed, active and critical cases, and deaths. doi = 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.031 id = cord-281397-w7ne9mj5 author = Leverenz, David L title = Is the HScore useful in COVID-19? date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-281397-w7ne9mj5 cord_uid: w7ne9mj5 In a review of 191 patients with COVID-19 admitted to hospital, 3 the IQR of ferritin concentrations at time of admission in non-survivors was 728·9-2000·0 ng/mL, and the median ferritin did not exceed 2000·0 ng/mL until 16 days after symptom onset, when most patients had experienced acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring intubation. Other HScore criteria such as hypertriglyceridaemia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and bone marrow haemophagocytosis are not reported in most cohort studies of COVID-19. Finally, high fevers are weighted heavily in the HScore; however, temperature above 39·0°C does not distinguish between patients with moderate versus severe COVID-19. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression Development and validation of the HScore, a score for the diagnosis of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019 doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31057-6 id = cord-286520-oh95lnf9 author = Levi, Marcel title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 Coagulopathy: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Thrombotic Microangiopathy—Either, Neither, or Both date = 2020-06-08 keywords = DIC; covid-19 summary = 22 Overt intravascular hemolysis and severe thrombocytopenia, as seen in typical cases of thrombocytopenic thrombotic purpura (TTP), is not a clinical feature of COVID-19 infection. However, COVID-19 infection with associated endothelial cell perturbation may lead to decreased ADAMTS-13 levels due to consumption or proteolytic degradation, resulting in high levels of uncleaved von Willebrand factor multimers and ensuing deposit of microvascular platelet thrombi. The resulting plasmin generation may be an important factor explaining the high levels of D-dimer seen in patients with severe COVID-19 infection. Severe COVID-19 infection is associated with coagulation abnormalities that encompass elements reminiscent of both DIC and TMA (►Fig. 1). Endothelial cell perturbation in coronavirus infection also leads to release of plasminogen activators that in combination with the procoagulant response may be responsible for the (very) high D-dimer levels. Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: a meta-analysis doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1712156 id = cord-281763-8eh5j5t7 author = Levin, Amanda B. title = Transforming a PICU Into an Adult ICU During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Meeting Multiple Needs date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; PICU; adult summary = The Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH), a 1,003-bed facility with embedded 203-bed children''s center, is a National Emerging Special Pathogens Treatment Center with a dedicated biocontainment unit that quickly reached capacity with critically ill COVID-19 patients (11) . Leaders from the Departments of Medicine and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine formed a centralized multidisciplinary "launch team" to standardize physical plant changes, staffing, equipment/ supplies, and training for new converted COVID-19 ICUs. At the time of PICU conversion, JHH had increased ICU beds from 118 to 172 in both converted subspecialty ICUs and repurposed adult acute care spaces. Early in the pandemic, a subset of PICU attending physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists (RTs) were deployed to adult COVID-19 ICUs to support increased demand. After BioDome physical closure, PICU attendings, nurses, and RTs continued to support the other institutional adult COVID-19 ICUs as independent staff for an additional 7 weeks. We initially deployed staff with adult experience, but pediatric trained PICU providers quickly gained competence in adult COVID-19 and ICU care. doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000201 id = cord-323941-6rdveab3 author = Levine, Diane Thembekile title = Child safety, protection, and safeguarding in the time of COVID-19 in Great Britain: Proposing a conceptual framework date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = While the pandemic clearly poses a risk to the lives and wellbeing of vulnerable groups, necessary public health measures taken to delay or limit the spread of the virus have led to distinctive challenges for prevention, family support, court processes, placement and alternative care. The UK Government''s efforts to address child vulnerability and provide protection and support for those children and young people who fall within its narrow definition have greatly impacted the way in which social services have delivered routine practice. In contrast, the aspirational conceptual framework re-frames the flow of information in a way that enables: a) a more holistic and child-led flow of information/data across the micro and macrosystems; b) places child development and their articulation of that development in a crucial, intersectional position in the data flow; c) suggests a single data flow through the interconnected systems intended to act as protective factors for vulnerable/at risk children and young people, and; d) recognises the importance of effective digital mediation of services for those who need it most. doi = 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104668 id = cord-329253-z6okp606 author = Levine, Ross L. title = COVID-19 impact on early career investigators: a call for action date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; research summary = It is heartening to see ECIs prioritizing data analyses, grant and/or manuscript preparation and reviewing journals during their time out of the lab as an effort to maintain momentum, as they balance their career responsibilities with a daunting set of demands related to increased personal responsibilities during the pandemic 1 . Lastly, we regret the unique impact of social distancing that this pandemic is having on mentoring and networking opportunities for ECIs. Scientific meetings are COVID-19 impact on early career investigators: a call for action Here we discuss current challenges for the cancer research community as they apply to early career investigators (ECIs). Here we discuss current challenges for the cancer research community as they apply to early career investigators (ECIs). This impact is particularly felt by ECIs at institutions without robust scientific networks or career development programmes, such that it can disproportionately impact those with less institutional support and a less vibrant local research environment. doi = 10.1038/s41568-020-0279-5 id = cord-350456-lter7hy2 author = Lewis, Shantel title = Diagnostic radiographers’ experience of COVID-19, gauteng south africa date = 2020-09-18 keywords = Africa; COVID-19 summary = title: Diagnostic radiographers'' experience of COVID-19, gauteng south africa Results Sixty diagnostic radiographers representing both the private and public health sector responded to the questionnaire. Implications for practice Understanding the impact of COVID-19 on diagnostic radiographers will allow radiology departments'' management, hospital management, professional bodies and educational institutions to re-evaluate provision of resources, training, employee wellness programs as well as policies and procedures. 10 News reports indicate that the private healthcare sector may accommodate COVID-19 patients from the public health sector at an agreed price. [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] Method A qualitative approach using an open-ended online questionnaire was used to explore Gauteng''s diagnostic radiographers'' experiences of COVID-19. Radiographers shared their experience of medical imaging departments implementing stringent infection control measures that affected work flow and operations. COVID-19) caused by a Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Guidelines for case-finding, diagnosis, management and public health response in South Africa doi = 10.1016/j.radi.2020.09.009 id = cord-259448-deya8dwn author = Li, Caixia title = Differential microRNA expression in the peripheral blood from human patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-09-22 keywords = covid-19; expression; patient summary = The expression levels of various miRNAs were detected by high‐throughput sequencing, and correlation analysis was performed on the target genes that are primed by miRNAs. KEY FINDINGS: Compared with the healthy controls, 35 miRNAs were upregulated and 38 miRNAs were downregulated in the human patients with COVID‐19. 16 In this study, to better understand the miRNA expression pattern in peripheral blood collected from human COVID-19 patients and healthy donors, high-throughput sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis were employed. The differential miRNA expression found in COVID-19 patients may regulate the immune responses and viral replication during viral infection. As shown in Figure 3 , there were significant differences in the miRNA expression between the COVID-19 patients and the control group. In the present study, the differential miRNA expression in peripheral blood from COVID-19 patients and healthy donors was observed. doi = 10.1002/jcla.23590 id = cord-302173-536mjzy6 author = Li, Chaowei title = Clinical characteristics of chronic liver disease with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a cohort study in Wuhan, China date = 2020-08-28 keywords = CLD; COVID-19 summary = Furthermore, COX regression model analyses suggested that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was an independent predictor of mortality risk (P < 0.001) in the CLD group. There were no significant differences observed in demographics, initial common symptoms, laboratory findings without lymphocyte count, PLT, INR, Glu IL-6 or PCT levels, liver function and treatment when comparing the two groups (P > 0.05; Table 1 regression analyses were performed to explore risk factors for death in the CLD group. COVID-19 patients diagnosed with CLD showed a prolong LOS, slightly liver injuries and higher mortality rates compared to general COVID-19 patients. The most important finding was that the NLR was associated with mortality and severity, suggesting it as a potential indicator for poor prognosis in CLD patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection. This retrospective study revealed that COVID-19 patients diagnosed with CLD showed a longer LOS, slight liver injuries and higher mortality compared to general COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.18632/aging.103632 id = cord-307421-8ev8k9ok author = Li, Chenxi title = A 3-month-old child with COVID-19: A case report date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The population is generally susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but according to reports, children under 10 years of age only account for 0.35% of cases in China. This report describes the case of a 3-month-old child, who is the youngest patient treated for SARS-CoV-2 infection in Chengdu so far. We describe the clinical features, laboratory results, computed tomography (CT) images, and treatment in order to provide information for clinicians who manage children with SARS-CoV-2 infection. A CT image taken in a local hospital showed "nodules and patchy opacification in the middle lobe of the right lung, the lingual segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, and the lower lobes of both lungs, predominantly in subpleural area, possibly viral pneumonia." Because the patient''s mother had confirmed COVID-19, the center for disease control (CDC) arranged SARS-CoV-2 testing using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays immediately. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000020661 id = cord-338205-sy91rnse author = Li, Chenxi title = Laboratory Diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; PCR; SARS summary = With limited understanding of COVID-19, it is difficult to exclude SARS-CoV-2 infection based on a single negative PCR result, especially when testing was used for upper respiratory tract specimens. The study found that SARS-CoV-2 could be detected in all primer-probe sets applied in the qRT-PCR tests, but significant discrepancy was observed in the detection limit and the ability to identify negatives and positives with a lower viral load. Compared with the qRT-PCR kit, nested RT-PCR analysis showed higher sensitivity and specificity, indicating that it is more suitable for clinical application to detect SARS-CoV-2 in cases with low viral load. In cases where RT-PCR assays are negative and there is a strong epidemiological link to SARS-CoV-2 infection, paired serum samples (in the acute and convalescent-phase) could support diagnosis once validated serology tests are available with the initial samples collected in the first week of COVID-19 and the second collected after 2-4 weeks [28] . doi = 10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.045 id = cord-319269-20sn3yxt author = Li, Chunrong title = The Prevention and Control Experience of Maternal Health Care from Chengu, China During the COVID-19 Epidemic date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; Chengdu summary = In Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan Province, several management measures, which have been proven to be effective, are taken to prevent pregnant women from being infected with COVID-19. Thirdly, a group of experts in Obstetrics, Pediatrics and Hospital Infection Management supervise the implementation of the COVID-19 health care services for pregnant women in primary care institutes. In the global pandemic scenario, however, effective implementation of management measures is very important to prevent pregnant women from being infected by the SARS-CoV-2. Starting from 26 January 2020, the information of pregnant women (including basic information, expected delivery date, high-risk situations and medical isolation period) who have come from areas such as Hubei, Chongqing, Japan, and Korea, who have had close contact with suspected or confirmed cases, are suspected or confirmed cases, is collected and submitted promptly by the primary health care workers, so as to provide an information basis for the city to fight COVID-19. doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s261821 id = cord-261437-x2k9apav author = Li, D. title = Are Vapers More Susceptible to COVID-19 Infection? date = 2020-05-09 keywords = covid-19; death summary = Methods Using integrated data in each US state from the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), United States Census Bureau and the 1Point3Acres.com website, generalized estimating equation (GEE) models with negative binomial distribution assumption and log link functions were used to examine the association of weighted proportions of vapers with number of COVID-19 infections and deaths in the US. We will examine the association of vaping with COVID-19 infections and deaths, using the integrated state-level weighted proportions of current e-cigarette users (vapers) from the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey data, the population size and land area in 2018 in each state from United States Census Bureau, and the daily number of COVID-19 infected cases and deaths in each state from the 1Point3Acres.com website during the time period from January 21, 2020 to April 25, 2020 in the United States. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.05.20092379 id = cord-035098-zmv0ngf0 author = Li, Daqiu title = Stacked-autoencoder-based model for COVID-19 diagnosis on CT images date = 2020-11-09 keywords = Fig; covid-19 summary = & A new stacked-autoencoder-based model was proposed for COVID-19 diagnosis that can overcome the gradient disappearance and overfitting caused by deep neural network training on a small dataset to some extent. Firstly, an autoencoder is trained to obtain the input firstorder feature h1 of the original CT scan image data, as shown in Fig. 2 . Similarly, we train the convolutional network detection model on the original partitioned data sets and obtain the test results, as shown in the second row of Table 4 . From the last raw feature maps of Fig. 8 , we can see that our model can extract sample features useful for binary classification from the original CT input image after four-layer autoencoder training alone. Besides, with the release of more and more COVID-19 chest CT scan image datasets, the detection accuracy of such deep learning models as the stacked autoencoder detector will be greatly improved. doi = 10.1007/s10489-020-02002-w id = cord-341105-3uvbfp8c author = Li, Dian-Jeng title = COVID-19-Related Factors Associated with Sleep Disturbance and Suicidal Thoughts among the Taiwanese Public: A Facebook Survey date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; Facebook; Taiwan summary = Their self-reported experience of sleep disturbance and suicidal thoughts in the previous week were collected along with a number of COVID-19-related factors, including level of worry, change in social interaction and daily lives, any academic/occupational interference, levels of social and specific support, and self-reported physical health. The results demonstrated that current sleep disturbance was significantly associated with several factors, including younger age (cOR = 0.99; p = 0.002), more severe worry about COVID-19 (cOR = 1.07; p < 0.001), more severe impact of COVID-19 on social interaction (cOR = 1.14; p = 0.001), lower perceived social support (cOR = 0.87; p < 0.001), lower self-reported physical health (cOR = 0.76; p < 0.001), higher academic/occupational interference (cOR = 1.20; p < 0.001), lower COVID-19-specified support (cOR = 0.85; p < 0.001), and more household disinfection (cOR = 1.23; p = 0.03). doi = 10.3390/ijerph17124479 id = cord-320208-uih4jf8w author = Li, Diya title = Modeling Spatiotemporal Pattern of Depressive Symptoms Caused by COVID-19 Using Social Media Data Mining date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; PHQ; Table; Twitter; stress; tweet summary = In this article, we propose a CorExQ9 algorithm that integrates a Correlation Explanation (CorEx) learning algorithm and clinical Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) lexicon to detect COVID-19 related stress symptoms at a spatiotemporal scale in the United States. In this article, we propose a CorExQ9 algorithm that integrates Correlation Explanation (CorEx) learning algorithm and clinical PHQ lexicon to detect COVID-19 related stress symptoms at a spatiotemporal scale in the United States. We assessed the level of stress expressed in COVID-19 related tweets by integrating a lexicon-based method derived from established clinical assessment questionnaire PHQ-9 [46] . The CorEx algorithm combined with clinical stress measure index (PHQ-9) helped to minimize human interventions and human language ambiguity in social media data mining for stress detection and provided accurate stress symptom measures of Twitter users related to the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17144988 id = cord-312905-8xlt92pl author = Li, Guanjian title = Asymptomatic and Presymptomatic Infectors: Hidden Sources of COVID-19 Disease date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = At the time of writing this paper, the authors claimed that "evidence regarding transmission from individuals with asymptomatic infection or mild illness is limited", but that the current evidence may need an update. Recently, two epidemiological studies on COVID-19 have reported that typically asymptomatic carriers transmit the virus to close contacts, resulting in aggregated infection of symptomatic COVID-19 diseases [2, 3] . This study used a prospective design to follow up the viral load and clinical manifestations of 2147 close contacts of symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 cases. The authors suggested that the transmission ability of asymptomatic individuals should not be ignored. First Mildly Ill, Non-Hospitalized Case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Without Viral Transmission in the United States Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing The epidemiological characteristics of infection in close contacts of COVID-19 in Ningbo city doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa418 id = cord-251961-g0n85kxz author = Li, Guoming title = Safety and efficacy of Artemisinin-Piperaquine for treatment of COVID-19: an open-label, non-randomized, and controlled trial date = 2020-11-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = CONCLUSIONS: In patients with mild to moderate COVID-19, the time to reach undetectable SARS-CoV-2 was significantly shorter in the AP group than that in the control group. According to the "China''s Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (Trial Seventh Edition) ", COVID-19 patients are usually categorized into mild, moderate, severe, and critical based on their symptoms. Initially, this trial was an open-label randomized parallel-group controlled trial intended to compare the efficacy and safety of AP tablets in comparison with hydroxychloroquine to treat patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. And the rate of patients to undetected SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR at day 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 during drug administration, the CT images results within ten days, the abnormal laboratory index and adverse events would be compared between the two treatments. doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106216 id = cord-272270-cfpd45qf author = Li, H. title = Utah-Stanford Ventilator (Vent4US): Developing a rapidlyscalable ventilator for COVID-19 patients with ARDS date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Many of the COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU present with hypoxemic respiratory failure due to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the clinical management of which involves intubation and mechanical ventilation which can last two weeks. Furthermore, many low-capacity healthcare settings across the world are projected to face extreme shortages of ventilators and ICU beds for COVID-19 patients: recent reports found that the Central African Republic (pop. Next steps include implementing and testing pressure control and pressure support with linear actuator-driven proportional pinch valves, more in-depth characterization of the system in terms of the parameter space that it can operate in, and completing the system with other components which remain to be integrated (Supplementary Figure S2 ). a. Interface to ISO 5359:2014 and/or ISO 18082:2014-standard connectors to externally-provided medical air and O2 sources supplied through wall flow limiters outputting at a total flow rate between 20 -25 L/min and pressures of up to 65 psi. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.18.20070367 id = cord-341650-f8orw6ro author = Li, Hailan title = Regarding “Ruxolitinib in treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled trial” date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Regarding "Ruxolitinib in treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled trial" Regarding ''''Ruxolitinib in Q 1 treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A multicenter, singleblind, randomized controlled trial'''' Q 2 To the Editor: We read with great interest the article titled ''''Ruxolitinib in treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled trial'''' by Cao et al. 1 The study, which finally included 41 patients, evaluated the efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib for severe COVID-19 cases. First, the duration from illness onset to randomization, 22 days for the control group and 20 days for the ruxolitinib group, was not appropriate because according to literature reports, 2-4 the course (from illness onset to discharge) of severe patients was about 27 to 30 days. Ruxolitinib in treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a multicenter, singleblind, randomized controlled trial Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.002 id = cord-298774-l4jwlc8p author = Li, Haomin title = Changes in Children’s Healthcare Visits During COVID-19 Pandemic in Hangzhou, China date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We calculated the rate of each disease in all visiting before and after Jan 25, 2020, and using the change rate (CR = rate in all visiting after outbreak / rate in all visiting before outbreak) and daily visiting number before and after outbreak (DVN before and DVN after ) to show changes of children''s health during the pandemic under rigorous epidemic control measures. Coincident with COVID-19 restrictions, the daily number of pediatric visits after Jan 25, 2020 fell to about only one quarter compared with the historical data in 2019 due to the measures such as restriction of travel and social distancing , home quarantine and infection prevention and control in the hospital which suspended some services. Measures such as restriction of travel and social distancing, home quarantine and infection prevention and control in the hospital, which necessitated suspending some services, likely were causes for both decrease in visits for some conditions and increase in visits for other conditions. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Mental Health for Children and Adolescents doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.013 id = cord-349645-6o8773c5 author = Li, He title = Air Pollution and temperature are associated with increased COVID-19 incidence: a time series study date = 2020-06-02 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = METHODS: A retrospective study is conducted to study whether air quality index (AQI), four ambient air pollutants (PM(2.5), PM(10), NO(2) and CO) and five meteorological variables (daily temperature, highest temperature, lowest temperature, temperature difference and sunshine duration) could increase COVID-19 incidence in Wuhan and XiaoGan between Jan 26(th) to Feb 29(th) in 2020. In this retrospective study, we attempted to conduct an exploratory analysis looking at the association between environment conditions (including ambient pollutants and meteoroidal parameter) and COVID-19 incidence/mortality in Wuhan, given a city-wide lockdown and varying pollution/meteorological data throughout the entire study period. In the current study, although the NO 2 level was constantly lower than the US EPA standards (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2016), our data revealed that COVID-19 incidence were highly correlated with the ambient NO 2 concentration. The correlation between the COVID-19 incidence and three ambient air pollution along with five meteorological parameters Jan 26 th to Feb 29 th in 2020 in Wuhan and XiaoGan, China. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.076 id = cord-338901-1kzy7rts author = Li, Heng title = Overview of therapeutic drug research for COVID-19 in China date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS; chinese summary = According to the information that we have collected so far, this article provides an overview of potential therapeutic drugs and compounds with much attention, including favipiravir and hydroxychloroquine, as well as traditional Chinese medicine, which have been reported with good clinical treatment effects. In these 155 pooled clinical trials, a number of approved chemical and biomacromolecule drugs have been used in COVID-19 treatment clinical trials for drug repurposing, most of which are nucleotide analogs and protease inhibitors against other viral pathogens, including influenza virus, HIV and HCV. In vitro studies have shown that lopinavir/ritonavir can inhibit the replication of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV and exert antiviral effects [22] [23] [24] [25] . In the latest "Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia", it is recommended to use ribavirin at a dose of 500 mg each time for adults and in combination with interferon or lopinavir/ritonavir, with 2-3 intravenous infusions daily. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) doi = 10.1038/s41401-020-0438-y id = cord-274313-mrvk9r4w author = Li, Hui title = SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: observations and hypotheses date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = With evidence collected from autopsy studies on COVID-19 and basic science research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-CoV, we have put forward several hypotheses about SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis after multiple rounds of discussion among basic science researchers, pathologists, and clinicians working on COVID-19. Whether SARS-CoV-2 is able to directly attack vascular endothelial cells expressing high levels of ACE2, 13 and then lead to abnormal coagulation and sepsis, still needs to be explored. On the basis of observations from COVID-19 patients, we hypothesise that in mild cases, resident macrophages initiating lung inflammatory responses were able to contain the virus after SARS-CoV-2 infection; both innate and adaptive immune responses were efficiently established to curb the viral replication so that the patient would recover quickly. Meanwhile, the direct attack on other organs by disseminated SARS-CoV-2, the immune pathogenesis caused by the systemic cytokine storm, and the microcirculation dysfunctions together lead to viral sepsis (figure). doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30920-x id = cord-294242-amj0ohw3 author = Li, Jia title = Electrophysiology in the time of coronavirus: coping with the great wave. date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COVID-19; Wenzhou; preprint summary = Following an intense nationwide program of public health interventions, local transmission of COVID-19 ceased to be detectable after February 18th allowing the electrophysiology service to resume with a strict testing regime for all patients. Intense public health intervention can permit suppression of local disease transmission allowing resumption of some normal activity. In each of the centres, routine activity of the EP lab was suspended within a week of the first locally diagnosed COVID-19 case in the hospital (table 1). The primary reason for the prompt suspension in each case was the concern that continuing to admit patients for elective procedures would expose patients to the risk of infection from undiagnosed COVID-19 patients already in the hospital. A small number of patients required emergency ablation during the period of restricted activity (table 2, figure 2), but this represented less than 5% of the normal workload of the centres. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.30.20044776 id = cord-304124-ym9mf5wz author = Li, Jia title = Meta-analysis investigating the relationship between clinical features, outcomes, and severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = title: Meta-analysis investigating the relationship between clinical features, outcomes, and severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases to assess the clinical characteristics and outcomes of confirmed COVID-19 cases and compared severe (ICU) and non-severe (non-ICU) groups. The inclusion criteria were: (1) cohort studies or case-control studies reporting the clinical characteristics of patients with SARS-CoV2infection; (2) one or more clinical features were analyzed, including epidemiology, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, comorbidities, treatment, complications, and outcomes; (3) patients were grouped according to the severity of disease, e.g., severe and non-severe groups or ICU and non-ICU groups. We extracted and analyzed items from eligible studies including the country, year, date of publication, the number of reported cases, sex, age, clinical symptoms and signs, comorbidities, laboratory findings, complications, and outcomes of patients with SARS-CoV2 infection who had severe (ICU) and non-severe (non-ICU) disease. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.008 id = cord-353735-d81ujjxv author = Li, Jiannan title = The Episode of National Lockdown in the Pandemic: Air Traffic Restriction as the Control Strategy and Its Impact on Existing Cases and Recovery Rate of Novel Coronavirus Disease in Megacities of China date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; traffic summary = title: The Episode of National Lockdown in the Pandemic: Air Traffic Restriction as the Control Strategy and Its Impact on Existing Cases and Recovery Rate of Novel Coronavirus Disease in Megacities of China CONCLUSION: On the macro level, the air traffic restriction may help alleviate the growth of existing cases and help raise the recovery rate of COVID-19 in megacities of China, but both these effects will marginally recede as the restriction strength is intensifying. As such, results of Table 1 show that the relations between air traffic restriction and the existing cases, and the recovery rate of COVID-19 are not linear. Since the real-time data regarding car, bus, and train are not available, the impact of land transportation restriction on the existing cases and recovery rate of COVID-19 cannot be examined. With the availability of real-time data of land transport, future research can make a comprehensive investigation on policy effectiveness of traffic restriction in containing the spread of infectious diseases. doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.294 id = cord-255457-jlbg8jdv author = Li, Jiawei title = Application of CareDose 4D combined with Karl 3D technology in the low dose computed tomography for the follow-up of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = RESULT: There was no significant difference in the occurrence rates of ground glass opacities, consolidation, crazy-paving pattern, fiber cable shadow and axial interstitial thickening between the study group and control group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: CareDose 4D low-dose scanning combined with Karl 3D iterative reconstruction technology can not only greatly reduce the radiation dose, but also provide images that meet the diagnostic criteria of COVID-19, which can be used as a routine method for the follow-up of COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: CareDose 4D low-dose scanning combined with Karl 3D iterative reconstruction technology can not only greatly reduce the radiation dose, but also provide images that meet the diagnostic criteria of COVID-19, which can be used as a routine method for the follow-up of COVID-19 patients. In this study, we have explored the application of low-dose chest CT scans in the follow-up of patients with COVID-19 using Care Dose 4D combined with Karl''s 3D iterative reconstruction technology compared with conventional-dose chest CT. doi = 10.1186/s12880-020-00456-5 id = cord-173774-idj19hd3 author = Li, Jinfeng title = COVID-19 Contact-tracing Apps: a Survey on the Global Deployment and Challenges date = 2020-05-07 keywords = App; COVID-19 summary = There is an ongoing debate on the deployment of the Apps regarding their technology framework, i.e. centralised [3, 4] versus decentralised [5, 6] , and their corresponding sensor technologies, i.e. the Global Positioning System (GPS) integrated with Quick Response (QR) codes scanning [7, 8] and big data analysis [9,10], versus the wireless Bluetooth devices [11] enabled by microwave [12, 13] and millimetre-wave [14] [15] [16] [17] communications. These Apps follow the DP-3T (Decentralised Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing) [19] data protection solution recently developed by the European Academics. 6. Apple and Google partner on COVID-19 contact tracing technology framework [20] (yet to be released in May) -privacy-preserving contact tracing, Bluetooth based, decentralised, free of GPS. We produce the first geolocation mapping for the global deployment of the COVID-19 contact-tracing apps in Fig. 1 , with the format codes in an order of the country name, App name, the number of users (download times), and the underpinning technologies (GPS, QR codes, Bluetooth). doi = nan id = cord-029547-9ei1ram3 author = Li, Jingwei title = The epidemiology and therapeutic options for the COVID-19 date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; SARS; clinical; patient summary = According to the Diagnosis and Treatment Program of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia, only a suspected case has one of the pieces of evidence of etiology or serology, such as positive nucleic acid, confirmation of gene sequencing, and virus specific antibody, to be confirmed to be COVID-19 patient, 55 and the suspected cases were identified by a comprehensive analysis of epidemiological history and clinical manifestations. 64 There have been tens of clinical trials to confirm the safety and efficiency of chloroquine in treating COVID-19 patients, and its mechanism can be described as interfering with the glycosylation of ACE2 or alkalizing the phagolysosome to inhibit viral replication, 65, 66 which prevents the SARS-Cov-2 entering the host cells. Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa017 id = cord-267923-0z175ysz author = Li, Jingwen title = Emergent hospital reform in response to outbreak of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = Wuhan Red Cross Hospital (WRCH), a general hospital and a trusteeship hospital of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, happened to be the first one in these designated hospitals that turned into a healthcare system specialized in treating COVID-19 patients. Although there was no protocol available on how to urgently transform a general hospital into an infectious disease hospital, at WRCH we changed our outpatients department into fever patients-only clinic in 8 hours and completed a ten-step reform of the whole hospital within 48 hours. As the first step, we set up a full time emergency leading group, an infection prevention team and a Medical Treatment Expert Group to coordinate and oversee COVID-19 operation for the whole hospital. Fourth, training all medical staff with infectious disease hospital instructions for self-protection and COVID-19 treatment with a standard protocol of Chinese Guideline. Psychiatry hospital management facing COVID-19: From medical staff to patients Management strategies in emergent hospital reform for COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.016 id = cord-261141-w4bqp9xr author = Li, Jinpeng title = Clinical characteristics of emergency surgery patients-infected COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; ESP summary = title: Clinical characteristics of emergency surgery patients-infected COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate clinical symptom and epidemiological features of ESP-infected COVID-19 SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Almost one million of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients were diagnosed in the world wide from December 2019 to now. CONCLUSION: In our study, the clinical symptoms of ESP-infected COVID-19 displayed marked differences from those reported common COVID-19 pneumonia cases. Although these reports investigated the risk for the healthcare workers and also made the stringent relative procedure, no one focused on the risk of emergency surgery patients (ESP) with COVID-19 pneumonia. In summary, ESP-infected COVID-19 pneumonia has a great threat for health care workers. In our study, the clinical symptoms of ESP-infected COVID-19 displayed marked differences from those reported common COVID-19 pneumonia cases and the health care workers were confirmed to expose great risk in ESP with COVID-19 pneumonia. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.surg.2020.05.007 id = cord-355713-zupocnuf author = Li, Junxiong title = Changing Grocery Shopping Behaviours Among Chinese Consumers At The Outset Of The COVID‐19 Outbreak date = 2020-06-12 keywords = China; covid-19; food; outbreak summary = Indeed, earlier research has shown that major pandemics, such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 or the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in 2015, can have major impacts on supply chains (Cavinato 2004; Oke & Gopalakrishnan 2009 ) and consumer behaviour in retail with a specific focus on online food shopping even if most of this research has been carried out primarily from a hospitality (Alan et al. 2007; Hansen 2008) , the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was adopted for this study to analyse planned changes in consumers'' food shopping behaviour during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, in line with research published recently on the impacts of this pandemic on food supply chains, where authors speculated with major potential changes to consumer behaviour in grocery retailing in Canada and elsewhere (Richards & Rickard 2020) . doi = 10.1111/tesg.12420 id = cord-330887-q5i8lpan author = Li, K. title = The Dynamic Changes of Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 during the Infection and Recovery of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = By comprehensively analyzing the laboratory findings of 1,850 patients, we describe the dynamic changes of the total antibody, spike protein (S)-, receptor-binding domain (RBD)-, and nucleoprotein (N)specific IgM and IgG levels during SARS-CoV-2 infection and recovery. Our results indicate that the S-, RBD-, and Nspecific IgG generation of severe/critical COVID-19 patients is one week later than mild/moderate cases, while the levels of these antibodies are 1.5-fold higher in severe/critical patients during hospitalization (P<0.01). To explore the temporal dynamics of immune response after SARS-Cov-2 infection, we analyzed the antibody levels at different time points after symptoms onset, and the timing and level were compared between mild/moderate and severe/critical COVID-19 Results showed that total IgG, S-, RBD-, and N-specific IgG levels of the severe/critical COVID-19 patients were lower than that of the mild/moderate patients on admission, but these levels sharply increased during hospitalization and on discharge ( Figure 1 , Table 1 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.18.20105155 id = cord-305582-3hmsknon author = Li, Lei title = Therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; patient; treatment summary = In the present article, we have summarized the promising drugs, adjunctive agents, respiratory supportive strategies, as well as circulation management, multiple organ function monitoring and appropriate nutritional strategies for the treatment of COVID-19 in the ICU based on the previous experience of treating other viral infections and influenza. According to the latest version of diagnosis and treatment guidelines, confirmed cases infected with 2019-nCoV are classified to have severe illness once complying with one of the following symptoms: (1) anhelation, respiratory rate ≥ 30 times/min; (2) oxygen saturation at rest ≤ 93%; (3) PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mmHg; and classified to be the critical/life-threatening illness once complying with one of the following symptoms: (1) respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation needed; (2) shock; (3) other organ dysfunction syndrome and requirement of intensive care unit admission. doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00661-z id = cord-277862-yl7m77fo author = Li, M. title = Identifying novel factors associated with COVID-19 transmission and fatality using the machine learning approach date = 2020-06-12 keywords = June; covid-19 summary = To uncover the critical factors for COVID-19 risk within a single country, we used logistic models to predict COVID-19 cases, deaths, and CFRs in the 50 U.S. states. Consistent with the previous results, medium temperature, arid climate, social distancing (major sports events), per capita income, longitude, and the average age of childbirth were positive predictors of COVID-19 cases, deaths, and/or CFRs, and humidity, smoking rate, and international tourism revenue were negative predictors. To compare the relative contribution of high and low temperature in predicting COVID-19 risk, we built logistic models with both variables to predict COVID-19 cases, deaths, and CFRs in the 154 countries. Second, we identified novel factors associated with COVID19, including the unitary state governing system as a positive predictor of COVID-19 cases and deaths, blood type B as a protective factor for All rights reserved. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.10.20127472 id = cord-339044-qy4jab37 author = Li, Man title = Analysis of the Risk Factors for Mortality in Adult COVID-19 Patients in Wuhan: A Multicenter Study date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan; patient summary = The multivariate regression analysis showed increased odds of in-hospital deaths associated with age, D-dimer levels >1,000 ng/L, platelet count <125, and higher serum creatinine levels. Meanwhile, the infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was named "COVID-19." In China, according to the National Health Commission (2), a total of 82,341 cases were diagnosed, of which 77,892 patients were discharged, and 3,342 died as of April 15. In this study, we explored the potential host risk factors associated with death in a retrospective cohort of 245 laboratoryconfirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to the two appointed hospitals in Wuhan. Though the epidemiology of patients with COVID-19 is widely studied and reported, the death-related risk factors and detailed clinical characteristics of the disease have not been well-described. In addition to age factors, we also found D-dimer levels >1,000 ng/L, and platelet counts < 125 × 10 9 /L on admission were associated with fatal outcomes in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00545 id = cord-264510-3wdquuzy author = Li, Meng title = Chest CT features and their role in COVID-19 date = 2020-04-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = According to the literature, the typical findings of chest CT images of individuals with COVID-19 are multifocal bilateral patchy ground-glass opacities (GGOs) or consolidation with interlobular septal and vascular thickening, mostly in the peripheral fields of the lungs. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Initial CT findings and temporal changes in patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia (2019-nCoV): a study of 63 patients in Wuhan, China Chest radiographic and CT findings of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): analysis of nine patients treated in Korea Chest CT findings in 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections from Wuhan, China: key points for the radiologist Evolution of CT manifestations in a patient recovered from 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia in Wuhan, China Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases doi = 10.1016/j.jrid.2020.04.001 id = cord-347662-yk3cz0hq author = Li, Michael title = Tocilizumab in the Management of COVID-19: A Preliminary Report date = 2020-11-09 keywords = ICU; Tocilizumab; covid-19 summary = EXPOSURES: Confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Outcomes data related to length of stay, admission to intensive care unit (ICU), requirement of mechanical ventilation, and mortality were collected and analyzed. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Our retrospective analysis revealed an association between Tocilizumab administration and increased mortality, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and length of stay in subjects with COVID-19. On this basis, physicians at our hospitals have administered Tocilizumab to COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory impairment off-label and outside of a clinical trial hoping to improve outcomes by preventing or ameliorating the development or progression of the COVID-19 related cytokine storm, thereby inhibiting the development of ARDS in both the intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU settings. Criteria for inclusion in the Tocilizumab treatment group included: 1) age of 18 years or older with a clinical presentation consistent with COVID-19 (e.g., fever, respiratory symptoms, and new pulmonary infiltrates), 2) laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection by an RT-PCR test, and 3) outcome data available. doi = 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.11.005 id = cord-284008-vlwdtjbe author = Li, Na title = The Application of Corticosteroids in COVID-19: A Two-edged Sword date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; corticosteroid summary = Their study revealed that proper corticosteroid treatment resulted in lower mortality and shorter hospitalization stay in patients with critical SARS with an oxygenation index (OI) of <300 mm Hg, and it was not associated with significant secondary lower respiratory infection and other complications. [21] described the effect of different doses of adjuvant corticosteroid therapy on 30-or 60-day mortality of patients with influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 viral pneumonia through a retrospective analysis. The results of stratified analysis based on the doses of corticosteroids showed that only treatment with low-to moderate-dose corticosteroid could reduce 30-and 60-day mortality of patients with severe infection with PaO2/FiO2 <300 mm Hg. However, corticosteroids at any dose increased the 60-day mortality of patients with mild infection with PaO2/FiO2 >300 mm Hg. Cao et al. [25] reported the clinical characteristics and treatment of patients with COVID-19 with ARDS in a study available on the medRxiv preprint server. doi = 10.2478/jtim-2020-0011 id = cord-353862-7xe3fvd5 author = Li, Na title = Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia: a case-control study date = 2020-03-30 keywords = SARS; Wuhan; covid-19 summary = METHODS: We conducted a case-control study to compare clinical characteristics, maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with and without COVID-19 pneumonia. An earlier study by Chen et al reported nine pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia, who took cesarean section in a tertiary hospital of Wuhan [8] . To date, none of previous studies have investigated the adverse effects of COVID-19 infection on pregnancy, by comparing maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia to those without pneumonia. Similar to two previous reports of nine and one pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 infection [8, 22] , we did not find any evidence to support the vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to fetus via placenta or during cesarean section. Second, we collected the data of sixteen pregnant women with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia and eighteen suspected cases with typical CT imaging. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa352 id = cord-275866-m89hgf41 author = Li, Ping title = Clinical Features and Short-term Outcomes of Elderly Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Methods 204 elderly patients (≥60 years old) diagnosed with COVID-19 in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 31st to February 20th, 2020 were included in this study. Multivariate analysis showed that dyspnea (hazards ratio (HR) 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.414 to 3.517;p < 0.001), older age (HR 1.1, 95% CI 1.070 to 1.123; p < 0.001), neutrophilia (HR 4.4, 95% CI 1.310 to 15.061; p = 0.017) and elevated ultrasensitive cardiac troponin I (HR 3.9, 95% CI 1.471 to 10.433; p = 0.006) were independently associated with death. Univariate analysis showed age of 70 years or older, comorbidity (hypertension, J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f cardiovascular disease, COPD, chronic renal failure), onset of dyspnea, and several laboratory indices abnormalities were associated with poor outcome. This study suggests that the elderly patients of COVID-19 have a rapid course of the disease and a higher case fatality ratio. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.107 id = cord-333460-4ui8i9u5 author = Li, Qing title = The Psychological Health Status of Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study in Guangdong, China date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; China; HCW summary = title: The Psychological Health Status of Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study in Guangdong, China Similar to SARS and MERS, front-line healthcare workers (HCW) may be in direct contact with and have to care for patients and suspected cases of COVID-19; they are therefore at a particularly high risk of infection. The aim of our study was to assess the psychological status of HCW in Guangdong Province, China, and to identify coping strategies during the outbreak of COVID-19. However, surprisingly, the mean scores of the SAS (42.9) and SDS (47.8) of HCW indicated that they were in the normal range for both anxiety and depression, which seemed to differ from the results of previous studies on SARS and MERS (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) . doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.562885 id = cord-270669-hng8ivz2 author = Li, R. title = Perceived vulnerability to COVID-19 infection from event attendance: Results from Louisiana, USA, two weeks preceding the national emergency declaration date = 2020-04-06 keywords = COVID-19; March summary = Participants'' estimates of an impending national health crisis increased significantly during the study''s second week (March 9-12) while concern about personally contracting COVID-19 from attending campus events increased only marginally during the study''s final days. We find those expressing a higher likelihood of an impending national crisis were more concerned about contracting COVID-19 by attending campus events, suggesting a possible transmission from perceptions of national-level events to perceived personal vulnerability via local exposure. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.01.20049742 doi: medRxiv preprint plot in Figure 2 is that Local Vulnerability persistently lags National Likelihood, and does not 3 2 2 significantly exceed the 50% mark until the last day of the study, which is the first day after the 3 2 3 state of Louisiana had declared a public health emergency, but before LSU had cancelled classes 3 2 4 or campus events. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.01.20049742 id = cord-301027-b9urhbkh author = Li, R. title = Differences of clinical and imaging findings in multiple generations of secondary COVID-19 infection in Xi''an, China date = 2020-05-25 keywords = covid-19; generation summary = title: Differences of clinical and imaging findings in multiple generations of secondary COVID-19 infection in Xi''an, China We evaluated differences in clinic and radiologic findings of multiple generations of COVID-19 infection in Xi''an (Shaanxi, China) to provide more clues for the correct estimate of the disease. In this study, we collected information of 99 cases who have basic demographic information, date of symptom onset, medical history and epidemiological information, and 62 among them with additional information including symptoms, chest CT scans, laboratory findings, as well as treatments and outcomes data. In our study, we focused on whether there are differences in clinical characteristics and chest CT signs among multiple generation patients with COVID-19 infection. The dynamic changing curve of total CT score in pulmonary lesions showed that severity and number of lesions increased in the first 10-15 days in all of the three generations patients, All rights reserved. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1101/2020.05.23.20109496 id = cord-262049-c8uzehft author = Li, Ruilin title = Anxiety and related factors in frontline clinical nurses fighting COVID-19 in Wuhan date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; anxiety; nurse summary = The aim of this study was to examine the anxiety status of the frontline clinical nurses in the designated hospitals for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan and to analyze the influencing factors, to provide data for psychologic nursing. The frontline nurses working in the designated hospitals for the treatment of COVID-19 in Wuhan had serious anxiety. Sex, age, length of service, and clinical working time against COVID-19 were associated with anxiety in those nurses. To understand the psychologic state of the first cohort of frontline nurses in the designated hospitals in Wuhan city, we investigated and analyzed their anxiety and the related factors, hoping to provide data for the psychologic intervention of frontline and rescue nurses. The general information questionnaire included sex, age, ethnicity, length of service, professional title, education level, marital status, and clinical working time against COVID-19. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000021413 id = cord-307691-oufc6ywp author = Li, Runmin title = Efficacy and safety of Shufeng Jiedu capsule for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; Jiedu summary = title: Efficacy and safety of Shufeng Jiedu capsule for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis METHODS: According to the retrieval strategies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the Shufeng Jiedu capsule for COVID-19 were obtained from CNKI, WanFang, VIP, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library, regardless of publication date, or language. RESULTS: This study will evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Shufeng Jiedu capsule in the treatment of COVID-19 and provide a more reasonable choice of medication in clinical practice. According to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Intervention, the 2 researchers (Xinyu Liu and Xin Ge) extracted the author, publication time, participant number, age, sex, intervention measures, course of disease/treatment, and outcome indicators, filled in the data extraction table, and compared them with each other. As an adjunct therapy of TCM, the Shufeng Jiedu capsule has been used in the clinical treatment of COVID-19 and been reported to be effective, but the lack of evidence-based medical evaluation limits its wide application. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000021615 id = cord-351917-0lcjskjf author = Li, S. title = Modifiable lifestyle factors and severe COVID-19 risk: Evidence from Mendelian randomization analysis date = 2020-10-21 keywords = GWAS; covid-19 summary = Methods Genome-wide significant genetic variants associated with body mass index (BMI), lifetime smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity identified by large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were selected as instrumental variables. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of US suggests that people with obesity and smoking are at increased risk of COVID-19 severe illness 6 Mendelian randomization (MR) uses exposure-associated genetic variants as instrumental variables to assess the causality between exposures and outcomes 7 . preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in Sensitivity analyses were performed using MR-Egger regression 17 , weighted median method 18 and weighted mode method 19 , which relax some MR assumptions and allow some genetic instrumental variables to be invalid, but are less powerful than IVW method. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.19.20215525 id = cord-321455-ooouqna7 author = Li, Tao title = Characteristics of laboratory indexes in COVID-19 patients with non-severe symptoms in Hefei City, China: diagnostic value in organ injuries date = 2020-07-01 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = In the peripheral blood system of non-severe symptom COVID-19 patients, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, total procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide, osteocalcin N-terminal, thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor–binding protein 3 significantly decreased, and total protein, albumin, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, fibrinogen, D-dimer, fibrinogen degradation products, human epididymal protein 4, serum ferritin, and C-reactive protein were elevated. In the process of continuous monitoring, the expression of CRE in patients with COVID-19 were significantly lower than those in the controls on the 1st, 4th, and 7th days of admission, and showed an overall downward trend (Fig. 3a) . The expression of Ca 2+ in patients with COVID-19 were significantly lower than those in the controls on the 1st, 4th, 7th and 10th days of admission, and showed an overall upward trend (Fig. 3d ). doi = 10.1007/s10096-020-03967-9 id = cord-328484-4iptwc3n author = Li, Tao title = Clinical Characteristics of 312 Hospitalized Older Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Although some case series have been published, no previous studies focused on older patients exclusively (Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team, 2020; Fu et al., 2020; . Further regression analysis suggested that age(OR 1.59, 95%CI 1.13-2.08), SOFA score(OR 5.89, 95%CI 3.48-7.96), APACHEⅡ score(OR 3.13, 95%CI 1.85-5.62), platelet count＜125×10 9 /L(OR 2.36, 95%CI 1.03-4.14), d-dimer(OR 4.37, 95%CI 2.58-7.16), creatinine＞133μmol/L(OR 1.85, 95%CI 1.12-3.04), interleukin-6(OR 4.32, 95%CI 2.07-7.13), and lung consolidation(OR 1.94, 95%CI 1.45-4.27) on admission were independent risk factors for severe COVID-19 (Table 3) . This study compared clinical characteristics between non-severe and severe COVID-19 cases among older patients, and identified several risk factors for severe cases. This study identified several risk factors for severe COVID-19 cases among older patients. Age, SOFA score, APACHEⅡ score, platelet count＜125×109/L, d-dimer, creatinine＞ 133μmol/L, interleukin-6, and lung consolidation on admission were independent risk factors for severe cases among older patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104185 id = cord-204060-ddve4mga author = Li, Tianyang title = Robust Screening of COVID-19 from Chest X-ray via Discriminative Cost-Sensitive Learning date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; DCSL; cost summary = In this paper, we report our solution, discriminative cost-sensitive learning (DCSL), which should be the choice if the clinical needs the assisted screening of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. In this paper, we propose an innovative discriminative cost-sensitive learning (DCSL) for the robust screening of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. We combine both advances into a deep neural network with end-to-end optimization, successfully achieving fine-grained cost-sensitive screening of COVID-19. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that we insightfully view the screening of COVID-19 from chest X-rays as a fine-grained cost-sensitive classification problem. In this study, we introduce a score-level cost-sensitive learning approach based on an expert-provided cost matrix to improve the screening accuracy of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. The proposed discriminative cost-sensitive learning algorithm (DCSL) achieves the highest results on the screen-ing of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. doi = nan id = cord-348927-g69gt0oh author = Li, Tong title = Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated with Awake Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Patient with COVID-19 Pneumonia date = 2020-11-10 keywords = COVID-19; ECMO summary = title: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated with Awake Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Patient with COVID-19 Pneumonia Extensive use of mechanical respiratory support and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has helped to reduce the case fatality rate of COVID-19 to less than 2% in some regions. Awake and fully mobile ECMO have proven to be beneficial in patients with ARDS induced by pneumocystis pneumonia, immunocompromised patients, and patients requiring extracorporeal life support. [5] [6] [7] However, the use of awake ECMO has not been reported in ARDS patients secondary to COVID-19 pneumonia. Profound hypoxemia and acute lung failure, the main causes of death, are the prominent features of ARDS resulting in a subset of critical COVID-19 pneumonia patients. 8 ECMO has become an alternative therapy for prolonging patient life and allowing time for lung recovery, especially in severe ARDS resulting from COVID-19. Better be awake"-a role for awake extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in acute respiratory distress syndrome due to Pneumocystis pneumonia doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.11.017 id = cord-264051-ps0x2es1 author = Li, Wei title = Human Identical Sequences of SARS-CoV-2 Promote Clinical Progression of COVID-19 by Upregulating Hyaluronan via NamiRNA-Enhancer Network date = 2020-11-05 keywords = HEK293; RNA; SARS; covid-19 summary = Mechanically, HIS-SARS-CoV-2, behaving as virus-derived miRNAs, directly target to the human genomic loci and further interact with host enhancers to activate the expression of adjacent and distant genes, including cytokines gene and angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2), a well-known cell entry receptor of SARS-CoV-2, and hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), which further increases hyaluronan formation. Besides, these virus fragments containing HIS can increase the H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac) enrichment at their corresponding regions of the human genome in different mammalian cells and activate the expression of adjacent and distant genes associated with inflammation. Collectively, we identified HIS in SARS-CoV-2 genome, and the targeted human genome loci enriched with cytokines genes suggested that HIS may underly the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients and serve as a vital player in the pathological progression. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.04.361576 id = cord-322733-rriuiofu author = Li, Weiran title = Changes in sexual behaviors of young women and men during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak: a convenience sample from the epidemic area date = 2020-04-29 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Changes in sexual behaviors of young women and men during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak: a convenience sample from the epidemic area Currently, data on changes in sexual behavior during the COVID-19 outbreak are limited. AIM: The present study aimed to obtain a preliminary understanding of the changes in people''s sexual behavior, as a result of the pandemic and explore the context in which they manifest. STRENGTH & LIMITATIONS: This study is the first to perform a preliminary exploration of sexual behavior during the COVID-19 outbreak. CONCLUSION: During the height of the COVID-19 outbreak, overall sexual activity, frequency, and risky behaviors declined significantly among young men and women in China. This study is the first to perform a preliminary exploration 28 of sexual behavior during the COVID-19 outbreak. What''s the change about your sexual desire during the COVID-19 outbreak? What''s the change about your sexual satisfaction during the COVID-19 outbreak? doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.04.380 id = cord-307258-66lwpblq author = Li, Weixia title = Anesthesia Management and Perioperative Infection Control in Patients With the Novel Coronavirus date = 2020-03-29 keywords = COVID-19; China; patient summary = title: Anesthesia Management and Perioperative Infection Control in Patients With the Novel Coronavirus Anesthesiologists have a high risk of infection with COVID-19 during perioperative care and as first responders to airway emergencies. The authors'' approach uses a protocol in the perioperative care areas that segregates patients into 3 simple and distinct groups based on the risk of transmission (Fig 1) . Class I patients are those who have been shown to be negative for novel coronavirus pneumonia after screening with RT-PCR, symptoms, laboratory examinations, and imaging. The intent was to eliminate all possible cross-infection to healthcare workers and patients in the perioperative care areas and operating room. novel coronavirus pneumonia, minimizing exposure to airway aerosols, droplets, and fluids especially during coughing can reduce contamination. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.03.035 id = cord-269087-f9hyntvf author = Li, X. title = A Mini Review on Current Clinical and Research Findings for Children Suffering from COVID-19 date = 2020-04-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child; patient summary = Results: We included 25 published literature references related to the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, accessary examination, treatment, and prognosis of pediatric patients with COVID-19. The risk factors which may suggest severe or critical progress for children are: Fast respiratory rate and/or; lethargy and drowsiness mental state and/or; lactate progressively increasing and/or; imaging showed bilateral or multi lobed infiltration, pleural effusion or rapidly expending of lesions in a short period of time and/or; less than 3 months old or those who underly diseases. To help better understand how it would affect children and what is the latest specific clinical and research finding on children with it, we provide a mini-review based on 25 literature references covering the fields of epidemiology, clinical manifestation, accessary examination, treatment, and prognosis of pediatric patients with COVID-19. According to the current literature on the pediatric cases, children confirmed with COVID-19 mostly had good prognosis, with considerably less severe to critical progress (5.9%) as compared to adult patients (18.5%). doi = 10.1101/2020.03.30.20044545 id = cord-286477-0euaaspo author = Li, Xiaochen title = Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan date = 2020-04-12 keywords = case; covid-19; patient summary = This study aims to describe and compare the 141 epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics as well as the 142 complications, treatment and outcomes of hospitalized patients with nonsevere and severe 143 COVID-19. Comparison of findings between nonsevere and severe cases in 223 the patients with positive viral nucleic acid test pre-admission showed essentially the similar 224 differences to that in the total patients (see Table E1 in the Online Repository). In the follow-up period, the complications of COVID-19 were assessed , including acute 297 respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (38.3%), cardiac injury (21.7%), liver dysfunction (19.3%), 298 acute kidney injury (17.3%), bacteremia (7.7%), diffuse intravascular coagulation (7.7%), and 299 hyperglycemia (33.2%) ( This study provided a comprehensive data on the epidemiological, demographic, clinical, 338 laboratory, and radiological characteristics as well as the complications, treatment, and outcomes 339 of hospitalized patients with nonsevere and severe COVID-19 in Wuhan. doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.006 id = cord-263220-g721fj81 author = Li, Xiaohu title = Helping the Radiologist: The Role of Scientific Journals to Help Prevent the Spread of COVID-19 date = 2020-03-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We wish to commend Dr David Bluemke and the Radiology Editorial Board for their work on Radiology Special Focus website: COVID-19 (2019 Novel Coronavirus) (https://pubs.rsna.org/2019-ncov). Dr Jeff Kanne wrote an editorial about COVID-19 "Key Points for the Radiologist" (2) and Drs Fernando Kay and Suhny Abbara wrote an editorial "The Many Faces of COVID-19: Spectrum of Imaging Manifestations" (3) , which also helps us in our clinical work. The recently published "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (CO-VID-19): A Perspective from China" (4) summarizes radiologists'' understanding of clinical and chest CT features of COVID-19 that will help to detect early infection and assess the course of disease. RSNA has very fast peer review and online publication, helping the radiologist gain valuable time to learn about CO-VID-19 and prevent further spread of this infection. Chest CT Findings in 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infections from Wuhan, China: Key Points for the Radiologist doi = 10.1148/radiol.2020200661 id = cord-035216-gdhz7mr4 author = Li, Xiaoran title = Deep learning prediction of likelihood of ICU admission and mortality in COVID-19 patients using clinical variables date = 2020-11-06 keywords = ICU; LDH; covid-19 summary = title: Deep learning prediction of likelihood of ICU admission and mortality in COVID-19 patients using clinical variables BACKGROUND: This study aimed to develop a deep-learning model and a risk-score system using clinical variables to predict intensive care unit (ICU) admission and in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients. A deep neural network model and a risk-score system were constructed to predict ICU admission and in-hospital mortality. The performance of the DNN model yielded an AUC = 0.780 (95% CI [0.760-0.785]), sensitivity = 0.760, specificity = 0.709 and F1 score = 0.551 in predicting ICU admission for the testing set (Table 2) . Although these variables have been previously associated with COVID-19 infection, most previous studies did not rank these clinical variables, or develop predictive models or risk scores to predict ICU admission or mortality. We implemented a deep-learning algorithm and a risk score model to predict the likelihood of ICU admission and mortality in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.7717/peerj.10337 id = cord-296669-1md8j11e author = Li, Xin title = Factors Associated with Mental Health Results among Workers with Income Losses Exposed to COVID-19 in China date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; China; Hubei summary = The degrees of the depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress symptoms of our participants were assessed using the Chinese versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), the Insomnia Severity Index-7 (ISI-7), and the revised 7-item Impact of Event Scale (IES-7) scales, respectively, which found that the prevalence rates of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress caused by COVID-19 were 45.5%, 49.5%, 30.9%, and 68.1%, respectively. Mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress, caused by COVID-19 were assessed in our study by Chinese versions of validated measurement tools [24] [25] [26] [27] : the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9; the total score ranged from 0 to 27) [24] , the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7; the total score ranged from 0 to 21) [25] , the Insomnia Severity Index-7 (ISI-7; the total score ranged from 0 to 28) [26] , and the revised 7-item Impact of Event Scale (IES-7; the total score ranged from 0 to 28) [27] . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17155627 id = cord-304746-7yzybukk author = Li, Xinye title = Cardiac injury associated with severe disease or ICU admission and death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = title: Cardiac injury associated with severe disease or ICU admission and death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review BACKGROUND: Cardiac injury is now a common complication of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), but it remains unclear whether cardiac injury-related biomarkers can be independent predictors of mortality and severe disease development or intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Retrospective studies assessing the relationship between the prognosis of COVID-19 patients and levels of troponin I (TnI) and other cardiac injury biomarkers (creatine kinase [CK], CK myocardial band [CK-MB], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], and interleukin-6 [IL-6]) were included. This systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 highquality retrospective studies systematically evaluated the risk of severe disease, ICU admission, or death associated with COVID-19-related cardiac injury performance. Our analysis suggests that COVID-19 patients with elevated TnI levels are at higher risk of developing severe disease, requiring ICU admission, and death. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03183-z id = cord-290392-kpjp0sx4 author = Li, Xu title = Acute respiratory failure in COVID-19: is it “typical” ARDS? date = 2020-05-06 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19 summary = In December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , which was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), broke out in Wuhan, China [1] [2] [3] . COVID-19 was of clustering onset and mainly affected the respiratory system with some patients rapidly progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); other organ functions were less involved [5, 6] . In addition, the lung compliance was relatively high in some COVID-19-related ARDS patients, which was inconsistent with the severity of hypoxemia. A previous study reported that more than 50% of patients with moderate and severe ARDS according to the Berlin definition did not show diffuse alveolar damage [17] . Currently published studies did not report the proportion of different respiratory support according to COVID-19-related ARDS classification. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-02911-9 id = cord-351017-yntcwq9t author = Li, Xuelian title = COVID-19, insurer board utility, and capital regulation date = 2020-06-18 keywords = covid-19; outbreak summary = Results suggest that the seriousness degree of the COVID-19 outbreak and capital regulation enhance the optimal guaranteed rate and the board''s utility. We extend the reports by examining the impacts of the COVID-19 and capital regulation on the insurer''s optimal guaranteed rate and the board''s utility, which imply possible interest conflicts between the insurer and its board. Third, we consider the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and capital regulation on the optimal guaranteed rate-setting behavior and the board utility, possibly revealing conflicts of incentives. In Table 4 , we show that the more serious COVID-19 outbreak directly enhances the board''s utility, holding the optimal guaranteed rate constant, since the increased equity risk is insufficient to offset the increased equity return. Results suggest that the COVID-19 outbreak and capital regulation increase insurance businesses at increased optimal guaranteed rates and enhance the board''s utility. doi = 10.1016/j.frl.2020.101659 id = cord-282704-qg2o0ug4 author = Li, Xun title = Clinical characteristics of 25 death cases infected with COVID-19 pneumonia: a retrospective review of medical records in a single medical center, Wuhan, China date = 2020-02-25 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Clinical characteristics of 25 death cases infected with COVID-19 pneumonia: a retrospective review of medical records in a single medical center, Wuhan, China Methods The clinical records, laboratory findings and radiologic assessments included chest X-ray or computed tomography were extracted from electronic medical records of 25 died patients with COVID-19 in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from Jan 14 to Feb 13, 2020. All 25 dead patients with COVID-19 tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by use of RT-PCR on samples from there respiratory tract. In the presents study, all the patients were died of respiratory failure, which indicated that the lung is the most common target organ of SARS-CoV-2. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study doi = 10.1101/2020.02.19.20025239 id = cord-355943-bezpprrk author = Li, Y. title = Urine Proteome of COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-05-06 keywords = SARS; covid-19; figure summary = In this study, we performed proteomic profiling of urine samples from 32 healthy control individuals and 6 COVID-19 positive patients (3 mild and 3 severe). We found that urine proteome samples from the mild and severe COVID-19 patients with comorbidities can be clearly differentiated from healthy proteome samples based on the clustering analysis. We identified and quantified 1380 and 1641 proteins in urine samples from COVID-19 and two recovery person in total, which was significantly lower than that of healthy controls ( Figure 2B and 2C , Tables S2 and S3 ). The molecular features used to distinguish the patient type (M and S) in our classifier ( Figure 5B and 5D, Tables S4-5) contain several potential biomarkers which were highly associated with the clinical characteristics of mild and severe COVID-19. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.02.20088666 doi: medRxiv preprint dysregulated proteins in the COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.02.20088666 id = cord-338814-r9ym1h3m author = Li, Yan title = Using social media for telemedicine during the COVID-19 epidemic date = 2020-08-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Using social media for telemedicine during the COVID-19 epidemic As the first country to discover COVID-19, China has taken strict precautionary measures. The Chinese government strives to raise public awareness of prevention and protection by providing daily monitoring and updates on websites and social media [4] . Social media played an essential role during the COVID-19 epidemic. The government should support and encourage medical personnel to participate in science education on social media. Because the strict quarantine measures make it difficult for patients to see a doctor, it is urgent to establish an appropriate telemedicine and appointment system. The emergence of the virus pandemic will make the public health system and community health service institutions face special and lasting epidemic prevention situation. An investigation of transmission control measur es during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China Access to lifesaving medical resources for African countries: COVID-19 testing and response, ethics, and politics doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.08.007 id = cord-327301-5eko4htz author = Li, Yang title = Chest CT imaging characteristics of COVID-19 pneumonia in preschool children: a retrospective study date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; case summary = METHODS: From January 26, 2020 to February 20, 2020, the clinical and initial chest CT imaging data of eight preschool children with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from two hospitals were retrospectively collected. The present study indicates that infected preschool children have different clinical symptoms and CT imaging findings from those of adults. The present findings indicate that the chest CT features of COVID-19 pneumonia in preschool children differ from those in adults. The early-stage imaging features of preschool children are not typical, mainly presenting consolidations, while the most common early-stage CT feature in adult patients with COVID-19 pneumonia is the GGO distributed along the bronchovascular bundle or the dorsolateral and subpleural part of the lungs [12] . In summary, the chest CT imaging features and clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in preschool children are atypical and various, and are relatively mild or moderate compared with adult patients. doi = 10.1186/s12887-020-02140-7 id = cord-330050-05nnihst author = Li, Yang title = Emergency trauma care during the outbreak of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; China; Zhang; patient summary = MAIN BODY: The article illustrates the general principles for the triage and evaluation of trauma patients during the outbreak of COVID-19, indications for emergency surgery, and infection prevention and control for medical personnel, providing a practical algorithm for trauma care providers during the outbreak period. To protect the medical personnel involved in emergency care and ensure the timeliness of trauma care, we have summarized the recommended perioperative infection prevention and control measures for trauma patients during the outbreak of COVID-19 based on current practical experience in China and the published literature on surgical practice during the past outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Ebola virus, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). CT scan protocol for trauma patients suspected of having COVID-19: Medical personnel should first determine the method and scope of the scan, including but not limited to the chest, according to the mechanism of injury. doi = 10.1186/s13017-020-00312-5 id = cord-318808-1cfwj5uq author = Li, Ying title = Comparison of Hospitalized Patients with pneumonia caused by COVID-19 and influenza A in children under 5 years date = 2020-06-12 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = title: Comparison of Hospitalized Patients with pneumonia caused by COVID-19 and influenza A in children under 5 years Abstract Background Since the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, considerable attention has been paid on its epidemiology and clinical characteristics in children patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the different clinical Page 5 of 15 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 5 presentations between patients with infected with COVID-19 pneumonia versus influenza A pneumonia, to provide some recommendations for their differential diagnosis. Our present study revealed that COVID-19 manifested as mild, severe pneumonia were less than influenza A patients. In conclusion, COVID-19 patients were mild not only in clinical symptoms but also in laboratory examinations which including lymphocyte, CRP, PCT, D-dimer in the children under 5 years. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.026 id = cord-325512-eehp4uh9 author = Li, Yiwei title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related cytopenia: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; study summary = title: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related cytopenia: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis This systemic review and meta-analysis summaries the latest evidence from available data and determine the hematological abnormality caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and potential efficacy on the outcomes in patients with COVID-19. The meta-analysis was performed by RevMan V.5.3 program and Stata V.12.0 software after 2 reviewers independently selected literature, data extraction, bias risk evaluation and study quality assessment. RESULTS: This systematic review and meta-analysis may help provide clarify on the effect of cytopenia in patients with COVID-19. This study will be conducted in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis protocols 2015 guidelines and the protocol has been registering in the PROSPERO database (Registration number: CRD42020187524) on 22 May 2020. The process of study selection is illustrated following a preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines (Fig. 1 ). doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000022033 id = cord-272427-jqs00ilp author = Li, Yu-xuan title = The impact of COVID-19 on gastric cancer surgery: a single-center retrospective study date = 2020-10-02 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = After admission during the COVID period, the waiting time before surgery was longer (PCG: 3[IQR: 2,5] vs. Based on our experiences during the pandemic period, we propose some surgical strategies for gastric cancer patients. We aimed to compare the differences in demographics, baseline characteristics, clinicopathological features, and health economics between the two groups to investigate the feasibility of gastric surgery during the pandemic of COVID-19. These data included patient demographics and baseline characteristics (sex, age, body mass index, comorbidity, clinical TNM classification, pathological TNM classification, hemoglobin, CEA, CA199, AFP, CA724), origin of patients (from local district or other provinces), operative method (open surgery or laparoscopic surgery), operating time, estimated blood loss, postoperative complications, postoperative fever, waiting time before admission, length of postoperative hospital stay, hospital costs etc. Length of postoperative hospital stay was defined as the period from the time when patient had undergone surgery to discharge. In conclusion, there are no studies on the impact of COVID-19 on gastric cancer patients. doi = 10.1186/s12893-020-00885-7 id = cord-342577-sxl4ac0s author = Li, Yuchen title = Public awareness, emotional reactions and human mobility in response to the COVID-19 outbreak in China – a population-based ecological study date = 2020-09-25 keywords = China; January; covid-19; mobility summary = title: Public awareness, emotional reactions and human mobility in response to the COVID-19 outbreak in China – a population-based ecological study The alarm phase (19th–26th January) was a restriction-free period, characterized by few new daily cases, but a large amount public negative emotions [the number of negative comments per Weibo post increased by 246.9 per day, 95% confidence interval (CI) 122.5–371.3], and a substantial increase in self-limiting mobility (from 45.6% to 54.5%, changing by 1.5% per day, 95% CI 0.7%–2.3%). The epidemic phase (27th January–15th February) exhibited rapidly increasing numbers of new daily cases, decreasing expression of negative emotions (a decrease of 27.3 negative comments per post per day, 95% CI −40.4 to −14.2), and a stabilized level of self-limiting mobility. In the current study, we aimed to describe dynamic changes in the public''s emotional reactions and daily mobility patterns, especially self-limiting mobility patterns, in the Chinese population during the outbreak period of COVID-19 in China. doi = 10.1017/s003329172000375x id = cord-351509-aau3gx6f author = Li, Yuman title = Prognostic Value of Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain in Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; RVLS summary = Abstract Objectives We aimed to investigate whether right ventricular longitudinal strain (RVLS) was independently predictive of higher mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. All potential predictors of higher mortality were entered into univariate analyses, including sex, age, cardiac injury and inflammatory marker, LVEF, PASP, RV function echocardiographic parameters, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular artery disease, malignancy and arrhythmia). To our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensively evaluate the prognostic value of RV function using the conventional echocardiography and 2D-STE in patients with COVID-19. Most notably, the additional prognostic value of RVLS was substantial independent of LV systolic functional index, which failed to predict mortality in patients with COVID-19. Our data demonstrated that RVLS was a powerful and independent predictor of higher mortality, providing additive predictive value over other echocardiographic parameters in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.04.014 id = cord-279227-l6keimm5 author = Li, Yuxi title = Clinical practice guidelines and experts’ consensuses of traditional Chinese herbal medicine for novel coronavirus (COVID-19): protocol of a systematic review date = 2020-08-03 keywords = chinese; covid-19 summary = title: Clinical practice guidelines and experts'' consensuses of traditional Chinese herbal medicine for novel coronavirus (COVID-19): protocol of a systematic review The objective of this study will be to summarize the recommendations in current clinical practice guidelines about the use of traditional Chinese herbal medicine for COVID-19 patients. DISCUSSION: This review will summarize the recommendations in current clinical practice guidelines and provide insight into the implementation strategies for traditional Chinese herbal medicine in COVID-19 patients. The objective of this systematic review is to systematically summarize the recommendations in current clinical practice guidelines about the use of traditional Chinese herbal medicine for COVID-19 patients. Study design We will include clinical practice guidelines, experts'' consensus statements, and guidance documents (systematically developed statements to assist practitioners and patient decisions about appropriate healthcare for specific circumstances) published by any advising body or healthcare organization since December 2019, which provide information on the use of traditional Chinese herbal medicine therapy for COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1186/s13643-020-01432-4 id = cord-347333-h899xkfy author = Li, Z. title = From Community Acquired Pneumonia to COVID-19: A Deep Learning Based Method for Quantitative Analysis of COVID-19 on thick-section CT Scans date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, a deep learning based system was developed to automatically segment and quantify the COVID-19 infected lung regions on thick-section chest CT images. Conclusions: A deep learning based AI system built on the thick-section CT imaging can accurately quantify the COVID-19 associated lung abnormalities, assess the disease severity and its progressions. 8 The explosive growing number of COVID-19 patients requires the automated AI-based computer 9 aided diagnosis (CAD) systems that can accurately and objectively detect the disease infected lung 10 regions, assess the severity and the progressions. For evaluation, the AI based lung abnormalities segmentation was compared to two 28 experienced radiologists manually delineations, while the AI based assessment of disease severity and 29 progression was compared to patients diagnosis status extracted from clinical and radiology reports. In conclusion, a deep learning based AI system is developed to quantify COVID-19 abnormal 180 lung patterns, assess the disease severity and the progression using thick-section chest CT images. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.17.20070219 id = cord-322543-lo1ra50f author = Li, z. title = Causal Analysis of Health Interventions and Environments for Influencing the Spread of COVID-19 in the United States of America date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; Domain; Public summary = The proposed ANMs and multivariate linear Granger causality analysis methods are applied to the surveillance data of lab-confirmed Covid-19 cases in the US, UMD data, and Google mobility data from March 5, 2020 to August 25, 2020 in order to evaluate the contributions of social-biological factors, economics, the Google mobility indexes, and the rate of virus testing to the number of the new cases and number of deaths from COVIDNonlinear additive noise models for bivariate causal discovery this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) in the Public Domain. The scalar variables tested for causation of the new cases and deaths from COVID-19 in the US included the number of contact tracing workers per 100,000 people, percent of population above 60 years of age, median income, population density, percentage of African Americans, reuse, remix, or adapt this material for any purpose without crediting the original authors. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.29.20203505 id = cord-351031-e8suoeim author = Liang En Ian, Wee title = Containing COVID-19 outside the isolation ward: the impact of an infection control bundle on environmental contamination and transmission in a cohorted general ward date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; RSW; SARS summary = In these general wards, termed as respiratory surveillance wards (RSWs), an infection control bundle was implemented comprising infrastructural enhancements, improved personal-protective-equipment (PPE), and social distancing between patients, in order to mitigate the risk of a potential COVID-19 case initially admitted outside of an AIIR. The main finding of our study was that an infection control bundle comprising infrastructural enhancements, improved PPE and social distancing mitigated the risk of environmental contamination and transmission in a cohorted general ward setting. In conclusion, over a 3-month period, our institution implemented a bundle of interventions to reduce risk of intra-hospital transmission of COVID-19 in a multi-bedded cohorted general ward setting, through the implementation of an infection control bundle comprising infrastructural enhancements, improved PPE, and social distancing between patients. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.188 id = cord-344008-h4kc04w0 author = Liang, Donghai title = Urban Air Pollution May Enhance COVID-19 Case-Fatality and Mortality Rates in the United States date = 2020-09-21 keywords = case; covid-19; rate summary = We used both single and multipollutant models and controlled for spatial trends and a comprehensive set of potential confounders, including state-level test positive rate, county-level healthcare capacity, phase-of-epidemic, population mobility, population density, sociodemographics, socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, behavioral risk factors, and meteorology. To address these analytical gaps and contribute towards a more complete understanding of the impact of long-term exposures to ambient air pollution on COVID-19-related health consequences, we conducted a nationwide study in the USA (3,122 counties) examining associations between multiple key ambient air pollutants, NO 2 , PM 2.5 , and O 3 , and COVID-19 case-fatality and mortality rates in both single and multi-pollutant models, with J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f comprehensive covariate adjustment. We hypothesized that residents living in counties with higher long-term ambient air pollution levels may be more susceptible to COVID-19 severe outcomes, thus resulting in higher COVID-19 case-fatality rates and mortality rates. doi = 10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100047 id = cord-263627-8ufjh70o author = Liang, Li-Lin title = Covid-19 mortality is negatively associated with test number and government effectiveness date = 2020-07-24 keywords = covid-19 summary = Covid-19 mortality rate was negatively associated with Covid-19 test number per 100 people (RR = 0.92, P = 0.001), government effectiveness score (RR = 0.96, P = 0.017), and number of hospital beds (RR = 0.85, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the negative association between Covid-19 mortality and test number was stronger among low-income countries and countries with lower government effectiveness scores, younger populations and fewer hospital beds. In the multiple regression analysis, Covid-19 mortality rate was regressed on Covid-19 test number, case number, critical case rate, government effectiveness score, proportion of population aged 65 or older, number of beds, deaths attributable to communicable diseases, and transport infrastructure quality score. Figure 1e and 1f exhibits that the negative correlation between Covid-19 mortality rate and test number was significant for countries with moderate (r = -0.33, P = 0.021) and low (r = − 0.42, P = 0.002) government effectiveness scores, respectively. doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-68862-x id = cord-294555-6q7q8gse author = Liang, Ting title = Evolution of CT findings in patients with mild COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19; GGO summary = CT features including lobar distribution and presence of ground glass opacities (GGO), consolidation, and linear opacities were analyzed on per-patient basis during each of five time intervals spanning the 3 weeks after disease onset. CONCLUSIONS: While bilateral GGO are predominant features, CT findings changed during different time intervals in the 3 weeks after symptom onset in patients with COVID-19. In conclusion, CT findings of patients with mild COVID-19 outside of Wuhan include predominance of GGO in the early phase with an increase in the frequency of consolidation and linear opacities over the 3 weeks post onset of symptoms. Given that laboratory tests for the novel coronavirus can be falsely negative, radiologists play a key role in identifying suspicious CT findings based on time interval from the onset of symptoms and guide further evaluation and management of patients. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-06823-8 id = cord-311376-mah8j8bj author = Liang, Xiaopeng title = Is COVID-19 more severe in older men? date = 2020-05-13 keywords = covid-19 summary = Previous studies on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) showed that older men were at higher risk of coronavirus infection. 2 Studies in female mice suggested that oestrogen signalling can directly inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV, thereby protecting the mice from infection. Thus, age-associated decrease in oestradiol concentration might be a possible explanation for the susceptibility and severe progression of COVID-19 in older patients. In SARS, high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-5, IL-10, granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon γ-induced protein 10 kDa and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha were found, resulting in acute lung injury and multi-organ dysfunction. Conversely, older patients and men are not protected by oestrogens. SARS-CoV2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, is known to gain entry into cells via the angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. 5 Lower oestrogen levels increase ACE2 expression, facilitating the development of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. doi = 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-137867 id = cord-307309-s0t4kp2x author = Liang, Ying title = Symptoms, Management and Healthcare Utilization of COPD Patients During the COVID-19 Epidemic in Beijing date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COPD; covid-19; patient summary = Clinical data, including respiratory symptoms, pharmacological treatment, management and healthcare access before and during the COVID-19 epidemic from January 25 to April 25, 2020, were collected. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study of symptoms, management and healthcare utilization of COPD patients during the COVID-19 epidemic in Beijing, aiming to provide data for implementing relevant treatment strategy of COPD during the pandemic. Patients were selected randomly from the COPD database in our hospital by the following inclusion criteria: 1) 40 years of age or older; (2) a history of at least 3 months of diagnosed COPD according to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Report. Sociodemographic information and clinical data, including respiratory symptoms, pharmacological treatment, management and healthcare access before and during the COVID-19 epidemic from January 25 to April 25, 2020, were collected. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2020:15 visits (getting prescription for COPD, review and assessment of disease, or worsening of respiratory symptoms), and online consultation. doi = 10.2147/copd.s270448 id = cord-339467-ewqxf02j author = Liang, Ying title = Differential diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 from pneumonias caused by other etiologies in a fever clinic in Beijing date = 2020-10-20 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Based on epidemiological history, clinical and radiological manifestations, cases with possible or probable COVID-19 were sent for panel discussion and then for SARS-CoV-2 detection by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Epidemiological data included: if the patient came from Wuhan City or other cities of Hubei Province in 2 weeks, if the patient ever had close contact with individuals from Wuhan or other cities of Hubei province, or with individuals who had confirmed COVID-19 in 2 weeks, and if the onset of pneumonia occurred in family members in a short period. For the remaining 91 cases with negative viral detection, 2 cases were not included in the final analysis because they had epidemiological evidence with interstitial pneumonia in CT findings and COVID-19 could not be completely excluded, 22 were excluded from the analysis because of lack of CT scan or no signs of pneumonia on CT scan, and finally 67 patients were included as the non-COVID-19 group [Supplementary Figure 1 , http://links.lww.com/CM9/A337]. doi = 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001121 id = cord-332348-yi85sfks author = Liang, Yujie title = Neurosensory dysfunction: a diagnostic marker of early COVID-19 date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Recently, some researchers have reported that patients with COVID-19 would suffer from neurosensory dysfunction, including loss of smell (hyposmia) and taste (hypogeusia), with a prevalence of 5.1%-98% [2] [3] [4] [5] for hyposmia, and 5.6%-90.3% [2, 4, 5] for J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f hypogeusia. To clarify the onset time and duration of these symptoms will offer help for early diagnosis and accurate management of In this study, we report the characteristic neurosensory dysfunction in 44 of 86 patients with COVID-19. In this study, we detailly provided the exact time of onset and duration of neurosensory dysfunction, including hyposmia, hypogeusia and tinnitus, of patients with COVID-19. In conclusion, the present study detailly provided the exact time of onset and duration of neurosensory dysfunction, and reported the viral load of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.086 id = cord-338090-8uu8kl9v author = Liao, Jie‐lan title = Clinical differences in chest CT characteristics between the progression and remission stages of patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia date = 2020-10-17 keywords = COVID-19; GGO summary = title: Clinical differences in chest CT characteristics between the progression and remission stages of patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia The variables consolidation, boundary feature, large cable sign, and crazy‐paving sign were the most significant factors, based on a variable named ''prediction of progression or remission'' (PPR) that we constructed. In the present study, we analyzed the CT images from 107 COVID-19 cases, and examined the distinctive characteristics of both the progression and remission stages. Consistently, the round-shape lesion proportion, GGO ratio, consolidation ratio, large cable signs, and crazy-paving signs in the remission stage were no longer correlated with the progression stage (Table 4 ). Using logistic (two-tailed) regression, we found the consolidation, boundary feature, large cable sign, and crazy-paving sign variables were the most significant factors distinguishing between progression and remission (Table 5 ). We revealed that the characteristics of round shape, GGO, consolidation, large cable sign, and crazypaving sign significantly change between the progression and remission stages. doi = 10.1111/ijcp.13760 id = cord-335446-8l1vfsbc author = Liao, M. title = The landscape of lung bronchoalveolar immune cells in COVID-19 revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing date = 2020-02-26 keywords = CD8; SARS; covid-19 summary = Here, we comprehensively characterized the lung immune microenvironment with the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from 3 severe and 3 mild COVID-19 patients and 8 previously reported healthy lung controls through single-cell RNA sequence (scRNA-seq) combined with TCR-seq. To characterize the immune microenvironment of the SARS-CoV-2-infected lung, we performed scRNA-seq analysis of single cells in the lung BALF (37, 820 cells) using the 10X Genomics platform, from 3 of recovered mild cases and 3 of severe cases ( Figure 1A , Table 1 ). Our data indicated that the monocytes are recruited from circulation (FCN1 + ) to the lung to fuel the inflammation during severe diseases, and some monocytes may further go through the differentiation process into the SPP1 + populations and eventually the FABP4 + AMs. robust and early T cell response played crucial roles in viral clearance during acute respiratory infections [14] . doi = 10.1101/2020.02.23.20026690 id = cord-354164-tlmfn4bm author = Liao, Xuelian title = Critical Care for Severe COVID-19: A Population-based Study from a Province with Low Case-fatality Rate in China date = 2020-03-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = Using data from the multicentre cohort study (StUdy of 2019 Novel coRonavirus pneumonia Infected critically ill patients in Sichuan provincE, SUNRISE), we aimed to describe and analyse the clinical course, multi-strategy management, and respiratory support resources usage for the severe COVID-19 at the provincial level. According to the criteria proposed by Chinese National Health Commission, confirmed COVID-19 patients who met any of the five following criteria 2 were included as severe cases: 1) dyspnoea or respiratory frequency ≥30/min; 2) pulse oxygen saturation (SPO2) ≤93% without oxygen therapy in resting state; 3) PaO2:FiO2 ratio <300; 4) lung infiltrates >50% within 24-48 hours; 5) respiratory failure, septic shock, and/or multiple organ dysfunction. To our knowledge, it is the first time that critical care for severe COVID-19 was described from the perspective of identification, organization and resources using data from a population based study, where a significant lower case-fatality rate was observed than that reported elsewhere. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.22.20041277 id = cord-323421-67r1qmc9 author = Liao, Yunfei title = Clinical Characteristics and Risk factors for developed COVID-19 patients transferring to designated hospital from Jianghan Fangcang shelter Hospital: a retrospective, observational study date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; Fangcang; hospital summary = title: Clinical Characteristics and Risk factors for developed COVID-19 patients transferring to designated hospital from Jianghan Fangcang shelter Hospital: a retrospective, observational study Methods This study enrolled all cases (no=1848) with mild or moderate type of COVID-19 in Fangcang shelter hospital of Jianghan in Wuhan from Feb 5th to Mar 9th, 2020. The patients from mild or moderate type to severe type showed the following clinical characteristics: the median incubation (onset to shelter) period was 10 days; they were all symptomatic at admission; fever, cough, and fatigue were the most common symptoms; hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart diseases were common co-morbidities; most of the patients had elevated levels of CRP at ill onset with 33.3% over 10 mg per L; bilateral distribution and ground-glass opacity were the most common manifestations in chest CT. 21.20074724 doi: medRxiv preprint retrospective cohort study to disclose the clinical characteristics and risk factors for developed COVID-19 patients transferring to the designated hospital in Fangcang shelter hospital. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.21.20074724 id = cord-260642-qzc3etlx author = Liao, Zhongxing title = Optimizing lung cancer radiation treatment worldwide in COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A Randomized Phase 2 Study Comparing 2 Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Schedules for Medically Inoperable Patients With Stage I Peripheral Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: NRG Oncology RTOG 0915 (NCCTG N0927) Long-term Follow-up on NRG Oncology RTOG 0915 (NCCTG N0927): A Randomized Phase 2 Study Comparing 2 Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Schedules for Medically Inoperable Patients With Stage I Peripheral Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer SOCCAR: A randomised phase II trial comparing sequential versus concurrent chemotherapy and radical hypofractionated radiotherapy in patients with inoperable stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and good performance status Impact of thoracic radiotherapy timing in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: usefulness of the individual patient data meta-analysis Phase 2 study of accelerated hypofractionated thoracic radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy in patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer Phase III trial of concurrent thoracic radiotherapy with either first-or third-cycle chemotherapy for limited-disease small-cell lung cancer doi = 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.05.029 id = cord-271653-4q2olzx1 author = Libby, Peter title = The Heart in COVID19: Primary Target or Secondary Bystander? date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; infection summary = Fulminant myocarditis due to direct viral infection can certainly occur, but patients with increased oxygen demands due to tachycardia and fever, and reduced oxygen delivery due to hypotension and hypoxemia can cause myocardial injury indirectly. Fulminant myocarditis due to direct viral infection can certainly occur, but patients with increased oxygen demands due to tachycardia and fever, and reduced oxygen delivery due to hypotension and hypoxemia can cause myocardial injury indirectly. Dealing with the immense challenge of COVID-19 disease, confronted with severely ill patients in dire straits with virtually no rigorous evidence base to guide our therapy, we must call upon our clinical skills and judgment. Dealing with the immense challenge of COVID-19 disease, confronted with severely ill patients in dire straits with virtually no rigorous evidence base to guide our therapy, we must call upon our clinical skills and judgment. doi = 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.04.001 id = cord-271930-9a18h2tr author = Licari, Amelia title = Allergy and asthma in children and adolescents during the COVID outbreak: What we know and how we could prevent allergy and asthma flares date = 2020-05-28 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) initially proposed that patients with chronic lung diseases, including moderate-severe asthma, and allergy may have a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 than otherwise healthy people (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/specific-groups/asthma.html). Allergic children had a significantly higher (P < .0001) eosinophil count than COVID-19 patients. However, it has been recently commented that chronic respiratory diseases, including COPD and asthma, seem to be underrepresented in the comorbidities of COVID-19 patients. On the other hand, children and adolescents with allergy and asthma should be adequately managed during this COVID-19 pandemic, also considering the restrictive rules released by governmental authorities that impose a strict limitation on movements. 10 In summary, the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the lack of specific antiviral therapies and vaccines currently require additional medical efforts to prevent COVID-19 and mostly protect patients with chronic diseases. Association of respiratory allergy, asthma, and expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE2 Do chronic respiratory diseases or their treatment affect the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection? doi = 10.1111/all.14369 id = cord-298866-dzatps7b author = Licskai, Christopher title = Key highlights from the Canadian Thoracic Society’s Position Statement on the Optimization of Asthma Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Key highlights from the Canadian Thoracic Society''s Position Statement on the Optimization of Asthma Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic In general, asthma maintenance and exacerbation management should continue according to national and international guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic, however treatment decisions should be individualized based on patient characteristics. 6, 7, 8 Are patients with asthma at risk of having an exacerbation triggered by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 19)? The Centers for Disease Control identify people with asthma as a group that may be at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19. No. Asthma patients should restart or continue their prescribed inhaled corticosteroid or inhaled corticosteroid steroid plus long-acting beta 2 -agonist maintenance therapy to improve disease control and to reduce the severity of exacerbations, including exacerbations that may be caused by SARS-CoV-2. Yes. There is no evidence that inhaled corticosteroids increase the risk of acquiring COVID-19 or that inhaled corticosteroids increase the severity of infection. doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.05.551 id = cord-293086-6282sb6b author = Liddell, Kathleen title = Who gets the ventilator? Important legal rights in a pandemic date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; NHS; patient; ventilator summary = 2 As a result, at present, the only central guidance comes from the ''COVID-19 Rapid Guideline'' issued by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), which recommends triaging admission to the ICU based on frailty assessments, but provides little concrete guidance on how to allocate or re-allocate ventilators once a patient is in the ICU. At present, the prognostic tools required to produce an effective decision support system (triage protocol) are lacking along with most of the infrastructure, processes, legal protections, and training for critical care triage.'' 13 It is difficult to attribute relative probabilities of survival to patients, or to anticipate length of bed stay, with a novel disease like COVID-19. Thus, if ventilation is clinically indicated, it is doubtful that doctors can Current controversy unilaterally decide to withhold care on the grounds that a scarce resource would be more effectively used on future (anticipated) patients. doi = 10.1136/medethics-2020-106332 id = cord-346109-fcytebfz author = Lie, Jessica J. title = Optimizing Resident Wellness During a Pandemic: University of British Columbia''s General Surgery Program''s COVID-19 Experience date = 2020-07-19 keywords = COVID-19; resident summary = title: Optimizing Resident Wellness During a Pandemic: University of British Columbia''s General Surgery Program''s COVID-19 Experience Objective: The University of British Columbia''s General Surgery Program delineates a unique and systematic approach to wellness for surgical residents during a pandemic. Objective: The University of British Columbia''s General Surgery Program delineates a unique and systematic approach to wellness for surgical residents during a pandemic. Measures must be put in place to protect resident from the increased physical and mental health stress in order to best serve patients during this difficult time. Measures must be put in place to protect resident from the increased physical and mental health stress in order to best serve patients during this difficult time. The General Surgery Program at UBC optimized the wellness of residents by targeting three domains: efficiency of practice, culture of wellness and personal resilience. doi = 10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.07.017 id = cord-332573-pltz5viz author = Lieberman, Joshua A title = Coping With COVID-19: Emerging Medical Student Clinical Pathology Education in the Pacific Northwest in the Face of a Global Pandemic date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; medical; student summary = The reflection piece, due at the end of the course, was a one-to two-page reply to the following prompt: "Describe three key aspects of lab medicine you''ve learned and how they apply to the Covid-19 pandemic." The anonymous course survey contained quantitative and freetext elements for students to give feedback on small groups, lectures, and the overall course (Supplemental Table 1 ; all supplemental materials can be found at American Journal of Clinical Pathology online). The course directors effectively leveraged these parallel changes in clinical activity and resident education to provide medical students remote access to these activities, which had been components of LabM 680 ❚Table 4❚. The new course, MedSci 585C, provided third-and fourth-year medical students an opportunity to develop their diagnostic and patient management skills through directed distance learning in the hospital-based clinical laboratory. doi = 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa152 id = cord-355777-zly3ddtr author = Lieberman-Cribbin, Wil title = Disparities in COVID-19 Testing and Positivity in New York City date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; SES summary = INTRODUCTION: Existing socioeconomic and racial disparities in healthcare access in New York City have likely impacted the public health response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CONCLUSIONS: In New York City, COVID-19 testing has not been proportional to need; existing socioeconomic and racial disparities in healthcare access have likely impacted public health response. The ZCTA-level data on median household income in the past 12 months (Table B19013) , median gross rent (B25064), percentage living <150% of the poverty line (e.g., an annual salary of ≤$26,200 for a four-person household 7 ; Table C17002 ), education (B15002), percentage working class (C24010), percentage unemployed (B23025), and more than one occupant per room (B25014) were downloaded from 2018 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. This analysis identifies disparities in those being tested, and suggests a gap in COVID-19 response policy, as well as the need for widespread testing and public health outreach to the most vulnerable populations of NYC. doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.005 id = cord-356173-8vrw4mag author = Liebig, J. title = Should international borders re-open? The impact of travel restrictions on COVID-19 importation risk date = 2020-10-14 keywords = Australia; covid-19 summary = There are two major factors that influence the expected number of COVID-19 importations: incoming traveller volumes, and incidence rates of the disease in source countries. Figure 2 shows the estimated number of COVID-19 cases imported by citizens/residents and visitors from the ten largest sources before and after the respective travel restrictions were implemented. To decide whether it is safe to open international borders, governments need to understand the relationship between the number of arrivals, incidence rates in countries that act as importation sources and the expected number of COVID-19 importations. We use the monthly number of observed COVID-19 infections amongst travellers arriving into Australia from a given country to estimate the country''s true incidence rate. The importation model requires as input the date of arrival into the country under investigation (in our case Australia), the duration of the overseas stay, daily incidence rates of COVID-19 in the country of origin and the lengths of the latent and infectious periods. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.11.20211060 id = cord-341624-02bmonj6 author = Liem, Andrian title = Ethical standards for telemental health must be maintained during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; health summary = 1, 3, 4 Despite increased interest in telemental health, the pandemic created a sudden switch from offline to online modalities challenging clinicians to rapidly adapt to meet patients'' needs. 5 This number is higher in low and middle-income countries in Asia, for example, about 85% of clinicians in Bangladesh have never provided telemental health services to their patients. 12 Second, clinicians must have practical competence to deliver online interventions, including assisting patients when they face logistical issues. A brief checklist covers these five ethical standards for telemental health is provided in Table 1 and can complement the available mental health interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic. 1, 2, 13 Telemental health is promising for use during the COVID-19 pandemic, including in Asian countries. Clinician should not rely on this table only and should seek more detail ethical standards from their government and professional organisation before providing telemental health services. doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102218 id = cord-318994-1xngjndu author = Lier, Audun J. title = Case Report: Disseminated Strongyloidiasis in a Patient with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; Strongyloides; day summary = We report a case of a COVID-19 patient who developed disseminated strongyloidiasis following treatment with high-dose corticosteroids and tocilizumab. Screening for Strongyloides infection should be pursued in individuals with COVID-19 who originate from endemic regions before initiating immunosuppressive therapy. This report describes the clinical features of a case of disseminated strongyloidiasis infection and polymicrobial bacteremia in an individual who received immunosuppressive treatment for COVID-19. 11 Given our patient''s epidemiologic risk factor and development of Gram-negative bacteremia, the clinical diagnosis of disseminated strongyloidiasis was further supported. The initial Strongyloides serology on hospital day 21 was negative, but the repeat was positive on day 38. 8 This case highlights important considerations when using immunosuppressive therapies for COVID-19 treatment, particularly in patients with risk factors for prior Strongyloides infection. Clinical suspicion for disseminated strongyloidiasis should be maintained in patients from endemic areas who develop Gram-negative sepsis or meningitis. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0699 id = cord-332682-c6iql84p author = Liesman, Daniel R title = Perspectives From Rising Fourth Year Medical Students Regarding Strategies to Counteract the Effects of COVID-19 on Medical Education date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; student summary = We believe that implementing virtual rotations, delaying the opening of the application, decentralizing clinical skills evaluations, and modifying graduation requirements are possible options among many that could aid in addressing some of the current challenges presented by COVID-19. Therefore, we hope to contribute to this early discussion to identify possible avenues that residency programs, administration, and students may find useful as they approach some of the developing issues of clinical learning, licensing examinations, and graduation requirements in the wake of COVID-19. In light of the loss of clinical time and significant limitation in away rotation opportunities, the same working group has recommended delaying the opening of the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS). As students, we believe that implementing virtual rotations, delaying the opening of the application, decentralizing clinical skills evaluations, and modifying graduation requirements are possible options among many that could aid in addressing some of the current challenges presented by COVID-19. doi = 10.1177/2382120520940659 id = cord-329737-l8u4s73w author = Liew, Yixin title = Antimicrobial stewardship program, a vital resource for hospitals during the global outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; Singapore summary = Since then, the Ministry of Health, Singapore, quickly raised "Disease Outbreak Response System Condition" (DORSCON) alert to orange (the second highest level of alert) on 7th Feb 2020, and implemented various measures nationwide, including border control, quarantine of contacts of COVID-19 cases or those who have travelled to affected areas, temperature screening as well as restricting the number of visitors to the hospital. 1 In light of increasing COVID-19 cases locally and internationally, 2 our hospital faced competing manpower needs arising from health crisis management, leading to uncertainty over manpower allocation of non-direct patient care personnel e.g. antibiotic stewardship practitioners. Here, we aim to describe the impact of COVID-19 on antibiotic use and the role of Antibiotic Stewardship Program (ASP) in Singapore General Hospital (SGH), an 1800-bed, tertiary-care hospital. Discontinuation of antibiotic therapy within 24 hours of treatment initiation for patients with no clinical evidence of bacterial infection: a 5-year safety and outcome study from Singapore General Hospital Antimicrobial Stewardship Program doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106145 id = cord-271089-xzckxnv8 author = Lifshits, M. title = COVID-19 mortality rate in Russia: forecasts and reality evaluation date = 2020-09-25 keywords = April; Russia; covid-19 summary = India 17 14 11 10 6 4 4 3 3 3 Russia 9 5 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 South Africa 51 44 39 30 23 21 18 14 6 5 Mexico 25 20 17 17 14 14 11 9 8 6 Peru 16 13 12 12 8 7 7 5 5 7 Chile 28 24 19 15 13 9 8 6 7 8 Spain 2 2 3 4 4 6 6 7 9 9 UK 6 4 4 5 5 5 5 8 10 10 Iran 8 10 10 11 10 10 10 10 11 11 Pakistan 27 22 20 18 16 15 12 12 12 12 Saudi Arabia 22 17 16 16 15 16 15 13 13 13 Colombia 48 42 38 32 27 23 21 19 18 14 Italy 3 3 6 6 7 8 9 11 14 15 Turkey 7 9 9 9 11 12 13 15 15 16 Bangladesh 45 37 30 23 20 18 17 18 17 17 Germany 5 7 8 8 9 11 14 16 16 18 France 4 6 7 7 12 13 16 17 19 19 Argentina 53 54 50 44 38 34 27 23 20 20 Compiled by the authors based on the data from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ The list of leaders in the total number of COVID-19 -related deaths over the last two months have not changed as much as the total number of people infected, since the mortality in the first European countries affected with the new disease was particularly high, besides the growth in the number of infections over time is reflected in the increase in the number of deaths (table 2). doi = 10.1101/2020.09.25.20201376 id = cord-318909-h5b7mncf author = Liguori, Claudio title = Subjective neurological symptoms frequently occur in patients with SARS-CoV2 infection date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = 7 A large retrospective analysis carried out in China on 214 patients affected by SARS-CoV2 infection confirmed that hospitalized patients complained of subjective neurological symptoms (sNS) in a 36 .4% of cases, including headache, disturbed consciousness, and paresthesia as the most frequent. This observational study, carried out in 103 patients affected by SARS-CoV2 infection, documented the high prevalence of sNS during the course of the disease, even immediately after admission to the Hospital. Although the involvement of nervous system during SARS-CoV2 infection has been extensively proposed, [10] [11] [12] few studies focused the investigation on neurological symptoms in patients with 7 The largest study examining the neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 was a retrospective analysis achieved by reviewing patients'' clinical charts. 15 In the present study, we performed a prospective observation in patients with non-severe respiratory form of SARS-CoV2 by using an anamnestic interview designed to better determinate the occurrence and type of sNS over the course of the disease. doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.037 id = cord-267713-i75e5vtw author = Lim, Andy title = An International Report on the Adaptations of Rapid Transient Ischaemic Attack Pathways During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; TIA; clinic summary = BACKGROUND: This report aims to describe changes that centres providing transient ischaemic attack (TIA) pathway services have made to stay operational in response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. CONCLUSION: The COVID pandemic has led TIA clinics around the world to adapt and move to the use of telemedicine for outpatient clinic review and modified investigation pathways. The aim of this report is to provide a description of existing rapid TIA pathways around the world and understand the necessary adjustments in practice required to optimally evaluate and manage TIAs during the pandemic. The key findings were: (1) all participating centres remained operational, (2) change in assessment to telephone and/or video-enabled visits; (3) change in type of vascular imaging investigations, First, the fact that all participating centres reported an active status suggests that the commitment that health services have made to redirecting TIA patients to rapid and/or outpatient pathways is significant. doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105228 id = cord-290820-28ggcjx0 author = Lim, Michael Anthonius title = Sports activities during any pandemic lockdown date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; exercise; risk summary = With the resumption of normal life during COVID-19 taking effect immediately, guidelines for outdoor exercise, recreational activities, and returning to competitive sports must be enacted with caution. To help delay and mitigate COVID-19 spread, staying at home is still encouraged and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends daily physical activity for both children (60 min/day) and adults (30 min/day). During the self-isolation period, the majority of people grew accustomed to a sedentary lifestyle with less physical activity, fewer daily step counts, and rarely exercise, while athletes and certain people train individually to keep themselves fit and healthy [11] . Assuming a reduction in strength, flexibility, endurance, proprioceptive, and neuromuscular control, there is a greater risk of injury faced by athletes when transitioning from an unprecedented lockdown to high-level sports-specific practice. Impact of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases on mortality and severity of COVID-19 -systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression doi = 10.1007/s11845-020-02300-9 id = cord-297213-r5ulw2n1 author = Lim, Michael Anthonius title = The Danger of Sedentary Lifestyle in Diabetic and Obese People During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; meta summary = title: The Danger of Sedentary Lifestyle in Diabetic and Obese People During the COVID-19 Pandemic Currently, the preventive measures adopted to lower the risk of COVID-19 transmission include mitigation approaches and living physically active lifestyles. 16, 17 Adoption of physically active lifestyles can delay the aging of the immune system, and minimize the risk of contracting communicable and non-communicable diseases. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia -A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression: diabetes and COVID-19 Hypertension is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression Impact of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases on mortality and severity of COVID-19 -Systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression Lymphopenia in severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): systematic review and meta-analysis Elevated N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide is associated with increased mortality in patients with COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1177/1179551420964487 id = cord-344076-ervwj8ok author = Lim, Michael Anthonius title = The insidious threat of jamu and unregulated traditional medicines in the COVID-19 era date = 2020-06-12 keywords = covid-19 summary = Continuous consumption of jamu and other adulterated traditional medicines has the potential to cause their consumers to become steroid-dependent. Patients with comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, often develop more severe COVID-19 and it is possible that these patients also may consume unregulated traditional medicines in addition to their routine prescriptions [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . Therefore, obtaining a comprehensive history, including consumption of jamu and other unregulated traditional medicines, is crucial for the early identification of steroid dependence. A retrospective analysis of adrenal crisis in steroid-dependent patients: causes, frequency and outcomes Hypertension is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression Elevated N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide is associated with increased mortality in patients with COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis Lymphopenia in severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.022 id = cord-311853-k6efd9vg author = Lim, Rachel HF title = Decline in pneumococcal disease incidence in the time of COVID-19 in Singapore date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Chow et al reported a marked decline in influenza incidence in Singapore during the first four months of 2020, likely attributable to public health measures aimed at controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (1) . As part of routine infectious disease surveillance for these institutions, we reviewed the results of all urinary streptococcal antigen tests performed, as well as the number of notifications submitted to the Ministry of Health for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) (a notifiable disease for which reporting is mandatory for all clinicians and clinical laboratories), from the years 2010 to 2020. We postulate that the public health COVID-19 prevention measures introduced in Singapore resulted in an inadvertent decrease in pneumococcal disease transmission. In conclusion, we observed a decreased incidence of pneumococcal disease at our institution that corresponded with the time period when public health measures were implemented to control COVID-19, suggesting that these measures had also had an inadvertent effect on the transmission of S. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.020 id = cord-290841-lo84h1yf author = Lim, Rodrick title = Emergency physician mental health during the subacute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-290841-lo84h1yf title: Emergency physician mental health during the subacute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic cord_uid: lo84h1yf The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic presents unique mental stressors for emergency physicians (EPs). In light of the literature on the mental health of EPs during the severe acute respiratory syndrome pandemic, the wellbeing of EPs during this prolonged COVID-19 pandemic is of major concern, as they are at significant risk of depression, anxiety, and other mental health complaints. [1] [2] [3] [4] EPs pre-pandemic experienced chronic stress, perceived lack of control, inefficiency, and moral distress, which were all leading to burnout. We propose that three important themes during the subacute phase are important to identify to support EP mental health: uncertainty, lack of control, and discord. To support EPs'' mental health during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic, we propose the following action items: The mental health of hospital workers dealing with severe acute respiratory syndrome doi = 10.1017/cem.2020.442 id = cord-033656-ivp3lchc author = Lim, Seok Mei title = Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on COVID-19 Negative Geriatric Patients with Hip Fractures date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = As public health policymakers try to control the pandemic by focusing resources on COVID-19, the general population fear contracting coronavirus from hospitals, resulting in changes in their healthcare seeking behaviour. We describe two cases demonstrating the direct and indirect impact of COVID-19 to our geriatric patients in Singapore who have sustained hip fractures. A study done in the United States demonstrated that up to one-third of patients have delayed seeking medical care in the ED due to COVID-19 fears (3). Case 1''s access to Orthopedic opinion and surgical intervention was hampered by her fear of contracting COVID-19 from the hospital. Logistical COVID-19 related arrangements with redistribution of healthcare workers and resources had contributed to Case 2''s delay in diagnosis and subsequent access to Orthopedic services. Studies have illustrated that COVID-19 positive cases with hip fractures have higher mortality rates (5) . doi = 10.14283/jfa.2020.54 id = cord-329308-ipui7lo6 author = Lim, Soo title = Proper Management of People with Obesity during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-30 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; angiotensin; obesity summary = During the COVID-19 pandemic, people have tended to gain weight because of environmental factors imposed by quarantine policies, such as decreased physical activity and increased consumption of unhealthy food. The common medications used to treat people with obesity, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues, statins, and antiplatelets agents, should be continued because these agents have anti-inflammatory properties and play protective roles against cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. 54 A cumulative effect of chronic inflammation and hypercytokinemia seems to bring about a hyperinflammatory response through macrophage active syndrome, especially in patients with severe COVID-19 (Fig. 2) . Letter to the Editor: obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease Letter to the Editor: obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease doi = 10.7570/jomes20056 id = cord-330837-pwwgmtjr author = Lim, Zheng Jie title = Incidence and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the COVID-19 era: A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-11-01 keywords = OHCA; covid-19; pandemic summary = title: Incidence and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the COVID-19 era: A systematic review and meta-analysis For example, an increase in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) incidence has been reported since the very early phase of the COVID-19 epidemic [2] . A recent population-based crosssectional study reported that out-of-hospital cardiac arrests had increased 3-fold during the 2020 COVID-19 period when compared with during the comparison period in 2019 [3] . The study hypothesis was that the incidence of OHCA and the associated mortality was higher during the COVID-19 pandemic period when compared to an earlier period. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the authors aimed to determine the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence, processes of care and mortality among OHCA patients. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f DISCUSSION Across the selected studies, we observed a more than two-fold increase in OHCA incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an overall significant increase in mortality. doi = 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.10.025 id = cord-344693-znw3dru4 author = Lima, Brian title = COVID‐19 in recent heart transplant recipients: Clinicopathologic features and early outcomes date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 11 The question remains whether the inferences drawn from these larger studies in the general population can be extrapolated to immunosuppressed patients, eg, heart transplant (HTx) recipients, a vulnerable population with a high prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities that continue to be present post-HTx. Increased risk of severe illness is suggested by a recent study which reported a mortality rate of 25% among HTx patients with COVID-19 in a single transplant center. [21] [22] [23] [24] COVID-19''s established predilection for direct myocardial injury 4,7-9,25-27 warrants a more comprehensive examination focusing specifically on HTx cases to improve our understanding of how this illness impacts graft function, occurrence of rejection, presence of donor specific antibodies, and other clinical nuances unique to HTx. Thus, the goal of the present study is to share novel insights from our experience in five HTx patients with moderate/severe COVID-19 at a large quaternary hospital in the New York City area. doi = 10.1111/tid.13382 id = cord-339504-8svo2w3u author = Lima, Rodrigo Moreira e title = Recommendations for local-regional anesthesia during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-10 keywords = Anesthesia; COVID-19; patient summary = Adopting regional anesthesia mitigates adverse effects in the post-operative period and provides safety to patients and teams, as long as there is compliance with individual protection and interpersonal transmission care measures. The present manuscript aims to review the evidence available on regional anesthesia for patients with COVID-19 and offer practical recommendations for safe and efficient performance. Therefore, when faced with the decision on which anesthetic technique is the most appropriate and safe for confirmed or suspected patients of COVID-19, judicial investigation of neurological symptoms potentially present is mandatory, equally to what is done for the pulmonary and cardiovascular symptoms common in these patients [19] In this way, we can come across cases in which distinguishing post-dural puncture headache and headache due to SARS-CoV-2 infection is difficult. Despite the recommendation favorable to wearing a surgical mask when in contact with patients with COVID-19 in short and not aerosol-generating procedures, [27] the possibility of block failures, need for ventilatory care or conversion to general anesthesia should be considered. doi = 10.1016/j.bjane.2020.06.002 id = cord-274834-24v2b509 author = Lima, Rosiane title = Establishment of a pediatric COVID-19 biorepository: unique considerations and opportunities for studying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; MIS; SARS; child summary = Although the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is less clinically apparent, collecting high-quality biospecimens from infants, children, and adolescents in a standardized manner during the COVID-19 pandemic is essential to establish a biologic understanding of the disease in the pediatric population. METHODS: A COVID-19 biospecimen collection study was implemented with strategic enrollment guidelines to include patients seen in urgent care clinics and hospital settings, neonates born to SARS-CoV-2 infected mothers, and asymptomatic children. Specific questions that must be addressed revolve around the role children play in viral transmission, differences in pediatric viral susceptibility and immune responses, which could guide potential therapies for adults, the impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on fetal development, and factors driving the development of severe hyperinflammatory shock and cardiac damage seen in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). In order to capture the full range of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pediatric population, a COVID-19 biospecimen collection study was designed and implemented, including patients seen in urgent care clinics and hospital settings, neonates born to SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers, and asymptomatic children. doi = 10.1186/s12874-020-01110-y id = cord-276630-qci7khki author = Lima, William Gustavo title = The potential of drug repositioning as a short-term strategy for the control and treatment of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2): a systematic review date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = Due to the evidence of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of various clinically available agents, drug repositioning stands out as a promising strategy for a short-term response in the fight against the novel coronavirus. Only seven drugs (chloroquine, tetrandrine, umifenovir (arbidol), carrimycin, Table 1 Clinical evidence of potential candidates for drug repositioning against COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) *Lopinavir (400 mg) + ritonavir (100 mg), q12h, orally; associated with umifenovir (200 mg), q12h, orally. [14] reported that the use of arbidol in combination with lopinavir/ritonavir inhibits the aggravation of pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 and promotes a virus-negative conversion in patients from China. Of these, only six drugs (lopinavir/ritonavir, umifenovir (arbidol), remdesivir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine) have shown promising results in preclinical trials and have clinically lessened the symptoms of COVID-19. Although lopinavir/ ritonavir had low anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, arbidol, remdesivir, and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine showed promising effects against this coronavirus. doi = 10.1007/s00705-020-04693-5 id = cord-265328-83p3sjja author = Limcaoco, R. S. G. title = Anxiety, worry and perceived stress in the world due to the COVID-19 pandemic, March 2020. Preliminary results. date = 2020-04-06 keywords = PSS-10; covid-19; health summary = Having into consideration the lockdown and quarantine situation, we decided to do evaluate the current emotional state on the general population with a web-based survey in English and in Spanish, which was considered a useful and fast method that could help us determine how people perceived stress and worry due to the COVID-19. Methods: The survey included a 22 items, gathering information in 3 sections: Sociodemographic data, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) by Cohen and additional queries that assessed the current worry and change of behaviours due to this pandemic. Taking into consideration the lockdown and quarantine situation, the researchers decided to do evaluate the current state on the general population with a web-based survey that was considered at this moment a useful and fast method that can help determine how people perceived stress and worry due to the COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.03.20043992 id = cord-310245-r1fd2kqh author = Lin, Chung-Ying title = Investigating mediated effects of fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 misunderstanding in the association between problematic social media use, psychological distress, and insomnia date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; social summary = title: Investigating mediated effects of fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 misunderstanding in the association between problematic social media use, psychological distress, and insomnia Methods Utilizing an online survey, a sample of Iranian young adults (n=1078 with 628 males; mean age=26.24 years [SD±7.41]) completed questions and psychometric scales concerning psychological distress, insomnia, problematic social media use, fear of COVID-19, and COVID-19 misunderstanding. Therefore, collecting empirical data to study psychological distress of a population (such as the young adults in the present sample) during COVID-19 outbreak is vitally important, and will provide meaningful information for healthcare providers to design appropriate campaigns to promote public mental health. More specifically, problematic social media use, fear of COVID-19, COVID-19 misunderstanding, psychological distress, and insomnia are all relevant areas where information should be collected and investigated. Table 2 reports the mean (and SD) of the participants'' levels in psychological distress, problematic social media use, fear of COVID-19, COVID-19 misunderstanding, and insomnia. doi = 10.1016/j.invent.2020.100345 id = cord-289372-bk348l32 author = Lin, Chung‐Ying title = Using an integrated social cognition model to predict COVID‐19 preventive behaviours date = 2020-08-11 keywords = Time; behaviour; covid-19; preventive summary = We therefore focused on identifying the motivational and volitional determinants of COVID-19 preventive behaviours among Iranians based on an integrated model of behaviour that combined social psychological constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1991; Ajzen & Schmidt, 2020) and the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA; Schwarzer, 2008; Schwarzer & Hamilton, 2020) . The purpose of the current study was to examine the efficacy of an integrated theoretical model of behaviour that incorporated constructs that represent motivational and volitional processes from the TPB and HAPA in predicting engagement in COVID-19 preventive behaviours of Iranian individuals. Based on current evidence, interventionists should consider strategies that target change in perceived behavioural control, action and maintenance self-efficacy, and coping planning as these the constructs had the largest direct and indirect effects on COVID-19 preventive behaviour. The current study identified a number of important social psychological determinants of participation in COVID-19 preventive behaviours, particularly forms of self-efficacy, perceived behavioural control, and planning. doi = 10.1111/bjhp.12465 id = cord-279294-ruqednj6 author = Lin, Dong D. title = Chemotherapy Treatment Modifications During the COVID-19 Outbreak at a Community Cancer Center in New York City date = 2020-08-14 keywords = covid-19; treatment summary = [8] [9] [10] The COVID-19 cases started to increase exponentially in New York City in early March, and we witnessed the fear and its impact on both patients with cancer and providers, who started to make recommendations on chemotherapy regimen modifications. The senior author (Y.X.) interviewed each of the five medical oncologists to gather the following information on every patient: cancer type; nature of treatment and status of disease: metastatic, adjuvant or primary treatment; treatment regimen; modification(s) made; who-provider or patient-initiated the modifications; and the reason for not offering modifications, if applicable. In the face of the coronavirus pandemic at a community cancer center in New York City, we wanted to know how often chemotherapy schedules were modified and what the key factors were that influenced the decision-making process. Overall, our study revealed that as many as 56.4% of all patients and approximately 40% of patients taking curative treatments received treatment modifications in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic in our community cancer center. doi = 10.1200/go.20.00309 id = cord-278142-xnkqg4ef author = Lin, Fang title = Cobrotoxin could be an effective therapeutic for COVID-19 date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; NNAV summary = Based on previous studies of cobra venom by the authors and other independent researchers, cobrotoxin, a short-chain αneurotoxin from Naja naja atra venom (NNAV), could be an alternative therapy for COVID-19. In addition, cobrotoxin was shown to attenuate LPSinduced pulmonary edema, decrease the number of hematological CD4 + T cells, inhibit immune cell accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine excretion in rat acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome [6] . At this time, it is believed that cobrotoxin has the potential to treat patients with COVID-19 or to inhibit SARS-COV-2 infection. 1. Anti-inflammatory activity: NNAV and α-neurotoxins have strong inhibitory effects on inflammation; thus, they could inhibit the cytokine storm caused by SARS-COV2 infection. NNAV also increases the concentration of serum IgG and IgM in mice with dexamethasone-induced immunosuppression, suggesting that NNAV or cobrotoxin could have the potential to restore the immune balance in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1038/s41401-020-00501-7 id = cord-302774-ekw2oxw2 author = Lin, Gary title = Explaining the Bomb-Like Dynamics of COVID-19 with Modeling and the Implications for Policy date = 2020-04-07 keywords = COVID-19; case summary = Given the mounting evidence that potentially large fractions of the population are asymptomatic, the weaker priors that generate the high R0 values to fit the data required assumptions about the epidemiology of COVID-19 that do not fit with the biology, particularly regarding the timeframe that people remain infectious. Our results suggest that models of transmission assuming a relatively lower R0 value that do not consider a large number of asymptomatic cases can result in misunderstanding of the underlying dynamics, leading to poor policy decisions and outcomes. Our goal was to estimate the ranges of parameters that would fit the data of the beginning of an outbreak in a country, assuming that initially the effects of distancing and other measures to control the disease are largely absent and thus the data are largely representative of the transmission dynamics but that some proportion of the infected population is not observed. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.05.20054338 id = cord-300300-jqi4ylrx author = Lin, Ray Junhao title = From SARS to COVID‐19: the Singapore journey date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Singapore summary = The 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak challenged the nation''s public health system and now the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is presenting a greater challenge. This framework serves as the foundation for the national responses to any outbreak and is divided into four levels of incremental severity (green, yellow, orange and red), based on risk assessment of the public health impact of the disease and the current disease situation in Singapore (Box 1). Workers who tested positive were transferred to community isolation facilities if they had mild symptoms, or to the NCID and public hospitals for further treatment and isolation. Health care workers in direct contact with COVID-19 patients who developed fever or symptoms of acute respiratory infection were encouraged to declare their symptoms to their superiors and present themselves to the screening centre, to be managed based on their exposure risk (Box 4). doi = 10.5694/mja2.50623 id = cord-299144-yprqlgju author = Lin, Shaowei title = Region-specific air pollutants and meteorological parameters influence COVID-19: A study from mainland China date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = To evaluate the transmissibility of COVID-19, the basic reproductive ratio (R(0)) was calculated with the maximum likelihood "removal" method, which is based on chain-binomial model, and the association between COVID-19 and air pollutants or meteorological parameters was estimated by correlation analyses. In this study, meteorological factors, such as relative humidity, air pressure, temperature, and air pollutants such as CO and NO 2 were evaluated to determine their regional impact on the transmission of COVID-19. Exposure to air pollutants has been demonstrated to induce pulmonary oxidative stress, leading to Table 3 Correlation analysis between R 0 and meteorological factors in the low, medium and high flow subgroups. Overall, this study has shown that meteorological factors such as relative humidity, air pressure, temperature, and air pollutants such as CO and NO 2 may affect the transmission of COVID-19, differing among various provinces. The effect of meteorological parameters and air pollutants varies in different Chinese provinces and should be considered in future studies on COVID-19 transmissibility. doi = 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111035 id = cord-288720-bd86zswo author = Lin, Sheng title = Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 161 discharged cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Shanghai, China date = 2020-10-20 keywords = Shanghai; covid-19 summary = The time from onset to first medical visit, admission and disease confirmation were all shortened after the Shanghai''s first-level public health emergency response. In Cox regression model, the significant independent covariates for the duration of hospitalization were age, the time from onset to admission and the first-level public health emergency response. However, at present, the impact of first-level public health emergency response on the epidemic of COVID-19 was not estimated and information regarding the epidemiology and clinical features of discharged COVID-19 cases is scarce [9] [10] [11] [12] . Time intervals from onset to first medical visit, admission and disease confirmation were all shortened after Shanghai''s first-level public health emergency response. Time intervals from onset to first medical visit, admission and disease confirmation were all shortened after Shanghai''s first-level public health emergency response. doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05493-7 id = cord-326805-c5co9cfq author = Lin, Shi-hui title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Cytokine Storms, Hyper-Inflammatory Phenotypes, and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2020-06-29 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19 summary = title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Cytokine Storms, Hyper-Inflammatory Phenotypes, and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Cytokine storms are a pathophysiological feature of COVID-19 and play an important role in distinguishing hyper-inflammatory subphenotypes of ARDS. Furthermore, we discuss inflammation-related indicators that have the potential to identify hyper-inflammatory subphenotypes of COVID-19, especially for those with a high risk of ARDS. [12, 27] Furthermore, other observational COVID-19 studies have suggested that cytokine 4 storms (comprised of IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-7, and IL-8) may be associated with disease severity.[7, 12, 5 28] For example, higher concentrations of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), IP10, 6 MCP1, MIP1A, and TNF-α were found in patients who required admission into an intensive care 7 unit (ICU). In COVID-19, there is also suggestive evidence of hyper-inflammatory subphenotypes of ARDS. Circulating IL-1ra and 42 IL-10 levels are increased but do not predict the development of acute respiratory distress 43 syndrome in at-risk patients doi = 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.06.009 id = cord-345908-66lku5c2 author = Lin, Y. title = Ultra-High-Resolution CT Follow-Up in Patients with Imported Early-Stage Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Related Pneumonia date = 2020-04-06 keywords = COVID-19; UHR summary = title: Ultra-High-Resolution CT Follow-Up in Patients with Imported Early-Stage Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Related Pneumonia Purpose: We aim to investigate the ultra-high-resolution CT (UHR-CT) findings of imported COVID-19 related pneumonia from the initial diagnosis to early-phase follow-up. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.31.20048256 doi: medRxiv preprint UHR-CT images of all cases were assessed for the following abnormalities (1) affected lobes; (2) distribution (peribronchovascular, peripleural and scattered/diffuse); (3) margin (sharp or indistinct); (4) specific signs (air bronchogram, intralobular interstitial thickening and/or interlobular septal thickening, intralesional vasodilatation, pleural retraction/thickening, and pleural effusion). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.31.20048256 doi: medRxiv preprint A total of 11 patients (3 males and 8 females, median age 53 years, range 32-74 years) with rRT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 related pneumonia were enrolled in the study (Table 1 ). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.31.20048256 doi: medRxiv preprint this study, UHR-CT provided visualized details about the radiological pattern of imported early-stage COVID-19 related pneumonia. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.31.20048256 id = cord-291709-x9llke60 author = Lin, Yulan title = Uncovering physical and attitudinal barriers to adherence to precautions for preventing the transmission of COVID-19 and anxiety level of people in Wuhan: 2 months after the lockdown date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19; anxiety summary = title: Uncovering physical and attitudinal barriers to adherence to precautions for preventing the transmission of COVID-19 and anxiety level of people in Wuhan: 2 months after the lockdown Using a cut-off score of 44 for the State-Trait Inventory (STAI) score, 79.9% (95%CI 78.2−81.5) of the participants reported moderate to severe anxiety during the early phase of the outbreak and 51.3% (95%CI 49.2−53.3) reported moderate to severe anxiety after the peak of COVID-19 was over (during the study period). The COVID-19 pandemic is presenting a great challenge to the mental wellness of the people 56 in China, especially in Wuhan which was placed under strict lockdown(9).Likewise, the 57 pandemic also causes unprecedented mental health burden in the United States(10), United outbreak revealed that more than half of the public rated the psychological impact as 61 moderate to severe (15). The survey consisted of three sections, which 95 assessed i) demographic background, ii) barriers to prevention measures, iii) negative attitude 96 toward COVID-19, and iv) anxiety levels. doi = 10.1016/j.psym.2020.09.005 id = cord-352156-sa8cvyuw author = Lindeman, Robbert-Jan title = Preventing spread of SARS-CoV-2 and preparing for the COVID-19 outbreak in the surgical department: perspectives from two Scandinavian countries date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Preventing spread of SARS-CoV-2 and preparing for the COVID-19 outbreak in the surgical department: perspectives from two Scandinavian countries In both countries, the first weeks of preparation has seen a strong reduction in elective surgery, with several implemented principles to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 spread and prepare for surgical care for COVID-19 diseases as needed. Norway, that initially started with aggressive testing of subjects with symptoms or returning from high-endemic areas in order to get control over the spread pattern and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients, needed to restrict its activity later in March. An early effect of the initially suboptimal test routines for healthcare workers (HCW) was experienced in Norway, when one HCW returning from central Europe, was confirmed positive to SARS-CoV-2 only after having spent several days at work on the advice from the hospital. The acute threat of the COVID-19 epidemic to global healthcare has led to forced reorganization of surgical care in Norway and Sweden. doi = 10.1093/jscr/rjaa131 id = cord-340728-8jvg3sir author = Lindsay, Karen J. title = Invited editorial from the social media editor of JPRAS; Leadership in the time of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; leadership; plastic summary = Rapidly adopting and up scaling available IT solutions as well as reflexive changes in data protection standards allowed healthcare systems to do what was right in service of patients and staff within very short timeframes. Advanced problem solving and project management skills gained during academic research experience, leadership development, and other facets of personal and professional development beyond solely clinical work translate well to other spheres, and may act to equip the profession for crisis management. Lobbying and ensuring that the priorities set for recovery of services include those clinical problems unique to the plastic surgery patient population will be a key aspect in navigating our path out of the pandemic. 19 Recent focus on personal health and wellbeing, developing co-created, patient-centred care models, and delivering effective training and continued professional development via remote platforms has demonstrated the value of flexible and collaborative leadership at all levels. doi = 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.07.001 id = cord-332373-yqcysn27 author = Lingamaneni, Prasanth title = Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; hit summary = HIT antibody testing (anti-PF4/heparin antibody, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was sent, which returned positive with an optical density (OD) of 1.243 units. We encountered 4 additional patients admitted to our ICU with a diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to COVID-19 infection with thrombocytopenia, and an intermediate to high pretest probability for HIT. 6 In those with intermediate or high pretest probability, testing for the presence of HIT antibodies should be done, by using immunoassays or platelet activation assays. 13 Liu et al 14 suggested that anti-heparin-PF4 antibodies are induced in critical COVID-19 patients, resulting in HIT. Our 4 additional patients with COVID-19 were positive for anti-heparin PF4 antibodies. As most patients with COVID-19 receive prophylactic heparin, and those with severe disease are likely to develop venous thromboembolism and thrombocytopenia, unrelated to HIT, there could be an even greater potential for overdiagnosis of HIT. doi = 10.1177/2324709620944091 id = cord-269130-zsem29ss author = Lingappan, K. title = Understanding the age divide in COVID-19: why are children overwhelmingly spared? date = 2020-07-01 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = The differences in the clinical course are highlighted by the lack of progression of the SARS-CoV-2 infection beyond mild symptoms in a majority of children, whereas in adults the disease progresses to acute lung injury and an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like phenotype with high mortality. The pathophysiological mechanisms leading to decreased lung injury in children may involve the decreased expression of the mediators necessary for viral entry into the respiratory epithelium and differences in the immune system responses in children. On the other hand, the heightened immune response to the virus in many adult patients can lead to the worsening of lung disease with SARS-CoV-2 infection (37) . Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents: a systematic review T cell responses are required for protection from clinical disease and for virus clearance in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected mice doi = 10.1152/ajplung.00183.2020 id = cord-027543-fp1pib0y author = Link, Hartmut title = Müssen wir die Supportivtherapie bei Krebspatienten anpassen? date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; Patienten summary = doi = 10.1007/s15015-020-2437-8 id = cord-320447-nq9f1gmu author = Lins, Muriel title = Assessment of small pulmonary blood vessels in COVID-19 patients using HRCT date = 2020-07-25 keywords = covid-19; pulmonary summary = Results: Compared to healthy volunteers, COVID-19 patients showed significant reduction in BV5 (pulmonary blood volume contained in blood vessels of <5 mm(2)) expressed as BV5/(Total pulmonary blood volume) (p<0.0001), and significant increases in BV5-10 and BV 10 (pulmonary blood volumes contained in vessels between 5 and 10 mm(2) and above 10 mm(2), respectively) (p<0.0001). Conclusions: COVID-19 patients display striking anomalies in the distribution of blood volume within the pulmonary vascular tree, consistent with increased pulmonary vasculature resistance in the pulmonary vessels below the resolution of CT. These results suggest that while the pathological changes to the pulmonary vasculature implicated in pulmonary vascular disease (PVD), collectively termed "pulmonary vascular remodeling", occur primarily below the resolution of CT scans, those processes do have a measurable effect on larger, more proximal vessels. In this study we assessed the use of novel CT-derived measures of pulmonary blood volume and pulmonary vascular density in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.acra.2020.07.019 id = cord-313700-enivzp1f author = Lio, Chon Fu title = The common personal behavior and preventive measures among 42 uninfected travelers from the Hubei province, China during COVID-19 outbreak: a cross-sectional survey in Macao SAR, China date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; China; Hubei summary = title: The common personal behavior and preventive measures among 42 uninfected travelers from the Hubei province, China during COVID-19 outbreak: a cross-sectional survey in Macao SAR, China A further survey of comparison of personal preventive measures before and during disease outbreak showed increased alert and practice of personal protection and hygiene during the spread (Table 3) , such as wearing a mask when outdoor (16.7% and 95.2%, P < 0.001), wearing a mask every time when contact or talk with people (10% and 95%, P < 0.001), often wash hands with soap/liquid soap (85.7% and 100%, P = 0.031), use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers or disinfected wipes as substitute if handwashing facility not available (71.4% and 95.2%, P = 0.006), cleaning clothes and personal belongings immediately once get back home (35.7% and 78.6%, P < 0.001), cleaning mobile phone regularly (43.9% and 65.9%, P = 0.012). Good personal hygiene and adequate preventive measures such as less gathering, frequent handwashing, in addition to wearing a mask outdoor, were common grounds among 42 uninfected participants during the stay in Hubei province under COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.7717/peerj.9428 id = cord-257076-uh98ilhr author = Lionis, Christos title = Challenges, priorities and tasks for the generalists at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Most reports in the evidence base, including for observational studies conducted for COVID-19, utilise this term in reference to the frequency of co-existing chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The role of Primary Care and Family Medicine to coordinate and support surveillance, including through community-based monitoring, has been discussed; however, concerted efforts are needed to improve the design and conduct of prevalence studies. The extend of the COVID-19 pandemic has decidedly demonstrated that the only way to monitor the pandemic effectively is to optimise the integration of public health and primary care. Updating existing curricula to enhance the capacity of generalists with motivational interviewing and compassionate care skills should extend to self-compassion and self-protection, for a sustainable health workforce to increase the resilience of healthcare systems and communities alike. Towards evidenceinformed integration of public health and primary health care: experiences from Crete. doi = 10.1080/13814788.2020.1791073 id = cord-256326-3ebcuzd6 author = Liotta, Giuseppe title = Is social connectedness a risk factor for the spreading of COVID-19 among older adults? The Italian paradox date = 2020-05-21 keywords = Italy; covid-19 summary = We analyzed several variables to test this hypothesis, such as the percentage of infected patients aged >80 years, available nursing home beds, COVID-19 incidence rate, and the number of days from when the number of positive tests exceeded 50 (epidemic maturity). While there is a very clear association between the case fatality rate and age demographics (Italy has the second oldest population worldwide and has the highest ageing index in Europe [4] with a value of 168.9), we wanted to test the hypothesis that the supposed closeness between younger and older generations in Italian families may have played a major role in the pandemic spread. Additionally, we explored the relationship between the proportion of infected patients aged >80 years and social connectedness indicators, such as the percentage of family comprising one members and household size [5] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0233329 id = cord-304013-nzigx0k0 author = Lipinski, Tom title = Review of ventilation strategies to reduce the risk of disease transmission in high occupancy buildings date = 2020-09-13 keywords = COVID-19; Natural; SARS; Ventilation; air; system; transmission summary = This paper will discuss the factors affecting air particle properties in-terms of flow dynamics and critically analyse current ventilation strategies and mechanisms and identify areas for improvement in the search for the reduction of indoor infections. The study by the University of Oregon [54, 58] observed that Natural Ventilation with a plentiful supply of fresh air dilutes and removes contaminated air much more effectively than fan driven, recirculated air movement, significantly reducing the risk of infection, as shown in Figure 17 . Displacement ventilation with a generously sized natural inlet is preferred as it can move stale, contaminated air directly to the exhaust of the room in a laminar fashion whilst the concentration of small droplets and airborne particles in the indoor air is significantly reduced. doi = 10.1016/j.ijft.2020.100045 id = cord-270116-r2rnnsfh author = Lippi, Giuseppe title = Current laboratory diagnostics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = As concerns serological testing, promising information can be garnered from preliminary investigations, showing that the vast majority of COVID-19 patients seem to develop a sustained immune response against the virus, characterized especially by emergence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA, 1 to 2 weeks after the onset of fever and/or respiratory symptoms. Recent studies have also been published on the possibility to use rapid reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assays for SARS-CoV-2 detection, but additional evidence is needed at this point in time for validating their routine usage in COVID-19 diagnostics (38, 39) . As concerns serological testing, promising information can be garnered from preliminary investigations, showing that the vast majority of COVID-19 patients seem to develop a sustained immune response against the virus, characterized by emergence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA, 1 to 2 weeks after the onset of fever and/or respiratory symptoms. doi = 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9548 id = cord-283909-xwy3rm3f author = Lippi, Giuseppe title = Eosinophil count in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Eosinophil count in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) All articles were accurately screened by the two authors, and those reporting data on the eosinophil count in patients with or without severe form of COVID-19 were included in a pooled analysis. A pooled analysis was then carried out, with calculation of the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of eosinophil count in patients with or without the severe form of COVID-19. Two additional studies were found from the reference list of the previously identified documents, such that a final https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/qjm total of 4 articles were included. 1,3-5 However, one of these studies was excluded as it failed to provide necessary values for calculating the WMD (i.e., the eosinophil count was below the limit of measurement in both cohort of patients with and without severe COVID-19). 5 Overall, the three remaining studies included 294 patients, 75 of whom (25.5%) with severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa137 id = cord-293838-avri3xuc author = Lippi, Giuseppe title = Association between environmental pollution and prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy date = 2020-04-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = The adjusted correlation between the number of days in which environmental pollutants exceeded established limits and the overall number of COVID-19 cases reveals the existence of a highly significant positive association (r=0.66; 95% CI, 0.48-0.79; p<0.001). 1101 /2020 association between local environmental pollution and number of positive COVID-19 cases officially reported by the Italian Ministry of Health was then analyzed by considering the number of days per year during which the limits of PM10 and ozone had been exceeded as both a continuous (i.e., using linear regression analysis and Pearson''s correlation) and categorical (i.e., by calculation of the odds ratio; OR) variable. The adjusted correlation between the number of days in which environmental pollutants exceeded established limits and the overall number of COVID-19 cases as recorded by the Italian Ministry of Health is shown in Figure 1a , which reveals the existence of a highly significant positive association (r=0.66; 95% CI, 0.48-0.79; p<0.001). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.22.20075986 id = cord-267612-1h7xpkbe author = Lipsker, Dan title = A chilblain epidemic during the COVID-19 pandemic. A sign of natural resistance to SARS-CoV-2? date = 2020-06-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = Dan Lipsker 1,2 , MD, PhD Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, "epidemics" of chilblains or chilblain-like acral lesions have been reported in the social media, the general press and the medical literature in Italy, Spain, the UK and France (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) . The great majority of the cases we observed and those reported in the literature share the following common features: -lesions were of sudden onset in young patients without a previous history of chilblains in most of them and they were not necessarily triggered by exposure to cold; -those young patients were otherwise asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic and only a few had mild clinical signs compatible with COVID-19; -none of them had pneumonia or severe manifestations of COVID-19; -clinical signs of COVID-19 or contact with infected persons occurred a few days to one month before chilblains; -SARS-CoV-2 infection could be demonstrated by nasopharyngeal swab or by serology only in very limited number of patients. I therefore hypothesize that in a few genetically predisposed individuals the contact with SARS-CoV-2 triggers a strong interferon response, of which chilblain are the cutaneous expression. Chilblain-like lesions: a case series of 41 patients during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109959 id = cord-256233-k9hdq3z8 author = Lipsky, Martin S. title = Men and COVID-19: A Pathophysiologic Review date = 2020-09-16 keywords = ACE2; SARS; covid-19 summary = The plausible theories underlying these observations include sex-related differences in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors, immune function, hormones, habits, and coinfection rates.In this review we examine these factors and explore the rationale as to how each may impact COVID-19. Epidemiological evidence from influenza outbreaks and pandemics also reveals a higher morbidity and mortality for menthan that for women in some age groups (Klein et al., 2012) .In animal studies, male animals have poorer immune responses when exposed to the coronavirus and experience more damage to their lungs (Vermillion et al., 2018) .For both SARS and the MERS coronavirus outbreaks, men fared worse than women did. A recent German study found that that critically ill male COVID-19 patients suffer from severe testosterone and dihydrotestosterone deficiencies and concluded that androgens are required to mount a strong antiviral immune response to combat infection in men (Schroeder et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1177/1557988320954021 id = cord-271174-886xc1n3 author = Lipworth, Brian title = Weathering the Cytokine Storm in Susceptible Patients with Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection date = 2020-04-18 keywords = COPD; SARS; covid-19 summary = High-risk patients requiring hospitalization for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are those over 60 years old, males, obese, smokers, and those with common comorbidities including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic lung disease. The cytokine cascade resulting from acute severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, with downstream IL-6 activation considered to be a hallmark feature in terms of progression of COVID-19 pneumonia to hyperinflammation and ARDS. Also shown are the putative mechanisms of action for bromhexine and hydroxychloroquine in attenuating upstream SARS-CoV-2 tissue binding, the effect of antivirals on replication, azithromycin as an antiviral and immunomudulator, nonspecific cytokine suppression by corticosteroids, together with the selective downstream effect of IL-6 blockade with tocilizumab or sarilumab and effects of anti-TNF and interferon beta-1-a. Patients with eosinophilic asthma and COPD should continue to use ICS-containing therapy to maintain optimal control and protect against viral insults including SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.014 id = cord-320625-ggx33mpt author = Lipworth, Brian title = Use of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma and coronavirus disease 2019: Keep calm and carry on date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; ICS summary = The novel coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has inevitably focused attention on whether ICS could predispose to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, especially in older, male, obese, smokers with comorbidities including chronic lung diseases who are susceptible to severe COVID-19 infection and worse outcomes. In addition, it has been found that in sputum cells from 330 asthma patients, the use of ICS was associated with reduced gene expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane serine protease 2, both of which are pivotal membrane bound receptors involved in the host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. Randomized controlled trials may also be warranted in patients who do not have asthma to confirm whether secondary prevention with ICS including ciclesonide or mometasone can prevent progression of early COVID-19 infection in susceptible older patients with comorbidities. Meanwhile, for patients with asthma, the current guidance is to continue taking their ICS containing controller therapy because it may confer optimal protection against viral infections including SARS-CoV-2 and may also prevent eosinophilic related exacerbations. doi = 10.1016/j.anai.2020.06.026 id = cord-334773-yw2qgv13 author = Lisco, Giuseppe title = Hypothesized mechanisms explaining poor prognosis in type 2 diabetes patients with COVID-19: a review date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; clinical; diabetes; patient summary = This concern has been further confirmed by the results of a cohort study among 85 fatal cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, hence defining DM as a potentially harmful comorbidity predisposing to worse clinical course or death once SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred [49] . Different hypothesis should be considered for explaining this clinical phenomenon, including glucose control at baseline and during the infection course, pathophysiology and immune system response in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with T2D, diabetes-related comorbidities and concomitant medications. In conclusion, diabetic patients especially elderly individuals and those with worse baseline glucose control may exhibit immune system dysregulation that predispose them to a less effective response against SARS-CoV-2 and to a dysfunctional inflammation that requires to be carefully monitored in confirmed cases of COVID-19, for preventing or avoiding a harmful progression of the disease. Immune response and systemic inflammation play a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in case of severe clinical course of the disease. doi = 10.1007/s12020-020-02444-9 id = cord-345371-pjbviagq author = Lisi, Lucia title = Approaching Coronavirus Disease 2019: mechanisms of action of repurposed drugs with potential activity against SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-07-23 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; RNA; SARS; clinical; patient; severe summary = The rationale for drug selection was mainly, though not exclusively, based either i) on the activity against other coronaviruses or RNA viruses in order to potentially hamper viral entry and replication in the epithelial cells of the airways, and/or ii) on the ability to modulate the excessive inflammatory reaction deriving from dysregulated host immune responses against the SARS-CoV-2. Here, we review the recently published literature on the pharmacological treatments used so far and/or undergoing evaluation in clinical trials, with focus on the biochemical mechanisms of action of repurposed or investigational drugs, classified as agents directly targeting the virus ( Figure 1 and Table 1 ) and those used to treat the respiratory distress and inflammation associated with the cytokine release syndrome ( Figure 2 and Table 2 ). doi = 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114169 id = cord-274517-9lewc581 author = Litchman, Graham H. title = The Immediate Impact of COVID-19 on US Dermatology Practices date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 2 The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of 33 the initial impact of COVID-19 on US dermatology outpatient care. Although by 3/16 there were only 24.6k cases 45 nationally 3 , the early-phase decrease in patient volume and office days suggests the magnitude of 46 disease concern impact was greater than actual prevalence. 66.3% of respondents estimated a >50% 48 decrease in patient volume in the coming 2 weeks (18.9% completely closing practices). 50 A greater negative impact was found in US "hotspot" regions 4 (36% of respondentsFigure S1 ) for week 51 3/16-20 for practice days (3.0 hotspots vs. No significant differing telemedicine usage (39.5% hotspots vs 37.2% non-hotspots) or 53 overall for the next 2 weeks was 37.8%. Our findings demonstrate the significant early impact of COVID-19 on US dermatologic care and can help 66 better understand national trends. doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.05.048 id = cord-272958-0jw75vsm author = Liu, Ai-Ling title = COVID-19 with asthma: A case report date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Underlying conditions, especially chronic respiratory diseases, may affect progression, treatment and prognosis of COVID-19. CASE SUMMARY: We report a patient with confirmed COVID-19 combined with asthma. CONCLUSION: This case indicates the dynamic clinical characteristics, laboratory and computed tomography findings and adjustment of treatment, and the possible relationship between glucocorticoid therapy and coronavirus clearance. The existence of underlying conditions, especially chronic respiratory diseases, with long-term drug treatment, may affect the progress, treatment and prognosis of COVID-19. The patient''s condition gradually worsened with repeated fever, chest distress, wheezing (3.5 × 10 9 /L-9.5 × 10 9 /L); B: Neutrophil rate (45%-77%); C: Lymphocyte count (0.8 × 10 9 /L-4 × 10 9 /L); D: Eosinophil count (0.05 × 10 9 /L -0.5 × 10 9 /L); E: Platelet count (125 × 10 9 /L-350 × 10 9 /L); F: C-reactive protein The existence of underlying conditions, especially chronic respiratory diseases, may affect the progress, treatment and prognosis of COVID-19 [12] . doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i15.3355 id = cord-292892-6gwnhkn4 author = Liu, Bingwen title = Can we use interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced cytokine release syndrome (CRS)? date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; CRS; IL-6 summary = title: Can we use interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced cytokine release syndrome (CRS)? Although clinical data of IL-6 blockade in virus 162 infection-related CRS are unavailable, animal studies of SARS-CoV have 163 demonstrated that inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), a key transcription factor 164 of IL-6, or infecting animals with SARS-CoV lacking the coronavirus envelope (E) 165 protein, a strong stimulus to NF-κB signaling, increased animal survival, with reduced 166 IL-6 levels [38] . T cell responses are required for protection from clinical disease and for virus clearance in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected mice FDA Approval Summary: Tocilizumab for Treatment of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell-Induced Severe or Life-Threatening Cytokine Release Syndrome Tocilizumab for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor T cell-induced cytokine release syndrome Successful treatment of severe paediatric rheumatic disease-associated macrophage activation syndrome with interleukin-1 inhibition following conventional immunosuppressive therapy: case series with 12 patients doi = 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102452 id = cord-343818-pj1oludh author = Liu, Chan title = Children with COVID-19 behaving milder may challenge the public policies: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child summary = We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and several Chinese databases for studies presenting characteristics of children confirmed with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) from December 12, 2019 to May 10, 2020. The studies included in this meta-analysis should meet the following criteria: (1) all types of studies either retrospective or prospective (e.g. cohort, cross-sectional study, case report, case series); (2) studies reporting information regarding COVID-19; (3) studies describing clinical characteristics of pediatric patients (0-19 years) diagnosed by RT-PCR; (4) clinical data of more than five cases can be drawn from the articles. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study Clinical features of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an analysis of 13 cases from Changsha Clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 in children aged <18 years in Jiangxi, China: an analysis of 23 cases doi = 10.1186/s12887-020-02316-1 id = cord-257933-qpf1tiod author = Liu, Chao title = The COVID-19 Outbreak Negatively Affects the Delivery of Care for Patients With Diabetic Foot Ulcers date = 2020-09-11 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: The COVID-19 Outbreak Negatively Affects the Delivery of Care for Patients With Diabetic Foot Ulcers In the first part of this study, an interrupted time-series design was applied to estimate the trends in hospitalization for patients with DFUs before the COVID-19 outbreak to generate the predicted value in 2020. When the time frame was stratified, there were significant differences between groups regarding the median intervals from patient-reported DFU onset to their medical visits (75 [49-120] days vs. This study suggests that the COVID-19 outbreak has had serious and disruptive effects on the delivery of DFU care, in terms of considerable drops in hospitalization and extended periods in treatment. In summary, the COVID-19 outbreak negatively affects the delivery of DFU care. The authors would like to thank all front-line health care workers for their efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic.Funding. doi = 10.2337/dc20-1581 id = cord-294861-inlaz4od author = Liu, Chen title = Six Gynecological Cancer Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 After Surgery or Radio-/Chemo-Therapy Treatment: Case Series date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Six Gynecological Cancer Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 After Surgery or Radio-/Chemo-Therapy Treatment: Case Series METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the diagnosis and treatment of six gynecological cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Tongji Hospital in Wuhan from January 30 to March 25, 2020. RESULTS: We observed a high rate of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection among these six gynecological cancer patients, who were in a low immune state. reported a case in which a lung cancer patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 recovered from pneumonia while continuing initial targeted therapy (10) . After antivirus and anti-infection treatment, combined with G-CSF (Recombinant Human Granulocytestimulating Factor) and immunity enhancing drugs, she was finally discharged from hospital after 35 days (Figure 1) . Moreover, cancer patients showed a state of low immunity after surgery or radio-/chemo-therapy treatment, so they became more susceptible to COVID-19 (12) . Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China doi = 10.3389/fonc.2020.01606 id = cord-266627-rkupc9w0 author = Liu, Chengyin title = Clinical characteristics and antibiotics treatment in suspected bacterial infection patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; bacterial summary = title: Clinical characteristics and antibiotics treatment in suspected bacterial infection patients with COVID-19 As a result, 473 patients were selected to suspected bacterial infection (SI) group based on higher white blood cell count and procalcitonin or bacterial pneumonia on chest radiography. Antibiotics were found associated with improved mortality and an increased risk for acute organ injury in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Intravenous moxifloxacin and meropenem increased the death rate in patients with suspected bacterial infection, while oral antibiotics reduced mortality in this group. Moreover, penicillin and meropenem treatments were associated with increased mortality of the patients with no evidence of bacterial infection. In the present study, we found that if laboratory tests indicated suspected bacterial infection, the empirical use of oral antibiotics might reduce mortality of patients with COVID-19. For the patients with no evidence of bacterial infection, receiving penicillin and meropenem increased mortality, and meropenem elevated the incidence of acute organ injury. doi = 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107157 id = cord-336942-2mvcyvbl author = Liu, Cindy H. title = Factors Associated with Depression, Anxiety, and PTSD Symptomatology During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Clinical Implications for U.S. Young Adult Mental Health date = 2020-06-01 keywords = PTSD; U.S.; covid-19; symptom summary = title: Factors Associated with Depression, Anxiety, and PTSD Symptomatology During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Clinical Implications for U.S. Young Adult Mental Health This study sought to identify factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology in U.S. young adults (18-30 years) during the COVID-19 pandemic. High levels of loneliness, high levels of COVID-19-specific worries, and low distress tolerance were significantly associated with clinical levels of depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Specifically, those who endorsed high levels of loneliness and worries about COVID-19 and low levels of distress tolerance were more likely to score above the clinical cutoffs for depression, anxiety, and PTSD. The high levels of reported loneliness in our sample and its association with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms underscore the severity of experiences of young adults during the pandemic. In our study, one in three U.S. young adults reported clinical cut-off symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD as well as high levels of loneliness. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113172 id = cord-335916-fh28qrt7 author = Liu, Cuiwei title = COVID-19 in cancer patients: risk, clinical features, and management date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Cancer patients are regarded as a highly vulnerable population to SARS-CoV-2 infection and development of more severe COVID-19 symptoms, which is possibly due to the systemic immunosuppressive state caused directly by tumor growth and indirectly by effects of anticancer treatment. Another cohort study of 28 COVID-19 cancer patients reported that patients with Stage IV disease accounted for a higher percentage of infected patients (35.7%), suggesting that later stage cancer patients may be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 5 . Notably, a retrospective study of 28 COVID-19 cancer patients found that anti-cancer treatment within 14 days before COVID-19 diagnosis was more frequently associated with severe clinical events due to SARS-CoV-2 infection 5 . The higher proportion of COVID-19 patients with cancer requiring oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation may be related to more severe disease and an immunosuppressive state in cancer patients, who are more susceptible to secondary lung infection with other pathogens. doi = 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0289 id = cord-353283-rlvfk8w8 author = Liu, D. title = Pleotropic association between risk and prognosis of COVID-19 and gene expression in blood and lung: A Mendelian randomization analysis date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; GWAS; SMR summary = Pervious genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified potential genetic factors involved in the risk and prognosis of COVID-19, but the underlying biological interpretation remains largely unclear. Methods: We applied the summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) method to identify genes that were pleiotropically/potentially causally associated with the risk and various outcomes of COVID-19, including severe respiratory confirmed COVID-19 and hospitalized COVID-19. In this paper, we applied the summary data-based MR (SMR) method integrating summarized GWAS data for COVID-19 and cis-eQTL (expression quantitative trait loci) data to prioritize genes that are pleiotropically/potentially causally associated with the risk and prognosis of COVID-19. In the present study, we integrated GWAS and eQTL data in the MR analysis to explore putative genes that showed pleiotropic/potentially causal association the susceptibility/prognosis of COVID-19. We only performed analyses using blood and lung eQTL data, more studies are needed to explore tissueand cell-type-specific genes involved in the host responses to COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.02.20187179 id = cord-265077-7dh669jv author = Liu, Fang title = Clinico-Radiological Features and Outcomes in Pregnant Women with COVID-19 Pneumonia Compared with Age-Matched Non-Pregnant Women date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; pregnant; woman summary = METHODS: A retrospective case-controlled study was conducted to review clinical and CT data of 21 pregnant and 19 age-matched non-pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia did not present typical clinical features, while developing a relatively more severe disease at imaging with a slower recovery course and experiencing similar outcomes compared with the non-pregnant women. Previous studies have described the clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential in pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia and compared their outcomes with those of general population. In this case-controlled study, we aimed to investigate the clinical features, serial chest CT findings, and outcomes in pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia by comparing with age-matched non-pregnant women, which are crucial for profiling the disease in the special populations seeking the early detection, accurate diagnosis, and timely obstetrical management. doi = 10.2147/idr.s264541 id = cord-346497-q34w8ewl author = Liu, Fang-Yan title = Evaluation of the Risk Prediction Tools for Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China: A Single-Centered, Retrospective, Observational Study date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; Score; news summary = MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data on demography, comorbidities, vital signs, mental status, oxygen saturation, and use of supplemental oxygen at admission to the ward were collected from medical records and used to score National Early Warning Score, National Early Warning Score 2, Rapid Emergency Medicine Score, Confusion, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, Age 65 score, and quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment. CONCLUSIONS: In this single-center study, the discrimination of National Early Warning Score/National Early Warning Score 2 for predicting mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 admitted to the ward was found to be superior to Rapid Emergency Medicine Score, Confusion, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, Age 65 score, and quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment. Some of the most commonly used scoring systems are the National Early Warning Score (NEWS)/National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) (9) (10) (11) (12) , Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS) (13, 14) , Confusion, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, Age 65 (CRB65) score (15) , and quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) (16, 17) which might serve as a risk prediction tool for the patients infected with COVID-19. doi = 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004549 id = cord-310060-ymoxt1zq author = Liu, Fengjun title = CT quantification of pneumonia lesions in early days predicts progression to severe illness in a cohort of COVID-19 patients date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This study aims to quantify pneumonia lesions by computed tomography (CT) in the early days to predict progression to severe illness in a cohort of COVID-19 patients. CT features, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE-II) score, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and d-dimer, on day 0 (hospital admission) and day 4, were collected to predict the occurrence of severe illness within a 28-day follow-up using both logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models. Several biomarkers have been used to evaluate the severity of patients with infectious pneumonia and to guide clinical interventions, such as the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE-II) score [5] , as well as laboratory indicators including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and lactate level [6] [7] [8] . Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the capability of quantitative CT imaging features compared with traditional clinical biomarkers in predicting progression to severe illness in the early stages of COVID-19. doi = 10.7150/thno.45985 id = cord-292537-9ra4r6v6 author = Liu, Fenglin title = Predicting and analyzing the COVID-19 epidemic in China: Based on SEIRD, LSTM and GWR models date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; China; Hubei; Wuhan summary = For the study of infectious diseases like COVID-19, SARS, and Ebola, most of the literature used descriptive research or model methods to assess indicators and analyze the effect of interventions, such as combining migration data to evaluate the potential infection rate [18, 19] , understanding the impact of factors like environmental temperature and vaccines that might be potentially linked to the diseases [20, 21] , using basic and time-varying reproduction number (R 0 & R t ) to estimate changeable transmission dynamics of epidemic conditions [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] , calculating and predicting the fatal risk to display any stage of outbreak [28] [29] [30] , or providing suggestions and interventions from risk management and other related aspects based on the results of modeling tools or historical lessons [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238280 id = cord-351056-5j8uh1yx author = Liu, Gaoli title = Clinical significance of nutritional risk screening for older adult patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; MNA; NRS summary = After adjustment for confounding factors in multivariate regression analysis, patients in the risk group had significantly longer LOS, higher hospital expenses (except MNA-sf), poor appetite, heavier disease severity, and more weight change(kg) than normal patients by using NRS 2002, MNA-sf, and NRI(P < 0.05). A significant difference was observed in ALB, TP, weight loss, weight change, change in appetite, LOS, hospital expenses, and disease severity between normal group and nutritional risk group when NRS 2002, MNA-sf, and NRI were used (P < 0.05) (Table 1) . The results of the present study show that patients with COVID-19 who classified as having a nutritional risk had significantly poorer clinical outcomes than those classified as normal following assessments by NRS 2002, MNA-sf, and NRI. doi = 10.1038/s41430-020-0659-7 id = cord-341833-wf72fra8 author = Liu, Guoqiang title = A Single Large Dose of Vitamin D Could be Used as a Means of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Prevention and Treatment date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; Vit summary = 20 A pilot, openlabel, prospective phase 1 clinical trial in HIV-positive patients with Vit D deficiency showed that a single dose of 200,000 IU oral Vit D increased the frequencies of antigen-specific T cells expressing macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β), an important anti-HIV blocking chemokine. In a recent study, 51 HIV-infected youths, with baseline serum 25(OH)D concentrations ≤30 ng/mL, were enrolled and treated by adding three different Vit D doses of 18,000 IU, 60,000 IU and 120,000 IU monthly on a combination antiretroviral therapy. These data suggested that high-dose Vit D supplementation may attenuate immune activation and exhaustion and serve as adjuvant therapy to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected people. Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study The effect of treatment of vitamin D deficiency on the level of P-selectin and hs-CRP in patients with thromboembolism: a pilot randomized clinical trial doi = 10.2147/dddt.s271754 id = cord-322572-wic7n6ia author = Liu, Jiangtao title = Impact of meteorological factors on the COVID-19 transmission: A multi-city study in China date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = The purpose of the present study is to explore the associations between novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case counts and meteorological factors in 30 provincial capital cities of China. The purpose of the present study is to explore the associations between novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case counts and meteorological factors in 30 provincial capital cities of China. We compiled a daily dataset including confirmed case counts, ambient temperature (AT), diurnal temperature range (DTR), absolute humidity (AH) and migration scale index (MSI) for each city during the period of January 20th to March 2nd, 2020. We compiled a daily dataset including confirmed case counts, ambient temperature (AT), diurnal temperature range (DTR), absolute humidity (AH) and migration scale index (MSI) for each city during the period of January 20th to March 2nd, 2020. Then we used generalized linear models to examine the associations between meteorological factors and COVID-19 daily case counts in 30 provincial capitals except for Wuhan in China while controlling the population migration. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138513 id = cord-307044-4czeehkq author = Liu, Jiaye title = Longitudinal Changes of Liver Function and Hepatitis B Reactivation in COVID‐19 Patients with Pre‐existing Chronic HBV Infection date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; HBV; SARS summary = However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies had been carried out on the impact of chronic HBV infection on the disease progression and liver function changes of COVID-19 patients, and how the SARS-CoV-2 infection in turn affects the course of chronic HBV infection. 16 The factors for propensity score calculation include age, gender, body mass index (BMI), time intervals between COVID-19 onset to hospital admission, number of comorbidities except for CHB, liver biochemistries (ALT, AST, GGT, TBIL), PaO2/FIO2 ratio, chest CT score, CRP, lymphocyte count, and platelet count at baseline. As the median of testing/assessing time intervals and follow-up durations were 3 days and 14 days for liver biochemistries (ALT, AST, GGT, TBIL), we compared the dynamic levels of these indicators within/between the two groups at baseline, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 days during hospitalization. The median levels of liver biochemistries over time were no significant difference between two groups ( Figure 3 ; Wilcoxon signed-rank test, ALT: p=0.56, AST: p=0.58, GGT: p=0.43, TBIL: p=0. doi = 10.1111/hepr.13553 id = cord-352030-hnm54k4r author = Liu, Jie title = Epidemiological, Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Medical Staff Infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Case Series Analysis date = 2020-03-13 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; Wuhan summary = These included age, sex, occupation (doctor, or nurse), body mass index (BMI ≥ 24, or <24 kg/m 2 ), current smoking status (yes, or no), disease severity (non-severe, or severe), date of symptom onset, symptoms before hospital admission (fever, cough, fatigue, sore throat, myalgia, sputum production, difficulty breathing or chest tightness, chill, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and chest pain), coexisting conditions (e.g. hypertension, diabetes, etc.), laboratory testing indicators on admission (leucocyte count, lymphocyte count, platelet count, D-dimer, creatinine, creatine kinase, lactose dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, hemoglobin, ferritin, C-reactive protein, Amyloid A, total bilirubin, procalcitonin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and lymphocyte subsets, etc.), radiologic assessments of chest CT (lung involvement, lung lobe involvement, predominant CT changes, predominant distribution of opacities, etc.), treatment measures (antibiotics agents, antiviral agents, traditional Chinese medicine, immune globulin, thymosin, corticosteroids and oxygen therapy), and complications (e.g. pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute cardiac injury, acute kidney injury, shock, etc.). doi = 10.1101/2020.03.09.20033118 id = cord-273213-b3nla9di author = Liu, Jing title = Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients date = 2020-04-18 keywords = covid-19; figure summary = T cell counts and cytokine levels in severe COVID-19 patients who survived the disease gradually recovered at later time points to levels that were comparable to those of the mild cases. T cell counts and cytokine levels in severe COVID-19 patients who survived the disease gradually recovered at later time points to levels that were comparable to those of the mild cases. [6] [7] Recent studies have also reported decreases in the counts of lymphocytes (e.g. CD4 + T cell, CD8 + T cell) in the peripheral blood and increases in serum inflammatory cytokine levels (e.g. IL-6) in COVID-19 patients. In contrast, significant decreases in lymphocyte counts of the severe group were observed at the time point of disease onset and became even greater on 4-6 days later compared to those of the mild patients ( Figure S4c ). doi = 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102763 id = cord-264560-hxvadp24 author = Liu, Jui-Yao title = Analysis of Imported Cases of COVID-19 in Taiwan: A Nationwide Study date = 2020-05-09 keywords = Taiwan; covid-19 summary = The Taiwanese authorities have made efforts to contain the importation of the disease by issuing travel advisories and implementing flight bans, entry restrictions, airport screening, home quarantining of travellers from high-risk areas, isolation of confirmed cases, and thorough contact tracing [11] [12] [13] . Travellers entering Taiwan with fever or respiratory symptoms must have oropharyngeal specimens collected for COVID-19 testing and are subject to home quarantining for 14 days, as are travellers from areas where the disease is epidemic. Of the imported cases, 32.7% were identified in airport screening, 27.7% during home quarantine, 16.2% through contact tracing, and 23.4% sought medical attention themselves and were reported by the hospitals (Table 3 ). Proactive border control measures to contain the importation of COVID-19 via airport screening, quarantining of travellers from epidemic areas, and thorough contact tracing are effective for preventing community transmission of this disease. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17093311 id = cord-350001-pd2bnqbp author = Liu, L. title = Estimating the Changing Infection Rate of COVID-19 Using Bayesian Models of Mobility date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; model summary = We propose a hierarchical Bayesian extension to the classic susceptible-exposed-infected-removed (SEIR) compartmental model that adds compartments to account for isolation and death and allows the infection rate to vary as a function of both mobility data collected from mobile phones and a latent time-varying factor that accounts for changes in behavior not captured by mobility data. On the other hand, compartmental models [e.g., 1, 6, 7] assume a flexible, causal story for the spread of a disease and can also incorporate mobility data as a covariate for predicting the time-varying infection rate of a disease. However, most often though we don''t know the parameters of the model beforehand, but we do have some data that can provide a learning signal to fit the parameters, One such signal is the daily number of new cases of a disease, which can be predicted by a compartmental model as the change in I + R between each day. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.06.20169664 id = cord-266052-rcuzi70u author = Liu, Lilong title = Pit latrines may be a potential risk in rural China and low-income countries when dealing with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-29 keywords = China; SARS; covid-19 summary = As pit latrines and the use of untreated excreta as fertilizer were common in rural China, we surveyed 27 villages of Jiangxi and Hubei provinces and found that pit latrines could be a potential source of SARS-CoV-2 water pollution. Another study showed that infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus were successfully isolated from 2 of 3 patients with viral RNA-positive, indicating that infectious virus in feces was a common manifestation of COVID-19 and confirmed the potential of fecal-oral or fecal-respiratory transmission (Xiao et al., 2020b) . Coupled with the fact that villagers usually use untreated excreta as agricultural fertilizer, we believe that the use of pit latrines in rural China and other low-income countries increases the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 contaminating the surrounding natural environment and ultimately harms human health. We proposed this hypothesis to illustrate the mechanism that SARS-COV-2 might spread from the excreta of infected humans in pit latrines to potential animal hosts and then become a sustainable source of infection in rural China and other low-income countries. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143283 id = cord-255604-hnbzidf3 author = Liu, Liping title = Approaches to global stroke care during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; stroke summary = 1 This pandemic has presented a major challenge to the care of patients with other medical conditions such as stroke, which affects 1 in 4 people over the age of 25 in their lifetime and kills about 5.5 million each year. 4 The latest survey data collected from the Chinese Stroke Center Alliance showed that among 328 hospitals during the period of pandemic, the admission rate of patients who had a stroke decreased by as much as 60%-80%. In addition, the ability of a hospital to care for patients who had a stroke may diminish due to the need to minimise exposure and reallocate work force and resources. Fourth, healthcare providers, including emergency medical physicians, are being infected at a higher percentage in certain countries, which may decrease the work force providing stroke care. 16 Based on these statements and a need to call for uninterrupted stroke care during this pandemic, this work group has composed the following recommendations: doi = 10.1136/svn-2020-000429 id = cord-263241-qzerj9bs author = Liu, Liu title = Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease indicate potential proximal tubular dysfunction date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease indicate potential proximal tubular dysfunction In this study, the clinical data from hospitalized patients were retrospectively analyzed at their admission to identify if there is any evidence of proximal tubule injury. The patients were diagnosed and classified according to the "Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (Trial Version 4)." [3] Patients with a history of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and with any abnormal urinalysis result in the past 3 months before admission were excluded. This study found that 10.1% of the patients presented with renal glucosuria, 34.2% with mild proteinuria, 25.8% with hyponatremia, and 20.4% with hypouricemia. The presence of renal glucosuria, mild proteinuria, and hyponatremia in patients with COVID-19 indicated the possibility of proximal tubular injury, highlighting the necessity for further investigation. Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease indicate potential proximal tubular dysfunction doi = 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000945 id = cord-273601-icituitn author = Liu, M. title = Forecasting the Spread of COVID-19 under Different Reopening Strategies date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; case; social summary = Our model gives good out-of-sample forecasts of the disease for the two and half weeks after the end of our mobility data, assuming that the country continues the nearly 50% return to normalcy observed at the end of April (as compared to the observed peak social distancing levels). This specification implies that transmission rates can differ across counties (the county fixed effects α i reflect different population densities and also different demographic compositions), time periods (date fixed effects β t are included mostly to accommodate different rates of testing and also the different rates of reporting that happen on weekdays vs weekends), levels of social distancing d i,t , and different temperatures, h i,t , the impact of which has been debated 2 , 3 , 4 . First, to examine how our model performs, we predict the out-of-sample case numbers from the end of our data period up to May 16, 2020, under different social distancing assumptions. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.26.20113993 id = cord-171089-z4oya6kz author = Liu, Meijun title = Can pandemics transform scientific novelty? Evidence from COVID-19 date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COVID-19; country; entity; novelty; paper summary = Our analysis of 58,728 coronavirus papers suggests that scientific novelty measured by the BioBERT model that is pre-trained on 29 million PubMed articles, and parachuting collaboration dramatically increased after the outbreak of COVID-19, while international collaboration witnessed a sudden decrease. Building on the "knowledge recombination" theory (4) and the combinatorial perspective of novelty (3, 9) , we assess papers'' scientific novelty by quantifying how extraordinary a combination of bio-entities is in a coronavirus-related paper using BioBERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers for Biomedical Text Mining) (10), a language model that is pre-trained on 29 million PubMed articles. We examine the association between monthly change in scientific novelty, parachuting collaboration ratio and international collaboration of coronavirus papers by 50 sampled countries and their status as a confirmed COVID-19 infection site from January 2018 to April 2020 by month. doi = nan id = cord-354257-45bwzuqn author = Liu, Mengqi title = COVID-19 pneumonia: CT findings of 122 patients and differentiation from influenza pneumonia date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = KEY POINTS: • Typical CT features of COVID-19 include pure ground-glass opacities (GGO), GGO with consolidation, rounded opacities, bronchiolar wall thickening, interlobular septal thickening, and a peripheral distribution. Our results showed that the most common imaging signs of the COVID-19 group were pure GGO, GGO with consolidation, rounded opacities, bronchiolar wall thickening, and interlobular septal thickening, which were in line with previous studies [8, [18] [19] [20] . Presence of rounded opacities and interlobular septal thickening, with the absence of nodules and tree-in-bud sign, and with the typical peripheral distribution, may help us differentiate COVID-19 from influenza. Presence of rounded opacities and interlobular septal thickening, with the absence of nodules and tree-in-bud sign, and with the typical peripheral distribution, may help us differentiate COVID-19 from influenza. Presence of rounded opacities and interlobular septal thickening, with the absence of nodules and tree-in-bud sign, and with the typical peripheral distribution, may help us differentiate COVID-19 from influenza. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-06928-0 id = cord-303039-rteysj8j author = Liu, Ming title = Efficacy and Safety of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; Medicine; chinese summary = title: Efficacy and Safety of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine (Hereinafter referred to as "Integrated Medicine") to corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We searched six major Chinese and English databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and case-control studies (CCSs) of Integrated Medicine on COVID-19. We searched six major Chinese and English databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and case-control studies (CCSs) of Integrated Medicine on COVID-19. This study summarized controlled trials and methods of Integrated Medicine treatment of COVID-19, including the changes of clinical symptoms. Clinical study on 37 cases of COVID-19 treated by integrated Chinese and western medicine Effect of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine on SARS: a review of clinical evidence doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104896 id = cord-303397-lbpve38s author = Liu, N. title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): An Evidence Map of Medical Literature date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; article; international summary = March 2020, the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO), Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, declared Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic, approximately 11 weeks after the first detected case of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan, China was reported to the WHO Country Office in China on 31 December 2019. In this paper, we summarised the medical literature on COVID-19 between 1 January and 24 March 2020 using evidence maps and bibliometric analysis in order to systematically identify gaps and propose areas for valuable future research. In this paper, we summarised the medical literature on COVID-19 between 1 January and 24 March 2020 using evidence maps and bibliometric analysis in order to systematically identify gaps and propose areas for valuable future research. By article topic and type (Figure 4(a) ), case reports/series on clinical features and diagnosis (n=117, 21·2%) were the most common, followed by general epidemiological research (n=77, 14·0%) comprising mainly of studies that modelled disease trajectory. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.07.20093674 id = cord-304664-rha9pwob author = Liu, N. title = High rate of increased level of plasma Angiotensin II and its gender difference in COVID-19: an analysis of 55 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a single hospital, WuHan, China date = 2020-05-01 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19 summary = title: High rate of increased level of plasma Angiotensin II and its gender difference in COVID-19: an analysis of 55 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a single hospital, WuHan, China The results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that the severity of COVID-19 (OR=4.123) and CD4/CD8 ratio(OR=4.050) were the co-directional impact factor while female(OR=0.146) was inverse impact factor of elevated AngII level. Keywords: 2019 Novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19), Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Angiotensin II(AngII), gender differences This study reported a high rate of increased level of AngII in COVID-19 patients, which could be verified with the study above. This study showed a significant difference in the severity of COVID-19 in the elevated AngII group, and the severity of COVID-19 was a risk factor of increased AngII level. However, this study revealed significant gender differences in the mean baseline values for plasma Ang II among COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.27.20080432 id = cord-267271-cdeecuf0 author = Liu, Nian title = Dynamic changes of Chest CT follow-up in Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pneumonia: relationship to clinical typing date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We analyzed the clinical characteristics, CT characteristics and the pneumonia involvement of the patients between the moderate group and the severe and critical group, and the dynamic changes of severity with the CT follow-up time. To our knowledge, this is a relatively comprehensive study of the characteristics and dynamic changes of CT between the moderate type and severe or critical type patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The initial and follow-up chest CT images were assessed as the following ten characteristics according to the Fleischner Society Glossary [21, 22] and peer-reviewed literature on viral pneumonia [13, 17] , such as ground-glass opacity (GGO), crazy-paving pattern, consolidation, pleural thickening or adhesion, fibrosis, discrete nodules, cavitation, lymph node enlargement, pleural effusion, and bronchiectasis. In our study, the most common initial CT characteristics of COVID-19 pneumonia of the two groups are ground-glass opacity, crazy-paving pattern, consolidation, pleural thickening or adhesion, and mainly distributed in a subpleural area. doi = 10.1186/s12880-020-00491-2 id = cord-269643-12qm4h9w author = Liu, Pai title = Dynamic interplay between social distancing duration and intensity in reducing COVID-19 US hospitalizations: A “law of diminishing returns” date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; social summary = We uncover and highlight the importance of social distancing duration and intensity in lowering hospitalization demand-to-supply during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the USA. Calibrating our model using epidemiological data from this time period enabled us to unbiasedly address the question "How long and with what intensity does the USA need to implement social distancing intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic?" For a short (i.e., up to two weeks) duration, we find a near-linear decrease in hospital beds demand with increasing intensity [Formula: see text] of social distancing. Therefore, we term the period March 19-28 as the "latency period" (see the shaded area in Fig. 1) , and the period thereafter as "benefits manifestation period." Calibrating our model using baseline epidemiological data corresponding to the "latency period" enabled us to unbiasedly probe and address the question: How long and with what intensity does the US need to implement social distancing as a sustainable public policy during the COVID-19 pandemic? doi = 10.1063/5.0013871 id = cord-309001-erm705tg author = Liu, Q. title = Laboratory findings and a combined multifactorial approach to predict death in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan; patient summary = To describe the laboratory findings of cases of death with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to establish a scoring system for predicting death, we conducted this single-centre, retrospective, observational study including 336 adult patients (≥18 years old) with severe or critically ill COVID-19 admitted in two wards of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, who had definite outcomes (death or discharge) between 1 February 2020 and 13 March 2020. This single-centre, retrospective, observational study included adult patients (≥18 years old) with severe or critically ill COVID-19 admitted in two wards of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan. Therefore, in this research study, we analysed the laboratory examination indicators of patients who died and hoped to find out the risk factors that could predict the outcome of death. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001442 id = cord-320647-a3wf2sl1 author = Liu, Qi title = Effect of a bundle of intervention strategies for the control of COVID-19 in Henan, a neighboring province of Wuhan, China date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The confirmed cases and suspected cases before being excluded were assigned to the designated hospitals and wards, close contacts and suspicious exposure persons were isolated at designated places, such as homes, hotels; (2) all relevant medical staff were trained and enhanced hospitals'' ability of accommodating patients with COVID-19 infection or being suspicious of infection; (3) strictly adhered to the epidemic reporting scheme and made the information open to the public to make the public aware of what was dangerous, the rules of early detection, early reporting, early isolation and early treatment must be strictly implemented, otherwise it would be punished according to relevant laws; (4) everyone was asked to suspend the Spring Festival holiday in advance, live on the spot and reduce the flow of people; prevention and control teams were set up in each community and village; the activity tracks and temperatures Effect of a bundle of intervention strategies for the control of COVID-19 in Henan, a neighboring province of. doi = 10.1007/s00508-020-01688-9 id = cord-284342-y9tq7o0v author = Liu, Qian title = Associations between serum amyloid A, interleukin‐6, and COVID‐19: A cross‐sectional study date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; SAA summary = CONCLUSION: Serum amyloid A and IL‐6 could be used as addition parameters to helping the distinguish of patients with COVID‐19 from healthy people, and can provide potential basis for separating patients with nonsevere and severe clinical signs. Moreover, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), SAA, and IL-6 were significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 than in the healthy control group. 22, 23 In this study, we anaAccording to the novel coronavirus pneumonia diagnosis and treatment plan (trial version 7), 20 we divided 84 patients into a nonsevere group and a severe group. In conclusion, SAA and IL-6 could be used as addition parameters to helping the distinguish of patients with COVID-19 from healthy people, and can provide potential basis for separating patients with nonsevere and severe clinical signs. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients out of Wuhan from China doi = 10.1002/jcla.23527 id = cord-328267-tk0zc8il author = Liu, Qiao title = Collateral Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Control in Jiangsu Province, China date = 2020-08-28 keywords = China; covid-19 summary = title: Collateral Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Control in Jiangsu Province, China We compared tuberculosis case notifications, tuberculosis treatment outcomes, and diagnostic screening for multidrug resistance (MDR) among tuberculosis patients from 2015-2020 before and after the Covid-19 pandemic began in China. We A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t Discussion This is the first data from China reporting the potential indirect impact on tuberculosis control of the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, reductions in treatment completion and MDR screening during this time period suggest that both deterred health care seeking and community disease management are likely drivers of these trends. Our analysis suggests that collateral effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on tuberculosis control are substantial, with a reduction of 36%-52% in tuberculosis notifications in 2020 compared to 2015-2019. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1289 id = cord-309970-jkmjiika author = Liu, Qin title = From SARS to COVID-19: What lessons have we learned? date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS summary = On December 1, 2019, the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), was reported in Wuhan, China, and CoVs returned to public view. In this review, we systematically compare COVID-19 and SARS in terms of epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical characteristics and discuss the current treatment approaches, scientific advancements and Chinese experience in fighting the epidemic to combat the novel coronavirus pandemic. As the virus continued to spread, on March 11, 2020 , the WHO declared that COVID-19 is a pandemic disease, making this the first time that a coronavirus infection has been regarded as a global pandemic, in contrast to SARS in 2002, which did not reach this level. This paper summarizes the differences in the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of SARS and COVID-19 during the two outbreaks, summarizes the lessons learned, and provides a comprehensive reference for the global epidemic prevention and treatment of reported in China and resulted in a large number of infections. doi = 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.08.001 id = cord-297513-fxap5sw4 author = Liu, S. H. title = Time courses of COVID-19 infection and local variation in socioeconomic and health disparities in England date = 2020-05-29 keywords = England; covid-19 summary = . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.29.20116921 doi: medRxiv preprint [14] ); employment deprivation (proportion of working-age population involuntarily excluded 102 from the labor market, calculated from claimants of various out-of-work social security 103 allowances: [14] ), healthy life expectancy (average number of years a person would expect to 104 live in good health based on contemporary mortality rates and prevalence of self-reported good 105 health); preventable mortality (age-standardized mortality rate from causes considered 106 preventable, per 100,000 people); pre-existing chronic health conditions (proportion of registered 107 patients with a general practitioner (GP)-recorded diagnosis of coronary heart disease, diabetes, 108 hypertension or obesity); self-reported physical activity (proportion of adults completing at least 109 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week); and nursing home admissions 110 (permanent admissions to residential and nursing care homes, per 100,000 people aged 65+). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.29.20116921 id = cord-284598-ksoonwf9 author = Liu, Shan title = Mesenchymal stem cells as a potential therapy for COVID-19 date = 2020-05-04 keywords = ARDS; covid-19 summary = The main pathologic features of severe or critical COVID-19 were consistent with acute lung injure (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by cellular fibromyxoid exudates, extensive pulmonary inflammation, pulmonary edema, and hyaline membrane formation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can balance the inflammatory response and has been mentioned to be effective on ALI/ARDS from both infectious and noninfectious causes previously, presenting an important opportunity to be applied to COVID-19. In this commentary, we summarize the clinical trials of MSCs treatments on ALI/ARDS and raise MSCs as a hopefully alternative therapy for severe or critical COVID-19. Clinical application of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle-based therapeutics for inflammatory lung diseases Mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells for treatment of ARDS: a phase 1 clinical trial Mesenchymal stromal cell treatment prevents H9N2 avian influenza virus-induced acute lung injury in mice In vivo effects of mesenchymal stromal cells in two patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome doi = 10.1186/s13287-020-01678-8 id = cord-170666-zjwlmzj3 author = Liu, Shinan title = Characterizing Service Provider Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19; United; internet summary = We study three questions: (1)How did traffic demands change in the United States as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic?; (2)What effects have these changes had on Internet performance?; (3)How did service providers respond to these changes? The changes in usage patterns have resulted in corresponding changes in network traffic demands observed by Internet service providers. Although there have been several preliminary measurements of the effects of the COVID-19 response, none have holistically studied traffic data, performance analysis, routing data, and ISP capacity information together, as we do in this paper. We focus on the capacity changes during lockdown by inspecting two data sources: (1) to understand how ISPs responded by adding capacity to interconnects, we study the interconnect capacity of two large ISPs in the United States; and (2) to understand how video service providers expanded their network footprints in response to increasing demand, we analyze IPv4 address space from two major video conference providers-WebEx and Zoom-and find that both providers substantially increased advertised IP address space. doi = nan id = cord-035307-r74ovkbd author = Liu, Shuchang title = Attitudes towards Wildlife Consumption inside and outside Hubei Province, China, in Relation to the SARS and COVID-19 Outbreaks date = 2020-11-11 keywords = COVID-19; Hubei; SARS summary = Our study results indicate over the period between the SARS epidemic to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, attitudes towards the consumption of wildlife in China have changed significantly. Therefore, our aim in this study was to determine changes in attitudes towards wildlife consumption in Chinese adults in relation to the SARS and COVID-19 outbreaks with a particular focus on Hubei Province. doi = 10.1007/s10745-020-00199-5 id = cord-258242-xblxjlb5 author = Liu, Tengwen title = Systems Pharmacology and Verification of ShenFuHuang Formula in Zebrafish Model Reveal Multi-Scale Treatment Strategy for Septic Syndrome in COVID-19 date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; SFH; target summary = Recent studies reported that many critically ill COVID-19 patients developed typical septic syndrome, including inflammatory injury, immune dysfunction, coagulation disorder, and multiple organ failure (Bellinvia et al., 2020; Coronado et al., 2020; . Current studies reported that severe COVID-19 patients with septic syndrome mainly showed abnormal pathological features, including virus infection and tissue damage, excessive inflammation in early stage but immune suppression in late stage, and coagulation dysfunction . Since the data of systems pharmacology illustrated that SFH may regulate several key targets and biological processes of sepsis, such as PPARG in inflammatory response, GSK3b and MAPK14 in cell proliferation, and PTGS2 in coagulation, we hypothesized that SFH improves the condition of critically ill COVID-19 patients with septic syndrome by ameliorating lung injury, suppressing excessive inflammation but enhancing the capacity of pathogen phagocytosis and killing, and improving the function of blood coagulation. doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.584057 id = cord-273416-332stbjl author = Liu, Tianyuan title = Transcriptional differences for COVID-19 Disease Map genes between males and females indicate a different basal immunophenotype relevant to the disease date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; Disease summary = We created DeCovid, an R shiny app that combines gene expression data of different human tissue from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and the COVID-19 Disease Map gene collection to explore basal gene expression differences across healthy demographic groups. In this paper, we present the DeCovid app, a Shiny app, to explore basal expression level differences in COVID-19 disease map genes between men and women and different age groups. The DeCovid shiny app combines a selection of human tissue specific GTEx data with the COVID-19 Disease Map database to allow quick exploration of basal gene expression values and differences in the healthy human population for genes described to be important for COVID-19. Here we present the DeCovid app as a resource to explore sex and age differential expression patterns in the healthy population for genes described to be involved in COVID-19 disease pathways. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.30.321059 id = cord-321983-566pbuic author = Liu, Wei title = Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease date = 2020-02-28 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = All patients were evaluated and clinically typed upon admission, according to the "Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Infection-Induced Pneumonia version 4 (trial)." [5] Specific clinical types included: (1) common: fever, respiratory tract infection symptoms, and so on, with imaging indicating pneumonia; (2) severe (any of the following conditions): I, respiratory distress, RR ≥30 breaths/min; II, oxygen saturation 93% at rest; III, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2 )/fraction of inspired oxygen 300 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa); (3) critical (any of the following conditions): I, respiratory failure and a requirement for mechanical ventilation; II, shock; III, concomitant failure of other organs and requirement for ICU monitoring and treatment. After 2 weeks of hospitalization, disease evaluation and clinical typing were performed on all patients according to the "Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Infection-Induced Pneumonia version 4 (trial)." [5] All patients were divided into a progression group or an improvement/stabilization group based on clinical typing results. doi = 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000775 id = cord-343870-g2v7ihud author = Liu, Wei title = Virus-, host-, immune-based targets for COVID-19 therapy date = 2020-10-06 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Anti-viral agents against different targets had exhibited profound therapeutic effect on SARS-CoV-2 through which the clinicians were able to control the COVID-19 outbreak. Clinicians worldwide have been voraciously seeking for a potential anti-COVID-19 drug of all modules such as vaccines; targetspecific monoclonal antibodies; viral oligonucleotide-based peptide drugs; interferons and other small bio-actives [2] . S protein being the crucial protein facilitating the SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host has been preferred as a potential therapeutic target of interests as it could be spliced into two individual peptides by the furin-like proteases [5] . The other novel drug-like K22 that inhibits the viral-dependent RNA synthesis exhibited strong anti-replicative activity against the coronaviruses in an in-vitro set-up. Stimulation of innate immune response is crucial for controlling the SARS-CoV-2 replication and its virulence on the infected hosts [8] . doi = 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.10.001 id = cord-308303-tgpqnoq2 author = Liu, X. title = Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is associated with a high risk of mortality in critical COVID-19 patients receiving heparin-involved treatment date = 2020-04-28 keywords = ICU; PLT; covid-19 summary = Medical records, including demographic, platelet counts, heparin-involved treatments, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia-(HIT) related laboratory tests, and fatal outcomes of COVID-19 patients were analyzed and compared between survivors and nonsurvivors. These results suggested that severe thrombocytopenia with progressively platelet count decrease occurred in most critical COVID-19 patients before a fatal outcome. 26 Although the platelet activation assay was not performed because of the limited capacity of Huoshenshan Hospital, current results still strongly suggested that HIT or spontaneous HIT, induced by the virus or a secondary bacterial infection, may occur in COVID-19, which would be significantly boosted and aggravated by further heparin exposure with a high dose, thereby resulting in a fatal outcome. Notably, HIT antibodies and a progressive decrease in PLT were also detected in heparin-naïve patients (i.e., before CRRT or other heparin exposure), even in non-ICU patients (figure 4B), indicating the occurrence of spontaneous HIT in COVID-19 patients, which probably results from virus itself or a secondary bacterial infection, such as PF4-conjugated Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli, or severe tissue damage. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.23.20076851 id = cord-270249-miys1fve author = Liu, Xianbo title = COVID-19: data-driven dynamics, statistical and distributed delay models, and observations date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; model summary = Based on the parameter identification approach described in this section, the COVID-19 infection dynamics for several countries from North America, South America, Europe, and Asia is found to be captured well by using the generalized logistic function Fig. 4 . By contrast, the outcome of composite global model shown in Fig. 9 , which is comprised of 148 identified sub-models, matches the worldwide COVID-19 data with good consistency for both the total number of infection cases and daily increments. The quarantine rate ζ and the infection rate β are the only two parameters that the authors can use to control against the spreading of the virus in the improved SEIQR model with distributed time delays, given by Eqs. (iii) Based on the data-driven COVID-19 dynamics studied with the distributed delay model, it is evident the measures taken in countries such as China and South Korea were effective in dropping the reproduction number R 1 to be below 0.5. doi = 10.1007/s11071-020-05863-5 id = cord-329766-9bwdb6o2 author = Liu, Xiaofan title = Temporal radiographic changes in COVID-19 patients: relationship to disease severity and viral clearance date = 2020-06-24 keywords = HRCT; covid-19; patient summary = To investigate the diagnostic value of the temporal radiographic changes, and the relationship to disease severity and viral clearance in COVID-19 patients. The HRCT scores (peak) during disease course in COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia (median: 24.5) were higher compared to those with pneumonia (median: 10) (p = 3.56 × 10 (−12)), with more frequency of consolidation (p = 0.025) and air bronchogram (p = 7.50 × 10(−6)). www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ our knowledge, at present, there is limited standardised method to predict which infected patient will remain moderately symptomatic and which will progress to more severe disease as well as viral clearance. The HRCT scores (peak) during disease course in COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia (median: 24.5; IQR range: 19 ~ 31.5) were higher compared to those with pneumonia (median: 10; IQR range: 7 ~ 16) (p = 3.556 × 10 −12 ) (Table 1; Fig. 3C ), with more frequency of consolidation (84.4% vs. doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-66895-w id = cord-273505-pcsw3vmx author = Liu, Xiaosheng title = High-Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulins in the Treatment of Severe Acute Viral Pneumonia: The Known Mechanisms and Clinical Effects date = 2020-07-14 keywords = SARS; cell; covid-19; ivig summary = Based on the previous clinical experience in China, it was proposed that early initiation of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) and low-molecular-weight heparin might be effective in improving the prognosis of severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients (16, 17) . The substantial increase in IgG concentration may saturate FcRn and reduce the half-life of pathogenic antibodies, contributing to the anti-inflammatory mechanism of high-dose IVIg. A balance between activating and inhibitory FcγRs is critical for a well-regulated immune response, and a disbalance markedly influences immunopathology in autoimmune and infectious diseases. Based on these potential supportive F(ab) ′ 2 and Fc mediated mechanisms and the known clinical effects in treating severe virus pneumonia such as SARS, MERS, influenza, and RSV disease, the early application of high-dose IVIg therapy may be considered in the management of severe COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01660 id = cord-317058-anvmj4li author = Liu, Xinkui title = Analysis of clinical features and early warning signs in patients with severe COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study date = 2020-06-26 keywords = covid-19; severe summary = Multivariate logistic analysis indicated that patients aged ≥63 years (odds ratio = 41.0; 95% CI: 2.8, 592.4), with an absolute lymphocyte value of ≤1.02×10(9)/L (odds ratio = 6.1; 95% CI = 1.5, 25.2) and a C-reactive protein level of ≥65.08mg/L (odds ratio = 8.9; 95% CI = 1.0, 74.2) were at a higher risk of severe illness. Our study indicates that age, the absolute lymphocyte count at initial visit, and CRP may be used as predictors during the early stage of diagnosis in patients who are at risk of developing severe COVID-19. Although this study has some limitations, including a small sample size, few variables included in the multivariate analysis, a retrospective cohort design, and limited data collected from medical records, the results of our study indicate that older age, a decreased lymphocyte count on admission, and an increased concentration of serum CRP could serve as early warning signs in patients who are at risk of developing severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0235459 id = cord-341976-yts6pzn3 author = Liu, Xintian title = Serum IgM against SARS-CoV-2 correlates with in-hospital mortality in severe/critical patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Serum IgM against SARS-CoV-2 correlates with in-hospital mortality in severe/critical patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China We conducted a single-center, retrospective, cohort study to investigate the relationship between serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM and clinical outcomes in severe/critical patients with COVID-19. Specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM against SARS-CoV or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) became detectable in patients as early as 11-15 days post illness onset [11, 12] . AGING Additionally, the titers of IgM and IgG were significantly correlated with viral load in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 in a recent finding [14] , which promoted the hypothesis that specific antibody against virus might be associated with disease progression in COVID-19. In this retrospective cohort study, IgG and IgM against SARS-CoV-2 in severe/critical patients with COVID-19 were profiled, and relationship between antibody titers AGING and outcomes was also assessed. doi = 10.18632/aging.103417 id = cord-318367-8xrjddwy author = Liu, Xiucheng title = An especial transition phase of hospitals: the adaptation of hospital operations to the development of COVID-19 and policy adjustments date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; hospital summary = Therefore, gradually promoting hospital operations and functions back to the new normal is important, especially when this outbreak has been effectively controlled. Normalizing hospital operations too early may increase the risk of exposure and cross-contamination, which may have a catastrophic effect on both the elderly patients and medical staff. Indeed, the fear of being infected in hospitals, "stay at home" policies, and emergency measures taken by hospitals, such as delaying elective operations and non-urgent radiological scans, have inevitably caused adverse consequences on the treatment modalities and day-to-day care of patients with chronic underlying conditions. For instance, after the epidemic was well controlled, some patients scheduled for surgery, including those with lung cancer and valvular heart diseases, voluntarily rescheduled their procedure at The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University. During the COVID-19 outbreak, medical staff, especially those in the front-line of the epidemic, have endured enormous work-load and psychological pressure [6, 7] . doi = 10.1186/s12199-020-00891-4 id = cord-353484-q7d0ysbo author = Liu, Xue title = COVID-19: Progress in diagnostics, therapy and vaccination date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; Coronavirus; RNA; SARS; patient summary = Given the urgency of the outbreak, we focus here on recent advances in the diagnostics, treatment, and vaccine development for SARS-CoV-2 infection, helping to guide strategies to address the current COVID-19 pandemic. Another type of rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that detects the presence of viral antigens expressed by SARS-CoV-2 virus in a respiratory tract sample is of low complexity and may provide results typically within 30 minutes [68, 69] . Studies in Vero E6 cells have suggested that favipiravir can cripple the SARS-CoV-2 virus (EC50 = 61.88 μM) [88] , and patients with COVID-19 are being recruited in randomized trials to evaluate the efficacy of favipiravir plus other antivirals (e.g., ClinicalTrials.gov: ChiCTR2000029600, ChiCTR2000029544). As no specific therapeutic agents or vaccines are available for COVID-19, this therapy is the only strategy that is immediately available for use to prevent and treat a novel, emerging infectious disease such as SARS-CoV-2 infection [121, 122] . doi = 10.7150/thno.47987 id = cord-302800-852w35od author = Liu, Xuebing title = Clinical characteristics of hospitalised patients with schizophrenia who were suspected to have coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China date = 2020-04-19 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = With these challenges in mind, we performed a comprehensive retrospective investigation of the clinical features of 21 hospitalised patients with schizophrenia who were suspected to have COVID-19 at a mental health hospital in Hubei Province, China. When patients in this mental health hospital showed the onset of respiratory symptoms, such as fever and cough and/or new abnormal chest CT findings, they were transferred to the isolation wards as COVID-19 suspected cases. Meanwhile 30 hospitalised patients with schizophrenia in the general ward who were not suspected to have COVID-19 (clean group) from a mental health hospital in Yichang (also in Hubei Province, 300 km away from Wuhan) were recruited using a convenience sampling method. In this retrospective study, we described the clinical characteristics of hospitalised patients with schizophrenia General Psychiatry who were suspected to have COVID-19 in Hubei Province, China, and provided an overview of the COVID-19 suspected patients in the isolation ward of a mental health hospital. doi = 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100222 id = cord-281990-x5nql0cw author = Liu, Y. title = Association between epidemic dynamics of Covid-19 infection and ABO blood group types date = 2020-07-15 keywords = blood; covid-19 summary = Growth rate and doubling time of infection and death cases, reproductive number, infection and death cases in the mid-exponential phase were analyzed in relation to blood type distribution. Discussion: Covid-19 infection is significantly associated with blood type distribution and people with blood type A are more susceptible to Covid-19 infection and have higher epidemic dynamics and higher case fatality rate. This study sought to investigate the relationship between the distribution of blood group types and the epidemic dynamics of Covid-19 infection based on analyses of big data that cover worldwide population majority. We thus conducted this study based on the worldwide available big data trying to ascertain an association between the distribution of blood types and Covid-19 infection dynamics. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.12.20152074 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 3 Comparison of the Covid-19 infection epidemic dynamics between higher and lower blood type A population. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.12.20152074 id = cord-274282-hvx5m2bx author = Liu, Yang title = Association between ages and clinical characteristics and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 date = 2020-04-27 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = This study showed that clinical features and prognosis of the disease vary among patients of different ages and a thorough assessment of age may help clinicians worldwide to establish risk stratification for all COVID-19 patients. However, the ages related clinical characteristics, diseases courses and outcomes other than death in COVID-19 patients remain unclear. A unified observation endpoint date was set (March 7, 2020) in our study, primary outcome of the disease course and second outcome of respiratory failure rate for all COVID-19 patients in both groups were compared. In this study, we demonstrated that the clinical characteristics and outcomes of 221 COVID-19 patients were closely related to the different ages. In conclusion, the clinical features and prognosis of the disease vary among patients of different ages and a thorough assessment of age may help clinicians worldwide to establish risk stratification for all COVID-19 patients. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1183/13993003.01112-2020 id = cord-295068-2q3ts04l author = Liu, Yang title = Prominent coagulation disorder is closely related to inflammatory response and could be as a prognostic indicator for ICU patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; FDP; coagulation summary = Our results showed that the prolonged PT, FDP, DD were positively correlated with the levels of neutrophils, ferritin, LDH, total bilirubin, multi-inflammation cytokines, and negatively correlated with the lymphocytes level (p < 0.01). In conclusion, blood coagulation disorder was prominent in ICU patients with COVID-19 and was correlated with multi-inflammation factors. This study set out with the aim of assessing the importance of the blood coagulation system abnormalities in patients with COVID-19 and discussing the characteristics, influencing factors, and its prognosis. The coagulation parameters, including the prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), fibrinogen (Fib), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), DD (d-dimer) and antithrombin III (ATIII) were performed using the Stago STA-R automatic blood coagulation analyzer (Stago, France). As shown in Supplementary Table 1 , the prolonged PT, FDP and d-dimer were positively correlated with the level of neutrophils, ferritin, LDH, total bilirubin, and multi-inflammation cytokines, and negatively correlated with the lymphocytes level. doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02174-9 id = cord-295324-t1zvz1zg author = Liu, Yin title = Mental Health Status of Paediatric Medical Workers in China During the COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; China; medical summary = Males, doctors, individuals aged between 31‑60 years, those with senior job titles, those who had contact with patients with confirmed or suspected cases of COVID-19, those who worked on the clinical frontlines fighting the epidemic and those who had experience combating similar outbreaks were more likely to have depression, anxiety or stress symptoms. Previous studies have shown that during and after the outbreak of SARS in 2003, medical workers suffered from different degrees of psychological distress, such as stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, due to a lack of mental health care. In this study, 2031 paediatric medical workers in China were surveyed to understand the severity of depression, anxiety, and stress among such workers during the epidemic in order to provide a scientific basis for psychological protection and intervention. Sociodemographic characteristics included gender, age, identity (doctor/nurse), professional title, education, health condition, area of work during the coronavirus outbreak, experience with similar public health events and frontline anti-epidemic personnel status (exposure to patients with confirmed or suspected cases of COVID-19). doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00702 id = cord-281891-qucjw8q1 author = Liu, Yu title = The effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing relaxation training for improving sleep quality among nursing staff during the COVID-19 outbreak: a before and after study date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; DBRT; sleep summary = title: The effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing relaxation training for improving sleep quality among nursing staff during the COVID-19 outbreak: a before and after study As breathing relaxation techniques can improve sleep quality, anxiety, and depression, the current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing relaxation training (DBRT) for improving sleep quality among nurses in Wuhan, China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Conclusion DBRT is a useful non-pharmacological treatment for improving sleep quality and reducing anxiety among first-line nurses involved in the COVID-19 outbreak. In the current study, our aim was to investigate the effects of DBRT on sleep quality, anxiety, and depression of first-line nurses fighting against COVID-19 in Wuhan, To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effectiveness of DBRT in first-line nurses during the COVID-19 endemic, in terms of sleep quality, anxiety, and depression. doi = 10.1016/j.sleepx.2020.100026 id = cord-275391-dmfacaua author = Liu, Yuan title = Anxiety and depression symptoms of medical staff under COVID-19 epidemic in China date = 2020-09-07 keywords = COVID-19; symptom summary = METHODS: In this study, an online non-probability sample survey was used to anonymously investigate the anxiety and depression symptoms among medical staff under the COVID-19 outbreak. PHEIC was defined as "Unusual events that pose public health risks to other countries through the international spread of disease and may require a coordinated international response." As of 11 February, a total of 1716 medical staff were confirmed to have COVID-19 infections in mainland China, accounting for 3.8% of all confirmed cases (The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team, 2020). Significantly higher proportions of self-reported anxiety or depression symptoms were found in investigated medical staff with the following characteristics: nurse, junior college or below, living alone, never/almost never getting help from friends, never/almost never getting care from neighbours, never confiding their troubles to others and higher stress. doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.004 id = cord-323751-ofz4htdb author = Liu, Yuzhi title = Focusing on gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19 is far from enough date = 2020-05-18 keywords = covid-19 summary = In comparison with the other reports on this topic [2, 3] , this case-control study can provide more significance and credibility owing to the correction of baseline status for gastrointestinal symptoms in non-COVID-19 patients. After excluding the critical cases from COVID-19 group, the detection rates of erythrocyte, leukocyte and OB in feces were not higher than those of the control groups (non-COVID-19 pneumonia, lung tumor and healthy subject). In the subgroup analysis of fecal examination results, the detection rates of leukocytes and OB in feces were only significant different between critical and non-critical group (both P < .001). High possibility of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in critical COVID-19 cases can increase the risk of secondary damage in gastrointestinal tract, resulting in the occurrence of abnormal fecal examination. Consequently, the abnormal fecal examination results may be used as risk factors of mortality in COVID-19 patients, especially for critical cases. doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.043 id = cord-313392-a5ynzx70 author = Liu, Ze-Ming title = Association of procalcitonin levels with the progression and prognosis of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; PCT summary = One study has shown that although the total number of patients with COVID-19 presenting increased procalcitonin (PCT) levels appears to be limited, continuous measurement of PCT levels may play a role in predicting the progression of this disease into the severe forms [15] . In this retrospective study, we collected clinical data of 1525 cases in Leishenshan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, which is a temporary hospital specialized and designated for the treatment of patients with COVID-19, from February 8, 2020 to April 15, 2020. In this study, 1525 cases in the Leishenshan Hospital in Wuhan City were enrolled for the investigation of the effect of PCT level on the prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Cox proportional hazard model analysis showed that elevated PCT level was significantly associated with a higher risk of overall mortality among COVID-19 patients, even after adjustment for age, history of cardiovascular diseases, WBC, PLT, and lymphocyte count, and D-dimer levels as potential confounding factors. doi = 10.7150/ijms.48396 id = cord-320930-9yiu0080 author = Liu, Zeming title = Association Between Diabetes and COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study With a Large Sample of 1,880 Cases in Leishenshan Hospital, Wuhan date = 2020-07-14 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19; patient summary = title: Association Between Diabetes and COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study With a Large Sample of 1,880 Cases in Leishenshan Hospital, Wuhan Aims: This study aimed to investigate the clinical courses and outcomes of diabetes mellitus patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan. Conclusions: Our study results suggested that diabetes had no effect on the prognosis of COVID-19 patients but had a negative association with their clinical courses. In this study, we investigated the association between diabetes as a comorbidity and negative clinical courses and outcomes of COVID-19 in a large sample of patients from a single hospital in Wuhan, China. Similarly, our data supported that the proportion of severe or critical COVID-19 cases among patients with diabetes was higher than that among those without diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia -a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression doi = 10.3389/fendo.2020.00478 id = cord-032332-bfggtolv author = Liu, Zhe title = Uncertain growth model for the cumulative number of COVID-19 infections in China date = 2020-09-19 keywords = Liu; covid-19 summary = 6 will analyze cumulative numbers of COVID-19 infections in China using uncertain growth models and uncertain hypothesis tests. where y represents the cumulative number of COVID-19 infections in China, x represents the day after February 12, 2020, and is a disturbance term characterized as an uncertain variable. In this section, we apply the uncertain hypothesis test Ye and Liu (2020a) to testing the appropriateness of the estimated expected valueê and the estimated varianceσ 2 for the disturbance term in the uncertain growth model (2), and modify outliers. The estimated expected value and estimated variance of the disturbance term in uncertain growth model (14) As shown in Fig. 5 , all data pass the test. Fitted uncertain regression growth model (14) and cumulative numbers of COVID-19 infections in China from January 20 to March 23, 2020, are shown in Fig. 6 . doi = 10.1007/s10700-020-09340-x id = cord-352544-7b6btzrx author = Liu, Zhelong title = The association of diabetes and the prognosis of COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study date = 2020-08-25 keywords = covid-19; diabetes; patient summary = Abstract Aims This study evaluated the impact of previous glycemic control and in-hospital use of antidiabetic/antihypertensive drugs on the prognosis of COVID-19 patients with diabetes. Despite a few studies reported that COVID-19 patients with poorly controlled fasting blood glucose in hospital were associated with higher mortality [16] , there is still a lack of information on the impact of previous glycemic control on the prognosis of COVID-19 patients with diabetes. Model 1 explored the risk factors associated with worsening by a univariate analysis, which included HbA1c, maximum of the BG in-hospital, age, sex, smoking, comorbidities other than diabetes, white cell count, the percentage of neutrophils, lymphopenia, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ -glutamyl transferase, creatinine, C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide precursor (NT-proBNP), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), prothrombin time, total cholesterol, triglyceride, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α. Our study found that among COVID-19 patients, those with poor HbA1c control had a higher risk of disease worsening, with an optimal cut-off value of 8.6% (70 mmol/mol), demonstrating the importance of previous glycemic control. doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108386 id = cord-316764-ps89rxuy author = Liu, Zheng title = At the center of the COVID‐19 pandemic: Lessons learned for otolaryngology‐head and neck surgery in China date = 2020-05-12 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = In addition, the added pressure of work and increased risk of being infected can affect the mental health of the HCWs. Indeed, a survey of 5,062 HCWs in all clinical departments showed that 29.8%, 13.5% and 24.1% reported stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms, respectively 5 .These data suggest that adequate mental health interventions are necessary for medical professionals over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. For aerosol-generating medical procedures in the COVID-19 positive patient, such as tracheal intubation, non-invasive ventilation, and tracheostomy, the otolaryngologist not only needs PAPR 11 , but also needs effective multidisciplinary collaborations with other specialists 12 . During urgent endoscopic sinonasal and skull base surgery in the COVID-19 positive patient, due to frequent suction, irrigation, and drilling which potentially aerosolize infectious vapor, we recommend that medical personnel in the operation room wear PAPR. doi = 10.1002/alr.22585 id = cord-320945-swr3l0ur author = Liu, Zhenghong title = Dynamic emergency department response to the evolving COVID‐19 pandemic: the experience of a tertiary hospital in Singapore date = 2020-09-25 keywords = Singapore; covid-19 summary = Given that even a single patient in a crowded ED can potentially ignite a nosocomial outbreak of a novel respiratory pathogen, 3 with devastating consequences and the prospect of ED closure, 3, 4 it is crucial to ensure that hospital EDs can continue to operate safely throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, without becoming hotbeds for disease transmission. 6 Over the next few months, our ED rapidly developed and implemented a response plan that maximized the limited physical space and allowed our ED to appropriately manage patients with different risk profiles for COVID-19,while simultaneously maintaining adequate protection for other patients and staff. In general, patients requiring non-ambulatory care in the first phase of our response were at low risk of COVID-19, given that imported cases At the same time, our ED was also experiencing an increase in non-ambulatory suspect COVID-19 cases, given the older age profile of patients presenting during this phase. doi = 10.1002/emp2.12264 id = cord-275915-fz16sylv author = Liu, Zi-Han title = Migrant workers in China need emergency psychological interventions during the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-08-19 keywords = China; covid-19 summary = Compared to permanent residents in cities (i.e., those with ''Hukou'' in cities), most migrant workers in China have insufficient financial savings, low education levels, a high level of life stress, limited time and money to see doctors or even being discriminated by others, which contributes to a higher prevalence of mental health problems than observed in the general population [10] . Due to fear of infection, uncertainty of the COVID-transmission, and misinformation about the disease in social media, mental health problems, such as sleep disturbances, depression and anxiety, are common in the general public and migrant workers [4, 7, 13, 15, 17] . However, regular mental health education is typically not available for this population during the COVID-19 outbreak, and financial hardship, further quarantine measures and stigma associated with mental illness [12] are key barriers deterring them from seeking timely mental health treatments if needed. doi = 10.1186/s12992-020-00608-w id = cord-297209-84gs67bn author = Livanos, A. E. title = Gastrointestinal involvement attenuates COVID-19 severity and mortality date = 2020-09-09 keywords = Fig; SARS; September; covid-19 summary = In a fourth cohort of COVID-19 patients in which GI biopsies were obtained, we identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) within small intestinal enterocytes for the first time in vivo but failed to obtain culturable virus. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.07.20187666 doi: medRxiv preprint (nausea, vomiting and diarrhea) was associated with less severe disease (p<0.02 Fisher''s exact 188 test) and lower mortality (p<0.001 Fisher''s exact test) (Fig. 1a) . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.07.20187666 doi: medRxiv preprint CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in small intestinal enterocytes of COVID-19 patients ( Fig. 4i,n, CD8 + T cells, the dominant IEL 388 population, showed an increase (2.6-fold) in COVID-19 cases compared to controls but the 389 difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.4) ( Supplementary Table 12a ), likely owing 390 to inter-patient variability, also observed by light microscopy. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.07.20187666 id = cord-342139-t2tukk0z author = Livingston, Gill title = Prevalence, management, and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infections in older people and those with dementia in mental health wards in London, UK: a retrospective observational study date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; trust summary = For individuals, the following data were collected: demographic data (age, sex, ethnicity); mental health clinical details (ie, dementia or other diagnosis); Mental Health Act 1983 or Mental Capacity Act 2005 status 31 (these are legislative frameworks for those with mental illness, including an absence of decisional capacity, which in defined circumstances allow people to be detained in a hospital without giving consent); physical comorbidities; and COVID-19-related details, which were COVID-19 clinical diagnosis (date of clinical suspicion of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test result or results, if retested), possible COVID-19 symptoms (first symptom noted, presence of new persistent cough, shortness of breath [respiratory rate >20 breaths per min], temperature ≥37·8°C, new loss of smell or taste, sore throat, gastrointestinal symptoms, fatigue, loss of appetite, asymptomatic, duration of symptoms [days]), change to mental state related to COVID-19 (increased cognitive impairment or delirium, increased or new mood disturbance or psychosis); and manage ment (do not attempt resuscitation status; whether the patient was receiving vitamin D treatment; isolation of patients and duration [days] if applicable; whether venous thromboembolism [VTE] prophylaxis was given before the patient became symptomatic; whether VTE prophylaxis was given after symptoms developed; whether antipsychotic medication had been stopped, started, or increased during SARS-CoV-2 infection and treatment, and new antipsychotic sideeffects; whether prophylactic antibiotics were prescribed for community-acquired pneumonia or hospital-acquired pneumonia; whether oxygen therapy was administered on the ward; and whether the patient was transferred to a medical ward in a general hospital). doi = 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30434-x id = cord-332481-y0rd70ry author = Ljubic, T. title = The effect of serological screening for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to participants'' attitudes and risk behaviour: a study on a tested population sample of industry workers in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; Split; test summary = title: The effect of serological screening for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to participants'' attitudes and risk behaviour: a study on a tested population sample of industry workers in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia Rapid serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have been questioned by scientists and the public because of unexplored effects of negative test results on behaviour and attitudes, that could lower the level of adherence to protective measures. Thus, this study aims at investigating the changes in personal attitudes and behaviour of DIV Group industry workers before and after receiving negative serological test results for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The results of this study indicate that the levels of fear of being infected or infecting others with COVID-19, as well as behaviours regarding adherence to protective measure, changed significantly in the timeframe after receiving negative test results. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.15.20131482 id = cord-321459-5atonb89 author = Llalle, Wildor Samir Cubas title = Impact on the Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Residents’ Learning Curve During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Given the great role that the COVID-19 pandemic has been generating and its undeniable negative impact on the learning curve in the residency program in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, a variety of technological alternatives have emerged to try to compensate the lack of traditional academic training in medical residency towards a virtual hybrid model [2] . The success of the learning curve in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery residents is determined by the circle of permanent and uninterrupted learning, articulated by 3 fundamental pillars: the theoretical component consisting mainly of the constant review of the medical literature and the periodic participation in clinicalsurgical conferences or gatherings led by mentor surgeons; the component of strengthening operational skills that allow the acquisition of procedural skills through training using simulation; and, finally, the practical component, in which the resident actively participates as an observer, assistant or main surgeon in various surgical procedures. Given the imminent negative impact on the learning curve of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery residents due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an urgent need to recondition a new multifaceted approach that allows for virtual surgical education. doi = 10.21470/1678-9741-2020-0300 id = cord-254631-80sg4uvd author = Llansó, Laura title = Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in COVID-19 Disease: a Case-Report date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; PRES summary = Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical syndrome that can include headache, altered consciousness, visual disturbances, and seizures, usually related to autoregulatory cerebral failure and hypertension. We present a case of a 66-year-old woman with severe pneumonia by SARS-CoV-2 who developed a posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with a typical clinical and radiological presentation, after being treated with anti-interleukin treatment (anakinra and tocilizumab) following local guidelines. We report a case of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a patient with COVID-19 disease, possibly related to anti-IL-1 or anti-IL-6, suggesting that anti-interleukin treatments may cause this syndrome, at least in patients with predisposing conditions such as infections and hydroelectrolytic disorders. Considering the infectious background, the immunomodulatory treatments, modest hypertension in the hours before the symptoms, and the distribution of the lesions on the CT scan, the most likely diagnosis is posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: associated clinical and radiologic findings doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00470-2 id = cord-328200-96tirrck author = Llorente-Parrado, C. title = Modelo de evaluación del plan de respuesta frente a la pandemia de COVID-19 en un hospital de tercer nivel date = 2020-10-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = En este contexto, planteamos desarrollar un modelo basado en estándares para la evaluación del sistema de preparación y respuesta frente a la COVID-19 en un hospital terciario. Barcelona en dos fases: 1) desarrollo de modelo de estándares mediante revisión narrativa de la literatura, análisis de planes y protocolos del hospital, método Delphi por profesionales expertos y plan de actualización y 2) validación de aplicabilidad y utilidad del modelo mediante autoevaluación y auditoría. 1. Desarrollar un modelo basado en estándares para la evaluación del sistema de preparación y respuesta de un hospital frente a la pandemia de COVID-19. Una estrategia basada en la revisión continua del modelo, el seguimiento mediante auditorías independientes y el benchmarking con otras instituciones, creemos que podrá contribuir a reducir la variabilidad en los planes de preparación y respuesta frente a la COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jhqr.2020.10.001 id = cord-326643-obfvi3ms author = Lo Giudice, Roberto title = The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) in Dentistry. Management of Biological Risk in Dental Practice date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Considering the virus'' route of transmission, a specific protocol should be applied to reduce the risk of infection in addition to measures that prevent the spread of infection from a patient to another person or medical tools and equipment (cross-infection). Due to the transmission route, in addition to measures that prevent diffusion of the infection from a patient to another person or medical tools and equipment (cross-infection), it is advisable to add further airborne and contact precautions to the routine standard hygienic procedures in order to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, masks, visors, goggles, dental uniform, and surgical gown and shoes (see section on PPEs below). To reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, given how the disease spreads and the current health crisis, the following prevention measures are suggested in addition to what is already generally performed: doi = 10.3390/ijerph17093067 id = cord-334849-8rblgq9b author = LoPresti, Marissa title = The Role of Host Genetic Factors in Coronavirus Susceptibility: Review of Animal and Systematic Review of Human Literature date = 2020-08-12 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; genetic; study summary = 1 As with many complex diseases, the reality for most individuals likely involves a combination of genetic -including viral and host genetics -and non-genetic Relative to other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 has unique biological properties and related clinical impact, but data regarding other coronaviruses may be relevant. This can help populate lists of genes that -along with data from related biological studies -may bear scrutiny in the developing and important large-scale host genetic 6 and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)in pigs. In various species, efforts have focused on genes encoding the relevant coronavirus receptor, including effects of viral and host genetic changes and how these may impact the disease process. 30 In humans (see Tables 1 and S2 and Figures 3 and 4 for details on human studies of these genes, including specific references), studies of specific ACE2 polymorphisms have not shown significant associations with SARS-CoV-1 susceptibility or outcome. doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.08.007 id = cord-320785-42p8292o author = Lobo, Andréa de Paula title = COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil: where we at? date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Abstract Objetive to analyze the trends of COVID-19 in Brazil in 2020 by Federal Units (FU). Joinpoint regression models were applied to identify points of inflection in COVID-19 trends, considering the days since the 50th confirmed case as time unit. Conclusions In summary, our results show that all FUs in Brazil present upward trends of COVID-19. Discussion: Although all FUs presented upward trends in the number of cumulative cases of COVID-19, 18 out of 27 FUs showed a reduction in the pace of the trend in the last segment. Even though the FUs from the Southeast region presented most of the confirmed cases, the highest ADPC values were found in the Northeast and North regions. (36.9;58.8) 3-11 13.8*(12.7;14.9) 11-20 8.1*(7.2;9.0 • All of Federative Units in Brazil shows a upward in accumulated cases of COVID-19. • Each Federative Unit in Brazil is at a different stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.044 id = cord-338317-ro041w5l author = Lockhart, Sam M. title = When two pandemics meet: Why is obesity associated with increased COVID-19 mortality? date = 2020-06-29 keywords = SARS; covid-19; insulin; obesity summary = Thus, the association of obesity with worse 105 outcomes in acute lung infection or widespread alveolar damage of other types, appears to be 106 strongest and most consistent with COVID-19 and pandemic H1N1 influenza. In addition to being lower in obesity and most insulin 168 resistant states it is worth noting that adiponectin levels have been reported to be significantly 169 lower in many of the COVID-19 "at risk" groups e.g. Male < Females 20 and South Asians < White 170 is secreted from adipose tissue, associated with insulin resistance and likely contributes to 197 thrombotic risk in obesity by impairing fibrinolysis 23 . In summary, we have applied insights into the pathophysiology of the adverse consequences of 279 obesity and emerging evidence regarding the pathological mechanisms in COVID-19 to suggest 280 possible routes whereby obesity can exacerbate the tissue damage associated with infection by the 281 SARS-CoV-2 virus. doi = 10.1016/j.medj.2020.06.005 id = cord-288903-vxeq1afx author = Lodha, Rakesh title = COVID-19 Pandemic: The Way Forward date = 2020-05-26 keywords = India; covid-19 summary = The overall case fatality among the hospitalized patients (including those needing intensive care) varies from 10 to 60% and is largely restricted to high risk groups (old age, diabetes, immunosuppression, etc) [3, 4] . The major issues include: how to maintain social distancing to prevent infections in crowded hospitals and how to protect HCPs. Public hospitals (secondary and tertiary care), in countries like India are very crowded and it is a big challenge to maintain social distancing. Given the high burden of infectious illnesses in countries such as India, there is a need for access to health facilities for these patients also. During the initial period of the pandemic, there was a great concern, almost a panic like state in HCPs. Therefore, all efforts should be made to provide highest levels of PPEs. Over a period of time, HCPs will develop confidence and acceptance of COVID-19 as another infectious disease which can be faced using proper precautions and appropriate safety gears. doi = 10.1007/s12098-020-03356-2 id = cord-302228-n5o6jfs2 author = Lodise, Thomas P. title = COVID‐19: Important Therapy Considerations and Approaches in this Hour of Need date = 2020-05-05 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = A number of novel and repurposed therapies agents with activity against SARS-CoV-2 have been identified and most institutions have developed clinical pathways to operationalize their use in appropriate COVID-19 patients.1-3 However, optimal drug therapy decisions for those with moderate to severe COVID-19 infections are extremely challenging at this time as evidence is limited. A number of novel and repurposed therapies agents with activity against SARS-CoV-2 have been identified, and most institutions have developed clinical pathways to operationalize their use in appropriate COVID-19 patients. If data are amassed on COVID-19 patients, it is important that detailed information is collected on the outcomes associated with the treatment strategies used at our respective institutions. Despite data suggesting that lopinavir-ritonavir was active against SARS-CoV-2 infection, no benefit was observed with lopinavir-ritonavir treatment versus standard care in a study of hospitalized adult patients with severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1002/phar.2396 id = cord-252244-y5w9hjy8 author = Loeffler-Wirth, H. title = Covid-19 trajectories: Monitoring pandemic in the worldwide context date = 2020-06-05 keywords = Germany; country; covid-19; figure summary = Different models, mostly assuming a series of diseases states such as the ''Susceptible-Infected-Removed'' (SIR) types (see below) have been used to describe ''epi-curves'' of selected countries and regions under consideration of i) spatial heterogeneous outbreak and transmission scenarios, and ii) the effect of NPIs [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] . The obtained trajectories then enable to visually estimate the dynamic state of epidemic in terms of simple shape characteristics such as slope, parallel shifts or turning points with direct relations to transmission and removal rates of the disease. They enable monitoring the state in terms of differences and similarities between the countries and geographic regions revealing specifics and commons of epidemic spread: (i) A unique linear slope of most of the trajectories in the intermediate abscissa range is indicative for exponential growth in early phases of the outbreak of the pandemic (low level of immunity in the population). doi = 10.1101/2020.06.04.20120725 id = cord-320031-e328fesl author = Loforte, Antonio title = Veno-venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support in COVID-19 Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Initial Experience date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; ECMO summary = By considering overall impact of COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, an increased need of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support becomes evident. Consideration of ECMO was based on the presence of severe respiratory failure (Murray score >3.0 or pH <7.20 under protective ventilation 2,6-8 ) with sustained clinical deterioration despite optimal conventional treatment and refractory prone positioning. Aggressive mechanical ventilation (peak or plateau airway pressure >30 cm H2O or fraction of inspired oxygen [FIO2] >0.8) for more than 7 days, uncontrolled active bleeding, severe comorbidity, multiple organ failure, sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, age >65 years, and neurologic damage were used as contraindications for VV ECMO institution. 2, [6] [7] [8] Regarding oxygenation, ECMO blood flow was maximized to reduce the FIO2 less than 0.6 and maintain hemoglobin Veno-venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support in COVID-19 Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Initial Experience saturation more than 85%. doi = 10.1097/mat.0000000000001198 id = cord-259257-yw3k8kr4 author = Logar, Silvia title = Care home facilities as new COVID-19 hotspots: Lombardy Region (Italy) case study date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Care home facilities as new COVID-19 hotspots: Lombardy Region (Italy) case study According to the Decree, the care home (Residenza Sanitaria Assistenziale, RSA) should be equipped for patient isolation, avoid mixing COVID-19 cases with other residents, and provide dedicated staff to care exclusively for suspected/confirmed COVID-19, to mitigate the risk of further SARS-CoV-2 spread. In part, the outcome reflects the wider issues afflicting infection control compliance in Italy: 1) the systematic failure in the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE), posing at risk both health workers (34.1% infection rate among RSA personnel reported in Lombardy) and residents; 2) the lack of care providers, preventing exclusive health assistance for suspected/confirmed COVID-19; 3) and the COVID-19 inadequate testing policy, facilitating the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic cases. Unprepared care homes have emerged as new COVID-19 hotspots, struggling to secure safe lockdown for elderly residents, at risk for severe and fatal SARS-CoV-2 infections. doi = 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104087 id = cord-341323-mw352rr1 author = Logie, Carmen H title = Lessons learned from HIV can inform our approach to COVID‐19 stigma date = 2020-05-04 keywords = HIV; covid-19 summary = We are moving away from siloed stigma research on individual health conditions (e.g. HIV, mental health), social identities (e.g. race, sexual orientation) and practices (e.g., sex work, drug use) [15] . Intersecting stigmasuch as racism and povertyinteract with HIV-related stigma to harm health engagement and outcomes [16, 17] and may present analogous barriers to COVID-19 testing and treatment [14] . There are complex associations between HIV-related stigma and age, whereby older persons living with HIV may experience reduced health effects of stigma [21, 22] . The contact approach involves people who have experienced the stigma being targeted (e.g. persons living with HIV, persons experiencing COVID-19 stigma) delivering the intervention to provide a face to the pandemic that in turn can foster empathy and reduce othering [26, 27] . Creating space for stories of COVID-19 that reveal stigma and solidarity, of front-line healthcare workers'' experiences, and of people living in quarantine, can reduce fear and spark empathy by helping us to see ourselves and our communities reflected in the pandemic [28] . doi = 10.1002/jia2.25504 id = cord-291315-y40s45iv author = Logunov, Denis Y title = Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia date = 2020-09-04 keywords = SARS; covid-19; day; vaccine summary = title: Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia Primary outcome measures were antigen-specific humoral immunity (SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies measured by ELISA on days 0, 14, 21, 28, and 42) and safety (number of participants with adverse events monitored throughout the study). INTERPRETATION: The heterologous rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine has a good safety profile and induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses in participants. These findings of two open, phase 1/2 non-randomised studies of a heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine based on recombinant adenoviral vectors rAd26-S and rAd5-S show that the vaccine is safe, well tolerated, and induces strong humoral and cellular immune responses in 100% of healthy participants. In our study, despite formation of neutralising antibodies to recombinant adenoviruses after vaccination with rAd26 and rAd5, formation of a humoral immune response to target antigen (SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein S) in vaccinated volunteers was not affected. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31866-3 id = cord-272600-0uklma5w author = Loi, Kim Ieng title = Understanding the reactions of government and gaming concessionaires on COVID-19 through the neo-institutional theory – The case of Macao date = 2020-11-02 keywords = COVID-19; CSR; China; Macao; SAR; industry summary = This paper looks at how Macao, the world''s most densely populated city, deals with the COVID-19 disease, with a focus on government interventions and responses of the gaming concessionaires who operate integrated resorts. Since there are already ample of articles on the background, development timeline, and overall commentary, this paper adopts a mixed approach by combining supplementary secondary data on the COVID-19 timeline in Macao (focusing on government interventions that can affect the tourism and hospitality industry) and primary qualitative in-depth interviews with senior management personnel (holding positions of Director or above) from major integrated resorts in Macao to get insights on industry strategic responses and expectation on future. The closure of casino operations, coupled with the suspension of group tour and individual traveller visas from Mainland China earlier, the Macao SAR government recorded a 99.7 percent drop in visitor arrivals and the average hotel occupancy rate plunged by 78.6% year-on-year in April (Macao Statistics and Census Department, 2020a, 2020b). doi = 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102755 id = cord-272585-346ef6qy author = Lombardi, JM title = Addressing a National Crisis: The Spine Hospital and Department''s Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19; New; PPE; York; patient summary = title: Addressing a National Crisis: The Spine Hospital and Department''s Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City As peak infections spread across the United States, we hope this article will serve as a resource for other spine departments on how to manage patient care and healthcare worker deployment during the COVID-19 crisis. Our institution has been on the forefront of the COVID-19 pandemic, as we treated "patient zero" in New York City, who presented to our Emergency Department (ED) on February 28 th . Published data by healthcare providers in Asia and Europe demonstrated that the most substantial threat to COVID-19 patient morbidity and mortality was the lack of adequate critical care resources including intensive care unit (ICU) beds and respiratory support [8] [9] . It is vital to note that although redeployment was an important initiative to our department during this time of crisis, our primary concern was to maintain an adequate workforce to meet all orthopaedic surgical demands at our institution. doi = 10.1016/j.spinee.2020.05.539 id = cord-256689-k7to2amn author = Lombardo, Eduardo title = Publication of COVID‐19 case reports: are we hurrying? date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Recently, Oral Diseases published a series of cases regarding oral manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 (Martín Carreras-Presas et al., 2020) which made us reflect on the tendency to accelerate the process of building scientific papers. Evidence-based medicine considers that clinical case reports are the types of study classified with the lowest level of evidence given their methodological composition (Burns, Rohrich and Chong, 2011) . In the other hand, from a practical point of view, clinical case reports have their importance based on the academic scope and, mainly, within the scope of public policies. Within a health education institution, the elaboration of a case report guides the learning of the formulation of the clinical question, the search for the best evidence and the consistent therapeutic application based on it. In the series of cases on the oral manifestations of SARS-CoV-2, some of the patients were not actually diagnosed with COVID-19, which goes against the title. doi = 10.1111/odi.13466 id = cord-333470-0a0i6vjn author = Lombe, Dorothy C title = Zambia’s National Cancer Centre response to the COVID-19 pandemic—an opportunity for improved care date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; Zambia; cancer; patient summary = This article reports the response of a comprehensive cancer centre in a lower-middle income country to prevent COVID-19 transmission and how the implementation of pragmatic strategies have served as a springboard to improve cancer services beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmed health systems around the globe, prompting several large healthcare organisations and societies to issue guidelines to help prioritise the various aspects of cancer care to mitigate its negative effects [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Due to the above circumstances and concerns, the cancer centre leadership decided to establish a local response taskforce that could formulate, implement, enforce and communicate national measures to maintain the safety of patients and hospital staff. This COVID-19 crisis is being seen as an opportunity to develop a robust referral system so that cancer patients do not have to wait for treatment in Lusaka or travel to and fro across the country but instead arrive for scheduled visits. doi = 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1051 id = cord-316987-3nhqx2qn author = London, Viktoriya title = Caring for Pregnant Patients with COVID-19: Practical Tips Getting from Policy to Practice date = 2020-05-07 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = In this article, we review how to change outpatient and inpatient practices, develop, and disseminate new hospital protocols, and we highlight the psychosocial challenges for pregnant patients and their providers. Two aspects of outpatient care needed to be considered: (1) how to change practice to minimize viral exposure of healthy patients and providers, and (2) how to utilize outpatient resources to off-load some of the inpatient burden of taking care of COVID-19 patients. To address the first point, a system should be implemented to screen all patients by phone for COVID-19-related symptoms and exposure prior to their presentation to perinatal units or outpatient offices. ► COVID-19 ► labor and delivery ► novel coronavirus ► psychosocial challenges ► universal testing Each institution should assign a designated COVID-19 provider. Patients who screen positive should immediately be given a mask, have their cell phone number recorded, and be escorted to a designated, isolated COVID-19 triage room. doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1710539 id = cord-268145-0sv6fdtj author = Long, Brit title = Just the Facts: What are the roles of oxygen escalation and noninvasive ventilation in COVID-19? date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Patients with increased work of breathing and hypoxemia due to COVID-19 who fail escalation of oxygen therapy and demonstrate clinical distress should undergo endotracheal intubation. 2 Wherever possible, patients with respiratory distress or hypoxemia and suspected or confirmed COVID-19 should first be placed in a negative pressure room or private room with the door closed given the potential need for aerosol-generating procedures. 2, 3 Flow rate and the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) can be titrated based on patient requirements, reducing anatomical dead space, providing positive pressure, reducing inspiratory effort, and improving dynamic compliance. 1,2 High-flow nasal cannula is also more comfortable than other noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) devices. NIPPV other than high-flow nasal cannula may have a role in the management of hypoxemic COVID-19 patients. You escalate oxygen therapy while using awake repositioning, and, finally with high-flow nasal cannula, the patient''s work of breathing improves and oxygen saturation reaches 90%. doi = 10.1017/cem.2020.396 id = cord-316058-eh4m5jqz author = Long, Li title = Short-term Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Risk Factors for Progression date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = With a median follow-up time of 24.0 (17.5–30.0) days, progression occurred in 19.6% moderate, 27.8% severe, 66.7% critical COVID-19. This study aimed to investigate short-term outcomes of patients rated as different severities on admission, and to identify risk factors for progression, thereby, help the management of COVID-19 in clinical practice. On admission, the median disease duration was 6.0 (4.0-9.0) days, and the proportion of mild, moderate, severe, critical cases was 8 (2.6%), 245 (81.4%), 36 (12.0%), 12 (4.0%), respectively. 48 (19.6%) out of the 245 moderate patients experienced progression during hospitalization, among them, 14 (5.7%) turned moderate, 6 (2.5%) were discharged, while 21 (8.6%) were severe, 2 (0.8%) were critical, 5 (2.0%) died at the endpoint. A neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ≥ 2.973 (hazard ratio *95% CI+: 2.641 *1.421-4.908], p = 0.002), age ≥ 50 years (2.504 *1.202-5.215], p = 0.014), male gender (2.004 [1.101-3.647], p = 0.023), and with comorbidity (1.969 [1.085-3.571], p = 0.026) were identified as risk factors for progression by multivariate Cox regression analyses. doi = 10.1183/13993003.00990-2020 id = cord-311651-v2ff33jd author = Long, Nathaniel title = Contributions of Health Professions Students to Health System Needs During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Potential Strategies and Process for U.S. Medical Schools date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; health; system summary = Health System Needs During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Potential Strategies and Process for U.S. Medical Schools communication with frontline physician educators-to develop strategies for leveraging student capabilities and contributions. In this article, we (1) articulate 4 categories in which medical students can contribute to the work of U.S. AHCs and the wellness of their communities; (2) describe the educational benefits for learners and the alignment with health systems science (HSS) competencies; and (3) highlight a process for coproduction between students, medical schools, and the health system. 28 Those students who developed an evolved skill set-serving as patient navigators for individuals in need, obtaining White and Yellow Belt certifications in Operational Excellence, 29 and honing a nascent systems-based perspective toward health care practice-are the same students who have been organizing themselves to perform similar and additional roles during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1097/acm.0000000000003611 id = cord-334313-v2syspu6 author = Long, S. Wesley title = Molecular Architecture of Early Dissemination and Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Metropolitan Houston, Texas date = 2020-05-03 keywords = CoV-2; Houston; SARS; covid-19 summary = We sequenced the genomes of 320 SARS-CoV-2 strains from COVID-19 patients in metropolitan Houston, Texas, an ethnically diverse region with seven million residents. We sequenced the genomes of 320 SARS-CoV-2 strains from COVID-19 patients in metropolitan Houston, Texas, an ethnically diverse region with seven million residents. To better understand the first phase of virus spread in metropolitan Houston, Texas, we sequenced the genomes of 320 SARS-CoV-2 strains recovered from COVID-19 patients early in the Houston viral arc. To better understand the first phase of virus spread in metropolitan Houston, Texas, we sequenced the genomes of 320 SARS-CoV-2 strains recovered from COVID-19 patients early in the Houston viral arc. Because in vitro resistance of SARS-CoV to remdesivir has been reported to be caused by either of two amino acid replacements in RdRp (Phe476Leu and Val553Leu), we interrogated our data for polymorphisms in the nsp12 gene. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.01.072652 id = cord-273005-kab6f157 author = Longhurst, Georga J. title = Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat (SWOT) Analysis of the Adaptations to Anatomical Education in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland in Response to the Covid‐19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-09 keywords = ROI; covid-19; learning; medical; student summary = The seven questions that were selected focused around three themes: (1) location of university and size of anatomy team, (2) adaptations to teaching and resources used in lectures and practical sessions and (3) major challenges and opportunities (see Supporting Information 1). Universities identified other opportunities such as upskilling in new technologies (21%), incorporation of blended learning (14%), development of alternative examination methods (7%), and free access to online resources (7%) ( Table 4 ). One academic stated that that this was an "opportunity to improve staff awareness of online teaching methods and their confidence in using them." For anatomists, this is a unique opportunity to assess the educational benefits of this software, encouraged by free licenses offered by many companies during this time, such as "Visible Body" (Argosy Publishing, Inc., Newton, MA) and "Human Biodigital" (Biodigital Inc., Seoul, South Korea). She teaches anatomy to medical, dentistry and allied health students and her research interests include incorporation of technology in anatomical education. doi = 10.1002/ase.1967 id = cord-336172-nzsa7qhb author = Looi, Jeffrey CL title = To tele- or not to telehealth? Ongoing COVID-19 challenges for private psychiatry in Australia date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; MBS summary = CONCLUSIONS: Private psychiatrists may continue to offer the majority of care, where practical, via telepsychiatry to reduce COVID-19 exposure risks, as well as allow for the realities of practice management for pandemic public health measures. The ongoing provision of appropriate remuneration, via MBS telehealth items for such work will improve the clinical and business sustainability of private practices, thus overall strengthening the resilience of private psychiatry and the complementarity with public mental health services. While the existing evidence base for mental health telehealth provision is that patients and practitioners find it practical and effective, 6 specific evaluation of metropolitan private telepsychiatry is needed in terms of outcomes, patient and psychiatrist satisfaction, as well as health economic implications. 2 It is therefore likely that, given a choice, free of the need for COVID-19 pandemic public health measures, the majority of patients and psychiatrists will prefer inperson consultation. doi = 10.1177/1039856220950081 id = cord-344162-8gbe6qo7 author = Loomba, S. title = Measuring the Impact of Exposure to COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation on Vaccine Intent in the UK and US date = 2020-10-26 keywords = October; covid-19; figure; vaccine summary = A large suite of complementary data were collected for each individual including socioecono-demographic status (age, gender, highest education level, employment type, religious affiliation, ethnicity, income level), sources of trust for information about COVID-19, political affiliation, social media usage, and reasons for being unsure about taking a COVID-19 vaccine (see Table 1 and Questionnaire, Appendix E). We asked respondents if they had encountered similar images to the ones they were exposed to on social media in the past one month, to explore the relationship between their vaccination intents and pre-study exposure to misinformation or factual information. Contribution of reasons that respondents provide for not being "definitely" sure of taking a COVID-19 vaccine (A, B) and contribution of sources of information that people trust (C, D), to the Pre-Exposure vaccine hesitancy (left of every subfigure) and Susceptibility to vaccine misinformation (right of every sub-figure) as measured by drop in vaccine intent-after controlling for socio-demographics. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.22.20217513 id = cord-320673-4guarm0k author = Lopera, E. title = Lack of association between genetic variants at ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and human quantitative phenotypes date = 2020-04-25 keywords = ACE2; SARS; TMPRSS2; covid-19 summary = title: Lack of association between genetic variants at ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and human quantitative phenotypes While large-scale genetic studies of COVID-19 patients are being assembled, such as those coordinated by the COVID host genetics consortium (https://www.covid19hg.com/), it is worthwhile to evaluate the effects of genetic variants in genes involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection on human phenotypes, including quantitative traits, taking advantage of already existing cohorts. Therefore, understanding the role of genetic variants at genes essential for SARS-CoV-2 infection in human quantitative phenotypes is important to explain the observed variability in infection susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 and this understanding may suggest potential treatments. In conclusion we carried out an extensive screening of potential genetic associations at common and low frequency variants in the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes, and found a lack of substantial effect in human quantitative phenotype variation in the general population. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.22.20074963 id = cord-326051-p9017jx8 author = Lopes, Agnaldo José title = Comparison Between Lung Ultrasound and Computed Tomographic Findings in Patients With COVID‐19 Pneumonia date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; LUS summary = OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe findings from lung ultrasound (LUS) and computed tomography (CT) in health professionals with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia and to evaluate the associations of the findings of both tests. METHODS: This cross‐sectional observational study evaluated 45 health professionals who were initially seen in screening tents and had a diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 as confirmed by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and lung involvement diagnosed by LUS. 4 Some chest imaging modalities, including lung ultrasound (LUS) and computed tomography (CT), have gained prominence in evaluating lung involvement in COVID-19 in patients with respiratory manifestations. 15, 16 In this study, the following were the main findings: In health professionals with COVID-19 pneumonia, LUS was a very sensitive test for the detection of lung lesions; almost 20% of our cases involved normal CT results despite changes on LUS. doi = 10.1002/jum.15521 id = cord-282589-xof56j98 author = Lopes, M. I. F. title = Beneficial effects of colchicine for moderate to severe COVID-19: an interim analysis of a randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled clinical trial date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; Colchicine; patient summary = We present the interim analysis of a single-center randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled clinical trial of colchicine for the treatment of moderate to severe COVID-19, with 38 patients allocated 1:1 from April 11 to July 06, 2020. We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled clinical trial to evaluate the use of colchicine for the treatment of hospitalized patients with moderate to severe COVID-19. As secondary endpoints we assessed clinical and laboratory parameters: measures of serum CRP, serum LDH and relation neutrophil to lymphocyte of peripheral blood samples from day zero to day 7; the number, type, and severity of adverse events; frequency of interruption of the study protocol due to adverse events; and frequency of QT interval above 450 ms. Patients who received colchicine in this randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled clinical trial presented better evolution in terms of the need for supplemental oxygen and the length of hospitalization. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.06.20169573 id = cord-266463-ci0g1dno author = Lopes, Renato D. title = Continuing versus suspending angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: Impact on adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) date = 2020-05-13 keywords = ACE2; ACEI; COVID-19; patient summary = title: Continuing versus suspending angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: Impact on adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Secondary outcomes include progression of COVID-19 disease, all-cause mortality, death from vascular causes, myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, new or worsening heart failure, myocarditis, pericarditis, arrhythmias, thromboembolic events, hypertensive crisis, respiratory failure, hemodynamic decompensation, sepsis, renal failure, troponin, B-type natriuretic peptide, N-terminal-pro hormone and D-dimer levels. The secondary objectives are to compare the impact of continued use versus discontinuation of reninangiotensin system inhibition on COVID-19 disease severity, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, acute myocardial infarction, new or worsening heart failure, hypertensive crisis, transient ischemic attack, and stroke at 30 days. Patients ≥18 years of age with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 who are on chronic renin-angiotensin system inhibitor (ACEI/ARB) therapy will be assessed for the BRACE CORONA trial. doi = 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.05.002 id = cord-292611-5os99sve author = Lopes, Renato D. title = Anticoagulation in COVID-19: It Is Time for High-Quality Evidence date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-292611-5os99sve cord_uid: 5os99sve There are many challenges to conducting randomized controlled trials, especially in the face of a pandemic, but they are necessary to determine whether and how treatments affect outcomes. Pulmonary embolism in patients with COVID-19: awareness of an increased prevalence Evidence-based practical guidance for the antithrombotic management in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in 2020 COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up: JACC State-ofthe-Art Review Anticoagulation, bleeding, mortality, and pathology in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 Randomized trials versus common sense and clinical observation: JACC Review Topic of the Week Meta-analysis: anticoagulant prophylaxis to prevent symptomatic venous thromboembolism in hospitalized medical patients Heparin thromboprophylaxis in medical-surgical critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prophylaxis for hospitalized and nonhospitalized medical patients COVID-19, randomized controlled trials JACC doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.008 id = cord-328147-61gtx2h2 author = Lopez-Mendez, Ivan title = Association of liver steatosis and fibrosis with clinical outcomes in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; liver; patient summary = In Mexico, 72.5% of the adult population is overweight and 9.4% have T2DM(4) Additionally, the prevalence of hepatic steatosis in Mexico ranges from 14 .4% to 62.9%, (5) and he prevalence of liver fibrosis has been reported in 8.1% (noninvasive assessment).(6) Currently, Mexico City is one of the most affected regions in the world with rising numbers of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19, and we have very few data regarding GI symptoms and LFT abnormalities and their prognostic value in Mexican patients. They also represent a challenge for therapeutic maneuvers such as imaging diagnosis, intubation, mechanical ventilation, and pronation, among others.(11) A meta-analysis including 3,207 patients with COVID-19 described that underlying chronic conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were higher in critical/non-surviving patients; clinical manifestations such as fever and dyspnea were also associated with the progression of the disease.(12) We found similar results in our study, with dyspnea as the most important associated symptom for ICU admission with OR 4.07 (CI95% 1.6-9.86). doi = 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.09.015 id = cord-290140-mmbzxz06 author = Lord, Heidi title = Effective communication is key to ICU nurses willingness to provide nursing care amidst the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study to explore ICU nurses'' willingness to provide care during the COVID-19 pandemic was undertaken between 25 March to 3 April 2020 at a large principal and referral teaching hospital in Sydney, NSW Australia. This prospective cross-sectional study design to explore ICU nurses'' willingness to provide nursing care during the COVID-19 pandemic was undertaken at a large principal and referral teaching hospital in Sydney, NSW Australia. Information collected in the questionnaire included: (1) demographic data (age, gender, employment status, and length of time worked as a registered nurse and in the ICU, (2) willingness to work in ICU during the pandemic (1 item) (3) knowledge about COVID-19 (4 items), (4) communication from managers about COVID-19 (2 items), (5) preparedness of the ICU (2 items) and (6) personal concerns about COVID-19 (1 item). Only scores for knowledge of the COVID-19 pandemic, communication from managers, preparedness of the ICU and personal concerns scores were included in a standard multiple linear regression analysis to determine the predictors of willingness to provide nursing care. doi = 10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102946 id = cord-314081-6y5ibktt author = Lorente, Leonardo title = Association between red blood cell distribution width and mortality of COVID-19 patients date = 2020-11-07 keywords = COVID-19; RDW summary = PURPOSE: We have previously reported an association between high red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and mortality in septic and brain infarction patients. Multiple binomial logistic regression analysis showed that RDW was associated with 30-day mortality after controlling for: SOFA and age (OR = 1.659; 95% CI = 1.130-2.434; p = 0.01); APACHE-II and platelet count (OR = 2.062; 95% CI = 1.359-3.129; p = 0.001); and pH and urea (OR = 1.797; 95% CI = 1.250-2.582; p = 0.002). Multiple binomial logistic regression analysis showed that RDW was associated with 30day mortality after controlling for: SOFA and age (OR = 1.659; 95% CI = 1.130-2.434; p = 0.01), APACHE-II and platelet count (OR = 2.062; 95% CI = 1.359-3.129; p = 0.001), and arterial pH and urea (OR = 1.797; 95% CI = 1.250-2.582; p = 0.002) ( Table 4 ). doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.10.013 id = cord-314512-60dk9zma author = Lorente, Leonardo title = Altas Concentraciones Séricas De Nitratos En Pacientes COVID-19 Fallecidos date = 2020-11-10 keywords = APACHE; COVID-19; nitrate summary = Conclusions: The main novel finding was the association between serum nitrate levels and mortality in COVID-19 patients controlling for the SOFA or APACHE-II scores, though larger studies are needed to confirm this observation. Thus, the objective of this study was to explore the potential association between serum nitrate levels and mortality of COVID-19 patients. We performed logistic regression analyses to determine the possible association between serum nitrate levels and 30-day mortality after to control by SOFA or APACHE-II. We think that this association between high serum nitrate levels and high COVID-19 patients mortality found in our study could be due to a higher nitric oxide production which lead to cardiovascular dysfunction, bioenergetic failure and cellular toxicity and all this can contribute to organ dysfunction and finally the death of the patients. doi = 10.1016/j.medin.2020.10.003 id = cord-260980-tyf3fuz9 author = Lorenzo Villalba, Noel title = Anosmia and Dysgeusia in the Absence of Other Respiratory Diseases: Should COVID-19 Infection Be Considered? date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Anosmia and Dysgeusia in the Absence of Other Respiratory Diseases: Should COVID-19 Infection Be Considered? We describe two elderly patients evaluated at emergency departments for anosmia/dysgeusia in the absence of any other respiratory symptoms prior to or upon admission. Upon admission, the patient was afebrile, his blood pressure was 110/80 mmHg, heart rate was 82 bmp and oxygen saturation was 94% on room air. Anosmia, hyposmia and dysgeusia in the absence of other respiratory diseases such as allergic rhinitis, acute rhinosinusitis or chronic rhinosinusitis, should alert physicians to the possibility of COVID-19 infection and prompt serious consideration of self-isolation and testing of these individuals. Anosmia and dysgeusia should prompt COVID-19 infection screening even in the absence of classic respiratory symptoms in the present epidemiological context. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms doi = 10.12890/2020_001641 id = cord-351972-whl0w54u author = Lorenzo-Villalba, Noel title = Cutaneous Complications Secondary to Haemostasis Abnormalities in COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-06-12 keywords = covid-19 summary = Therapeutic anticoagulation was initiated and 2 days later, the minimal dermatoporosis lesions previously present in the upper extremities evolved to haemorrhagic bullae with intra-bullae blood clots and dissecting haematomas. On day 25, the minimal dermatoporosis lesions previously presented evolved in the upper extremities to haemorrhagic bullae. The pre-existing minimal dermatoporosis lesions progressed to dissecting haematomas due to multiple factors: the existing minimal dermatoporosis, anticoagulation therapy and coagulation abnormalities due to COVID-19 infection. Many risk factors such age (dermatoporosis), recent trauma, corticoid treatment, anticoagulation therapy (50%: 30% antiplatelet, 20% anti-vitamin K inhibitors) and coagulation disturbances have been related to this condition. Dissecting haematomas cause significant morbidity with the patient needing hospitalization and urgent surgical procedures as in the present case. In the case presented, they resulted from a combination of various factors: minimal dermatoporosis, anticoagulation therapy and coagulation abnormalities due to COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.12890/2020_001769 id = cord-347189-i9rzo3j0 author = Lorusso, Domenica title = Clinical research disruption in the post-COVID-19 era: will the pandemic lead to change? date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; clinical; trial summary = The COVID-19 pandemic suggests that it is possible to alleviate redundancy in clinical trials, and while preserving the rigour of a study, can offer a new, less burdened and more inclusive vision of clinical research for the scientific community of tomorrow. Data from China reported that patients with cancer who are infected with COVID-19 are at 3.5 times the risk of requiring mechanical ventilation or intensive care unit (ICU) admission, compared with the general population. 4 Although conversion to telemedicine has maintained the continuity of care for many patients, the COVID-19 pandemic has massively disrupted clinical research and many cancer centres halted clinical trial activities including patient recruitment. COVID-19 has pointed out that sometimes, high level of bureaucracy in research rules place unnecessary burdens on patients and clinicians and it suggests that it is time to alleviate bureaucracy and introduce some practical changes into research organisation that will possibly promote patient access to trials and reduce the costs of the clinical research. doi = 10.1136/esmoopen-2020-000924 id = cord-329626-lsbny5to author = Losada-Baltar, Andrés title = “We’re staying at home”. Association of self-perceptions of aging, personal and family resources and loneliness with psychological distress during the lock-down period of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-13 keywords = COVID-19; age summary = Being female, younger, having negative self-perceptions about aging, more time exposed to news about COVID-19, more contact with relatives different to those that co-reside, fewer positive emotions, less perceived self-efficacy, lower quality of sleep, higher expressed emotion and higher loneliness were associated with higher distress. Drawing upon the stress and coping model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) , which highlights the relevance of personal or social resources for understanding the differences in distress between individuals, the objective of this study is to analyze the capacity of variables related to the outbreak of COVID-19 to explain loneliness and distress in people exposed to COVID-19 lock-down scenario, controlling for sociodemographic variables (including age and selfperceptions of aging), and personal and family resources. The variables with a significant contribution to explaining distress in the final model were: being female, of lower chronological age, higher negative self-perceptions about aging, more time devoted to COVID-19 information, more contact with other relatives different to those that co-reside, fewer daily positive emotions, less perceived self-efficacy, lower reported quality of sleep, higher expressed emotion and higher loneliness. doi = 10.1093/geronb/gbaa048 id = cord-319091-hkuc2xqm author = Loscocco, Giuseppe G. title = Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, HScore and COVID-19 date = 2020-05-30 keywords = covid-19 summary = In a Letter to the Editor published online on May 12 on International Journal of Hematology [1] , Prof Takami exposed, competently, the possibility to treat secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH) in COVID-19 patients with low-dose etoposide. The main point, as speculated by the author, is the potential use of low-dose etoposide to restore immunological homeostasis by depleting activated Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and suppressing their production of inflammatory cytokines, which reduces the activity of macrophages and leads to the elimination of activated macrophages and SARS-CoV-2-infected cells by newly activated CTLs. This interesting hypothesis is based (as written by the author) on a recent report by Mehta and colleagues [2] in which "all 35 patients with severe COVID-19 showed hemophagocytosis on bone marrow (BM) aspirates, cytopenia of two or more lineages, and increased serum ferritin levels (≥ 2000 ng/mL)". Possible role of low-dose etoposide therapy for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis by COVID-19 doi = 10.1007/s12185-020-02895-w id = cord-290209-gkx57lyq author = Losurdo, Pasquale title = Impact of lockdown for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) on surgical site infection rates: a monocentric observational cohort study date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; SSI; surgical summary = At multivariate analysis, the measures to reduce the SARS-CoV-2 spread (OR 0.368; p 0.05) were independently associated with the reduction for total, superficial and deep SSIs. Moreover, the presence of drains (OR 4.99; p 0.009) and a Type III–IV of SWC (OR 1.8; p 0.001) demonstrated a worse effect regarding the primary endpoint. The presence of a drain and a contaminated or dirty type of surgery (according to SWC) could increase the overall rate of SSIs, but the presence of a drain did not demonstrate an increased risk of superficial and/or deep SSIs. On the other hand, protection with surgical masks for both patient and surgeon during the post-operative period in the surgical unit and the absence of visitors, dramatically reduced superficial and deep SSIs. These two simple precautions emerged as independently associated with the reduction of both superficial and deep SSIs. Quality improvement initiatives aimed at reducing SSI rates are often hindered by limited or even conflicting evidence for proposed interventions to reduce SSI [33] . Surgery and the postoperative management of surgical wound carries a non-negligible risk of SSIs. In this study, we provided important insights into the superficial and deep surgical site infection risk assessment for patients who underwent surgery. doi = 10.1007/s13304-020-00884-6 id = cord-345064-it26ygo6 author = Lotzin, Annett title = Stressors, coping and symptoms of adjustment disorder in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic – study protocol of the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) pan-European study date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; disorder; health; pandemic summary = OBJECTIVE: The longitudinal online cohort study aims (1) to explore psychosocial reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic across ten European countries; (2) to examine the relationships between risk and resilience factors, stressors and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the pandemic; and (3) to investigate whether these relationships are moderated by coping behaviours. Following a conceptual framework based on the WHO''s social framework of health, an assessment of risk and resilience factors, COVID-19 related stressors and pandemic-specific coping behaviours will be measured to estimate their contribution to symptoms of adjustment disorder. The study will examine the relationships between these complex risk and resilience factors, stressors, coping behaviour and stress-related symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic across ten European countries. In addition to the core set of measures described above, each participating country may include optional instruments to assess the following constructs: resilience, coping behaviours, symptoms of depression, and positive consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1080/20008198.2020.1780832 id = cord-277548-hgmmtew3 author = Lou, Emil title = Perspectives of cancer patients and their health during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-30 keywords = COVID-19; cancer summary = Participants receiving active treatment reported greater concern about infection from the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (p<0.001), higher levels of family distress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic (p = 0.004), and greater concern that the general public does not adequately understand the seriousness of COVID-19 (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing active treatment for cancer were most concerned about the short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the logistics as well as potential efficacy of ongoing cancer treatment, longer term effects, and overarching societal concerns that the population at large is not as concerned about the public health implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The primary objective of this survey study was to compare emotional well-being and decision-making among cancer patients undergoing therapy during the COVID-19 health crisis to two control groups: 1) cancer survivors who are not currently undergoing treatment and 2) those without a history of cancer. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241741 id = cord-256556-1zea3wa1 author = Lou, Yan title = Clinical Outcomes and Plasma Concentrations of Baloxavir Marboxil and Favipiravir in COVID-19 Patients: An Exploratory Randomized, Controlled Trial date = 2020-10-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = The percentage of patients who turned viral negative after 14-day treatment was 70%, 77%, and 100% in the baloxavir marboxil, favipiravir, and control group respectively, with the medians of time from randomization to clinical improvement was 14, 14 and 15 days, respectively. Then, an exploratory single center, open-label, randomized, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding baloxavir marboxil or favipiravir to the current standard antiviral treatment in patients confirmed as COVID-19 who are still positive for the SARS-CoV-2 (ChiCTR2000029544). This trial was an exploratory single center, open-label, randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding baloxavir marboxil or favipiravir to the current standard antiviral treatment in patients confirmed as COVID-19 who are still positive for the SARS-CoV-2 (ChiCTR2000029544). The activity against SARS-CoV-2 was tested in vitro for the antiviral drugs used in this trial, including arbidol, ritonavir, lopinavir, darunavir, baloxavir acid, and favipiravir. doi = 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105631 id = cord-285103-lj2vmbik author = Louie, Philip K. title = The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Spine Surgeons Worldwide date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; surgeon summary = CONCLUSIONS: In this first, international study to assess the impact of COVID-19 on surgeons worldwide, we identified overall/regional variations and infection rate. The medical community has provided treatment algorithms, protocols for the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), resource allocation, and collaborative efforts to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 6 ; however, the standardization and global acceptance of such protocols remain under question, and not all centers have such resources in abundance. The current study addressed the multidimensional impact of COVID-19 on health care professionals, particularly spine surgeons, worldwide. With >900 respondents worldwide, we noted variations between regions for COVID-19 testing, government/leadership perceptions, impact of media/news outlets, hospital capacity for COVID-19, and economic consequences. Despite these limitations, this remains the largest international survey to assess multiple domains of impact the COVID-19 pandemic has had among health care professions, in this case surgeons. doi = 10.1177/2192568220925783 id = cord-285818-eh12luma author = Louis, Shreya title = Continuous Electroencephalography Characteristics and Acute Symptomatic Seizures in COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-08-26 keywords = EEG; covid-19; patient summary = Objective As concerns regarding neurological manifestations in COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) patients increase, limited data exists on continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) findings in these patients. This high percentage of epileptiform abnormalities (EAs) in a specific brain region in COVID-19 patients behooves the question if this is a potential epileptic effect from the SARS-CoV-2 infection or if this is a limitation with the EEG requisition method itself; since patients did not receive the minimum required 21-electrode clinical EEG recommended by American Clinical Neurophysiological Society ACNS) (Sinha et al. Whilte the main goal of this study was to report cEEG findings in a cohort of critically ill COVID-19 patients, the putative associations between survival, clinical outcomes (discharge disposition), cohort characteristics (e.g. comorbidities, age, gender) and EEG findings were also explored. As such, the two COVID-19 patients with clinical acute symptomatic seizures captured on EEG from our cohort are rare findings. doi = 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.08.003 id = cord-270425-1ughypnx author = Louis-Jean, James title = Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Racial Disparities: a Perspective Analysis date = 2020-10-06 keywords = African; Americans; COVID-19; USA summary = In the USA, health disparities among minority groups, especially African Americans, limit their access to quality medical care and other beneficial resources and services. Presently, the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) highlights the extreme healthcare challenges that exist in the African American and other minority communities in the USA. This is a major concern that government and public health officials should address as it has been shown that in 21 out of 30 states reporting data, black people accounted for a higher share of COVID-19 cases than their share in the population [5] . Racial inequities in healthcare institutions, lack of access to information, higher levels of preventable chronic diseases (i.e., diabetes, asthmas, hypertension, etc.), and COVID-19 testing not being widely available in minority communities are among the many factors resulting in African Americans dying at disproportionate numbers during this pandemic [30] . doi = 10.1007/s40615-020-00879-4 id = cord-334092-50r3h7jv author = Loungani, Rahul S. title = A care pathway for the cardiovascular complications of COVID-19: Insights from an institutional response date = 2020-05-03 keywords = COVID-19; myocardial; patient summary = A framework for approaching these complications is presented.AAD, antiarrhythmic drug; ACLS, advanced cardiac life support; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; ADHF, acute decompensated heart failure; AF, atrial fibrillation; AFL, atrial flutter; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BP, blood pressure; bpm, beats per minute; CICU, cardiac intensive care unit; CK, creatinine kinase; COVID-19, coronary virus disease 2019; CRP, C-reactive protein; CV, cardiovascular; CYP, cytochrome P450; ECG, electrocardiogram; ER, emergency room; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; HF, heart failure; HR, heart rate; hs-cTnT, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T; IL-6, interleukin-6; IV, intravenous; JVD, jugular venous distension; K, potassium; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LE, lower extremity; LFT, liver function test; MCS, mechanical circulatory support; Mg, magnesium; MI, myocardial infarction; NT-pBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; PPE, personal protective equipment; PAC, pulmonary artery catheter; POCUS, point-of-care ultrasound; QTc, corrected QT interval; RVR, rapid ventricular response; Rx, treatment; STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; TTE, transthoracic echocardiogram; URL, upper reference limit; VF, ventricular fibrillation; VT, ventricular tachycardia. doi = 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.04.024 id = cord-329912-4tbwk8cp author = Loveday, Chey title = Prioritisation by FIT to mitigate the impact of delays in the 2-week wait colorectal cancer referral pathway during the COVID-19 pandemic: a UK modelling study date = 2020-08-24 keywords = CRC; covid-19; fit summary = OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of faecal immunochemical testing (FIT) prioritisation to mitigate the impact of delays in the colorectal cancer (CRC) urgent diagnostic (2-week-wait (2WW)) pathway consequent from the COVID-19 pandemic. FIT triage of symptomatic patients in primary care could streamline access to colonoscopy, reduce delays for true-positive CRC cases and reduce nosocomial COVID-19 mortality in older true-negative 2WW referrals. 2 3 Reports of high rates of nosocomial COVID-19 infection and mortality present a dilemma to primary care physicians regarding the risk-benefit trade-off of investigatory referral into hospital for older patients with symptoms suggestive of cancer. We estimate that even short delays in the pathway to CRC treatment will result in significant mortality and lost LYs. Provided nosocomial infection rates are controlled, there is net survival benefit in all age groups for prompt investigatory referral for colonoscopy. doi = 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321650 id = cord-318437-tzp33iw7 author = Lovrić, Mario title = Understanding the true effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on air pollution by means of machine learning() date = 2020-11-06 keywords = COVID-19; Graz; lockdown summary = In this work, a machine learning approach was designed and implemented to analyze local air quality improvements during the COVID-19 lockdown in Graz, Austria. Concentrations of NO(2) (nitrogen dioxide), PM(10) (particulate matter), O(3) (ozone) and O(x) (total oxidant) were selected from five measurement sites in Graz and were set as target variables for random forest regression models to predict their expected values during the city''s lockdown period. However, the primary analysis is based on 97 machine learning (ML) models which were used to capture historical relationships between the 98 attributes and compare the predictions to true pollution values after the COVID-19 lockdowns 99 In order to obtain a realistic picture of air quality during the 104 lockdown, we analyzed the long term measurement data from January 2014 to May 2020 from 105 five measurement sites in the Austria city of Graz (Süd (eng. In this work, we have explored the changes in air pollutant concentrations during the COVID-19 403 lockdown for the city of Graz, Austria. doi = 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115900 id = cord-011402-sk4tgdf8 author = Low, Tze-Yi title = Restructuring the surgical service during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience from a tertiary institution in Singapore date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; surgical summary = title: Restructuring the surgical service during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience from a tertiary institution in Singapore Restructuring the surgical service during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience from a tertiary institution in Singapore Keywords: COVID-19 Health policy Infectious diseases Healthcare administration Surgery Designated pandemic wards managed confirmed or high-risk cases, providing natural segregation among nursing staff, who are ward-based. Central to our plan was the reorganization of medical staff in our department into three independent teams (Fig. 1) to prevent the standing team from working continuously and avoid the complete shutdown of outpatient services should any team become afflicted with the virus. To study the impact on patient care, operational and safety data in the month immediately post-activation of our pandemic preparedness plan were retrieved and compared with data from a similar period in 2019. There were 338 reported incidents for surgical patients from February to March 2020, compared to 397 for the same period in 2019 (Fig. 2d) . doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.05.021 id = cord-335642-i0a1si8k author = Lozada-Martínez, Ivan title = Letter to the Editor: ”Role of the Neurosurgeon in Times of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): The Importance of Focus in Critical Care” date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Letter to the Editor: "Role of the Neurosurgeon in Times of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): The Importance of Focus in Critical Care" Some authors who have reported the execution of similar changes point out that these transformations have implied real challenges, since they have needed to be rapidly trained in critical care to be able to establish and provide quality support treatment. This consensus in particular sets a road map for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COVID-19 in a didactic way, as well as a protocol to be followed in intensive care units to facilitate the patient admission process, triage establishment, isolation management, disinfection of the medical equipment and the environment, waste disposal, highly specialized personal protective equipment use, airway management, and ventilatory support, and finally evaluation of neurologic diseases such as stroke, epileptic status, and neuroimmune and neuromuscular diseases, among others. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.059 id = cord-327388-26ot3cuy author = Lu, Amy title = The Tipping Point of Medical Technology: Implications for the Postpandemic Era date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; care; technology summary = Whereas classic infectioncontrol and public health measures were used during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003, COVID-19 provides the opportunity to explore the potential of new digital technologies, including big data analytics, artificial intelligence, blockchain technology, and the Internet of Things. 1 Among the many available digital technologies, O''Reilly-Shah et al 2 in this issue of Anesthesia & Analgesia address not only the potential benefits but also the barriers to adopting health informatics for patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic. This includes expanding our roles in telehealth platforms and remote monitoring and surveillance in the inpatient and outpatient settings, thereby adding significant value to the continuum of care through perioperative medicine. In the inevitable post-COVID pandemic era, what is the anesthesiologist''s role in technology as our health care systems and other major stakeholders define the "new normal?" Is this our opportunity to take a legitimate seat at the table of state and national discussions on value-based care and population health management strategies using our understanding of the continuum of care from the preoperative phase through the postdischarge phase? doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000005040 id = cord-276438-nynri6my author = Lu, Jiade J. title = Experience of a Radiation Oncology Center Operating During the COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = As the executive vice president of the Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center (SPHIC), a tertiary cancer treatment facility on the front line against the COVID-19 epidemic responsible for patient care and infection control, our experience and opinions might be helpful for colleagues in the United States as a reference. Anyone with a body temperature over 37.3 o C and pertinent contact/travel history is transferred to a fever clinic at a designated hospital (special clinics of major general hospitals established during the 2003 SARS epidemic to triage and treat patients with fever) to rule out COVID-19 infection. From a professional point of view, I do not think it is necessary to delay chemotherapy or radiation treatment for patients with cancer because of COVID-19, unless an infection is confirmed or highly suspected or there are other medical reasons. Except for head and neck cancer treatments, all patients are required to wear a surgical mask during transportation and radiation therapy. doi = 10.1016/j.adro.2020.04.003 id = cord-342361-eu3rry7p author = Lu, Jiatao title = ACP risk grade: a simple mortality index for patients with confirmed or suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 disease (COVID-19) during the early stage of outbreak in Wuhan, China date = 2020-02-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; international summary = title: ACP risk grade: a simple mortality index for patients with confirmed or suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 disease (COVID-19) during the early stage of outbreak in Wuhan, China Our current study was conducted aiming to characterize the clinical features of either confirmed or suspected COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in a COVID-19-designated hospital in Wuhan, and to develop a mortality risk index, as an evaluation tool used for establishing a COVID-19 hierarchical management system in highly endemic areas. To our knowledge, this is the first-ever study to compare the clinical characteristics of pneumonia patients who were either positive or negative for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR assay, and to develop a first-ever COVID-19 mortality risk index derived from patients in highly endemic areas during early stage of outbreak. doi = 10.1101/2020.02.20.20025510 id = cord-031840-k9l91unc author = Lu, Li title = Forum: COVID-19 Dispatches date = 2020-09-11 keywords = Asia; COVID-19; China; East; Japan; Korea; South; chinese; coronavirus; pandemic; virus summary = With death count worldwide reaching 586,000 merely 7 months after its first outbreak in China in late December 2019 and 13.6 million cases reported in 188 countries and territories as of July 2020, this ongoing pandemic has spread far beyond domain of world health problem to become an unprecedented challenge facing humanity at every level. On one hand, the eagerness to build solidarity with East Asian countries represented by Japan and South Korea might be a strategy to react to the racialization of COVID-19 as a "Chinese virus" and the demonization of China as a "public enemy" and "trouble maker" in the Euro-American political and media agenda (Viala-Gaudefroy & Lindaman, 2020). On the other hand, the rise of this East Asian imaginary centering around China''s historical and cultural bonds with Japan and South Korea has far-reaching implications for China''s geopolitical strategies beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and the realm of public health. doi = 10.1177/1532708620953190 id = cord-336794-ok6j19kf author = Lu, Meiqi title = Efficacy and safety of Chinese patent medicine injection for COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; chinese; medicine summary = title: Efficacy and safety of Chinese patent medicine injection for COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese patent medicine injection in the treatment of COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of Chinese patent medicine injection in the treatment of COVID-19 will be provided to clinicians. [20] Therefore, it is necessary for us to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese patent medicine injection in the treatment of COVID-19 based on the existing evidence. This work aims to evaluate the current evidence for the efficacy and safety of Chinese patent medicine injection in treating COVID-19, and provide reliable evidence-based medical evidence for the clinical treatment of COVID-19. This study will systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese patent medicine injection for COVID-19 based on available evidence. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000020706 id = cord-271853-wexe9gq0 author = Lu, Quan title = Social Policy Responses to the Covid-19 Crisis in China in 2020 date = 2020-08-14 keywords = China; chinese; covid-19; insurance; social summary = The central government has played a proactive role by issuing a number of key policies in the field of social security, effectively relieving the anxiety of patients infected with Covid-19 and their families from the financial burden of medical treatment, and also fully mobilizing social resources to effectively support the resumption of work and production. Therefore, this article will specifically analyze how different types of current social security programs have responded to the outbreak and the outcome of the pandemic-related crisis and highlight the However, interventions through social protection policy and questions that must be reconsidered in relation to disease-related crises have been largely neglected in academic research. Effective medical security measures, mainly medical social insurance, were taken in a timely manner during the Covid-19 crisis in China, so that patients and their families are relieved from worrying about treatment costs, specifically: (1) Shortly after the outbreak, the state issued a policy to include drugs and medical services for the treatment of the new coronavirus as part of the payment range for the medical insurance fund. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165896 id = cord-289873-6hivjqof author = Lu, Rui title = Patients with mild and general COVID-19 should be negative for at least 3 consecutive nucleic acid tests before discharged date = 2020-10-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The median time from the onset of COVID-19 to the occurrence of two consecutive negative nucleic acid tests of these patients was 21 days. Thus, we suggested that the patient should be negative for at least 3 consecutive nucleic acid tests before discharge, and the test time should be no earlier than the 23rd day since the onset of the disease. According to the latest COVID-19 clinical diagnosis and treatment guideline [3] , patients who meet the following four criteria can be discharged: (1) the body temperature has returned to normal for more than 3 days; (2) the respiratory symptoms have improved significantly; (3) the pulmonary imaging examination shows that the acute exudative lesions have improved significantly, (4) two consecutive negative nucleic acid test for respiratory specimens such as sputum and nasopharyngeal swabs (sampling interval at least 24 hours). The median time from the onset of COVID-19 to the occurrence of two consecutive negative nucleic acid tests in 845 patients with COVID-19 was 21 days (range: 1-56 days). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240081 id = cord-256961-935r7w01 author = Lu, S. title = Effectiveness and Safety of Glucocorticoids to Treat COVID-19: A Rapid Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We included RCTs and cohort studies evaluating the effectiveness and safety of glucocorticoids in children and adults with COVID-19, SARS and MERS, and conducted meta-analyses of the main indicators that were identified in the studies. We used the following search: ("COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "2019 novel coronavirus" OR "2019-nCoV" OR "Wuhan coronavirus" OR "novel coronavirus" OR "Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus" OR "Wuhan virus" OR "MERS" OR "SARS" OR "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome" OR "Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus" OR "Influenza") AND ("adrenal cortex hormones" OR " betamethasone valerate " OR " glucocorticoids" OR " methylprednisolone" OR "Cortisone" OR "Dexamethasone" OR "Cortodoxone" OR "Hydrocortisone"). Five cohort studies (one on COVID-19, three on SARS, one on severe MERS) with a total of 5872 patients assessed the duration of hospital stay (29, 31, 35, 37, 41 Figure 9 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.17.20064469 id = cord-348847-53s19r16 author = Lu, T. title = Internet Search Patterns Reveal Clinical Course of Disease Progression for COVID-19 and Predict Pandemic Spread in 32 Countries date = 2020-05-06 keywords = covid-19; internet; search summary = We found that Internet search patterns reveal a robust temporal pattern of disease progression for COVID-19: Initial symptoms of fever, dry cough, sore throat and chills are followed by shortness of breath an average of 5.22 days [95% CI 3.30-7.14] after symptom onset, matching the precise clinical course reported in the medical literature. We conducted a detailed global study across 32 countries on six continents to determine whether Internet search patterns can provide reliable real-time indicators of local COVID-19 spread, and whether these data can reveal the clinical progression of COVID-19. Figure 1 shows search volumes for the terms "fever" and "dry cough", alongside reported COVID-19 cases and deaths for China, Iran, Italy, United States and India. Figure 4a shows the ensemble average search volumes for "fever", "cough", "dry cough" and "shortness of breath", indexed by searches for "coronavirus symptoms", alongside reported COVID-19 cases and deaths. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.01.20087858 id = cord-278300-6cr9h7no author = Lu, X. title = Classification of COVID-19 in intensive care patients: towards rational and effective clinical triage date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = We aimed to bridge the gap between disease classification and clinical outcome in intensive care patients, data of which are scarce and such classification could help in individual evaluation and provide effective triage for treatment and management. We constructed a fully Bayesian latent variable model for integrative clustering of six data categories, including demographic information, symptoms, original comorbidities, vital signs, blood routine tests and inflammatory marker measurements. We identified four prognostic types of COVID-19 in intensive care patients, presenting a stepwise distribution in age, respiratory condition and inflammatory markers, suggesting the prognostic efficacy of these indicators. Little attention has been paid to the clinical characteristics and outcomes of intensive care patients with COVID-19, data of which are scarce but are of paramount importance to reduce mortality. We aimed to bridge the gap between disease classification and clinical outcome in intensive care patients, which could help in individual evaluation and provide effective triage for treatment and management. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.09.20058909 id = cord-252434-7g69amr1 author = Lu, Xiao title = Therapeutic effect of high-flow nasal cannula on severe COVID-19 patients in a makeshift intensive-care unit: A case report date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; HFNC summary = Considering the shortage of medical resources and the need to prevent nosocomic infection, the respiratory-treatment strategy in these nonstandard ICUs is different from those in general wards and standard ICUs. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) plays an important role in nonstandard ICUs and is beneficial to the patients therein. Because these nonstandard ICUs are repurposed general wards, and considering the shortage of medical resources and the need to prevent nosocomic infection, these wards have different respiratory-treatment strategies than general wards and standard ICUs. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) plays an important role and is beneficial to patients in nonstandard ICUs. HFNC appears to be an effective new therapeutic option compared with other oxygen delivery devices (e.g., nonrebreathing oxygen masks, Venturi masks). Due to his obvious chest tightness, shortness of breath, and orthopnea -all of which might have been partial manifestations of heart failure-he was given HFNC (initial flow rate, 60 L/min; oxygen concentration, 90%; temperature, 37°C) and diuretic treatments. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000020393 id = cord-309194-jtouafgd author = Lu, Xiao title = Lung ultrasound score in establishing the timing of intubation in COVID-19 interstitial pneumonia: A preliminary retrospective observational study date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; LUS; patient summary = PURPOSE: To investigate the role of lung ultrasound score (LUS) in assessing intubation timing for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia. Lung ultrasound was performed on days 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 after patients were admitted to the ICU; if the patient was intubated, LUS determination was performed before intubation within 24 h (T1) and on days 1, 2, 5, and 7 after intubation (T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively).The goal of this study was to evaluate the severity of lung aeration loss in intubated and non-intubated patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia by ultrasound at different time points within one week. Few studies have addressed the timing of intubation for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia due to the high mortality of patients treated with invasive ventilation. The patient''s gender, age, body mass index (BMI index), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA score), and 28-day mortality rate were recorded; and the evolution of respiratory parameters between the two groups on time point T1 (lung ultrasound performed before intubation within 24 h) were also recorded. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238679 id = cord-277416-agnpksxn author = Lu, Xuefang title = High Resolution CT Imaging Dynamic Follow-Up Study of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; HRCT summary = Objective: To explore the clinical characteristics and dynamic follow-up changes of high resolution CT (HRCT) in 270 patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. The HRCT images of the chest of 99 patients(36.67%) showed ground glass opacity(GGO), mainly under the pleura; 44 cases(16.30%) showed GGO with focal consolidation; 52 cases (19.26%) of small patch edge blur density increased; 38 cases (14.07%) of large patch consolidation; 92 cases (34.07%) bronchial vascular bundle thickening and vascular crossing signs; 9 cases (3.33%) had air bronchial signs ( Figure 4) ; 13 cases (4.81%) had solid nodules with a diameter of <0.5 cm in the same lung lobe; 10 cases (3.70%) of grid shadows or stripe shadows; 43 cases (15.93%) of diffuse lung lobe lesions, showing "white lung." Of the 270 COVID-19 pneumonia patients in this group, 69 (25.56%) had chronic respiratory diseases (chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, emphysema, bullae), and 86 (31.85%) showed signs of cardiovascular disease (valve calcification, aortic wall calcification, coronary arterial wall calcification), 13 patients (4.81%) had bilateral pleural effusion, and 8 patients (2.96%) had mediastinal or bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (short diameter ≥ 1.0 cm), 11 cases (4.07%) were accompanied by abnormal signs of the upper abdomen, including fatty liver, liver cysts, and gallbladder stones. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00168 id = cord-326956-oz047qmf author = Lu, Yiping title = Cerebral Micro-Structural Changes in COVID-19 Patients – An MRI-based 3-month Follow-up Study date = 2020-08-03 keywords = GMV; SARS; covid-19 summary = COVID-19 patients had statistically significantly higher bilateral gray matter volumes (GMV) in olfactory cortices, hippocampi, insulas, left Rolandic operculum, left Heschl''s gyrus and right cingulate gyrus and a general decline of MD, AD, RD accompanied with an increase of FA in white matter, especially AD in the right CR, EC and SFF, and MD in SFF compared with non-COVID-19 volunteers (corrected p value <0.05). We found that these recovered COVID-19 patients were more likely to have enlarged olfactory cortices, hippocampi, insulas, Heschl''s gyrus, Rolandic operculum and cingulate gyrus, and a general decline of Mean Diffusivity (MD), Axial Diffusivity (AD), Radial Diffusivity (RD) accompanied with an increase of Fractional Anisotropy (FA) in white matter, especially AD in the right Coronal Radiata (CR), External Capsule (EC) and Superior Frontal-occipital Fasciculus (SFF), and MD in SFF compared with non-COVID-19 volunteers. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100484 id = cord-318655-i9kv7bph author = Lu, Zhenzhen title = A fractional-order SEIHDR model for COVID-19 with inter-city networked coupling effects date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: A fractional-order SEIHDR model for COVID-19 with inter-city networked coupling effects Through the real-data of COVID-19 from January 23 to March 18, 2020, this paper proposes a fractional SEIHDR model based on the coupling effect of inter-city networks. At the same time, the proposed model considers the mortality rates (exposure, infection and hospitalization) and the infectivity of individuals during the incubation period. Afterward, the disease-free equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] , which provide a theoretical basis for the future control of COVID-19. To incorporate the time fractional order and the coupling effect between cities, a SEIHDR epidemic model is established to study the dynamic behavior of COVID-19. From the analysis made above, a fractional inter-city network SEIHDR epidemic model is constructed as follows: Then, the basic reproduction number and the fractional order can be seen from Table 2 , which suggests that the epidemic model of Italy, America and Japan will not disappear in a short time. doi = 10.1007/s11071-020-05848-4 id = cord-344949-9zyz4hll author = Luban, Jeremy title = The DHODH Inhibitor PTC299 Arrests SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Suppresses Induction of Inflammatory Cytokines date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; DHODH; PTC299; SARS summary = a Selectivity index is the ratio of CC50 to EC50 b values are mean ± standard deviation (SD) Abbreviations: CC50, compound concentration at which cell number is reduced by 50%; EC50, compound concentration at which viral replication on a linear scale is inhibited by 50%; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HCV, hepatitis C virus replicon genotype 1b; PIV-3, Parainfluenza type 3; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; RT-qPCR, quantitative reverse transcription PCR; SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TCID50, tissue culture infectious dose 50%. In the BT co-cell culture system, which models chronic inflammatory conditions driven by B cell activation and antibody production, incubation of cells with 10 nM PTC299 resulted in a significant reduction in the levels of soluble (s)IgG, sIL-17A, sIL-17F, sIL-6, and sTNFα released from the cells after 72 hours of stimulation (range, 49% to 68%) (all p values <0.01) ( Figure 4 and Table 2 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.08.05.238394 id = cord-346225-dmwrm6jl author = Lucaciu, Ondine title = Oral healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19; dental summary = This article provides recommendation on patient evaluation, treatment approach for dental emergencies and infection control protocols. Screening for COVID-19 status and triaging for dental treatments During the pandemic, it is recommended to perform exclusively emergency dental procedures to protect the medical personnel, the patients and to reduce as much as possible the consumption of personal protective equipment. Emergency dental patients that test positive for SARS-CoV-2 should be referred for emergency care where appropriate Transmission-Based Precautions are available. Oral healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic If procedures were performed without N95 masks, both the healthcare provider and the patient are at moderate risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection/transmission. The COVID-19 pandemic represents a global challenge, given the increased contagiousness of SARS-CoV-2, dental healthcare providers have to adopt new protocols for a better infection prevention in the dental office and new working protocols aimed to prevent spreading the virus. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): emerging and future challenges for dental and oral medicine doi = 10.1016/j.jds.2020.04.012 id = cord-268525-j06u3brl author = Lucchese, Guglielmo title = Cerebrospinal fluid findings in COVID-19 indicate autoimmunity date = 2020-10-07 keywords = covid-19 summary = All of these studies showed that SARS-CoV-2 is not detectable in the CSF of patients with COVID-19 and neurological manifestations. [1] [2] [3] [4] Further results 5 support an indirect mechanism, showing a high prevalence of autoantibodies, mainly against unknown autoantigens in the brain, in CSF from patients with COVID-19 and neurological complications. It appears, therefore, that neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are not caused by direct cytopathic effects but indirect immune-mediated mechanisms targeting various unknown elements of the nervous system. Testing the immune reactivity of the CSF of patients with COVID-19 and neurological manifestations against candidate targets for autoimmunity might be the next step to elucidate the mechanisms of damage to the nervous system by SARS-CoV-2. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms Patients with COVID-19 and neurological manifestations show undetectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in the cerebrospinal fluid High frequency of cerebrospinal fluid autoantibodies in COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms doi = 10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30147-6 id = cord-285729-plbv62nz author = Lucchetti, Giancarlo title = Spirituality, religiosity and the mental health consequences of social isolation during Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-11-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = Online surveys were carried out assessing sociodemographics, R/S measures, and social isolation characteristics and mental health consequences (hopefulness, fear, worrying and sadness). In an attempt to bridge this gap, the present study aims to evaluate the use of religious and spiritual beliefs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and to investigate the association between R/S and the mental health consequences of the social isolation (i.e. hopefulness, fear, worrying and sadness). In the inferential analyses, logistic regression models were conducted using dichotomous religious and spiritual measures (e.g. Religious attendance: 1 = Once a week or more and 0 = Less than once a week) as independent variables and the mental health consequences of social isolation (e.g. How afraid are you with the pandemic? The present study investigated the association between R/S and the mental health consequences of social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. doi = 10.1177/0020764020970996 id = cord-319728-d0kf9gme author = Lucchini, Matteo title = Is serological response to SARS-CoV-2 preserved in MS patients on ocrelizumab treatment? A case report date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We present the case of a MS patient with mild COVID-19 who developed SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA without IgG ten weeks after infection. We present the case of a MS patient with mild COVID-19 who developed SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA without IgG ten weeks after infection. Few case reports of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients receiving ocrelizumab who contracted COVID-19 with a benign course have recently been published (Novi et al., 2020; Suwanwongse and Shabarek, 2020) . Forty days before COVID-19 onset, the patient performed routine blood tests including cell blood count (CBC), lymphocyte subtypes, immunoglobulin dosage and liver and kidney function showing CD19+ complete depletion (normal CD4+ and CD8+) and IgG at lower limit (700 mg/dl, normal range 700-1600). Despite an optimal recovery from COVID-19, our patient did not develop a full serological response against SARS-CoV-2 as demonstrated by the absence of specific IgG production. doi = 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102323 id = cord-353592-gsvobusu author = Luceño-Moreno, Lourdes title = Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Levels of Resilience and Burnout in Spanish Health Personnel during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; anxiety; depression; stress summary = Due to the importance of understanding how the disease affects these professionals, the researchers of this study collected information related to demographic variables, associated with the job, changes of residence, possible contact with people during work, COVID-19 tests, hospitalization, isolation, protective equipment, concern over becoming infected, concern that a family member and/or someone with whom they are living may be infected. Finally, linear regression models were used to see which variables (demographic, work, COVID-19, burnout and resilience) were jointly related to symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety and depression. Analyses were carried out to evaluate the proportion of health care cases with symptoms associated with possible posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression and burnout at their different severity levels. This research aimed to assess the symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, depression, burnout and resilience in Spanish health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17155514 id = cord-286485-tt9ysg0w author = Lucius, M. title = ROBUST COVID-19-RELATED CONDITION CLASSIFICATION NETWORK date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; international; preprint summary = Our study evaluates the performance of a tailor-designed deep convolutional network on the tasks of early detection and localization of radiological signs associated to COVID-19 on frontal chest X-rays. The associated results show that our AI framework is able to classify COVID-19 accurately, making of it a potential tool to improve the diagnostic performance across primary-care centres and, to grant priority to a subset of algorithmic selected images for urgent follow-on expert review. However, chest x-rays taken in patients with confirmed and symptomatic COVID-19 condition can induce to confusion in cases associated to other lung infections or pathologies (including the absence of them) making it difficult for non-trained physicians to differentiate among these patterns. In all cases, the files include anonymous frontal chest X-rays, whilst the dataset provided by HM Hospitales contains anonymized records related to the 2,307 patients admitted with a confirmed (n=2,075) or pending (n=232) of COVID-19 diagnosis performed by rt-PCR. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.19.20106336 id = cord-259619-sco0d5cc author = Ludvigsson, Johnny title = Corona Pandemic: Assisted Isolation and Care to Protect Vulnerable Populations May Allow Us to Shorten the Universal Lock-Down and Gradually Re-open Society date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; vulnerable summary = title: Corona Pandemic: Assisted Isolation and Care to Protect Vulnerable Populations May Allow Us to Shorten the Universal Lock-Down and Gradually Re-open Society We suggest here that more selective assisted isolation of vulnerable populations would reduce the predictable increase in hospital admissions and more rapidly alleviate the fallout from total lockdown measures. Even though COVID19 sometimes leads to need for treatment at intensive care units (ICU) also for younger individuals, the virus appears most dangerous for a selected group of the most vulnerable people. We must consider diverting our major efforts to protect the vulnerable-elderly and patients with preexisting comorbidities-by providing safe and assisted isolation and care; not least now that lockdown rules start to be relaxed. However, these measures have isolated subjects at risk, but have not increased immunization of the population with so called herd immunity through the transient infection of the less vulnerable. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.562901 id = cord-337572-kx5hihnr author = Ludwig, Stephan title = Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2: A Brief Overview date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS summary = The virus was later denominated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and defined as the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 . Here we provide a short background on coronaviruses and their origin, and we describe in more detail the novel SARS-CoV-2 and the efforts thus far to identify effective therapies against COVID-19. The virus was later denominated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and defined as the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus was later denominated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and defined as the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). 19 SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2 At the end of December 2019, China reported the increasing occurrence of pneumonia in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000004845 id = cord-300550-l28tadhn author = Luers, Jan C title = Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19; symptom summary = In this cross-sectional study, two-thirds of European patients with polymerase chain reaction confirmed COVID-19 reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, indicating the significance of this history in the early diagnostics. First of all, patients were asked for the onset of fever, cough, sore throat, rhinitis, muscle aches, headache, diarrhea, reduced olfaction, and a reduced sense of taste during COVID-19. To investigate factors related to reduced olfaction as well as to a reduced sense of taste two general linear models were used with explanatory variables of age, gender, TNSS, fever, cough, sore throat, rhinitis, and headache, respectively. In addition, fever, cough, sore throat, rhinitis, headache, and TNSS were also not associated with reduced olfaction or reduced sense of taste (p ≥ 0.05, respectively). Our study shows for the first time that both olfactory and gustatory dysfunction is very common in COVID-19 patients, with olfactory dysfunction even leveling the symptom ''cough'' at > 70%. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa525 id = cord-284883-bkydu285 author = Luis Silva, L. title = Brazil Health Care System preparation against COVID-19 date = 2020-05-13 keywords = Brazil; Health; ICU; covid-19 summary = The historic challenges regarding an insufficient number of health professionals, iniquities in the distribution of human resources (10) , low accessibility to emergency care services (11) , and economic issues create additional pressures to be addressed, aiming is to achieve an adequate COVID-19 response. Taking this point into consideration the present work addresses critical aspects regarding the organization of the emergency network system in Brazil, jointly with the spatial expansion of COVID-19 cases within the country, and to highlight where the efforts currently performed in Brazil were capable of coping with the lack of access to emergency care needed to cope COVID-19 consequences. The result suggests that the use of scarce resources needed to put in order ICU beds are not being directed to municipalities lacking access to emergency care services, despite their high levels of COVID-19 incidence. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096719 id = cord-024936-ncia0h9m author = Luker, Gary D. title = Transitioning to a New Normal after COVID-19: Preparing to Get Back on Track for Cancer Imaging date = 2020-04-15 keywords = States; United; covid-19 summary = The COVID-19 pandemic presents institutions and radiologists with two formidable challenges: 1) trying to maintain clinical and research operations in the face of social distancing and stay-at-home-orders; and 2) plotting a course to transition from the immediate threat of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to an uncertain future that certainly will not resemble conditions we previously regarded as normal. While recognizing that COVID-19 has disrupted essentially all aspects of life, this commentary focuses on the immediate and projected future impact on clinical care and research in cancer imaging and image-guided therapy. As the outbreak of COVID-19 emerged in the United States, there were two main priorities that clinics had with regard to decision-making on cancer imaging appointments: keeping people healthy and preserving personal protective equipment resources. As institutional review boards may be prioritizing COVID-19 related projects, there may be a delay in new cancer imaging studies that can be approved and initiated. doi = 10.1148/rycan.2020204011 id = cord-316923-b81uaooh author = Luks, Andrew M. title = Reply: COVID-19 Lung Injury and “Typical” Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: The Danger of Presumed Equivalency date = 2020-09-17 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19 summary = For example, in COVID-19 lung disease, a hypoxemic condition that progresses over several days in which many patients do not appear to be in distress, what is more injurious: accepting a lower oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry or initiating invasive mechanical ventilation? With great respect for the authors'' well-meaning concern to avoid patient harm, let me be clear about mine: I am concerned that the alveolar filling/collapse, low-compliance pulmonary disease being seen in the intensive care unit is predominantly due to ventilator-induced lung injury rather than to the natural evolution of COVID-19 disease. Finally, the author states, without supporting evidence, that patients with COVID-19 have "normal or near-normal pulmonary compliance." To date, only three published reports have documented static compliance in COVID-19, and in two of them (2, 3) the average static compliance was low (,35 ml/cm H 2 O) and consistent with that seen in prior studies of ARDS. doi = 10.1513/annalsats.202005-430le id = cord-289490-u0f0zyad author = Lumba, Rishi title = Neonate Born to a Mother with a Diagnosis of Suspected Intra-Amniotic Infection versus COVID-19 or Both date = 2020-07-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In this report, we detail a case of a newborn born to a mother with a clinical diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection with maternal fever and fetal tachycardia, who was then found to be SARS-CoV-2 positive on testing. Due to the varying presentation of COVID-19, this case illustrates the low threshold needed to test mothers for SARS-CoV-2 in order to prevent horizontal transmission to neonates and to healthcare providers. e current recommendations made by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) are that the diagnosis of suspected intraamniotic infection be made on clinical criteria, which include maternal intrapartum fever and one or more of the following: maternal leukocytosis, purulent cervical drainage, or fetal tachycardia. Although a clinical diagnosis of Triple I was made by the obstetrics team, given maternal fever, testing for SARS-CoV-2 was included as well. doi = 10.1155/2020/8886800 id = cord-277669-uujny2dm author = Lumpuy-Castillo, Jairo title = Cardiovascular Damage in COVID-19: Therapeutic Approaches Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System date = 2020-09-04 keywords = ACE2; Ang-(1; Angiotensin; COVID-19; SARS summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can differentially infect multiple tissues (i.e., lung, vessel, heart, liver) in different stages of disease, and in an ageand sex-dependent manner. In particular, treatments with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB) may help to reduce hyperinflammation and viral propagation, while infusion of soluble ACE2 may trap plasma viral particles and increase cardioprotective Ang-(1–9) and Ang-(1–7) peptides. SARS-CoV-2 infection initiates in the respiratory system, when the S protein of its external layer binds the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) at the plasma membrane of host cells [5] . It was originally suggested that elevation of ACE2 might favor SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in COVID-19 patients with underlying CV disease and ACEi/ARB treatment [92] . It was originally suggested that elevation of ACE2 might favor SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in COVID-19 patients with underlying CV disease and ACEi/ARB treatment [92] . doi = 10.3390/ijms21186471 id = cord-296803-tde8k4kr author = Lundin, Rebecca title = Gender-based violence during the COVID-19 pandemic response in Italy date = 2020-09-07 keywords = COVID-19; GBV summary = During the current COVID-19 pandemic, the WHO and other international authorities have warned about the increased risk of GBV related to more time spent indoors, isolation from social and protective networks, and greater social and economic stress related to both the epidemic and response measures [2] [3] [4] . During the COVID-19 pandemic network members were asked to review the number of women contacting anti-violence centers during two time periods, corresponding to about one month each (between 2 March and 5 April 2020 and between 6 April and 3 May 2020). Specifically, further research is needed to identify the drivers of the observed increases in contact with anti-violence centers and to develop and test effective interventions to protect women at risk of GBV during the ongoing COVID-19 response. doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.020359 id = cord-297599-y4lu8m4k author = Luo, Hua title = Anti-COVID-19 drug screening: Frontier concepts and core technologies date = 2020-10-28 keywords = ACE2; COV-2; COVID-19; SARS; TCM; chinese summary = This paper thoroughly summarizes interdisciplinary notions and techniques, including disease model, biochip, network pharmacology, and molecular docking technology, etc., providing a reference for researchers in the screening of drugs for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. Some researchers are currently using mice as an animal model to test drugs and vaccines and to investigate the nature of the infection of SARS-CoV-2 [49] [50] [51] . In fact, in a study led by Qin Chuan on SARS, engineered mice that could express human ACE2 protein was successfully established, leading this Chinese team pioneered the establishment of a SARS-CoV-2 infected hACE2 transgenic mouse model [54] . For example, an effective and convenient novel mouse model in evaluating in vivo protective capacity of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was developed through stitching the human gene for ACE2 into an adenovirus by Perlman et al. doi = 10.1186/s13020-020-00393-z id = cord-313215-diqfmitr author = Luo, Lei title = Air and surface contamination in non-health care settings among 641 environmental specimens of 39 COVID-19 cases date = 2020-07-09 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = title: Air and surface contamination in non-health care settings among 641 environmental specimens of 39 COVID-19 cases Background Little is known about the SARS-CoV-2 contamination of environmental surfaces and air in non-health care settings among COVID-19 cases. To address this question, in this study, we sampled total of 641 surfaces 63 environmental and air specimens among 39 cases in Guangzhou, China, to explore the 64 surrounding environmental surfaces and air contamination by SARS-CoV-2 in non-65 health care settings. A total of 641 157 environmental surfaces and air specimens were collected among 39 COVID-19 cases, 158 and 20 specimens (20/641, 3.1%) were positive by RT-PCR testing from 9 COVID-19 159 cases (9/39, 23.1%), with 5 (5/101, 5.0%) positive specimens from 3 asymptomatic 160 cases, 5 (5/220, 2.3%) from 3 mild cases, and 10 (10/374, 2.7%) from 3 moderate cases 161 ( of SARS-CoV-2 (Table 2) . doi = 10.1101/2020.07.09.195008 id = cord-306729-oa9i4ss9 author = Luo, Li-Sha title = COVID-19: Presumed Infection Routes and Psychological Impact on Staff in Administrative and Logistics Departments in a Designated Hospital in Wuhan, China date = 2020-06-12 keywords = covid-19; psychological; staff summary = The current study thus aimed to explore the potential infection routes and psychological changes among hospital staff in ALDs and to provide scientific suggestions on preventing adverse effects among this population''s during large-scale infectious diseases outbreaks. During previous infectious diseases outbreaks, studies on the healthcare staff ''s infection have focused on the front-line doctors and nurses, while the staffs in FIGURE 1 | Psychological status before and after diagnosis of the COVID-19 staffs in administrative and logistics departments (A: awareness of the epidemic before diagnosis; B: mental attitude before diagnosis; C: psychological stress or emotional changes after diagnosis; D: the possible causes of emotional change after diagnosis; E: the methods used to control stress or mood changes after diagnosis; and F: the sources of comfort and care after diagnosis). In our study, we found no significant difference in psychological impact between infected doctors and nurses and staff in ALDs-neither in the awareness and mental attitude to the epidemic before diagnosis or the psychological changes after diagnosis. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01501 id = cord-336753-4212ftlc author = Luo, Lu title = Analysis on herbal medicines utilized for treatment of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; TCM; chinese summary = As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a substantial global public health threat, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was used in 91.50% of the COVID-19 cases in China, showing encouraging results in improving symptom management and reducing the deterioration, mortality, and recurrence rates. While COVID-19 is now being effectively controlled within China, it is increasingly affecting other countries worldwide, most notably the U.S., Iran, and Italy since Feb 25, 2020 1 3 With a long history of combating epidemic diseases with relatively low mortality, TCM has accumulated a rich antiviral herb knowledgebase from clinical observation and pharmacological selection. There are mutual groupings within these core combinations of herbal pairs and chemical components, thus supporting that the herbs and formulae containing these properties may act as potential candidates for COVID-19 treatment ( Fig. 4B and Table S6 .2). A report on the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine 19 on empidemic encephalitis B-summary of TCM treatment group in 1956 doi = 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.05.007 id = cord-309608-oal60som author = Luo, Shihua title = Don''t Overlook Digestive Symptoms in Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) date = 2020-03-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Don''t Overlook Digestive Symptoms in Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) We present a case series of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection whose initial symptoms were gastrointestinal. We evaluated all 1141 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) admitted to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from January 1, 2020, to February 20, 2020. 5 These findings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 suggest that the digestive system, along with the respiratory tract, may be a potential route for SARS-CoV-2 infection, and could explain why some patients present with gastrointestinal symptoms. doi = 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.03.043 id = cord-254776-m4makxr8 author = Luo, Shiua title = A Follow-up Study of Recovered Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-06-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: A Follow-up Study of Recovered Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic has clearly entered a new stage with rapid spread in countries outside China [1] . Currently, a large number of COVID-19 patients in Wuhan have been cured and discharged. In Wuhan, China, all cured patients with COVID-19 are required to quarantine in either a designated hotel room or at home for 14 days [3] . We retrospectively evaluated the data of the recovered patients with COVID-19 in two different designated fever clinics in Wuhan, with a goal to provide relevant information about these patients. In this study, only 7.7‰ patients experienced recurrence during isolation and observation, and all presented with mild symptoms. Serological tests to identify antibodies played a key role in surveillance of recurrence of COVID-19 [4] . Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.119 id = cord-279158-dsnniuo6 author = Luo, Y. title = Low blood sodium increases risk and severity of COVID-19: a systematic review, meta-analysis and retrospective cohort study date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = title: Low blood sodium increases risk and severity of COVID-19: a systematic review, meta-analysis and retrospective cohort study Through a systematic review, meta-analysis and retrospective cohort study, we found that the low blood sodium population may significantly increase the risk and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we aimed to find a key risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 epidemic by investigating the relationship between the blood sodium concentration and the severity of patients with COVID-19 through a systematic reviews, meta-analysis and retrospective cohort study. For the systematic review and meta-analysis, median or mean values of serum sodium, chloride and potassium concentrations from each report were considered as an independent variable for statistical analysis, and an unpaired t-test was used to compare the differences between the groups related to the severity of disease. In this study, we found that the patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 on admission have presented the low blood sodium levels (hyponatremia) that were related to the disease severity. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.18.20102509 id = cord-334945-lxowaacg author = Luo, Yi title = Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Household Contacts of a Healthcare Provider, Wuhan, China date = 2020-08-17 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = We describe the case of a physician in Wuhan, China, who had mildly symptomatic COVID-19 and the subsequent asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in all 5 of his household contacts. All 5 household contacts of patient 1 had laboratory evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection but remained asymptomatic throughout the period of observation (February 11-March 1) (Figure, panel A) . An early report from China on 72,314 COVID-19 cases found that only 1% of SARS-CoV-2 infections were asymptomatic; however, asymptomatic close contacts were not routinely tested in that study (7) . In summary, this single-household study found a high attack rate for asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection among the immediate family members of a symptomatic COVID-19 case-patient. Moreover, our experience indicates that screening symptomatic contacts with a single throat swab test for SARS-CoV-2 might lead to an underestimate of the rate of infection and that asymptomatic persons can repeatedly revert between positive and negative PCR results on throat specimens. doi = 10.3201/eid2608.201016 id = cord-276013-8dhqa2gj author = Luo, Yung-Hung title = Overview of coronavirus disease 2019: Treatment updates and advances date = 2020-08-17 keywords = China; SARS; covid-19 summary = 7, 11 Patients with severe symptoms may have unfavorable disease Abstract: In late December 2019, several cases of pneumonia with unknown cause were reported in Wuhan, China, and this new type of pneumonia spread rapidly to across provinces during the subsequent weeks. Clinical trials on baricitinib demonstrated at least some effects in selective patient populations with COVID-19 acute respiratory disease. On March 17, 2020, the National Medical Products Administration of China approved favipiravir as the first coronavirus drug with evidence from clinical trials showing efficacy for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) doi = 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000367 id = cord-271504-t3y1w9ef author = Luo, Zichao title = Combating the Coronavirus Pandemic: Early Detection, Medical Treatment, and a Concerted Effort by the Global Community date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; CRISPR; China; LAMP; MERS; PCR; RNA; SARS; dna summary = A confirmed case should have at least one of the following criteria: (i) a positive result for 2019-nCoV nucleic acid, using real-time PCR tests from respiratory or blood samples; (ii) a high homogeneity between viral gene sequencing from respiratory or blood samples and known 2019-nCoV; and (iii) serum samples positive for IgM or IgG to 2019-nCoV, or seroconversion in IgG, or a fourfold or more significant increase in IgG antibody titer to 2019-nCoV in the recovery phase than in the acute phase [25] . Using blood samples taken from alleged COVID-19 patients, the researchers detected antibodies targeting the spike protein that prevented the virus from killing cells in laboratory tests. showed a promising in vitro inhibitory effect of this serine protease inhibitor in SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV on human lung cells, showing potential as a viable option for COVID-19 treatment [113] . Given that antiviral drugs have previously demonstrated reasonable inhibition of coronaviruses and therapeutic efficacy against coronavirus outbreaks, umifenovir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin have been recommended in the latest guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19, updated on 17 February 2020 [189] . doi = 10.34133/2020/6925296 id = cord-356298-a4p4aca8 author = Luria, Mijal title = "Challenges in the Practice of Sexual Medicine in the Time of COVID-19" date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; sexual summary = title: "Challenges in the Practice of Sexual Medicine in the Time of COVID-19" In the absence of clinical data, governments, medical systems, health care professionals and individuals, are forced to make decisions regarding the management of one of the biggest crises of the current century, based on untested hypotheses and insights learned from others. Delay in sexual medicine care has short and long-term consequences for the patients, especially in times of strain. This could be an opportunity for health care providers from all fields to talk among themselves about relationships and sexuality and to encourage them, in turn, to be more open to talking with their patients about these issues. During the first days of the confinement, the Israeli Association of Public Health Physicians, contacted the Israel Association for Sexual Medicine, urging us to publish guidelines for sexual behavior in Covid-19 times. COVID-19 transforms health care through telemedicine: evidence from the field doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.05.020 id = cord-264942-9u2k5ctm author = Lusczek, E. R. title = Characterizing COVID-19 Clinical Phenotypes and Associated Comorbidities and Complication Profiles date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; phenotype summary = Main outcomes and measures: Phenotype classification (I, II, III), patient characteristics associated with phenotype assignment, in-hospital complications, and clinical outcomes including ICU admission, need for mechanical ventilation, hospital length of stay, and mortality. We selected 30 in-hospital complications measured during each patient s hospital stay for COVID-19 categorized into the following systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, hematologic, renal, hepatic, metabolic, and infectious (Supplemental Table 4 ). Differences across phenotypes with respect to patient demographics, admission vitals and labs, complications, comorbidities, and clinical outcomes are presented in Table 1 . doi = 10.1101/2020.09.12.20193391 id = cord-304872-hnxmtbrf author = Lv, Hao title = Prevalence and recovery time of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions of hospitalized patients with COVID‑19 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = OBJECTIVES: To investigate olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan using a telephone interview. The characteristics of the patient''s disease course and recovery time for olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunctions (OD and/or GD) were collected by telephone interview. Two hypotheses might explain the low prevalence of OD and/ or GD reported in the Chinese study: First, the number of Chinese patients with COVID-19 who exhibit olfactory or gustatory disorders is indeed lower. Furthermore, all previous studies were limited to the acute phase with a short follow-up period, which might not reflect the recovery regularity of olfactory and/or gustatory impairment in patients with COVID 19. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and recovery time of olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 infection who were discharged from non-intensive care units 3 months earlier in China. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.039 id = cord-281159-elwmqqqq author = Lv, M. title = Chest Computed Tomography for the Diagnosis of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Rapid Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-04-17 keywords = April; COVID-19 summary = title: Chest Computed Tomography for the Diagnosis of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Rapid Review and Meta-Analysis . Eight researchers (N Yang, X Luo, W Li, X Chen, Y Liu, M Ren, X Zhang and L Wang) were divided into four groups to extract the data and collect the following information for each study: basic information (title, first author, country or region of participants, date of publication/posting, journal, and study type), patient information (sample size, female/male ratio, adult/children ratio, age range, mean age), outcome information (primary outcome: sensitivity of chest CT imaging using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results as reference; other outcomes, including probability of bilateral or unilateral pneumonia, ground-glass opacities (GGO) and consolidation, number of lobes affected, location of lobe involvement, rounded morphology, linear opacities, crazy-paving pattern, air bronchogram, interlobular septum thickening, pleural thickening, halo sign, reverse halo sign, pleural effusion and lymphadenopathy). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.14.20064733 id = cord-327632-2hz94uuw author = Lv, Na title = Management of oral medicine emergencies during COVID-19: A study to develop practice guidelines date = 2020-08-07 keywords = covid-19; oral; patient summary = During the lockdown period, digital technologies, such as video conferencing with Zoom, Google Meeting or WhatsApp, are useful and efficient tools that oral medicine practitioners could consider to use for patient triage, managing emergencies, reassure, and follow patients remotely. Some diseases and conditions are considered to be oral medicine emergencies such as exacerbation of pemphigus or pemphigoid, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, mucositis and giant cell arteritis. Furthermore, during this stressful period, some oral mucosal diseases or orofacial pain problems may represent urgencies, not true emergencies; hence digital technology such as video conferencing might be a reasonable option when evaluating these cases. Guidelines for dental care provision during the COVID-19 pandemic has been developed in several countries, 8 however, guideline for the management of oral medicine emergency is still scarce. It is recommended for large centres to have their oral medicine specialists and video conferencing software available for triaging and remote assistance during COVID-19 period. doi = 10.1016/j.jds.2020.07.016 id = cord-298327-j04nyg5y author = Lv, Zhihua title = Clinical characteristics and co-infections of 354 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Additionally, stepwise multivariable regression 13 analysis suggested that co-infection, lymphocyte count and levels of D-dimer were associated 14 with severity of COVID-19.These findings provide crucial clues for further identification of 15 the mechanisms, characteristics and treatments of patients with COVID-19. Additionally, stepwise multivariable regression 13 analysis suggested that co-infection, lymphocyte count and levels of D-dimer were associated 14 with severity of COVID-19.These findings provide crucial clues for further identification of 15 the mechanisms, characteristics and treatments of patients with COVID-19. Preliminary analysis indicated that higher white blood cell and 129 neutrophil counts, as well as higher levels of D-dimer, IL-6, IL-10, CRP and PCT were found 130 in male patients compared to those of females, which was similar to patients in critical and 131 severe groups compared with those of mild groups (Table 2) . Higher white blood cell and neutrophil counts, as well as higher levels of D-dimer, IL-6, 155 IL-10, CRP and PCT were observed in patients co-infected with other respiratory pathogens 156 than those of infected with SARS-CoV-2 homogeneously (Table 2) . doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.007 id = cord-334847-lf1grybz author = Lynch, Holly Fernandez title = Regulatory Flexibility for COVID-19 Research date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; FDA summary = Clinical research is critical to combatting COVID-19, but regulatory requirements for human subjects protection may sometimes pose a challenge in pandemic circumstances. Although regulators have offered some helpful guidance for research during the pandemic, we identify further compliance challenges regarding IRB review and approval, informed consent, emergency research, and research involving incarcerated people. Strict regulatory compliance may be challenging amidst a public health emergency, but participant protection and high-quality science remain essential.(1) In recognition of these considerations, FDA and the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) have issued guidance on conducting research during the COVID-19 pandemic.(2) Although this guidance offers a helpful start, gaps remain and additional regulatory flexibility is warranted in some instances. To ensure that this research proceeds efficiently and ethically, we offer suggestions to proactively address regulatory compliance challenges regarding IRB review and approval, informed consent, and inclusion of vulnerable populations. doi = 10.1093/jlb/lsaa057 id = cord-324368-z1sjukgf author = Lyons, Zaza title = COVID-19 and the mental well-being of Australian medical students: impact, concerns and coping strategies used date = 2020-08-10 keywords = K10; covid-19 summary = The study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on medical student mental well-being, assess concerns and determine activities used by students to help with the situation. There were no significant differences in K10 mean score or distress level (low, moderate, high, very high) between students in different years of the medical course. In addition to teaching-related changes, other impacts such as loss of peer interaction and social connectedness, and financial stressors including loss of part-time employment caused by the economic consequences of the pandemic have potential to impact negatively on student well-being and cause further psychological distress, disrupt daily life and medical studies. Survey questions included demographic information; self-rated assessment of current mental well-being; the Kessler 10 (K10), questions regarding the impact of COVID-19 on various areas of life, concerns about COVID-19 and activities and strategies used to help with the situation. doi = 10.1177/1039856220947945 id = cord-291184-uza4orb8 author = Lyra, Wladimir title = COVID-19 pandemics modeling with SEIR(+CAQH), social distancing, and age stratification. The effect of vertical confinement and release in Brazil. date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19; age; confinement summary = We find that starting from 60% horizontal confinement, an exit strategy on May 1st of confinement of individuals older than 60 years old and full release of the younger population results in 400 000 hospitalizations, 50 000 ICU cases, and 120 000 deaths in the 50-60 years old age group alone. 29 Here we develop an SIR type compartmental models for COVID-19 including both 30 symptomatic and asymptomatic, quarantined, and hospitalized while taking into 31 consideration differences by age groups. The timescales σ, γ, θ, and ξ, as well as the fractions p and w, are found by Markov 152 chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) fitting, with priors as given in Table 1 Fig. 4a shows the evolution of the compartments of exposed (E), asymptomatic (A), 166 symptomatic (I), and hospitalized (H), in linear scale. Collapse of health care system can be avoided if vertical 213 confinement is instored on people who are 60 or older, but at the expense of a significant 214 number of extra ICU cases for the 50-60 age bin. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.09.20060053 id = cord-278271-rpq62xhl author = Lyu, Jinglu title = Reflection on lower rates of COVID-19 in children: does childhood immunizations offer unexpected protection? date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cell summary = The frequent childhood vaccinations and repeated pathogens infections might be resulting in trained immunity of innate immune cells, immune fitness of adaptive immune cells or cross-protection of antibodies in the children. Candida isolated from 4 airway specimens in a case report of patients with new coronavirus pneumonia Compared with adult cases, children tend to have milder symptoms, shorter disease course and generally better prognosis. found that memory lymphocytes can also mediate longer-term cross-protection as a byproduct of adaptive immunity: CD8 + memory T cells can be activated by cytokines (IL-12 and IL-18) in early stages of infection in an antigen-independent manner, leading to the production of IFN-γ and enhanced response to subsequent infectious agents (45) . Equipping confirmed COVID-19 patients with these vaccinations as emergent prophylaxis may prevent severe illness caused by secondary infection, in the meantime, it may mobilize the host''s lymphocyte response to the opposite direction in response to SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109842 id = cord-265178-q7x7ec24 author = Lyócsa, Štefan title = Fear of the coronavirus and the stock markets date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; Google; market summary = We show that during this period, fear of the coronavirus – manifested as excess search volume – represents a timely and valuable data source for forecasting stock price variation around the world. The idea of using sentiment or fear to explain stock market volatility is certainly not new; several recent studies have used news, VIX, Twitter posts and other proxies to measure investors'' sentiment and fear about the future (e.g., Whaley, 2000; Zhang et al., 2011; Huerta et al., 2011; Smales, 2014 Smales, , 2017 . However, our study is the first to address the predictive power of Google searches on stock market volatility during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results show that high Google search volumes 35 for COVID-19 predict high stock market volatility in all markets in our sample. The ASV A t is positive for all markets and significant for all markets except South Korea, thus suggesting that when search activity related to corona information increased, price variation in stock markets increased the following day. doi = 10.1016/j.frl.2020.101735 id = cord-262403-qw06qqlw author = López, Luz Polo title = Cirugía de cardiopatías congénitas en España durante el estado de alarma por COVID-19 date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Métodos: Desde el grupo de trabajo de cardiopatías congénitas de nuestra Sociedad se realizó una encuesta en los servicios de congénitas de nuestro país para conocer la disminución de actividad causada por la pandemia COVID-19 en el período temporal del 13-Marzo hasta el 13-Mayo-2020. Conclusiones: La pandemia del SARS-CoV2 ha obligado a todos los servicios de congénitas del país a reestructurarse para apoyar a los compañeros con tratamiento directo del COVID-19, sin mermar la atención de nuestros propios pacientes cuya cirugía no podía demorarse. Se estudió también el grado de implicación de cada servicio en la ayuda de otras necesidades del hospital para la atención de pacientes COVID-19 realizando actividad no propia de cirugía cardiovascular, y por último se preguntaba por los profesionales de cada servicio de CC que habían estado de baja laboral durante este período. doi = 10.1016/j.circv.2020.06.003 id = cord-253968-jtr0p930 author = López, Verónica title = Recomendaciones en el manejo de la pandemia por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) en pacientes con trasplante renal date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Manejo clínico del COVID-19: tratamiento médico, del 19 de marzo de 2020), los pacientes receptores de un trasplante renal en los que haya sospecha de infección por SARS-CoV-2 tienen indicación de test diagnóstico y valoración de ingreso si el resultado es positivo, así como de inicio de tratamiento específico. Por tanto, dada la escasa experiencia acumulada y la alta probabilidad de evolución tórpida del cuadro clínico en un breve periodo de tiempo, con desarrollo de fracaso multiorgánico y necesidad de soporte ventilatorio, la estrategia inmunosupresora recomendada a priori, al menos en los casos más graves de pacientes trasplantados renales con neumonía por COVID-19, debe consistir en la interrupción temporal de los inmunosupresores e inicio de metilprednisolona a dosis bajas entre 20 y 40 mg/día, para conferir la adquisición en un corto periodo de tiempo de la inmunidad celular necesaria para controlar la infección y evitar así la progresión de la misma y sus complicaciones vitales. doi = 10.1016/j.nefro.2020.03.002 id = cord-330369-75cotmn2 author = López, Verónica title = Recommendations on management of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) in kidney transplant patients date = 2020-04-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; transplant summary = In kidney transplant recipients, due to their status of immunosuppression, the clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19 pneumonia may differ from the general population, hence the importance of early diagnosis by SARS-CoV-2 screening, in those cases where the infection is suspected. Currently there is no evidence from controlled clinical trials to recommend a specific treatment for the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in the general population in patients with suspected or confirmed COVID19. 7 Therefore, given the limited experience accumulated and the high probability of torpid evolution in a short period of time, with the development of multi-organ failure and the need for respiratory support, the immunosuppressive strategy recommended a priori, at least in the most severe cases of kidney transplant patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, should involve the temporary interruption of immunosuppressants and the start of methylprednisolone at low doses between 20 and 40 mg/day, to confer the rapid acquisition of the necessary cellular immunity to control the infection and thus prevent vital complications. doi = 10.1016/j.nefroe.2020.03.017 id = cord-281268-8yoxgmeb author = López-Bueno, Rubén title = Association Between Current Physical Activity and Current Perceived Anxiety and Mood in the Initial Phase of COVID-19 Confinement date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; spanish summary = The results of the present study indicate that current PA adherence to WHO guidelines in the initial phase of COVID-19 confinement associates with both lower current perceived anxiety and lower current perceived worse mood among a sample of Spanish adults. We aimed to investigate associations between current physical activity (PA) and current perceived anxiety and mood among a sample of Spanish adults confined due to COVID-19 restrictions of movement. We aimed to investigate associations between current physical activity (PA) and current perceived anxiety and mood among a sample of Spanish adults confined due to COVID-19 restrictions of movement. The present study in a wide sample of the Spanish adult population found that to achieve a minimum of 150 weekly minutes of PA was significantly associated with lower odds for experiencing higher current perceived anxiety while the COVID-19 confinement. doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00729 id = cord-287100-xkp8a9b9 author = López-Díaz, Álvaro title = COVID-19 Infection During Pregnancy and Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Offspring: Time for Collaborative Research date = 2020-10-31 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Cohorts of COVID-19-infected pregnant women may currently provide biological (e.g., umbilical cord and placenta samples) and clinical (e.g., maternal serum samples and neonatal filter paper blood samples) data that would enable the acquisition of very valuable genetic, metabolic, and immunological information. Such information would help determine the extent to which maternal infection, in addition to genetic vulnerability, contributes to an increased risk of neuropsychiatric disturbance in the offspring, and would improve our understanding of the role of immune-inflammatory mechanisms during pregnancy in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders (10). Such populationbased birth cohort studies of SARS-CoV-2-infected pregnant women should involve detailed systematic clinical and biological examinations during pregnancy and delivery along with an extended follow-up of the offspring, including neurocognitive, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological examination. Large-scale and long-term prospective population-based birth cohort studies of COVID-19-infected and unaffected pregnant women are needed to unravel the complex interactions between maternal infection and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.011 id = cord-269241-6mf5572t author = López-Feldman, Alejandro title = Environmental Impacts and Policy Responses to Covid-19: A View from Latin America date = 2020-07-13 keywords = America; COVID-19; Latin summary = COVID-19 is currently having major short run effects with possible serious long run implications for the environment and the management of natural resources in Latin America. Under these circumstances COVID-19 is having major short run socio-economic effects with possible serious long run consequences, including several potential implications for the environment and the management of natural resources. Latin American countries could see this moment as an opportunity to improve regional cooperation in order to design and implement coordinated policy responses not only to the economic crisis but also to the challenges of mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Research that contributes to a better understanding of the environmental impacts and the effectiveness of different policy responses to the pandemic in Latin America will be invaluable. The short run environmental effects of COVID-19 show early warnings of an increase in the pressure on forest and other ecosystems across Latin America. doi = 10.1007/s10640-020-00460-x id = cord-318929-hygcbcp0 author = López-Martin, Inmaculada title = Relación entre la gravedad del Covid-19 y el estado vacunal. Resultados de una encuesta anónima entre médicos de atención primaria date = 2020-11-07 keywords = Covid-19 summary = Diferentes hipótesis han especulado sobre el efecto protector frente al Covid-19 que ejerce una inmunidad entrenada por diferentes vacunas, entre las que se incluyen la vacunación con el Bacilo de Calmette-Guerin (BCG) 1 , con las vacunas de la hepatitis A, la polio y con la triple vírica ( sarampión, parotiditis y rubéola) 2 . Con el objetivo de caracterizar mejor la relación entre el estado de vacunación y la gravedad del Covid-19, diseñamos un estudio descriptivo y observacional basado en una encuesta anónima cuya muestra poblacional incluyera a médicos de atención primaria que ejercieron en Madrid durante la primera ola de la pandemia. La encuesta incluyó preguntas sobre demografía, el estado de vacunación (triple vírica, BCG y de la hepatitis B como control), el tipo de exposición, el método de diagnóstico empleado en los contagiados y la gravedad de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. En nuestro estudio la mayoría de los médicos infectados por el SARS-CoV-2 vacunados con la triple vírica (67,92%) presentaron una sintomatología leve para Covid-19. doi = 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.10.007 id = cord-301240-18l9juk8 author = Löffler, Christian title = Two immunocompromised patients with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage as a complication of severe COVID-19 date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; DAH summary = Besides autoimmune diseases such as anti-neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis and anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) syndrome pulmonary viral infections are also known to be culprits of DAH. We present two cases of immunocompromised patients with rapidly developing hypoxemic respiratory failure and evidence of DAH in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We present two cases of immunocompromised patients with rapidly developing hypoxemic respiratory failure and evidence of DAH in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 2 presenting with an inflammatory disease with hypereosinophilia, renal and suspected myocardial involvement, DAH would generally be highly suspicious for vasculitis, especially for eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) 10 . Due to the atypical and initially non-severe presentation, the negative travel and contact history, and a low prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Germany at the time of the onset of symptoms in February 2020, COVID-19 was not suspected at the time of admission giving way to spreading the disease to patient no. doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.051 id = cord-327246-idmo5ds7 author = M, Montero-Baladía title = Etoposide treatment adjunctive to immunosuppressants for critically ill COVID-19 patients: Etoposide for severe COVID-19 patients date = 2020-06-21 keywords = COVID-19; Islas summary = Current evidence suggests that systemic hyperinflammation and immune dysregulation play a key role in the development of severe lung and multiorgan damage found in critically ill COVID-19 patients 2, 3, 4 . Patients eligible for etoposide treatment were older than 18 years, presented biochemical alterations suggestive of severe hyperinflammation (ferritin levels >1000 ng/ml and/or IL-6 values >50 pg/ml), ARDS (defined by PaO 2 /FiO 2 < 300) and were not under mechanical ventilation. These preliminary results on 11 patients confirmed the safety and efficacy of etoposide as adjunctive salvage treatment for critically ill COVID-19 ARDS patients, exhibiting systemic hyperinflammation and previously treated with corticosteroids and interleukin inhibitors. In this preliminary experience, salvage treatment with etoposide in adjunction to immunosuppressants resulted in overall favorable outcome of a small cohort of severely ill COVID-19 ARDS patients presenting with systemic hyperinflammation. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.006 id = cord-340051-r9kn34wd author = MEI, Xue title = Observations about Symptomatic and Asymptomatic infections of 494 patients with COVID-19 in Shanghai,China date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = (4) The number of days since the onset of the disease needed for the symptoms to disappear was associated with the epidemiological history (imported cases), the number of days until the pharyngeal swab nucleic acid test turned negative, the days of hospitalization, the days of onset, and the WBC and LYM count levels (P < 0.05). The discharged patient had to conform to the following conditions 6 : (1) The patient'' temperature returned to normal for more than three days; (2) respiratory symptoms improved significantly; lung imaging showed a significant improvement in acute exudative lesions; (3) the RT-PCR test of pharyngeal swab samples had two consecutive negative results (at least 24 hours apart), and we recorded the earliest date the nucleic acid test turned negative. The days until the symptoms disappeared in patients with COVID-19 were positively correlated with the history of epidemiology (imported cases),the days needed for the pharyngeal swab nucleic acid test to turn negative, and the days of hospitalization. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.221 id = cord-024349-f8hm9v9g author = MICKLITZ, Hans-W. title = The COVID-19 Threat: An Opportunity to Rethink the European Economic Constitution and European Private Law date = 2020-04-23 keywords = covid-19; european summary = 7 The COVID-19 threat has opened a window of opportunity for transgressing boundaries, for thinking the unthinkable: a fundamental revision of the European Economic Constitution and therewith European private law. There will be lessons to learn as to who will benefit from the crisis -Member State politics, national governments, multinationals, online business, transport of goodsand who will suffer: the EU as an institution, the European legal order based on the four freedoms and competition, national parliaments, small and medium-sized companies and non-essential economic sectors. The COVID-19 threat provides critical legal scholarship with a unique opportunity, despite all of the current and future uncertainties and speculations, to move far beyond the mainstream understanding of the economic constitution and private law. doi = 10.1017/err.2020.42 id = cord-265346-vygvs1x3 author = MOHAMED, N. A. title = EARLY VIRAL CLEARANCE AMONG COVID-19 PATIENTS WHEN GARGLING WITH POVIDONE-IODINE AND ESSENTIAL OILS: A PILOT CLINICAL TRIAL date = 2020-09-09 keywords = covid-19; pvp summary = Methodology: This pilot, open labeled, randomized, parallel study compared the effect of 30 seconds, 3 times/day gargling using 1% povidone-iodine (PVP-I), essential oils and tap water on SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance among COVID-19 patients in a tertiary hospital in Kuala Lumpur. There are studies that have been done reported on the effectiveness of gargling with various solutions as prevention or treatment of respiratory tract infection from as simple as water gargling to the use of povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, green tea and essential oil-based formula (Satomura et al. Therefore, we embarked on this preliminary study to look for the effect of gargling with PVP-I, essential oils, and tap water among COVID-19 patients on viral clearance. This 4-arms preliminary interventional study compared the effect of gargling with 1% PVP-I (Betadine®), essential oils (Listerine® Original) and tap water among Stage 1 COVID-19 patients. This preliminary study showed that regular gargling with 1% PVP-I and essential oils formula have the potential for achieving early SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance among stage 1 COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.07.20180448 id = cord-329542-srls2syv author = Ma, Alice title = Stroke and Thromboprophylaxis in the era of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; DVT summary = In the rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic, many patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke may be potentially infected with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS CoV-2) agent. In the critically ill, the PREVENT trial demonstrated no reduction in the incidence of proximal DVT from adjunctive use of IPC in patients already prescribed drug prophylaxis with unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin [27] . The choice of drug will largely depend on local guidelines or institutional preference, however altered pharmacokinetics in the critically ill should be considered in addition to the potential prothrombotic state generated by COVIDof fibrinogen and d-dimer, and introduced higher intensity thromboprophylaxis regimes and therapeutic anticoagulation in selected patients ( Anticoagulation considerations in COVID-19 patients who develop stroke A situation that warrants consideration is that of patients hospitalized because of COVID-19 infection who have had VTE prophylaxis initiated on admission, and subsequently developed a large vessel ischemic stroke, an occurrence with a reported frequency up to 4.5% [23] . doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105392 id = cord-334867-ohw0chbg author = Ma, Hui title = Hospital biosecurity capacitation: Analysis and recommendations from the prevention and control of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; hospital; treatment summary = Accordingly, the study put forward the following countermeasures and suggestions for hospitals to deal with future biosecurity events, such as a major epidemic: first, there is a need to build biosecurity management systems and emergency response mechanisms in hospitals; second, the investment and guarantee mechanisms for hospital biosecurity construction should be improved; third, the capacity building of biosecurity incident treatment needs attention in general hospitals; and fourth, comprehensive plans need to be developed for the integrated construction of medical treatment and prevention facilities through disease-control systems. With the large number of patients visiting hospitals, the poor information exchange among medical institutions, disease control institutions, and scientific research institutions caused doctors to have scant knowledge of the epidemiological characteristics, transmission patterns, and human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with the consequence of disappointing treatment results [9] . doi = 10.1016/j.jobb.2020.05.001 id = cord-298343-nvuc1j7t author = Ma, J. title = Exhaled breath is a significant source of SARS-CoV-2 emission date = 2020-06-02 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Here, 35 COVID-19 subjects were recruited; exhaled breath condensate (EBC), air samples and surface swabs were collected and analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). COVID-19 patients were shown to exhale SARS-CoV-2 into the air at an estimated rate of 103-105 RNA copies/min; while toilet and floor surfaces represented two important SARS-CoV-2 reservoirs. Surface swabs from the cell phone and hands of one patient(ITA-YL1) tested negative for the virus, but the SARS-CoV-2 was present on the toilet pit surface in that patient''s hotel room (Fig. 1C ). Although EBC samples from two patients (ITA-YW2 and UK-YJ1) were shown to 20 contain SARS-CoV-2, surface swabs from their cell phones, hands, and toilet surfaces were negative for the virus. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.31.20115154 doi: medRxiv preprint Out of 242 surface swab samples, 13 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 ( Fig. 3 and Table S4 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.31.20115154 id = cord-281283-h6yai7sx author = Ma, Jun title = Emergency response strategy for containing COVID-19 within a psychiatric specialty hospital in the epicenter of the COVID-19 epidemic in China date = 2020-08-04 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Because SARS-CoV-2 is highly infectious, and the general population is susceptible, it is difficult to effectively prevent the spread of COVID-19 based on the current instruments, medical staff, and management modes of mental health institutions. On February 13, the Wuhan epidemic prevention and control command instructed that an isolation ward should be established to treat patients with mental illnesses with confirmed or suspected of COVID-19 infection. During the outbreak, all impairmentspecific settings were replanned to allow for the most effective prevention and control of COVID-19, and the functions of the psychiatric wards were reallocated according to the following plan 9 : (1) a ward for confirmed COVID-19 patients: this ward is used for the treatment of COVID-19 patients, and the patients are classified and managed according to disease severity; secondary protections should be implemented. doi = 10.1038/s41398-020-00959-3 id = cord-322034-8wwqxkjl author = Ma, Ke title = From the perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine: treatment of mental disorders in COVID-19 survivors date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; Decoction; Lily; PTSD summary = In addition to this, on the basis of signs and symptoms, TCM were used on treat mental disorder as per suggested clinical and animal experimental data plus relevant records in classical Chinese medicine books written by Zhang Zhongiing during Han Dynasty. Therefore, due to the fear of disease, physical discomfort, drug side effects and social isolation, COVID-19 patients might be suffering from loneliness, anger, anxiety, depression, insomnia and PTSD in the period of treatment and isolation [20] . Ganmai Dazao Decoction was indicated for "Hysteria disease", whose symptoms were sadness, crying, mood disorders, and abnormal behavior, Decoction combined with Flupentixol and Melitracen Tablets in the treatment of menopausal depression and found that the total clinical effective rate of the combined group was significantly higher than that of the single group [51] . Research suggested that patients with PTSD of Yin deficiency of heart and lung Syndrome were suitable to be treated with Lily Bulb and Rehmannia Decoction. doi = 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110810 id = cord-284449-z7r4n0w7 author = Ma, L. title = Effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection upon male gonadal function: A single center-based study date = 2020-03-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = This study provides the first direct evidence about the influence of medical condition of COVID-19 on male sex hormones, alerting more attention to gonadal function evaluation among patients recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially the reproductive-aged men. In this study, we compared the sex-related hormones between reproductive-aged men with SARS-CoV-2 infection and age-matched healthy men, and found serum luteinizing hormone (LH) was significantly increased, but the ratio of testosterone (T) to LH and the ratio of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to LH were dramatically decreased in male with COVID-19. In this study, we compared the sex-related hormones between reproductive-aged men with SARS-CoV-2 infection and age-matched healthy men, and found serum luteinizing hormone (LH) was significantly increased, but the ratio of testosterone (T) to LH and the ratio of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to LH were dramatically decreased in male with COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.21.20037267 id = cord-219880-3wob432t author = Ma, Liantao title = CovidCare: Transferring Knowledge from Existing EMR to Emerging Epidemic for Interpretable Prognosis date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; EMR summary = Recently, many deep learning-based models have been developed to enable intelligent prognosis by analyzing electronic medical records (EMRs), including mortality prediction [24, 25] , disease diagnosis prediction [22] , and patient phenotype identification [1] . Therefore, for the prognosis of EIDs with limited data, such a research challenge remains: How to make full use of the existing EMR data to learn the robust health status representation, when tackling tasks with different clinical feature sets? In this paper, we propose a novel healthcare predictive approach, CovidCare, based on transfer learning from existing EMR data (i.e., source dataset) to the new dataset (i.e., target dataset) with knowledge distillation. • We propose a transfer-learning-based medical feature embedding approach, CovidCare, to perform clinical prediction for EIDs with limited data .Multi-channel architecture is developed to improve the compatibility across source and target datasets with different feature sets. doi = nan id = cord-280394-v2pwvst7 author = Ma, Lin-Lu title = Developments, Evolution, and Implications of National Diagnostic Criteria for COVID-19 in China date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; case summary = Therefore, we aim to share our experience with the rest of the world based on an analysis of the evolving changes in the diagnostic criteria incorporated in the different versions of China''s national guidelines for COVID-19. In the first edition, three types were described: observed case, confirmed case, and critical case; however, from the second edition onwards, the term "observed case" has been changed to "suspected case, " and the criteria for "severe case" has been added. However, this item was deleted from the second edition onwards, but "a history of contact with patients with fever or respiratory symptoms from Wuhan city within the last 14 days before symptom onset, or with a cluster of confirmed cases" was added. Hence, in the fifth edition of the guideline, suspected patients who had imaging features of pneumonia in Hubei Province were considered as clinically diagnosed cases, and then given standardized treatment. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00242 id = cord-310027-846vp7ii author = Ma, Lin-Lu title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 Related Clinical Studies: A Cross-Sectional Analysis date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; clinical; study summary = METHODS: We did an electronic search of COVID-19 related clinical studies registered between December 1, 2019 and February 21, 2020 (updated to May 28, 2020) from the ClinicalTrials.gov, and collected registration information, study details, recruitment status, characteristics of the subjects, and relevant information about the trial implementation process. We extracted the following information from registered studies: registration number, registration date, registration title, primary sponsor, funding source, study type, study phase, study objectives, study design, length of the study, intervention, countries of recruitment and research settings, recruiting status, allocation, sample size, participant age, gender, masking, the time and method of sharing individual participant data (IPD), data management committee. Among the 943 interventional studies, 416 studies (44.1%) explored the effectiveness and/or safety of drugs commonly used in preventing and treating COVID-19, such as hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), chloroquine (CQ), immunotherapy (including stem cell therapy, monoclonal antibody, immunoregulation), lopinavir/ritonavir, glucocorticoids, interferon, targeted therapy (Baricitinib, Ruxolitinib, Imatinib), favipiravir, and Remdesivir. doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.540187 id = cord-029106-gkck1u4y author = Ma, Lina title = COVID-19 Prevention: Use of Self-Reported Tools to Screen Frail Older Adults date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-029106-gkck1u4y title: COVID-19 Prevention: Use of Self-Reported Tools to Screen Frail Older Adults cord_uid: gkck1u4y frailty tools to predict worse outcomes in both community and emergency settings (5, 6) , should be used to identify frailty among older adults. The mortality of COVID-19 is also correlated with its health-care burden. Therefore, preventive measures should be taken to reduce the risk of death due to this disease, e.g., early detection of frail older adults at risk of COVID-19. These measures are essential for protecting the frail older adults and mitigating the severity of patient outcomes. Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease Frailty in elderly people A simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle aged African Americans Novel frailty screening questionnaire (FSQ) predicts 8-year mortality in older adults in China doi = 10.1007/s12603-020-1446-9 id = cord-322009-0cwljo0c author = Ma, Ling title = Coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Pathogens date = 2020-08-26 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = Although the number of confirmed global cases of COVID-19 now exceeds 16 million, as of July 29, and several retrospective observational studies have noted that coinfection with other respiratory pathogens is relatively common, [1] [2] [3] [4] the clinical features of coinfection and its impact on patient outcomes, is yet to be clarified. All these patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, adenovirus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, using sputum or nasopharyngeal swab specimens collected in the interval between the onset of symptoms, and up to seven days after their hospital admission. Routine laboratory tests, including tests for SARS-CoV-2 and other common respiratory viral and atypical bacterial pathogens, routine blood investigations, coagulation studies, organ function tests and inflammatory biomarkers, such as c-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT), were taken at the time of patient presentation, while the serum interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels were obtained on the 2nd day of admission. doi = 10.2147/idr.s267238 id = cord-272715-33c85eaa author = Ma, R. C. W. title = COVID‐19 and diabetes date = 2020-04-03 keywords = ACE2; covid-19 summary = Whether people with diabetes have a higher susceptibility to COVID-19 is currently unknown, but there is a perception that the risk is higher both of infection and severe disease. It is currently unknown why people with diabetes, hypertension or other chronic diseases are more severely affected by COVID-19, but one possible explanation involves angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In a similar manner to the coronavirus that caused Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV), the novel coronavirus responsible for COVID-19 utilizes ACE2 on the surfaces of epithelial cells to bind and gain entry to infected cells [4, 5] . A recent position statement from the European Society of Cardiology also strongly recommends that physicians and patients continue treatment with their usual anti-hypertensive treatment and that there is no clinical or scientific evidence to suggest that treatment with ACE inhibitors or ARBs should be discontinued because of the COVID-19 infection [9] . doi = 10.1111/dme.14300 id = cord-353321-56zhxd6e author = Ma, Shujuan title = Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries date = 2020-03-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This study aimed to obtain robust estimates of the incubation period, upper limit of latent period (interval between exposure of infector and infectee), serial interval, time point of exposure and basic reproduction number (R0) of COVID-19. This study aimed to obtain robust estimates of the incubation period, upper limit of latent period (interval between infector''s exposure and infectee''s exposure), serial interval, time point of exposure (the day of infectee''s exposure to infector relative to the latter''s symptom onset date) and basic reproduction number (R0) of COVID-19. Specifically, it was aimed to obtain robust estimates of the following epidemiological parameters of COVID-19: 1) incubation period, 2) the upper limit of latent period, as the exact latent period cannot be observed, 3) serial interval, 4) time point of exposure, referring to the day of infectee''s exposure to infector relative to the latter''s symptom onset date, and 5) R0. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.21.20040329 id = cord-310691-6danlh8h author = Ma, Simin title = Clinical Characteristics of Critically Ill Patients Co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the Influenza Virus in Wuhan, China date = 2020-05-26 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = title: Clinical Characteristics of Critically Ill Patients Co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the Influenza Virus in Wuhan, China Our results further confirmed that co-infection with the influenza virus may induce an earlier and more severe cytokine storm in critically ill COVID-19 patients, leading to serious complications such as shock, ARDS, fulminant myocarditis, acute kidney injure or multiple organ failure (Cao 2020; Ruan et al. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and the influenza virus among critically ill COVID-19 patients. Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and the influenza virus may lead to a much earlier occurrence of the cytokine storm and organ damage in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The submission of manuscript entitled "Clinical Characteristics of Critically Ill Patients Co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the Influenza Virus in Wuhan, China" to "International Journal of Infectious Diseases" for publication has been approved by all of the authors and by the institution where the work was carried out. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.068 id = cord-299141-vxvqs5kh author = Ma, Xiao-Peng title = Prevention program for the COVID-19 in a children’s digestive endoscopy center date = 2020-04-26 keywords = covid-19; endoscopy summary = Based on the above factors and in combination with related policies, regulations and norms [1, 10] , a prevention and control program for the COVID-19 pneumonia in a children''s digestive endoscopy center was established to prevent the COVID-19 nosocomial infection and provide guidelines for endoscopists [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . (5) On the day of examination, the staff should take the temperature of all children and their family members who enter the digestive endoscopy center. (2) The children and their families should provide their personal information truthfully, including any symptoms of fever, fatigue and cough, the result of total white blood cell count and lymphocyte count, the epidemiological history of novel coronavirus pneumonia, and radiographic imaging findings of the lungs. Children excluded from suspected novel coronavirus infection, in convalescence (released from quarantine for negative virus nucleic acid tests 2 or more times), or in full recovery from COVID-19 infection: (1) The indications for digestive endoscopy must be strictly followed; (2) Endoscopy should be performed in an isolated room. doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i8.1343 id = cord-264697-b3wd6gww author = Ma, Xiaoxu title = Characteristic of 523 COVID-19 in Henan Province and a Death Prediction Model date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19; Henan; Province summary = This study was conducted to delineate the clinical characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) of different degree and establish a death prediction model. In this multi-centered, retrospective, observational study, we enrolled 523 COVID-19 cases discharged before February 20, 2020 in Henan Province, China, compared clinical data, screened for high-risk fatal factors, built a death prediction model and validated the model in 429 mild cases, six fatal cases discharged after February 16, 2020 from Henan and 14 cases from Wuhan. In this study, we collected data of 523 discharged cases of novel coronavirus infection in Henan Province, China and compared the demographics, clinical characteristics, laboratory test, imaging between the mild, severe survivors and nonsurvivors. In considering age is among leading risk factors for poor prognosis in several studies (3, 6, 7, (9) (10) (11) , we firstly constructed models by using single age, which could achieve and AUC of 0.907 (95% CI 0.831-0.983) for death and alive severe COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00475 id = cord-305828-kueqo67y author = Ma, Yarong title = Psychological Stress among Health Care Professionals during the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease Outbreak: Cases from Online Consulting Customers date = 2020-06-28 keywords = covid-19; health summary = BACKGROUND: During the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, online consulting has been widely used to address mental health problems, including health care professionals (HCPs) caring for COVID-19 patients who experienced substantial psychological distress. AIM: To explore the severity of perceived stress and potential correlates among the HCPs seeking online mental health services during the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS: A descriptive study was conducted among 34 HCPs to assess levels of psychological distress using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) questionnaire. This study reports on HCPs who sought online psychological support from the staff of the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, and examines the severity of perceived stress and potential psychiatric correlates among HCPs seeking online mental health services during the COVID-19 outbreak. Despite the above limitations, this study found that health care professionals working in the ICUs or respiratory department experienced more psychological distress than the others during the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102905 id = cord-268426-sz9ftmxr author = Maalla M’jid, Najat title = Hidden scars: the impact of violence and the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s mental health date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = title: Hidden scars: the impact of violence and the COVID-19 pandemic on children''s mental health Despite commitments made by the international community to end violence against children and support their mental health, there has been a serious lack of investment and capacity to provide quality, rights-based, culturally appropriate mental health care globally. This article outlines how the risk of children experiencing violence has increased and how the pandemic has weakened the capacity of child protection and mental health services to respond. While the data we have so far are only indicative, the mitigation measures taken in response to COVID-19 have heightened the risk of children experiencing or being exposed to violence at home due to school closures, confinement measures, and added family stress related to job loss, isolation, and anxieties over health and finances [5] . The United Nations issued a joint Agenda for Action on Child Protection and COVID-19 to highlight the steps States need to take to ensure that children''s protection from violence is prioritized in the response to the pandemic [10] . doi = 10.1186/s13034-020-00340-8 id = cord-345065-5520ckdr author = Maalouf, Fadi T. title = Mental health research in response to the COVID-19, Ebola, and H1N1, outbreaks: a comparative bibliometric analysis date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; H1N1; mental summary = title: Mental health research in response to the COVID-19, Ebola, and H1N1, outbreaks: a comparative bibliometric analysis The objective of this study is to use bibliometric analyses to assess the mental health research output related to the COVID-19 pandemic and compare it to that of the West Africa Ebola and H1N1 outbreaks. A minority of documents reported funding, was the product of international collaboration, or was published by authors located in low-income countries during the three outbreaks in general, and the COVID-19 pandemic in particular. Our objective is to use bibliometric analyses to assess the mental health research output related to the COVID-19 pandemic and compare it to that of EVD and H1N1 outbreaks. Concerning research accessibility, the proportion of outbreak-related mental health documents published in Open Access format was 81% for COVID-19, 57% for Ebola, and 32% for H1N1. doi = 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.018 id = cord-263518-6puccigu author = Maarefvand, Masoomeh title = Coronavirus Outbreak and Stress in Iranians date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; China; Iran; stress summary = A 54-item, valid, and reliable questionnaire, including items on demographic characteristics and past medical history, stress levels, awareness about signs and symptoms of COVID-19, knowledge about at-risk groups and prevention methods, knowledge about transmission methods, trust in sources of information, and availability of facemasks and sanitizers, was deployed via social and mass media networks. The questionnaire included items about demographic characteristics and past medical history, stress levels, awareness about signs and symptoms of COVID-19, awareness about at-risk groups, knowledge about COVID-19 transmission methods, knowledge about effective COVID-19 prevention methods, awareness of the lack of a vaccine to prevent COVID-19, trust in information sources about COVID-19, and availability of facemasks and sanitizers. Demographic variables (including gender, age, employment, education, province, awareness of no approved vaccine for COVID-19, background disease), knowledge about transmission and prevention methods, awareness about signs and symptoms and at-risk groups, and trust in sources of information about COVID-19 were individually entered in the univariate models. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17124441 id = cord-308996-tf0v2ojk author = Maas, Angela HEM title = The Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak Highlights the Importance of Sex-sensitive Medicine date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has revealed important differences between the sexes in epidemiology, risk factors, clinical course, mortality and socioeconomic dimensions of the disease in all populations worldwide. The role of the TMPRSS2 protease in SARS-CoV-2 needs to be further investigated, but information on other diseases points towards sexspecific differences. 34 Sex differences in the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to the ACE2 receptor have been identified as an important contributor to the initiation and course of the disease. 27, 35, 36 Sex differences regarding potential protective effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in SARS-CoV-2 infections are as yet unknown. Sex-specific SARS-CoV-2 mortality: among hormone-modulated ACE2 expression, risk of venous thromboembolism and hypovitaminosis D The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality doi = 10.15420/ecr.2020.28 id = cord-338900-8ojah695 author = MacDonald, David S. MacDonald title = Guidelines for Oral and Maxillofacial Imaging: COVID-19 Considerations date = 2020-10-26 keywords = CBCT; CDC; COVID-19; DPR; patient summary = We aim to review the current knowledge of how the disease threatens patients and DHCPs and how to determine which patients are likely to be SARS-Cov-2 infected; consider how the use of personal protective equipment and infection control measures based on current best practices and science can reduce the risk of disease transmission during radiologic procedures; and examine how intraoral radiography, with its potentially greater risk of spreading the disease, might be replaced by extraoral radiographic techniques for certain diagnostic tasks. We aim to review the current knowledge of how the disease threatens patients and DHCPs and how to determine which patients are likely to be SARS-Cov-2 infected; consider how the use of personal protective equipment and infection control measures based on current best practices and science can reduce the risk of disease transmission during radiologic procedures; and examine how intraoral radiography, with its potentially greater risk of spreading the disease, might be replaced by extraoral radiographic techniques for certain diagnostic tasks. doi = 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.10.017 id = cord-309706-kikx05dj author = MacDonald, Scott title = Implementing a 2019 coronavirus disease airway management strategy for a provincial critical care and ground transport program date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = "The risk of respiratory failure requiring critical care support in patients infected with COVID-19 is significant." 1 Acute care provider teams in prehospital and hospital settings had to prepare for the arrival, management, and transfer of care of these patients. The Nova Scotia Health Authority "Airway Management Guidelines for Patients with Known or Suspected COVID-19 Infection" documents (three iterations) were shared, and EHS clinical leadership used the recommendations to guide prehospital airway pathways. The following time-sensitive issues needed addressing to ensure a safe and effective COVID-19 airway management strategy: Recommendations from the Nova Scotia Health Authority airway management document supported the use of an "indirect" Macintosh blade VL device and encouraged routine use of a bougie as a means of safely achieving a high first-pass intubation success rate. The EHS prehospital ground system additionally adjusted its airway management strategy for patients not requiring critical care transport or for whom Life-Flight cannot support promptly. doi = 10.1017/cem.2020.413 id = cord-267699-h7ftu3ax author = MacIntyre, C. Raina title = A RAPID SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE EFFICACY OF FACE MASKS AND RESPIRATORS AGAINST CORONAVIRUSES AND OTHER RESPIRATORY TRANSMISSIBLE VIRUSES FOR THE COMMUNITY, HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND SICK PATIENTS date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; mask; trial summary = title: A RAPID SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE EFFICACY OF FACE MASKS AND RESPIRATORS AGAINST CORONAVIRUSES AND OTHER RESPIRATORY TRANSMISSIBLE VIRUSES FOR THE COMMUNITY, HEALTHCARE WORKERS AND SICK PATIENTS METHODS: A systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials on use of respiratory protection by healthcare workers, sick patients and community members was conducted. A systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials on use of respiratory protection by healthcare workers, sick patients and community members was conducted. The aim of this study was to review the randomised controlled trials evidence for use of masks and respirators by the community, health care workers and sick patients for prevention of infection. (17) We conducted a randomised controlled trial comparing the targeted strategy tested in the two North American studies, with the wearing of respiratory protection during an entire shift, and showed efficacy for continual (but not targeted) use of a respirator (19) . doi = 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103629 id = cord-356131-3at94sle author = MacIntyre, Peter D. title = Language teachers'' coping strategies during the Covid-19 conversion to online teaching: Correlations with stress, wellbeing and negative emotions date = 2020-08-22 keywords = covid-19; strategy; stress; teacher summary = title: Language teachers'' coping strategies during the Covid-19 conversion to online teaching: Correlations with stress, wellbeing and negative emotions Response to the Covid-19 pandemic have created a long list of new stressors for teachers to deal with, including problems caused by the emergency conversion to online language teaching. Some of the ''normal'' (i.e., pre-pandemic) stressors that teachers in general (not just language teachers) suffer from include pressure inflicted by heavy workloads, time constraints, unbalanced work-life integration, limited autonomy, excessive administrative obligations, strained relationships with colleagues and school leaders, role conflict/ambiguity, managing innovation and change, emotional labor, dread over losing control of the class, fear of evaluation, and low professional self-esteem, among others (Mercer & Gregersen, 2020) . Quartile Groups J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f addition to stress reported above, teachers who are using the avoidant coping strategies more often are experiencing increased negative emotions, but that these emotions are not correlated significantly with use of approach coping strategies. doi = 10.1016/j.system.2020.102352 id = cord-035333-2duu1c9n author = MacLaren, Graeme title = What’s new in ECMO for COVID-19? date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COVID-19; ECMO summary = The first studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from China reported high mortality rates in patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) [1]. Eightythree (17%) of 492 intensive care patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) received ECMO and were ultimately assessed to have an estimated probability of 60-day mortality of 31% (95% CI 22-42). This report provided insights into the use of ECMO for COVID-19 in experienced centres, including those which had participated in the EOLIA trial, and had consistent protocols and standardized ARDS management practices in place prior to the pandemic. There is greater uncertainty about the role of ECMO in other populations with COVID-19, such as patients requiring mechanical circulatory support, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) [14] , or those with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. What is required now are data concerning long-term morbidity and mortality, and whether any practices-including prone positioning, optimal anticoagulation, early extubation and use of mechanical right ventricular support-during ECMO can improve these outcomes. doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-06284-z id = cord-278406-n5e3a09i author = Macauley, Precious title = CORTICOSTEROIDS IN THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE COVID-19 LUNG DISEASE: THE PULMONOLOGY PERSPECTIVE FROM THE FIRST UNITED STATES EPICENTER date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Reflecting on studies in ARDS, particularly that due to influenza, and on data from the SARS-CoV and MERS epidemics, many authorities, including within the discipline of infectious diseases, were initially passionate in their opposition to the use of corticosteroids for lung involvement in COVID-19. As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic first swept across the globe in the first quarter of 2020, the management of the associated clinical entity termed coronavirus disease 2019 became the subject of institutional recommendations (Massachusetts General Hospital, 2020), societal guidelines (Bhimarj et al, 2020), and position statements (Russell et al, 2020) . All too frequently, the features of lung involvement in severe COVID-19 have been conflated with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a clinically defined entity intended to correspond to the histological lung injury pattern known as diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.051 id = cord-338895-c2wzjbgb author = Machado, J. A. Tenreiro title = Rare and extreme events: the case of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; MDS summary = Two distinct approaches are considered, the description of the number of infected people across time by means of heuristic models fitting the real-world data, and the comparison of countries based on hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling. The computational and mathematical modeling lead to the emergence of patterns, highlighting similarities and differences between the countries, pointing toward the main characteristics of the complex dynamics. Therefore, in a first phase, we adopt a nonlinear least-squares technique to determine possible candidate heuristic models for describing the data regarding COVID-19 infections. The information is visualized using hierarchical clustering (HC) and multidimensional scaling (MDS) for comparing the COVID-19 evolution in the different countries. We adopt the Canberra distance to measure the dissimilarity between pairs (i, j) for the time and frequency domains: Real data Fitting model In a second phase, two metrics were used for comparing the countries data both in the time and frequency domains, and the HC and MDS techniques were adopted for clustering and visualization. doi = 10.1007/s11071-020-05680-w id = cord-291414-kyi8tfqd author = Machado, Renato Assis title = Social media and telemedicine for oral diagnosis and counselling in the COVID-19 era date = 2020-04-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = authors: Machado, Renato Assis; de Souza, Natália Lins; Oliveira, Rayane Maria; Martelli Júnior, Hercílio; Bonan, Paulo Rogério Ferreti title: Social media and telemedicine for oral diagnosis and counselling in the COVID-19 era Besides helping patients to control chronic diseases and to give an early diagnosis, the telemedicine can "forward triage" people with possible symptoms of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since no telemedicine program can be created suddenly, an alternative adopted by different patients is to use the instant messaging applications from social media. Similarly, such an alternative helps to rule out SARS-CoV-2 symptoms quickly and avoid long lines in hospitals and emergency care, which is really great to reduce the virus spreading. Rather than expected, all the recommendations regarding COVID-19 in-person care places, these programs enable us to refer only patients with oral lesions of greater severity and to high-risk patients to triage lines of COVID-19 and even allows patients to schedule a medical consultation by video. doi = 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104685 id = cord-336453-cbq0ui4p author = Machitori, Akihiro title = Computed tomography surveillance helps tracking COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-08-07 keywords = PCR; covid-19 summary = PURPOSE: To reveal that a computed tomography surveillance program (CT-surveillance) could demonstrate the epidemiologic features of COVID-19 infection and simultaneously investigate the type and frequency of CT findings using clinical CT data. Using an online questionnaire, we asked Japanese board-certified radiologists to register their patients'' information including patient age and sex, the CT examination date, the results of PCR test for COVID-19 infection, CT findings, and the postal code of the medical institution that performed the CT. We conducted the present study to reveal that CT-surveillance could demonstrate the epidemiologic features of COVID-19 infection as well as simultaneously investigate the type and frequency of characteristic imaging findings on CT by using clinical CT data. CT findings in CT surveillance might distinguish the group that is considered Fig. 2 The epidemic curve of the diurnal patient number in the CT surveillance (a) shows a distribution similar to that of the PCR surveillance (b). doi = 10.1007/s11604-020-01026-z id = cord-269164-jdgzx1ss author = Machluf, Yossy title = Gender medicine: Lessons from COVID-19 and other medical conditions for designing health policy date = 2020-09-06 keywords = CKD; COVID-19; China; difference; gender; health summary = Then, we highlight a few emerging and influential key themes (detailed below) that should be considered and integrated into a broader approach to gender medicine to inform evidence-based, gender-oriented health policy: (1) Incorporating diverse risk factors (ethnicity, socio-demographic variables, minorities, residence, education, lifestyle habits etc.), in addition to gender, in order to better characterize the needs of sub-populations and properly address their needs; (2) Investigating genderspecific medical profiles of related health conditions, rather than a single disease; (3) The dynamics of gender disparities across developmental stages; and (4) The different levels of analysis: Individual, communal, regional, national and global levels. doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i17.3645 id = cord-295709-9whgh5b3 author = Macias, J. title = Similar incidence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with rheumatic diseases with and without hydroxychloroquine therapy date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The cumulative incidence of COVID-19, confirmed or suspected, was compared between patients with and without hydroxychloroquine as part of their treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. If HCQ was effective as post-exposure prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2, a reduced incidence of COVID-19 could be expected in patients receiving treatment with this drug. Because of this, in this study we aimed to compare the incidence of COVID-19 in Spanish patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases treated with HCQ and without HCQ therapy, during seven weeks in the pandemic. During the seven-week study period, five (1.7% [95% CI: 0.5%-4.0%] cases of COVID-19 were registered among patients treated with HCQ and five (1.2% [0.4%-2.7%]) (p=0.523) in the group of subjects who were not receiving this drug. In fact, the incidence of COVID-19 among patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases on HCQ treatment was not significantly different of that observed in subjects not receiving HCQ. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.16.20104141 id = cord-300474-r5gms09p author = Mackey, Katherine title = Update Alert 2: Risks and Impact of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers on SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Adults date = 2020-07-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Update Alert 2: Risks and Impact of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers on SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Adults Results of 3 new meta-analysis (2-4) evaluating the association of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) use with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness severity are consistent with the findings that we reported in the original manuscript. Overall, inclusion of these 3 new meta-analyses and 5 new observational studies does not change the certainty of evidence rating we reported in the original manuscript for key question 2-high-certainty evidence that ACEI or ARB use is not associated with more severe COVID-19 disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers and ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors on virus infection, inflammatory status, and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and hypertension: a single-center retrospective study doi = 10.7326/l20-0969 id = cord-339459-z22a5yzo author = Mackey, Katherine title = Risks and Impact of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers on SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Adults: A Living Systematic Review date = 2020-05-15 keywords = ARB; COVID-19; SARS summary = PURPOSE: To evaluate, on an ongoing basis, whether use of ACEIs or ARBs either increases risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or is associated with worse COVID-19 disease outcomes, and to assess the efficacy of these medications for COVID-19 treatment. STUDY SELECTION: Observational studies and trials in adults that examined associations and effects of ACEIs or ARBs on risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease severity and mortality. Three studies (33, 36, 37) , which included a total of 8766 patients with COVID-19 and presented analyses adjusted for important confounding factors, had consistent results and provide moderate-certainty evidence that ACEIs or ARBs are not associated with a higher likelihood of positive SARS-CoV-2 test results among symptomatic patients ( Table 1) . Risks and Impact of ACEIs or ARBs in Adults With SARS-CoV-2 Infection REVIEW Annals.org Annals of Internal Medicine other U.S. study included patients with COVID-19 in the New York University health system and examined ICU admission, assisted ventilation, and death as outcomes (37) . doi = 10.7326/m20-1515 id = cord-305134-s7h6bpof author = Mackman, Nigel title = Coagulation Abnormalities and Thrombosis in Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pandemic Viruses date = 2020-07-13 keywords = H1N1; MERS; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = It is likely that multiple systems contribute to thrombosis in COVID-19 patients, such as activation of coagulation, platelet activation, hypofibrinolysis, endothelial cell dysfunction, inflammation, neutrophil extracellular traps, and complement. 60, 82 Taken together, these results indicate that most COVID-19 patients have an activated coagulation system that is associated with increased levels of d-dimer; however, it is unlike classic DIC since there is little change in PT and the thrombocytopenia is generally mild. [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] There is clear evidence for activation of different cell types, such as lung epithelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils, endothelial cells, and platelets, as well as different systems, such as coagulation, inflammation, and complement, in the lungs of COVID-19 patients (Figure) . We found that plasma levels of extracellular vesicle TF activity were increased in severe influenza virus patients and were associated with mortality. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects lung epithelial cells and endothelial cells (ECs), which leads to the recruitment of a variety of immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils. doi = 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314514 id = cord-294184-jte9xx5e author = Macleod, Jack title = Surgery during COVID-19 crisis conditions: can we protect our ethical integrity against the odds? date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; patient; risk summary = Careful consideration of ethical principles must guide production of local guidance ensuring consistent patient selection thus preserving equality as well as quality of clinical services. As a surgical department operating under COVID-19 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) crisis conditions, a multitude of ethical, practical and medical dilemmas are encountered. Coupling the unclear risk profile of COVID-19 with a lack of alternatives to provide the gold standard surgery, what is the ethical justification for performing a substitute procedure on this cohort of patients? hoW CAn We eThICAlly proVIde The TrAdITIonAl gold sTAndArd, or AlTernATIVe, operATIon To pATIenTs durIng The CoVId-19 CrIsIs? One such framework has formed the basis of healthcare ethics: initially proposed by Beauchamp and Childress in 1979, the four principles of patient care are beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy and justice. For those patients requiring acute treatment, an alternative to the conventional gold standard can be performed if its known inferiority is outweighed by the reduced risk of COVID-19-related complications. doi = 10.1136/medethics-2020-106446 id = cord-324092-ertcvh8x author = Madani, Azzeddine title = The Psychological Impact of Confinement Linked to the Coronavirus Epidemic COVID-19 in Algeria date = 2020-05-21 keywords = Algeria; COVID-19; psychological summary = Our study aims to study the psychological impact of total and partial containment applied in Algeria, on 23 March 2020, following the spread of the virus COVID-19 and also studied the habits and behaviors of the Algerian population during this new way of life and this through a cross-sectional survey launched after three days from the start of confinement to quickly assess the impacts over the period from 23 March to 12 April 2020, by an online questionnaire which allowed us to obtain 678 responses from Internet users, who live in confinement in Algeria. The results obtained show the impacts of confinement during the first total and partial confinement operations of the coronavirus epidemic COVID-19 in Algeria on certain habits of the daily life of citizens, where we note a high rate of hand washing during the day, since 51.77% of the study sample reported washing their hands up to 10 times a day, and 36.73% of the population washed their hands between 10 and 20 times a day. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17103604 id = cord-335316-x2t5h5gu author = Madariaga, M. L. L. title = Clinical predictors of donor antibody titer and correlation with recipient antibody response in a COVID-19 convalescent plasma clinical trial date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; antibody; plasma; rbd summary = This was a prospective open label clinical study to assess the feasibility, safety and immunological impact of delivering anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma to hospitalized patients aged 18 years or older with severe or life-threatening COVID-19 disease within 21 days from the onset of their illness. Univariate regression analysis for antibody titer (anti-RBD and anti-spike) was conducted against age, sex, body mass index (BMI), previous pregnancy, previous blood donation, blood type, symptoms (fever, cough, sore throat, dyspnea, abdominal pain, aguesia, anosmia, fatigue, myalgia, headache), co-morbidities (respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, diabetes, autoimmune disease, cancer, liver disease), smoking history, travel in the past 3 months to the United States, Asia or Europe, symptom duration, interval from symptoms resolution to plasma donation, and hospitalization. To determine predictors of anti-RBD and anti-spike antibody titer, we performed best subset multivariable analysis including age, sex, blood type, history of previous blood donation, fever, cough, fatigue, myalgia, symptom duration, hospitalization and travel in the United States within the past 3 months. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.21.20132944 id = cord-264295-7ojvhwb0 author = Maddaloni, Ernesto title = Cardiometabolic multimorbidity is associated with a worse Covid-19 prognosis than individual cardiometabolic risk factors: a multicentre retrospective study (CoViDiab II) date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COPD; covid-19; diabetes; patient summary = Data collected included: demographic information (age and sex); presence of diabetes (defined as at least one random blood glucose value > 200 mg/dl, or fasting blood glucose > 126 mg/dl, or HbA 1c > 6.5%, or self-reported history of diabetes with ongoing anti-diabetes therapy), type of diabetes (type 1, type 2, other); smoking habits (never, ex, current); prior history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery-bass graft or stroke), malignancy (any neoplasia diagnosed within the last five years or active neoplasia); presenting symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection (fever, cough, cold, conjunctivitis, chest pain, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea). Logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex were used to investigate associations of the primary and secondary outcomes with diabetes, and with other risk factors explored in the study, namely hypertension, dyslipidemia, COPD, heart failure, previous cardiovascular events, malignancy and smoking status (never vs. doi = 10.1186/s12933-020-01140-2 id = cord-026803-p1o4qc1h author = Maddury, Jyotsna title = Need of the Hour— COVID-19 for Cardiologists date = 2020-04-16 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = The most distressing pandemic at present is coronavirus disease 2019 , caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Initial studies showed low association of chronic cardiac diseases (10%) in COVID-19 patients along with the acute cardiac injury accounting to 23%. These reports with new information urge cardiologists to warn patients about the potential risk and encourage them to practice "additional, reasonable precautions" for those with underlying heart disease. As SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV have similar pathogenicity, myocardial injury caused due to SARS-CoV-2 infection may be immune mediated through the ACE2 receptor or cytokine storm and/or hypoxia due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As there is an increased risk of secondary infections with COVID-19, patients are advised to remain current with vaccinations, including the pneumococcal vaccine and influenza vaccine in accordance with current ACC/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1709950 id = cord-316743-q6gbxghx author = Madhu, S. V. title = Post COVID-19 diabetes care—lessons and challenges date = 2020-06-04 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Some of the issues and challenges that have emerged include the reported high incidence [1, 2] of COVID-19 infections among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), the greater severity, and higher rates of progression resulting in a higher number of ICU admissions [3] and higher mortality reported in them [1, 2] . As physicians involved in diabetes care, we need to advise our patients accordingly besides telling them to follow with greater intensity all the general measures to prevent exposure to COVID-19 infection. DPP4 inhibitors are another class of antidiabetic agents which are believed to have a potential to reduce the incidence and severity of complications associated with COVID-19 infections particularly in diabetic patients. Statins and ACE inhibitors are 2 groups of drugs very commonly prescribed to diabetic patients, and it is necessary to critically evaluate the current evidence regarding the benefit or risk associated with their continued use. doi = 10.1007/s13410-020-00831-6 id = cord-030378-f9hf9plf author = Madsen, Tracy E. title = Unique Risks and Solutions for Equitable Advancement during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Early Experience from Frontline Physicians in Academic Medicine date = 2020-07-20 keywords = covid-19; physician; woman summary = In addition, there are known issues with respirator and personal protective equipment (PPE) fit for women, which further increases the risk of infection.6 As we can only speculate regarding potential gender differences in either individual-or population-level infection rates for frontline physicians, future reports of Covid-19 infections and deaths among health care workers should be reported by job title (i.e., physicians, nurses, technicians), gender, race, and ethnicity. Despite new challenges in both the home and work environment, the role of academic physicians and their responsibilities in research, administration, and education remain, and the Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in the creation of countless new opportunities to contribute to the advancement of science and education. Whether one is caring for young children, aging parents, or partners, the combination of increasing clinical challenges with new caregiving responsibilities is creating major barriers for continued academic productivity including " reduced work hours and frequent interruptions. doi = 10.1056/cat.20.0268 id = cord-307804-s94mdu3h author = Mady, Ossama M. title = Increased incidence of otitis externa in covid-19 patients date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = RESULTS: Increased incidence of otitis externa in COVID-19 patients (18% of study group) and symptoms starting mainly between the 5th to 8th day of COVID-19 infection. The current study showed the relation between otitis externa and COVID-19 infection and compared otitis externa with other symptoms of COVID-19 as anosmia. Methods 257 cases who were confirmed positive for COVID-19, were examined otoscopic and endoscopic for otitis externa, onset of starting symptoms of otitis externa and its relation to days of infection with COVID-19 were documented and the prevalence of otitis externa with anosmia in the study group were estimated. Methods 257 cases who were confirmed positive for COVID-19, were examined otoscopic and endoscopic for otitis externa, onset of starting symptoms of otitis externa and its relation to days of infection with COVID-19 were documented and the prevalence of otitis externa with anosmia in the study group were estimated. doi = 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102672 id = cord-283918-h8awaxxw author = Maeker, Éric title = Annonce du diagnostic et accompagnement de fin de vie du COVID-19 en période de confinement au sein d’une unité gériatrique aiguë date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; des summary = À leur ouverture et pendant les premières semaines de fonctionnement, dans chacune des unités COVID, et même dans l''ensemble de l''établissement, les visites aux personnes hospitalisées sont totalement interdites. Parmi les interrogations, l''annonce de transfert dans l''unité, l''annonce diagnostique de COVID-19, le maintien du lien des personnes hospitalisées avec leur entourage et des relations thérapeutiques entre le corps soignant avec les proches se sont posés. Lorsque le point de départ de l''hospitalisation est le passage par les urgences, les praticiens de ce service s''appuient sur leur propre expertise, celle des gériatres et possiblement des médecins réanimateurs et de soins palliatifs, ainsi que de l''équipe mobile de gériatrie. Cette communion d''expertise est l''atout majeur mis en avant dans le partage des différentes étapes de la prise en charge et de la communication avec les personnes hospitalisées et leurs proches. doi = 10.1016/j.npg.2020.05.001 id = cord-286237-x6dr6rsh author = Maes, Bastiaan title = Treatment of severely ill COVID-19 patients with anti-interleukin drugs (COV-AID): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date = 2020-06-03 keywords = Anakinra; COVID-19; IL-1; IL-6; patient; study; subject summary = -mechanical ventilation > 24 h at randomization -clinical frailty scale above 3 -active bacterial or fungal infection -unlikely to survive beyond 48h -neutrophil count below 1500 cells/microliter -platelets below 50.000/microliter -Patients enrolled in another investigational drug study -patients on high dose systemic steroids (> 8 mg methylprednisolone or equivalent for more than 1 month) for COVID-19 unrelated disorder -patients on immunosuppressant or immunomodulatory drugs -patients on current anti-IL1 or anti-IL6 treatment -signs of active tuberculosis -serum transaminase levels >5 times upper limit of normal, unless there are clear signs of cytokine release syndrome defined by LDH >300 IU/L and ferritin >700 ng/ml -history of (non-iatrogenic) bowel perforation or diverticulitis -Pregnant or breastfeeding females (all female subjects deemed of childbearing potential by the investigator must have negative pregnancy test at screening) 5.2.1. doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-04453-5 id = cord-340942-oatf59k0 author = Magalhães, Jurandy Júnior Ferraz de title = Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the first 557 successive patients with COVID-19 in Pernambuco state, Northeast Brazil date = 2020-09-21 keywords = Brazil; SARS; covid-19 summary = METHODS: In this retrospective study, we describe the demographics, epidemiology and clinical features of the first 557 consecutive patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 living in Pernambuco state, Northeast Brazil. Here, we describe for the first time the clinical, epidemiological and demographic features of the first 557 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in Pernambuco state, Northeast Brazil, who were diagnosed between March 12 and April 22, 2020. Patient epidemiological information, demographic and clinical characteristics, including medical history, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, underlying co-morbidities, and date of disease onset were obtained from electronic medical records of the Pernambuco Central Public Health Laboratory (LACEN) and analyzed. Regarding the distribution of COVID-19 cases in the different household income ranges (Fig. 1B) , we found that SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred in neighborhoods with greater purchasing power. Here, we described for the first time the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the first 557 consecutive patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 in the state of Pernambuco between 12 March and April 22, 2020. doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101884 id = cord-238444-v9gfh3m1 author = Maghdid, Halgurd S. title = A Smartphone enabled Approach to Manage COVID-19 Lockdown and Economic Crisis date = 2020-04-25 keywords = COVID-19; contact; user summary = Further, authorities use case quarantine strategy and manual second/third contact-tracing to contain the COVID-19 disease. In this paper, we developed a smartphone-based approach to automatically and widely trace the contacts for confirmed COVID-19 cases. From a technical standpoint, we summarise the most important contributions of this paper as follows: 1) We build a tracking model based on positional information of registered users to conduct contact-tracing of confirmed COVID-19 cases. The best thing to do seems to be let people go out for their business, but any body tests positive of COVID-19, we would be able, through proposed framework, to trace everybody in contact with the confirmed case and managing the lockdown and mass quarantine. In this study, K-means as an unsupervised machine learning algorithm is used to cluster the users'' positions information and predict that the area should be locked down or not based on same empirical thresholds. doi = nan id = cord-269850-5pidolqb author = Maghdid, Halgurd S. title = A Smartphone Enabled Approach to Manage COVID-19 Lockdown and Economic Crisis date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; contact; user summary = 1. We build a tracking model based on positional information of registered users to conduct contact-tracing of confirmed COVID-19 cases. The best thing to do seems to be let people go out for their business, but any body tests positive of COVID-19, we would be able, through proposed framework, to trace Fig. 3 A framework of contact-tracing using smartphone-based approach everybody in contact with the confirmed case and managing the lockdown and mass quarantine. In this study, k-means as an unsupervised machine learning algorithm is used to cluster the users'' positions information and predict that the area should be locked down or not based on the same empirical thresholds. This Fig. 6 The results of the prediction model for both scenarios is followed by send back notifications from the server to the users to notify them for the crowded area and controlling the spreading the coronavirus COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s42979-020-00290-0 id = cord-239315-dk2lwsrx author = Magklaras, Georgios title = A review of information security aspects of the emerging COVID-19 contact tracing mobile phone applications date = 2020-05-31 keywords = Bluetooth; contact; covid-19 summary = This paper discusses the aspects of data reliability and user privacy for the emerging practice of mobile phone based contact tracing for the COVID-19 pandemic. Taking Norway as an example, a country with good tradition on respecting the privacy of its citizens and among the first to launch a COVID-19 contact tracing application, it is evident that no tender processes have been disclosed for awarding public funds to construct the application [53] , calls to open source the application in order to aid the review by security experts were denied [54] and that data that contain GPS, Bluetooth LE smartphone identifiers and health status were stored in private cloud vendors [55] with unclear status on whether the data can leave the Norwegian geographic border. doi = nan id = cord-303330-zh8wzza5 author = Magleby, Reed title = Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load on Risk of Intubation and Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; viral summary = In two studies of hospitalized patients in China, those with severe presentations of COVID-19 had higher viral loads than those with mild presentations, but the impact of SARS-CoV-2 viral load on the risk of intubation or death was not evaluated [10, 11] . We hypothesized that assessing SARS-CoV-2 viral load by analyzing Ct values from an initial NP swab sample could be a clinically valuable tool to identify patients at highest risk of intubation and death and provide insights into the pathogenesis of COVID-19. We therefore conducted this retrospective analysis of SARS-CoV-2 viral loads on admission, clinical presentations, and outcomes at two affiliated New York City hospitals using a high-throughput RT-PCR assay. In conclusion, we found that admission SARS-CoV-2 viral loads, as determined by Ct values that are generated with standard-of-care diagnostic assays, are independently associated with intubation and death among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa851 id = cord-318866-3arxrm8m author = Magnano, M. title = Psoriasis, COVID‐19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome: focusing on the risk of concomitant biological treatment date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The management of psoriatic patients under biologics during SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is of great concern, as well as the outcome of the COronaVirus DIsease (COVID-19) in this population. On a pool of 720 psoriatic patients followed by our 3 referral centers for severe psoriasis, we registered 9 swab-confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Table 1) . 1 , who concluded that, despite the cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities affecting psoriatic patients and also representing risk factors for severe COVID-19, patients seldom required hospitalization. 2 The appropriateness of withdrawing biologic therapies preventively in psoriatic patients is still debated and it is also unclear whether their use influences the course of COVID-19 or not. 4 The psoriatic population treated with biologic therapies is on average young 5 , since elderly patients with multiple comorbidities are usually excluded from systemic treatments. Although this case series is limited, we evidenced that ARDS can represent a complication also in patients under biologics. doi = 10.1111/dth.13706 id = cord-263753-p3evgngz author = Magoon, Rohan title = Dexmedetomidine in COVID-19: probing promises with prudence! date = 2020-10-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = While the peak DEX-doses >0.8 µg/kg/hr and daily cumulative DEX-doses >12.9 µg/kg/day have been described to be associated with an elevated withdrawal incidence [7] , lack of presentation of the contextual DEXdose administered in the COVID-19 patient featured in the Stockton and Kyle-Sidell case-report, captivates attention [1] . (iii) In addition, once on invasive mechanical ventilation, a precision approach to sedation in COVID-19 patients, as epitomized by Payen et al, appears to be prudent centralising the focus on inter-individual variability and synchronizing the level of ventilator support to the subsequent target of sedation, thereby directing the subsequent choice of sedative agents, including DEX [8, 9] . Dexmedetomidine and worsening hypoxemia in the setting of COVID-19: A case report Dexmedetomidine-Associated Hyperpyrexia in Three Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease Incidence of dexmedetomidine withdrawal in adult critically Ill patients: a pilot study Sedation for critically ill patients with COVID-19: Which specificities? doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.10.034 id = cord-345444-j2hgzrtm author = Magoon, Rohan title = Compounded research challenges amid the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; research summary = In addition to pragmatic guidelines dictating our research efforts backed by a meticulous peer-review, we researchers are also obligated to adhere to J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f the principles of scientific integrity aiming at the most accurate and objective representation of the study results, despite a condensed time frame in a pandemic situation [8, 9] . Identifying the potential sources of misinformation at the level of social media blogs, news reports and other mass media regulators, the scientific community needs to engage at these sources (in the form of commentaries, interviews, expedited reviews and joint author-journal posts, vetting the dissemination of information) to augment the resultant control on the derived narratives (alongside the preservation of veracity) and to execute every possible opportunity to curtail the dissemination of the infodemic monikers, which tend to accelerate misinformation in one or the other form [14, 15] . doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.09.002 id = cord-314889-lo3kkrfp author = Magrini, Stefano Maria title = Letter to the editor regarding “lack of supporting data make the risks of a clinical trial of radiation therapy as a treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia unacceptable” date = 2020-07-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Letter to the editor regarding "lack of supporting data make the risks of a clinical trial of radiation therapy as a treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia unacceptable" Many of us in the global radiation oncology community independently raised the possibility of using low doses of thoracic radiation therapy based upon historical data suggesting benefit in pneumonia and its ongoing use in the treatment of nonneoplastic disease [5] [6] . We agree with the authors that it is essential to conduct rigorous preclinical testing of low dose radiation therapy. With old but relevant clinical data and research suggesting anti-inflammatory effects of radiation at very low doses that may affect key inflammatory cells involved in the hyper-inflammatory host response to COVID-19 [9], we do not agree that preclinical studies are require for radiation therapy and should be treated differently than the other therapies being tested. doi = 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.06.034 id = cord-285806-363ivs67 author = Magro, Giuseppe title = SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: is interleukin-6 (IL-6) the ''culprit lesion'' of ARDS onset? What is there besides Tocilizumab? SGP130Fc date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; SARS; signal summary = In a humanized transgenic mouse MERS-CoV infection model, Remdesivir (a drug already being used against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with severe and moderate disease, GS-US-540-5773/4 Studies) showed more activity and efficacy in prophylactic and therapeutic use then the combination of Lopinavir/Ritonavir and Interferon beta 9 , this points towards the necessity to explore other options regarding immune system modulation and how control of viraemia is also essential. More evidence suggests that critically ill patients with severe respiratory failure and SARS-CoV-2 have either immune dysregulation or macrophage-activation syndrome, both of which are characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokines. This is another evidence of the pro-inflammatory role of the trans-signaling pathway and it could also be the explanation as to why some patients show a higher inflammatory response mediated by IL-6, similarly to what is happening with SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100029 id = cord-303100-ovrzcf84 author = Maguire, Donogh title = Prognostic factors in patients admitted to an urban teaching hospital with COVID-19 infection date = 2020-09-15 keywords = covid-19 summary = CONCLUSION: Age ≥ 70 years and severe systemic inflammation as measured by the peri-operative Glasgow Prognostic Score are independently associated with 30-day mortality among patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 infection. Age ≥ 70 years and severe systemic inflammation as measured by the peri-operative Glasgow Prognostic Score are independently associated with 30-day mortality among patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 infection. Keywords: COVID-19, Systemic inflammatory response (SIRS), C-reactive protein (CRP), Albumin, Peri-operative glasgow prognostic score (poGPS), Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), 30-day mortality, Host inflammatory response Age was grouped as less than 40 years, 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years and 80 years and older. Old age and severe systemic inflammation, as evidenced by the post-operative Glasgow Prognostic Score (poGPS), were independently associated with 30-day mortality in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1186/s12967-020-02524-4 id = cord-335539-jc97qxm9 author = Mahabee-Gittens, E. Melinda title = Letter to the Editor Regarding: “An Imperative Need for Research on the Role of Environmental Factors in Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)” —Secondhand and Thirdhand Smoke As Potential Sources of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Letter to the Editor Regarding: "An Imperative Need for Research on the Role of Environmental Factors in Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)" —Secondhand and Thirdhand Smoke As Potential Sources of COVID-19 Of paramount concern is transmission from asymptomatic but infected caregivers via secondhand aerosol (SHA) from e-cigarettes and secondhand smoke (SHS) from combustible tobacco products to the most vulnerable groupsindividuals who are older and individuals with comorbidities. Given that viral loads in aerosols may survive for hours and land on surfaces on which COVID-19 remains viable for days, 8 SHA and SHS may increase the reach and transmission of COVID-19 in smokers'' homes to older and younger household members. This is because after SHA and SHS dissipates, thirdhand aerosol (THA) and thirdhand smoke (THS) settles in dust and on surfaces. doi = 10.1021/acs.est.0c02041 id = cord-319804-i5oprni9 author = Mahajan, Ashutosh title = An Epidemic Model SIPHERD and its application for prediction of the spread of COVID-19 infection in India date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; India summary = In this paper, we employ a compartmental epidemic model SIPHERD for COVID-19 and predict the total number of confirmed, active and death cases, and daily new cases. A different compartmental model SEIR [9] predicts the dynamics of the transmission of the COVID-19 for certain countries, and the impact of quarantine of the infected persons are also studied in it. We employ an improved mathematical model SIPHERD [19] for the COVID-19 pandemic embedding the purely asymptomatic infected cases and the transmission of the disease from them. The model simulations bring out the efficacy of different ways for the containment, by predicting the total number of active and confirmed cases, total deaths, and daily new positive cases considering various social distancing/lockdown conditions and the number of tests done per day. An epidemic model sipherd and its application for prediction of the spread of covid-19 infection for india and usa doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110156 id = cord-297661-62s3bdeu author = Mahajan, Ruchi title = Eculizumab treatment for renal failure in a pediatric patient with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-26 keywords = AKI; COVID-19 summary = The incidence and etiology of acute kidney injury (AKI) amongst pediatric patients remains largely unknown. To our knowledge, we present the first pediatric case of COVID-19 and severe AKI due to TMA, treated with eculizumab. She was found to have elevated C5b9 level (1669 ng/L; normal < 244), and given high suspicion for complement-mediated TMA, she was treated with eculizumab 900 mg IV weekly × 3 doses. A case series from 5 patients in New York demonstrated a pattern of tissue damage consistent with complement-mediated microvascular injury in the lungs and skin [5] . Thus, we present this case as the first use of eculizumab for complement inhibition in pediatric complement-mediated AKI, associated with COVID-19 infection. Complement-mediated TMA should be considered as an etiology for AKI in COVID-19 patients. We present a case of complement cascade inhibition using eculizumab as a strategy for treating severe AKI in a pediatric patient. doi = 10.1007/s40620-020-00858-2 id = cord-336005-nm34bfsl author = Mahan, Keenan title = Abdominal pain in a patient with COVID-19 infection: A case of multiple thromboemboli date = 2020-05-26 keywords = covid-19 summary = Although there appears to be an increased incidence of thromboembolic disease in patients with COVID-19 infection, recommendations regarding anticoagulation are lacking. We present the case of a 61-year-old woman with clinically significant venous and arterial thromboemboli in the setting of COVID-19 infection requiring tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). In addition, there is no clear guidance as to whether anticoagulation should be initiated for emergency department (ED) patients with presumed COVID-19 and elevated D-dimer. The patient''s CXR demonstrated bilateral peripheral opacities consistent with COVID-19 infection ( Figure 1 ) and her D-dimer returned elevated at 8,264ng/mL. Based on the patient''s hypoxemia, persistent tachycardia, and marked D-dimer elevation, we ordered a CT pulmonary angiogram which revealed multiple filling defects in the thoracic and abdominal aorta representing thromboemboli as well as diffuse bilateral ground glass opacities in the lungs (Figure 2) . Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.054 id = cord-313659-jutdl9qu author = Mahdavinia, Mahboobeh title = Reply to Does asthma affect outcomes of patients with COVID-19 infections? date = 2020-09-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = Our results are in agreement with other papers that were published in the 28 following month showing that asthma does not decrease or increase hospitalization rate and length for 29 Additional studies showed that atopy might play an important role in the response to 30 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, as a chronic lung disease prone to viral-induced exacerbation, this might place those 42 with severe COVID-19 at risk for a longer duration of pulmonary inflammation.(2, 5) Furthermore, an 43 allergic background and differential expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 may dampen the strong 44 inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with allergic asthma patients, leading to the lack of 45 increased severity reported in patients with non-allergic asthma. Another important factor that needs to be considered and further investigated is the impact of racial differences on COVID-19 outcome in asthma patients. The studies that did not find any difference in 48 terms of COVID-19 severity or intubation time in asthma patients were done in predominantly non-49 doi = 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.09.020 id = cord-317589-03isjlif author = Mahdian, Soodeh title = Drug repurposing using computational methods to identify therapeutic options for COVID-19 date = 2020-05-30 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19 summary = For this purpose, five proteins of COVID-19 (3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), Papain-Like protease (PLpro), cleavage site, HR1 and RBD in Spike protein) were selected as target proteins for drug repositioning. One hundred and twenty-eight FDA-approved drugs with the most favorable free-binding energy were attached to the cleavage site and RBD in Spike protein. RESULTS: According to the results, glecaprevir, paritaprevir, simeprevir, ledipasvir, glycyrrhizic acid, TMC-310911, and hesperidin showed highly favorably free binding energies with all tested target proteins. According to previous evidence, the cleavage site in the S-protein and the conserved Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) is important role in the pathogenesis of virus. Virtual screening was then performed for the 18 selected drugs with ACE2 (major COVID_19 receptor), 3CLpro and PLpro (main enzymes in viral replication), HR1 (main domain in virus fusion with the host cell membrane) and TMPRSS2 (main enzyme in activating the viral spike glycoproteins). doi = 10.1007/s40200-020-00546-9 id = cord-345708-hlnjzunb author = Mahendran, Krishantini title = COVID‐19 and Postgraduate Dental Training—A commentary date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; NHS summary = DCTs were redeployed to a range of departments including community renal dialysis units, critical care units and inpatient COVID-19 wards. Within the dental hospital, DCTs supported senior staff members transform existing services through reviewing and adapting local policies, trialling new systems of working and creating local standard operating procedures. By F I G U R E 1 NHS dental training pathway engaging in these initiatives, trainees were able to contribute to a growing body of national recommendations on providing effective and safe dental care for patients in all settings across the country. Dental Specialty Training was not suspended in the same way as DCT. Those redeployed were able to engage with projects within other departments giving them insight into other research/quality improvement methods that could be brought back to dental specialties. Redeploying the clinical dental workforce to support the NHS clinical delivery plan for COVID-19 FAQ for dental specialty trainees during current Covid-19 situation doi = 10.1111/eje.12600 id = cord-275584-zeqax0il author = Mahil, S. K. title = Risk mitigating behaviours in people with inflammatory joint and skin disease during the COVID-19 pandemic differ by treatment type: a cross-sectional patient survey date = 2020-11-07 keywords = November; covid-19 summary = Objectives Registry data suggest that people with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) receiving targeted systemic therapies have fewer adverse COVID-19 outcomes compared to patients receiving no systemic treatments. Global clinician-reported registry data in rheumatic diseases, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease have further suggested a differential risk of severe COVID-19 associated with different treatment types. We focused on RMDs and psoriasis as representative IMIDs and used global self-report survey data to explore the notion that individuals receiving different types of treatment exhibit distinct risk mitigating behaviours in the pandemic. Self-reported data from 3,720 individuals with a primary diagnosis of RMD (851, 22.9%) or psoriasis (2869, 77.1%) were available from 74 countries (including UK (2,578, 69.4%), Portugal (200, 5.4%), USA (165, 4.5%)) (demographic/clinical/socio-economic descriptions, CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.05.20226662 id = cord-340204-3gm58qza author = Mahmoodpoor, Ata title = Management of Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: What We Learned and What We Do date = 2020-06-10 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Till our knowledge is improved, the most important intervention in the treatment of critically ill patients with COVID-19 seems to be the level of standard care and appropriate and early diagnosis and treatment. It seems that each center should have its protocol on the management of critically ill COVID-19 patients regarding prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Almost five percent of COVID-19 patients require intensive care medicine admission, and most of them are complicated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (1) . Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate management of critically ill patients with cytokine storm and prompt initiation of immunomodulatory treatment may be beneficial. proved, the most important intervention in the treatment of critically ill patients with COVID-19 seems to be the level of standard care and appropriate and early diagnosis and treatment. doi = 10.5812/aapm.104900 id = cord-348155-otcg3lgh author = Mahmoud-Elsayed, Hani M. title = Echocardiographic Findings in Covid-19 Pneumonia date = 2020-05-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = In this series of consecutive patients admitted to a busy quarternary referral center with a high burden of Covid-19, the major findings were of right ventricular (RV) dilatation associated with impaired radial but preserved longitudinal RV systolic function. A level 1 British Society of Echocardiography TTE assessed chamber size and function, valvular disease and likelihood of pulmonary hypertension. A level 1 British Society of Echocardiography TTE assessed chamber size and function, valvular disease and likelihood of pulmonary hypertension. The aim of this study was to characterize the transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) findings in consecutive patients admitted with proven Covid-19 pneumonia. In patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, RV dilatation and dysfunction is common and its presence is associated with a pro-thrombotic, inflammatory state reflected in elevated Ddimer and CRP levels. In conclusion, RV dilatation and dysfunction is common in patients with Covid-19 pneumonia and elevated HS Tn. In contrast, the LV is seldom impaired and more often hyperdynamic. doi = 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.05.030 id = cord-279428-5t2qi2on author = Mahmoudi, Morteza title = COVID-19 pandemic may fuel academic bullying date = 2020-06-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = Because the pandemic has exacerbated so many of the issues underlying abusive behaviors in general (e.g., psychological health, economic and social inequalities), one may expect to see a significant uptick in the incidence of academic bullying as well. The main focus of this perspective piece is to draw the attention of stakeholders to the potential facilitative influence of COVID-19 on bullying behaviors, which experience tells us will have long-lasting effects on scientific integrity, academic health, and sound medical decisions. Some sources of concern include i) monitoring/investigating abusive behaviors may not be a high priority during the pandemic for institutional authorities; ii) many former providers of institutional support to targets of abusive behaviors (including ombudsmen''s offices and grant agencies) have necessarily shifted their attention to COVID-19related issues; and iii) mounting pressure on lab leaders to maintain their scientific output (e.g., publishing papers and winning grants) even under current conditions. doi = 10.34172/bi.2020.17 id = cord-314657-mqoqhr33 author = Mahmud, Nadim title = Declining Cirrhosis Hospitalizations in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Cohort Study date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; covid summary = To address these gaps, we used national data in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), a single integrated system of care and the largest single US provider of liver-related care, to: (1) investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the volume of national cirrhosis hospitalizations, and (2) identify salient changes in hospitalization-level characteristics. Linear regression limited to 2020 was then used to investigate effects of SIP orders, and number of incident COVID-19 cases and deaths on cirrhosis hospitalizations, adjusted for linear time trends in pre-and during-COVID periods. To investigate changes in patient and hospital-level characteristics during the pandemic, we defined three 2020 subgroup eras: pre-COVID (before February 29 th ), early-COVID (February 29 th to March 25 th ), and late-COVID (March 26 th to April 15 th ). We also identified important changes in hospitalizationlevel characteristics in the late-COVID era, including significant declines in academic center hospitalizations, decreased LOS, fewer hospital transfers, increased admission MELD, and more frequent discharge to home rather than facilities. doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.005 id = cord-291595-8241pjpe author = Mahmudpour, Mehdi title = COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation date = 2020-05-30 keywords = ACE2; Ang; COVID-19; SARS summary = The virus-mediated down-regulation of ACE2 causes a burst of inflammatory cytokine release through dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (ACE/angiotensin II/AT1R axis), attenuation of Mas receptor (ACE2/MasR axis), increased activation of [des-Arg9]-bradykinin (ACE2/bradykinin B1R/DABK axis), and activation of the complement system including C5a and C5b-9 components. Because Ang-(1-7) exerts a critical role in counteracting the pro-inflammatory effect of RAAS, protecting from endothelial cell activation and resulting lung damage from inflammatory mediators in the cytokine storm, the administration of Ang-(1-7) or one of its similar agents to patients with COVID-19 pneumonitis has been suggested [35, 66] . We suggested ACE2/Bradykinin/DABK may be involved in the inflammatory response of SARS CoV-2; therefore, blockade of this axis by inhibiting BKB1R may ameliorate a part of the cytokine storm which occurs in COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151 id = cord-272573-wxqly479 author = Maia Chagas, Andre title = Leveraging open hardware to alleviate the burden of COVID-19 on global health systems date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; FOSH; RNA; SARS; open summary = Here, we summarise community-driven approaches based on Free and Open Source scientific and medical Hardware (FOSH) as well as personal protective equipment (PPE) currently being developed and deployed to support the global response for COVID-19 prevention, patient treatment and diagnostics. Community and commercial open source efforts in diagnostic technology to date have focused on four areas: i) open platforms for scaling reactions as exemplified by Opentrons ( Fig 3A) [28] , an open source lab automation platform that has been working with BP Genomics and the Open Medicine Institute to automate up to 2,400 tests per day and achieve US FDA EUA approval and is now automating COVID-19 testing at the Biomedical Diagnostic Center (CBD) of Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; ii) trying to fill gaps where less attention is being paid by clinical diagnostics companies, such as Chia Bio''s Open qPCR (Fig 3B) environmental test kit for surveillance via surface swabs [111] ; iii) distributed reproduction of rapidly-published, lab-scale protocols, seen within the OpenCOVID initiative hosted by Just One Giant Lab [39] which involves many community labs worldwide; iv) initiatives such as the Open Enzyme Collection [93] , Free Genes [94] and Biomaker Challenge [112] which are investigating new approaches to foundational technologies such as reagents and instrumentation, with a view to building capacity and resources or global science and medicine to face a future pandemic. doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000730 id = cord-311155-8cvj4wdp author = Maideen, Naina Mohamed Pakkir title = Prophetic Medicine-Nigella Sativa (Black cumin seeds) – Potential herb for COVID-19? date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; Nigella; sativa summary = In this review, the potential of Nigella sativa (black cumin seeds) to treat the patients with COVID-19 analyzed, as it has shown to possess antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, immunomodulatory, bronchodilatory, antihistaminic, antitussive, antipyretic and analgesic activities. sativa oil capsules (500 mg) twice daily, has shown improvement in number of inflamed joints, incidence of morning stiffness, and disease activity score [39] and a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 42 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) where the participants of intervention group received 2 capsules of N. Various randomized controlled trials, pilot studies, case reports and in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that N.sativa has antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, bronchodilatory, antihistaminic, antitussive activities related to causative oraganism and signs and symptoms of COVID-19. Various randomized controlled trials, pilot studies, case reports and in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that N.sativa has antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, bronchodilatory, antihistaminic, antitussive activities related to causative oraganism and signs and symptoms of COVID-19. doi = 10.3831/kpi.2020.23.010 id = cord-314109-wb45naw2 author = Maiese, Kenneth title = The Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR): Novel Considerations as an Antiviral Treatment date = 2020-06-17 keywords = AMPK; COVID-19; SARS; mTOR summary = One such avenue that may prove to be exceedingly fruitful and offer exciting potential as new antiviral therapy involves the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its associated pathways of mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2), and AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK). Recent work has shown that mTOR pathways in conjunction with AMPK may offer valuable targets to control cell injury, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the onset of hyperinflammation, a significant disability associated with COVID-19. Considering that one of the mechanisms that can lead to severe disability and death during infection with SARS-CoV-2 is an exaggerated activation of the host''s immune system that results in systemic hyperinflammation with the elevation of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines, it is interesting to note that mTOR pathways have been tied to immune system modulation [40, 54, 55] . • The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its associated pathways with mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2), and AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) offer new avenues of opportunity for the development of innovative antiviral treatment strategies. doi = 10.2174/1567202617666200425205122 id = cord-294360-1oymweb0 author = Mair, Frances S title = Multimorbidity and the COVID-19 pandemic – An urgent call to action date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 5 While much public health advice provides substantial information about the increased COVID-19 risks posed by individual LTCs such as cancer or cardiovascular disease there is a glaring absence of information about multimorbidity. Public health resources, such as those from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA), do not highlight the higher risks of COVID-19 for people with multimorbidity, despite the evidence highlighted here. Such organisations are a vital and trusted source of information and support for patients, carers, and the public and provide ample advice and information about the risks of COVID-19 to individuals with specific LTCs. In contrast, those with 1 Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK multimorbidity remain largely forgotten and disadvantaged through the scarcity of organisations that advocate specifically for those with multiple LTCs and via the absence of information tailored to their complex needs. doi = 10.1177/2235042x20961676 id = cord-339075-32jj4fyz author = Majeed, Azeem title = The primary care response to COVID-19 in England''s National Health Service date = 2020-06-17 keywords = NHS; covid-19 summary = 1 As the patient''s first point of contact is with the health system, these changes have had a dramatic effect on primary care, including England''s National Health Service (NHS). 2 Although private (paid for directly by the patient) primary care services have increased in recent years, the vast majority of England''s population remain registered with an NHS general practice, which is their sole or main provider of primary care. To help cope with the demand for advice from patients with symptoms of suspected COVID-19 infection, primary care teams were supported by the NHS 111 service. This has led to the closure of some hubs and also of home visiting services, with responsibility for managing patients with suspected COVID-19 infection being passed back to general practices. 11 Several general practitioners have now died from COVID-19 infection in England and this has further exacerbated concerns about personal protective equipment in primary care. doi = 10.1177/0141076820931452 id = cord-319868-rtt9i7wu author = Majeed, Taban title = Issues associated with deploying CNN transfer learning to detect COVID-19 from chest X-rays date = 2020-10-06 keywords = CNN; covid-19; ray summary = In recent months, much research came out addressing the problem of COVID-19 detection in chest X-rays using deep learning approaches in general, and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in particular [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . [3] built a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) based on ResNet50, InceptionV3 and Inception-ResNetV2 models for the classification of COVID-19 Chest X-ray images to normal and COVID-19 classes. [9] , authors use CT images to predict COVID-19 cases where they deployed Inception transfer-learning model to establish an accuracy of 89.5% with specificity of 88.0% and sensitivity of 87.0%. Wang and Wong [2] investigated a dataset that they called COVIDx and a neural network architecture called COVID-Net designed for the detection of COVID-19 cases from an open source chest X-ray radiography images. The deep learning architectures that we used for the purpose of COVID19 detection from X-ray images are AlexNet, VGG16, VGG19, ResNet18, ResNet50, ResNet101, Goog-leNet, InceptionV3, SqueezeNet, Inception-ReseNet-v2, Xception and DenseNet201. doi = 10.1007/s13246-020-00934-8 id = cord-298600-cnolne6k author = Majeed, Talal title = The Role of the Computed Tomography (CT) Thorax in the Diagnosis of COVID-19 for Patients Presenting with Acute Surgical Emergencies. A Single Institute Experience date = 2020-10-20 keywords = PCR; covid-19 summary = Our aim was to determine the diagnostic accuracy in terms of sensitivity and specificity of CT chest in diagnosing and confirming COVID-19 infection in patients presenting with acute surgical and medical pathologies. Patients admitted for acute surgical emergencies were treated according to RCS guidelines and subjected to RT-PCR test and/or CT scan of the thorax. Patients admitted for acute surgical emergencies were treated according to RCS guidelines and subjected to RT-PCR test and/or CT scan of the thorax. CT imaging was found to have a high false positive rate making it an unreliable tool for a definitive diagnosis in the presence of concomitant respiratory pathologies, but with a strong negative predictive value at 82.4% makes it a useful tool for the exclusion of COVID-19 infection and can be helpful in surgical decision making for asymptomatic patients (Table 1 ).In our study, more than 70% of all acute surgical presentations which are normally treated surgically were treated conservatively with good outcome. doi = 10.1007/s12262-020-02626-9 id = cord-337818-mhmc3ts8 author = Majek, O. title = Modelling the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in the Czech Republic and the role of government interventions date = 2020-09-11 keywords = Czech; covid-19 summary = A series of early measures was adopted over the following weeks in accordance with the Public Health Protection Act and the Act on the Security of the Czech Republic (Table 1) , leading to rather favourable results after the first wave of epidemic (87 cases and 3 deaths per 100,000 population at the end of May, compared to 269 cases and 32 deaths per 100,000 population in the entire EU/EEA and UK). [3] A simple epidemiological model was developed at the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic to help decision-makers understand the course of the epidemics including an estimation of the effective reproduction number, [4] and to facilitate short-term predictions. In line with the general testing policy applicable in the Czech Republic in the respective time period, testing was assumed only in symptomatic is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint doi = 10.1101/2020.09.10.20192070 id = cord-344217-kci4uw7u author = Majid, Sabhiya title = Managing the COVID-19 Pandemic: Research Strategies Based on the Evolutionary and Molecular Characteristics of Coronaviruses date = 2020-08-25 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; MERS; SARS; coronavirus summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an ongoing global health emergency, is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronaviruses (CoVs) have emerged as a major public health concern having caused three zoonotic outbreaks; severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV) in 2002–2003, Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV) in 2012, and currently this devastating COVID-19. Beta coronaviruses are a subgroup of the coronavirus family, large enveloped positive-sense singlestranded RNA (+ssRNA) viruses able to infect a wide variety of mammals and avian species, causing mainly respiratory or enteric diseases [2] . The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been named COVID-19, a highly transmittable and pathogenic respiratory infection, which has become a public health emergency of international concern as no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine is available-though few broad spectrum antiviral drugs and drug combinations in clinical trials have resulted in clinical recovery [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00457-z id = cord-292539-i10k2ld4 author = Majidi, Hadi title = High-resolution computed tomography finding in 552 patients with symptomatic COVID-19: first report from north of Iran date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on COVID-19 patients referred to Medical Imaging Centers of Sari, Mazandaran, Iran, on March 2020 for computed tomography (CT) scan. CONCLUSION: In summary, the present study indicated that in addition to GGO, peripheral distribution findings could be a vital diagnostic choice in COVID-19 patients. The most common presented findings in patients were ground glass opacity (482 cases, 87.3%), peripheral distribution (455 Fig. 2 ). The meta-analysis conducted on the present study and other studies presented the peripheral distribution with 79% prevalence as the most common CT finding in these patients ( Table 3) . Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: a single center''s observational study Relation between chest CT findings and clinical conditions of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia: a multicenter study doi = 10.1007/s10140-020-01819-9 id = cord-343759-me0n2k3f author = Majiya, H. title = Seroprevalence of COVID-19 in Niger State date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; Niger; State summary = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic is ongoing, and to know how far the virus has spread in Niger State, Nigeria, a pilot study was carried out to determine the COVID-19 seroprevalence, patterns, dynamics, and risk factors in the state. COVID-19 IgG and IgM Rapid Test Kits (Colloidal gold immunochromatography lateral flow system) were used to determine the presence or absence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in the blood of sampled participants across Niger State as from 26th June 2020 to 30th June 2020. Antigen-Antibody based kits unlike other methods can detect previous exposure to the infectious agents (WHO, 2020a; 2020b; 2020c; Xiao et al., 2020 )-this information is very important especially in COVID-19 with assumed high rate of asymptomatic cases in order to see how far the virus has spread and infection patterns, effectiveness of social distancing measures enforced and determination of herd immunity to the disease to know the extent of vaccination to do when COVID-19 vaccines become available. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.04.20168112 id = cord-271840-cw2xy1m6 author = Majmundar, Neil title = Incidence, Pathophysiology, and Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Acute Ischemic Stroke date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 4 reported 5 patients positive for COVID-19 in a New York City hospital system who presented with strokes secondary to largevessel occlusions (LVOs) over a 2-week period despite very few or no risk factors for stroke. Due to the high rates of nosocomial transmission as well as the potential for overwhelming hospital resources, stroke centers across the world implemented new protocols for the triaging of patients with stroke, particularly those with LVOs requiring MT. 8 A recent study from a single center in New Jersey, one of the most heavily COVID-impacted states in the country, corroborated the decrease in overall stroke volume but also found a greater proportion of patients with stroke presenting with LVOs during the COVID-19 period. Although the overall incidence of AIS in COVID-19 is not clear, there is emerging evidence that the rate of LVOs is increased in patients with COVID-19 who may not have the typical stroke risk factors. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.07.158 id = cord-348039-kl1a0au3 author = Majowicz, S. E. title = What might the future bring? COVID-19 planning considerations for faculty and universities date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; Canada; e.g. summary = This paper applies a scenario planning approach, to outline some current uncertainties related to COVID-19 and what they might mean for plausible futures for which we should prepare, and to identify factors that we as individual faculty members and university institutions should be considering now, when planning for the future under COVID-19. The PHAC report was underpinned by two planning methodologies: scenario planning [4] , which aims to describe the range of plausible futures so that decisions and plans can be robust in the face of uncertainty; and a modified Political, Economic, Social, Technological (PEST) analysis [5] , a framework for identifying macro-level factors in the wider environment that can impact organisations'' abilities to function. This paper applies a similar approach, in order to: (a) outline some current uncertainties related to COVID-19, and what they might mean for plausible futures for which we should prepare; and (b) list factors that we as individual faculty members and university institutions should be considering now, when planning for the future under COVID-19. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820000898 id = cord-264449-p3tgjuj4 author = Majumdar, PK title = Orthopaedic Surgery in Times of COVID-19 in India date = 2020-07-17 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = The fear of asymptomatic carriers in patients and colleagues should not weigh on the decision to operate but should be evaluated by the urgency of the procedure; existing and anticipated COVID-19 cases in the hospital and region; availability of PPE, beds and staff; and finally, age and health of the patient. In one of Indonesian public hospitals, Orthopaedic surgeons are only allowed to perform surgeries on emergency, malignancy, and infection cases, whereas elective surgeries shall be postponed indefinitely. To lessen the number of visits, some Orthopaedic surgeons extend the length of post-operative joint replacement stay of their patients up to 10-14 days to receive the multidisciplinary care, including rehabilitation and wound care. Evidence of COVID-19 transmission from asymptomatic individuals 1 brings challenges to orthopaedic practice in terms of nosocomial transmission, isolation and cohorting requirements and increased post operative complications in undetected individuals. Pre-and post-operative screening in limited-term elective cancer surgery patients during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.5704/moj.2007.005 id = cord-347684-qzswojwp author = Majumder, Ranabir title = Screening of plant-based natural compounds as a potential COVID-19 main protease inhibitor: an in silico docking and molecular dynamics simulation approach date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19; Inhibitor summary = title: Screening of plant-based natural compounds as a potential COVID-19 main protease inhibitor: an in silico docking and molecular dynamics simulation approach Plant-based natural compounds from Sigma-Aldrich plant profiler chemical library have been screened through virtual molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation to identify potential inhibitors of COVID M(pro). Our virtual molecular docking results have shown that there are twenty-eight natural compounds with a greater binding affinity toward the COVID-19 M(pro) inhibition site as compared to the co-crystal native ligand Inhibitor N3 (-7.9 kcal/mol). Performing virtual molecular docking, we found that Rutin from garlic (Allium sativum) possesses a higher binding affinity than native co-crystal ligand inhibitor N3 toward COVID-19 main protease. Our virtual molecular docking score suggests that the top twenty-eight compounds (Table 1 ) have a higher amount of binding affinity toward inhibition site of COVID-19 M pro as compared to the native co-crystal ligand: Inhibitor N3. doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1817787 id = cord-278649-ge9ike2c author = Makaronidis, Janine title = Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in people with an acute loss in their sense of smell and/or taste in a community-based population in London, UK: An observational cohort study date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; smell summary = title: Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in people with an acute loss in their sense of smell and/or taste in a community-based population in London, UK: An observational cohort study The study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a community-based population with acute loss of smell and/or taste and to compare the frequency of COVID-19 associated symptoms in participants with and without SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. • Recruited participants completed online questionnaires regarding demographics, their loss of smell and/or taste, and other COVID-19 symptoms, before they had a telemedicine consultation with a healthcare professional who confirmed the history of their symptoms and supervised a test to find out if they had SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In this community-based cohort study, undertaken during the peak of the COVID-19 outbreak in London, the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in participants with new onset loss of sense of smell and/or taste, was 77.6%. doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003358 id = cord-325235-uupiv7wh author = Makris, A. title = COVID-19 detection from chest X-Ray images using Deep Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks date = 2020-05-24 keywords = CNN; VGG16; covid-19 summary = In this research work the effectiveness of several state-of-the-art pre-trained convolutional neural networks was evaluated regarding the automatic detection of COVID-19 disease from chest X-Ray images. A collection of 336 X-Ray scans in total from patients with COVID-19 disease, bacterial pneumonia and normal incidents is processed and utilized to train and test the CNNs. Due to the limited available data related to COVID-19, the transfer learning strategy is employed. The proposed CNN is based on pre-trained transfer models (ResNet50, InceptionV3 and Inception-ResNetV2), in order to obtain high prediction accuracy from a small sample of X-ray images. Abbas et al [22] presented a novel CNN architecture based on transfer learning and class decomposition in order to improve the performance of pre-trained models on the classification of X-ray images. 22.20110817 doi: medRxiv preprint In this research work the effectiveness of several state-of-the-art pre-trained convolutional neural networks was evaluated regarding the detection of COVID-19 disease from chest X-Ray images. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.22.20110817 id = cord-327003-2z0ftel0 author = Makurumidze, Richard title = Coronavirus-19 Disease (COVID-19): A case series of early suspects reported and the implications towards the response to the pandemic in Zimbabwe date = 2020-04-13 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Coronavirus-19 Disease (COVID-19): A case series of early suspects reported and the implications towards the response to the pandemic in Zimbabwe Official reports of suspect cases were used to appraise the general screening, case management, and preparedness of the country towards the COVID-19 pandemic. The country might not be screening optimally, considering the number of COVID-19 tests conducted to date and suspected cases who missed testing. The studies conducted to date have shown African countries to be at risk of getting the new 21 coronavirus disease , mainly due to their close link with China 1 . Despite the 22 associated high risk, the number of reported cases has been rising slower than anticipated 23 considering their weak health and emergency preparedness and response systems 2 . According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) report on 27 COVID-19 on the 15 th of March 2020, 365 cases were confirmed in 25 African countries. doi = 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.04.002 id = cord-323538-9dlr6kqh author = Malard, Florent title = COVID-19 outcomes in patients with hematologic disease date = 2020-05-06 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = To date, very few data are available on COVID-19 outcomes in patients with hematologic diseases. Here we describe the demographic characteristics, coexisting conditions, imaging findings, and outcomes among patients with hematologic disease and COVID-19 infection. We included all consecutive adult patients with a hematologic disease admitted to the Hematology Department (inpatient and outpatient admissions) of the Saint-Antoine-Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France, with laboratoryconfirmed COVID-19 infection between March 9 and April 4, 2020 and with at least 10 days of follow-up. As of April 16, 2020, with a median follow-up since symptom onset of 29 days (range, 14-40), 13 of the 18 patients (52%) developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [9] and 6 received mechanical ventilation ( Supplementary Fig. 1) . This study highlighted the following observations: patients with a hematologic malignancy harbored a higher risk of developing a severe form of COVID-19 with ARDS, requiring mechanical ventilation, compared to those in the general French population without an underlying medical condition [1] . doi = 10.1038/s41409-020-0931-4 id = cord-332081-j13krdft author = Maldonado, María title = Incidencia y resultados de la COVID-19 en una unidad de diálisis domiciliaria en Madrid (España) durante el pico de la pandemia date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = (5) Pese a las medidas globales y el confinamiento, a 25 de mayo de 2020, la incidencia de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) siguió en aumento, con 5,304,772 casos confirmados por laboratorio y más de 342,029 muertes en todo el mundo, según la La infección por SARS-CoV-2 afectaba de forma más frecuente a los ancianos con comorbilidades (6) y la mayoría de los estudios se han centrado en poblaciones con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, hipertensión u obesidad (5) . El objetivo del estudio es describir la incidencia de la COVID-19 en una Unidad de Diálisis Domiciliaria (UDD) en Madrid, una de las áreas más afectadas de Europa, y evaluar la evolución en este grupo de pacientes comparándolo con nuestros pacientes en hemodiálisis en centro. En conclusión, la incidencia de la infección por COVID-19 en nuestra unidad de diálisis domiciliaria en Madrid durante el pico de la pandemia fue alta, principalmente en pacientes en DP. doi = 10.1016/j.nefro.2020.09.002 id = cord-346281-sma6e891 author = Maldonado, Valente title = Repositioning of pentoxifylline as an immunomodulator and regulator of the renin-angiotensin system in the treatment of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-09 keywords = Ang; COVID-19; PTX; SARS summary = Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels, which in turn activate protein kinase, leading to a reduction in the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines to ultimately influence the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in vitro by inhibiting angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1R) expression. The rheological, anti-inflammatory, and renin-angiotensin axis properties of PTX highlight this drug as a therapeutic treatment alternative for patients with COVID-19 by helping reduce the production of the inflammatory cytokines without deleterious effects on the immune system to delay viral clearance. 5 Overall, the rheological, anti-inflammatory, and renin-angiotensin axis properties of PTX highlight this drug as a therapeutic treatment alternative for patients with COVID-19, which can help reduce the production of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-17 and increase the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109988 id = cord-344003-oul2hdyq author = Maleki Dana, Parisa title = An Insight into the Sex Differences in COVID-19 Patients: What are the Possible Causes? date = 2020-06-18 keywords = ACE2; SARS; covid-19 summary = Moreover, it is observed that men have a higher risk of developing a severe form of the disease compared to women, highlighting the importance of disaggregated data of male and female COVID-19 patients. ACE2: angiotensin converting enzyme-2 ADAM-17: ADAM metallopeptidase domain-17 AR: androgen receptor CCL: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand cFT: calculated free testosterone CRP: C-reactive protein CXCL: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand E2: estradiol ESR: estrogen receptor ICU: intensive care unit IL: interleukin mACE2: myocardial angiotensin converting enzyme-2 NHBE: normal human bronchial epithelial RICU: respiratory intensive care unit sACE2: soluble angiotensin converting enzyme-2 SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS-CoV: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus TMPRSS2: transmembrane serine protease-2 TT: total testosterone with the virus will die in comparison with men (1.7%/2.8%). Studies of COVID-19 patients have shown that men have a higher risk of developing to the severe form of the disease compared to women. doi = 10.1017/s1049023x20000837 id = cord-176636-wzuhnfwp author = Malhotra, Aakarsh title = Multi-Task Driven Explainable Diagnosis of COVID-19 using Chest X-ray Images date = 2020-08-03 keywords = covid-19; non summary = authors: Malhotra, Aakarsh; Mittal, Surbhi; Majumdar, Puspita; Chhabra, Saheb; Thakral, Kartik; Vatsa, Mayank; Singh, Richa; Chaudhury, Santanu; Pudrod, Ashwin; Agrawal, Anjali Fig. 1 shows samples of chest x-ray images with different lung abnormalities including COVID-19. In this research, we propose a deep learning network termed as COVID-19 Multi-Task Network (CMTNet), which learns the abnormalities present in the chest x-ray images to differ-entiate between a COVID-19 affected lung and a Non-COVID affected lung. The proposed CMTNet simultaneously processes the input X-ray for semantic lung segmentation, disease localization, and healthy/unhealthy classification. 1) Develop COVID-19 Multi-Task Network (CMTNet) for classification and segmentation of the lung and disease 1 regions. 5) Creating and publicly releasing manual annotations for lung semantic segmentation for healthy, unhealthy, and COVID-19 affected X-ray images. The four tasks of CMTNet are (i) lung localization, (ii) disease localization, (iii) healthy/unhealthy classification and (iv) multi-label classification for COVID-19 prediction. doi = nan id = cord-259331-hi6gyp52 author = Malhotra, Ajay title = COVID-19 Initial Impact on Radiology Practices: Survey from ACR/RBMA date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; practice summary = Conclusions Radiology practices across different settings experienced substantial declines in imaging volumes and collections during the initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020. Table 2 summarizes the responses regarding the expected speed and extent of recovery in imaging volumes, possible short-term surge due to postponed elective imaging, and adverse impact on practices. Respondents expecting a short-term surge due to postponed elective imaging was 58.3% for imaging centers, 56.0% for hospital-based organizations, 51.6% for mixed practices, and 63.7% for others/breast centers. [8] Recently, COVID-19 associated declines in imaging volumes were described for a single large health system in New York, the area hit hardest by the initial wave of COVID-19 cases, as well as a large University Hospital in Northern California.[1; 2] The survey shows similar results with estimated percentage decline from baseline in imaging volumes being greatest for imaging centers (63.7%), with smaller declines from hospital-based, mixed and other practices (56-58%). doi = 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.07.028 id = cord-312172-bkygtdeo author = Malhotra, Atul title = ACE2, Metformin, and COVID-19 date = 2020-07-31 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19 summary = Metformin is a widely available anti-diabetic agent that has an excellent safety profile, and clinical and preclinical data suggest metformin may offer cardiopulmonary protection in COVID-19 via enhanced ACE2 expression. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-1 was found to decrease ACE2 expression after binding, and low levels of ACE2 have been implicated in various cardiovascular impairments and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (Reddy et al., 2019) . Here, we discuss the rationale for metformin as a safe and currently available therapy that is known to increase ACE2 and may offer cardiopulmonary benefit in patients suffering from COVID-19. Beyond the potential cardiovascular benefits, several studies have suggested metformin may provide pulmonary protection following SARS-CoV-2 infection. If our hypothesis is supported by these studies, it would provide a strong foundation for rational investigations, including clinical trials, focused on metformin as a safe and immediately available treatment for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Effect of preadmission metformin use on clinical outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome among critically ill patients with diabetes doi = 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101425 id = cord-349836-m9b65l75 author = Malhotra, C. title = Anxiety and perceived risk during COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-07-24 keywords = anxiety; covid-19 summary = Results from path analysis showed that younger participants, those with chronic conditions, those living with children and low perceived trust in government response to COVID-19 had a significantly higher anxiety mediated by their perceived risk of dying upon getting COVID-19. Results from our final model (Figure 1 ) showed that those with -more chronic conditions, living with children and a lower perceived trust in government response to COVID-19 had significantly higher anxiety, which was mediated by their perceived risk of dying upon getting COVID-19. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.20161315 doi: medRxiv preprint outcomes due to COVID-19 to the general public to help people clearly understand their risks and steps they can take to minimize this risk. In conclusion, we find high anxiety among younger adults, those with chronic conditions, living with children and with low trust in the government response to control the outbreak. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.24.20161315 id = cord-311682-npi03i7q author = Malicki, J title = Impact of COVID-19 on the performance of a radiation oncology department at a major comprehensive cancer centre in Poland during the first ten weeks of the epidemic date = 2020-08-16 keywords = COVID-19; Poland; patient summary = Aim. The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of precautionary measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of a radiation oncology departments and on mitigation the risk of COVID-19 contagion between and among patients and staff. Just over half of the radiotherapy patients (53.5%) treated at the GPCC reside in the city of Poznan or in one of the ten surrounding counties where COVID19 incidence was low and reached at the end of the study period cumulative number of cases n = 204. The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of precautionary measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of a radiation oncology departments in given cancer centre in Poland. This observational study was performed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic-specifically, the precautionary measures implemented at our centre (Greater Poland Cancer Centre; GPCC)-on the clinical practice of radiation oncology at our centre. doi = 10.1016/j.rpor.2020.08.001 id = cord-350325-vu8v9epr author = Malih, Narges title = Unexpected Presentation of COVID-19 in a 38-Year-Old Male Patient: A Case Report date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = We presently report the case of COVID-19 in a 38-year-old male who had come to the primary health care clinic of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, which specializes in the COVID-19 epidemic. The physical findings were maculopapular rash over his trunk, inguinal regions, and left arm, erythema of larynx with an aphthous lesion on left tonsil, he did not have a fever, and respiratory distress symptoms. We report a case of COVID-19 infection in Iran with pharyngeal swabs tested positive by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR Diagnostic Panel assay who had a maculopapular rash and aphthous lesion on the tonsil. A 38-year-old male, who had come to the primary health care clinic of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, which is specialized in the COVID-19 epidemic, with a chief complaint of a rash on the third day of his illness. Another study in Italy reported skin manifestation of COVID-19 patients in 16 out of 22 confirmed cases. doi = 10.1159/000509994 id = cord-323794-p3zjxo1h author = Malik, A. A. title = Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in the U.S. date = 2020-05-24 keywords = U.S.; covid-19; vaccine summary = As COVID-19 vaccines are under development, public health officials and policymakers need to create strategic vaccine-acceptance messaging to effectively control the pandemic and prevent thousands of additional deaths. Methods: Using an online platform, we surveyed the U.S. adult population in May 2020 to understand risk perceptions about the COVID-19 pandemic, acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine, and trust in sources of information. The purpose of our study is to describe the current vaccine acceptance landscape with aims to 1) predict COVID-19 vaccine acceptance using regularly available demographic information, 2) identify the most vulnerable populations, and 3) provide information for public health officials and politicians to develop messaging for all Americans, while targeting communities most in need. The best model to predict COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in our survey using demographic information that is readily available had age, gender, race, and education as explanatory variables with an area under the curve (AUC) of 72% (table 2; figure 4 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.22.20110700 id = cord-291581-oyhzot4z author = Malik, Fazila-Tun-Nesa title = Clinical Presentation, Management and In-Hospital Outcome of Healthcare Personnel With COVID-19 Disease date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19; HCP summary = HCP employed in this hospital who experienced fever or respiratory symptoms or came in close contact with COVID-19 patients at home or their workplace were included in this study. Protective measures against SARS-CoV-2 are of particular importance for HCP in direct contact with patients suffering from COVID-19 in the ambulatory as well as hospital setting. The apparent higher rate of infection among HCP may be due to lack of awareness among staff, insufficient protective measures, social gatherings outside the workplace, or contact with known patients with COVID-19 in the community. The aim of this study was to evaluate demographic and clinical characteristics, management, and in-hospital outcome of COVID-19 among HCP with self-reported fever or respiratory symptoms in a tertiary cardiac care hospital. From April 29 to July 20, 2020, HCP with self-reported fever or respiratory symptoms or close contact with the patient at home or at the workplace in the last 10 days were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.7759/cureus.10004 id = cord-035314-afngpddq author = Malik, Is-haq O title = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Induced Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis date = 2020-10-11 keywords = COVID-19; FSGS summary = We, therefore, present a patient with COVID-19 who developed acute renal failure caused by biopsy-proven collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Results of the renal biopsy performed ultimately revealed a pattern of collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), in the setting of COVID-19 infection. Acute renal failure in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is associated with higher morbidity, mortality, need for renal replacement therapy and worse overall outcomes. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is one of the leading causes of high-grade proteinuria with endstage renal disease (ESRD). [12] performed kidney biopsies on 17 patients with COVID 19 infection, of which 29% had collapsing FSGS as the primary diagnosis for acute kidney injury. In conclusion, collapsing FSGS is an under-recognized cause for renal failure associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. There should be a low threshold to suspect collapsing FSGS in patients with high-grade proteinuria, acute kidney injury, African descent and nephrotic syndrome in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.7759/cureus.10898 id = cord-266916-flskltdf author = Malik, Jahanzeb title = Paying in Blood: A Case of Thrombocytopenia in Covid-19 date = 2020-08-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Infection with COVID-19 typically presents with fever and upper respiratory symptoms like cough and dyspnea. A small proportion of mildly symptomatic patients present with atypical symptoms like diarrhea, thrombocytopenia, or bleeding tendencies [4] . We present a case of COVID-19, diagnosed with an isolated thrombocytopenia. Such studies state that decreasing trend of platelets confer a grave prognosis of COVID-19 infection and lead to a severe disease [8] . There is only one case report published recently on idiopathic COVID-19 associated thrombocytopenia [11] . Our patient was also mildly symptomatic and after ruling out all major causes of decreased platelets, it was postulated to be associated with the virus. Mechanism of thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 patients Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: A meta-analysis Thrombocytopenia is independently associated with poor outcome in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 Isolated severe thrombocytopenia in a patient with COVID-19: a case report doi = 10.7759/cureus.9791 id = cord-285223-07o9irev author = Malik, Usman Rashid title = Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Healthcare Professionals on COVID-19 and Risk Assessment to Prevent the Epidemic Spread: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study from Punjab, Pakistan date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; Pakistan; Punjab summary = title: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Healthcare Professionals on COVID-19 and Risk Assessment to Prevent the Epidemic Spread: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study from Punjab, Pakistan A 39-itemed questionnaire based on the World Health Organization (WHO)COVID-19 risk assessment tool was shared with healthcare professionals in three purposively selected key divisions of Punjab province. Avoiding cross-infection from patients along with effective care delivery can be achieved if the healthcare professionals, including physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and other medical staff, have sufficient knowledge, a positive attitude, and better practices about COVID-19. A recent study reported the deficiencies in the awareness and preparedness of medical professionals regarding COVID-19 in Pakistan and demonstrated that frontline health workers were not well-prepared to prevent and control the infection [14] . A cross-sectional study to examine the knowledge, attitude, practices, and risk assessment of HCPs regarding coronavirus and its associated disease (COVID-19) was conducted. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17176395 id = cord-293481-bmfj50fb author = Malin, Jakob J. title = Remdesivir against COVID-19 and Other Viral Diseases date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; EBOV; MERS; RNA; SARS; remdesivir summary = Remdesivir or GS-5734 is a prodrug of a nucleoside analog with direct antiviral activity against several single-stranded RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Recently, preliminary data from a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial showed that remdesivir reduces the time to recovery in patients with COVID-19 (5) , leading to an emergency-use authorization (EUA) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) only 2 days after the first press release from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (6) . There were strong arguments for the antiviral effect of remdesivir against coronaviruses emerging from multiple cell-based in vitro models, including primary human airway epithelial (HAE) cell cultures (25) , and, for MERS-CoV, from a mouse model of pulmonary infection (28) . After the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in January 2020, remdesivir was rapidly tested in a Vero E6 cell-based model that made use of direct viral quantification by rtPCR along with the antimalaria and immune-modulating drug chloroquine and known antivirals such as ribavirin and penciclovir. doi = 10.1128/cmr.00162-20 id = cord-341814-poqni6ma author = Malin, Jakob J. title = DGI recommendations for COVID-19 pharmacotherapy date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = There are no clinical data on combination therapy with remdesivir and dexamethasone available CI confidence interval a Current evidence supporting the use of remdesivir in patients with mild or moderate COVID-19 (no oxygen therapy required) [1] is insufficient b Off-label-use based upon preliminary results from the RECOVERY trial [2] c Reduced 28-day-mortality by one-fifth in patients that require oxygen therapy (in this study oxygen saturation 92-94% on room air) without invasive ventilation [23.3% vs. 26.2%; rate ratio (RR) 0.82 (95% CI 0.72-0.94)] [2] d The clinical benefit of dexamethasone demonstrated in the RECOVERY trial was plainest in patients being treated after 7 days from symptom onset [2] e Conditional European authorization for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (≥ 12 years, weighing ≥ 40 kg) that require oxygen support and have an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) > 30 ml/min [3] ; When applied, close monitoring of biochemical markers for organ toxicity (in particular hepatotoxicity) is mandatory. doi = 10.1007/s15010-020-01519-z id = cord-333162-gwmvsoru author = Malki, Zohair title = Association between Weather Data and COVID-19 Pandemic Predicting Mortality Rate: Machine Learning Approaches date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; spread summary = title: Association between Weather Data and COVID-19 Pandemic Predicting Mortality Rate: Machine Learning Approaches In this work, various regressor machine learning models are proposed to extract the relationship between different factors and the spreading rate of COVID-19. The machine learning algorithms employed in this work estimate the impact of weather variables such as temperature and humidity on the transmission of COVID-19 by extracting the relationship between the number of confirmed cases and the weather variables on certain regions. Thus, from this result, we can conclude that temperature and humidity are important features for predicting COVID-19 mortality rate. For Italy, regions 33 with a temperature higher than 15 degrees Celsius and 34 75% humidity have less spread of COVID-19 cases. Temperature and latitude 554 analysis to predict potential spread and seasonality for COVID-555 19 Temperature, population and longitu-571 dinal analysis to predict potential spread for COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110137 id = cord-270866-olc5r2yx author = Mallet, Jasmina title = Addictions in the COVID-19 era: Current evidence, future perspectives a comprehensive review date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = RESULTS: Overall, pathophysiological data showed an increased risk of infections for individuals with Substance Use Disorders (SUD) and a possible protective role of nicotine. An electronic search was conducted in Medline (PubMed interface), using the MESH (Medical Subject Headings) search terms ("coronavirus 2019" OR "COVID-19" OR "2019-nCoV" OR "SARS-CoV-2") AND "substance use" OR "SUD" OR "tobacco smoking" OR "cigarette "OR "smoking" OR "nicotine" / "alcohol" / "cannabis" OR "THC" /"opiates" OR "opioid"; between 2019 and the present time (i.e., June 4, 2020), with language restriction (English or French). Heavy alcohol use (assessed several years before) was not associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection or COVID-19 related hospitalization (OR=1.12 (0.93-1.35)). Finally, as all past economic crises were associated with increased long-term alcohol-related problems (especially for men and low socio-economic strata) (de Goeij et al., 2015) , we might expect important effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the next decade. Prevalence, Severity and Mortality associated with COPD and Smoking in patients with COVID-19: A Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110070 id = cord-299465-c7ki3061 author = Mallow, P. J. title = When Second Best Might be the Best: Using Hospitalization Data to Monitor the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic date = 2020-05-18 keywords = Ohio; covid-19 summary = The novel coronavirus'' high rate of asymptomatic transmission combined with a lack of testing kits call for a different approach to monitor its spread and severity. A proposed threshold of a declining 7-day moving average over a 14-day period, "7&14" was set to communicate when a wave of the novel coronavirus may have passed. However, given the sample bias reflected in prioritized testing and asymptomatic transmission, we propose that COVID-19 hospitalizations combined with a capacity measure offer the best approach to measuring trends in COVID-19 infections. However they do not A 7-day moving average was calculated by adding the number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients over each seven-day window and dividing by the time period. The number COVID-19 occupied hospital beds is shown from January 7 to May 11, 2020 with the 7-day moving average. The number daily COVID-19 hospitalizations are shown from January 7 to May 11, 2020 with the 7-day moving average. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.11.20098475 id = cord-346329-xwbtftju author = Mallow, Peter J. title = When Second Best Might Be the Best: Using Hospitalization Data to Monitor the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; Ohio summary = The novel coronavirus'' high rate of asymptomatic transmission combined with a lack of testing kits call for a different approach to monitor its spread and severity. The prioritization of limited COVID-19 tests based on CDC guidance emphasized healthcare workers first and those suspectible to the disease second, potentially increasing the spread of the novel coronavirus among those most at risk (18) . The combination of widespread community transmission and lack of testing kits prevented us from having a clear understanding of the novel coronavirus spread, including those most at risk for requiring intensive care. In the absence of wide spread testing prior to or at the initial onset of the epidemic, hospitalizations and hospital utilization become the second-best indicator to monitor the severity and progression of the novel coronavirus. Our threshold of a declining 7-day moving average over a 14-day period, "7&14, " provided a conservative threshold for informing public policy decisions, such as access to healthcare services, regarding the novel coronavirus pandemic. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00348 id = cord-291624-fod0eyuj author = Malone, Robert W. title = COVID-19: Famotidine, Histamine, Mast Cells, and Mechanisms date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cell; famotidine; histamine; patient summary = We propose that the principal famotidine mechanism of action for COVID-19 involves on-target histamine receptor H (2) activity, and that development of clinical COVID-19 involves dysfunctional mast cell activation and histamine release. Patients with COVID-19 disease can present with a range of mild to severe non-speci c clinical signs and symptoms which develop two to fourteen days after exposure to SARS-CoV-2. The most likely mechanisms of actions include: via antiviral activity, via novel human targets, or via the on-target mechanism described in the current FDA market authorization-famotidine is a histamine receptor H 2 antagonist (and inverse agonist). To assess the possibility that famotidine may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection by other routes, a Vero E6 cell-based assay was performed to compare median tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50/mL) of famotidine, remdesivir, and hydroxychloroquine ( Figure 2 ). In both of these studies, the observed non-in ammatory edema in early-stage COVID-19 pulmonary disease is consistent with histamine release by mast cells. doi = 10.21203/rs.3.rs-30934/v2 id = cord-345184-0otbz5xo author = Mamani, Percy G Ruiz title = Propiedades de una escala de preocupación por el COVID-19: Análisis exploratorio en una muestra peruana date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de una escala de preocupación por el . Por lo tanto, es necesario desarrollar o adaptar instrumentos para evaluar la preocupación de las personas ante la posibilidad de enfermarse de COVID-19, de modo que puedan ser utilizados en nuevos estudios que proporcionen mayor conocimiento del problema y así realizar acciones que contribuyan en la salud mental de la población. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de una escala unidimensional de preocupación por el COVID-19 (EPCov-19). Los resultados del AFE son similares a los que se reportaron en el estudio de validación de la escala de preocupación por el cáncer (EPC), versión española [6] . Las limitaciones de este estudio se enfocan en la ausencia del análisis de validez de contenido, porque solo se adaptaron los 6 ítems de la EPC (con validez de contenido) al contexto del COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.06.022 id = cord-130351-w9mij6c6 author = Mamidala, Estari title = In silico identification of clinically approved medicines against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2, causative agent of covid-19 date = 2020-04-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; drug summary = In the present study, we report the potential inhibitory activity of some FDA approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 main protease by molecular docking study to investigate their binding affinity in protease active site. Docking studies revealed that drug Oseltamivir (anti-H1N1 drug), Rifampin (anti-TB drug), Maraviroc, Etravirine, Indinavir, Rilpivirine (anti-HIV drugs) and Atovaquone, Quinidine, Halofantrine, Amodiaquine, Tetracylcine, Azithromycin, hydroxycholoroquine (anti-malarial drugs) among others binds in the active site of the protease with similar or higher affinity. 11 The free energy (DG) binding of SARS-CoV-2 viral protease with the selected FDA approved drugs was created by means of this molecular docking package. Oseltamivir and Zanamivir, two FDA approved drugs docked with SARS-CoV-2 main protease and obtained binding energy is −7.39 kcal/mol and -3.88 kcal/mol respectively (Table-2 Figure 2 ). doi = nan id = cord-293186-yxpkqbey author = Mamo, Yitagesu title = Perception Toward Quarantine for COVID-19 Among Adult Residents of Selected Towns in Southwest Ethiopia date = 2020-10-30 keywords = COVID-19; perception; quarantine; study summary = The aim of this study was to assess public perceptions toward quarantine for COVID-19 and associated factors among adult residents of selected towns in Southwest Ethiopia, 2020. 3 A broad range of public health strategy would be employed against a pandemic disease like COVID-19, from relatively innocuous techniques, such as disease surveillance and hygienic measures, to considerably more restrictive interventions, such as social distancing, travel restrictions, quarantine, and case isolation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess community perception toward quarantine for COVID-19 and associated factors among adult residents of selected towns in Southwest Ethiopia, 2020. After controlling possible confounding variables in multiple linear regression, having training on COVID-19, educational status, occupation, knowledge of COVID-19, and knowledge of quarantine were significantly associated with perception toward quarantine. According to this study, having training on COVID-19 was positively associated with perception toward quarantine. The finding from this study also revealed that knowledge of COVID-19 was associated with more positive perception of quarantine. doi = 10.2147/ijgm.s277273 id = cord-340027-6l55rcfm author = Mamode Khan, Naushad title = Studying the trend of the novel coronavirus series in Mauritius and its implications date = 2020-07-10 keywords = Mauritius; case; covid-19 summary = This paper proposes an integer-valued time series model to analyze the series of COVID-19 cases in Mauritius wherein the corresponding innovation term accommodates for covariate specification. Based on the proposed COM-Poisson mixture models, we could predict the number of COVID-19 cases in Mauritius. The paper therefore proposes an integer-valued auto-regressive model (INAR(1)) with Conway-Maxwell Poisson (COM-Poisson) mixed innovation terms that can accommodate for covariate, random effect and serial auto-correlation specifications. The organization of the paper is as follows: In Section 2, material in terms of time series of COVID-19 in Mauritius and proposed methods principally the INAR(1) Process and the COM-Poisson mixture innovations have been provided. The results of this research revealed that several factors, the most significant being confinement measure, and least one being climatic conditions, affect the number of COVID-19 cases in Mauritius. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0235730 id = cord-258126-8ityzjjh author = Mamun, Mohammed A. title = COVID-19 suicides in Pakistan, dying off not COVID-19 fear but poverty? – The forthcoming economic challenges for a developing country date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; Pakistan summary = Besides, another non-representative study utilizing only 7-cases claims that the global COVID-19 suicide risk factors to be -(i) social isolation and distancing, (ii) economic recession, (iii) mental problems among healthcare professional, and (iv) social boycott and discrimination etc. Like the previous retrospective suicide researches conducted in the Pakistan''s neighborhood south Asian countries (e.g., India, Armstrong et al., 2019; Bangladesh, Mamun et al., 2020a, b) where the national suicide database is unavailable, the present study followed the methods of extracting suicide data from press reports. Although previous case studies from the Pakistan neighborhood countries, such as in Bangladesh and in India, COVID-19 suicides are reported to be due to fear of infection and social boycott (Goyal et al., 2020; Mamun & Griffiths, 2020) . Despite the limitations, the present study by reporting all the available Pakistani COVID-19 suicide cases, provides a novel data on lockdown-related economic crisis and recession that has not studied elsewhere. doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.028 id = cord-297157-16ciqu9w author = Mamun, Mohammed A. title = First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies date = 2020-04-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Like previous epidemics and pandemics, the unpredictable consequences and uncertainty surrounding public safety, as well as misinformation about COVID-19 (particularly on social media) can often impact individuals'' mental health including depression, anxiety, and traumatic stress (Cheung et al., 2008; Zandifar and Badrfam, 2020) . We would also suggest the following to the general public: (i) avoid unreliable and non-credible news and information sources (such as that on social media and what neighbors say) to reduce fear and panic surrounding COVID-19, (ii) help individuals with known mental health issues (e.g., depression, anxiety) in appropriate ways such as consultation with healthcare professionals using telemedicine (i.e., online interventions) where possible, (iii) offer support and signposting for individuals displaying pre-suicidal behavior (i.e., talking about death and dying, expressing feelings of being hopeless and/or helpless, feeling like they are a burden or that they are trapped), (iv) offer basic help (e.g., foods, medicines) to those most in need during lock-down situations (Suicide Awareness Voices of Education, 2020; Yao et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102073 id = cord-273493-xsroivzj author = Manalo, Iviensan F. title = A Dermatologic Manifestation of COVID-19: Transient Livedo Reticularis date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: A Dermatologic Manifestation of COVID-19: Transient Livedo Reticularis We present two cases of transient unilateral livedo reticularis (LR) in COVID-19-positive non-ICU subjects to bring awareness to a dermatologic manifestation. Seven days into his symptoms, he noted a transient non-pruritic blanching unilateral livedoid patch on the right anterior thigh resembling LR ( Figure 1 ). Ten days after testing positive, and with complete clinical convalescence of COVID-19 symptoms, she was sitting outside in long pants under direct sunlight for approximately 20-30 minutes. The rash lasted approximately 20 minutes and did not recur upon re-challenge with sun exposure the following day. 3 We hypothesize that the microthromboses that manifest in other organs (e.g. cardiopulmonary) 4 for 20 minutes; and did not recur upon rechallenge with re-exposure to the sunlight the next day. doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.018 id = cord-035312-xh7oomcg author = Mandal, Amit K.J. title = In situ immune-mediated pulmonary artery thrombosis and Covid-19 pneumonitis date = 2020-11-11 keywords = covid-19 summary = Their findings demonstrated that in patients with Covid-19 and a clinical suspicion for pulmonary embolus (PE), more than one-third of computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) studies were found positive for PE compared to the yield of inpatient CTPA prior to the pandemic at 12 to 17%. Distribution of thrombosis correlated with pattern of consolidation observed on CTPA in 9 (60%) patients, the majority being peripheral or subsegmental (N = 14, 93%) and only 1 central artery occlusion. In situ immune-mediated pulmonary thrombosis within the context of Covid-19 is a preferred nomenclature and this is clearly a contributory factor to the pathogenesis of T1RF which often requires respiratory support. Pulmonary embolism in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 Clinical and computed tomography characteristics of COVID-19 associated acute pulmonary embolism: a different phenotype of thrombotic disease? Pulmonary embolism in COVID-19: Clinical characteristics and cardiac implications The procoagulant pattern of patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome doi = 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.11.006 id = cord-349439-3z0b77r5 author = Mandal, Amitabha title = A Systematic Review on Tracheostomy in COVID-19 Patients: Current Guidelines and Safety Measures date = 2020-09-28 keywords = covid-19; patient; tracheostomy summary = As Surgeons we often required to examine and perform procedures in head and neck patients and are in high risk of exposure to aerosol and droplet contamination. In this review various international guidelines and sources were put together, and we aim to summarize in a systematic way the available recommendations: indications, timing, technique and safety measures for tracheostomy for COVID-19 patients, from all over the world. It is therefore of utmost importance to focus equally on both patient''s and health care team''s well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic that minimize risk of viral exposure. The tracheostomy may not always be life saving as all those require the procedure may not survive but it comes at the cost of risk of infection to the health care staff and relative of the patient. Guidance for health care workers performing aerosol generating medical procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1007/s12070-020-02152-w id = cord-268085-vpzrk8u7 author = Mandal, Amrendra title = Gastrointestinal Manifestations in COVID-19 Infection and Its Practical Applications date = 2020-06-21 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = This outbreak is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is also commonly known as COVID-19. We reviewed the mechanisms, clinical manifestation, impact on pre-existing liver diseases, and recommendations endorsed by the several GI societies for the management and prevention of its transmission. This article aims to review the mechanisms, clinical manifestation, impact on pre-existing digestive diseases, and recommendations endorsed by the several GI societies for the management and prevention of its transmission. Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 and hepatitis B virus co-infection Exploring the mechanism of liver enzyme Abnormalities in patients with novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8750 id = cord-291227-dgjieg7t author = Mandal, Manotosh title = A model based study on the dynamics of COVID-19: Prediction and control date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Mandal, Manotosh; Jana, Soovoojeet; Nandi, Swapan Kumar; Khatua, Anupam; Adak, Sayani; Kar, T.K. title: A model based study on the dynamics of COVID-19: Prediction and control Further, we perform the sensitivity analysis of the essential reproduction number and found that reducing the contact of exposed and susceptible humans is the most critical factor in achieving disease control. Finally, we forecast a short-term trend of COVID-19 for the three highly affected states, Maharashtra, Delhi, and Tamil Nadu, in India, and it suggests that the first two states need further monitoring of control measures to reduce the contact of exposed and susceptible humans. A theoretical study on mathematical modeling of an 578 infectious disease with application of optimal control Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a 591 mathematical modelling study. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109889 id = cord-293655-2ab7wdsk author = Mandic-Rajcevic, S. title = Contact tracing and isolation of asymptomatic spreaders to successfully control the COVID-19 epidemic among healthcare workers in Milan (Italy) date = 2020-05-08 keywords = SARS; covid-19; symptom summary = Objective To study the source, symptoms, and duration of infection, preventive measures, contact tracing and their effects on SARS-CoV-2 epidemic among healthcare workers (HCW) in 2 large hospitals and 40 external healthcare services in Milan (Italy) to propose effective measures to control the COVID-19 epidemic among healthcare workers. Most prominent symptoms include fever, dry cough, headache, sore throat and sneezing, although a growing number of reports underline asymptomatic and patients with mild symptoms having the same viral load as symptomatic patients and spreading the infection in the general population and among healthcare workers (HCW) (2) (3) (4) (5) . A much smaller sample of workers (N=10), commonly found among close contacts but absent from the hospital for other reasons, reported their daily symptoms even in the days leading to the positive NF swab. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.03.20082818 id = cord-285829-adz819gj author = Maneenop, Sakkakom title = The impacts of COVID-19 on the global airline industry:An event study approach date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; airline; event summary = This study examines the short-term impact of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak on 52 listed airline companies around the world by using event study methodology. The results demonstrate that airline stock returns declined more significantly than the market returns after three major COVID-19 announcements were made. We employ event study methodology in order to investigate the impact of official press releases on airline stock returns. Event study suggested by Fama, Fisher, Jensen, and Roll (1969) is the main methodology employed in this research, which is a common methodology in the economic and finance literature to investigate the impact of new information arrival from a particular event on stock prices. The results imply time-varying behaviors of the participants in stock markets in the global airline industry. Negative or positive ‫ܴܣܥ‬ ,(௧ భ ,௧ మ ) implies that stock prices deviate from their fair value during the examined period when the market responds to the new information. doi = 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101920 id = cord-288836-bygcyxpz author = Manes, Gianpiero title = Planning Phase Two for Endoscopic Units in Northern Italy after the COVID-19 lockdown: an exit strategy with a lot of critical issues and a few opportunities date = 2020-06-19 keywords = Italy; covid-19 summary = We conducted a survey among the Directors of EDs in high-risk areas of Northern Italy with the aim of investigating the barriers and strategies to safely resume elective endoscopy activity in Phase Two of the lockdown. The first section focused on the organizational characteristics of EDs before and after the outbreak, in order to assess the impact of the pandemic on EDs. The second section explored the availability of specialist staff and personal protective equipment (PPE) in the EDs at the start of Phase Two. In the third section, the Directors of EDs were asked to foresee the endoscopy workload they would realistically estimate as achievable, according to local resources, in Phase Two (from May to July 2020), and to indicate strategies to optimize endoscopic activity in this reference period. doi = 10.1016/j.dld.2020.05.042 id = cord-024076-q9fw7ch1 author = Manga, Pravin title = Should ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Be Withdrawn in the Current Setting of COVID-19 Infection? date = 2020-04-17 keywords = ace; covid-19 summary = The reports urging caution in the use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs for hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease are based on laboratory data which found that SARS-CoV and COVID-19 virus binds to ACE 2 receptor which is found in the epithelial cells of the lung, kidney, intestine and blood vessels. Thus, a clear causal relationship between those with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and diabetes with chronic kidney disease (DCKD) on ACE inhibitors or ARB treatment and an increased risk of COVID-19 does not exist. In South Africa, hypertension, HFrEF and diabetes are common non-communicable diseases, and a significant proportion of patients are being treated with generic versions of ACE inhibitors or ARBs. There is extremely strong scientific evidence for the benefit of RAAS inhibition in patients with cardiovascular disease. doi = 10.18772/26180197.2020.v2nsia4 id = cord-334360-bor30e5j author = Manganelli, Fiore title = Brainstem involvement and respiratory failure in COVID-19 date = 2020-05-29 keywords = covid-19 summary = Our data, though limited, indicate that brainstem involvement may play a role in respiratory failure and perhaps in the high death rate of COVID-19 patients. Under these premises, we evaluated three COVID-19 patients in ICU at Federico II Hospital in Naples that, although had recovered from pneumonia, could not be weaned from invasive mechanical ventilation due to depression of central respiratory drive. In conclusion, our data, though limited, indicate that brainstem involvement may play a role in respiratory failure [4] and perhaps in the high death rate of COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the weaning failure from mechanical ventilation due to central respiratory drive depression might underlie the unusual long stay in ICU reported for COVID-19 patients [2] . Moreover, the weaning failure from mechanical ventilation due to central respiratory drive depression might underlie the unusual long stay in ICU reported for COVID-19 patients [2] . doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04487-2 id = cord-255719-vhjmkrlb author = Manghat, Nathan E. title = Acute Post-operative Thrombosis of an Aortic Valve Prosthesis and Embolic Myocardial Infarction in a COVID-positive patient - An Unrecognised Complication date = 2020-09-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Acute Post-operative Thrombosis of an Aortic Valve Prosthesis and Embolic Myocardial Infarction in a COVID-positive patient An Unrecognised Complication A 73 year old female patient presented 14 days post aortic valve replacement (AVR) for bicuspid valve stenosis; she was diagnosed with COVID-19 infection, acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and retinal artery embolism. A 73 year old female patient presented 14 days post aortic valve replacement (AVR) for bicuspid valve stenosis; she was diagnosed with COVID-19 infection, acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and retinal artery embolism. Although venous thromboembolism is now well-documented in COVID-19 patients, this case highlights the increased risks of systemic arterial embolism following recent cardiac procedures; it also serves as a timely reminder of the consequences of COVID-19 and the radiological vigilance required in identifying AVR thrombosis on acute cardiothoracic CT. doi = 10.1016/j.xjtc.2020.09.020 id = cord-274715-dcs1rgd0 author = Mani Mishra, Pushpendra title = Serum albumin-mediated strategy for the effective targeting of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-04-24 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Novel coronavirus (NCoV-19), also known as SARS CoV-2, is a pathogen causing an emerging infection that rapidly increases in incidence and geographic range, is associated with the ever-increasing morbidity and mortality rates, and shows sever economic impact worldwide. We are suggesting here a strategy for the COVID-19 treatment that could be effective in curing the patients in the current scenario when no efficient medicine or Vaccine is currently available, and Clinicians solely depend upon the performing trials with drugs with known antiviral activities. If the albumin is used to stabilize and deliver the EGCG and Curcumin for targeting the intracellular virus components in combination with the drug that could block the virus fusion and/or entry to a cell, this strategy might represent an effective way of treating the SARS CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109790 id = cord-313427-6y4zvrmn author = Mani, Nandita S title = Prevalence of COVID-19 Infection and Outcomes Among Symptomatic Healthcare Workers in Seattle, Washington date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Using data from these testing centers, we report the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among symptomatic employees and describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes among employees with COVID-19. Multiple factors have been reported to contribute to the risk of infections in HCWs, including lack of awareness during the early weeks of the outbreak, inadequate personal protective equipment (PPE) supply and training, insufficient rapid diagnostic testing for COVID-19, long work hours in high-risk environments, and ongoing community spread and household exposures. [12] [13] [14] A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t Early and high-throughput testing for SARS-CoV-2 among symptomatic employees is essential to prevent nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 to patients, minimize clusters among HCWs, and maintain staffing during the pandemic. HCWs. 16 Here we describe the approach to establishing high-throughput employee testing centers, the prevalence of infections among symptomatic frontline versus non-frontline staff, and clinical outcomes associated with COVID-19 in these employees. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa761 id = cord-341202-1pg7rq2d author = Manicone, Francesca title = The last bed dilemma burns out COVID-19 triage: a viewpoint from Medical and Law students date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Currently, it is being implemented in several COVID-19 wards, either in compliance with algorithm-based guidelines or according to distributive justice, as underlined by the Società Italiana di Anestesia Analgesia Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva [4] that advices to base the decision to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatments on the evaluation of criteria such as age, comorbidities and functional status of the critically ill patients. According to the first protocol, when dealing with the life-threatening case of a 68-year-old man, obese, hypertensive and smoker, the physician has no choice but to allocate the last ICU bed, fully aware that an hour later the same bed could have been used to cure a younger patient, without any comorbidity and a higher life expectancy. In our view, this solution would suitably respond to two essential problems: a patient otherwise discarded by the guidelines might be given a chance to survive based on physician clinical experience whereas, if nonetheless the meeting withheld the bed, the physician would relieve his stress, sharing, to the greatest extent possible, the burden with the team. doi = 10.1016/j.lpmfor.2020.08.004 id = cord-306347-gmw3z85r author = Maniscalco, Pietro title = The deep impact of novel CoVID-19 infection in an Orthopedics and Traumatology Department: the experience of the Piacenza Hospital date = 2020-05-11 keywords = CoVID-19; Department; Piacenza summary = Since the end of February, 2020 the words "coronavirus" and "CoVID-19" has become routinely used by Italian people because of the rapid spread of the novel coronavirus and the dramatic impact on Italy in terms of infected patients, overcrowding in hospitals and the high number of deaths. For this reason, we quickly modified several times the hospital organization increasing the number of emergency clinicians thanks to the help of the EDs of "Castel San Giovanni" and "Fiorenzuola d''Arda" Hospitals, moving away the Orthopedics and Traumatology Department in another local building in Piacenza -"Casa di Cura Piacenza"-, and designing a disaster plan. Based on the observation that the ED has been overcrowded with CoVID-19 infected people already in serious condition and all these patient had a story of days or weeks spent at this home with flu-like symptoms and exertional dyspnea at first, then dyspnea at rest with urgent hospitalization for acute respiratory failure, dr Cavanna designed a plan to dramatically reduce admission to ED. doi = 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9635 id = cord-325352-k7aapnx3 author = Manivel, Vijay title = CLUE: COVID‐19 Lung Ultrasound in Emergency Department. date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19; LUS summary = Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a vital part of critical care evaluation of multiple lung pathologies, like pneumothorax, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pulmonary oedema, interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pneumonia (1) . Performance of LUS at bedside also allows concurrent execution of clinical examination and lung imaging by the same clinician, expedites clinical decision making (7) . While Australia and New Zealand prepare for a figurative tsunami of highly infectious patients, we anticipate that a protocolised use of bedside LUS by emergency clinicians in COVID-19 patients could alleviate some of the radiological resource burden expected. Page 5 of 7 CLUE protocol which incorporates lung ultrasound scoring system and supplemental oxygen requirement at the time of examination, when performed by a trained emergency clinician, can help risk-stratify suspected COVID-19 patients. Can lung ultrasound help critical care clinicians in the early diagnosis of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia? doi = 10.1111/1742-6723.13546 id = cord-274008-p3st70u3 author = Mann, E. R. title = Longitudinal immune profiling reveals distinct features of COVID-19 pathogenesis date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; June; SARS; patient; preprint summary = Here we report the outcome of a longitudinal immune profiling study in hospitalised patients during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK and show the relationship between immune responses and severity of the clinical presentation. Although, as reported previously 4 , a higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) on hospital admission was observed in those patients whose disease trajectory was ultimately severe, whereas there were no appreciable differences observed in monocytes (figure 1A, 1B and table 1). Longitudinal analysis revealed that in the majority of patients (70%) (irrespective of severity) T cell frequencies in whole blood increased prior to hospital discharge, while neutrophil frequencies reciprocally decreased (figure 1E). Severe COVID-19, on the other hand, was associated with monocytes displaying increased expression of the cell cycle marker, Ki67 (normally <5% in healthy peripheral blood), irrespective of whether monocytes were stimulated or not (figure 3C and appendix 6C), which strongly correlated with hospital data for CRP (figure 3C). doi = 10.1101/2020.06.13.20127605 id = cord-033334-p7szd86k author = Mann, Jaclyn Kelly title = The potential of lactoferrin, ovotransferrin and lysozyme as antiviral and immune-modulating agents in COVID-19 date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; bovine; effect; lactoferrin; lysozyme summary = Enhanced phagocytic activity as well as cytokine production of macrophages Enhanced intestinal immune responses: dendritic cell maturation, Th1/Th2 balance restored and humoral immunity promoted [77, 78] Peptides Anti-inflammatory Downregulates IL-6 and TNF-␣ and myeloperoxidase activity in peritonitis Binds to angiotensin II receptor type 1 to inhibit angiotensin II pro-inflammatory activity ACE inhibitory activity (antihypertensive) [79] [80] [81] [82] Intact Iron-binding activity* Sequestering free iron [83] Intact and peptides Antioxidant* Sequestering free iron Free radical scavenging [79, 84] Lysozyme Intact and peptides Antiviral Inhibits viral entry by binding to cell receptors or virus -cationic and hydrophobic nature is required rather than enzymatic activity Binds nucleic acids Inhibits virus-induced cell fusion Affects cell signaling, including NF-B pathway, to influence susceptibility to infection [85] [86] [87] [88] Intact and/or peptides Antibacterial Hydrolyzes cell wall of gram-positive bacteria (enzyme activity) Insert into and form pores in negatively charged bacterial membranes [40] † Specific anticoronavirus activity has been demonstrated: inhibits SARS-CoV cell entry by binding to HSPGs; inhibits entry and postentry steps of SARS-CoV-2 replication and elevates interferon-stimulated genes in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. doi = 10.2217/fvl-2020-0170 id = cord-350406-o90k48vy author = Mannheim, Jonathan title = Characteristics of Hospitalized Pediatric Coronavirus Disease 2019 Cases in Chicago, Illinois, March–April 2020 date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; Chicago summary = BACKGROUND: To date, no report on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pediatric patients in a large urban center with data on underlying comorbidities and coinfection for hospitalized cases has been published. CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced case investigation of hospitalized patients revealed that underlying comorbidities and coinfection might have contributed to severe disease. On March 12, 2020, the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) received its first report of a pediatric patient with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 . Symptomology of children with COVID-19 throughout the United States has been described [1] ; however, to date no report on pediatric patients in a large urban center with data on underlying comorbidities and coinfection for the most severe cases has been published. Standard case investigation data were collected including demographic characteristics, signs and symptoms of illness, hospitalization (eg, date of admission, intensive care unit [ICU] requirement) and epidemiologic risk factors such as exposures to ill persons, travel, and comorbidities. doi = 10.1093/jpids/piaa070 id = cord-293732-rxd1lyi7 author = Manoj, M.G. title = Potential link between compromised air quality and transmission of the novel corona virus (SARS-CoV-2) in affected areas date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; virus summary = Through a critical review of the current literature and a preliminary analysis of the link between SARS-CoV-2 transmission and air pollution in the affected regions, we offer a perspective that polluted environment could enhance the transmission rate of such deadly viruses under moderate-to-high humidity conditions. The aqueous atmospheric aerosols offer a conducive surface for adsorption/absorption of organic molecules and viruses onto them, facilitating a pathway for higher rate of transmission under favourable environmental conditions. Analysis of the air quality index (AQI, Fig. S1 , acquired on 16 th March 2020) reveals that the effected countries or regions had witnessed enhanced level of pollution ( frequently AQI > 100) which are qualified as "unhealthy" and even "hazardous", in the cold winter period. (2020) reports that air pollutants measured over Italy (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ) have a substantial influence on the COVID-19 transmission and infection rate there. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110001 id = cord-292666-6xer2cty author = Mansab, F. title = Patient-Led COVID-19 Triage Systems and Case Fatality Rates: A Comparative Study Between Singapore, Japan, Norway, the USA and the UK. date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Patient-Led COVID-19 Triage Systems and Case Fatality Rates: A Comparative Study Between Singapore, Japan, Norway, the USA and the UK. Methods: A simulation study was conducted on current, nationwide, patient-led triage systems from three countries with low case fatality rates (Singapore, Norway and Japan) and two countries with high case fatality rates (the USA and the UK). Results: Patient-led triage systems from Singapore, Japan and Norway maintained a low threshold for advising clinical contact for patients with possible COVID-19 (88 to 100% of cases were referred). Conclusion: In this simulation study, countries with low case fatality rates Singapore, Norway and Japan -, performed well, successfully identifying severe COVID-19 and triaging such cases to medical care. Case Scenario''s were designed to test the public health advice and where available patient-led triage systems in relation to COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.28.20084079 id = cord-269316-1nlpo42a author = Mansfield, K. E. title = COVID-19 collateral: Indirect acute effects of the pandemic on physical and mental health in the UK date = 2020-10-30 keywords = COPD; COVID-19 summary = Methods: Using electronic health records from the Clinical Research Practice Datalink (CPRD) Aurum (2017-2020), we calculated weekly primary care contacts for selected acute physical and mental health conditions (including: anxiety, depression, acute alcohol-related events, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] exacerbations, cardiovascular and diabetic emergencies). We used electronic primary care health records of nearly 10 million individuals across the UK to investigate the indirect impact of COVID-19 on primary care contacts for mental health, acute alcohol-related events, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations, and cardiovascular and diabetic emergencies up to July 2020. As outcomes, we considered the number of weekly primary care contacts for the following conditions (separately): mental health (i.e. depression, anxiety, fatal and non-fatal self-harm, severe mental illness, and eating and obsessive-compulsive disorders), acute alcohol-related events, diabetic emergencies (e.g. ketoacidosis), asthma and COPD exacerbations, and acute cardiovascular (CVD) events (i.e. unstable angina, myocardial infarction, transient ischaemic attack, cerebrovascular accident, cardiac failure and venous thromboembolisms). doi = 10.1101/2020.10.29.20222174 id = cord-266466-5sgfx7oq author = Mansour, Amani title = First Case of an Infant with COVID-19 in the Middle East date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19; PCR summary = Here, we report the case of a 16-month-old female infant from Lebanon who presented with fever and severe diarrhea and tested positive for COVID-19. Her RT-PCR test was negative after five days of treatment, suggesting that children can clear the virus faster than adults. Most severe illness occurs in older adults but comparison with the pediatric population can be challenging as documented cases in infants and children have been scarce [3, 4] . On day 5, the RT-PCR test of the infant was negative, and the patient''s symptoms had resolved. Uniquely, our patient presented with fever and diarrhea; cough and other respiratory symptoms were not reported. Similarly, previous research in children indicates that the RT-PCR test becomes negative within 12 days (range: 6-22) after the presentation of symptoms [6] . This is the first case reported from the Middle East on an infant presenting with fever and diarrhea that tested positive for COVID-19. doi = 10.7759/cureus.7520 id = cord-258548-1u7v1nlr author = Mansueto, Gelsomina title = Can COVID 2019 disease induces a specific cardiovascular damage or it exacerbates pre-existing cardiovascular diseases? date = 2020-06-26 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; cardiovascular; disease; patient summary = Only one case of cardiac tamponade in a 47-year-old man SARS-CoV-2 infected without cardiovascular risk is reported in the literature as a complication of myocarditis and pericarditis (29) . Large and more recent studies have reported that previous myocardial infarction, diabetes, J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f dyslipidaemias, hypertension, and other cardiovascular risk factors can predispose to an acute ischemic event in respiratory virus infections such as recently reported during the pandemic COVID-19 disease (34, 35, 36) . It is known that patients with cardiovascular disease have a higher risk of a thrombo-embolic event as it is known that all viral infections have a potential role in disseminated intravascular coagulation J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f (DIC) The endothelial damage, the blood flow turbulence, and hypercoagulability are the basis of the mechanism. There is no substantial data to say that anti-RAAS, ACE inhibitors, statins increase the risk of cardiovascular damage in COVID patients. doi = 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153086 id = cord-318492-uu1p1rgi author = Mansueto, Gelsomina title = COVID-19: Brief Check Point Through The Pathologist''s Eye (autopsy archive) date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS summary = The autopsy data are few and the aspects often observed are pulmonary diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); these aspects are not only in COVID-19 but also in other viral infections and associated sepsis. In this brief summary, I would like to induce the reader''s reflection to the fact that coronavirus appears already before the pandemic in many texts of medical doctrine and that the pathological findings related to lung and multi-organ damage are described similar to those induced by other viral pathogens both from the same or different family. The autopsy pathologists can confirm that many deaths are due to complications from viral infections especially in subjects with comorbidities and they can also confirm that the aspects often observed are diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), cardiac damage from myocarditis or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), or even disseminated intra-vascular coagulation (DIC); these findings are also present in sepsis associated with various viral infections. doi = 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153195 id = cord-323200-xnr02xq3 author = Mansuri, Farah M.A. title = Situation analysis and an insight into assessment of pandemic COVID-19 date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19; pandemic summary = The world is seeing a catastrophic pandemic of SARS-CoV2 or of the disease COVID-19, in first quarter of 21st century with the emergence of novel corona virus. 1,2 Regional statistics of World health organization depicts that Eastern Mediterranean region (EMRO) stands fourth in the rank of prevalence of confirmed cases of COVID-19 after Europe, Americas and Western pacific, with a total number of 66 thousand cases and 3592 deaths. 4 The other indicator besides transmission rate, is severity of the pandemic, that can be studied by ratio of cases to hospitalization, ratio of deaths to hospitalization and ratio of Intensive care Unit admissions to total admissions. This disparity in fatality and pandemic severity index may be due to several factors such as higher virulence of virus and availability of better preventive or therapeutic health care services etc. doi = 10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.04.001 id = cord-343589-9okzwtci author = Mantero, Vittorio title = Assessing the susceptibility to acute respiratory illness COVID-19-related in a cohort of multiple sclerosis patients date = 2020-08-19 keywords = covid-19 summary = OBJECTIVE: To analyze the incidence of the clinical presentations suggestive for COVID-19 infection among patients with Multiple Sclerosis in the province of Lecco, in the North Italy, the closest province capital to Bergamo. Here, we describe a cross-sectional study performed in Lecco, the closest province capital to Bergamo, to analyze the incidence of the clinical presentations suggestive for COVID-19 infection among patients with MS and describe the association of demographics, clinical characteristics, and use of DMTs with the risk of developing COVID-19. To determine if any DMT category was independently associated with the COVID-19-suspect status, we used a multivariable logistic regression model with COVID-19-suspect status as the outcome, DMT categories (categorized as immune cell depleting medications, immune-cell trafficking inhibitors, other DMTs, and no DMT) as the predictor, and adjusted for the following covariates: age, sex, MS type, disease duration, EDSS, report of a recent contact a patient with COVID-19 diagnosis, and the report of a recent contact a patient with respiratory symptoms.. doi = 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102453 id = cord-344425-27q9x6hb author = Mantica, Guglielmo title = Reply to D.G. Barten et al “Re: Non-COVID-19 visits to emergency departments during the pandemic: the impact of fear” date = 2020-07-13 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Reply to D.G. Barten et al "Re: Non-COVID-19 visits to emergency departments during the pandemic: the impact of fear" We read with interest the reply letter of DG Barten et al 1 to our manuscript 2 and we do strongly agree with the Authors about some indirect effects of the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as social distancing, reduction of working hours, and traffic movements as co-responsible for the reduced access to the emergency departments by non-COVID-19 patients. In this perspective, streamline the workflow in Emergency Departments and non-COVID Departments as well as effective communication by the health-care system of different countries becomes fundamental in order to provide patients with COVID-free pathways, thus reducing delay in diagnosis and treatment. Non-COVID-19 visits to emergency departments during the pandemic: the impact of fear Non-COVID-19 visits to emergency departments during the pandemic: the impact of fear doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.003 id = cord-354989-k0qktzor author = Mantica, Guglielmo title = NON-COVID-19 VISITS TO EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS DURING THE PANDEMIC: THE IMPACT OF FEAR date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: NON-COVID-19 VISITS TO EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS DURING THE PANDEMIC: THE IMPACT OF FEAR The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, and the resulting infection, COVID-19, is posing an enormous threat and huge workload to emergency departments (EDs) worldwide 1 . The COVID-19 pandemic is a major health emergency that is impacting the behaviour of entire populations in response to a direct threat to both individuals and communities. We compared ED visits in two major referral hospitals in the North of Italy from the 21st February to 16th April with COVID-19 daily mortality data from the Italian Civil Protection Department 4 (see Figure 1 ). It emerges that the two curves almost mirror one another, with a meeting point on the 16th of March and the lowest peak of ED visits corresponding with the highest peak in the COVID-19 daily mortality trend. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.046 id = cord-275660-zdw50gt2 author = Mao, Kang title = The potential of an integrated biosensor system with mobile health and wastewater-based epidemiology (iBMW) for the prevention, surveillance, monitoring and intervention of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; health summary = A lack of effective methods for screening potential patients, rapidly diagnosing suspected cases, and accurately monitoring the epidemic in real time to prevent the rapid spread of COVID-19 raises significant difficulties in mitigating the epidemic in many countries. In this communication, we discuss the feasibility of an integrated point-of-care biosensor system with mobile health for wastewater-based epidemiology (iBMW) for early warning of COVID-19, screening and diagnosis of potential infectors, and improving health care and public health. We discuss the feasibility of an integrated POC 55 biosensor system with mobile health for wastewater-based epidemiology (iBMW) for early warning 56 of COVID-19, screening and diagnosis of potential infectors, improving patient health care and 57 monitoring public health. The first crucial step is the rapid and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 to screen potential patients, 62 confirm suspected cases, provide timely health care/treatment, monitor and manage the epidemic 63 (Udugama et al. doi = 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112617 id = cord-262413-jm4qmpeg author = Mao, Suling title = Epidemiological analysis of 67 local COVID-19 clusters in Sichuan Province, China date = 2020-10-08 keywords = Sichuan; case; covid-19 summary = BACKGROUND: This study was intended to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 clusters and the severity distribution of clinical symptoms of involved cases in Sichuan Province, so as to provide information support for the development and adjustment of strategies for the prevention and control of local clusters. Ten cases were exposed before the confirmed cases they contacted with developed clinical symptoms, and the possibility of exposure to other infection sources was ruled out; two clusters were caused by asymptomatic carriers; confirmed cases mainly presented with fever, respiratory and systemic symptoms; a gradual decline in the severity of clinical symptoms was noted with the increase of the case generation. In this study, information about all local clusters was exported from sub-module "Emergency Public Reporting System" and data about related confirmed cases and asymptomatic carriers from sub-module "Infectious Disease Management Information System". doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-09606-4 id = cord-328319-vsyu5y45 author = Maracaja, Luiz title = How 3D Printing Can Prevent Spread of COVID-19 Among Healthcare Professionals During Times of Critical Shortage of Protective Personal Equipment date = 2020-04-13 keywords = COVID-19; Maracaja summary = title: How 3D Printing Can Prevent Spread of COVID-19 Among Healthcare Professionals During Times of Critical Shortage of Protective Personal Equipment How 3D Printing Can Prevent Spread of COVID-19 Among Healthcare Professionals During Times of Critical Shortage of Protective Personal Equipment In particular, personal protective equipment (PPE) is at a critically low supply, which puts patients and providers at unacceptable risk. Healthcare providers engaged in procedures involving the nose, mouth, or airway need even more aggressive protection from airborne viral particles, in the form of powered air-purifying respirators, or similar. Once connected to the compressed air or oxygen at 15 L/min, the air will flow from inside to outside of the hood, preventing the provider from inspiring aerosolized material from the patient. In the authors'' opinion, during the COVID-19 pandemic, all of the above risks are outweighed by the benefits of protecting healthcare professionals and enhancing patient safety during this national crisis. doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.04.004 id = cord-306342-wwinyu7x author = Marano, Luigi title = Cancer care under the outbreak of COVID-19: A perspective from Italian tertiary referral center for surgical oncology date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Cancer care under the outbreak of COVID-19: A perspective from Italian tertiary referral center for surgical oncology Additionally, since the real problem of Italian health system is the lack of adequate intensive care facilities, the number of clinical departments that are open to patients in need of cure other than COVID-19 has been cut in half. On the same line, it is imperative to provide general recommendations within a tertiary referral center for surgical oncology for maintaining high quality cancer care in an extremely safe working environment. [3] investigated the relationship between COVID-19 and malignancies on a prospective cohort of 1571 patients reporting a higher incidence of severe events (need of intensive care unit or death), without an increase in incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Minimally invasive surgery and the novel coronavirus outbreak: lessons learned in China and Italy doi = 10.1016/j.ejso.2020.04.004 id = cord-340085-ywg4rhnn author = Maras, J. S. title = Multi-Omics integration analysis of respiratory specimen characterizes baseline molecular determinants associated with COVID-19 diagnosis. date = 2020-07-07 keywords = July; SARS; covid-19 summary = Quantitative proteomics identified significant increase in 6 SARS-CoV-2 proteins along with ACE2 in the respiratory specimen of COVID-19 positive patients compared to negative patients (p<0.05, Figure 1C , H1N1 samples did not enrich any or associated proteins). /2020 Diagnostic accuracy: Amongst the identified DEP''s, mean decrease in the accuracy (calculated by random forest; 1000 trees) was highest for MX1 (MX Dynamin like GTPase 1) and WARS (Tryptophan--tRNA ligase) making them the most important proteins for segregating COVID-19 positive patients from negative or H1N1 patients ( Figure Together these findings showed that COVID-19 positive patients have virus mediated hyper immune activation involving monocytes and neutrophils, deregulated oxygen transport, increased fluid shear stress, bacterial invasion of the epithelial cells and glucose metabolism. Viral infection are also known for metabolic reprograming of host (Thaker et al., 2019) and proteome analysis of the respiratory specimen showed that there is significant increase in proteins associated to glucose metabolism suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 induces energy metabolism (Supplementary Figure 18 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.07.06.20147082 id = cord-304474-hfv43e9m author = Marchese, Valentina title = Strongyloides infection manifested during immunosuppressive therapy for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia date = 2020-09-10 keywords = Strongyloides; covid-19; patient summary = CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 59-year-old Italian patient treated with high dose intravenous dexamethasone and two intravenous doses of Tocilizumab for interstitial bilateral pneumonia associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection who developed itching, abdominal pain, and an increased eosinophil count. stercoralis infection following an 11-day treatment with high-dose steroids and Tocilizumab for severe COVID-19. This controlled, open-label randomized trial provides evidence that treatment with dexamethasone at a dose of 6 mg once daily for up to 10 days reduces 28-day mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who are receiving oxygen supply, but not among those receiving no respiratory support. A dedicated strategy based on epidemiological risk stratification has been recently proposed to prevent Strongyloides hyperinfection/disseminated infection for COVID-19 patients undergoing steroids [25] . In conclusion, we report the first case of strongyloidiasis following high-dose steroid and tocilizumab treatment for severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s15010-020-01522-4 id = cord-352365-b9cmviny author = Marchetti, Monia title = COVID-19-driven endothelial damage: complement, HIF-1, and ABL2 are potential pathways of damage and targets for cure date = 2020-06-24 keywords = ARDS; SARS; covid-19; endothelial summary = This review also highlights potential targets for prevention and therapy of COVID-19-related organ damage and discusses the role of marketed drugs, such as eculizumab and imatinib, as suitable candidates for clinical trials. Also, C3a complement fraction plays a relevant role in the pathogenesis of infection-related lung injury: high serum C3a predicts evolution to ARDS [9, 10] , while both C3a and C5a increase endothelial permeability and activate endothelial cells, thereby increasing the expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines [11, 12] , and the distal complement activation product C5 b-9 triggers intracellular fluxes of calcium in epithelial and endothelial cells. Apoptosis of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell may be chronically triggered by inflammation, such as in COPD, or acutely induced by ARDS; the latter is mediated by Bruton kinase (BTK), IL-17, and macrophage stimulating-1, while IL-35 seems protective [41] [42] [43] [44] . doi = 10.1007/s00277-020-04138-8 id = cord-322322-woz6lwdu author = Marcum, Michelle title = COVID‐19 pandemic and impact on cancer clinical trials: An academic medical center perspective date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; cancer; patient summary = authors: Marcum, Michelle; Kurtzweil, Nicky; Vollmer, Christine; Schmid, Lisa; Vollmer, Ashley; Kastl, Alison; Acker, Kelly; Gulati, Shuchi; Grover, Punita; Herzog, Thomas J.; Ahmad, Syed A.; Sohal, Davendra; Wise‐Draper, Trisha M. Remote telephone and video visits, remote monitoring, electronic capture of signatures and data, and limiting sample collections have allowed the leadership in our institution to ensure the safety of our staff and patients while continuing critical clinical research operations. In addition, the decision whether to continue cancer clinical trials became a safety concern regarding the treatment effect on cancer patients'' vulnerability for COVID-19 contraction, potential viral exposure risk to clinical trial staff, and potential impact of an infected clinical trial cancer patient on study outcomes. With the advent of COVID-19 travel restrictions, the University of Cincinnati Cancer Center (UCCC) Clinical Trials Office (CTO) was well positioned to continue with existing remote monitoring of sub-site EMRs, regulatory and pharmacy source documents, and we have utilized the ability of the REDCap database for electronic data capture to identify and resolve data quality items remotely. doi = 10.1002/cam4.3292 id = cord-354308-ol8twpay author = Mardani, title = COVID-19 infection recurrence presented with meningoencephalitis date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; PCR summary = These positive PCR results were obtained on April 9, about 21 days after the negative result of nasopharyngeal RT-PCR which in combination with antibody results, consistent with definite respiratory infection relapse and simultaneously, central nervous system involvement with COVID-19. ACE2 is present in several multiple human organs, including nervous system, so SARS-COV-2 which causes upper respiratory tract disease, can infect neural cell and cause different neurologic appearance such as encephalitis (5, 6, 7, 8) .Some of the patients had demonstrated re-fever and positive PCR test after discharge from hospital. (9) Moriguchi et al, reported a case of meningoencephalitis associated with SARS-COV-2 that the specific COVID-19 RNA was detected in a CSF sample but was not detected in the nasopharyngeal swab. Chen et al, reported a confirmed case of covid-19 whose oropharyngeal swab test for SARS-COV-2 became positive again after two sequentially negative results. doi = 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100732 id = cord-282736-1sc19r5m author = Marengoni, Alessandra title = The impact of delirium on outcomes for older adults hospitalised with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; delirium summary = The aim of this study is to evaluate the presence of delirium in older patients admitted for a suspected diagnosis of COVID-19 and its impact on in-hospital mortality. During the emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic, delirium was directly assessed by two geriatricians of the hospital ward who visited the patients at least twice per day, by means of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V (DSM V) criteria [11] . Delirium is a common condition in older people admitted for COVID-19 and is strongly associated with in-hospital mortality independently of pre-existing individual characteristics and measures of infectious disease severity. In our study in-hospital mortality was extremely high in patients with SARS-COV-2 with (72%) and without delirium (31.8%), but the odd of dying in patients with COVID-19 and delirium was four times higher compared to those without delirium, even after adjusting for possible predisposing factors, such as multimorbidity and frailty, and the severity of the infectious disease at hospital admission, measured by means of peripheral oxygen saturation. doi = 10.1093/ageing/afaa189 id = cord-354972-nc496v6s author = Margolin, Emmanuel title = Prospects for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines in Africa date = 2020-09-10 keywords = Africa; BCG; COVID-19; HIV-1; SARS; South; vaccine summary = As of 8 August 2020, there have been over 1.2 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Africa, with 29,833 deaths reported (Africa CDC) There is concern that the pandemic may pose an even greater risk to countries in Africa owing to their weak health-care infrastructure, large burden of co-infections, including HIV-1 and tuberculosis, and ongoing outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging infections such as Ebola virus (Democratic Republic of Congo) and Lassa haemorrhagic fever (Nigeria) that will divert much-needed resources away from the fight against COVID-19 (ref. Given the optimistic development timeline of 12-18 months before any vaccines could be available for widespread use, it is clear that these efforts will not Box 1 | Potential impact of climate on SArS-coV-2 dissemination the comparatively low incidence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COviD19) in africa has raised the possibility that climate could influence the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-Cov-2). doi = 10.1038/s41579-020-00441-3 id = cord-354468-bew35s8q author = Margus, Colton title = Discharge in pandemic: Suspected Covid-19 patients returning to the Emergency Department within 72 hours for admission date = 2020-08-18 keywords = covid-19; discharge; return summary = title: Discharge in pandemic: Suspected Covid-19 patients returning to the Emergency Department within 72 hours for admission In this paper, we focus on ED disposition decision-making in New York City during the Covid-19 pandemic, by identifying patients suspected of Covid-19 who are discharged yet ultimately require hospital return and admission within 72 hours. Case subjects were identified as those patients suspected of Covid-19 and discharged from the ED but who returned to an ED within the system in 72 hours and required admission. This analysis of suspected Covid-19 patients aimed to describe key features of the initial ED visit that may ultimately influence the likelihood of ED return for admission within 72 hours of discharge. Prior to the emergence of Covid-19, several studies assessing return admission indicated associations with increasing age, disease severity, ambulance transport, gastrointestinal or infectious disease symptoms, and prolonged time in the ED. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.08.034 id = cord-279534-klqg8wnh author = Mari, Giulio M. title = A 10-step guide to convert a surgical unit into a COVID-19 unit during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Please enter the name of the registry, the hyperlink to the registration and the unique identifying number of the study. We present a 10-step guide meant to implement a COVID-19 unit starting from a General Surgery Division, as reported from our experience from a medium volume hospital in Northern Everyone who has to enter a COVID-19 unit must know how to properly protect themselves. 6. To ensure the connection with the nursing staff, a surgeon must always be present in medical shifts, together with an internal doctor, expert in the field of respiratory diseases and ventilation. 7. Dedicated technical staff had to create a clean-dirty path for medical and nursing staff and for the COVID-19 patients within the unit. A 24-hour direct connection with an anesthesiologist and an intensivist dedicated to the COVID-19 unit has to be instituted. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy Defining the Epidemiology of Covid-19 -Studies Needed doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.052 id = cord-308357-sjravgng author = Mariania, Silvia title = Out of Hospital Management of LVAD Patients During COVID‐19 Outbreak date = 2020-05-28 keywords = LVAD; covid-19 summary = Patients supported with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are usually affected by long‐standing cardiovascular diseases and subjected to variations of the normal cardiovascular physiology, thus requiring an even closer monitoring during the COVID‐19 outbreak. Nevertheless, the COVID‐19 pandemic led to a drastic reduction of routine clinical activities and a consequent risk of looser connections between LVAD patients and their referring center. A special population at risk for COVID-19 includes end-stage heart failure (HF) patients and, more specifically, patients supported with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). All rights reserved Each LVAD recipient routinely followed-up in the outpatient clinic enters the telemonitoring algorithm Moreover, in order to enter this monitoring program, the patient should be judged as adequately educated through extensive talks and training sessions focused on driveline dressing techniques, battery and controller exchange, blood pressure, fluids and anticoagulation self-management. Figure 1 -Algorithm for out of hospital left ventricular assist device (LVAD) management during COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1111/aor.13744 id = cord-324265-j3v3i8vm author = Marietta, Marco title = COVID-19, coagulopathy and venous thromboembolism: more questions than answers date = 2020-07-11 keywords = COVID-19; LMWH; SARS; VTE summary = The severity of the derangement of coagulation parameters in COVID-19 patients has been associated with a poor prognosis, and the use of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) at doses registered for prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been endorsed by the World Health Organization and by Several Scientific societies. In these patients, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or unfractionated heparin (UFH) at doses registered for prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) seemed to be associated with a lower risk of death [10] and is currently recommended by the World Health Organization [11] and by several scientific societies [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] (Table 1) . doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02432-x id = cord-314843-vw8a1994 author = Marijon, Eloi title = Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the COVID-19 pandemic in Paris, France: a population-based, observational study date = 2020-05-27 keywords = OHCA; Paris; covid-19 summary = 6, 7 In this study, we aimed to assess the incidence and outcomes of OHCA during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, compared with non-pandemic periods using a real-time multisource surveillance system set up in 2011, in an urban region (Paris and its suburbs, France). 9 In Paris and its suburbs (6·8 millions inhabitants), patients with OHCA are managed by the Paris EMS, a two-tiered response system, coordinated via a unique dispatch centre (not changed during the pandemic period): 12, 13 (1) Non-traumatic OHCA was defined as any cardiac arrest, after exclusion of cases with obvious accidental causes, irrespective of whether resuscitation was attempted or not. Although our findings might be partly related to direct COVID-19 deaths-patients suspected to have or had received a diagnosis of COVID-19 accounted for a third of the increase in cases of OHCA-indirect effects related to lockdown and adjustment of health-care services to the pandemic are probable. doi = 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30117-1 id = cord-315696-43wmazxa author = Marinaki, Smaragdi title = A Systematic Review of COVID-19 Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Universal Effort to Preserve Patients’ Lives and Allografts date = 2020-09-16 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient; recipient summary = title: A Systematic Review of COVID-19 Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Universal Effort to Preserve Patients'' Lives and Allografts Kidney transplant (KTx) recipients have been recently classified by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a high-risk group for severe COVID-19 [2] . All major adverse outcomes (O) of COVID-19 infection, i.e., hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation (MV), acute kidney injury (AKI), acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS), and death, were recorded as were recovery and discharge. All major adverse outcomes (O) of COVID-19 infection, i.e., hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation (MV), acute kidney injury (AKI), acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS), and death, were recorded as were recovery and discharge. A Case Report of Oligosymptomatic Kidney Transplant Patients with COVID-19: Do They Pose a Risk to Other Recipients? doi = 10.3390/jcm9092986 id = cord-321499-17n9tj70 author = Marini, John J. title = Integrating the evidence: confronting the COVID-19 elephant date = 2020-07-25 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19 summary = The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that figures so prominently in severe cases of COVID infection may seem familiar but has historically predisposed to such logical missteps [6] . This simple perception provided for adult patients a convenient explanation that paralleled that of the infant respiratory distress syndrome, a condition for which the root cause mechanism had already been confirmed [8] . As pathologic severity increases, key definitional features of ARDS (extensive infiltrates, hypoxemia) usually proceed in synch, serving to guide clinical treatment and prognosis by gas exchange criteria. Respiratory system compliance is not invariably low in the presence of severe hypoxemia Do patients progress to diffuse airspace disease via patient self-inflicted lung injury (PSILI)? Covid-19 does not lead to a "typical" acute respiratory distress syndrome Management of Covid-19 respiratory distress Potential for lung recruitment and ventilation-perfusion mismatch in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome from coronavirus disease 2019 doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-06195-z id = cord-275336-lnhkux0m author = Marino Gammazza, Antonella title = Human molecular chaperones share with SARS-CoV-2 antigenic epitopes potentially capable of eliciting autoimmunity against endothelial cells: possible role of molecular mimicry in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Human molecular chaperones share with SARS-CoV-2 antigenic epitopes potentially capable of eliciting autoimmunity against endothelial cells: possible role of molecular mimicry in COVID-19 Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of COVID-19 disease, has the potential to elicit autoimmunity because mimicry of human molecular chaperones by viral proteins. We compared viral proteins with human molecular chaperones, many of which are heat shock proteins, to determine if they share amino acid-sequence segments with immunogenic-antigenic potential, which can elicit cross-reactive antibodies and effector immune cells with the capacity to damage-destroy human cells by a mechanism of autoimmunity. We identified the chaperones that can putatively participate in molecular mimicry phenomena after SARS-CoV-2 infection, focusing on those for which endothelial cell plasma-cell membrane localization has already been demonstrated. We compared the amino acid sequences of all the SARS-CoV-2 proteins with the sequences of human chaperones to determine if they share segments with immunogenic-antigenic potential that might be causing autoimmunity. doi = 10.1007/s12192-020-01148-3 id = cord-320663-xypg6evo author = Market, Marisa title = Flattening the COVID-19 Curve With Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies date = 2020-06-23 keywords = IFN; MERS; SARS; cell; covid-19; infection; natural; patient summary = A common feature of coronavirus infections is that significant morbidity and mortality is associated with lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting from an exaggerated immune response, of which NK cells are an important component. Natural Killer (NK) cells are a key component of the innate immune system and are critical in the response to many viral infections in humans and animal models (1) (2) (3) . Altogether these studies show that during acute CoV infection, inflammatory monocyte-macrophages and neutrophils accumulate in the lungs and produce cytokines and chemokines that induce the activation and migration of lymphocytes, including NK cells, to the lungs, where they could be one of the main producers of IFN-γ (148). Studies have reported that patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have lower levels of circulating NK cells and these express a greater level of inhibitory receptors (e.g., NKG2A) while producing less IFN-γ (127, 129, 130) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01512 id = cord-271221-aoc61qy5 author = Markowitz, Kenneth title = Fever and other clinical indicators may fail to detect COVID-19 infected individuals date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Instead, the authors examined a sample of people at risk for COVID-19 infection, a group of Japanese nationals evacuated from Wuhan, China, to Japan. All 565 evacuees were assessed for symptoms including fever determined by temperature screening, and interviews to collect information concerning cough and other non-specific symptoms that are consistent with COVID-19 infection. These results indicate that symptom-based screening of COVID-19 is likely to fail to detect many infected individuals. The rationale behind COVID-19 screening by assessing temperature and self-reported flu-like symptoms is to identify individuals who are likely to be infected. Although commonly conducted in dental facilities, using body temperature measurements and a person''s self-report of symptoms can fail to identify COVID-19 infected individuals. The evidence does however indicate that symptom-based screening of patients and staff for COVID-19 should not be relied on to protect the dental environment from this virus. Effectiveness of airport screening at detecting travellers infected with novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) doi = 10.1016/j.jebdp.2020.101499 id = cord-310753-sv88b0dt author = Marks, M. title = Transmission of COVID-19 in 282 clusters in Catalonia, Spain: a cohort study date = 2020-10-27 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = By the time of performing this search, various 57 authors had reported on retrospective analyses of clusters of index cases and their corresponding contacts, 58 as well as series of patients who developed symptomatic Covid-19 disease after PCR positive result. The objective of this study was to evaluate transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in the context of a trial 109 of post-exposure prophylaxis and evaluate the influence of baseline variables-including viral load of the 110 index cases and exposed contacts-to transmission, development of symptomatic disease, and the 111 incubation period. Also, after excluding 215 contacts who were PCR positive at the first study visit, we found no association between the viral load of 216 the index case and the time to onset of incident SARS-CoV-2 infection (HR 1.01 95% CI 0.83-1.23). doi = 10.1101/2020.10.27.20220277 id = cord-263099-uhou04sp author = Marlais, Matko title = The severity of COVID-19 in children on immunosuppressive medication date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 1 We are currently managing an ongoing survey that includes children aged 0-19 years with kidney disease on immunosuppressive medication who are diagnosed with COVID-19. These data from a small number of children suggests that even child ren receiving immunosuppressive treatment for various indications appear to have a mild clinical course of COVID-19. Similarly, a study with eight children with inflammatory bowel disease found that all children diagnosed with COVID-19 had a mild infection, despite treatment with immunomodulators, biologics, or both. Although with a survey administered online there is a risk of underreporting because not all clinicians might receive it, we believe that the widespread dissemination of this survey across multiple international organisations would mean that most severe cases of COVID-19 in children with kidney disease would be reported. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study doi = 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30145-0 id = cord-272491-a84pahdr author = Maron-Gutierrez, Tatiana title = Cell-Free Therapies: Novel Approaches for COVID-19 date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; MSC; cell summary = Cell-free therapies, such as the MSC secretome (obtained as conditioned medium) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) from MSCs, have been studied in ARDS (16) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) (17, 18) for their antiinflammatory and anti-fibrogenic effects, as well as their epithelial and endothelial regenerative properties. The MSC secretome, in the form of conditioned medium containing extracellular vesicles (EVs) and mitochondria, could be transformed into a stable product for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. many researchers and international societies, including the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) and the International Society for Cellular and Gene Therapies (ISCT), have expressed concern regarding the use of EVs-whether derived from MSCs or from other cell sources-in the treatment of COVID-19 (19) . Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate influenza virus-induced acute lung injury in a pig model Mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a review of current literature and potential future treatment options doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583017 id = cord-341387-ovwiqmmj author = Marone, Enrico M. title = Characteristics of venous thromboembolism in COVID-19 patients: a multicenter experience from Northern Italy. date = 2020-07-14 keywords = DVT; covid-19 summary = This study aims to outline the main characteristics of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in COVID-19 patients, based on experience of four high-volume COVID-19 hospitals in Northern Italy. In fact, like in other 50 respiratory infections, important alterations in the hemostatic functions, namely a procoagulant 51 effect, have been described in critically ill COVID-19 patients, yielding to an increased incidence of 52 venous thromboembolism (VTE) that has been estimated between 25% and 29% among those 53 hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) [2-3]. However, although the higher liability of COVID-54 19 patients to develop VTE is widely acknowledged, many aspects of this frequent and worrisome 55 complication have not been investigated yet: the most pressing questions that need to be addressed 56 concern its time of onset, if and how it relates with the severity and progression of the pneumonia, 57 and whether it affects in particular some venous districts. doi = 10.1016/j.avsg.2020.07.007 id = cord-273913-xem3alih author = Marraha, Farah title = A Review of the Dermatological Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; case; patient summary = In this review, we discuss these various cutaneous manifestations and skin problems related to personal protective equipment, as well as different cutaneous anti-COVID-19 drug-associated reactions. e first case infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in Wuhan, China, in late November 2019. ese skin lesions can guide clinicians for diagnosis if the patients present other COVID-19 symptoms; however, viral infection cannot be the only cause; mediated inflammatory responses and drug reactions can also be suspected. e aim of our literature review is to report the various cutaneous manifestations described to date associated with COVID-19, the skin problems related to personal protective equipment, and the different cutaneous anti-COVID-19 drug reactions [6, 7] . e frequency of the skin lesions associated with COVID-19 infection varies according to the series; in a Chinese study of 1099 positive cases, the incidence was only 0.2%, while in an Italian series of 88 patients it was 20.4% [42] . doi = 10.1155/2020/9360476 id = cord-023483-owgs4syo author = Marshall, John L title = Colorectal cancer care in the age of coronavirus: strategies to reduce risk and maintain benefit date = 2020-04-16 keywords = COVID-19; cancer; patient summary = It is virtually impossible to detail every possible scenario that clinicians and patients could face over the coming months, so instead we are providing a broader outline of the basic principles we are incorporating into decision making, specific ideas of how to modify common treatment regimens and a table highlighting strategic guidance to consider when making multidisciplinary recommendations. It is important to recognize that while our current guidelines do reflect the current standards, there are significant modifications that can be made, which are unlikely to result in any major significant negative impact on an individual patient; However, there are key moments in the treatment of colorectal cancer where we are delivering curative therapy. We must continue to support our patients so that they receive optimized treatment for their colorectal cancer, while at the same time minimizing their individual risk of infection. doi = 10.2217/crc-2020-0010 id = cord-335122-8s3bcyo8 author = Marshall, Steve title = COVID-19: What do we know? date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; N95; SARS summary = 44, 45, [47] [48] [49] The amount of viable SARS-CoV-2 in droplet nuclei remains unclear, but in subjects infected with other respiratory viruses, such as influenza, experiments comparing coughing and breathing suggest an equivalent production of viral RNA and replication-competent virus, detected at close range (< 12 inches). 78 In situations where healthcare workers wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) attend to patients with COVID-19 and do not perform medical AGPs, direct airborne transmission of replicationcompetent SARS-CoV-2 has not been confirmed. 79 The results of hospital studies evaluating aerosolization of body fluids and respiratory droplets of SARS-CoV-1 infected patients generated during certain medical AGPs (tracheal intubation, non-invasive ventilation, bronchoscopy, etc.), suggest that airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may be possible during these procedures. Currently there are no studies reporting airborne viable (replication-competent) SARS-CoV-2 virus J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f in hospital settings where infected patients are cared for, but not subjected to medical AGPs, by healthcare workers wearing surgical masks. doi = 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.08.010 id = cord-307089-344rhiw0 author = Marson, Fernando Augusto Lima title = Covid-19 in Brazil date = 2020-04-27 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19 summary = Italy showed a lower testing capacity than China and other countries such as Germany during the first weeks of COVID-19 pandemic, but the capacity to perform real-time PCR has improved, giving better epidemiologic data of less severe cases and asymptomatic individuals carrying the coronavirus in the population. (i) Brazil has many risk groups as described by World Health Organization (WHO) like those older than 60 years and with prognostic comorbidity, which may occur when diseases predispose the patient to (ii) Brazil is a continental country with a population that is different in each region based on social behavior, genetics (each region has a different level of ancestral contribution of African, Caucasians and Indigenous genomes) and economic backgrounds raising the need for different medical and social managements in each area. doi = 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.04.008 id = cord-283744-qkvo6cji author = Marston, Cicely title = Community participation is crucial in a pandemic date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; community summary = Community participation is essential in the collective response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), from compliance with lockdown, to the steps that need to be taken as countries ease restrictions, to community support through volunteering. This requires dedicated staff who can help governments engage in dialogue with citizens, work to integrate the response across health and social care, and coordinate links with other sectors such as policing and education. Second, those of us working to address COVID-19 in the health and social care sectors and beyond should look to existing community groups and networks to build coproduction. All societies have community groups that can co-create better pandemic response and health services and politicians must be supported to incorporate these voices. Social mobilization and community engagement central to the Ebola response in west Africa: lessons for future public health emergencies doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31054-0 id = cord-257263-906epvo1 author = Martellucci, Cecilia Acuti title = Changes in the spatial distribution of COVID-19 incidence in Italy using GIS-based maps date = 2020-07-18 keywords = Italy; covid-19 summary = Although the epidemic of COVID-19 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in Italy on January 31, 2020, no reports on the use of GIS-based maps have been published to analyze the distinct differences in incidence rates across its regions and provinces during the last months. For these reasons, we have developed epidemiological maps of incidence rates using official populations, by regions (1st administrative level of the country) and provinces (2nd administrative level), for COVID-19 in Italy using GIS. Surveillance cases data of the cumulative number at March 15, April 18, and June 8, 2020, officially reported by the Italian health authorities were used to estimate the cumulated incidence rates on those dates using reference population data on SARS-CoV-2 confirmed infections (cases/100,000 pop) and to develop the maps by regions and provinces, using the GIS software Kosmo ® 3.1, as performed in previous related studies [6, 7] . doi = 10.1186/s12941-020-00373-z id = cord-342013-k54u2q0d author = Martenot, Antoine title = Favorable outcomes among neonates not separated from their symptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = 1, 2 Although neonates born of mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy are seemingly vulnerable to infection, studies have found that they were not at a high risk for severe infection and were very rarely affected by COVID-19. This strategy involved preservation of continuous mother-infant proximity with specific hygienic measures, breast milk as the main source of feeding, early discharge with home isolation, and a structured follow-up with hospital-assisted home care. Breastfeeding may protect against the horizontal transmission of SARS-CoV-2, as specific antibodies against this virus have been found in the breast milk of a COVID-19-infected mother. 19 Our results support early postnatal proximity, despite many mothers worldwide being separated from their newborn infants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Even during the COVID-19 pandemic, safely maintaining familycentered perinatal care and continuing the promotion of bonding between neonates and their SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers appear possible, as these newborns are very rarely infected and, if infected, show only mild symptoms. doi = 10.1038/s41390-020-01226-3 id = cord-312374-gu9tq48n author = Martin Arranz, Eduardo title = Management of COVID-19 Pandemic in Spanish Inflammatory Bowel Disease Units: Results From a National Survey date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; IBD summary = The survey included items in 5 sections asking about the structure of IBD units, structural changes adopted because of the current pandemic, recommendations regarding immunosuppressive and biologic treatments during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, adopted measures regarding suspected COVID-19 in patients with IBD, and management of patients with IBD with confirmed COVID-19. During the COVID-19 crisis, 100% of hospitals surveyed have cancelled elective onsite consultation and changed to phone assistance, 40% have also attended patients via e-mail, and 13% have used social media to inform patients about the latest updates regarding IBD and SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected Spain, with 205,905 cases confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and 22,902 deaths registered up to April 24, 2020, and has forced all hospitals to change their clinical practice, suspending all ambulatory procedures to minimize the risk of infection and relocating doctors and nurses to attend COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1093/ibd/izaa142 id = cord-307227-x6xketcn author = Martin, William R. title = Repurposing of FDA-Approved Toremifene to Treat COVID-19 by Blocking the Spike Glycoprotein and NSP14 of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; protein; toremifene summary = Here, we combine homology modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and binding affinity calculations to determine potential targets for toremifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator which we have previously identified as a SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor. These results suggest potential structural mechanisms for toremifene by blocking the spike protein and NSP14 of SARS-CoV-2, offering a drug candidate for COVID-19. 2, 3 In our initial network-based drug repurposing study, 4 we identified toremifene, another selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), as a strong candidate for the potential treatment of COVID-19. A drug repurposing study for SARS-CoV-1 5 indicated a low 50% effective concentration (EC 50 ) for toremifene, and noted that estrogen signaling may not be involved in the inhibitory pathway, similar to that of inhibition of Ebola. Future work will be needed to confirm these results; optimally, the determination of a cocrystal structure with Journal of Proteome Research pubs.acs.org/jpr Article NSP14 and/or the spike glycoprotein from SARS-CoV-2 with toremifene would be solved. doi = 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00397 id = cord-348350-pac9ha4q author = Martin-Blondel, G title = Hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients: what still needs to be known about the kinetics date = 2020-05-11 keywords = covid-19 summary = Different dosage regimens of hydroxychloroquine are used to manage COVID-19 patients, without information on the pharmacokinetics in this population.Blood samples (n=101) were collected from 57 COVID-19 patients for 7 days and concentrations were compared with simulated kinetic profiles.Hydroxychloroquine exposure is low and cannot be predicted by other populations. Because of the severity of COVID-19 and the pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine in SLE patients [5] , a loading dose was rapidly included in the new hospital regimens to optimize drug distribution in tissues and more precisely in the lungs. For each regimen applied at the Toulouse University Hospital, an example of the expected kinetic profiles for a body weight of 80 kg (the median weight in our population) are presented in Figure 1 with the corresponding serum concentration for each patient. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa558 id = cord-279719-z0wuajpx author = Martin-Fumadó, Carles title = Medico-legal and ethical considerations on resource limitation and clinical decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; medical; patient; resource summary = Resource rationing has been necessary in the COVID-19 pandemic, and therefore consensus documents have been published for decision-making based on four fundamental ethical values: maximization of benefits, treating people equally, contributing to creating social value and giving priority to the worst off, from which specific recommendations derive: maximize benefits; prioritize health workers; do not prioritize attendance on a first-COme, first-served basis; be sensitive to scientific evidence; recognize participation in research and apply the same principles to COVID-19 patients as to non-COVID-19 patients. The aspects associated with the principle of justice expressed by Beauchamp and Childress will therefore be of key importance in resolving the ethical and medical-legal problems arising from the fair assignation of resources during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.remle.2020.05.004 id = cord-291168-4u4cssky author = Martin-Villares, Cristina title = Outcome of 1890 tracheostomies for critical COVID-19 patients: a national cohort study in Spain date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; Hospital; patient summary = METHODS: A multicentric prospective observational study of 1890 COVID-19 patients undergoing tracheostomy across 120 hospitals was conducted over 7 weeks in Spain (March 28 to May 15, 2020). The group has performed a national multicentric prospective observational study on 1890 COVID-19 critical patients undergoing tracheostomy in a total of 120 hospitals in Spain. On early March, 2020, at a very critical moment of the pandemic in Spain and without published data yet from initial experiences in China or Italy, Spanish otolaryngologists began their first tracheostomies in Madrid (March, 11) and Barcelona (March, 16) , with the onrush of more than a thousand patients in their respective overcrowded ICUs, which doubled its current capacity. Between March 28 and May 15, the Spanish COVID Group, encompassing 120 hospitals, performed 1890 tracheostomies, the equivalent of 16.4% of all registered ICU patients with mechanical ventilation in Spain. doi = 10.1007/s00405-020-06220-3 id = cord-350006-c4be9eii author = Martina, Stefano title = The Perception of COVID-19 among Italian Dentists: An Orthodontic Point of View date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; dentist summary = An online questionnaire, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), was sent to Italian dentists during the final days of the lockdown with items about anxiety, fear, distress, perceived risk for operators, and concerns about orthodontic patients caused by working during the COVID-19 outbreak. The questionnaire was comprised of 31 multiple-choice questions: 5 questions were about personal data (gender, age, region of residence); 4 were on symptoms of COVID-19; 7 were about the perceived risk for operators during orthodontic procedures, anxiety and distress caused by working during the COVID-19 outbreak; 6 were about the fears for an infection and the concerns regarding orthodontic and Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) patients whose treatment has been suspended due to the epidemic; 5 were about emergencies and changes in clinical procedures and work organization as a result of the COVID-19. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17124384 id = cord-287732-abzpfdcu author = Martindale, Robert title = Nutrition Therapy in Critically Ill Patients with Coronavirus Disease (COVID‐19) date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = These variables have implications for nutritional interventions: [1] older patients are at-risk for pre-existing disease and sarcopenia which increases their risk for pre-existing malnutrition and increased risk of refeeding syndrome, [2] severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with refractory hypoxemia may require prone-positioning and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), [3] circulatory failure and concomitant feeding may increase the risk of gut ischemia and feeding intolerance, [4] multiple organ failure (MOF) and the need for early enteral nutrition (EN) to attenuate or mitigate gut derived inflammation, and [5] cytokine release syndrome which alters nutrient utilization (especially lipids). Recommendation 1: We recommend all healthcare providers, including dietitians, nurses, and physicians follow PPE standards set forth by the CDC and/or the WHO and adhere to their institutional guidelines when conducting bedside nutritional assessments for all patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1002/jpen.1930 id = cord-310465-2ahfxd9c author = Martinez, David title = COVID’s Impact on Radiation Oncology: A Latin American Survey Study date = 2020-10-01 keywords = America; COVID-19 summary = Follow-up surveys will be performed to provide dynamic monitoring the pandemic''s impact on radiation therapy services and adoption of ameliorating measures. Purpose: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Latin American radiation therapy services has not yet been widely assessed. Purpose: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Latin American radiation therapy services has not yet been widely assessed. Considering the region-wide existing deficit and centralized distribution of facilities, any threat to radiation therapy capacity in Latin America endangers patients'' access to ideal treatment options. 9, 10 Knowing the current real impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on radiation therapy services across the region might yield insights for cancer control policy. Despite tremendous variability in wealth and health care capacities in countries across Latin America, this survey identifies broad effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the region''s cancer care systems. doi = 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.06.058 id = cord-323591-8r30lsq8 author = Martinez, Edson Zangiacomi title = Long-term forecasts of the COVID-19 epidemic: a dangerous idea date = 2020-08-26 keywords = case; covid-19 summary = Among other important contributions, mathematical and statistical models are being used to forecast the short and long term course of the COVID-19 epidemic in a given population; these results are useful for estimating medical capacity requirements and to keep the public and decision-makers informed. Considering the model based on the Richards curve, it is estimated that in SP there will be K = 2,276,152 cases of COVID-19 by the end of the epidemic, and the peak of cases will occur on day b = 186.1 (tentatively, August 28, 2020). Figure 3 shows estimates of parameters K and b obtained from the fit of Richards models to the daily COVID-19 reports in SP and CE, considering a time series beginning on the date of notification of the first case in each state and ending on different dates, in a range from April 14 to July 8, 2020. doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0481-2020 id = cord-289904-u3et3we5 author = Martinez, G.S. title = Protect the vulnerable from extreme heat during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = These plans, generically known as Heat-health Action Plans (WHO, 2008) , typically comprise a series of interventions, including heat warning systems, advice and information on keeping safe from heat, specific outreach and care for vulnerable population groups, surveillance of heat-related mortality and illnesses, and local interventions to reduce heat exposure through cooling centers and cool recreational areas. The physical distancing measures and common space use restrictions set in place by most countries in response to the COVID-19 pandemic may hamper the implementation of those core heat-health prevention activities and aggravate the population''s vulnerability to extreme temperatures this summer. With the coming of high summer temperatures, it is vital that these systems are not entirely devoted to COVID-19 activity and still have the bandwidth to detect health impacts related to heat waves in order to ensure an adequate and timely response. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109684 id = cord-263940-dzb5idx2 author = Martinez-Lopez, J. title = Multiple Myeloma and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Factors of Inpatient Mortality date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = There is limited information on the characteristics, pre-admission prognostic factors, and outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is limited information on the characteristics, pre-admission prognostic factors, and outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 . 3, 4 There are cumulative data indicating that patients with cancer may be at increased risk for more severe COVID-19 and associated complications, including those receiving or not receiving treatment within the month prior to infection, 5,6 although other recent results suggest mortality may be primarily associated with age, male sex, and comorbidities. To our knowledge this is the first large case-series study to describe comprehensively the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in hospitalized MM patients, compare outcomes with a non-cancer cohort of COVID-19 patients, and identify pre-admission prognostic factors of inpatient mortality. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.29.20142455 id = cord-349313-2gupfqnl author = Martinez-Perez, Clara title = Citation Network Analysis of the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; SARS; publication summary = This study aims to analyze the relationship between different publications and their authors through citation networks, as well as to identify the research areas and determine which publication has been the most cited. Methods: The search for publications was carried out through the Web of Science database using terms such as "COVID-19" and "SARS-CoV-2" for the period between January and July 2020. The search of publications was carried out using the Web of Science (WOS) database with the following search terms: "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "The Coronavirus Disease 2019" and "Corona Virus Disease 2019". Moreover, the most common keywords used in Chinese journals were "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "Prevention and control", "Traditional Chinese Medicine", "Computed tomography", "Epidemic", "Public health", "MERS", "Pneumonia" and "Male". In this group, the different articles analyze the viral transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the most frequent symptoms (fever, cough, diarrhea, etc.) and experimental treatment methods such as chloroquine phosphate (Figure 7 ). doi = 10.3390/ijerph17207690 id = cord-277879-7ftu9b9q author = Martinez-Sanz, J. title = Effects of Tocilizumab on Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; crp summary = Propensity score logistic models predicted exposure at baseline and censoring over time as a result of recognized confounders of severe COVID-19 17, 18 including age, gender, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, kidney disease, congestive heart failure, lung disease), oxygen blood saturation and need for oxygen therapy at baseline, and time-varying parameters of clinical severity (blood pressure, heart rate, total lymphocyte and neutrophil count, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, D-dimers, and CRP). . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.08.20125245 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 3 and Table S2 show the adjusted hazard ratios for exploratory sensitivity analyses restricted to patients with baseline lymphocyte count <1000 cell/µl and baseline D-dimer >1000 ng/mL segregated by CRP levels. 14 However, there are key analytical issues in this setting, including the risk of immortal time bias (i.e., the requirement for patients to survive long enough to receive the intervention of interest, which can lead to a potentially incorrect estimation of a positive treatment effect), and indication bias from time-varying confounding (e.g., the use of tocilizumab following elevations of CRP). doi = 10.1101/2020.06.08.20125245 id = cord-352324-tle14vtm author = Martini, Chiara title = Phase 3 of COVID-19: treat your patients and care for your radiographers. A designed projection for an aware and innovative radiology department. date = 2020-10-23 keywords = PPE; covid-19 summary = The aim of this document is therefore to provide useful and operative recommendations to radiographers who perform imaging services, such as chest X-ray (XR) and Computer Tomography (CT) scans to three types of patients: negative, suspected or suffering from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome by Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The aim of this document is therefore to provide useful and operative recommendations to radiographers who perform imaging services, such as chest X-ray (XR) and Computer Tomography (CT) scans to three types of patients: negative, suspected or suffering from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome by Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The aim of this document is therefore to provide useful operative recommendations to radiographers who perform imaging services, such as chest X-ray (XR) and Computer Tomography (CT) scans, aimed at three kinds of patients: negative, suspected or suffering from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome by Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). doi = 10.1016/j.jmir.2020.08.019 id = cord-288502-qqg41daz author = Martini, Katharina title = Patterns of organizing pneumonia and microinfarcts as surrogate for endothelial disruption and microangiopathic thromboembolic events in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = BACKGROUND: To evaluate chest-computed-tomography (CT) scans in coronavirus-disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients for signs of organizing pneumonia (OP) and microinfarction as surrogate for microscopic thromboembolic events. 21.1% of COVID-19 patients suspected with PE showed subpleural wedge-shaped consolidation resembling infarct pneumonia, while only 13.2% showed visible filling defects of the pulmonary artery branches on CT-PA. However, patients with suspected PE showed a higher prevalence of lung changes, resembling patterns of infarct pneumonia or OP and CT-signs of pulmonary-artery hypertension. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate possible typical parenchymal lung changes resembling patterns of infarct pneumonia or OP as surrogate for microscopic thromboembolic events in COVID-19 patients. Our hypothesis is further strengthened by the higher presence of CT signs for pulmonary artery hypertension and right heart failure in patients undergoing CT-PA or with CT patterns resembling infarct pneumonia. However, our COVID-19 cohort showed lung changes resembling those of infarct pneumonia and OP as well as CT-signs of pulmonary-artery hypertension. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240078 id = cord-333925-5qg4mufh author = Martino, M. title = Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on psychophysical stress in patients with adrenal insufficiency: the CORTI-COVID study date = 2020-09-18 keywords = CORTI; COVID summary = METHODS: In this monocentric (Ancona University Hospital, Italy), cross-sectional study covering February-April 2020, 121 (40 primary, 81 secondary) AI patients (59 males, 55 ± 17 years) completed telematically three questionnaires: the purpose-built "CORTI-COVID", assessing medical history and concern for COVID-19-related global health, AI-specific personal health, occupational, economic, and social consequences; the AddiQoL-30; the Short-Form-36 (SF-36) Health Survey. We, therefore, aimed to investigate in a cohort of AI patients, for the period February-April 2020: (a) the prevalence, clinical features, and outcome of COVID-19; (b) the prevalence of adrenal crises and their possible association with intercurrent infection with SARS-CoV-2 and/or pandemic-related psychophysical stress; (c) the emotional impact of pandemic-induced lockdown and social distancing; (d) the self-reported QoL and health perception during the lockdown. doi = 10.1007/s40618-020-01422-2 id = cord-326393-gxy1w0qk author = Martino, Marcello Di title = CIRUGÍA ELECTIVA DURANTE LA PANDEMIA POR SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): ANÁLISIS DE MORBIMORTALIDAD Y RECOMENDACIONES SOBRE PRIORIZACIÓN DE LOS PACIENTES Y MEDIDAS DE SEGURIDAD date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: CIRUGÍA ELECTIVA DURANTE LA PANDEMIA POR SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): ANÁLISIS DE MORBIMORTALIDAD Y RECOMENDACIONES SOBRE PRIORIZACIÓN DE LOS PACIENTES Y MEDIDAS DE SEGURIDAD Desde que se produjeron los primeros casos de infección por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) a finales de diciembre de 2019 en Wuhan (China), el crecimiento exponencial de esta enfermedad ha llevado a una pandemia, declarada como tal por la Organización Mundial de la Sanidad (OMS) el 11 de marzo J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 2020 (1, 2) . Se analizaron la edad, sexo, estado funcional definido según la escala ECOG (21), antecedentes personales, diagnóstico, tipo de intervención quirúrgica, momento en que se confirmó la infección por SARS-CoV-2, el tratamiento requerido para la misma (Tabla 1), la gravedad de la infección respiratoria según la BRCSS (20) y las complicaciones postoperatorias según la clasificación de Dindo-Clavien (19) . doi = 10.1016/j.ciresp.2020.04.029 id = cord-290975-2kmvyovm author = Martinotti, Giovanni title = Psychopathological Burden and Quality of Life in Substance Users During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Italy date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; craving; italian; patient summary = In this paper, we aim at evaluating the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic, and the relative containment measures, have had on a real-life sample of patients suffering from substance use disorders (SUDs) and/or behavioral addictions. Within the general population, problems such as feelings of frustration, aggressive behavior (2) , post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), depression, anxiety, insomnia, perceived stress, and adjustment disorder symptoms (ADS) have increased (3) , with the consequent risk of self-medication through the abuse of alcohol and/or psychoactive substances and with a greater tendency to engage in pathological behaviors (gambling and internet addiction). The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic, and the relative containment measures adopted by the Italian Government, had on patients with SUDs and/or behavioral addictions; to assess the psychopathological burden in terms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic load; and to evaluate the relevance of craving symptoms and their correlation with psychiatric symptoms and quality of life. doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.572245 id = cord-268693-td6kvmlq author = Martins, Leila Droprinchinski title = How socio-economic and atmospheric variables impact COVID-19 and Influenza outbreaks in tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil date = 2020-09-16 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; Influenza summary = COVID-19 and Influenza are both respiratory viruses and, in this study, we explore the relations of COVID-19 and Influenza with atmospheric variables and socio-economic conditions for tropical and subtropical climates in Brazil. Atmospheric variables, mobility, socio-economic conditions and population information were analyzed using a generalized additive model for daily COVID-19 cases from March 1(st) to May 15(th), 2020, and for daily Influenza hospitalizations (2017-2019) in Brazilian states representing tropical and subtropical climates. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the associations of COVID-19 cases and the number of hospital admissions by Influenza with atmospheric variables, social distancing and socio-economic conditions for different climate regions in Brazil. The socio-economic conditions also show wide variations inside the country; thus, it is a perfect J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f area to study the influence of these factors on the dissemination of COVID-19 and Influenza, two respiratory viruses with similarities in the modes of transmission. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110184 id = cord-296314-hprl52va author = Martins-Filho, Paulo Ricardo title = COVID-19 fatality rates related to social inequality in Northeast Brazil: a neighbourhood-level analysis. date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: COVID-19 fatality rates related to social inequality in Northeast Brazil: a neighbourhood-level analysis. Brazil is a country of continental dimensions that presents regional social inequalities with millions of people living in highly dense communities, with precarious housing conditions and poor sanitation. 5 In this ecological study, we investigated the association between social inequality and COVID-19 fatality rate in Aracaju municipality, Sergipe state, Northeast Brazil. Data on COVID-19 and population data were obtained from information systems and they were used to calculate the rates of incidence and case fatality due to COVID-19 for each neighbourhood of Aracaju. Although the highest incidence rates were recorded in the neighbourhoods with better living conditions (P < 0.001), there was an increasing trend in the mortality rate in neighbourhoods with higher social inequality (P < 0.001). 10 In Aracaju, COVID-19 pandemic has exposed historical inequalities and poor communities have shown limited testing resources and higher fatality rates from COVID-19 compared with communities with better living conditions. doi = 10.1093/jtm/taaa128 id = cord-308354-p50vs2eb author = Martinsson, Lisa title = Were clinical routines for good end-of-life care maintained in hospitals and nursing homes during the first three months of the outbreak of COVID-19? A national register study date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; care summary = OBJECTIVES: The objective was to examine whether adherence to clinical routines for good end-of-life care differed for deaths due to COVID-19 compared to a reference cohort from 2019, and whether they differed between nursing homes and hospitals. Four of the five items differed for total COVID-19 group compared to the reference cohort: fewer were examined by a physician during the last days before death, pain and oral health were less likely to be assessed, and fewer had had a specialised palliative care team consultation (p < .0001, respectively). Compared to the reference cohort from 2019, four of the five end-of-life care routines examined were conducted less often in the total COVID-19 group: significantly fewer were examined by a physician during the last days before death, pain and oral health were less likely to be assessed, and fewer had had a specialised palliative care team consultation, p < .0001 in all four comparisons ( Table 3 ). doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.09.043 id = cord-334688-0i1pu8wc author = Martos Pérez, F. title = Comorbidity and prognostic factors on admission in a COVID-19 cohort of a general hospital date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = Material and methods Retrospective cohort study of patients with COVID-19 admitted from 26th February 2020, who had been discharged or died up to 29th April 2020. Conclusions The presence of cardiopathy, levels of LDH ≥ 345 IU/L and age ≥ 65 years, are associated with a higher risk of death during hospital stay for COVID-19. In this study, we describe the first cases of COVID-19 in patients hospitalized in a general hospital and analyze the characteristics upon admission associated with in-hospital death. Our model shows that a medical history of cardiopathy, LDH levels ≥345 IU/L upon admission, and age ≥65 years are associated with greater in-hospital mortality due to COVID-19. Predictors of Mortality for Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2: A Prospective Cohort Study Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. doi = 10.1016/j.rceng.2020.05.010 id = cord-332795-kcvj1kmx author = Martín Carreras‐Presas, Carmen title = SARS‐CoV‐2 oral associated lesions: discussion of elicited response date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; Dr. summary = Some authors mention in their letters that our report was not the first COVID-19 patient with intraoral manifestations. (Galvan Casas et al., 2020) and also Chaux-Bodard et al., for having published the first report of a patient with oral and cutaneous manifestations just 5 days before our article was published. In response to Dr. Ponce and Dr. Abu-Hammad, the diagnosis of COVID-19 is difficult in some cases since they may resemble other clinical features commonly seen in other viral processes, but the suspected COVID-19 cases that we reported, were clinically compatible with the findings in the literature about SARS-CoV-2 infection. (Lombardo & Pagnoncellia, 2020; Vieira, 2020; Rocha, Figueiredo & Resende, 2020) Lastly, Dr. Patel and Wolley reported a necrotizing periodontal disease in a 35 year old female patient suspected of having COVID-19 as a response to our article. Letter to the Editor: Necrotizing periodontal disease: oral manifestation of COVID-19. Letter to the Editor: Overlapping findings or oral manifestations in new SARS-CoV-2 infection? doi = 10.1111/odi.13532 id = cord-343845-suoy3ojr author = Martín, Vicente title = Prevalencia de la Infección por SARS-CoV-2 en médicos y enfermeras de Atención Primaria y Residencias de Ancianos del Área de Salud de León y Factores asociados date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and associated factors with SARS-CoV-2 infection in general practitioners and nurses of primary care centers and nursing homes in the health area of León (Spain). The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in General Practitioners and Nurses of primary care centers and nursing homes in the health area of León. The most relevant results of this study indicate that the observed prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the health workers analyzed is 5.9% (CI95% 4.4%-8.0%), being higher in nursing home workers compared to primary care centers (9.5% vs. Our results indicate that a high number of professionals remain susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and therefore protective measures should be taken, not only in primary care, as the main contact with the health system, but also in nursing homes. doi = 10.1016/j.semerg.2020.05.014 id = cord-346395-vdlk3ck2 author = Martín-Noguerol, Teodoro title = Teleworking beyond teleradiology: managing radiology departments during the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-09-02 keywords = covid-19; radiology summary = A comprehensive perspective based on our own experience during the COVID-19 outbreak has been performed highlighting the value of teleworking for almost all areas implied in the workflow of radiology departments beyond radiologists. Radiology departments (RDs) are implementing several protective measures focusing on personal protective equipment, differentiating clean and dirty scanning rooms, distinct patient circuits for suspicious and non-suspicious COVID-19 patients, sending external patients to other centers, reinforced disinfection protocols, and even new personnel policy, such as decentralized and alternating shifts among staff or establishing parallel teams where possible [4] [5] [6] [7] . Teleradiology functions include remote access to radiology information system (RIS) and Picture Archive and Communication System (PACS), Web visualization of clinical history and prior imaging studies, and reporting capabilities to radiologists. The use of Web-based scheduling solutions helps protect the patient''s health minimizing the risk of potential new infections and plays an important role in preparing safe worklists. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-07205-w id = cord-299570-1xz5r95f author = Martínez-García, M title = Telemedicina con telemonitorización en el seguimiento de pacientes con COVID-19 date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo de los pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 por PCR positiva y considerados de alto riesgo que se siguieron con telemedicina y telemonitorización en el Área Sanitaria de Lugo entre el 17 de marzo y el 17 de abril de 2020. Conclusiones: Nuestros datos sugieren que la telemedicina con telemonitorización domiciliaria, utilizada de forma proactiva, permite un seguimiento clínicamente útil y seguro en pacientes con COVID-19 de alto riesgo. Our study suggests that telemedicine with home telemonitoring, used proactively, allows for monitoring high-risk patients with COVID-19 in a clinically useful and secure way. Our study suggests that telemedicine with home telemonitoring, used proactively, allows for monitoring high-risk patients with COVID-19 in a clinically useful and secure way. Los datos de este estudio sugieren que el seguimiento domiciliario con telemedicina y telemonitorización en pacientes COVID-19 es un sistema bien aceptado, útil y seguro. doi = 10.1016/j.rce.2020.05.013 id = cord-290295-gl144dh9 author = Martínez-López, Joaquín title = Multiple myeloma and SARS-CoV-2 infection: clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of inpatient mortality date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; mortality; patient summary = Among MM patients, inpatient mortality was 41% in males, 42% in patients aged >65 years, 49% in patients with active/progressive MM at hospitalization, and 59% in patients with comorbid renal disease at hospitalization, which were independent prognostic factors on adjusted multivariate analysis. There are cumulative data indicating that patients with cancer may be at increased risk for more severe COVID-19 and associated complications, including those receiving or not receiving treatment within the month prior to infection 5, 6 , although other recent results suggest mortality may be primarily associated with age, male sex, and comorbidities 7 . To our knowledge, this is the first large case-series study to describe comprehensively the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in hospitalized MM patients, compare outcomes with a noncancer cohort of COVID-19 patients, and identify preadmission prognostic factors of inpatient mortality. doi = 10.1038/s41408-020-00372-5 id = cord-303603-4mi64bgm author = Martínez-Urbistondo, Diego title = Early Combination of Tocilizumab and Corticosteroids: An Upgrade in Anti-inflammatory Therapy for Severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID) date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID summary = title: Early Combination of Tocilizumab and Corticosteroids: An Upgrade in Anti-inflammatory Therapy for Severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID) In our experience, the early administration of corticosteroids associated to tocilizumab, according to the previously published recommendations by the Spanish Ministry of Health [6] , may solve this high failure rate. In the HM Sanchinarro Hospital, a 200 bed teaching institution, we consecutively and ambispectively collected the outcome of 136 patients who received tocilizumab plus corticosteroids to treat severe COVID, defined as a SpO2/FiO2 <325 with bilateral pneumonia and a clinical diagnosis of infection by SARS-CoV-2. Generalized linear and Cox regression models, adjusted by age, sex, interaction between age and sex, CCI, time from onset to admission, dose of corticosteroids and tocilizumab and C-reactive protein and D-dimer levels at anti-inflammatory therapy administration, showed benefit in the use of ET in COVID patients (Relative Risk, 0.18, P = .01, and Hazard Ratio, 0.13, P = .01, respectively). doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa910 id = cord-308424-crvnzr44 author = Mascarenhas, Victor Hugo Alves title = Care recommendations for parturient and postpartum women and newborns during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; woman summary = Normal childbirth: • Mild clinical conditions; • There are no contraindications, especially due to a lack of evidence on vertical transmissions; • If pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2* present spontaneous labor and good cervical conditions, normal childbirth is advised, provided that the health service has the apparatus necessary to promote appropriate precautions; • To shorten the duration of the second stage of labor, directed pushing is recommended and parturient women are supposed to wear a surgical mask. This decision should be taken together with the mother and health workers involved in care delivery; • There is a risk of mothers transmitting SARS-CoV-2* to their NB † through respiratory droplets at the time of breastfeeding, even when wearing a surgical mask; • Women who opt not to breastfeed during the period of the disease should be encouraged to express breast milk to feed their NB † ; doi = 10.1590/1518-8345.4596.3359 id = cord-275350-m1rv2i11 author = Maserat, Elham title = COVID-19 & an NGO and university developed interactive portal: a perspective from Iran date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; information; portal summary = Thus, considering the benefits of the health portal and its critical role in information interaction and the lack of electronic context for the communication of the various tools that have been provided to manage and monitor COVID-19, we offered this platform in the interactive portal of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), research institutes, and universities. NGOs, under the supervision of and in participation with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences'' Center for Social Factors Research in COVID-19 Management Division of this portal, separated classified information into two sections of informatics and services. NGOs, under the supervision of and in participation with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences'' Center for Social Factors Research in COVID-19 Management Division of this portal, separated classified information into two sections of informatics and services. The interactive portal developed by the NGOs and university is accessible to the general public, patients, service providers, and, importantly, policymakers and presents educational and medical research information to all users. doi = 10.1007/s12553-020-00470-1 id = cord-325631-c7jwizpj author = Masetti, Chiara title = High mortality in COVID‐19 patients with mild respiratory disease date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; China; patient summary = CONCLUSIONS: In‐hospital mortality of patients with COVID‐19 presenting with mild symptoms is high and is associated with older age, platelet count and ferritin levels. For this reason, we conducted a retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients admitted to our Hospital with mild-moderate signs and symptoms of COVID-19 with the aim to identify predictive factors of in-hospital mortality. Inclusion criteria were as follows: diagnosis of COVID-19 with documented pneumonia requiring hospitalization in a non-intensive care unit because of mild Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) (the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen, PaO2/FiO2 > 200), 15 without further signs or symptoms or organ dysfunction. Indeed, in other studies, platelet count has been validated as a biomarker associated with disease severity and mortality risk in the intensive care unit (ICU). This was in line with recent studies confirming low platelet count association with increased risk of severe disease, need of mechanical ventilation and mortality in COVID-19. doi = 10.1111/eci.13314 id = cord-303703-ekhwb5xb author = Mash, Bob title = Primary care management of the coronavirus (COVID-19) date = 2020-03-31 keywords = COVID-19; case; patient summary = 1 As I write this, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is hitting South Africa and events are unfolding fast as new measures are taken on a daily basis to contain its spread within communities. If people meet the case definition, the primary care provider should immediately adopt infection prevention and control measures. If people meet the case definition, the primary care provider should immediately adopt infection prevention and control measures. Mild cases can be managed at home with self-isolation, symptomatic treatment and follow-up if the disease worsens. Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; primary care; continuing medical education; clinical management. Patients should be treated in a separate room, although not necessarily an airborne infection isolation room, as measures to prevent contact and surface contamination are most important. • At least one of the following epidemiological criteria in the 14 days prior to onset of symptoms: ß Was in close contact with a confirmed or probable case of SARS-Cov-2 infection. doi = 10.4102/safp.v62i1.5115 id = cord-304280-2a84u4tm author = Masic, Izet title = Public Health Aspects of COVID-19 Infection with Focus on Cardiovascular Diseases date = 2020-03-17 keywords = COVID-19; Health; SARS; patient summary = METHODS: We used method of descriptive analysis of the published papers with described studies about Corona virus connected with CVD, and, also, Guidelines proposed by World Health Organization (WHO) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC), and some other international associations which are included in global fighting against COVID-19 infection. Early COVID-19 case reports suggest that patients with underlying conditions are at higher risk for complications or mortality -up to 50% of hospitalized patients have a chronic medical illness (40% cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease). The clinical effects of pneumonia have been linked to increased risk of CVD up to 10-year follow-up (11) and it is likely that cases infected via respiratory virus outbreaks will experience similar adverse outcomes. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has issued a statement advising that patients continue treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), despite widely circulated reports that the agents could worsen coronavirus disease (20) . doi = 10.5455/msm.2020.32.71-76 id = cord-313390-zeo0ud75 author = Masiero, Stefano title = Health resort medicine can be a suitable setting to recover disabilities in patients tested negative for COVID-19 discharged from hospital? A challenge for the future date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Health resort medicine can be a suitable setting to recover disabilities in patients tested negative for COVID-19 discharged from hospital? Hence, our proposal for an innovative post-hospitalization rehabilitative treatment, taking advantage of health resort medicine as suitable setting to take care of discharged subjects tested negative for COVID-19. Rehabilitation strategies in health resort medicine may include therapeutic massage, water massage, physical modalities, numerous forms of exercise such as water exercise, breathing, balance, and muscle-strengthening exercises, health education, psychological interventions, and treatments complementary to balneotherapy (Masiero et al. Furthermore, immersion in thermal water may be used to strengthen weakened inspiratory muscles, through the combination of respiratory exercise and aerobic training (Becker 2009 ), leading to develop a specific respiratory rehabilitation service for post COVID-19 patients. The access to Health resort medicine should be guaranteed to post-COVID 19 subjects after two negative rRT-PCR results, improvement in signs and symptoms, and fever resolution (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020a). doi = 10.1007/s00484-020-01947-4 id = cord-346656-5nz0bs4v author = Masini, Francesco title = Rheumatic disease management in the Campania region of Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Usually, discontinuing therapeutic treatment is not recommended, since clinical flares of rheumatic disease develop with subsequent use of other immunosuppressants such as corticosteroids, equally unsafe in the case of COVID-19 occurrence [3] . The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the Italian Society of Rheumatology (SIR) clinical guidance during COVID-19 pandemic recommended management of patients on long-term corticosteroid therapy by gradually tapering doses, and warning against abrupt cessation of corticosteroid therapy, even during active infection. SIR has also promoted a dedicated platform, "CONTROL-19", for the remote monitoring of COVID-19 impact on rheumatic diseases [6] . Although more evidence is required to demonstrate the real impact of this strategy, telemedicine has demonstrated as a valid alternative to improve the quality of rheumatic patients'' care during COVID-19 pandemic, thus reducing hospitalizations only to urgent admissions. Recommendations for coronavirus infection in rheumatic diseases treated with biologic therapy SIR (2020) COVID-19 monitoring in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases doi = 10.1007/s00296-020-04648-8 id = cord-329412-pzv4dzow author = Massaad, Elie title = Social Media Data Analytics on Telehealth During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-26 keywords = covid-19; health summary = Methods: We inquired Twitter public data to access tweets related to telehealth from March 30, 2020 to April 6, 2020. The most common terms appearing alongside ''telehealth'' were "covid", "health", "care", "services", "patients", and "pandemic". The geographic distribution of tweets related to telehealth and having a specific location within the United States (n=19,367) was significantly associated with the number of confirmed Covid-19 cases reported in each state (p<0.001). Our study aims to analyze the dynamics of social media data related to telehealth and understand the public activity to strategically optimize and accelerate the digital health transformation. The 10 most common words apart from "telehealth" that appeared in these tweets were "COVID", "health", "care", "services", "patients", "pandemic", "coronavirus", "healthcare", "access", "need". In this study, we retrieved and analyzed public data available on Twitter to investigate the rapid shift in telehealth adoption amidst the recent coronavirus Covid-19 pandemics. doi = 10.7759/cureus.7838 id = cord-345298-1hdk14xg author = Massari, Francesco title = Oncology clinical trials in the time of COVID-19: how a pandemic can revolutionize patients’ care date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The main concern of medical investigators is to provide what is best for our patients, taking into account all available therapeutic options, including those deriving from the enrollment into a clinical trial and possible risks connected to the experimental treatment together with patients'' expectations. In the ethical and medical decision process, there are two heavy weights on the scale: on one hand, the therapeutic benefits we want to provide for our patients, especially if other treatment strategies are not available or not clinically competing; on the other hand, there is the significant risk of infection that these fragile patients are subjected to. A thorough discussion of experimental treatment expected benefits and risks, protocol requirements in terms of screening procedures, laboratory and radiological assessments and alternative therapeutic options should be carried on with the patient to consider if he is able and willing to proceed with the clinical study. doi = 10.2217/fon-2020-0364 id = cord-353756-lm2qs6ev author = Massey, Paul R. title = Going viral: A brief history of Chilblain-like skin lesions (“COVID toes”) amidst the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; like summary = In a rapidly evolving medical literature its manifestations are expanding and now include coagulopathies renal dysfunction, cardiac arrests, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children as well as cutaneous manifestations commonly observed with viral illnesses and chilblain-like skin lesions often referred to as "COVID toes". We review the rapid evolution of the chilblain-like presentation in patients with COVID 19 beginning with its first description in early March 2020 and summarize the evolving but rapidly self-confirming data. Amidst a panoply of unusual findings for a viral respiratory illness including induced coagulopathies, 1 renal dysfunction 2 and cardiac arrests, 3, 4 a suspected cutaneous manifestation of COVID-19, chilblain-like skin lesions -"COVID toes"has garnered particular attention both in the medical literature and in the national media. Chilblain-like lesions: a case series of 41 patients during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.05.012 id = cord-318965-0mxv8h06 author = Mastnak, Wolfgang title = Psychopathological problems related to the COVID‐19 pandemic and possible prevention with music therapy date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = Although Brodin 1 stated that the disease tends to be mild in children, psychopathological considerations allow us to assume that the pandemic will have a high risk of long-term paediatric psychiatric sequelae and interdisciplinary preventative measures are needed. Although Brodin 1 stated that the disease tends to be mild in children, psychopathological considerations allow us to assume that the pandemic will have a high risk of long-term paediatric psychiatric sequelae and interdisciplinary preventative measures are needed. 3 Given that the COVID-19 pandemic is a global disaster, public health, education and social systems need to work together to minimise the mental sequelae in the younger generation. Depending on children''s resilience and/or susceptibility to stress, this could give rise to self-protective attitudes and personality features, as well as mental health issues such as post-traumatic stress disorders or depressive and avoidant personality traits. doi = 10.1111/apa.15346 id = cord-335893-9cb8f2ds author = Masud, Dhalia title = Resuming autologous free tissue transfer for breast reconstruction in the COVID-19 era date = 2020-08-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = In view of the associated increased mortality risk, and potential complications such as return to theatre, autologous free tissue transfer for breast reconstruction was withheld in our unit from the 12th March. In view of the associated increased mortality risk, and potential complications such as return to theatre, autologous free tissue transfer for breast reconstruction was withheld in our unit from the 12th March. In view of the associated mortality risk, and potential complications such as return to theatre, autologous free tissue transfer for breast reconstruction was withheld in our unit from the 12th March. We developed an evidence based pathway that selected low risk patients and then minimised their potential pre-operative and inpatient COVID-19 exposure. Low risk patients attend a pre-operative virtual forum consultation with surgeons, specialist nurses and physiotherapists. Breast reconstruction with immediate autologous free tissue transfer in a peri-operative COVID-19 positive patient: a case report illustrating feasibility of aftercare. doi = 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.08.079 id = cord-320755-0zpnwl2k author = Mateen, Farrah J. title = Impact of COVID-19 on U.S. and Canadian neurologists’ therapeutic approach to multiple sclerosis: a survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practices date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; DMT summary = The overall objectives of this study were threefold: (1) to report the range of impacts of COVID-19 on neuroimmunologists'' practice across the USA and Canada; (2) to probe the MS DMT prescribing decisions and planning of neuroimmunologists in the setting of a viral pandemic; and (3) determine the unmet needs and sources of uncertainty that dominate the care of MS patients. Rather than emphasizing fact checking, the survey queried awareness of local COVID-19 cases and patients'' health practices, impressions and worries on the risk of COVID-19 to patients taking MS DMTs, and prescribing patterns in various special situations, naming the exact DMTs. As an example, issues related to older patients with MS were queried, defined as age 55 years and older (given the usual age cutoff for most DMT trials to date) or 60 years and older (given the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''s general consideration of people aged 60 years and older as a higher risk group) [11] , depending on the question. doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-10045-9 id = cord-288738-anouedix author = Mathew, Rishi Philip title = The Role of Non-Contrast Chest CT in Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pediatric Patients date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: The Role of Non-Contrast Chest CT in Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pediatric Patients Chest CT is now the widely accepted imaging tool for evaluating suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases, as well as for monitoring therapeutic response and follow-up. COVID-19 disease in the pediatric population is mostly mild [4] , with the most common CT findings being unilateral or bilateral subpleural ground-glass opacities, and consolidations with surrounding halo sign [5] . We feel a combination of pathogen detection using RT-PCR and early chest CT including follow-up imaging should be incorporated into the protocol when managing symptomatic pediatric COVID-19 patients. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases Differences in clinical and imaging presentation of pediatric patients with COVID-19 in comparison with adults doi = 10.1007/s12098-020-03338-4 id = cord-288271-p074ffpt author = Mathies, D. title = A Case of SARS‐CoV‐2‐pneumonia with successful antiviral therapy in a 77‐year‐old male with heart transplant date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = In this report, we present a 77‐year old patient with a heart transplant under relevant immunosuppressive therapy who was tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 after several days of dyspnoea, dry cough and light general symptoms. All rights reserved Diagnosis: SARS-CoV-2-Infection with viral pneumonia in a patient with heart transplant due to coronary artery disease with ischemic cardiomyopathy In this case the combination of radiologic signs of viral pneumonia and the supposed high-risk state of severe immunosuppression led to the decision to start an antiviral therapy immediately after receiving the positive rtPCR-results although the patient presented only mild symptoms. [13] A second question is whether patients with a solid organ transplant who receive immunosuppressive medication are at greater risk for a severe manifestation of a SARS-CoV 2-Infection or might even benefit from a reduced immunologic reaction. For SARS-CoV 2 we found two cases of patients with a heart transplant of which one had only mild manifestations and one required mechanical ventilation but survived [9] . doi = 10.1111/ajt.15932 id = cord-283500-mp2f102i author = Mathiesen, T. title = A snapshot of European neurosurgery December 2019 vs. March 2020: just before and during the Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-08 keywords = December; March; center; covid-19 summary = We have undertaken a questionnaire survey of 25 neurosurgical departments in Europe to identify differences and similarities of resources, caseload, and indications during 1 week of presumed regular practice in December 2019 compared with a week in March 2020, when practice was expected to be heavily influenced by the pandemic. March 2020 (Table 1) All centers reported comparable surgical activity/million inhabitants before the pandemic (December 2019): median 2.0 subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients in the ICU (75th percentile 2-8), median 2.5 SAH patients in the ICU (75th percentile 1-6), and median 5.0 elective craniotomies for brain tumors/week (75th percentile 1-6). Nineteen centers reported that all patients with legitimate medical needs could not expect to have those needs met during the Covid-19 pandemic in the March 2020 week, and several centers gave examples of patients with neurosurgical emergencies that would not be treated. doi = 10.1007/s00701-020-04482-8 id = cord-310405-7fah22nu author = Mathur, Sachin title = Development of an enhanced Acute Care Surgery service in response to the COVID-19 global pandemic: Assessment of clinical patient outcomes and staff psychological well-being date = 2020-06-25 keywords = ACS; covid-19; patient summary = title: Development of an enhanced Acute Care Surgery service in response to the COVID-19 global pandemic: Assessment of clinical patient outcomes and staff psychological well-being Methods: An enhanced ACS (eACS) model of care is described with the aim of limiting COVID-19 healthcare worker and patient cross-infection as well as providing 24/7 management of emergency general surgical (GS) and trauma patients. Conclusion: In healthcare systems not overwhelmed by COVID-19, an eACS model may assist in preserving psychological well-being for healthcare staff whilst providing 24/7 care for emergency GS and trauma patients. Unlike elective surgery, ACS cases cannot be cancelled during the pandemic and without appropriate strategies, ACS patients will compete for precious hospital resources such as acute ward beds, radiological tests and personal protective equipment (PPE). This study describes the changes made to enhance our system (eACS) to primarily safeguard against the risk of COVID-19 transmission to staff and patients, efficiently manage hospital resources and provide round the clock care. doi = 10.1016/j.injury.2020.06.040 id = cord-315735-0a49okho author = Matrajt, Laura title = Evaluating the effectiveness of social distancing interventions against COVID-19 date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COVID-19; figure summary = Our results suggest that social distancing interventions can avert cases by 20% and hospitalizations and deaths by 90% even with modest compliance within adults as long as the intervention is kept in place, but the epidemic is set to rebound once the intervention is lifted. Our models suggest that social distancing interventions will buy crucial time but need to occur in conjunction with testing and contact tracing of all suspected cases to mitigate transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we used a mathematical model to quantify this term by measuring the short-term number of cases, hospitalization, and deaths averted over the first 100 days under four different social distancing interventions and assuming different levels of compliance in the adult population. However, our simulations suggest that even in the more optimistic scenario, where all the age groups reduce their contact rates over 85%, the epidemic is set to rebound once the social distancing interventions are lifted. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.27.20044891 id = cord-302115-r39ser2c author = Matricardi, Paolo Maria title = The first, holistic immunological model of COVID‐19: implications for prevention, diagnosis, and public health measures date = 2020-05-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; severe summary = We propose here the first model, explaining how the outcome of first, crucial 10‐15 days after infection, hangs on the balance between the cumulative dose of viral exposure and the efficacy of the local innate immune response (natural IgA and IgM antibodies, Mannose Binding Lectin ). The delayed and strong adaptive immune response (high affinity IgM and IgG antibodies) that follows, causes severe inflammation and triggers mediator cascades (complement, coagulation, and cytokine storm) leading to complications often requiring intensive therapy and being, in some patients, fatal. All rights reserved We focused on humoral components and, in particular on natural antibodies and MBL, to ascertain whether these players of the innate immunity fit all the epidemiological and clinical pre-conditions presented in the last three months by SARS-CoV-2. Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for Accepted Article This article is protected by copyright. doi = 10.1111/pai.13271 id = cord-319248-ynoxec7k author = Matsuyama, Toshifumi title = An aberrant STAT pathway is central to COVID-19 date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; IFN; ORF6; PAI-1; SARS; STAT3 summary = In SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, a positive feedback loop established between STAT3 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) may lead to an escalating cycle of activation in common with the interdependent signaling networks affected in COVID-19. After a careful review of the scientific literature, we realized that the SARS-CoV-2-mediated inhibition of IFN and STAT1, and the subsequent shift to a STAT3dominant signaling network (see below), could result in almost all of the clinical features of COVID-19. Molecular patterns derived from SARS-CoV-2-associated molecules, such as ssRNA, dsRNA, and viral proteins, bind to host PRRs and trigger the activation of signal transducers and transcription factors that drive the production of IFN-I and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Therefore, in COVID-19, EGFR signaling may become an alternative pathway that activates STAT3 specifically when the lung is damaged while the production of IFN-I is severely impaired by SARS-CoV-2 infection [12] . doi = 10.1038/s41418-020-00633-7 id = cord-346246-2phtdgh4 author = Mattar, Shaikh Abdul Matin title = Subacute thyroiditis associated with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; thyroiditis summary = We report a case of a hospitalised patient with COVID-19 who developed subacute thyroiditis in association with SARS-COV-2 infection. The patient presented with tachycardia, anterior neck pain and thyroid function tests revealing hyperthyroidism together with consistent ultrasonographic evidence suggesting subacute thyroiditis. This case illustrates that subacute thyroiditis associated with viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 should be recognised as a complication of COVID-19 and considered as a differential diagnosis when infected patients present with tachycardia without evidence of progression of COVID-19 illness. This case highlights the importance of good history taking and awareness of the diagnosis of thyroiditis in order to elicit the finding of anterior neck pain that can be conflated with upper respiratory tract symptoms in a persistently tachycardic patient with COVID-19. Subacute thyroiditis is fundamentally a clinical diagnosis, and our patient presented with clinical manifestations that were sufficient to establish this as a leading differential diagnosis, given the new-onset neck pain, thyroid tenderness and a diffuse asymmetric goitre in the context of a preceding upper respiratory tract viral illness and hyperthyroidism. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-237336 id = cord-334341-cpol6xfz author = Mattei, Tobias A. title = The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Spine Care Providers and Patients date = 2020-05-07 keywords = care; covid-19 summary = Taking into account the relatively low percentage of infection in the total population, the direct impact of COVID-19 pandemic related to possible delays of surgical care in infected patients seems relatively small in the grand scheme. Such a deleterious impact can be traced to several factors such as the reallocation of hospital resources (such as nursing staff and ICU beds) to the care of patients with the coronavirus as well as cancellation of elective surgeries and office visits in order to reduce the chances of disease spread. Although, as spine surgeons, most of us will likely not be directly involved in the critical care of COVID-19 patients or in the development of new drugs and vaccines for it, in such exceptional times it is our responsibility and a great privilege to, through our best efforts, attempt to mitigate the consequences of this pandemic upon our patients. doi = 10.1016/j.xnsj.2020.100003 id = cord-029419-b0w9nomq author = Matthews, Adam title = Review of Mark Honigsbaum (2020). The Pandemic Century—A History of Global Contagion from the Spanish Flu to Covid-19: Cambridge, MA: Penguin. 321 pp. ISBN 9780753558287 date = 2020-07-20 keywords = Honigsbaum; SARS; covid-19; virus summary = Honigsbaum surveys with biological detail the genealogy and history of influenza, the plague, Parrot Fever, Legionnaires Disease, Aids, SARS, Ebola, Zika and Covid-19. Honigsbaum describes ecological disruption amplifying the mutation and spread of a virus which had existed in its natural environment for centuries. From a postdigital perspective, the ten cases detailed by Honigsbaum in The Pandemic Century (2020) show how digital and wider technologies are not separate from the natural and social world. The questions then, which The Pandemic Century (Honigsbaum 2020) illustrates is whether to take a posthuman perspective and pull back from technological and human development and reduce ecological disruption and work with the natural environment as equals or to push on unabated with technological developments to go beyond what has been done already to ''fix'' ourselves and the planet, including new viral outbreaks. doi = 10.1007/s42438-020-00170-z id = cord-333528-9mczqtje author = Mattogno, P. P. title = Transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery during COVID-19 pandemic: algorithm of management in an Italian reference COVID center date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery during COVID-19 pandemic: algorithm of management in an Italian reference COVID center Considering the virus'' homing and that a significant number of skull base pathologies require a transnasal endoscopic approach, safety for both patients and medical providers is obviously considered of paramount importance. Patients negative to the first rapid test and to the swab test are admitted to the COVID-free Neurosurgical Unit, so they can be operated on the following day. In detail, for patients COVID+ needing a transsphenoidal endoscopic surgery, we recommend the following items. Nasal endoscopic assessment is performed 2 weeks after surgery, using all the precautions recommended for COVID+ patients. During the last month, we operated on 12 patients affected by skull base tumors using endoscopic endonasal approach. Recommendations on COVID -19 pandemic-Italian Skull base Society Precautions for endoscopic transnasal skull base surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1007/s00701-020-04414-6 id = cord-252161-1ve7heyb author = Maulik, Pallab K. title = Roadmap to strengthen global mental health systems to tackle the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; health; mental summary = doi = 10.1186/s13033-020-00393-4 id = cord-263544-6ueqx53v author = Mauri, Eleonora title = Estimating the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on services provided by Italian Neuromuscular Centers: an Italian Association of Myology survey of the acute phase date = 2020-06-01 keywords = Italy; NMD; covid-19 summary = The Italian Association of Myology developed a survey to estimate the impact of these changes on patients affected by neuromuscular disorders and on specialized neuromuscular centers during the acute phase of COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We developed an electronic survey that was sent to neuromuscular centers affiliated with the Italian Association of Myology, assessing changes in pharmacological therapies provision, outpatient clinical and instrumental services, support services (physiotherapy, nursing care, psychological support) and clinical trials. Services provided by neuromuscular centers, such as rehabilitation, home care nursing, psychological support and prenatal diagnosis, faced a reduction in 57% of centers, showing higher reduction rates in geographical areas with higher numbers of SARS-CoV-2 cases (aggregate services reduction in 66% of Northern NMD centers, 43% of Central centers and 44% of Southern centers) (Fig. 1) . Home nursing care service was not provided in 67% of centers, with a higher reduction rate in Northern Italy regions, where only 20% of expected patients obtained regular assistance. doi = 10.36185/2532-1900-008 id = cord-028552-w4yluham author = Maurya, Deepak title = Development of Autonomous Advanced Disinfection Tunnel to Tackle External Surface Disinfection of COVID-19 Virus in Public Places date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; chamber; tunnel summary = title: Development of Autonomous Advanced Disinfection Tunnel to Tackle External Surface Disinfection of COVID-19 Virus in Public Places This paper describes a robust autonomous disinfection tunnel to disinfect external surfaces of COVID-19 virus such as clothes and open body sections in public places such as airports, office complexes, schools, and malls. The first chamber automatically detects a person and delivers a disinfectant solution through the spray nozzle array, which could be a sodium hypochlorite solution of a concentration approved by authorities, a herbal disinfectant, or any other solution suggested by health agencies such as the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) or World Health Organisation (WHO). This paper discusses the design and development of a fully automatic, modular, and portable tunnel that has two chambers and uses three processes to disinfect people with high neutralizing efficiency of the COVID-19 virus. doi = 10.1007/s41403-020-00141-7 id = cord-317413-w2xfdwea author = Maurya, Vimal K. title = Antiviral activity of traditional medicinal plants from Ayurveda against SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-10-19 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; Inactive; SARS; constituent summary = Therefore, we have planned to investigate the active constituents present in these medicinal plants for possible antiviral activity against spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 as well as its host ACE2 receptor using structure-based drug design method. Besides these active constituents, molecules such as 6-gingerol, glycyrrhetic acid, piperine, sawertiamarine, magnoflorine, scopolamine, atropine, eupafolin, and hyoscyamine also have strong binding affinity towards spike glycoprotein and may be developed potential candidates against SARS-CoV-2 infection (supplementary Figures 1 and 2 ). The active constituents present in selected plants were evaluated for the prediction of potential attachment inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 via targeting spike glycoprotein as well as its host receptor ACE2. Structure-based drug designing for potential antiviral activity of selected natural products from Ayurveda against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and its cellular receptor doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1832577 id = cord-327086-u3l8nr73 author = Mauvais-Jarvis, Franck title = Estradiol, Progesterone, Immunomodulation, and COVID-19 Outcomes date = 2020-07-30 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019; E2, 17β-estradiol; ER, estrogen receptor; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; ISARIC, International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium; MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; MHT, menopausal hormone therapy; P4, progesterone; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SERM, selective estrogen receptor modulator; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; Tregs, regulatory T cells. In most experimental human or rodent models, the anti-inflammatory actions of E2 on innate immunity includes the suppression of the production of proinflammatory cytokines, for example, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, by monocytes and macrophages (a major factor in the COVID-19 cytokine storm) and a strong inhibition of CCL2, thus preventing innate immune cells migration into inflamed areas, particularly neutrophils and monocytes. Taken together, these findings suggest that E2 and related SERMs have 2 potential protective mechanisms of action against SARS-CoV-mediated pneumonias in mice: 1) an estrogen-dependent decrease in the deadly innate immune response and cytokine storm in the lungs, thus preventing respiratory failure, and 2) specific to SERMs, an off-target direct inhibition of SARS-CoV replication and cytopathic effects. doi = 10.1210/endocr/bqaa127 id = cord-331193-33cyvidx author = Mawhinney, Jamie A title = Neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 presenting with an acute manic episode date = 2020-06-14 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = Psychiatric assessment found features consistent with acute mania, and he was detained under the Mental Health Act. This case indicates the need to consider COVID-19 in a wider series of clinical presentations and to develop a validated assay for SARS-CoV-2 in the cerebrospinal fluid. Psychiatric assessment found features consistent with acute mania, and he was detained under the Mental Health Act. This case indicates the need to consider COVID-19 in a wider series of clinical presentations and to develop a validated assay for SARS-CoV-2 in the cerebrospinal fluid. [9] [10] [11] [12] This article outlines a case of COVID-19 presenting with an acute manic episode necessitating emergency intubation and discusses potential mechanisms for the development of neuropsychiatric disease. ► The neuroinvasive potential of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (neurotropism) has been reported, but the pathophysiology remains unclear with uncertainty over its long-term consequences. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-236123 id = cord-310339-1e16yncy author = Maxam, Meshell title = Development and Implementation of a COVID-19 Disease Response Protocol at a Large Academic Medical Center date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; JHS; protocol summary = In response to the rapid spread of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), health-care systems should establish procedures for early recognition and management of suspected or confirmed cases. At JHS, the clinical and administrative leadership recognized early on the necessity for a comprehensive COVID-19 protocol and response team that could standardize communication, education, and preventive process measures across the diverse and complex health system. The document contains best practices and guidance for diagnosis, isolation, appropriate personal protective equipment for the care of COVID-19 patients, guidelines for transportation, diagnostic tests, investigational COVID-19 treatment options, a summary of ongoing clinical trials at our facilities, how to mitigate additional transmissions, and education for patients and families. As new data became available, including the National Institutes of Health updated recommendations for the management of COVID-19 patients on April 21, 2020, the aforementioned stakeholders were involved in determining which investigational treatment options and clinical trials were available for the health system''s patient population. doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.166 id = cord-331978-y4uo7o8g author = Maxwell, Daniel N title = “The Art of War” in the Era of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-03-04 keywords = COVID-19; PPE summary = With rapidly increasing cases and local community transmission in multiple countries outside of China, including the United States, the outbreak has entered a new phase, which requires a shift in primary battle strategy from a focus on containment in China to international mitigation. As cases of COVID-19 explode internationally, a strategic shift is required away from primarily containment, keeping the virus "out there", to home-based mitigation and public health responses. Now, the task is bearing the burden of identifying, isolating, triaging and managing the rising number of cases, necessitating total engagement of the medical community, public health sector, governments and society as a whole. As Sun Tzu noted, "If in training soldiers'' commands are habitually enforced, the army will be well-disciplined." 1 The authors also highlight improvements in infection prevention and control (IPC) infrastructure, administrative controls, and public health coordination compared to their 2003 SARS experience. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa229 id = cord-254990-nrzwn6oz author = Mayer, Kirby P. title = Recovery from COVID-19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome: the potential role of an intensive care unit recovery clinic: a case report date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = The purpose of this case report is to highlight the potential role of intensive care unit recovery or follow-up clinics for patients surviving acute hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019. CASE PRESENTATION: Our patient was a 27-year-old Caucasian woman with a past medical history of asthma transferred from a community hospital to our medical intensive care unit for acute hypoxic respiratory failure due to bilateral pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation (ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fraction of inspired oxygen, 180). CONCLUSION: We present this case report to suggest that patients surviving coronavirus disease 2019 with subsequent development of acute respiratory distress syndrome will require more intense intensive care unit recovery follow-up. The patient''s family reported no travel history or exposure risk, but, given the Fig. 1 Chest radiograph obtained on day 1 of admission to intensive care unit revealed bibasilar airspace disease patient''s clinical symptoms, a test for COVID-19 was performed. doi = 10.1186/s13256-020-02481-y id = cord-265855-zf52vl11 author = Mayor-Ibarguren, Ander title = A Hypothesis for the Possible Role of Zinc in the Immunological Pathways Related to COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-07-10 keywords = IL-6; RNA; SARS; covid-19; zinc summary = Zinc deficiency may increase ACE-2 receptor activity on type 2 pneumocytes and other cells that are infected by SARS-COV-2, mainly in the lower respiratory tract. Although there are no specific data regarding zinc in this pathway for SARS-CoV-2, zinc may limit infection through upregulation of IFN-alpha production and an increase in its antiviral activity (77, 78) . Thus, patients with IL-6-174 GG polymorphism (C-carriers) may be susceptible to developing a severe infection due to SARS-CoV-2, leading to an increase in IL-6 levels that produce a cytokine storm related to impaired zinc homeostasis. We believe there is enough evidence to further investigate how zinc status or homeostasis is involved in the pathogenesis of severe illness produced by SARS-CoV-2 infection, and its potential role as an active treatment should be assessed in clinical trials. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01736 id = cord-254094-ed1epul1 author = Mayoral, Eduardo Pérez-Campos title = Factors related to asymptomatic or severe COVID-19 infection date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In particular, we refer to the TMPRSS2 expression profile, balance of androgen and estrogen, blood group-A and/or B, nonsynonymous mutations in ORF3, and proteins NS7b and NS8 in SARS-CoV-2. In the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, most authors focused their attention on features such as the high expression of ACE2 in the salivary glands in asymptomatic infection [4] , and the maturity and binding capacity of ACE2 [5, 6] . A higher 2D:4D ratio is associated with COVID-19 severity in men [14] , this means that sex hormones play a role in protection, thus, causing women to develop less serious complications or an asymptomatic COVID-19 Infection [12] . An in-depth study of the factors associated with asymptomatic subjects can provide information to limit severe COVID-19 as much as possible. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is likely to be androgen mediated doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110296 id = cord-346581-wgvx9usr author = Maza-Solano, Juan Manuel title = “Estrategias para la práctica de la otorrinolaringología y cirugía de cabeza y cuello durante la fase de control de la COVID-19” date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Entre los especialidades médicas y quirúrgicas, destaca el especial riesgo de infección en otorrinolaringólogos, anestesistas, dentistas, y oftalmólogos, debido a la cercanía con la vía aérea superior del paciente durante el desarrollo de su actividad, siendo reseñable que los primeros fallecimientos de médicos por COVID-19 hayan sido otorrinolaringólogos y oftalmólogos (7, 8) . La presencia de anticuerpos IgM e IgG deben orientarnos sobre la respuesta del huésped frente al virus, que podrían relacionarse con J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Por lo tanto, con las pruebas actualmente disponibles no es posible asegurar el "riesgo cero" en la selección de pacientes. En el presente documento, se han contrastado los estudios que aportan información acerca de las estrategias y recomendaciones a seguir, y se ha consensuado una clasificación de los pacientes antes de ser valorados por el ORL (clasificación COVID-19), basada en los resultados del cribado clínico-radiológico y de las pruebas diagnósticas. doi = 10.1016/j.otorri.2020.05.001 id = cord-320127-55h4hhm3 author = Mazingi, Dennis title = Mitigating the impact of COVID-19 on children''s surgery in Africa date = 2020-06-10 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; SARS summary = 13 The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented strain on health services around the world, and paediatric surgical services are no exception. During the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-1 outbreak in Toronto, stringent restrictions on non-essential surgical services were thought to have aggravated precipitous declines in surgical volume, with only small increases in surge capacity for the outbreak. 42 Paediatric care in Africa is typically characterised by significant involvement by guardians and other family members who support the child during hospital admission, assist the overburdened healthcare workforce and act as care advocates. A recent global review of paediatric surgical workforce density showed that a minimum of four paediatric surgeons per million children under 15 years of age would be required to achieve a survival of >80% for a group of four bellwether paediatric surgical conditions. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents: a systematic review doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003016 id = cord-277201-jzjxsetx author = Mazo, Jahinover title = More than Just Pneumonia: Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Two Middle-Aged Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; VTE; patient summary = We suspect that a prothrombotic inflammatory response provoked by coronavirus disease could be the culprit, acting as an additive effect on middle-aged patients with known risk factors for venous thromboembolism. In addition to coagulation factor abnormalities, other reported findings of increased D-dimers, ferritin, and lactate dehydrogenase further support the assertion that a prothrombotic response to the virus is driving the thromboembolic events among COVID-19 patients [9] . Severe COVID-19 infections have also been associated with an inflammatory prothrombotic state, also potentially playing a key role behind the increase in reported thromboembolic complications. We suspect that the existing risk factors present along with the superimposed prothrombotic state induced by COVID-19 induced inflammatory response may have precipitated the development of the venous thromboembolism resulting in PE. e CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report on management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in COVID-19 patients outlines various recommendations for management of acute VTE. doi = 10.1155/2020/4812036 id = cord-347381-nn6jqqy5 author = Mazzola, Santina M. title = Maintaining Perioperative Safety in Uncertain Times: COVID‐19 Pandemic Response Strategies date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; HUP; PPE summary = Perioperative and organizational leaders at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP) were challenged to establish and implement a variety of strategies quickly to help ensure patient and staff member safety during the COVID-19 crisis. At HUP, administrators requested that health care leaders and their teams develop protocols to prioritize patient and staff member safety while also conserving the PPE inventory. The HUP leaders consulted the most recent US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization COVID-19 recommendations before deciding to require all employees, patients, and visitors to wear face masks while inside the health care facility. The leaders directed all perioperative personnel to wear a surgical mask during low-risk AGPs on patients who tested negative for COVID-19, a practice unchanged from the standard process used when preparing the sterile field. doi = 10.1002/aorn.13195 id = cord-344529-k6divntz author = Mburu, C. N. title = The importance of supplementary immunisation activities to prevent measles outbreaks during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya date = 2020-08-31 keywords = August; Kenya; covid-19 summary = Methods: Combining measles serological data, local contact patterns, and vaccination coverage into a cohort model, we predicted the age-adjusted population immunity in Kenya and estimated the probability of outbreaks when contact-reducing COVID-19 interventions are lifted. If routine measles vaccine coverage was reduced by 15%, 50% or 100% since April 2020, an SIA delivered to children 9 months to 5 years old in October 2020 with 95% coverage would reduce measles outbreak probability risk to 0% (0-11), 0% (0-12) and 0% (0-17) for coverage scenarios respectively in age-adjusted analysis. Our analysis suggests a decline in population immunity during COVID-19 pandemic will result in an increased risk of a measles outbreak depending on the extent to which routine vaccination coverage is reduced. The risk of an outbreak which was accelerated by immunity gaps arising in children missed their routinely delivered MCV continued to increase in subsequent months following the start of COVID-19 and by December 2020, the estimated risk had increased to 28%(4-49), 35%(16-52) and 44%(29-57) assuming a 15%, 50% and 100% reduction in measles vaccination coverage respectively. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.25.20181198 id = cord-329534-deoyowto author = McBryde, Emma S. title = Role of modelling in COVID-19 policy development date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; model; policy summary = Models have played an important role in policy development to address the COVID-19 outbreak from its emergence in China to the current global pandemic. Models have played an important role in policy development to address the COVID-19 outbreak from its emergence in China to the current global pandemic. In this paper, we describe ways in which models have influenced policy, from the early stages of the outbreak to the current date -and anticipate the future value of models in informing suppression efforts, vaccination programs and economic interventions. For COVID-19, strategies may differ between countries depending on the acuity of the epidemic, the age groups driving the infection or at higher risk for severe disease, and the age structure of the population. The effect of control strategies to reduce social mixing on outcomes of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. doi = 10.1016/j.prrv.2020.06.013 id = cord-254740-o80ssdrw author = McCann, Shaun R. title = COVID-19, HCT and wine date = 2020-05-06 keywords = Society; covid-19 summary = Likewise, King''s College Hospital, London, UK, has issued guidelines for patients undergoing HCT for Severe Aplastic Anaemia [4] as have the American Society for Hematology (ASH) [5] , the EBMT [6] and the Haematology Society of Australia and New Zealand [7] . In general, the guidelines recommend that all nonessential transplants should be postponed (easier said than done), donors and patients should avoid all possible infection with COVID-19 and avoid travelling to areas designated as high-risk and all products should be cryopreserved. At the time of writing only one HCT recipient contracted COVID-19 infection in Ireland and happily made a full recovery (personal communication Dr E Conneally, National Stem Cell Transplant, Unit, St James'' Hospital, Dublin). Although bees may not be important to wine farmers, the closure of restaurants and the problems of importing seasonal/migrant grape pickers impose difficulties in spite of the fact that in some instances seasonal/migrant workers live in the country where they are needed. doi = 10.1038/s41409-020-0932-3 id = cord-319580-awtp0mpg author = McCartney, Stephen A. title = Obesity as a contributor to immunopathology in pregnant and non‐pregnant adults with COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; obesity; woman summary = The synergistic effects of obesity‐associated delays in immune control of COVID‐19 with mechanical stress of increased adipose tissue may contribute to a greater risk of pulmonary compromise in obese pregnant women. The expression of ACE2 by adipocytes and immune cells also suggests the possibility that adipose tissue may represent a potential reservoir for viral infection and may lead to increased viral burden or persistence; however, no studies to date have demonstrated that adipocytes can be directly infected with SARS-CoV-2. Maternal obesity has emerged as a key risk factor increasing susceptibility of pregnant women to severe COVID-19 disease. There is also an urgent need to focus research on how risk factors, like obesity, alter the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and influence disease pathogenesis of COVID-19 (Box 1). What is the mechanism of increased risk for severe COVID-19 disease in obese nonpregnant and pregnant women? doi = 10.1111/aji.13320 id = cord-345125-s96xufes author = McCloskey, Brian title = Mass gathering events and reducing further global spread of COVID-19: a political and public health dilemma date = 2020-03-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = at MGs in response to the World Health Assembly''s endorsement on Dec 22, 2011, of the 130th Executive Board Decision "Global mass gatherings: implications and opportunities for global health security" that encompassed joint planning, enhancement of health infrastructures, and taking proper pre-emptive and preventive measures to control infectious diseases on an international scale. 4 Since then, many MGs have been held safely and successfully without any major communicable disease issues arising, 3,5-7 even for MG events held during three WHO declared Public Health Emergencies of International Concern: the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics and the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa during the H1N1 influenza pandemic; the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations Football tournament in Equatorial Guinea during the outbreak of Ebola virus disease; and the Rio 2016 Olympics during the Zika virus outbreak. Action plans should include: WHO, working with global partners in MG health, many of whom were involved in the Riyadh conferences and The Lancet''s 2014 Mass Gatherings Medicine Series, [4] [5] [6] [7] 13 has developed comprehensive recommendations for managing the public health aspects of MGs that have been updated with interim key recommendations for COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30681-4 id = cord-295693-45etqt72 author = McClure, Elizabeth S title = Racial Capitalism within Public Health: How Occupational Settings Drive COVID-19 Disparities date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; Health; black; white summary = In her scholarship on the history of race and medicine, Dr. Dorothy Roberts describes how focusing on "underlying" health conditions and behavioral risk factors allows society "[a] to ignore how disease is caused by political inequality and [b] to justify an unequal system by pointing to the inherent racial difference that disease supposedly reveals" (20) . Under racial capitalism, attention is drawn away from workplace hazards by arguing that workers are inherently at high risk of ill health due to their own racial and behavioral susceptibilities, masking and justifying how labor is structured to concentrate risky, lowwage work among non-White or otherwise marginalized workforces. In the counterfactual scenario of no Black lung function correction but a White hearing correction, industry would owe 31% more in worker''s compensation payouts (this calculation is based on applying the average payout associated with each workers'' compensation award in a typical state (30)). Under racial capitalism, Black workers experience more work-related health damage because they are concentrated in riskier, less protected jobs. doi = 10.1093/aje/kwaa126 id = cord-307293-zp4oddrt author = McCoy, Liam G title = CAN-NPI: A Curated Open Dataset of Canadian Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions in Response to the Global COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-22 keywords = April; COVID-19; Canada summary = This novel dataset enables robust, inter-jurisdictional comparisons of pandemic response, can serve as a model for other jurisdictions and can be linked with other information about case counts, transmission dynamics, health care utilization, mobility data and economic indicators to derive important insights regarding NPI impact. We present the first comprehensive, open dataset containing detailed information about all publicly available NPIs that have been implemented by governments and major private organizations in Canada in response to COVID-19. In this dataset, we define a non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) as any publicly-announced program, statement, enforceable order, initiative, or operational change originating from any public or private organization in response to COVID-19-whether to curtail its transmission or mitigate its social and economic ramifications. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.17.20068460 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 4 : Variation in time-to-intervention by Canadian province / territory for two major NPIs-declaration of state of emergency and school closure-shown relative to two descriptors of the local COVID-19 outbreak, dates of first case and first death in each region. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.17.20068460 id = cord-279334-j0i9ozsz author = McCreary, Erin K title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treatment: A Review of Early and Emerging Options date = 2020-03-23 keywords = COVID-19; China; LPV; SARS summary = Most existing preclinical and clinical data on antiviral therapy are derived from other viruses, including SARS-CoV-1 (first reported in 2003), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ([MERS-CoV] first reported in 2012), and non-coronaviruses (eg, Ebola virus disease). The use of 500 mg of chloroquine by mouth twice daily as the reference for efficacy is rational given initial reports from China [16] , but it is important to note that this dosing still requires validation, and the improved R LTEC values reported are largely driven by the finding that hydroxychloroquine was 7.6 times more potent than chloroquine in vitro. Given this finding, the small numbers in this study, the lack of clinical outcomes presented, the potential for additive toxicity with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, and the desperate need to practice good antimicrobial stewardship during the COVID-19 pandemic, we would caution clinicians against using these data to support combination therapy. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) doi = 10.1093/ofid/ofaa105 id = cord-260807-uyb45nye author = McCullough, Laurence B. title = Teaching Professional Formation in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19; professional summary = The ethical principle of beneficence creates the ethical obligation of the physician to identify and provide medically reasonable clinical management for the patient''s condition (e.g., pregnancy) or diagnosis (e.g., COVID-19 infection). However, this ethical obligation is a Abstract In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Association of American Medical Colleges has called for a temporary suspension of clinical teaching activities for medical students. Medical educators and academic leaders should ensure that didactic teaching of professional formation continues when it becomes justified to end learners'' participation in the processes of patient care; topics should include the professionally responsible management of scarce medical resources. Medical educators and academic leaders should ensure that didactic teaching of professional formation continues when it becomes justified to end learners'' participation in the processes of patient care; topics should include the professionally responsible management of scarce medical resources. doi = 10.1097/acm.0000000000003434 id = cord-342857-vj6sw2ne author = McCullough, Peter A. title = Pathophysiological Basis and Rationale for Early Outpatient Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = In the absence of clinical trial results, physicians must use what has been learned about the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in determining early outpatient treatment of the illness with the aim of preventing hospitalization or death. Thus, in the context of present knowledge, given the severity of the outcomes and the relative availability, cost, and toxicity of the therapy, each physician and patient must make a choice: watchful waiting in self-quarantine or empiric treatment with the aim of reducing hospitalization and death. (10) For the ambulatory patient with recognized early signs and symptoms of COVID-19, often with nasal real-time reverse transcription or oral antigen testing pending, the following four principles could be deployed in a layered and escalating manner depending on clinical manifestations of COVID-19 like illness(11) and confirmed infection: 1) reduction of reinoculation, 2) combination antiviral therapy, 3) immunomodulation, 4) antiplatelet/antithrombotic therapy. doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.07.003 id = cord-350029-1y5ex4d5 author = McDade, Thomas W. title = Beyond serosurveys: Human biology and the measurement of SARS‐Cov‐2 antibodies date = 2020-08-09 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; antibody summary = Serological testing is a complementary approach that detects the presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in blood samples from exposed individuals (World Health Organization, 2020). If sufficient time has passed since the initial infection, the presence of IgM antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 antigens can be used to confirm a clinical case of COVID-19. In developing a low-cost ELISA for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, our hope is that others can draw on the longstanding tradition of methodological innovation in human biology to promote community-based research on COVID-19. Human biologists are also well-positioned to consider a life course perspective on variation in outcomes in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Human biologists are uniquely positioned to make important contributions to our understanding of COVID-19, and methods that facilitate research in community-based settings globally will be central to that effort. Enzyme immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in dried blood spot samples: A minimally-invasive approach to facilitate community-and population-based screening doi = 10.1002/ajhb.23483 id = cord-274353-tzlcpx7q author = McDermott, Amy title = Inner Workings: Molecular biologists offer “wartime service” in the effort to test for COVID-19 date = 2020-05-05 keywords = RNA; covid-19 summary = In order to legally perform diagnostic work on human samples in the United States, a lab needs certification from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, through its Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) program (2) . On March 12, for example, California Governor Gavin Newsom issued an executive order suspending certification and licensure requirements for any researcher with relevant skills who meets CLIA requirements to run the COVID-19 test; such a person may now temporarily run the assays under the supervision of a medical laboratory scientist in a CLIA-certified lab (4). To get around its limitations, UC Berkeley is temporarily extending the clinical lab''s CLIA certificate into the larger Innovative Genomics Institute on campus, and will staff it with volunteer researchers who have the relevant skills to run the assay, supervised by a licensed medical laboratory scientist. doi = 10.1073/pnas.2006240117 id = cord-256042-1yq7kf7d author = McDonnell, Sarah title = The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on maternity services: a review of maternal and neonatal outcomes before, during and after the pandemic date = 2020-10-12 keywords = covid-19; pandemic summary = The rate of preterm birth was significantly less common in January-July 2020 compared to January-July in 2018/2019 (7.4% v 8,6%, chi-sq 4.53, P = 0.03) CONCLUSION: The was no evidence of a negative impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on maternity services, as demonstrated by maternal and neonatal outcomes. In summary, there is no correlation between Covid deaths (representing the pandemic peak) and preterm births, perinatal mortality, mode of delivery or maternity complications across the months of January to July 2020. There has been a wealth of data published on Covid-19 infection in pregnancy and our knowledge of the effects of SARS-CoV2 on maternal and neonatal outcomes has rapidly evolved, with reports of perinatal transmission increasing 8, 9 . However, a regional maternity unit in Ireland has described a reduction in preterm deliveries of very low birth weight infants during the Covid-19 pandemic in their population. doi = 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.10.023 id = cord-275833-c3zamfix author = McElligott, Helen title = Hybrid-CERAB (Covered Endovascular Reconstruction of the Aortic Bifurcation) Procedure is preferable to Aorto-Bi-Femoral Bypass for Limb-threatening Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease during the COVID-19 Crisis. date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; surgery summary = Endovascular therapy offers a way by which peri-operative risk can be reduced for vascular patients, while also reducing the impact of acute surgery on intensive care unit capacity. This case reports the management of a patient with complex aorto-iliac occlusive disease via a hybrid endovascular approach in light of the above constraints, with a successful outcome. We report a case of a patient with acute-on-chronic TASC-II (Trans-Atlantic Inter-8 Society Consensus II) D aorto-iliac occlusive disease managed by covered endovascular 9 reconstruction of the aortic bifurcation (CERAB) as an alternative to open surgery in the era of 10 COVID-19. Early data has 16 highlighted the impact of SARS-Cov2 infection on post-operative outcomes, with mortality rates 17 as high as 40% in COVID-19-positive patients undergoing vascular surgery reported 10 . Concerns regarding post-operative mortality in the event of SARS-Cov2 infection, 7 critical care bed capacity and inpatient length of stay will undoubtedly lead to a re-imagining of 8 the role of endovascular therapy in the management of complex aorto-iliac occlusive disease. doi = 10.1016/j.jvscit.2020.08.019 id = cord-289103-6i7wf41w author = McElyea, Christine title = Lung ultrasound artifacts in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-08-25 keywords = covid-19; lung summary = As of the summer of 2020, there are more than 12.5 million reported cases of COVID-19 caused by the Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing a pandemic that has presented many challenges in the traditional approach to patients with hypoxemia and shortness of breath or respiratory failure. Eight (8) In patient A, the findings described were noted in the upper anterior lung zones bilaterally, while a chest x-ray obtained concurrently demonstrated infiltrate in bilateral lower lateral lung zones. We were able to capture these early changes since ultrasound was used earlier in COVID patients as we suspect pneumonia in those patients even with a normal CXR as inpatient A, representing part of the early interstitial and parenchymal lung disease and the early manifestation and development of shred sign, not described in previous literature. Point-of-care lung ultrasound findings in novel coronavirus disease-19 pnemoniae: a case report and potential applications during COVID-19 outbreak doi = 10.1007/s40477-020-00526-y id = cord-256159-7x45wd45 author = McFee, R.B. title = INTRODUCTION - EMERGING PATHOGESN AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = With further study into SARS and other human pathogenic coronaviruses, it became clear these highly adaptive viruses should be added to the list of pathogens capable of causing major outbreaks. Since SARS, two additional highly pathogenic coronaviruses have emerged, MERS, and SARS2 (8-10), which throughout this article will be referred to as COVID-19 (5) (6) (7) (8) . This latest potentially deadly coronavirus, which emerged in late 2019, has caused a level of global illness unseen in numbers and rapidity since the major outbreaks of the early 19 th century. The origin, transmission, and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak -an update on the status Epidemiological, demographic, and clnical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a pandemic (epidemiology, pathogenesis, and potential therapeutics) Pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); A review doi = 10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.101065 id = cord-332087-xwturwju author = McGlynn, Fergal title = Argatroban for therapeutic anticoagulation for heparin resistance associated with Covid-19 infection date = 2020-08-24 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = They describe their experience with Covid-19 patients in the intensive care unit anti-coagulated with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and unfractionated heparin (UFH), presenting evidence of apparent heparin resistance (HR) resulting from increased levels of factor VIII and fibrinogen with decreased antithrombin levels. [4] recently reported outcomes for 42 patients in (non-Covid-19) critical care settings with HR who were anti-coagulated with argatroban compared to those treated with increased doses of UFH. They reported greater efficacy in achieving adequate anti-coagulation (as measured by the aPTT) at 24 h with argatroban than with increased doses of heparin. We report 2 cases of apparent HR in critically ill Covid-19 patients with thrombotic complications who were successfully and safely treated with argatroban. Argatroban may be considered as an alternative anti-coagulant, easily monitored using the aPTT in critically ill patients with Covid-19-associated thrombosis and HR. doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02251-z id = cord-341309-li3slzw6 author = McGough, S. F. title = Modeling COVID19 mortality in the US: Community context and mobility matter date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; figure summary = We investigated 32 the relative associations between COVID-19 mortality and social distancing, sociodemographic 33 makeup, economic vulnerabilities, and comorbidities in 24 counties surrounding 7 major 34 metropolitan areas in the US using a flexible and robust time series modeling approach. We investigated 32 the relative associations between COVID-19 mortality and social distancing, sociodemographic 33 makeup, economic vulnerabilities, and comorbidities in 24 counties surrounding 7 major 34 metropolitan areas in the US using a flexible and robust time series modeling approach. Other influential 50 community factors include social and economic vulnerabilities (3, 4), referred to in the 51 epidemiologic literature as "social determinants of health" (5 For example, social distancing policies have been adopted by state and local governments at 60 different points during the outbreak, and have also been shown to impact COVID-19 growth 61 rates (8). Our study combines both community context and social distancing effects and evaluate COVID-70 19 mortality rates over time across US counties. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.18.20134122 id = cord-035272-j070oidg author = McGowan, Catherine R. title = COVID-19 testing acceptability and uptake amongst the Rohingya and host community in Camp 21, Teknaf, Bangladesh date = 2020-11-11 keywords = Rohingya; covid-19 summary = In response both to low uptake of testing across all camps, and rumours of an outbreak of an influenza-like illness in May/June 2020, the International Organization for Migration (in partnership with ACAPS) undertook a qualitative study to collect accounts from the Rohingya relating to testing and treatment, and to explore the possibility that what was thought to be an outbreak of influenza may have been COVID-19. In response to low uptake of testing across all campsas well as reports of an outbreak of an influenza-like illness in the camps in May/June and the absence of a corresponding increase in primary healthcare consultationsthe International Organization for Migration (IOM), in partnership with ACAPS, undertook a qualitative study to collect accounts from Rohingya around testing and treatment, and to explore the possibility that what was thought to be an outbreak of influenza may have been COVID-19. doi = 10.1186/s13031-020-00322-9 id = cord-287161-hqrql1lh author = McGrail, D. E. title = COVID-19 Case Series at UnityPoint Health St. Lukes Hospital in Cedar Rapids, IA date = 2020-07-19 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = A retrospective, descriptive study of all patients tested for SARS-CoV2 on admission for illness to a community hospital in Iowa from 3/21/20 thru 6/14/20 consisted of evaluation as to demographics, presentation and hospital course. Overall survival of the COVID-19 patients was 88%, 77% in the critically ill, 59% of those mechanically ventilated and 33% of those requiring new dialysis. In this case series, we aim to describe epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and treatment outcomes of confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted 3/21/2020 thru 6/14/2020 to UPH St. Luke''s Hospital, one of the two hospitals in Cedar Rapids. This early peak in ICU resources is a reflection of transitioning from an early intubation intervention for COVID-19 related acute hypoxic respiratory failure to a strategy of utilizing high flow nasal cannula and noninvasive ventilation(i.e BiPAP) as supported in the literature 15 . In addition, our data indicates a significant portion of the critically ill patients whom were mechanically ventilated required hemodialysis support, 47%(9 of 19). doi = 10.1101/2020.07.17.20156521 id = cord-329010-n0mz098o author = McKee, Dwight L. title = Candidate drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 date = 2020-04-29 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; MERS; SARS summary = Further, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, and off-label antiviral drugs, such as the nucleotide analogue remdesivir, HIV protease inhibitors lopinavir and ritonavir, broad-spectrum antiviral drugs arbidol and favipiravir as well as antiviral phytochemicals available to date may prevent spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic. Drugs that have recently been shown to target MERS-CoV in mice [15] , and to inhibit Ebola virus RdRP and SARS-CoV-2 proteases in humans, such as remdesivir and ritonavir/lopinavir, also constitute candidate drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and are now investigated for their therapeutic efficacy in COVID-19 patients in 2 international clinical trials (SOLIDARITY Trial and DisCoVeRy Trial). The emergence of the novel beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 from Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019 rapidly led to a pandemic involving more than 2,500,000 infected persons and more proven drugs such as camostat mesilate which prevents virus host cell entry by inhibiting TMPRSS2 [8] , and chloroquine phosphate which inhibits terminal phosphorylation of ACE2, or hydroxychloroquine which is metabolized in vivo to chloroquine [44] . doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104859 id = cord-260210-u4uosc5v author = McKenna, Hugh title = Covid-19: Ethical issues for nurses date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; nurse summary = A foundation of nursing practice is the duty of care with the attendant obligations to alleviate suffering, restore health and respect the rights and dignity of every patient. In such a scenario, another ethical principle, distributive justice is often sacrificed, where everyone has an unqualified right to the very best health care. In the current pandemic, teams that include nurses, may be actively involved in using triage principles that will lead to the withholding of potentially lifesaving equipment or facilities from some patients with COVID-19. But no clinician should have to make these decisions alone; rather, it should be a team endeavour, based on the very best ethical and clinical evidence, a view supported by Department of Health guidance ( DoH, 2020 ). Less than six months later, their responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, and that of nurses worldwide, demonstrates that in the face of more profound ethical dilemmas they continue to put patients first. doi = 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103673 id = cord-141541-g5pt10yn author = McLachlan, Scott title = Bluetooth Smartphone Apps: Are they the most private and effective solution for COVID-19 contact tracing? date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; CTA; NHS; contact summary = Figure 3 presents the typical CTA use-case described by many authors, in which: (a) the primary CTA user and others install and register the app on their smartphones; (b) as they move around and come into close physical contact with each other, their smartphones identify other smartphones and a contact trace is recorded; (c) an upload of some information passes from the CTA on the users device, via their provider''s core network (cellular or ISP); (d) from their provider, via the internet, to the HA servers; and (e) alerts and updates can also be sent from the HA server to individuals, or every user. Some variation is observed in the literature claiming to present privacy-preserving methods regarding: (i) the type of information passed from the CTA to the health authority server; and (ii) whether the data passes directly to the HA server or, as with the Singapore (TraceTogether), Australian (COVIDSafe) and proposed Apple/Google collaboration examples, into a thirdparty supplier''s international datacentre cloud network (i.e. Google, Apple or Amazon Web Services) before being received by the HA server (Maddocks, 2020) . doi = nan id = cord-282732-qym6wji7 author = McLaughlin, Katie-May title = COVID-19-Related Coagulopathy—Is Transferrin a Missing Link? date = 2020-07-30 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = To identify gene products that may contribute to COVID-19-related coagulopathy, we analyzed the expression of genes associated with the Gene Ontology (GO) term "blood coagulation" in the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database and identified four procoagulants, whose expression is higher in males and increases with age (ADAMTS13, F11, HGFAC, KLKB1), and two anticoagulants, whose expression is higher in females and decreases with age (C1QTNF1, SERPINA5). Thus, gene products that (1) are involved in coagulation, (2) change with age, (3) differ in their levels between females and males, and (4) are regulated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection represent candidate factors that may contribute to COVID-19-related coagulopathy and disease severity. To identify such candidate factors that may be involved in COVID-19-related coagulopathy, we here performed a combined analysis of a proteomics dataset derived from SARS-CoV-2-infected cells [10] , of a dataset of host cell proteins found to bind to SARS-CoV-2 proteins [11] , and of human gene expression data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database [12] . doi = 10.3390/diagnostics10080539 id = cord-347697-uz0i6wfp author = McLean, Ross C. title = A single-centre observational cohort study to evaluate volume and severity of emergency general surgery admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic: is there a “lockdown” effect? date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; March; patient summary = title: A single-centre observational cohort study to evaluate volume and severity of emergency general surgery admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic: is there a "lockdown" effect? Two separate cohorts of adult emergency general surgery inpatient admissions immediately before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at a large University hospital in the North of England providing specialist services to a population of over 450,000 people) were included in this study. The main outcomes for this observational study were aetiology and severity of surgical disease at presentation, initial management strategies instigated, length of stay in hospital and intensive care, unplanned readmission to hospital or intensive care, postoperative complications (defined by the Clavien-Dindo Classification [25] ), and all-cause patient mortality within 30 days of admission and operative 30-day mortality. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe the impact of ''lockdown'' on emergency general surgical admissions in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.09.011 id = cord-330755-7kvaduoq author = McMahon, Meghan title = Informing Canada''s Health System Response to COVID-19: Priorities for Health Services and Policy Research date = 2020-08-17 keywords = CIHR; COVID-19; Canada; Health summary = Seven COVID-19 priorities for health services and policy research were identified: system adaptation and organization of care; resource allocation decision-making and ethics; rapid synthesis and comparative policy analysis of the COVID-19 response and outcomes; healthcare workforce; virtual care; long-term consequences of the pandemic; and public and patient engagement. COVID-19 illuminates the ability of healthcare delivery systems (e.g., a health authority) and organizations (e.g., a hospital or LTC home) to use COVID-19 and other data to support real-time decision-making, foster continuous learning and evidence-informed planning and implement policies and interventions across the system. Research that evaluates the health system response, analyzes and informs policy options and identifies how to improve the design and delivery of health services is essential for many reasons, including successful navigation out of the current pandemic, improving health system preparedness for future outbreaks and ensuring that the Canadian healthcare system that reopens is stronger, resilient, and more accessible, more equitable and of higher quality than the one that existed before the onslaught of COVID-19. doi = 10.12927/hcpol.2020.26249 id = cord-290815-08rafcek author = McMaster, David title = COVID‐19: opportunities for professional development and disruptive innovation date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Despite these challenges, we believe that the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic is generating opportunities for both professional development and innovation in medical education. This unplanned interruption offers a unique opportunity for professional development, which may otherwise be missed, with the chance to consolidate learning, reflect on personal career plans and engage in academic research. During the COVID-19 pandemic there will be barriers to engaging in laboratory-and hospital-based research; however, there is great value in performing systematic reviews of the literature and in taking part in qualitative research projects that may be conducted remotely, all of which will improve skills and strengthen applications to future training posts. Students at Harvard Medical School have already created a rapidly updating COVID-19 curriculum, with the latest research and developments, that is benefiting many clinicians. there are opportunities to strengthen engagement by involving students in the planning and execution of learning resources doi = 10.1111/tct.13175 id = cord-304285-mfztp5om author = McNabb-Baltar, Julia title = Lipase Elevation in Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = DISCUSSION: Although a mild elevation in serum lipase was observed in some patients with COVID-19, clinical acute pancreatitis was not seen. A recent report from China described evidence of pancreatic injury, defined as elevated lipase, in up to 17% of active COVID-19 cases (2) . The second patient (a 61-year-old woman with Crohn''s disease and serum lipase 275 U/L) reported nausea, vomiting, mild general abdominal pain, diarrhea, and anorexia. Previous reports have described the association between COVID-19 and gastrointestinal manifestations, such as liver injury, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. A recent report from China revealed that up to 17% of patients with COVID-19 presented with some form of pancreatic injury, which was associated with a more severe initial presentation, but not worse outcomes (2) . We recently reported that 48% of patients presenting with elevated lipase exceeding 3 times the upper limit of normal were because of nonpancreatic etiologies, including gastritis/gastroparesis in 12% and enteritis/colitis in 18% (5). doi = 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000732 id = cord-294094-ndahvsz7 author = McQueen, Sydney A. title = The Person Behind the Personal Protective Equipment date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Within a few short months, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic changed our world. In many ways, this pandemic has amplified the fractured lives we live as physicians and laid them out for public consumption via the media as both real and "fake news." The language of war has valorized us, and we have unwittingly become "heroes" in a "war" against COVID-19. Let us remember that in the fall of 2019, physician wellness and burnout was the number one topic for medical conferences around the world, with committees and task force groups constructed at every level. Let us support one another across the boundaries of our professions and disciplines to truly foster teamwork, compassion, patient care, and physician well-being. Let us disseminate the work from the burnout task forces of 2019 so that their recommendations become the cornerstones of our newly constructed system. doi = 10.1097/as9.0000000000000004 id = cord-280241-h16s6wwm author = McStay, R. title = COVID-19: looking beyond the peak. Challenges and tips for radiologists in follow-up of a novel patient cohort date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; patient summary = Following on from initial statements in the acute phase of the pandemic (1) (2), this update from the British Society of Thoracic Imaging group aims to provide an overview of the multisystem complications of COVID-19 with a focus on the thoracic manifestations, in particular the lung parenchymal and pulmonary vascular sequelae. The authors will also explore the British Thoracic Society (BTS) guidance on the respiratory follow-up of patients with COVID-19, including the resource implications for departments, discuss the potential use of structured reporting of follow-up imaging and outline future opportunities for longitudinal data collection and research. A perilobular pattern of organising pneumonia (32) , recognised in the acute phase of the disease, may also be present on follow-up but may dissipate on later imaging, especially if unaccompanied by signs of fibrosis (Fig. 10) . doi = 10.1016/j.crad.2020.09.025 id = cord-290040-29mmwi6z author = Mcloughlin, B. C. title = Functional and cognitive outcomes after COVID-19 delirium date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; delirium summary = Delirium is closely linked with adverse outcomes, including higher mortality, increased length of stay, long-term cognitive and functional decline, and risk of institutionalisation [2, 3] . We set out to describe the point-prevalence of delirium in patients hospitalised with COVID-19, and quantify its association with mortality and cognitive and physical impairments at four weeks. We conducted a point prevalence study at University College Hospital of every inpatient (including critical care) with a diagnosis of COVID-19. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.07.20115188 doi: medRxiv preprint measured using a composite of the Barthel Index and Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living (NEADL) scores [11] [12] [13] For secondary outcomes, we treated TICS-m and Barthel+NEADL scores as continuous and compared these in people with and without delirium using linear regression, adjusted by age, sex and Clinical Frailty Scale score (as a . In patients hospitalised with COVID-19, delirium was found to be prevalent -but often undetected -and was associated with poor functional outcomes. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.07.20115188 id = cord-308010-ix0xi5jb author = Mcloughlin, Benjamin C. title = Functional and cognitive outcomes after COVID-19 delirium date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; delirium; patient summary = Delirium is closely linked with adverse outcomes, including higher mortality, increased length of stay, long-term cognitive and functional decline, and risk of institutionalisation [2, 3] . Early studies describing the broad neurological features of COVID-19 suggest that 20-30% of hospitalised patients will present with or develop delirium or mental status changes, increasing to 60-70% in severe cases [8] [9] [10] . We set out to describe the point prevalence of delirium in patients hospitalised with COVID-19, and quantify its association with mortality and cognitive and physical impairments at 4 weeks. We conducted a point prevalence study at University College Hospital of every inpatient (including critical care) with a diagnosis of COVID-19. For secondary outcomes, we treated TICS-m and Barthel + NEADL scores as continuous and compared these in people with and without delirium using linear regression, adjusted by age, sex and Clinical Frailty Scale score (as a continuous measure). In patients hospitalised with COVID-19, delirium was found to be prevalent-but often undetected-and was associated with poor functional outcomes. doi = 10.1007/s41999-020-00353-8 id = cord-295274-gzkfy70s author = Mecham, Jeffrey C. title = Utility of Tracheostomy in Patients With COVID‐19 and Other Special Considerations date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; tracheostomy summary = METHODS: We explore current literature and recommendations for tracheostomy in patients with COVID‐19 and look back at previous data from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS‐CoV‐1), the virus responsible for the SARS outbreak of 2003. RESULTS: Given the severity and clinical uncertainty of patients with COVID‐19 and the increased risk of transmission to clinicians, careful consideration should be taken prior to performing tracheostomy. One concern for healthcare professionals managing the airways of COVID-19 patients is the risk of viral exposure during aerosol-generating procedures, including intubation and tracheostomy. There is a plausible risk for increased intraprocedural viral exposure via secretions and aerosolized particles when tracheostomy is performed percutaneously because this technique requires additional manipulation of the airway with multiple, repetitive dilations. Given the severity and uncertain clinical outcome of patients with COVID-19, in addition to the increased risk of transmission to clinicians during aerosol generating procedures, careful consideration should be taken prior to performing tracheostomy. doi = 10.1002/lary.28734 id = cord-302595-t6yd3znu author = Mechessa, Desalegn Feyissa title = Community’s Knowledge of COVID-19 and Its Associated Factors in Mizan-Aman Town, Southwest Ethiopia, 2020 date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; Mizan; knowledge summary = Male gender, age above thirty-five years, lack of formal education, being farmer, daily laborer, merchant and house wife were significantly associated with poor knowledge. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge of COVID-19 and its associated factors among the community of Mizan-Aman town, southwest Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge of COVID-19 and its associated factors among the community of Mizan-Aman town, southwest Ethiopia. The findings of this study will help the responsible body organize the necessary interventional programs (education, demonstration) in order to provide up-to-date information to control COVID-19 disease. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Mizan-Aman town to assess the community''s knowledge of COVID-19. Sex (male), age (35-54 and >55 years), marital status (single), educational status (no formal education), occupational status (farmer, student, unemployed/housewife) were significantly associated with poor knowledge of COVID-19 (Table 4 ). doi = 10.2147/ijgm.s263665 id = cord-267076-a4ulg4ck author = Mechili, Enkeleint A. title = Is the mental health of young students and their family members affected during the quarantine period? Evidence from the COVID‐19 pandemic in Albania. date = 2020-07-13 keywords = covid-19; student; study summary = AIM: This study aimed to assess the levels of depression among bachelor and master university students (nurses/midwives) and their family members'' during the quarantine period of COVID‐19 pandemic. Being unsatisfied with COVID‐19 prevention measures, beliefs that COVID‐19 infection and quarantine process can cause problems on their health status were the key factors for students to be screened positive for mental problems in multiple regression analysis. Therefore, given, the psychological burden caused by similar emergencies in the past, this study aimed to evaluate the levels of depression of students (nursing and midwifery) and their family members'' during the quarantine period. Both students and family members who considered that quarantine itself and COVID-19 can cause problems on their health were more likely to be have high levels of depression. This is the first study to measure the depression levels of nursing/midwifery students and their family members in Albania during the COVID-19 outbreak and quarantine period. doi = 10.1111/jpm.12672 id = cord-316376-76beuk0c author = Medeiros, Augusto Kreling title = Higher frequency of hepatic steatosis at CT among COVID-19-positive patients date = 2020-07-18 keywords = PCR; covid-19; patient summary = With the crescent role of chest CT in the management of COVID-19 (as imaging manifestations are extremely helpful in the early detection and diagnosis, in some cases even preceding a false-negative RT-PCR test result) [10] , it is quite feasible to assess the liver parenchyma in the slices obtained at the thoracoabdominal junction in these patients, and radiologists are at a key position, therefore, to evaluate the organ for the presence of steatosis according to noninvasive diagnostic criteria. However, as there is evidence that an early false-negative RT-PCR may occur in infected patients already showing CT manifestations of the disease (i.e., a positive CT) [10] , to assure the criteria of negativity of the control group, we additionally checked all chest CT images of these individuals; those displaying CT findings within typical, atypical or indeterminate categories (according to the proposed reporting language for CT findings related to COVID-19 by the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) [11] ) were excluded, remaining only those who were considered ''''negative''''. doi = 10.1007/s00261-020-02648-7 id = cord-034435-yp0gfl47 author = Medetalibeyoglu, A. title = Older Adults Hospitalized with Covid-19: Clinical Characteristics and Early Outcomes from a Single Center in Istanbul, Turkey date = 2020-10-08 keywords = covid-19; old; patient summary = We aimed to describe clinical characteristics and early outcomes of the older Covid-19 patients hospitalized in our center comparatively with the younger patients, and also to analyze the triage factors that were related to the in-hospital mortality of older adults. MEASUREMENTS: The demographic information; associated comorbidities; presenting clinical, laboratory, radiological characteristics on admission and outcomes from the electronic medical records were analyzed comparatively between the younger (<65 years) and older (≥65 years) adults. The Data are given as median (interquartile range) for the continuous variables and as counts (%) for the categorical variables; The cut-offs of the laboratory parameters were designated by † the local laboratory thresholds and ‡ the suggestion of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for SARS-CoV-2 issued by the Turkish National Scientific Committee directed by the Turkish Ministry of Health (17); Admission laboratory studies were selected to be included here based on their relevance to the characterization of Covid-19 patients (5); CT: computerized tomography, ProBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, TnT: high sensitive troponin T; *statistically significant median age for older adults (≥65 years) was 73 years (IQR, 68-81 range, 65-90). doi = 10.1007/s12603-020-1499-9 id = cord-306214-2wjv6aeb author = Medjeral-Thomas, Nicholas R. title = Cohort study of outpatient hemodialysis management strategies for COVID-19 in North-West London date = 2020-08-25 keywords = covid-19; figure summary = We analysed associations between features at diagnosis and the first 3 consecutive haemodialysis sessions in patients who required future hospital admission, and those who had died at 28 days. Of the 85 patients who received outpatient haemodialysis on IsolHD immediately following COVID-19 diagnosis (IsolHD-first cohort, Figure 1 ), 29 patients (34%) were admitted after median 3 dialysis sessions (IQR 2-4) over 9 days (IQR 5-12 days). Characteristics at the first haemodialysis session following COVID-19 diagnosis (HD1) were associated with hospital admission and death at 28 days (Table 1 ). Unlike other clinical observations, pre and post dialysis SaO 2 decreased over the first 3 dialysis sessions in the future hospital admission and death by 28 days cohorts (Table 3) . Consequently, the differences in SaO2 between clinical outcome cohorts was greatest at the third haemodialysis session (HD3) post COVID-19 diagnosis; SaO 2 were 5% and 6% lower in the ''future admission'' and ''death by 28 days'' cohorts respectively ( Figure 3 ). doi = 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.08.022 id = cord-316842-mnt12ot2 author = Medline, MPH title = Evaluating the Efficacy of Stay-At-Home Orders: Does Timing Matter? date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; home summary = RESULTS: For US states and countries, a larger number of days between the first reported case and stay-at-home mandates was associated with a longer time to reach the peak daily case and death counts. CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports the potential beneficial effect of earlier stay-at-home mandates, by shortening the time to peak case and death counts for US states and countries. Specific terms used in our online searches included ''date of stay-at-home orders 2020,'' ''non-pharmaceutical interventions COVID-19,'' and ''stay-at-home mandates.'' We conducted a search for each respective country and US state analyzed in the study. For both our country and US state-level-data, a larger number of days between the first reported case and the stay-at-home mandate was associated with a longer time to reach both the peak of daily cases and deaths for each respective region (Tables 1a and 1b is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.30.20117853 id = cord-335676-7ak53hto author = Meftahi, Gholam Hossein title = The possible pathophysiology mechanism of cytokine storm in elderly adults with COVID-19 infection: the contribution of “inflame-aging” date = 2020-06-11 keywords = ACE2; ROS; cell; covid-19 summary = It seems that "cytokine storm" phenomenon in elderly patients with severe COVID-19 infection, is associated with many age-related pathophysiologic processes, including alteration of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expression [9] , excess ROS production [10] , alteration of autophagy [11] , the inflammatory phenotype of senescent cell activity, particularly adipose tissue [12] , and immune-senescence [13] , as well as lack of vitamin D content [14] . As shown in Fig. 2 , several factors, including alteration of ACE2 receptor expression, excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, senescent adipocytes activity, alteration of autophagy and mitophagy, immune-senescent, as well as vitamin D (VD) deficiency, may associate "inflame-aging" to cytokine storm in elderly patients of COVID-19. Furthermore, the lack of VD in aged subjects is associated with the pro-inflammatory phenotype of immune cells, leading to likely increasing the risk of elderly adults with chronic mild inflammation condition [122] . doi = 10.1007/s00011-020-01372-8 id = cord-336549-xjrrw0wr author = Megahed, Naglaa A. title = Antivirus-built environment: lessons learned from covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19; build; environment; pandemic summary = This study encourages the search for suitable design ideas, trends, and planning theories to provide the required protection from virus attacks and continue to add more layers in the defense system of our built environment. Architects, planners, and built environment professionals are keen to examine many social and spatial implications to generate new patterns and configurations of use (Paital, 2020; Salama, 2020 problems and challenges in all building types and urban spaces as illustrated in Figure 1 . Although the situation is still unfolding, the COVID-19 pandemic has already highlighted the importance of certain design concepts and reassessed fundamental assumptions in urban and architecture approaches. The right design and planning strategies now could help to position our built environment in the post-pandemic era. We could more effectively use healthy design and planning strategies to face pandemics and create a less pullulated, more sustainable architecture, and urbanism in general. doi = 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102350 id = cord-258484-jwgtjisx author = Mehrabi, Sara title = Pitfalls of Computed Tomography in the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Era: A New Perspective on Ground-Glass Opacities date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; GGO summary = Aim To study ground-glass opacities (GGO) not only from the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia" perspective but also as a radiological presentation of other pathologies with comparable features. In the presence of typical imaging features (e.g. GGO and consolidation), the radiologist should focus on the pandemic and manage a suspect patient as COVID-19 positive until proven to be negative. Even if chest CT can detect lung anomalies before symptom onset, the findings follow a temporal pattern and are consistent with clinicopathological development: the first and most common feature is ground-glass opacity (GGO), which represents early alveolar damage, with bilateral subpleural distribution in the lower lobes; then, areas of consolidation appear and tend to coalesce on the underlying GGOs. Later, in this background, the "crazy paving" pattern can be seen, with thickened interlobular septa and intralobular lines. COVID-19 pneumonia was suspected because of the CT report and clinical presentation so an RT-PCR assay by nasopharyngeal swab was performed; interestingly, the virus was not detected in any patient. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8151 id = cord-354337-a70avg2x author = Mehraeen, Esmaeil title = A systematic review of ECG findings in patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-11-13 keywords = COVID-19; ECG; patient summary = In the non-drug-induced group, ST-T abnormalities, notably ST elevation, accounted for the most observed ECG finding in the patients with COVID-19, but their relation with myocardial injuries was under dispute. Some proposed medications, most notably chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin, have shown an increased risk of ECG changes in the settings of past diseases, specifically QTc interval prolongations (12) (13) (14) (15) . In this systematic review, we aimed to provide the researchers and clinicians with an update on the diverse patterns observed in the ECG of patients with COVID-19. The other four studies administered both monotherapy (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine) and combination treatmentfor COVID-19 patients and confirmed that combination therapy is associated with a higher risk of QTc interval prolongation compared with monotherapy (18) (19) (20) (21) . In a similar case series study, Bessiere and colleagues (21) reported a broader difference in the two groups'' ECG outcomes, indicating 5% and 33% of patients developing QT prolongation in the monotherapy group and combination therapy, respectively. doi = 10.1016/j.ihj.2020.11.007 id = cord-260322-b2493coe author = Mehring, William M. title = Initial Experience with a COVID-19 Web-Based Patient Self-assessment Tool date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Initial Experience with a COVID-19 Web-Based Patient Self-assessment Tool As the COVID-19 pandemic spreads, patients experiencing symptoms potentially attributable to the disease require timely assessment. Automated assessment tools-such as digital self-assessment applications-offer a potential strategy for providing guidance to patients without requiring direct attention from healthcare professionals. [2] [3] [4] Our team recently developed a web-based COVID-19 selfassessment tool, available in English and Spanish, offering guidance for patients experiencing potential COVID-19 symptoms. A total of 276,560 assessments were completed, and users reported symptoms potentially attributable to COVID-19 69.6% of the time. Of those with mild symptoms, 7.1% reported direct exposure to someone with confirmed COVID-19; for these users, our tool recommends consideration of telephone consultation with a healthcare professional to determine the need for testing. In our analysis of almost 300,000 digital self-assessments from our COVID-19 self-assessment tool, 69.6% of users reported symptoms potentially attributable to COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-05893-0 id = cord-305183-6ixjbbek author = Mehrotra, S. title = A Model for Supply-Chain Decisions for Resource Sharing with an Application to Ventilator Allocation to Combat COVID-19 date = 2020-04-06 keywords = covid-19; ventilator summary = This paper presents a stochastic optimization model for allocating and sharing a critical resource in the case of a pandemic. The model is applied to study the allocation of ventilator inventory in the COVID-19 pandemic by the Federal Emergency Management Agency of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (FEMA) to different states in the US. Importantly, computational results from the model also provide estimates of ventilators'' shortfall in each state under different future demand scenarios. Section 4 presents our computational results under different mechanical ventilator demand scenarios for the COVID-19 pandemic situation in the US. In this section, we present a multi-period planning model to allocate ventilators to different regions based on their needs to treat the patients at the critical level. More precisely, we considered four different cases to generate random samples for the number of ventilators that is needed to care for COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.02.20051078 id = cord-025886-259357pg author = Mehrotra, Sanjay title = A model of supply‐chain decisions for resource sharing with an application to ventilator allocation to combat COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-02 keywords = case; covid-19; ventilator summary = Going forward, the federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic will require centralized decision-making around how to equitably allocate, and reallocate, limited supplies of ventilators to states in need. Importantly, computational results from the model also provide estimates of the shortfall of ventilators in each state under different future demand scenarios. Section 4 presents our computational results under different mechanical ventilator demand scenarios for the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. In this section, we present a multiperiod planning model to allocate ventilators to different regions, based on their needs, for the treatment of critical patients. The results in Table 4 indicate that in Cases VI (severe) and V (extreme), the State of New York requires between 11 100 and 17 500 additional ventilators for COVID-19 patients during its peak demand. Overall, the model developed in this paper can be used as a planning tool/framework by state and federal agencies in acquiring and allocating ventilators to meet national demand. doi = 10.1002/nav.21905 id = cord-175085-nmuxnf7k author = Mehrotra, Sanjay title = A Model of Supply-Chain Decisions for Resource Sharing with an Application to Ventilator Allocation to Combat COVID-19 date = 2020-04-03 keywords = covid-19; ventilator summary = The model is applied to study the allocation of ventilator inventory in the COVID-19 pandemic by the Federal Emergency Management Agency of the US Department of Homeland Security (FEMA) to different states in the US. The results also suggest that in the worse-than-average to severe demand scenario cases, NY requires between 7,600-9,200 additional ventilators for COVID-19 patients during its peak demand. Importantly, computational results from the model also provide estimates of the shortfall of ventilators in each state under different future demand scenarios. In this section, we present a multi-period planning model to allocate ventilators to different regions, based on their needs, for the treatment of critical patients. More precisely, we considered four different cases to generate random samples for the number of ventilators needed to care for COVID-19 patients. Specifically, the developed model is applicable to the current COVID-19 pandemic, where many US states are in dire need of mechanical ventilators to provide life-support to severely-and critically-ill patients. doi = nan id = cord-308808-9nol6rb4 author = Mehrpour, Omid title = Toll of acute methanol poisoning for preventing COVID-19 date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Methyl alcohol toxicity in Iran related to the new coronavirus disease, COVID-19, has attracted the attention of the medical professionals. Just a few days after the widespread coronavirus outbreak, unfounded rumors circulated on social media that drinking or gargling alcohol could prevent or cure COVID-19. As of April 20, 2020, at the time of writing this letter, 700 people have died as a result of ingesting denatured alcohol in an attempt to fight the novel coronavirus. False information and rumors about substances that can supposedly cure or prevent COVID-19 can be just as dangerous and harmful as the virus itself. It is of crucial importance that, while fighting the deadly novel coronavirus, we expose misinformation and false rumors in order to protect people and prevent more damage to their health and to the ability of hospitals to function effectively. doi = 10.1007/s00204-020-02795-2 id = cord-336217-t4wm1k52 author = Mehta, Bella title = Geographical variations in COVID-19 Perceptions and Patient Management: A National Survey of Rheumatologists date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 48% of respondents either agreed or strongly agreed with the statement "Patients with rheumatic diseases are at a higher risk of COVID-19 irrespective of their immunosuppressive medications". CONCLUSION : In this national sample of rheumatologists, there are variations regarding perceptions of patients'' risk of COVID-19, and how to manage medications such as NSAIDs, biologics and steroids during the pandemic. CONCLUSION : In this national sample of rheumatologists, there are variations regarding perceptions of patients'' risk of COVID-19, and how to manage medications such as NSAIDs, biologics and steroids during the pandemic. When rheumatologists were asked if they think their patients had discontinued or reduced (without or against their medical advice) at least one immunosuppressive medication to mitigate their risk for COVID-19, 13% responded that more than a quarter of their rheumatic disease patients may have and numerically more rheumatologists in the NE and Southern states reported a higher frequency of this (NE:15%, MW:6%, S:16%, W:10%). doi = 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.06.017 id = cord-030254-eevqclsy author = Mehta, Chitra title = Management of Coronavirus 2019 date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; patient summary = A suspected case has been defined as a patient with acute onset respiratory infection with fever, cough, sore throat, and an epidemiological link in the form of a history of travel 14 days prior to the onset of symptoms to countries afflicted with COVID-19, or a close contact with a confirmed or probable case of COVID-19 14 days prior to symptom onset, or some acute respiratory infection requiring hospitalization with no other etiology fully explaining the clinical presentation, as per WHO guidelines. • In patients with severe COVID-19 infection requiring supplemental oxygen, lopinavir/ritonavir combination plus hydroxychloroquine plus favipiravir 1,600 mg (eight tablets) twice daily as a loading dose followed by 600 mg (three tablets) every 8 hours for 14 days is being used. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when COVID-19 disease is suspected. doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1710401 id = cord-324809-16zvqizl author = Mehta, Neil title = Surveillance and Monitoring of Hepatocellular Carcinoma During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; HCC; Hepatocellular; patient summary = Abstract The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is expected to have a long-lasting impact on the approach to care for patients at risk for and with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to the risks from potential exposure and resource reallocation. Existing HCC risk stratification models should be utilized to prioritize imaging resources to those patients at highest risk of incident HCC and recurrence following therapy though surveillance can likely continue as before in settings where COVID-19 prevalence is low and adequate protections are in place. COVID-related risks may be especially relevant in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), for whom management often involves multiple interactions with the healthcare system (e.g. phlebotomy, radiological imaging, clinic visits, and HCC-directed treatments) but who may be more susceptible to severe COVID-related complications. Regional COVID-19 exposure risk may impact choice of systemic therapy in advanced HCC based upon availability of local resources (e.g. infusion center, endoscopy, clinical trials) and risk of regimen-specific toxicities (e.g. immune-related adverse events which may require high doses of corticosteroids). doi = 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.06.072 id = cord-310779-4puiao40 author = Mehta, Pooja title = Telehealth and Nutrition Support During the Covid-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-14 keywords = Telehealth; covid-19; patient summary = After doing so, we measured the effects of type of education (in-person versus telehealth) 89 on patient gluten-free diet knowledge, health-related quality of life, and diet adherence at their 90 first follow-up visit post the diagnosis of celiac disease. Thus it is not surprising that slow 111 internet connection and poor connection to wireless networks negatively impacts communication 112 between health care providers and patients during telehealth visits. 35 Under our current extraordinary circumstances, the federal government is also 129 making telehealth even easier by allowing covered health care providers subject to HIPAA Rules 130 to communicate with patients in ways that may not fully comply with the requirements of 131 In times of natural disasters, successful responses and preparedness has been associated 161 with ensuring that structures such as people, equipment, systems, administrators, and legal 162 organizations are already in place to respond effectively. doi = 10.1016/j.jand.2020.07.013 id = cord-351407-7vx9lzi0 author = Mehta, Puja title = JAK inhibitors in COVID-19: need for vigilance regarding increased inherent thrombotic risk date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = recently reported a cohort study of 137 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, in which retrospective review of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) scans demonstrated a cumulative incidence of pulmonary emboli (PE) of 24% overall and 50% in intensive care [2]. We recommend vigilance to the potentially increased thrombotic risk associated with JAKi, given the hypercoagulability of COVID-19 and our recent thromboprophylaxis recommendations for all hospitalised patients with COVID-19 [7]. Bompard et al recently reported a cohort study of 137 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, in which retrospective review of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) scans demonstrated a cumulative incidence of pulmonary emboli (PE) of 24% overall and 50% in intensive care 2 . Impact of Janus kinase inhibitors on risk of cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials doi = 10.1183/13993003.01919-2020 id = cord-326468-xcy7v1tf author = Mehta, R. M. title = A shorter symptom-onset to remdesivir treatment (SORT) interval is associated with a lower mortality in moderate-to-severe COVID-19: A real-world analysis date = 2020-11-10 keywords = covid-19; patient; sort summary = title: A shorter symptom-onset to remdesivir treatment (SORT) interval is associated with a lower mortality in moderate-to-severe COVID-19: A real-world analysis The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of timing of remdesivir initiation (symptom-onset to remdesivir treatment [SORT] interval) on in-hospital all-cause mortality in patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of symptom-onset to remdesivir treatment (SORT) interval on clinical outcomes in the subsets of moderate-to-severe COVID-19. This study primarily evaluated the association between SORT interval and clinical outcomes in moderate-to-severe COVID-19 and other relevant clinical endpoints, such as overall all-cause mortality, LOHS, and safety in remdesivir-treated patients. The importance of early remdesivir initiation (SORT interval ≤9 days) in our study with a clear outcome benefit indicates an impact of the medication even with steroids and ancillary therapies in moderate-to-severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.05.20226373 id = cord-335117-p03svmfr author = Mehtar, Shaheen title = Limiting the spread of COVID-19 in Africa: one size mitigation strategies do not fit all countries date = 2020-04-28 keywords = Africa; COVID-19 summary = Limiting the spread of COVID-19 in Africa : one size mitigation strategies do not fit all countries On March 11, 2020, when coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic by WHO, there were comparatively few cases reported from Africa. Furthermore, the effect of ongoing lockdowns (eg, partial in Senegal and Democratic Republic of the Congo vs total in South Africa) and case-finding mitigation strategies will depend on each country''s political leadership, socioeconomic realities, and epidemic stage. Early evidence of flattening the epidemic curve through a proactive, 30-day total lockdown and physical distancing is being documented in South Africa. However, before physical distancing measures can be eased, it is crucial to have in place a robust and functioning public health infrastructure to scale up case finding through testing, isolation, and contact tracing to ultimately interrupt coronavirus transmission. doi = 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30212-6 id = cord-260525-bohv78hi author = Mei, Yang title = Risk stratification of hospitalized COVID-19 patients through comparative studies of laboratory results with influenza date = 2020-07-31 keywords = covid-19; influenza; patient summary = We compiled laboratory results from the first 14 days of the hospitalized patients using parameters that are most significantly different between COVID-19 and influenza and hierarchically clustered COVID-19 patients. Patients in the highest risk cluster had leukocytosis including neutrophilia and monocytosis, severe anemia, increased red blood cell distribution width, higher BUN, creatinine, D-dimer, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and troponin. Overall, our study reveals significant differences in the laboratory parameters between the hospitalized COVID-19 and influenza patients. Compared to influenza patients, the most significant differences over the course of 14 days of hospitalization in COVID-19 patients were worsening anemia, worsening leukocytosis, and an increase in D-dimer, BUN, and ALT. Instead of comparing clinical endpoints to evaluate risks as performed in most of the published studies, we stratified the hospitalized COVID-19 patients through clustering of their laboratory results that were most significantly different from influenza patients (i.e. complete blood count, D-dimer, BUN, and ALT) during the first 14 days of hospitalization. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100475 id = cord-300848-0igfcixy author = Meijers, Björn title = The clinical characteristics of coronavirus-associated nephropathy date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = While a minority of SARS-CoV patients did develop acute kidney injury (AKI), this was attributed to critical illness with acute tubular necrosis in post-mortem kidney tissue. In kidney tissue obtained at autopsy of 26 critically ill patients with COVID-19, diffuse proximal tubule injury also was the main finding on light microscopy [9] . This puts SARS-CoV-2 in an expanding list of other viruses with proven kidney tropism, including hantavirus [14] , the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus [15] , polyomavirus (polyomavirus-associated nephropathy) [16] and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-associated nephropathy) [17] . To date, kidney histology of COVID-19 patients with a less severe clinical course has not been reported. In this issue of Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, data from a large European cohort study of patients with COVID-19 are reported [3] . Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study doi = 10.1093/ndt/gfaa197 id = cord-339533-r0qsqjus author = Mein, Stephen A title = COVID-19 and Health Disparities: the Reality of “the Great Equalizer” date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Pandemics have the unique ability to amplify existing health inequalities, disproportionately affecting socially disadvantaged groups, including racial and ethnic minorities and low-income populations. Racial and ethnic minorities are at both a higher risk of contracting COVID-19 and suffering worse outcomes. 5, 6 Once infected, racial and ethnic minorities are at a greater risk of increased disease severity. 7 Previous epidemiological studies have consistently shown many of these conditions to be more prevalent in racial/ethnic minorities, likely contributing to the worse health outcomes seen from COVID-19. Until recently, there has been minimal comprehensive demographic data reported from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) or other governing bodies around the racial/ethnic characteristics of patients infected with COVID-19. Health disparities have long plagued our country and greatly impacted racial and ethnic minorities. Protection of racial/ethnic minority populations during an influenza pandemic doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-05880-5 id = cord-325129-faptufak author = Meini, Simone title = Understanding the Pathophysiology of COVID-19: Could the Contact System Be the Key? date = 2020-08-11 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; FXII summary = Autoactivation of FXII by contact with SARS-CoV-2 could lead to activation of intrinsic coagulation, with fibrin formation (microthrombosis), and fibrinolysis, resulting in increased D-dimer levels. In this review, we try to address the complex link between the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the different proteolytic defense systems operating in human vasculature, investigating the role of the mediators involved and speculating on the possibility of pharmacological modulation. After binding through its B2R, BK activates signaling pathways resulting in increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, edema formation, hypotension, pain, fever (14) : all typical clinical features of COVID-19. (79) hypothesized that a kinin-dependent local lung angioedema via B1R and eventually B2R is an important feature of COVID-19 and proposed that blocking the B2R and inhibiting plasma KAL activity might be beneficial in early disease, preventing ARDS. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02014 id = cord-327284-j6cg7nf0 author = Meireles, André Luís Ferreira title = Impact of Social Isolation due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients with Pediatric Disorders: Rehabilitation Perspectives From a Developing Country date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = title: Impact of Social Isolation due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients with Pediatric Disorders: Rehabilitation Perspectives From a Developing Country Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin are being indicated in treatment protocols of countries such as Brazil; however, a case report on an adult patient taking chloroquine for presumable reticular erythematous mucinosis indicated that the drug induced myasthenic syndrome, suggesting that the drug might affect neuromuscular junction transmission and might adversely affect children with myasthenia. Other important negative effects of social isolation in children and adolescents during a pandemic are in the area of mental health. Evidence shows the importance of physical rehabilitation for pediatric patients with chronic neurological conditions 14, 15 ; however, these activities must be interrupted during a pandemic. Although we will probably will not be able to see the real impact of social isolation on health of children with disabilities until after COVID-19 is gone, pediatric physical therapists must adapt in order to provide the best possible care during this complex social moment that our patients and families are enduring. doi = 10.1093/ptj/pzaa152 id = cord-273833-yf8kt84e author = Mejia, Rojelio title = Global COVID-19 Efforts as the Platform to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; USA; disease summary = Therefore, and as highlighted by many others, we support the notion that a way forward to eliminate this coronavirus pandemic should include linking COVID-19 control to other tropical or poverty-related diseases. To be successful and achieve the global goals including the control of pandemics such as the one seen from the COVID-19, we must rely on strong leadership leading to impactful public policies and global collaborations, including global COVID-19 vaccinations, and potentially linking them to programs for childhood and adult vaccinations and programs for malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and neglected tropical disease treatments. Accordingly, these virus-related morbidities will add to the many already found in these populations already affected by non-communicable diseases functioning as major risk factors for COVID-19, as well as other infections, including the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The poor living in urban or rural areas of high-income countries and the most impoverished living in LMICs have increased risk for both COVID-19 and tropical diseases. doi = 10.1007/s40475-020-00209-y id = cord-324488-be0m5gqh author = Melaku, Tsegaye title = Research and intervention priorities for mental health of people living with chronic disease(s) in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic in low resource settings: A commentary date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Research and intervention priorities for mental health of people living with chronic disease(s) in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic in low resource settings: A commentary The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus 88 and its impact on global mental health Research studies involving patients require ethical approval. Studies on patients or volunteers require ethics committee approval and fully informed written consent which should be documented in the paper.Authors must obtain written and signed consent to publish a case report from the patient (or, where applicable, the patient''s guardian or next of kin) prior to submission. We ask Authors to confirm as part of the submission process that such consent has been obtained, and the manuscript must include a statement to this effect in a consent section at the end of the manuscript, as follows: "Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images. doi = 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.07.051 id = cord-306997-84pjfawk author = Melazzini, Federica title = Venous thromboembolism and COVID-19: a single center experience from an academic tertiary referral hospital of Northern Italy date = 2020-11-08 keywords = COVID-19; DVT; VTE; patient summary = A number of pathogenic mechanisms have been hypothesized for VTE in COVID-19 patients, including active inflammation, immobilization and intensive care treatments, but the limited evidence available in the literature does not allow to estimate the relative contribution of each of the abovementioned factors [8] . Starting from these premises, we here aimed to define VTE rates and types, not considering peripheral and central catheter-related thrombosis, among a cohort of COVID-19 patients during their hospital stay at the San Matteo Hospital Foundation (Pavia, Northern Italy). We extracted data from medical records of all 259 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 admitted to the Departments of Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease, Intensive Care, and Respiratory Disease of the San Matteo Hospital Foundation (Pavia, Northern Italy), between March 19th and April 6th, 2020. We reviewed records of all 259 COVID-19 patients for demographic information, co-morbidities, risk factors for VTE according to the Padua prediction score [16] , laboratory tests and anticoagulation treatment at the time of hospital admission. doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02550-6 id = cord-313387-xwb0iphy author = Meleo-Erwin, Zoë title = Online Support Information for Students with Disabilities in Colleges and Universities during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; disability summary = OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe the availability of remote instruction and counseling resources on the disability/accessibility websites of colleges and universities in the greater New York City area. The disability/accessibility pages of websites were located and examined for remote instructional resources for both educators and for students, a way to make an appointment with the counseling center (phone number and/or email address), and a link to the counseling center. In particular, our purpose was to determine if the minimum educational and counseling resources were available to college/university students with disabilities and their instructors in the New York City (NYC) metropolitan region which, at the time the study was conducted, was the global epicenter of COVID-19. Though it would be an overreach to equate potential educational, health, and wellness barriers faced by college/university SWD due to the lack of accessible information on remote instruction and counseling to the disproportionate adverse impacts that disasters have had on PWD, we suggest it is reasonable to see them as related. doi = 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.101013 id = cord-350281-vmz7gnhm author = Meleveedu, Kapil S title = Tocilizumab for severe COVID-19 related illness – A community academic medical center experience date = 2020-09-02 keywords = CRS; IL-6; IL-6-R; covid-19 summary = We sought to describe outcomes in a series of severely ill patients with COVID-19 CRS following treatment with anti-IL-6/IL-6-Receptor (anti-IL-6/IL-6-R) therapy, including tocilizumab or siltuximab. Tocilizumab was approved in China in March 2020 for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 and severe pulmonary disease associated with elevated serum IL-6 levels [5] . Emerging data suggest that anti-IL-6/IL-6-R therapy may offer meaningful clinical benefit for COVID-19 patients with CRS and related manifestations, including severe pulmonary hypoxemia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [12, [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . This single center series describes the clinical outcomes of 31 patients who presented with severe COVID-19 related acute respiratory failure, who received anti-IL-6/IL-6-R therapy. Inflammatory markers and cytokine levels decreased significantly following treatment, which supports the hypothesis that interruption of IL-6 signaling in COVID-19 CRS has the potential to halt progression toward more severe and fatal outcomes. doi = 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100035 id = cord-348786-25o7tam4 author = Mella, Alberto title = Case series of six kidney transplanted patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia treated with tocilizumab date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; TCZ summary = We report our case series of 6 KTs with COVID‐19 pneumonia who received TCZ: All were of male gender, with a mean age of 55.5 ± 8.4 years, a median time from transplantation of 3611 days (1465‐5757); 5/6 had cardiovascular comorbidities, 1/6 had diabetes, and 3/6 have one or more previous KTs. Four out of six patients died, at an average time of 9.75 ± 2.4 days after tocilizumab administration, 3/6 due to a coexistent septic shock. Ongoing immunosuppressive therapy was composed by TAC and TA B L E 2 Laboratory and pulmonary functional tests before and after TCZ adoption in our COVID-19-positive kidney transplant recipients To date, few reports included TCZ-treated kidney transplanted patients with COVID-19 pneumonia 12,19-23 ( other Authors, the virus caused a profound immunosuppression 5, 11 and, in this context, the result of combined inhibition of IL-6 receptor in predisposing to bacterial infections is not well understood. doi = 10.1111/tid.13348 id = cord-300222-kzzx8ni7 author = Mellan, T. A. title = Report 21: Estimating COVID-19 cases and reproduction number in Brazil date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Considering an R 0 of 3 and transmissibility similar to that observed across European [7] and Brazilian [16] settings, the estimated share of the population infected to date remains far short of the 70% herd immunity threshold required to prevent rapid resurgence of the virus if control measures are relaxed. In order to examine the effect of these assumptions on the conclusions described above, we undertook a series of sensitivity analyses (see Appendix) exploring different assumptions surrounding state-level IFR (relating to assumptions about how healthcare quality varies with state income) and the extent of death underreporting. In this report we utilise a semi-mechanistic Bayesian model of COVID-19 transmission, calibrated using data on reported deaths at the state level, to infer the epidemiological characteristics of the epidemic in Brazil to date. We adopt the Bayesian semi-mechanistic model from [7] to estimate transmission intensity and attack rates of COVID-19 conditional on the reported number of deaths. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096701 id = cord-326113-r5a7qoks author = Mellis, Alexandra M. title = COVID-19-related treatment service disruptions among people with single- and polysubstance use concerns date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; service summary = Individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs), including those in long-term recovery, and their loved ones are facing rapid changes to treatment and support services due to COVID-19. Individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs), including those in long-term recovery, and their families are facing rapid changes to SUD treatment and recovery support services, including mutual aid groups, due to COVID-19. Given that polysubstance use may be an indicator of higher-risk substance-use behavior, we examined J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof diminished access to treatment and recovery support services among individuals who reported using both single and multiple substances. We queries participants regarding the substances they or their family members used (alcohol, stimulants, opioids, nicotine, marijuana, sedatives, and other), and whether anything about their SUD recovery and treatment access had changed due to COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108180 id = cord-284251-brn5izwo author = Melmed, Kara R. title = Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19; ICH; patient summary = We performed a retrospective cohort study of adult (age ≥ 18 years) patients admitted to the NYU Langone Health System (NYU Langone Medical Center, NYU Brooklyn, NYU Winthrop, or NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital) who had both a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test result and neuroimaging performed between March 1 and April 27, 2020. We used binary logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (OR, 95% CI) of therapeutic anticoagulation use and ICH in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 adjusting for previously identified factors associated with ICH (age, gender, ethnicity, hypertension, systolic blood pressure) and might plausibly be associated with ICH in COVID-19 patients. Binary logistic regression models were used to assess for mortality in both ICH and non-ICH patients adjusting for previously reported risk factors, age [7] and maximum hospital SOFA score, [18] as a marker for disease severity. doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02288-0 id = cord-280234-anlytu3q author = Memar, Elmira Haji Esmaeil title = Fulminant hepatic failure: a rare and devastating manifestation of Coronavirus disease 2019 in an 11-year-old boy date = 2020-09-29 keywords = covid-19; liver summary = Although several typical manifestation of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) including respiratory symptoms, weakness, fever, and fatigue have been reported, some rare and novel manifestations have also been observed, particularly in children. In this study, we report a novel pediatric case of fulminant hepatic failure associated with COVIDAlthough there have been a significantly smaller number of reported cases of COVID-19 in the pediatric population compared with the adults, the number of infected children has seen a moderate increase [2, 7] . Owing to the acute fulminant hepatic failure in our patient, the only treatment option was liver transplantation; however, because of the progressive course of the disease and its rapid progression to stage 4 with encephalopathy and brain death, he died. In conclusion, in patients with fulminant hepatic failure, especially in cases with symptoms including fever, respiratory distress, and diarrhea, we should rule out COVID-19 infection as the underlying cause. doi = 10.1016/j.arcped.2020.09.009 id = cord-321552-lsz1onrj author = Membrilla, Javier A. title = Headache as a Cardinal Symptom of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Cross‐Sectional Study date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; headache; patient summary = OBJECTIVE: To describe the semiology of pain and its associated features in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and headache presenting to the emergency department who do not require urgent services. 27 We hypothesized that COVID-19-related headache might be one of the most frequent symptoms of the infection and can have a more severe presentation in patients with migraine. We aimed to describe the semiology of pain and associated symptoms in patients with COVID-19-related headache in a clinical setting who visit the emergency department but do not require urgent services. Study Population and Eligibility.-Patients attending the emergency department of our hospital were included if they met all of the following inclusion criteria: (1) patients classified by the Manchester Triage System 29 as priority levels 5 (non-urgent) and 4 (standard); (2) fulfilled the criteria for a "probable COVID-19 case" or "confirmed COVID-19 case" according to the WHO guidance on global surveillance for COVID-19; 30 (3) and presented with headache alongside other COVID-19-related symptoms. doi = 10.1111/head.13967 id = cord-273541-47n8i2qg author = Mena Lora, Alfredo J. title = Feasibility and impact of inverted classroom methodology for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic preparedness at an urban community hospital date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; ICM summary = title: Feasibility and impact of inverted classroom methodology for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic preparedness at an urban community hospital We describe our experience using inverted classroom methodology (ICM) for COVID-19 pandemic preparedness in a small hospital with limited infection prevention staff. [6] [7] [8] Faced with COVID-19, our facility used ICM as a major tool for pandemic preparedness to leverage our limited infectious diseases and infection preventionist human resources. We assessed the feasibility of ICM for pandemic preparedness and its impact on knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of HCWs. We conducted an anonymous cross-sectional survey at a 151-bed urban safety-net community teaching hospital. Town halls were led by the infection preventionist and infectious diseases physician and served as the instruction phase, providing opportunities for questions and knowledge application from the videos. ICM was a feasible and efficient way to deliver educational content for pandemic preparedness at a community hospital with limited infection preventionist and infectious diseases physician staff. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.1272 id = cord-320147-29a7njqi author = Mendes, Luís title = How Can We Quarantine Without a Home? Responses of Activism and Urban Social Movements in Times of COVID‐19 Pandemic Crisis in Lisbon date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; Lisbon; Urban; housing; movement; right; social summary = The dynamics of social protest, demands and pre-COVID urban struggles are now essential in order to capitalise on collective learning, the social capital of the networks created and the impact they have had on placing the issue of the right to housing on the public and political agenda, in the last years (Mayer 2010; Colomb & Novy 2016; Sequera & Nofre 2018) . The second part addresses the new spaces of contestation created by anti-evictions urban social movements in pre-COVID period in Lisbon, namely, their characteristics and organisational forms, assessing the political potential for reversing the current situation of housing crisis. In this context and focusing specifically on the Portuguese case, the resurgence of popular protest and new urban social movements not only continued to be primarily associated to the anti-austerity ideology, as gave a new impetus to collective action in the field of struggles for the right to housing and the city. doi = 10.1111/tesg.12450 id = cord-306810-g64gjpbd author = Mendivelso Duarte, Fredy Orlando title = Recomendaciones para la reapertura de servicios de cirugía electiva durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Dada la incertidumbre que acompaña a la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 y ante la necesidad de dar respuesta a múltiples problemas de salud crónicos y agudos que afectan a la población general, incluidos aquellos que precisan de una intervención quirúrgica, se presentan las recomendaciones implementadas en clínicas y hospitales de Colombia como guía para lograr una reapertura de los servicios de cirugía electiva de forma segura, escalonada y monitoreada acorde a la dinámica que impone la pandemia, la regulación nacional e internacional y la velocidad en la producción de evidencia científica relacionada con la COVID-19. En este artículo se sintetizan las recomendaciones basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible hasta el momento y las lecciones aprendidas durante el proceso de reapertura de servicios de cirugía electiva de alta complejidad, cirugía ambulatoria mayor y cirugía de corta estancia instaurados en instituciones de mediana y alta complejidad en Colombia tomando como marco de referencia el riesgo individual de infección por COVID-19, la disminución de casos en el área geográfica de influencia de cada hospital y el riesgo de que pueda empeorar la salud de los pacientes que requieren una cirugía electiva si se demora la intervención. doi = 10.26633/rpsp.2020.114 id = cord-315598-qwh72inx author = Mendoza, Jose Luis Accini title = ACTUALIZACION DE LA DECLARACIÓN DE CONSENSO EN MEDICINA CRITICA PARA LA ATENCIÓN MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DEL PACIENTE CON SOSPECHA O CONFIRMACIÓN DIAGNÓSTICA DE COVID-19 date = 2020-10-06 keywords = AMCI; COVID-19; Care; China; Coronavirus; Disease; EPP; FUNDAMENTO; HCQ; PCR; PEEP; SARS; SDRA; TCZ; UCI; Wuhan; acute; clinical; como; con; del; las; los; pacientes; para; patient; por; que; recomienda; respiratory; una; uso summary = De otorgarse un Consentimiento Informado amplio, éste debería ser única y exclusivamente para los procesos asociados con COVID-19".(71) AMCI ® Se recomienda considerar la transición del cuidado intensivo al cuidado paliativo en todo paciente con sospecha o diagnóstico de COVID-19 sin mejoría a pesar de las intervenciones óptimas, con empeoramiento progresivo de su pronóstico vital y ante un evidente deterioro; aplicando medidas generales en control de síntomas ( Manejo de secreciones -Tratamiento del dolor -Tratamiento de la disnea -Sedación paliativa), así como apoyo espiritual, siempre acompañando al paciente y nunca abandonarlo en el final de la vida. En cuanto hace referencia a la situación actual de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 y compromiso pulmonar; Wu y cols, en Marzo de 2.020 realizaron un estudio retrospectivo de 201 pacientes con COVID-19 en China; para aquellos pacientes que desarrollaron SDRA, el tratamiento con metilprednisolona estuvo asociado con una disminución del riesgo de muerte (23/50 [46%] con esteroides vs 21/34 [62%] sin esteroides; HR, 0.38 [IC 95%, 0.20-0.72]), con las limitaciones de los estudios retrospectivo, de un solo centro, con un limitado número de pacientes (400). doi = 10.1016/j.acci.2020.09.004 id = cord-296182-hhswage4 author = Meng, Lingzhong title = Intubation and Ventilation amid the COVID-19 Outbreak: Wuhan’s Experience date = 2020-04-08 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; China; Wuhan; patient summary = Healthcare providers, who are tasked with taking care of critically ill patients, need to perform the best practices of intubation and ventilation tailored explicitly to the victims of this sweeping COVID-19 outbreak and, at the same time, adhere to strict self-protection precautions. The Chinese Society of Anesthesiology Task Force on Airway Management released a fast-track publication with the recommendation to proceed with endotracheal intubation for patients showing no improvement in respiratory distress, tachypnea (respiratory rate greater than 30 per minute), and poor oxygenation (Pao 2 to Fio 2 ratio less than 150 mmHg) after 2-h highflow oxygen therapy or noninvasive ventilation. Although the aerosol-generating potential of noninvasive ventilation is a potential concern to some providers, 19 the bilevel positive airway pressure machine is widely used amid this outbreak for patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in Wuhan and the rest of China. doi = 10.1097/aln.0000000000003296 id = cord-345466-sjryzsqh author = Meng, Xianchun title = Chest Imaging Tests versus RT-PCR Testing for COVID-19 Pneumonia: There Is No Best, Only a Better Fit date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Chest Imaging Tests versus RT-PCR Testing for COVID-19 Pneumonia: There Is No Best, Only a Better Fit Those articles studied chest imaging tests (radiography and/or CT) versus reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing to identify coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Second, imaging examinations for COVID-19 help to identify specific disease patterns that generally lack a theoretical basis. Findings at chest radiography have a lower sensitivity than initial RT-PCR testing (69% vs 91%, respectively), whereas a French national survey of 26 hospitals (4824 participants) demonstrated chest CT sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 91%, respectively, in diagnosing COVID-19 pneumonia (2) . For patients in low-prevalence areas or asymptomatic infected persons, imaging tests will face false-positive and missed detection problems. For asymptomatic infected persons, imaging tests are often negative, and only viral detection can be relied on. Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases doi = 10.1148/radiol.2020203792 id = cord-349912-em1abdrg author = Meng, Xiangming title = COVID-19 and anosmia: A review based on up-to-date knowledge date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Multiple cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that the incidence rate of Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients varies from 33.9–68% with female dominance. Clinical evidence has shown that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be transmitted by person-to-person [1] . Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in the tears of COVID-19 patient and can cause nasal infection via the nasolacrimal duct [17, 18] . performed the olfactory function test (OFT)of 60 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients and took 60 subjects from previous studies as a control group matching the age and gender of the patient''s group [35] . Another investigation, using a self-reported questionnaire, analyzed the prevalence of smell and/or taste disorders in J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 8 OFT has been the mainstay for diagnosis of OD; however, the patients in most studies were untested by OFT. doi = 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102581 id = cord-340855-y5o8dvf4 author = Meng, Zibo title = Predicted value of coagulation function for prognosis and admission time to negative RT‐PCR detection in non‐critical COVID‐19 patients date = 2020-06-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = Blood samples were collected within 24 h after admission to perform coagulation testing, The baseline clinical characteristics of non-critical patients with COVID-19 were shown in Table 1 , and the coagulation results showed that the level of D-dimer (1.42 ± 2.27) and fibrinogen (FIB, 4.36 ± 1.27) were higher in COVID-19 patients compared with regular people, which indicated that the COVID-19 patients were suffered from coagulation dysfunction. Studies had shown that the disease severity and prognosis of COVID-19 patients were significantly affected by multiple confounding factors, especially by age and coagulation function. In this study, the COVID-19 patients were divided into two groups and univariate analyze were conducted according to the median cutoff value of ATN = 26, and the result demonstrated that the coagulation function, especially D-dimer, together with diagnosed age and disease severity were associated with ATN ( Table 1 ). doi = 10.1002/ctm2.42 id = cord-316117-o29773cz author = Menzella, Francesco title = Pharmacologicaltreatment of COVID-19: lights and shadows date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; treatment summary = At the end of December 2019, a novel coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), caused an outbreak of pneumonia spreading from Wuhan, Hubei province, to the whole country of China and then the entire world, forcing the World Health Organization (WHO) to make the assessment that the coronavirus disease (COVID19) can be characterized as a pandemic, the first ever caused by a coronavirus. The search strategy was based on the following keywords: coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome, antivirals, corticosteroids, biologics, and anticoagulants. Current antiviral treatments are mainly based on previous experiences (favipiravir) or on experimental drugs (remdesivir) used for the treatment of viral infections due to different viruses, such as influenza virus (InfV), Ebolavirus (EBOV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), MERS, and SARS. 38 On the contrary, in a study with a small cohort of patients hospitalized for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, no strong antiviral activity or clinical efficacy of the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was found. doi = 10.7573/dic.2020-4-6 id = cord-027578-yapmcvps author = Menzies, Rachel E. title = Death anxiety in the time of COVID-19: theoretical explanations and clinical implications date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; Menzies; anxiety; death summary = doi = 10.1017/s1754470x20000215 id = cord-307496-1k3d3o2q author = Meraj, Gowhar title = Coronavirus pandemic versus temperature in the context of Indian subcontinent: a preliminary statistical analysis date = 2020-07-10 keywords = Kashmir; covid-19; temperature summary = We observed that except Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Kashmir showed a significantly positive correlation between the number of COVID-19 cases and the temperature during the period of study. The rate of change of the temperature for Maharashtra is minimum and almost flat (R 2 = 0.05), while as for the Rajasthan and Kashmir region, temperature shows a significant increasing trend, and the average rate of change of the temperature is 0.19 °C and 0.16 °C per day, respectively, during the period of study (Table 1 ). Figure 2 shows the graph representing the daily increase of the new COVID-19 cases and temperature for the three regions during the period of study. We observed that the increasing temperature within the given range observed during the period for Rajasthan and Kashmir sites might provide a beneficial environment for the coronavirus to grow and spread as evident by the increasing trend of the reported COVID-19 cases with the increasing temperature (Fig. 4a, 5a) . doi = 10.1007/s10668-020-00854-3 id = cord-337785-fwo0r4bb author = Mercer, Scott Thomas title = A Comparative Study Looking at Trauma and Orthopaedic Operating Efficiency in the COVID-19 Era date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; PPE summary = No increase in surgical time was observed in hand and wrist surgery or for debridement and washouts. The other increases in time demonstrated can largely be attributed to the PPE required for aerosol generating procedures and other measures taken to reduce spread of the virus. During the pandemic due to redeployment of staff members and overall reduced trauma/ urgent orthopaedic cases, we had 2 all day lists from 8am to 8pm. A further sub-group analysis of hand and wrist surgery showed that there was no significant increase in surgical time in 2020 (Table 5) . Changes implemented during COVID-19 have led to a significant reduction in the efficiency of ORs. This will have significant effect on increased waiting times for elective surgery. Increasing frequency of regional anaesthesia concurrently with safe non-aerosol generating surgeries may improve operating room efficiency however, further research is needed to prove this. doi = 10.1016/j.pcorm.2020.100142 id = cord-028605-ehercdou author = Merchan, Cristian title = COVID-19 pandemic preparedness: A practical guide from an operational pharmacy perspective date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; medication; pharmacy summary = PURPOSE: To describe our medical center''s pharmacy services preparedness process and offer guidance to assist other institutions in preparing for surges of critically ill patients such as those experienced during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It was essential to create guidance documents outlining workflow, provide comprehensive staff education, and repurpose non–intensive care unit (ICU)-trained clinical pharmacotherapy specialists to work in ICUs. Teamwork was crucial to ensure staff safety, develop complete scheduling, maintain adequate drug inventory and sterile compounding, optimize the electronic health record and automated dispensing cabinets to help ensure appropriate prescribing and effective management of medication supplies, and streamline the pharmacy workflow to ensure that all patients received pharmacotherapeutic regimens in a timely fashion. Our pharmacy residents'' training was redesigned to enable them to assist with both clinical and operational needs, including rounding in newly established units designated as "COVID-ICUs," participating in medical code responses, and assisting with operational needs such as sterile compounding, hand deliveries, and other tasks. doi = 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa212 id = cord-292878-wbfi0v2x author = Merchant, Reshma A. title = The Role of a Geriatrician has Become Even More Important in an Academic Institution during COVID-19 date = 2020-05-13 keywords = covid-19; old summary = Geriatricians worldwide continue to face different challenges including the reduction of the number of specialist geriatric units to augment manpower in managing COVID-19 patients (1, 2). While a lot of the resources are being channelled to manage the increasing numbers of COVID-19 patients, frail older adults with multimorbidity continue to be admitted with very complex needs. Patients admitted to NUH are primarily those with fever and / or fulfilling the Singapore Ministry of Health case definition of COVID-19 requiring isolation or specialist input, while the rest of the patients are transferred to a nearby hospital which is part of the same cluster. Prior to the circuit breaker measures, we had a large group of older adults participating in Healthy Ageing Promotion Program For You (HAPPY) dual task exercise in the community. The presence of the geriatrician across settings from acute hospitals to the community is important in ensuring that older adults receive the best care and are not marginalised during the COVID-19 wave. doi = 10.1007/s12603-020-1387-3 id = cord-350172-w3yoxhsg author = Mertens, Pascal title = Development and Potential Usefulness of the COVID-19 Ag Respi-Strip Diagnostic Assay in a Pandemic Context date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; Respi; SARS; Strip summary = Introduction: COVID-19 Ag Respi-Strip, an immunochromatographic (ICT) assay for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen on nasopharyngeal specimen, has been developed to identify positive COVID-19 patients allowing prompt clinical and quarantine decisions. Regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and the urgency of sharing relevant data, in this original research article we describe the analytical performance of the COVID-19 Ag Respi-Strip according to the requirements of the current European Directive 98/79/EC (9) , the future European Regulation 2017/746 on in vitro diagnostic (IVD) medical devices (10) , the Scandinavian SKUP-protocol (11) used for the validation of qualitative tests and the clinical performance obtained with a multi-centric retrospective study. Overall, 328 nasopharyngeal samples from symptomatic patients suspected of SARS-CoV-2 infections attending from 19th to 30th March 2020 in three university laboratories located in Belgium were tested following the manufacturer''s instructions to assess the clinical sensitivity, clinical specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy in order to propose a diagnostic algorithm adapted to the current situation. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00225 id = cord-268117-5xhc3h0z author = Merzon, E. title = Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D3 level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study date = 2020-07-03 keywords = July; covid-19 summary = title: Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D3 level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study Univariate analysis demonstrated an association between low plasma 25(OH)D level and increased likelihood of COVID-19 infection [crude odds ratio (OR) of 1.58 (95% CI 1.24-2.01, p<0.001)], and of hospitalization due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus [crude OR of 2.09 (95% CI 1.01-4.30, p<0.05)]. The main finding of this study was the low plasma 25(OH)D level association with COVID-19 hospitalization risks, for patients tested positively for COVID-19, after adjusting for age, gender, SES and chronic, mental and physical disorders. To conclude, our study found that suboptimal plasma vitamin D levels may be a potential risk factor for COVID-19 infection, particularly, for the high hospitalization risks, independent of demographic characteristics and medical conditions. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.01.20144329 id = cord-265340-hc9003dj author = Merzon, Eugene title = Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study date = 2020-07-23 keywords = covid-19; vitamin summary = title: Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study We hypothesized that the mean plasma level of 25(OH)D would be significantly lower and, accordingly, the rate of suboptimal plasma 25(OH)D would be significantly higher, among persons testing positive for COVID-19 infection, and among persons subsequently hospitalized, in a large population-based data study. The main finding of this study was the low plasma 25(OH)D level association with COVID-19 hospitalization risks, for patients tested positively for COVID-19, after adjusting for age, gender, SES and chronic, mental and physical disorders. To conclude, our study found that suboptimal plasma vitamin D levels may be a potential risk factor for COVID-19 infection, particularly, for the high hospitalization risks, independent of demographic characteristics and medical conditions. doi = 10.1111/febs.15495 id = cord-301061-bekyn1k2 author = Meschi, Tiziana title = Reorganization of a large academic hospital to face COVID‐19 outbreak: The model of Parma, Emilia‐Romagna region, Italy date = 2020-05-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = authors: Meschi, Tiziana; Rossi, Sandra; Volpi, Annalisa; Ferrari, Carlo; Sverzellati, Nicola; Brianti, Ettore; Fabi, Massimo; Nouvenne, Antonio; Ticinesi, Andrea Here, we present the model of care adopted at Parma University-Hospital, a large teaching hospital facility located in Northern Italy, to face a massive overflow of COVID-19 patients presenting to the Emergency Department. If positive, patients are transferred either to infectious disease unit or to internal medicine ward clusters exclusively dedicated to COVID-19 management. Reconversion of other medical wards of the hospital, located in other buildings, with activation of a dedicated mobile CT, has then been performed with increasing patient flows (final capacity >600 beds). Tiziana Meschi 1, 2 Sandra Rossi 3 Annalisa Volpi 3 F I G U R E 1 Algorithm of management and flows of suspect COVID-19 cases adopted in Parma University Hospital. COVID-19 wards are jointly managed by internal medicine, emergency medicine, geriatrics, intensive care and infectious disease specialists. doi = 10.1111/eci.13250 id = cord-305574-ldkri5gh author = Mesnier, Jules title = Hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction before and after lockdown according to regional prevalence of COVID-19 and patient profile in France: a registry study date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; STEMI; myocardial summary = title: Hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction before and after lockdown according to regional prevalence of COVID-19 and patient profile in France: a registry study We aimed to evaluate the effect of a nationwide lockdown in France on admissions to hospital for acute myocardial infarction, by patient characteristics and regional prevalence of the pandemic. Our aim was to quantify changes in hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction according to type of myocardial infarction and regional prevalence of COVID-19, comparing the 4 weeks preceding the lockdown with the following 4 weeks, and to identify potential changes in management of patients with STEMI or NSTEMI. We included data collected on all patients admitted to intensive cardiac care units for a recent acute myocardial infarction in 21 large centres that were taking part in FRENCHIE, had begun recruitment, and were able to ensure consecutive recruitment during the lockdown period. A marked decrease in hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction was observed following the lockdown, irrespective of patient characteristics and local prevalence of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30188-2 id = cord-334220-sqvfr31q author = Messina, Francesco title = Looking for pathways related to COVID-19 phenotypes: Confirmation of pathogenic mechanisms by SARS-CoV-2 - Host interactome date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; protein summary = The functional analysis for all proteins, linked to many aspects of COVID-19 pathogenesis, allows to identify the subcellular districts, where SARS-CoV-2 proteins seem to be distributed, while in each interactome built around one single viral protein, a different response was described, underlining as ORF8 and ORF3a modulated cardiovascular diseases and pro-inflammatory pathways, respectively. We identified possible host responses induced by specific proteins of SARS-CoV-2, underlining the important role of specific viral accessory proteins in pathogenic phenotypes of severe COVID-19 patients. In SFigure For KEGG database the gene enrichment analysis on interactomes of NS7b, ORF1a, ORF3a and ORF8 showed pathway clusters highly significant and consistent with possible pathogenic mechanisms, such as the activation of the complement and of the coagulative cascade, (29) and the TGF-β-dominated immune response (30) . We identified different host response induced by specific proteins of SARS-CoV-2, underlining the important role of ORF3a and ORF8 in phenotypes of severe COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.03.366666 id = cord-354492-6r6qs4pp author = Messina, Giovanni title = Functional Role of Dietary Intervention to Improve the Outcome of COVID-19: A Hypothesis of Work date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; TNF; adiponectin; infection; role summary = Considering that the COVID-19 infection can generate a mild or highly acute respiratory syndrome with a consequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α, a dietary regimen modification in order to improve the levels of adiponectin could be very useful both to prevent the infection and to take care of patients, improving their outcomes. In human infections with highly virulent respiratory viruses-such as avian influenza H5N1, H7N9, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, and Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19)-immunopathogenesis caused by the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines may play an essential role in disease progression and mortality [3] . Finally, considering that the COVID-19 infection can generate a mild or highly acute respiratory syndrome with a consequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α, a modification of the dietary regimen in order to improve the levels of adiponectin could be very useful both to prevent the infection and to take care of the patients, improving their outcomes. doi = 10.3390/ijms21093104 id = cord-273598-6hk2oxj9 author = Metcalfe, Peter E. title = Low dose radiation therapy for COVID-19 pneumonia: brief review of the evidence date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Most treatment options focus on existing drugs, some with positive early trial results such as the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone which shows a modest overall improvement in survival for non-invasive ventilated patients but a potential one third improvement in survival for patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (mortality 29.0% treated vs 40.7% control) [1] . There are multiple historical cohort studies mostly dating from the 1930s that report the administration of one low dose fraction of x-rays (usually less than 0.5 Gy) to treat viral and bacterial pneumonia. Recent publications have suggested that a similar approach could be attempted in clinical trials involving pneumonia resistant COVID-19 patients as a treatment that may improve outcomes. This letter summarises key historical cohort data and discusses the level of evidence it provides as well as publications that point to the anti-inflammatory potential of doses of LDRT. Is low dose radiation therapy a potential treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia? doi = 10.1007/s13246-020-00915-x id = cord-273269-bjgfm73q author = Meyer, Christian Johannes title = The market-reach of pandemics: Evidence from female workers in Ethiopia’s ready-made garment industry date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; Ethiopia; Hawassa; hip summary = We conduct a phone survey with a random sample of female RMG workers employed before the start of the crisis in Hawassa Industrial Park (HIP), Ethiopia''s flagship special economic zone. We find significant changes in employment status within our sample; 41 percent of respondents employed in HIP in January 2020 were put on leave or terminated by the time of our survey. We report on a total sample of 3896 female HIP workers, including information on fixed demographics, current location and migration, employment status, income, savings, and expenditures, and mental health. Although we do not have pre-crisis measures of food security for our sample, the reported levels of household 10 To understand risk factors among HIP workers, our survey collects data on six health conditions (cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hepatitis B, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney diseases, and cancer) that were commonly observed comorbidities at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (Guan et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105179 id = cord-160526-27kmder5 author = Meyer, R. Daniel title = Statistical Issues and Recommendations for Clinical Trials Conducted During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-21 keywords = covid-19; datum; ice; pandemic; trial summary = A number of strategies and recommendations are put forward to assess and address issues related to estimands, missing data, validity and modifications of statistical analysis methods, need for additional analyses, ability to meet objectives and overall trial interpretability. It should continue throughout the conduct of the study in light of the evolving situation and accumulating data, considering regional differences in the infection status and pandemic Determine what additional information needs to be collected in the study database or in the form of input from study investigators in order to adequately monitor, document, and address pandemic-related issues (feasibility to obtain such information and its quality may vary and this needs to be considered as part of the risk factors);  Understand reasons for treatment or study discontinuation and the impact on planned estimands and intercurrent events; doi = nan id = cord-293717-j4w6mq0f author = Meza, Herbert Tejada title = Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on ischemic stroke admissions and in-hospital mortality in North-West Spain date = 2020-06-26 keywords = Spain; covid-19 summary = CONCLUSION: We found a decrease in the number of ischemic stroke admissions and an increase in in-hospital mortality during the COVID-19 epidemic in this large study from North-West Spain. We aimed to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak on hospital ischemic stroke admissions as well as the use of reperfusion therapies and inhospital mortality in tertiary referral hospitals from North-West Spain. We used descriptive statistics to compare the incidence of stroke admissions before and after the setting of the state of emergency in Spain, expressed in strokes per week (W) and the differences between the other study variables (IVT, EVT, in-hospital mortality, and wake-up strokes or unknown-onset time) in those periods. This study demonstrates a decrease in stroke admissions and an increase in stroke mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic across 16 centers within the NORDICTUS network including Arago''n, Asturias, Cantabria, Castilla y Leo''n, Euskadi, Galicia, La Rioja, and Navarra in North-West Spain. doi = 10.1177/1747493020938301 id = cord-265343-4wfsze80 author = Mhango, Malizgani title = COVID-19 Risk Factors Among Health Workers: A Rapid Review date = 2020-06-06 keywords = covid-19; risk summary = A rapid review was carried out on 20 April 2020 on Covid-19 risk factors among HWs in PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCOHost Web (Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE with Full Text, CINAHL with Full Text, APA PsycInfo, Health Source—Consumer Edition, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition) and WHO Global Database. The review included studies conducted among HWs that reported COVID-19 risk factors irrespective of their sample size. The review included studies conducted among HWs that reported COVID-19 risk factors irrespective of their sample size. The reported Covid-19 risk factors among HWs were grouped into five: lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), exposure to infected patients, work overload, poor infection control, and preexisting medical conditions. Our review revealed exposure to infected patients and work overload as two important Covid-19 risk factors among HWs. This corroborates a recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that estimated that of the 9282 cases of Covid-19 cases among HWs in the United States of America, 55% had exposure in the healthcare setting [19] . doi = 10.1016/j.shaw.2020.06.001 id = cord-300167-5vxo6wqt author = Mi, Bobin title = Serum Mycoplasma Pneumoniae IgG in COVID-19: A Protective Factor date = 2020-04-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = Abstract Background: A correlation between prior exposure to Mycoplasma pneumoniae (IgG positive) and better clinical response to COVID-19 was elusive. Furthermore, requirement and use of a nasal catheter or oxygen mask was significantly lower in COVID-19 infected patients with mycoplasma lgG positivity (p=0.029). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that mycoplasma IgG positivity is a potential protective factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we report a correlation between prior exposure to Mycoplasma pneumoniae (IgG positivity) and better clinical response to COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.12.20060079 doi: medRxiv preprint p=0.006) than COVID-19 infected patients without mycoplasma lgG. Furthermore, requirement and use of a nasal catheter or oxygen mask was significantly lower in COVID-19 infected patients with mycoplasma lgG positivity (p=0.029), suggesting a better prognosis. Patients with prior exposure to Mycoplasma pneumoniae (IgG positive) showed stronger resistance and better recovery from the SARS-CoV-2 viral infection than patients without exposure. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.12.20060079 id = cord-293896-dz9lzlqq author = Mian, Hira title = Caring for older adults with multiple myeloma during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspective from the International Forum for Optimizing Care of Older Adults with Myeloma date = 2020-04-17 keywords = Myeloma; covid-19 summary = With regards to prevalence/outcomes of the COVID-19 in adults with MM, there is a paucity of data and, apart from case reports [12] , estimates need to be extrapolated from case series published for other patients with cancer [2, 13, 14] Another retrospective case series, identified anti-tumour receipt within the last 14 days as a significant risk factor for severe events defined as a condition requiring admission to an intensive care unit, the use of mechanical ventilation, or death (Hazard Ratio=4.08, 95% CI 1.09-15.32; As clinicians struggle with optimizing care of older adults with MM during this pandemic, decisions regarding dose-reduction, regimen modification/interruption or continuation of therapy will need to be individualized based upon the concept of ''staging the disease'' as well as ''staging the aging,'' while adding in the complexity of the COVID pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.jgo.2020.04.008 id = cord-343819-1uki4b3d author = Mian, Muhammad S title = Pathological Findings and Management of COVID-19 Patients: A Brief Overview of Modern-day Pandemic date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; finding; patient summary = We searched using PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords such as COVID-19, coronavirus, and their combination with pathological findings, clinical features, management, and treatment to search for relevant published literature. Patients with COVID-19 had pathological findings, like ground-glass opacities, consolidations, pleural effusion, lymphadenopathy, and interstitial infiltration of inflammatory cells. There is currently no recommended treatment for COVID-19, only supportive care like oxygen, and mechanical ventilation is provided to patients in severe respiratory distress [2] . In this review article, we aim to identify and highlight clinical features, pathological and radiological findings, and possible treatment options for COVID-19 patients and to organize the little information we have on this pathogen. Keywords used were novel coronavirus, COVID-19, pathological findings, antivirals, treatment, management, and passive immunity. Based on the studies reviewed, the findings on the CT scan of COVID-19 patients are groundglass opacities, consolidation, crazy paving pattern, and air bronchogram sign. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8136 id = cord-354113-j8odxs1h author = Miao, Congliang title = A comparative multi-centre study on the clinical and imaging features of comfirmed and uncomfirmed patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-03-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Our aim was to compare clinical and imaging characteristics of COVID-19 patients outside Hubei province between confirmed and unconfirmed group. Methods We retrospectively enrolled 163 consecutive adult patients with suspected COVID-19 from three tertiary hospitals in two provinces outside Hubei province from January 12, 2020 to February 13, 2020 and the differences in epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and imaging characteristics between the two groups were compared. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in We retrospectively collected demographic data, medical history, epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and CT imaging characteristics of all suspected patients on admission from medical records. 22.20040782 doi: medRxiv preprint This report demonstrated that the incidence of dry cough in confirmed group was significantly higher than that in unconfirmed group, but the clinical symptoms of patients with COVID-19 were nonspecific. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.22.20040782 id = cord-295287-j3gm9vpz author = Michard, Frédéric title = Haemodynamic Monitoring and Management in COVID-19 Intensive Care Patients: An International Survey date = 2020-08-09 keywords = America; COVID-19; ICU summary = CONCLUSION: Our survey confirms that vasopressor support is not uncommon in COVID-19 ICU patients and suggests that different cardiac function phenotypes may be observed. Despite these pathophysiological considerations, large observational studies published so far focused on lung injury [11] , mentioned myocardial injury and arrhythmia as possible complications [12] , but did not report much information about the haemodynamic status and management of critically ill COVID-19 patients. An electronic survey was designed to investigate current haemodynamic monitoring and management practices in COVID-19 ICU patients, as well as alignment with recent guidelines. From a monitoring standpoint, SvO2 was reported to be frequently measured from central venous catheters, and ultrasounds were reported to be widely used, not only to assess cardiac function but also to predict fluid responsiveness and to assess pulmonary oedema. Many respondents used echo not only to assess biventricular function but also to measure cardiac output, to predict fluid responsiveness and to detect lung B lines. doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.08.001 id = cord-303690-8h58rmwk author = Michelozzi, Paola title = Mortality impacts of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak by sex and age: rapid mortality surveillance system, Italy, 1 February to 18 April 2020 date = 2020-05-14 keywords = Italy; covid-19 summary = title: Mortality impacts of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak by sex and age: rapid mortality surveillance system, Italy, 1 February to 18 April 2020 Data from the rapid mortality surveillance system in 19 major Italian cities were used to carry out a timely assessment of the health impact of the COVID-19 epidemic. Since 2004, Italy has had a rapid mortality surveillance system (SiSMG) for real-time monitoring of daily deaths in major Italian cities and allows routine evaluation of the health impact of extreme events and influenza epidemics [3, 4] . Briefly, SiSMG is based on an ad hoc daily flow of mortality data (resident population by age and sex) from local Municipal Registry Offices to the Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Authority -ASL Roma 1 (DEPLAZIO) which manages the system on behalf of the Ministry of Health [5, 6] . Figure 2 shows excess mortality by sex and age groups among cities in the north and in the centre and south of Italy caused by the COVID-19 outbreak up until 3 April 2020. doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.19.2000620 id = cord-265172-rn9pkk52 author = Michiwaki, Yuhei title = Emergent carotid artery stenting following intravenous alteplase infusion after rapid negative diagnosis for COVID-19 by loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay: A case report date = 2020-10-09 keywords = LAMP; covid-19 summary = title: Emergent carotid artery stenting following intravenous alteplase infusion after rapid negative diagnosis for COVID-19 by loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay: A case report Conclusions This case report suggests that eCAS for hAIS due to ICS following intravenous alteplase can be an effective treatment, along with appropriate antiplatelet medication and management in select patients. This case report suggests that eCAS for hAIS due to ICS following intravenous alteplase can be an effective treatment, along with appropriate antiplatelet medication and management in select patients. Carotid artery stenting (CAS) is a standard treatment procedure for internal carotid artery stenosis (ICS) 8 ; however, the efficacy and safety of emergent CAS (eCAS) for hyperacute ischemic stroke (hAIS) due to ICS have not been sufficiently established. This case report demonstrates that eCAS for AIS due to ICS following intravenous alteplase infusion can be an effective treatment option along with appropriate antiplatelet medication and management in select patients. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.09.166 id = cord-325161-6ghu34m1 author = Michot, Jean-Marie title = Tocilizumab, an anti-IL6 receptor antibody, to treat Covid-19-related respiratory failure: a case report date = 2020-04-02 keywords = IL-6; covid-19 summary = The pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) related to coronavirus involves a cytokine storm with high serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma, IL-1 and IL-12, and IL-8 [1] [2] [3] [4] . We report here the case of a patient with a respiratory failure linked to Covid-19 who had a rapid favorable outcome after two infusions of the anti-interleukin 6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab. Clinical trials are also required to explore whether tocilizumab can be used effectively in patients with respiratory failure due to COVID-19 and to investigate at what stage of the disease this treatment could be the most appropriate. Here we report the first successful treatment of a patient with respiratory failure related to Covid-19 and treated with tocilizumab. We report the first observation of a patient with severe Covid-19-related lung disease successfully treated with anti-interleukin 6 receptor treatment. doi = 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.03.300 id = cord-306770-hjzlj8k3 author = Mick, Paul title = Aerosol-generating otolaryngology procedures and the need for enhanced PPE during the COVID-19 pandemic: a literature review date = 2020-05-11 keywords = AGMP; COVID-19; Health; PPE; SARS summary = During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, personal protective equipment (PPE) worn by health care workers is critical for reducing transmission of the infection in health care settings, particularly when aerosol-generating medical procedures (AGMP) are being performed. For example, Givi et al and the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [2] call for airborne precautions when performing AGMP on patients for whom the index of suspicion for COVID-19 infection is not high, whereas the World Health Organization, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, and the Public Health Agency of Canada do not [3, 14, 15] . Measuring the level of aerosolized viral particles in rooms where AGMPs are being performed on patients with COVID-19 would provide indirect evidence of the degree to which these procedures put health care workers at risk of aerosolized transmission, and whether exposure concentration affects risk of infection and/or severity of disease. doi = 10.1186/s40463-020-00424-7 id = cord-292561-iy06b9h9 author = Miesbach, Wolfgang title = COVID-19: Coagulopathy, Risk of Thrombosis, and the Rationale for Anticoagulation date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and is characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response that can lead to severe manifestations such as adult respiratory syndrome, sepsis, coagulopathy, and death in a proportion of patients. 5 While most patients show only mild symptoms, 6 a characteristic feature of COVID-19 is that a proportion of patients develop severe complications within a short time after infection, such as adult respiratory syndrome (ARDS) or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), sepsis followed by organ failure, and death. 15 These laboratory changes are consistent with previous studies which showed that hypoalbuminemia, lymphopenia, and C-reactive protein 4 mg/dL were the predictive factors for the progression of pneumonia to respiratory failure in MERS-CoV-infected patients and that elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were associated with hospital-acquired infection with SARS-CoV. doi = 10.1177/1076029620938149 id = cord-317811-mxsujb5u author = Migliaccio, Raffaella title = Dementia and COVID-19 Lockdown: More Than a Double Blow for Patients and Caregivers date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = In dementia research and in clinical practice, the COVID-19 pandemic represents an important challenge, not only for neurological staff and researchers, but above all for patients and their caregivers. During normal times, patients affected by dementia are very vulnerable people and are hugely dependent on family or professional caregivers in their everyday life. This situation can come after waiting for months for a suitable therapist for cognitive rehabilitation, for appointments with physicians, and for a place in a dementia care unit which will stimulate patients and give their families a break. During the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals with dementia living in nursing homes show several additional problems. In this context of dementia, COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, and social isolation, one of my patients'' wife died during her sleep. doi = 10.3233/adr-200193 id = cord-339701-j0sr3ifq author = Mikami, Takahisa title = Risk Factors for Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in New York City date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = PARTICIPANTS: 6493 patients who had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 with clinical outcomes between March 13 and April 17, 2020, who were seen in one of the 8 hospitals and/or over 400 ambulatory practices in the New York City metropolitan area MAIN MEASURES: Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Cox proportional hazard regression modeling showed an increased risk of in-hospital mortality associated with age older than 50 years (hazard ratio [HR] 2.34, CI 1.47–3.71), systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg (HR 1.38, CI 1.06–1.80), a respiratory rate greater than 24 per min (HR 1.43, CI 1.13–1.83), peripheral oxygen saturation less than 92% (HR 2.12, CI 1.56–2.88), estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73m(2) (HR 1.80, CI 1.60–2.02), IL-6 greater than 100 pg/mL (HR 1.50, CI 1.12–2.03), D-dimer greater than 2 mcg/mL (HR 1.19, CI 1.02–1.39), and troponin greater than 0.03 ng/mL (HR 1.40, CI 1.23–1.62). In this study, we describe the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in ambulatory and inpatient settings and identify risk factors associated with mortality in hospitalized patients. doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-05983-z id = cord-285731-nr7fmydo author = Mikhael, Ehab Mudher title = Can developing countries face novel coronavirus outbreak alone? The Iraqi situation date = 2020-11-30 keywords = Iraq; covid-19 summary = Iraq faces six challenges in controlling COVID-19 [1] : A shortage in number of quarantine facilities [2] , the availability of the testing which is limited to one governmental lab only in Baghdad [3] , a shortage in personal protective equipment (PPE) and ambulances [4] , a low level of public awareness [5] , a shortage in hygiene preparations and [6] a high rate of antibiotic resistance in case of secondary bacterial infection. Iraq faces six challenges in controlling COVID-19 [1] : A shortage in number of quarantine facilities [2] , the availability of the testing which is limited to one governmental lab only in Baghdad [3] , a shortage in personal protective equipment (PPE) and ambulances [4] , a low level of public awareness [5] , a shortage in hygiene preparations and [6] a high rate of antibiotic resistance in case of secondary bacterial infection. doi = 10.1016/j.puhip.2020.100004 id = cord-353840-yb6qi4rg author = Miki, Kosuke title = Association between cardiovascular manifestation and COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-353840-yb6qi4rg authors: Miki, Kosuke; Imamura, Teruhiko cord_uid: yb6qi4rg To the editor, Cardiovascular manifestation is receiving great concern as both cause and result of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 1 Chen et al systemically observed the association between COVID-19 and cardiovascular status including myocardial injury, blood pressure, and arrhythmia. Measurement of QRS duration would let us assess the electrocardiographic myocardial injury. The second concern is a time course of COVID-19 in their study. Some patients might have progressed from severe status to critical status, and others might have died. The third concern is an intervention to the cardiovascular system. They showed that myocardial injury was an independent risk factor of critical status. Aggressive treatment using anti-heart failure agents including beta-blocker might prevent the progression of COVID-19. Email: teimamu@med.u-toyama.ac.jp ORCID Teruhiko Imamura https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7294-7637 COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular manifestations in severe and critical patients with COVID-19 The role of cardiovascular imaging for myocardial injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1002/clc.23423 id = cord-291417-p49ukyhx author = Mikulska, Malgorzata title = Tocilizumab and steroid treatment in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; SOC; patient; treatment summary = METHODS: This observational single-center study included patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who were not intubated and received either standard of care (SOC, controls) or SOC plus early (within 3 days from hospital admission) anti-inflammatory treatment. This observational single-center study included patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who were not intubated and received either standard of care (SOC, controls) or SOC plus early (within 3 days from hospital admission) anti-inflammatory treatment. We hypothesized that outcomes such as no need for intubation and survival of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia in whom tocilizumab and/or methylprednisolone were administered in addition to standard of care (SOC) could be better than in those who received only SOC. In this observational study in non-intubated patients with mainly severe COVID-19 pneumonia, the early addition of tocilizumab and/or methylprednisolone to SOC resulted in adjusted failure-free survival of 86.5% and 80.8% at day 14 and 30, which was, respectively, 10.7% and 16.7% higher than in SOC patients. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0237831 id = cord-351666-q7dqsl7n author = Milani, Fabio title = COVID-19 outbreak, social response, and early economic effects: a global VAR analysis of cross-country interdependencies date = 2020-08-19 keywords = Italy; USA; country; covid-19; social summary = 2 In my global framework, for each country, COVID-19 cases can affect risk perceptions about the virus, which can trigger a social distancing response. The paper exploits a variety of newly available datasets to study the interrelationship between health shocks originating from the COVID-19 pandemic, people''s real-time perceptions about coronavirus risk, the extent of their social distancing response, and unemployment. 7 In the analysis, the number k * i is also equal to 4, as the vector x * i,t contains the country-specific global counterparts for the same variables in x i,t , i.e., the growth rate of COVID-19 cases, coronavirus risk perceptions, social mobility, and unemployment. Figures 4 and 5 show the impulse response functions for all countries in the sample for the risk perception and social distancing variables to a one-standard-deviation COVID shock originating in Italy. doi = 10.1007/s00148-020-00792-4 id = cord-278672-pxzsntfg author = Milenkovic, Aleksandar title = Extensions and Adaptations of Existing Medical Information System in Order to Reduce Social Contacts During COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; Health; MIS; patient summary = During outbreaks, especially those with a pandemic character, the following key activities [1] which are updated with COVID-19 strategy [2] have been identified whose strict implementation has an impact on the reduction of number of infected people and suppression of the spread of epidemic: 6 . This paper presents the adaptation and extension of existing medical information system (MIS) as an efficient response to the rapid COVID-19 epidemic spread, mostly through influencing the reduction of social contacts and earliest possible identification of potentially infected persons. According to the research findings the integration of patient self-triage tools into electronic health record (EHR) systems has a great potential in improving the triage efficiency and preventing unnecessary visits during the COVID-19 pandemic. The developed subsystem for the use of existing data from MIS MEDIS.NET in the education of students at the Faculty of Medicine and newly employed workers, as well as for medical research [47] , enables tracking and studying the COVID-19 disease at this stage. doi = 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104224 id = cord-253910-pmurx4jh author = Miles, David title = “Stay at Home, Protect the National Health Service, Save Lives”: a cost benefit analysis of the lockdown in the United Kingdom date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; life; lockdown summary = We calibrate estimates of the economic costs as different % loss in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) against possible benefits of avoiding life years lost, for different scenarios where current COVID‐19 mortality and comorbidity rates were used to calculate the loss in life expectancy and adjusted for their levels of poor health and quality of life. All rights reserved We selected 10 European countries with populations over five million and average income/person over £15,000/year and examine the relation between the outcomes of the excess death as reported in Human Mortality Database of the University of California (5) and the different levels of lockdown as calculated and reported as a composite measure based on nine response indicators including school closures, workplace closures, hospitality venue closures and travel bans, in the Government Response Stringency from Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford (6) to see if there were any clear relationships. doi = 10.1111/ijcp.13674 id = cord-350182-s10nong7 author = Milionis, Charalampos title = A brief analysis and hypotheses about the risk of COVID-19 for people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; diabetes summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infection which is caused by a novel virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family [1] and is officially named SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). The existence of diabetes is strongly associated with an increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 in case of infection with SARS-CoV-2 [24, 25] . The present article supports that heightened inflammatory processes constitute the main pathophysiologic factor for the severity of COVID-19 among patients with diabetes mellitus, whilst impairments in immune response and diabetic comorbidities contribute to the aggravated pathogenesis. Yet it remains unclear whether the innate immune response is vitally impaired in both types of diabetes mellitus and whether hyperglycaemia favours the initial virulence of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, patients with diabetes mellitus may present dysfunctional type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction and abnormal complement activation [35] which may hinder the immune response. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? doi = 10.1007/s40200-020-00592-3 id = cord-293986-skp6tiun author = Millard, Hun title = COVID-19 Psychiatric Patients: Impact of Variability in Testing on Length of Hospital Stay and Disposition Back to Congregate Care Settings date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID summary = title: COVID-19 Psychiatric Patients: Impact of Variability in Testing on Length of Hospital Stay and Disposition Back to Congregate Care Settings 184• Coronavirus (COVID) impact on hospital psychiatric inpatient units; 184• Testing versus symptom based strategies that impact psychiatric inpatient treatment; 184• Challenges in discharging medically and psychiatrically stable COVID patients back to their congregate care living facilities. While frontline healthcare workers have provided heroic treatment to those seriously ill from COVID, clinical care has also been altered for a subset of hospital patients who test positive but are asymptomatic. There has been a growing number of patients who live in community congregate care settings who face a unique barrier to discharge even after reaching psychiatric stability because of their COVID positive status. Due to variability in testing and reluctance of congregate care facilities to accept COVID patients back into the community, the authors experienced many cases in which hospital discharge was delayed anywhere from 7 to 47 days. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113324 id = cord-300729-35meen0h author = Miller, Aaron title = Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study date = 2020-03-28 keywords = BCG; COVID-19 summary = Most of the countries with low-income levels (17/18) reported zero deaths attributed to COVID-19 and have universal BCG policies in place consistent with a protective role of BCG vaccination. In contrast, middle high and high income countries that never had a universal BCG policy (5 countries) had a larger mortality rate, with 16.39 ± 7.33 deaths per million people. We wondered if countries that established a universal BCG policy earlier would have a reduced mortality rate, as older people that are more severely affected by COVID-19 would be protected. Consistent with a role of BCG in slowing spread of COVID-19, middle high and high income countries that never had a universal BCG policy (5 countries) had about 4 times the number of cases per million inhabitants, with 264.90± 134.88. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 3 : Higher number of COVID-19 cases were presented in countries that never implemented a universal BCG vaccination policy. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937 id = cord-355447-0xuzolt3 author = Miller, D. J. title = Leveraging wearable technology to predict the risk of COVID-19 infection. date = 2020-06-19 keywords = June; covid-19 summary = A total of 271 individuals (age = 37.3 {+/-} 9.5, 190 male, 81 female) who experienced symptoms consistent with COVID-19 were included 81 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 190 tested negative; these 271 individuals collectively contributed 2672 samples (days) of data (1856 healthy days, 231 while infected with COVID-19 and 585 while infected with something other than COVID-19). Using the training dataset, a model was developed to estimate the probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on changes in respiratory rate during night-time sleep. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of a novel algorithm to classify changes in respiratory rate as indicative of COVID-19 infection immediately prior to and during the first days of symptoms and to evaluate the model''s robustness to instances of similar clinical presentations with differing etiology. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of a novel algorithm to classify changes in respiratory rate, as indicative of COVID-19 infection immediately prior to and during the first days of symptoms. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.18.20131417 id = cord-342121-ff4fpsq8 author = Miller, Eric D. title = Loneliness in the Era of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; loneliness summary = For as much attention that this disease has rightfully focused on the elderly, individuals can experience different developmental challenges with loneliness throughout the lifespan including adolescence and young adulthood (Luhmann and Hawkley, 2016) -and, indeed, there is already evidence of heightened psychological problems amongst Chinese youth in the wake of this pandemic (Liang et al., 2020) . Social distancing and isolation are critical to preventing the transmission of this highly contagious virus; yet, these are acts that are intrinsically linked with various adverse psychological effects including loneliness and adherence to these sorts of strategies are likely to decrease over time (Armitage and Nellums, 2020; Galea et al., 2020) . Psychological theory, practice, and research must accordingly work to address what will likely be an everburgeoning loneliness crisis in the coming years as a result of this pandemic. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02219 id = cord-310026-j418v75n author = Miller, Jemima H. title = Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic isolation measures on the rate of non–COVID-19 infections in hematology patients date = 2020-10-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic isolation measures on the rate of non–COVID-19 infections in hematology patients Hematology inpatients admitted between January 24 and May 23 (inclusive) for 2019 and 2020 were included in the study, a 4-month period from when the first patient with COVID-19 in Australia was admitted to Monash Health (January 24, 2020) and the equivalent dates the year prior to minimize effects of seasonal variation. The difference in infection rates was statistically significant for respiratory PCR (20.27% vs 10.90%; P = .01) but not for fecal PCR (8.00% vs 6.76%; P = 1.00) or blood cultures (3.27% vs 3.41%; P = .88) ( Table 1) . The percentage of positive respiratory PCR results was significantly lower in 2020 than 2019, when the hospital implemented changes in infection control practices and visitor restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic (Appendix 1 online). doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.1279 id = cord-355892-9kkqmm6h author = Miller, Larry E. title = Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of hospital mortality in patients with Covid-19: Systematic review with meta-analysis date = 2020-10-02 keywords = China; covid-19; mortality summary = CONCLUSIONS: In a meta-analysis of hospitalized patients in China with a diagnosis of Covid-19, the mortality rate was 9.9% and a higher diabetes mellitus prevalence was independently associated with a worse prognosis. The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to determine the mortality rate of hospitalized patients with Covid-19 in China and to identify factors that may potentially influence this rate. We performed systematic searches of Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for observational studies that reported the mortality rate of hospitalized patients in China with a confirmed diagnosis of Covid-19. For each study, we recorded metadata, patient characteristics (age, sex, comorbidities, presenting symptoms), study characteristics (sample size, number and location of participating hospitals, study design, Covid-19 diagnosis method, range of diagnosis dates), treatment data, risk of bias elements, and mortality rates. In a meta-analysis of hospitalized patients in China with a diagnosis of Covid-19, the mortality rate was 9.9% and a higher diabetes mellitus prevalence was independently associated with a worse prognosis. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000022439 id = cord-281391-0qkku2jd author = Miller-Handley, Hilary title = Treatment Options for COVID-19 in Patients with Reduced or Absent Kidney Function date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; clinical; patient summary = COVID-19, the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, was first identified in the Hubei Province of China in late 2019. Because of these findings, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine were used as early therapies in the treatment of COVID-19, and its use was further propagated by a small, retrospective, biased study from France with 36 patients which showed decrease in viral burden, and improved outcomes in patients treated with hydroxychloroquine [17] . A retrospective study from the Veterans Affairs, looked at hospitalized patients who received hydroxychloroquine and showed no evidence that use of hydroxychloroquine reduced the risk of progression of disease including mechanical ventilation and death [20] . Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial doi = 10.1053/j.ackd.2020.09.001 id = cord-326744-eled2tgo author = Millett, Gregorio A. title = White Counties Stand Apart: The Primacy of Residential Segregation in COVID-19 and HIV Diagnoses date = 2020-10-01 keywords = Americans; HIV; covid-19 summary = 28 Attributing racial disparities to underlying conditions implicitly blames communities of color for COVID-19 disparities due to poor health decisions; but there is ample literature showing how social determinants contribute to worse health outcomes in communities of color, 29 including well-cited HIV research studies of youth, gay men, and PWID, which show that HIV disparities persist in black communities despite similar or fewer behavioral risks than whites. A CDC demonstration project that scaled up HIV testing efforts in black and Latino communities in the District of Columbia dramatically reduced the proportion of concurrent AIDS diagnoses at first positive test; 46 and encouraging data from a recent study 35 show shifts in COVID-19 testing from wealthier and white neighborhoods to poorer and more diverse neighborhoods in cities initially hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1089/apc.2020.0155 id = cord-329384-uvgwth5n author = Milligan, Gregory P. title = Recognizing Right Ventricular Dysfunction in COVID-19 Related Respiratory Illness date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = COVID-19, coronavirus, Right ventricular failure, Heart failure, Acute cor pulmonale, Shock, ARDS The mechanism of ACP in ARDS is established as refractory hypoxemia, pulmonary edema, and microvascular thrombosis acutely increase RV afterload (2) . Alveolar ventilation must be optimized to limit hypoxic vasoconstriction while considering the hemodynamic consequences of high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on RV preload and afterload. A pulmonary arterial catheter may limit comorbid cardiogenic edema while also aiding in optimization of RV preload, cardiac output, and pulmonary vascular resistance for which inotropic support and inhaled pulmonary vasodilators should be considered. This requires optimization and support for perhaps the most impacted side of the heart in critical COVID-19 infections, the right ventricle. 1) The presented work has not been previously published and is not currently under consideration for publication at any other journal. Elevated troponin in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): possible mechanisms Pulmonary and Cardiac Pathology in COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.05.003 id = cord-025971-09u3kn1k author = Mills, William R. title = An Outbreak Preparedness and Mitigation Approach in Home Health and Personal Home Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; home summary = doi = 10.1177/1084822320933567 id = cord-301947-b6nwaost author = Millán-Oñate, José title = Successful recovery of COVID-19 pneumonia in a patient from Colombia after receiving chloroquine and clarithromycin date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; day; patient summary = We report here the clinical features and therapeutic course of the first reported patient with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia that recovered in Colombia, after the use of chloroquine and clarithromycin. It is essential to acknowledge that no good controlled data are supporting the use of any of these agents, except for a recent randomized, controlled, open-label trial involving hospitalized adult patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, that showed no benefit with lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV/RTV) treatment beyond standard care [13] . We present a confirmed case of COVID-19 from Buga, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, that successful recovered of SARS-CoV-2 infection after receiving chloroquine. Although that just based in one case, we cannot recommend the use of these drugs, our patient improved significantly, and his clinical manifestations ceased, including becoming negative for the SARS-CoV-2 infection, as observed in the rRT-PCR test. doi = 10.1186/s12941-020-00358-y id = cord-294840-yo7b2v3k author = Milner, Adrienne title = We Need to Talk About Racism—In All of Its Forms—To Understand COVID-19 Disparities date = 2020-09-25 keywords = Americans; COVID-19; racism summary = Building on these theories, Adrienne Milner developed an operational typology of white racial ideology that encompasses old-fashioned racism-characterized by the belief that blacks are inherently inferior to whites; institutional/systemic racism-inequities rooted in the practice of social and political institutions; symbolic racism-the belief that black people are responsible for their disadvantaged social position; laissez-faire racism-the notion that blacks'' cultural inferiority is to blame for racial inequality; and color-blind racism-the belief that racism and discrimination are no longer a problem and that equal opportunity exists. 15 In addition to the short-term effects of discrimination, activation of the stress process 16 and unemployment and poverty 17 are strongly linked to a host of chronic disease outcomes, suggesting that COVID-19 might not only reveal existing disparities, but also create new patterns of racial inequality altogether. For example, whites who say, ''''I don''t believe in giving black people access to health care-they should get it themselves but are too lazy to get a job'''' is thought to reflect a laissez-faire racist ideology, an older form of cultural racism. doi = 10.1089/heq.2020.0069 id = cord-284302-odvv2yn3 author = Minagorre, Pedro J. Alcalá title = CAMBIOS A PARTIR DE LA COVID-19. UNA PERSPECTIVA DESDE LA PEDIATRÍA INTERNA HOSPITALARIA date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Se revisa también la implicación de las unidades pediátricas en la asistencia de adultos y la atención de pacientes crónicos complejos y se ofrecen recomendaciones sobre aspectos de seguridad, consideraciones éticas y docencia de los futuros pediatras durante la crisis. Se revisa también la implicación de las unidades pediátricas en la asistencia de adultos y la atención de pacientes crónicos complejos y se ofrecen recomendaciones sobre aspectos de seguridad, consideraciones éticas y docencia de los futuros pediatras durante la crisis. Pero ante el impacto anual del VRS y la gripe en las unidades de críticos (15, 16) y los posibles rebrotes de COVID-19, se ha de proveer una adecuada disponibilidad de recursos para el conjunto de pacientes afectados. El notable incremento del número de niños con patología crónica compleja en los últimos años obliga a todos los centros a disponer de planes asistenciales específicos para este grupo de pacientes, también en situaciones excepcionales como esta pandemia por COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.06.004 id = cord-322596-vfmzk2el author = Ming, Yi title = Involvement of Spike Protein, Furin, and ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2-Related Cardiovascular Complications date = 2020-07-11 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = Current clinical reports indicate that SARS-CoV-2 is associated with significant morbidity of cardiovascular diseases and complications, such as hypertension (HTN), myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, and increased heart failure [5, 6] . Based on these theoretical assumptions, it can be concluded that the S protein/host furin/ACE2 signal axis exists in the pathological process of SARS-Cov-S2 infection and mediates the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular prognosis events. Furthermore, a unique furin-like cleavage site exists in the S protein of SARS-Cov-S2 [16] ; thus, the theoretical advantage inferred from this cleavage site in disease infection models can be deduced to prevent and combat COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. However, in the process of infection, the S protein plays a direct damaging role by recognizing and binding to the ACE2 receptor and invading the host cell [10] . Host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus after two-step, furin-mediated activation of the spike protein doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00400-2 id = cord-355365-goi0uw32 author = Minocha, Amal title = Survey of ophthalmology practitioners in A&E on current COVID-19 guidance at three Major UK Eye Hospitals date = 2020-04-07 keywords = covid-19 summary = authors: Minocha, Amal; Sim, Sing Yue; Than, Jonathan; Vakros, Georgios We conducted a self-administered anonymous survey (Google Forms) disseminated by email of ophthalmology doctors, nurses, optometrists and healthcare assistants employed at Moorfields Eye Hospital, Western Eye Hospital and Manchester Royal Eye Hospital from 10 March 2020 to 12 March 2020 to assess perception of COVID-19 exposure risk, understanding and confidence in current Public Health England (PHE) guidelines for identifying possible COVID-19 cases, knowledge of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) recommendations and training in its usage when managing such cases. One respondent raised concerns about the lack of guidance for managing patients presenting to standalone eye units with suspected COVID-19 requiring emergency ophthalmic surgery. Our survey demonstrates a lack of confidence in and understanding of COVID-19 PHE guidance amongst ophthalmic practitioners, together with significant anxiety regarding exposure risk in the ophthalmic setting. Survey of ophthalmology practitioners in A&E on current COVID-19 guidance at three Major UK Eye doi = 10.1038/s41433-020-0857-5 id = cord-328053-urw0ry2n author = Mira, Estefanía title = Rapid recovery of a SARS-CoV-2 infected X-linked agammaglobulinemia patient after infusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-328053-urw0ry2n authors: Mira, Estefanía; Yarce, Oscar A.; Ortega, Consuelo; Fernández, Silvia; Pascual, Natalia M.; Gómez, Cristina; Alvarez, Miguel A.; Molina, Ignacio J.; Lama, Rafael; Santamaria, Manuel title: Rapid recovery of a SARS-CoV-2 infected X-linked agammaglobulinemia patient after infusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma date: 2020-07-08 journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.06.046 sha: doc_id: 328053 cord_uid: urw0ry2n The Clinical 147 Observation of a CVID Patient Infected with COVID-19 A 150 possible role for B cells in COVID-19? Lesson from patients with 151 agammaglobulinemia Two X-154 linked agammaglobulinemia patients develop pneumonia as COVID-19 Functional exhaustion 158 of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients Convalescent Plasma for Critically Ill Patients With Severe Acute 162 Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Inhibition of Bruton tyrosine kinase in patients with severe 166 COVID-19 T cell exhaustion during persistent viral 168 infections Development of passive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 171 for management of immunodeficient patients -a perspective doi = 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.06.046 id = cord-294115-7t7kubf6 author = Miralles, Oriol title = Unmet needs, health policies, and actions during the COVID-19 pandemic: a report from six European countries date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; March; SARS; care; health; old summary = The information collected from the six national reports was pulled together and discussed following the key priorities for action outlined in the UN Policy Brief: (1) Right to health and the participation in the decision-making process; (2) Social inclusion and solidarity under conditions of physical distancing; (3) Necessity of adequate, correctly funded care and support services for older adults; and (4) Need to expand participation by older adults, share good practice and harness knowledge and data [4] . In the Frenchspeaking region, the "Plan d''Urgence Hospitalier" was launched on 14th March and focused on ensuring distribution of hospital equipment, including personal protective equipment (PPE), and human resources (e.g., by reduction/ Impact of COVID-19 on health inequity: On 25th May, Belgium had reported 5734 people with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in long-term care facilities (LTCF). doi = 10.1007/s41999-020-00415-x id = cord-184424-t8yhu7p8 author = Miralles-Pechu''an, Luis title = A Deep Q-learning/genetic Algorithms Based Novel Methodology For Optimizing Covid-19 Pandemic Government Actions date = 2020-05-15 keywords = DQL; action; covid-19 summary = In this paper, we use the SEIR epidemiological model (Susceptible Exposed Infected Recovered) for infectious diseases to represent the evolution of the virus COVID-19 over time in the population. The sequences of actions (confinement, self-isolation, two-meter distance or not taking restrictions) are evaluated according to a reward system focused on meeting two objectives: firstly, getting few people infected so that hospitals are not overwhelmed with critical patients, and secondly, avoiding taking drastic measures for too long which can potentially cause serious damage to the economy. In this section, we describe the state of the art of the essential components of our methodology: The SEIR model that simulates the spread of the COVID-19 [11] in the population, and two other techniques implemented to discover the best actions for combating the pandemic according to the goals of each government, DQL [12] and GA [10] . doi = nan id = cord-329939-spa16qhz author = Miranda, Eduardo P. title = Challenges in the Practice of Sexual Medicine in the Time of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; sexual summary = title: Challenges in the Practice of Sexual Medicine in the Time of COVID-19 As it is not possible to predict when routine sexual medicine practice will return, 96 the financial impact on many sexual health care providers can be dramatic. On 97 the other hand, public services have been mostly devoted to the fight against 98 COVID-19, and many sexual medicine experts who are public employees have 99 been allocated to work in the frontline or in regulation services. The reality is 100 that many public sexual medicine referral centers have been closed down, in 101 which all consultations and surgeries were cancelled and there is still no forecast 102 nutritionists have been allowed to perform online consultations for years, and 168 their successful experience in our country could be a model for sexual medicine 169 to build on. doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.05.013 id = cord-346894-iy35298o author = Miranda-Schaeubinger, Monica title = A primer for pediatric radiologists on infection control in an era of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-07 keywords = Health; PPE; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = In pediatric radiology departments, the risk involved ranges from low (e.g., office workers, remote workers, telemedicine) to very high (e.g., workers performing aerosol-generating procedures on known or suspected COVID-19 patients), depending on the job task assigned [28, 29] . Standard precautions to minimize the spread of infection within health care facilities from direct contact with contaminations include hand hygiene, use of PPE based on anticipated contact with contaminated material, respiratory hygiene/ cough etiquette, cleaning and disinfection of the environment, and proper handling of patient care equipment and waste [10] . Appropriate personal protective equipment usage stratified by COVID-19 status (Table 3) Because of the possibility of airborne transmission of the virus, the CDC recommends respirators for care of all patients with COVID-19 if adequate supplies are available. For all aerosol-generating procedures in children who have either unknown or confirmed positive COVID-19 status, radiologists should adhere to the highest level of respiratory protection available: a respirator, an eye shield, a disposable gown and gloves. doi = 10.1007/s00247-020-04713-1 id = cord-352341-dhc748pn author = Miranda-Zazueta, G. title = Manejo farmacológico de pacientes con enfermedades hepáticas y pancreáticas que involucran terapias inmunosupresoras. Posicionamiento en el marco de la pandemia de SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = 5 Hasta este momento se han emitido las siguientes recomendaciones en pacientes infectados por COVID-19 que tienen una enfermedad hepática autoinmune de base y usan inmunosupresores: [5] [6] [7] [8]  El presentar alteraciones en las pruebas de función hepática no limita iniciar el tratamiento para COVID-19. Las recomendaciones generales para el manejo de pacientes con trasplante hepático y diagnóstico de COVID-19 se realizan de acuerdo con los diferentes escenarios posibles que nos podemos enfrentar en la práctica clínica. No existe hasta el momento de esta publicación información sobre el riesgo de infecciones en pacientes con inmunosupresión y Pancreatitis Autoinmune (PAI), muchos menos en el contexto del nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, Sin embargo, teóricamente este riesgo no debería ser mayor al observado para otro tipo de infecciones. doi = 10.1016/j.rgmx.2020.06.001 id = cord-258128-qtmjgrml author = Mirjalili, Mahtabalsadat title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Transplantation: Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Immunosuppression Regimen date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; drug; patient; transplant summary = 12 In one case report regarding the successful treatment of a kidney transplant recipient with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 in China, all the immunosuppressants were stopped and the patient received 5 g intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) on the first day and then 10 g/day for the next 11 days, with 40 mg/day methylprednisolone for 12 days and 5 million units/day interferon as atomization inhalation. 17, 18 Considering that adverse clinical outcomes and increased mortality and morbidity following the administration of corticosteroids in patients with respiratory infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, SARS-CoV-1, or MERS-CoV may be due to an increased risk of secondary bacterial infections, their use for the prevention of disease progression or its treatment remains under discussion. So far, few studies have been conducted regarding the use of this drug in liver and kidney transplant patients, but if it is administered to this population, its adverse effects and interactions with immunosuppressants and other medications used in transplant patients, such as fluoroquinolones for the treatment of Gram-negative infections, should be considered. doi = 10.2147/tcrm.s256246 id = cord-033655-16hj7sev author = Miroudot, Sébastien title = Reshaping the policy debate on the implications of COVID-19 for global supply chains date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19; China; chain; risk; supply summary = More recently, Gereffi (2020) addresses the issue of the resilience of medical supply GVCs. However, as policymakers now seem to associate resilience with a specific type of organization of GVCs where MNEs produce mostly through more localized or shorter supply chains, new questions arise on the type of governance that would allow such organization and on the way policymakers could influence the design of GVCs. The main risk with the current debate on the economic policy implications of COVID-19 is that it can lead to the use of supply chain concepts by policymakers and international organizations in a way that departs from business reality, thus leading to wrong policy choices. Building more resilient supply chains should not lead to the dismantlement of GVCs. It should also not replace the risks related to COVID-19 by new policy hazards and a higher level of uncertainty for companies. doi = 10.1057/s42214-020-00074-6 id = cord-286194-2emwfx89 author = Mirzaei, Hossein title = COVID-19 Among People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; HIV; PLHIV summary = However, there have not been large observational studies specifically measuring symptoms, disease severity, complications, multimorbidity, and the proportion of death in reported COVID-19-HIV co-infected patients. Empirical studies including any study design (i.e., case report, case series, cross-sectional, case-control, cohort, and clinical trial) that reported individual-or aggregatelevel data on COVID-19 among PLHIV were considered for this review. Studies that included a mixed sample of HIVpositive and HIV-negative COVID-19 patients were only considered if subgroup analyses for PLHIV were reported or could be extracted. Studies were excluded if they did not present original empirical data (e.g., editorials, commentaries, letters to editors, and reviews) or did not report any clinical data on patients with HIV and COVID-19 co-infection. Results of a cohort study showed that multimorbidity (mostly hypertension and diabetes) was more prevalent in COVID-19-HIV co-infected patients than PLHIV without COVID-19 [20] . doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-02983-2 id = cord-103899-6tqm99g1 author = Mirzaei, Rasoul title = The emerging role of microRNAs in the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection date = 2020-11-13 keywords = MERS; RNA; RSV; SARS; cell; covid-19 summary = Hence, analyzing the role of these types of nucleotides in antiviral immune responses and the characterization of miRNA target genes might contribute to understanding the mechanisms of the interplay between the host and viruses, and in the future, potentially result in discovering therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of acute COVID-19 infection. This review will summarize the recent discoveries associated with miRNAs in various respiratory infections caused by viruses, especially coronavirus, and address all feasible therapeutic options to mitigate the burden of VRIs. The humoral immunity is immunologically categorized as an acquired immune response in which T helper cells collaborate with B cells to differentiate these types of cells to plasma cells [17] [18] [19] . The immune responses against VRIs, such as IV, hRV, human coronavirus (HcoV), hMPV, and RSV, are correlated with the aberrant expression of several miRNAs in epithelial cells and participate in the pathogenesis of chronic and acute forms of respiratory disorders (Table 1 ) [16] . doi = 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107204 id = cord-264793-0wvif337 author = Miró, Òscar title = Frequency of five unusual presentations in patients with COVID-19: results of the UMC-19-S(1) date = 2020-08-26 keywords = covid summary = Analysing data of 63 822 COVID patients attending 50 Spanish emergency department (ED) during the COVID outbreak, before hospitalisation, we report frequencies of (myo)pericarditis (0.71‰), meningoencephalitis (0.25‰), Guillain–Barré syndrome (0.13‰), acute pancreatitis (0.71‰) and spontaneous pneumothorax (0.57‰). Accordingly, the main objective of the present study was to estimate the relative frequencies for the five abovementioned manifestations (acute (myo)pericarditis, meningoencephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, acute pancreatitis and spontaneous pneumothorax) in COVID patients coming to the ED during the COVID-19 outbreak and compare them with the relative frequencies observed in non-COVID ED comers. As part of the UMC-19 project, the present study (study 1, UMC-19-S 1 ) was designed to determine the individual relative frequency of each of the five following entities in COVID patients (all corresponding to diseases that have been reported to be associated with viral infections, and for which at least one case had been published in patients with COVID-19): acute (myo)pericarditis, acute meningoencephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, acute pancreatitis and spontaneous pneumothorax. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001910 id = cord-349909-hmyv1nep author = Misa, Nana-Yaa title = Racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 disease burden & mortality among emergency department patients in a safety net health system date = 2020-09-24 keywords = Latinx; covid-19 summary = BACKGROUND: We sought to examine racial and ethnic disparities in test positivity rate and mortality among emergency department (ED) patients tested for COVID-19 within an integrated public health system in Northern California. Results from ED-based testing can identify racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 testing, test positivity rates, and mortality associated with COVID-19 infection and can be used by health departments to inform policy. We pre-specified the regression model to contain COVID-19 positivity as the dependent variable, with the following predictor variables: race and ethnicity; age; medical co-morbidities (that may influence disease severity); documented epidemiologic concern (defined as healthcare worker or living with elderly family members); skilled nursing facility residence; whether or not a patient had a PCP (to control for access to medical care); and which AHS ED conducted the test to control for geographic and hospital site clustering. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.09.053 id = cord-345937-ddwzr112 author = Mishra, Ajay Kumar title = Cardiac drugs and outcome in COVID - 19 date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID summary = title: Cardiac drugs and outcome in COVID 19 Type: Letter to the editor Title: Cardiac drugs and outcome in COVID -19 We read with much interest the article "Are certain drugs associated with enhanced mortality in COVID -19" by Goldstein We agree with the authors that increase expression of ACE 2 receptor potentially increases viral entry and disease severity, however the data regarding only ARB''s causing the same might not be enough. (9) Though at present there is not enough evidence of any potential benefit or harm of most prescribed medications including the ARBs, ACEi, Statins, Antiviral agents we strongly agree with the authors that meticulous and detailed reporting of medications of COVID -19 affected patients is crucial in order to further understand the multifaceted interaction of the virus, medications, and clinical outcome. Are certain drugs associated with enhanced mortality in COVID-19? Reporting of all cardiac medications and their outcome in COVID -19 doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa127 id = cord-332784-xkc89uaz author = Mishra, Shashank Shekhar title = Computational investigation of potential inhibitors of novel coronavirus 2019 through structure-based virtual screening, molecular dynamics and density functional theory studies date = 2020-07-15 keywords = covid-19; hit; molecule; protein summary = The novel hit molecules identified from docking study were selected based on the docking score, binding energy calculations, and their other interactions with amino acid residues. To analyze the structural stability of the COVID-19 main protease protein-ligand complexes, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out by using Desmond in the presence of the POPC bilayer membrane (Shekhar et al., 2019) . The selected five potential hit molecules in the binding site of protease protein, interacting with amino acid residues Phe140, Gly143, Thr26, Thr190, Glu166, Pro168, Met165 and Leu141 with a docking score of À7.524 and À6.711 kcal/mol. It is found that the hydrogen bonds with Glu166 and hydrophobic interactions with Pro168, Leu167, Met 49, His41are major contributing factor for stabilizing hit molecule ZINC13144609 at the binding site which is in accordance with our docking result. doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1791957 id = cord-323647-q67fa0m3 author = Misra, Durga Prasanna title = Benefits and adverse effects of hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate and colchicine: searching for repurposable drug candidates date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; colchicine; effect; patient summary = Hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate and colchicine are also being tried at different stages of the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic for prophylaxis and treatment. The HIBISCUS multicentre multinational trial is evaluating the effect of HCQ (400 mg daily for the duration of pregnancy) compared to placebo, in addition to standard therapy (i.e. preventative dose of low molecular weight heparin with aspirin), on live births in women with primary APS. A related study, the HIBISCUS-T trial, is evaluating the preventative role for recurrent thrombosis in patients with thrombotic APS treated with HCQ or placebo in addition to oral anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists for 24 months [15] . Clinical trials might also attempt to decipher the potential utility of hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate or colchicine for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in a high risk population, such as those with metabolic syndrome and in individuals with inflammatory arthritides which predispose to greater cardiovascular risk. doi = 10.1007/s00296-020-04694-2 id = cord-231762-ymz7z76i author = Misra, Sampa title = Multi-Channel Transfer Learning of Chest X-ray Images for Screening of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-12 keywords = covid-19; image summary = In this manuscript, we have designed a multi-channel ensemble TL method based on ResNet-18 by combining three different models which are fine-tuned in 3 datasets in such a way that the model can extract more relevant features for each class and hence can identify COVID-19 features more accurately from the X-ray images. These 3 models were pre-trained in parallel to learn respective features to classify normal, pneumonia, and COVID-19 images. 8. Train (fine-tune) again the combined models using the Dataset_D, which can classify the normal, pneumonia, and COVID-19 images. In this manuscript, we present a COVID-multichannel transfer learning method for the classification of patients as normal, COVID-19, and pneumonia based on chest X-ray images. Besides, there are many artifacts in the chest X-ray images that may negatively affect the performance of classification tasks for feature-based deep learning models. In conclusion, we propose an ensemble learning strategy to improve the classification performance in deep learning-based COVID-19 screening for chest X-ray images. doi = nan id = cord-253833-0lajhqn5 author = Misra-Hebert, Anita D title = Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers risk of infection and outcomes in a large, integrated health system. date = 2020-08-19 keywords = SARS; covid-19; hcw summary = [7] [8] [9] 11 A recent prospective study in the United Kingdom and US suggested a ve-fold increased risk for HCW caring for patients with COVID-19 compared to HCW not caring for patients with COVID-19, even with the use of PPE 12 while another study of HCW in a large healthcare system showed a decrease in positive tests for SARS-CoV-2 associated with a universal masking recommendation. In this study, we aimed to assess whether HCW are at higher risk for COVID-19 infection, COVID-19 related hospitalization, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission compared to non-HCW using advanced statistical methodology to account for various confounders. [7] [8] [9] [10] 12 The fact that HCW identi ed as patient-facing had a signi cantly higher odds for SARS-CoV-2 test positivity suggests an increased risk of COVID-19 infection with work exposure. doi = 10.21203/rs.3.rs-61235/v1 id = cord-261173-lnjh56ts author = Misra-Hebert, Anita D. title = Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Workers’ Risk of Infection and Outcomes in a Large, Integrated Health System date = 2020-09-01 keywords = SARS; covid-19; hcw summary = In this study, we aimed to assess whether HCW are at higher risk for COVID-19 infection, COVID-19-related hospitalization, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission compared to non-HCW using advanced statistical methodology to account for various confounders. 23 For the outcomes of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admission of COVID-19 testpositive patients, the propensity score covariates are those that were found associated with COVID-19 hospitalization outcome in our previous work including age, race, ethnicity, gender, smoking history, body mass index, median income, population per housing unit, presenting symptoms (including fever, fatigue, shortness of breath, diarrhea, vomiting), comorbidities (including asthma, hypertension, diabetes, immunosuppressive disease), medications (including immunosuppressive treatment, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]), and laboratory values (including pre-testing platelets, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, chloride, and potassium). [7] [8] [9] [10] 12 The fact that HCW identified as patient facing had a significantly higher odds for SARS-CoV-2 test positivity suggests an increased risk of COVID-19 infection with work exposure. doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-06171-9 id = cord-307187-5blsjicu author = Missel, Malene title = A stoic and altruistic orientation towards their work: a qualitative study of healthcare professionals’ experiences of awaiting a COVID-19 test result date = 2020-11-11 keywords = covid-19; hcp; participant; test summary = title: A stoic and altruistic orientation towards their work: a qualitative study of healthcare professionals'' experiences of awaiting a COVID-19 test result The purpose of this study was to explore healthcare professionals'' experiences of awaiting a test result for a potential COVID-19 infection. RESULTS: The participating healthcare professionals'' experiences of awaiting a COVID-19 test result were found to be associated with a stoic and altruistic orientation towards their work. Therefore, this study aim to shed light on HCPs'' experiences of awaiting a test result for a potential COVID-19 infection through individual interviews. The comprehensive understanding illuminated the meaning of the participants'' experiences of awaiting a COVID-19 test result as a stoic and altruistic orientation towards their work. doi = 10.1186/s12913-020-05904-0 id = cord-334445-rk0jay4a author = Mistrangelo, M. title = Do we really need guidelines for HRA during the COVID‐19 pandemic? date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Considering the costs to deal with COVID-19, the deficiency of healthcare professionals and the lack of worldwide evidence consensus on HRA, this examination cannot be considered mandatory during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dear Editor, We have read with great interest the recent guidelines of the International Anal Neoplasia Society (IANS) for the practice of high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) in the era of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) [1] . Consequent to the COVID-19 pandemic, scientific societies have published countless guidelines. Considering the costs of dealing with the problems posed by COVID-19, the shortage of healthcare professionals and the lack of worldwide consensus evidence for HRA, this examination cannot be considered mandatory during the COVID-19 pandemic. The low risk of progression of AIN to invasive carcinoma, even in high-risk patients, and the long time from diagnosis of AIN and progression do not justify the use of HRA and a screening programme during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1111/codi.15116 id = cord-355441-0b266hwn author = Misztal, Krzysztof title = The importance of standardisation – COVID-19 CT&Radiograph Image Data Stock for deep learning purpose date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; Image summary = The aim of COVID-19 CT&Radiograph Image Data Stock is to create a public pool of CT and radiograph images of lungs to increase the efficiency of distinguishing COVID-19 disease from other types of pneumonia and from healthy chest. Training neural networks on these datasets requires including samples from additional data sources such as common bacterial pneumonia [11] or lung nodule analysis [12, 13] . Apostolopoulos and Mpesiana [14] used a MobileNet v2 [15] pre-trained on 55 ImageNet [16] for fine-tuning on two datasets which were created using samples from COVID-19 Image Data Collection [10] , COVID-19 X-ray collection available on kaggle [17] , and a dataset containing radiograph scans of common bacterial 3 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f pneumonia [11] . Therefore, following [14] , we decided to enrich the COVID-19-negative class with radiograph images from dataset of common bacterial pneumonia [11] . doi = 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104092 id = cord-284152-6aog88cx author = Mitchell, Edith Peterson title = COVID-19 Innovations: Addressing Rapidly Changing Clinical Needs date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This mechanism may also account for disease manifestations and clinical findings in other organ systems, including hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, thromboses, acute renal dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, cerebrovascular and neurological disorders and dermatologic findings described as Kawasaki like disease in young patients. 2 The pathogenesis of COVID-19 entrance into host cells involves attachment of the surface glycoprotein spike to the ACE2 receptor which has been demonstrated as a co-receptor for entry. Thus some COVID-19 research strategies involve targeting endothelial cell function. 3 Myocardial injury and myocarditis are frequently found in patients with COVID-19 disease. 4 Reports also indicate that approximately one third of COVID-19 patients admitted to hospitals developed acute kidney injury which correlated with the development of respiratory failure. Hypertension, thrombosis, kidney failure, and diabetes: Is COVID-19 an endothelial disease? Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19 Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.jnma.2020.06.004 id = cord-280440-35h2x8dg author = Mitchell, Rob title = A ‘new normal’: Harnessing the experience of COVID-19 for sustained improvements in global emergency care date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: A ''new normal'': Harnessing the experience of COVID-19 for sustained improvements in global emergency care Lessons learned through the pandemic stand to have a substantial impact on emergency departments (EDs) all over the world, in both high-and low-resource settings. Dr Mitchell reports he is a member of the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine''s (ACEM) COVID-19 Clinical Guidelines Working Party, and was lead author for ACEM''s guidance ''Managing COVID-19 across the Indo-Pacific: A guide for emergency departments with limited resources''. Dr Nou reports he is President of the Papua New Guinea Society for Emergency Medicine and Hospital Manager at the Rita Flynn COVID-19 Temporary Treatment Facility in Port Moresby. RM and GN both contributed to content development based on their clinical experiences with COVID-19 in Australia and Papua New Guinea. The authors would like to acknowledge all those clinicians who, despite challenging circumstances, are providing emergency care throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100012 id = cord-340752-367jr3so author = Mitchell, Rob title = Emergency departments and the COVID-19 pandemic: making the most of limited resources date = 2020-04-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Emergency departments and the COVID-19 pandemic: making the most of limited resources Emergency departments and the COVID-19 pandemic: making the most of limited resources Dear Editor, The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic will stretch hospital resources all over the world. 1 In order to support colleagues in resource-limited settings, the Australasian College from Emergency Medicine (ACEM) has developed a free guide for emergency care (EC) clinicians in LMICs preparing for a surge of patients with COVID-19. The guide provides consensus-based advice on optimising resource utilisation during the pandemic and draws heavily on technical guidance from the WHO. ACEM''s guide is an attempt to express solidarity with colleagues in resource-limited settings and will hopefully stimulate further collaboration among the global EC community. Managing COVID-19 across the Indo-Pacific: A Guide for Resource Limited EDs Country & technical Guidance -Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) doi = 10.1136/emermed-2020-209660 id = cord-324707-9ld73wv1 author = Mitjà, Oriol title = Hydroxychloroquine for Early Treatment of Adults with Mild Covid-19: A Randomized-Controlled Trial date = 2020-07-16 keywords = HCQ; Jordi; SARS; covid-19 summary = Study outcomes were the reduction of viral RNA load in nasopharyngeal swabs up to 7 days after treatment start, patient disease progression using the WHO scale up to 28 days, and time to complete resolution of symptoms. Adult patients aged 18 years or more were eligible if they had mild symptoms of Covid-19 (i.e., fever, acute cough, shortness of breath, sudden olfactory or gustatory loss, or influenza-like-illness) for less than five days before enrollment, were non-hospitalized, and had a positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 in the baseline nasopharyngeal swab. We estimated that a sample size of 280 patients would provide the trial with 80% power to detect a difference of 0.5 log 10 in the mean reduction of SARS-CoV-2 viral load at a two-sided significance level of α = 0.05, assuming an expected standard deviation of 1.5 [23] . doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1009 id = cord-335942-izl6nrsa author = Mitra, Manasij title = A Study on Challenges to Health Care Delivery Faced by Cancer Patients in India During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-24 keywords = cancer; covid-19 summary = RESULTS: Slot availability for teleconsultation, network issues, deferral of radiotherapy dates and long waiting hours beyond appointment time, transportation problems from residence to hospital, restriction of visitors/attendants, deferral of surgery, deferral of tumor boards, delay and deferral of advice of the nutritionist, problems faced in extension of visa, unavailability of peer group support services and psychological counseling sessions, difficulty in maintaining precautionary measures, availability of chemotherapy medications and availability of chemotherapy slots in day care were cited as problems faced by cancer patients. doi = 10.1177/2150132720942705 id = cord-267538-6u3mwzc9 author = Mitra, Raman L. title = An algorithm for managing QT prolongation in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients treated with either chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in conjunction with azithromycin: Possible benefits of intravenous lidocaine date = 2020-04-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: An algorithm for managing QT prolongation in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients treated with either chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in conjunction with azithromycin: Possible benefits of intravenous lidocaine KEYWORDS Acquired LQTS; Azithromycin; Chloroquine; COVID-19; Drug toxicity; Flow chart; Hydroxychloroquine; Long QT; Pandemic; Proarrhythmia; Torsades de pointes; Ventricular fibrillation (Heart Rhythm Case Reports 2020;-: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] March 16, 2020 with fever and cough after a 2-week course of sinus and upper respiratory tract symptoms initially treated with doxycycline, followed by levofloxacin as an outpatient. We felt that this property would make lidocaine an ideal adjunctive agent in the intensive care unit to allow COVID-19 patients to receive short-term dual therapy with azithromycin and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine for acquired LQTS. In conclusion, although the theoretical risk of acquired LQTS and TdP is present with chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, or azithromycin used alone or in combination, previous reports of combined treatment in malaria patients suggest that the risk is very low. doi = 10.1016/j.hrcr.2020.03.016 id = cord-320994-3ahwc3aq author = Miyashita, Hirotaka title = Do Patients with Cancer Have a Poorer Prognosis of COVID-19? An Experience in New York City. date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Zhang However, the mortality rates of COVID-19 in cancer patients were lower than those in patients without cancer in age groups older than 50 years, though they were not statistically significant. 3 Patients with cancer have impaired immune systems, which may decrease the frequency of overwhelming lung inflammation, contributing to these patients'' non-inferior mortality rates. 4, 5 Nevertheless, in young populations, whose mortality rate from COVID-19 is very low in general, baseline fragility in cancer patients may lead to a relatively higher rate of deaths. Further study based on the individual patients'' data is warranted for a better understanding of the risk of COVID-19 in cancer patients. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: A retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China Risk of COVID-19 for patients with cancer Relative risk of intubation or death in patients with or without cancer stratified by age groups Intubation (event / total) Death (event / total) doi = 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.04.006 id = cord-029596-tdrhcq7z author = Mjåset, Christer title = On Having a National Strategy in a Time of Crisis: Covid-19 Lessons from Norway date = 2020-05-06 keywords = Health; covid-19 summary = An emergency unit of leading health care officials was formed, and a clear strategy was developed to flatten the curve of newly infected individuals to prevent overwhelming the health care services and to reduce mortality rates.13 , 14 Based on reports from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, an early and important measure turned out to be the early and aggressive testing regime.15 It included testing of all people in confirmed contact with confirmed Covid-19 cases, people who recently had been traveling in outbreak areas, such as Italy and China, and screening of people with current airway infections.16 " The information gathered from the test data directly led to the decision on March 12, 2020, to close schools and quarantine everyone entering the country for 14 days, as it was becoming obvious that the virus was spreading freely in communities.17 , 18 As of April 12, Norway had tested 23.21 people per 1,000 population for Covid-19. doi = 10.1056/cat.20.0120 id = cord-312477-2y88gzji author = Mlcochova, P. title = Combined point of care nucleic acid and antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2: a prospective cohort study in suspected moderate to severe COVID-19 disease. date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS; test summary = title: Combined point of care nucleic acid and antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2: a prospective cohort study in suspected moderate to severe COVID-19 disease. Methods We developed (i) an in vitro neutralization assay using a lentivirus expressing a genome encoding luciferase and pseudotyped with spike protein and (ii) an ELISA test to detect IgG antibodies to nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins from SARS-CoV-2. We then prospectively recruited participants with suspected moderate to severe COVID-19 and tested for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in a combined nasal/throat swab using the standard laboratory RT-PCR and a validated rapid nucleic acid test. We then prospectively recruited participants with suspected moderate to severe COVID-19 and tested for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in a combined nasal/throat swab using the standard laboratory RT-PCR and a validated rapid nucleic acid test. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.16.20133157 id = cord-350822-m3t7l9zw author = Mo, Yuanyuan title = Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID‐19 epidemic date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan; nurse summary = AIMS: To investigate the work stress among Chinese nurses who are supporting Wuhan in fighting against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection and to explore the relevant influencing factors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the work stress load among Chinese nurses who support Wuhan in fighting against COVID-19 infection and to explore the relevant influencing factors for the development of psychological interventions for Chinese nurses in order that they can adjust to public health emergencies. The results showed that whether the participants are the only child in their families, working hours per week and anxiety were the main factors influencing the stress load of nurses assisting in the fight against COVID-19, which can explain 52.1% of the total variation, as shown in Table 2 . doi = 10.1111/jonm.13014 id = cord-256878-3e2fcx9k author = Moadel, Renee M. title = Remaining Academically Connected While Socially Distant: Leveraging Technology to Support Dispersed Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Training Programs in the Era of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = As a novel solution to improving didactic review of cases with the trainees, we have made use of the "present desktop" and "request control" capabilities of this communication tool. While viewing a case, either the attending or the resident can share their screen and both physicians can control the mouse, scroll through the images and point out salient findings, while conversing in real time with each other (Fig 1) . One potential challenge regarding this technique relates to image fidelity when using screen share; both users can independently review the case on their workstation, using the communication window in parallel as a teaching tool. Until such time that dedicated teacher-learner communication programs are organically built into the imaging workstations, a suite of features may already be present within an institution''s enterprise-wide set of software tools. Screen-capture of a Skype for Business call between trainee and attending physician employing "present desktop" and "request control" features. doi = 10.1016/j.acra.2020.04.005 id = cord-315278-iv2zj67t author = Moazzam, Zorays title = Intussusception in an infant as a manifestation of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = This is the first documented case of survival in a SARS-CoV-2 positive patient presenting with intussusception as the primary manifestation. A case series from the UK documented 8 COVID-19 patients presenting with fever, abdominal pain and diarrhea with a working diagnosis of systemic sepsis secondary to suspected appendicitis [6] . According to our literature review, this is only the second such instance of a SARS-CoV-2 positive patient presenting to a healthcare center with intussusception as the primary manifestation, and the first documented case in which the patient survived. This would be the first such reported incidence of intussusception as a manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with no respiratory symptoms. We report, to the best of our knowledge, the first documented instance of survival in a case of intussusception in a SARS-CoV-2 positive pediatric patient. Clinical Characteristics of 5 COVID-19 Cases With Non-respiratory Symptoms as the First Manifestation in Children doi = 10.1016/j.epsc.2020.101533 id = cord-138473-cajdh1z1 author = Mobiny, Aryan title = Radiologist-Level COVID-19 Detection Using CT Scans with Detail-Oriented Capsule Networks date = 2020-04-16 keywords = COVID-19; DECAPS summary = Motivated by this challenge, our paper proposes a novel learning architecture, called Detail-Oriented Capsule Networks (DECAPS), for the automatic diagnosis of COVID-19 from Computed Tomography (CT) scans. Motivated by the urgent need, recent work has developed a number of artificial intelligence models for automatic diagnosis or arXiv:2004.07407v1 [eess.IV] 16 Apr 2020 Detection Using CT Scans with Detail-Oriented Capsule Networks 2 assessment of COVID-19 from CT scans and chest radiographic data [10, 11, 12, 13] . • We propose a novel detail-oriented capsule network architecture capable of identifying fine-grained and discriminative image features to classify COVID-19 patients. To address this limitation, we implemented a unique CapsNet architecture, loss function, and inverted routing mechanism which increases the weight of votes derived from ROIs. This effectively improves the quality of the input information being passed to each parent, thus strengthening the networks ability to build part-whole relationships. doi = nan id = cord-313716-pw0odm88 author = Moccia, Lorenzo title = Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: an early report on the Italian general population date = 2020-04-20 keywords = covid-19; italian; psychological summary = title: Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: an early report on the Italian general population This study aims to investigate the psychological distress perceived by the Italian general population during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to analyze affective temperament and adult attachment styles as potential mediators. Cyclothymic (OR: 1.17; p=0.008) and depressive (OR: 1.32; p=0.003) temperaments resulted as risk factors in subjects with moderate-to-severe psychological distress compared to mild distress, while the ASQ "Confidence" (OR: 0.92; p=0.039) and "Discomfort with closeness" (OR: 0.94; p=0.023) were protective. To the best of our knowledge, our survey results are the first showing that a relevant percentage of the Italian population might have experienced from mild to moderate-to-severe psychological distress symptoms during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak, and that both temperament and AAS features may predict the extent of mental health burden. doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.048 id = cord-284257-zplfyqqi author = Mocco, J title = In Reply: May Cooler Heads Prevail During a Pandemic: Stroke in COVID-19 Patients or COVID-19 in Stroke Patients? date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; Spiotta summary = Our report, as accepted and published in the NEJM, is a factual account of our observation of a higher than usual number of young patients with large vessel stroke presenting during the peak of the COVID-19 in New York City. To help clarify the scientific and factual inaccuracies as presented by Drs Spiotta and Alawieh, we provide the following brief responses to the statements made in their letter 1 : 1) "Systemic inflammation that may occur after severe COVID-19 infection promotes a prothrombotic state that may predispose to thrombotic events, including stroke. In fact, data is also published specifically addressing macrothrombosis in the internal carotid artery in mild COVID patients, 14, 15 with stroke as a presenting symptom of the disease, 4 newly presenting emergent large vessel occlusions with COVID-19 being a very different population compared to typical ELVO patients 16 and demonstrating that COVID-19 is associated with a 7.6 fold increased odds of suffering stroke as compared to influenza (a similar respiratory virus previously demonstrated to be associated with stroke). doi = 10.1093/neuros/nyaa385 id = cord-332625-3rvis2gy author = Modell, Stephen M. title = Religion as a Health Promoter During the 2019/2020 COVID Outbreak: View from Detroit date = 2020-06-16 keywords = Detroit; Health; Michigan; community; covid-19 summary = This inspection of the pandemic from the view of Detroit will examine the epidemiology of the coronavirus, translation of professional practice into people''s awareness of the chronic disease risk factors which are prevalent in Detroit, moral and ethical views on the distribution of resources, and three major ways that religious faith has helped to sustain people''s health and welfare in the midst of the broad social challenges posed by this novel coronavirus. States Dr. Abdul El-Sayed, who resurrected the Detroit Health Department from the city''s municipal bankruptcy in 2013, "I think if you''re working an $11-an-hour job that has no paid sick leave and no protection guarantee, that being forced to go out and do your job or lose it in the middle of a pandemic is going to increase your probability of either contracting an infectious disease or transmitting it" (Bach 2020) . doi = 10.1007/s10943-020-01052-1 id = cord-253736-cd4qnp2m author = Modenese, Alberto title = Increased Risk of COVID-19-Related Deaths among General Practitioners in Italy date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; Italy summary = Especially at the beginning of the epidemic, GPs might have had scant information on the specific safety procedures for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission (e.g., there was limited knowledge on the possibility of contagions deriving from asymptomatic patients) and, moreover, the availability of personal protective equipment was insufficient. Such studies will allow the identification of specific occupational hazards and possible increased risk of infection and mortality among various categories of HCWs. Considering the currently available Italian data, the trend in deaths suggests that the work-related contagion of GPs was more critical during the first weeks of the epidemic in Italy, with a slight decrease in more recent days, even if the proportion is still very high for GPs. The relatively high number of death cases among GPs deserves some examination. doi = 10.3390/healthcare8020155 id = cord-349104-p0egfpx9 author = Modi, Anita R. title = Coronavirus disease 2019 in an orthotopic liver transplant recipient living with human immunodeficiency virus date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; HIV summary = Yet immunocompromised status alone, in the absence of other comorbidities, may not necessarily predict severe illness presentations and poorer clinical outcomes as indicated by recent reports of COVID‐19‐infected solid organ transplant recipients and people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Yet immunocompromised status alone, in the absence of other comorbidities, may not necessarily predict severe illness presentations and poorer clinical outcomes as indicated by recent reports of COVID-19-infected solid organ transplant recipients and people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). COVID-19, HIV, hydroxychloroquine, immunocompromised, orthotopic liver transplantation Solid organ transplant recipients living with HIV uniquely demonstrate features of both immune suppression and immune activation, as evidenced by the increased rates of allograft rejection in such patients. We hope to contribute to the literature of COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients by describing an orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) recipient with well-controlled HIV who experienced a mild flu-like illness attributed to SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1111/tid.13351 id = cord-268135-77emtyen author = Moghadam, Vahid Damanpak title = Letter to the Editor: Additional Recommendations before Intubation of COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = For instance, in a review article published by Jiang et al., respiratory symptoms including cough and dyspnea, are the common initial findings in such patients after fever. Based on recommendation of this article, anesthesiologists can use injection of lidocaine through the working throat channels before intubation and lidocaine spray as a topical anesthesia in awake patients, but as we know, this type of administrating lidocaine can cause further irritation of airway and tracheal spasm. Therefore, as a resolve of this problem and preventing cough in patients infected with COVID-19, we propose injecting intravenous lidocaine or dexmedetomidine before administrating tracheal intubation. The systematic review and meta-analysis articles published by Clivio et al. Expert recommendations for tracheal intubation in critically ill patients with noval coronavirus disease 2019 Intravenous lidocaine for the prevention of cough: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Medications to reduce emergence coughing after general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis doi = 10.24920/003744 id = cord-295398-soa71kwx author = Moghadas, Seyed M. title = The implications of silent transmission for the control of COVID-19 outbreaks date = 2020-07-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = Our results indicate that symptom-based isolation must be supplemented by rapid contact tracing and testing that identifies asymptomatic and presymptomatic cases, in order to safely lift current restrictions and minimize the risk of resurgence. Our results indicate that symptom-based isolation must be supplemented by rapid contact tracing and testing that identifies asymptomatic and presymptomatic cases, in order to safely lift current restrictions and minimize the risk of resurgence. To quantify the population-level contribution of silent transmission to COVID-19 spread, we extended our previous model (2, 3) to include asymptomatic infections and the presymptomatic stage, parameterized with data regarding the trajectory of symptom onset and the proportion of secondary cases generated in each stage of infection (1, 4) . Our results highlight the role of silent transmission as the primary driver of COVID-19 outbreaks and underscore the need for mitigation strategies, such as contact tracing, that detect and isolate infectious individuals prior to the onset of symptoms. doi = 10.1073/pnas.2008373117 id = cord-288080-rr9e61ay author = Mohadab, Mohamed El title = Bibliometric method for mapping the state of the art of scientific production in Covid-19 date = 2020-06-30 keywords = cluster; covid-19 summary = The latest statistics indicate that there has been an exponential increase in the number of publications since the discovery of the Covid-19 pandemic; the results provide a comprehensive view of interdisciplinary research in medicine, biology, finance and other fields. So the use of bibliometric analysis [2] to identify and analyze the scientific performance of authors, articles, journals, institutions, countries through the analysis of keywords and the number of citations constitutes an essential element which provides researchers with the means to identify avenues and new directions in relation to a theme of scientific research. In order to observe and evaluate the trends in publications in the thematic of Covid-19, the VOSviewer software was used to analyze the academic literature and examine the evolution of published articles, co-authorship, geographic area (country) of authors, co-citation, co-occurrence. Afterwards, a bibliometric analysis method was adopted in order to map the state of the art on the theme of Covid-19, so the three scientific databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed) were used. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110052 id = cord-259660-x9sobzyw author = Mohakud, Nirmal K title = An Assumed Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 During Pregnancy: A Case Report and Review of Literature date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In the present report, we describe a premature newborn, who was born to a primigravida mother with HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome and moderate COVID-19 pneumonia. The newborn tested positive at 12 hours of life for COVID-19 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the tracheal aspirate sample [9] . The authors in one review reported 179 cases of newborns tested positive at birth, whose mothers were infected in the third trimester of pregnancy [5] . The authors of one study described that three newborns born to mothers with COVID-19 infection had positive antibodies (IgM and IgG) at birth [7, 8] . In the present report, the index newborn was tested positive at 12 hours of life without any features of symptomatic COVID-19 infection [9] . Possible vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from an infected mother to her newborn A neonate born to mother with COVID-19 during pregnancy & HELLP syndrome: a possible vertical transmission doi = 10.7759/cureus.10659 id = cord-342360-d7qc20i4 author = Mohamad, Siti Mazidah title = Creative Production of ‘COVID‐19 Social Distancing’ Narratives on Social Media date = 2020-06-03 keywords = Brunei; COVID-19; medium; social summary = Young people are creatively and affectively supporting the social distancing initiatives in Brunei Darussalam through the use of social media platforms such as Instagram, Twitter, and Tik Tok. Using qualitative content analysis (QCA) data of social media content by Bruneian youth, this paper reveals the localised and contextualised creative production of five ''social distancing'' narratives as a response to the national and global concerns in times of a global pandemic: narrative of fear; narrative of responsibility; narrative of annoyance; narrative of fun; and narrative of resistance. As there is not much information known on audience''s social media consumption in risk communication and their individualised, as well as contextualised risk perception, a preliminary research on how the audience deliver and circulate COVID-19 related content on social media was conducted, leading to this preliminary finding on the active involvement of young people in highlighting the significance of social distancing in flattening the curve in the country. doi = 10.1111/tesg.12430 id = cord-341420-bfzto2lz author = Mohamed, Chekkal title = Prevention and treatment of COVID-19-associated hypercoagulability: recommendations of the Algerian society of transfusion and hemobiology date = 2020-10-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In addition, other studies have shown that many deceased patients have diagnostic criteria for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) set by the International Society of Hemostasis and Thrombosis (ISTH) The office of the Algerian Society of Transfusion and Hemobiology composed of hemostasis and blood transfusion experts from Algerian hospitals on the epidemic front line have established a consensus on the issue through 4 axes: Indication of thromboprophylaxis, monitoring of hemostasis, indications of transfusion in the event of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) and anticoagulant treatment after discharge All hospitalized patients with COVID-19 should receive LMWH thromboprophylaxis unless the risk of bleeding is greater such as in cases of thrombocytopenia with a blood platelet count less than 50 x 10 9 /L, thrombopathy, history of bleeding episodes, coagulation factor deficiency or a stroke in the last 3 months. doi = 10.1016/j.tracli.2020.09.004 id = cord-288066-sh6n2c3n author = Mohamed, Mohamed S. title = Sex differences in COVID-19: the role of androgens in disease severity and progression date = 2020-11-11 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Variants in the androgen receptor gene correlate with androgen sensitivity and are implicated in diseases like androgenetic alopecia and prostate cancer, conditions that have been associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes and hospitalization. The proposed mechanism behind this effect is based on the idea that androgen receptor and, subsequently, TMPPRSS2 expression affects the SARS-COV2 virus ability to enter host cells and its spike proteins affinity to bind ACE2 receptors (Fig. 1 ). SARS-CoV2 spike proteins are then primed by TMPRSS2, allowing the interaction with ACE2 receptors to enter host cells Fig. 2 Theoretical mechanisms suggesting CAG repeats length and associated androgen sensitivity as a predictor for COVID-19 disease severity lack of control groups or testosterone levels prior to infection, the results warrant consideration. Increased androgen receptor expression might lead to a higher risk of acquiring a severe COVID-19 disease by promoting TMPRSS2 transcription (Fig. 2) . Androgen Regulates SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Levels and Is Associated with Severe COVID-19 Symptoms in Men doi = 10.1007/s12020-020-02536-6 id = cord-285369-ktg2b9jb author = Mohamed, Mouhand F. H. title = Frequency of Abnormalities Detected by Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; LUS summary = title: Frequency of Abnormalities Detected by Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Hence, we aimed to pool the proportion of various reported lung abnormalities detected by LUS in symptomatic COVID-19 patients. The finding from our review highlights the potential role of this modality in the triage, diagnosis, and follow-up of COVID-19 patients. We used a proportion meta-analysis to summarize or pool the frequency of various findings on lung US (based on our scoping review, we concluded that the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy could not be computed from the constituent studies). Forest plot presenting (A) the pooled proportion of B-pattern and (B) consolidation (the higher frequency of subpleural or pulmonary consolidations reported by the primary study) detected by lung ultrasound in symptomatic COVID-19 patients. 2020: Point-of-care lung ultrasound findings in patients with novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0371 id = cord-032820-l0vkq0j3 author = Mohamed, Sherif title = Incidence and pathophysiologic mechanisms of stroke in the COVID-19 pandemic: the dilemma date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; stroke summary = BACKGROUND: While COVID-19 pandemic affected more than 26 million people worldwide, still, the definite link between COVID-19 and incidence of stroke remains to be re-evaluated. The COVID-19 pandemic has, in different ways, negative impacts on care of stroke patients worldwide, and still, many challenges are faced by neurologists to improve care of stroke patients during such crisis. Another explanation may come from the observation that air pollution is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease; we had seen a strikingly reduced air pollution during the pandemic secondary to lockdown; this phenomenon could have a protective effect against stroke [4] . From our experience, it was observed that the presence of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in patients with SARS-CoV-1 or MERS-CoV was associated with worse outcomes. Cerebrovascular disease is associated with an increased disease severity in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pooled analysis of published literature doi = 10.1186/s43168-020-00033-y id = cord-318520-hgjv7ot9 author = Mohamed, Sherif title = Death due to Cardiac Arrest in a Young Female With Highly Suspected COVID-19: A Case Report date = 2020-08-30 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = As COVID-19 patients are commonly having clotting disorders, endothelial and organ dysfunction, coagulopathy, and liable for pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), it is important to select those COVID-19 patients who are at higher risk of PTE, and practice CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for the diagnosis of PTE, especially in case of significant increase of D-dimer values. Recently, the CDC has created a list of certain comorbidities that have been associated with severe disease (defined as infection resulting in hospitalization, admission to the ICU, intubation or mechanical ventilation, or death) [3] . Back to the clinical presentation of our case report, we thought that the patient had the diagnosis of severe COVID-19 disease, despite that swab came negative. We recommend that it is of crucial importance to select those COVID-19 patients at higher risk of PTE and practice CT pulmonary angiography for the diagnosis of PTE, especially in case of significant increase of D-dimer values. doi = 10.7759/cureus.10127 id = cord-031739-4hapxw7l author = Mohamed, Yahye Garad title = Clinical and chest CT presentations from 27 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Mogadishu, Somalia: a descriptive study date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = From March 20 to April 20, 2020, a clinical and chest CT imaging data of 27 patients (mean age, 43 ± 14 years; 70.4% male and 29.6% female) with laboratoryconfirmed reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay with throat swab samples diagnosed as SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia were included in this study. The clinical data analyzed were as follows: age, sex, comorbid conditions, exposure history, signs and symptoms (fever, dry cough, SOB, myalgia, sore throat, headache, diarrhea, vomit, and nausea), and laboratory results (C-reactive protein, leukocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils). Based on recently published data, most of the patients with COVID-19 had characteristics of chest CT features in the disease process such as ground-glass opacities (GGOs), mixed GGC, crazy paving pattern, consolidation, air bronchogram, bronchial dilatation, reticular pattern, and subpleural linear opacity [10] [11] [12] . doi = 10.1186/s43055-020-00302-2 id = cord-292260-4zw08scs author = Mohamed-Hussein, A. title = Post-COVID-19 Functional Status: Relation to age, smoking, hospitalization and comorbidities date = 2020-09-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = Aim of the study: To assess the Post COVID-19 functional status in Egypt and to evaluate if age, gender, comorbidities have any effect on functional limitations in recovered COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, there was a substantial variance between the score of PCFS with age (P= 0.003), gender (P= 0.014), the duration since the onset of the symptoms of COVID-19 (P <0.001), need for oxygen supplementation (P<0.001), need for ICU admittance (P= 0.003), previous periodic influenza vaccination (P<0.001), smoking status (P < 0.001) and lastly the presence of any comorbid disorder (P <0.001). . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.26.20182618 doi: medRxiv preprint COVID-19 symptoms onset (P <0.001), need for oxygen supplementation (P <0.001), ICU admission (P = 0.003), seasonal influenza vaccination (P <0.001), smoking status (P < 0.001) and lastly the presence of any comorbid disorders (P <0.001) Table ( 3). doi = 10.1101/2020.08.26.20182618 id = cord-328786-gkd9xcxa author = Mohammad, Laila Malani title = Necessity of brain imaging in COVID-19 infected patients presenting with acute neurological deficits date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing cardiopulmonary stabilization in the intensive care unit for novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are often sedated, placing timely assessment of a neurological decline at risk. CASE DESCRIPTION: Here, we present two cases of COVID-19 infected young patients transferred to our facility in a cardio-pulmonary crisis, with a poor neurological exam. CONCLUSIONS: These cases highlight the importance of early head imaging in COVID-19 patients with a poor neurological exam. 1 It is, therefore, important to obtain brain imaging in patients with a depressed neurological exam, so that those requiring invasive interventions can be identified early. Here we present two contrasting cases of COVID-19 infected patients, both of whom were found to have ischemic strokes, but only one undergwent timely neurosurgical intervention. 9 Although the pulmonary system remains a primary focus of COVID-19 related morbidity, our cases demonstrate that these patients can develop severe neurological sequalae, which should alert the medical team to obtain early brain imaging. doi = 10.1016/j.inat.2020.100883 id = cord-262786-otxpc46a author = Mohammadi, Soheil title = Understanding the Immunologic Characteristics of Neurologic Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 and Potential Immunological Mechanisms date = 2020-09-01 keywords = CNS; COVID-19; CoV-2; IL-6; SARS summary = Here, we review the currently available evidence to discuss the plausible immunologic pathways that may contribute to the development of COVID-19 neurological complications, namely Alzheimer''s disease, Parkinson''s disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, seizure, and brainstem involvement. Although the virus, also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), mainly manifests as an acute respiratory infection [2] , recent evidence suggests that 36% of affected patients exhibit neurological sequelae [3] . Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is defined as excessive host immune response against noxious stimuli (e.g., viral infection), through which the primary protective role of cytokine release turns into a detrimental response against host tissues, leading to impaired integrity of capillary walls and end-organ dysfunction [22] . We hypothesize that not only the persistent systemic inflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2 may act as a trigger for microglial activation but also large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted in response to this viral infection may aggravate neurodegeneration leading to AD. doi = 10.1007/s12035-020-02094-y id = cord-349445-yh6ndtgm author = Mohammed El Tabaa, Manar title = Targeting Neprilysin (NEP) pathways: A potential new hope to defeat COVID-19 ghost date = 2020-05-27 keywords = ACE-2; Ang; Angiotensin; COVID-19; NEP; RAS; SARS summary = Therefore, researchers suggested that the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and/or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), may show a positive trend towards the severe inflammatory reactions and endothelial dysfunction caused by stimulating the function of ACE/Ang II/AT-1 axis and thereby, towards the bad pulmonary effects associated with the COVID-19 infection [29, 30] . Since IL-6 would inactivate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), it could disrupt NO production [90] , decreasing its level and inducing a state of oxidative stress that may lead to Ang II-induced impairment in endothelial responses [91] Postulating impaired endothelium functions as a principal factor in the pathogenesis of heart failure, hypertension and diabetes, it will be expected to classify the patients of such diseases as high risk groups for COVID-19 development [92] [93] [94] . Taken into consideration the numerous harmful effects possibly induced by Ang II during COVID-19 pathogenesis, we found that most novel studies aim to use the anti-hypertensive drugs which act either by inhibiting the ACE activity or by blocking AT1 receptor, suggesting that action may mitigate the disease severity in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114057 id = cord-323934-vew4uxu4 author = Mohanty, S. K. title = Impact of COVID-19 Attributable Deaths on Longevity, Premature Mortality and DALY: Estimates of USA, Italy, Sweden and Germany date = 2020-07-07 keywords = Italy; covid-19 summary = title: Impact of COVID-19 Attributable Deaths on Longevity, Premature Mortality and DALY: Estimates of USA, Italy, Sweden and Germany The USA, Italy, Germany and Sweden are four worst affected countries, accounting to over 40% of COVID-19 attributable deaths on longevity, years of potential life lost (YPLL) and disability adjusted life years (DALY) in USA, Italy, Germay and Sweden. We have analysed four worst affected countries; namely USA, Italy, Sweden and Germany that The total deaths obtained from UN projection are estimated deaths in the absence of COVID-19 infection. The age specific COVID-19 attributable deaths for USA is collected from Centres for Disease Control and Prevention [35] and that for Italy, Germany and Sweden is taken from Statista [36 -38] . Age specific assessment of Years of potential life lost (YPLL) under varying scenario of COVID-19 death share is presented in Table 3 is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.06.20147009 id = cord-260995-ji8aifck author = Mohindra, Pranshu title = Proposed brachytherapy recommendations (practical implementation, indications, and dose fractionation) during COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-01 keywords = Brachytherapy; COVID-19 summary = Long-term results of high-dose-rate brachytherapy in the primary treatment of medically inoperable stage I-II endometrial carcinoma Vaginal brachytherapy versus pelvic external beam radiotherapy for patients with endometrial cancer of high-intermediate risk (PORTEC-2): An open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial Long-term toxicity and health-related quality of life after single-fraction high dose rate brachytherapy boost and hypofractionated external beam radiotherapy for intermediate-risk prostate cancer A Phase II study of salvage high-dose-rate brachytherapy for the treatment of locally recurrent prostate cancer after definitive external beam radiotherapy Multi-Institutional phase II study of high-dose hypofractionated proton beam therapy in patients with localized, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma Short-term outcome after neoadjuvant high-dose-rate endorectal brachytherapy or shortcourse external beam radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer High dose rate endorectal brachytherapy as a neoadjuvant treatment for patients with resectable rectal cancer Endorectal brachytherapy boost after external beam radiation therapy in elderly or medically inoperable patients with rectal cancer: Primary outcomes of the phase 1 HERBERT study doi = 10.1016/j.brachy.2020.04.009 id = cord-274558-1k7bi6ng author = Moiseev, Sergey title = Sex differences in mortality in the intensive care unit patients with severe COVID-19 date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We investigated the sex-related differences in the occurrence of comorbidities and mortality rates in a nationwide study in 1522 consecutive patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who were admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) for respiratory support. In patients aged 50 years or younger, the mortality rates were similar in males and females (odds ratio [OR] p=0.021), whereas the requirement for mechanical ventilation did not differ between sexes. In all age groups, the occurrence of arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes and obesity was higher in females than in males, although these differences reached statistical significance only in a proportion of cases (Table 1) . In summary, the mortality rate in the ICU patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia was higher in males aged >50 years than in females of similar age. The differences between mortality rates in males and females cannot be explained by comorbidities, given the divergent trends in the occurrence of chronic illnesses that may worsen survival in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.031 id = cord-276676-lgt0rzob author = Moka, Eleni title = Best Practice in Cardiac Anesthesia during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Practical Recommendations date = 2020-07-03 keywords = ICU; cardiac; covid-19; patient; surgery summary = Indeed, the pandemic has already affected cardiac surgery units in multiple ways: limited number of available ICU beds and ventilation sites, necessity to postpone or cancel elective and/or complex cardiac interventional procedures, patients developing COVID-19 post cardiac surgery, coronavirus patients necessitating urgent cardiac operations, cardiac anesthetists'' in-hospital transfer to staff and support ICUs in front of the pandemic, infected health care providers with consequent shortage of medical and nursing practitioners, restrictions in clinical meetings, and cancelation of training and continuing medical education [6, 8] . Based on the current understanding of COVID-19 pathophysiology and the clinical characteristics of cardiovascular surgical patients, in this review, the authors highlight related anesthesia concerns and provide practical recommendations in reference to perioperative planning and management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery, along with a focus on disease control and prevention in the times of COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1016/j.bpa.2020.06.008 id = cord-342418-57cu4oeu author = Mol, B. W. title = Strict lockdown versus flexible social distance strategy for COVID-19 disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; Denmark; Sweden summary = title: Strict lockdown versus flexible social distance strategy for COVID-19 disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis Objectives To balance the costs and effects comparing a strict lockdown versus a flexible social distancing strategy for societies affected by Coronavirus-19 Disease (COVID-19). In Denmark, where a strict lockdown strategy was installed for months, the number of people dying with COVID-19 was on average 111 per million, resulting in an estimated 1,216 life years per million inhabitants lost. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.14.20194605 doi: medRxiv preprint costs and effects of a strict lockdown versus a more liberal social distancing strategy by comparing Sweden to Denmark. In this cost-effectiveness analysis, we compared a strict lockdown for COVID-19 disease as implemented in Denmark to the more liberal social distancing policy applied in Sweden. Under current Swedish policy 577 more people per million inhabitants died a COVID-19 related mortality as compared to Denmark, resulting in an additional 1,216 life years lost. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.14.20194605 id = cord-340646-dj1gqzzt author = Molina, Gabriel A. title = COVID-19 in Ecuador, how the pandemic strained the surgical healthcare systems over the edge date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; Ecuador summary = (4) Health care systems like our own and all over the world were not prepared for this disease, as we witnessed the human toll COVID-19 took in New York City, Madrid, and northern Italy. Four months after the start of the COVID-19 epidemic in Ecuador, we surgeons continue to work with resilience, adapting to the changes in our new role and enduring under these adverse circumstances. (7, 8) A worrisome side effect of the COVID-19 pandemic is the delay in surgical treatment for seriously ill patients. Nonetheless, the complete ramifications of this disease are yet to be seen, as surgical patients require close follow up to avoid complications and to provide necessary treatment when they arise. Please enter the name of the registry and the unique identifying number (UIN) of your study.The authors declare that the patient gave his consent to publish this case, and as this is a case report not human participants were involved in a study. doi = 10.1016/j.ijso.2020.08.012 id = cord-254919-fi3inp67 author = Molina, Melanie F. title = Nitrous oxide inhalant abuse and massive pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Nitrous oxide inhalant abuse and massive pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 A patient presented to the emergency department with altered mental status and lower extremity weakness in the setting of nitrous oxide inhalant abuse and Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection. Given the high concern for pulmonary embolism with the above findings, computed tomography (CT) was performed and analysis of 183 confirmed COVID-19 patients demonstrating an 11.5% death rate. This patient''s coagulopathy may have been secondary to a combination of COVID-19 infection and N2O inhalant abuse leading to hyperhomocysteinemia. There are case reports illustrating a higher risk of VTE associated with chronic N2O inhalant abuse [6, 7] . Nitrous oxide leads to decreased Vitamin B12 levels with chronic abuse, which leads to increased homocysteinemia by inhibition of methionine synthase [7] . Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy Pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis caused by nitrous oxide abuse: A case report doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.023 id = cord-267618-ots27qks author = Molliqaj, Granit title = How Neurosurgeons Are Coping with COVID-19 and How It Impacts Our Neurosurgical Practice: Report from Geneva University Medical Center date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; Geneva summary = title: How Neurosurgeons Are Coping with COVID-19 and How It Impacts Our Neurosurgical Practice: Report from Geneva University Medical Center How Neurosurgeons Are Coping with COVID-19 and How It Impacts Our Neurosurgical Practice: Report from Geneva University Medical Center Q1Q11 Q12 Q13 Q10 Granit Molliqaj and Karl Schaller BACKGROUND Who could have imagined that a virus in the 21st century could so quickly destabilize the world? 1 Nonetheless, on 30 January in Geneva, Switzerland, the Director-General of the World Health Organization made public that the outbreak of the new coronavirus 2019 met the criteria of a public health emergency of international concern. To date, Easter Monday (13 April 2020), more than 25,000 COVID-19Àpositive cases have been confirmed in laboratories and 884 deaths have been recorded for COVID-19 according to the Federal Office of Public Health (Figures 1 and 2) , and these numbers are steadily increasing. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.149 id = cord-030228-mx9ycsvo author = Momaya, Kirankumar S. title = Return from COVID-19: Thinking Differently About Export Competitiveness and Sustainability date = 2020-08-09 keywords = COVID-19; India; LAP; SAP summary = The classical method of situation-actor-process—learning-action-performance (SAP-LAP) is adapted for the context of an experimental bottom-up micro-pilot to ''Return from COVID-19''. Paradigms such as industrial organization (IO) and the Porter Diamond (Porter 1990) will remain popular, but may be of limited use to address the survival crisis of competitiveness being faced by a large number of start-ups, micro-, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), ventures and even focal firms (Momaya 2016) . The sustainability dimension of competitiveness is also important, but may need to wait a bit, as return from COVID-19 has become the first priority for most governments, industry associations, firms and even institutes. SAP-LAP is a very useful holistic framework that has been evolving through applications in diverse contexts, including one related to technology management and competitiveness (e.g. Sahoo et al. This section gives a glimpse of extending a popular approach, situation-actors-processes-learning-action-performance (SAP-LAP, Sushil 2001) by applying it to a challenging context of crisis. doi = 10.1007/s42943-020-00012-6 id = cord-264829-ynel6ore author = Momtazmanesh, Sara title = Cardiovascular disease in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 10,898 patients and proposal of a triage risk stratification tool date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = The aims of this systematic review and meta-analyses were (1) to calculate pooled frequency of newly developed and pre-existing CVD, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiac symptoms as the initial presentations of COVID-19, elevation of cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers, acute hepatic, and renal injury; (2) to investigate association of newly developed and pre-existing CVD (including any acquired cardiac disease, encompassing ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies, or congenital heart disease) hypertension, and elevated cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers with severity of the disease and mortality; (3) to define the clinical spectrum and mechanisms of the newly developed cardiovascular diseases in the pediatric and adult population, the spectrum of newly developed arrhythmias and electrocardiographic changes and the pathologic findings of cardiac autopsies; and (4) to propose a TRST for timely detection and appropriate pathophysiologically targeted treatment of high-risk COVID-19 patients with associated CVD. doi = 10.1186/s43044-020-00075-z id = cord-275711-ejw3ausf author = Mon-López, Daniel title = The Impact of Covid-19 and the Effect of Psychological Factors on Training Conditions of Handball Players date = 2020-09-05 keywords = COVID-19; training summary = This study is one of the first to analyse the impact of the isolation period caused by COVID-19 on the training (intensity and volume) and recovery conditions (quantity and quality of sleep) of professional and non-professional handball players according to the influence of transitory psychological factors (moods) and personality trait (emotional intelligence and resilience). Based on the results yielded: (i) training and recovery conditions of the handball players were modified during the isolation period, reducing the intensity-RPE (in the whole sample), volume-Tdays and Thours (especially in professional female handball players) and sleep quality-Squality (especially in professional male handball players) and increasing sleep hours-Shours (especially in non-professional female players); and (ii) the psychological factors analysed (mood, emotional intelligence, and resilience) had an impact on training and recovery conditions, except for sleep quantity, during the Covid-19 lockdown. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17186471 id = cord-329852-5lr7yirs author = Monaco, Andrea title = Awareness and Impact of Non Pharmaceutical Interventions during COVID-19 Pandemic in Renal Transplant Recipients. date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; NPI summary = The Non Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPI) are currently the only measures available to contain COVID-19 in the general population and in more vulnerable recipients of any organ transplant. In this cross-sectional case control study from a patient survey, undertaken in two Transplant Centers (TxC) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Italy, we aimed to appraise the awareness of the NPI implemented by respective Governments. In this context, the Non Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPI) represent the main measures that can be applied to protect the wider population 4,5 and in particular to shield the more vulnerable, immunosuppressed recipients of any organ transplant. In our observational study we appraised the level of awareness of NPI, implemented by respective Governments in the KSA and Italy, of the KT recipients in both institutions. The survey was articulated in two main areas of questions aimed to achieve a cross sectional analysis of NPI awareness and clinical status of KT recipients, members of their household, and KLD in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.07.010 id = cord-268548-sujsnw2w author = Monaco, Maria Rita Lo title = An educational case series of Parkinson’s disease during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Some studies suggest that patients with PD exhibit increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections and an excess of pneumonia is reported as a causeof death in patients with Parkinson''s disease [2] . His confusion gradually resolved, oxygen requirements improved, and was discharged to home after an 11-day hospitalization. 66-year-old man with a 10-year history of PD presented to the Emergency Department with three days of dry cough and dyspnea. He was hospitalized and started a course of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir per institutional protocol. He gradually improved and was discharged to a rehabilitation facility after a 21-day hospitalization. 56-year-old man with juvenile parkinsonism, presented to the Emergency Department with three days of dry cough, subjective fever, and myalgias. The only fatality was a patient with multiple risk factors, including advanced age, nursing home residence, multiple comorbidities. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the doi = 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.07.007 id = cord-272419-y3ebt4jm author = Monari, Caterina title = A Focus on the Nowadays Potential Antiviral Strategies in Early Phase of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19): A Narrative Review date = 2020-08-09 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; LPV; SARS; patient summary = Possible inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrisyn-like (3CL)-protease and papain-like protease Lopinavir is excreted in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and thus coronavirus-infected enterocytes might be exposed to higher concentrations of the drug LPV/r tab 200/50 mg: 2 tab BID LPV/r oral sol 80/20 mg: 5 mL BID DRV/cobi tab 800/150 mg: 1 tab QD Gastrointestinal: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, increased amylase, lipase, total cholesterol and triglycerides (risk factor for pancreatitis) Hepatotoxicity: increasing in GGT, AST, ALT, total bilirubin, hepatitis Cardiological: QT-and PR-interval prolongation, hypertension, bradyarrhytmias; torsade de pointes have been reported in patients treated with LPV/r Metabolical: hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus, increased uric acid Recently, a randomized, controlled, open-label trial comparing the efficacy of LPV/r versus standard of care was conducted in 199 hospitalized adult patients with severe COVID-19: no significant difference between the two groups neither in the time of clinical improvement (hazard ratio [HR] 1.31; 95% CI 0.95-1.80; p 0.09), nor in the 28-day mortality rate (19.2% versus 25.0%; 95% CI −17.3 to 5.7) was observed [40] . doi = 10.3390/life10080146 id = cord-282927-jhma20de author = Mondal, Chittaranjan title = Mitigating the transmission of infection and death due to SARS-CoV-2 through non-pharmaceutical interventions and repurposing drugs date = 2020-09-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = A case study with the Indian Covid-19 epidemic data is presented to visualize and illustrate the effects of lockdown, maintaining personal hygiene & safe distancing, and repurposing drugs. It is shown that India can significantly improve the overall Covid-19 epidemic burden through the combined use of NPIs and repurposing drugs though containment of spreading is difficult without serious community participation. A simple iteration model, which uses only daily 100 values of confirmed cases, was considered to forecast the covid positive cases for the United States, Slovenia, Iran, In this paper, we have proposed a minimal epidemic model to capture the dynamics of observed data of detecting, 108 recovered and death cases of any Covid-19 affected country. Through a case study, it is shown that India can significantly improve the overall Covid-19 epidemic burden through 118 the combined use of NPIs and repurposing drugs and it is true for any other country. doi = 10.1016/j.isatra.2020.09.015 id = cord-323225-ou7pppum author = Mondal, R. N. title = Socio-demographic, clinical, hospital admission and oxygen requirement characteristics of COVID-19 patients of Bangladesh date = 2020-08-16 keywords = August; covid-19; patient summary = title: Socio-demographic, clinical, hospital admission and oxygen requirement characteristics of COVID-19 patients of Bangladesh Results: We have studied of 305 RT-PCR positive COVID-19 patients mean age was 36.32(+/-12.369) years with male predominance and majority were doctor 46.9%. Therefore this study was carried out to determine the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the COVID-19 patients of our country. This was an online cross-sectional survey, carried out by the Research wing of Daktarkhana (GP center of Bangladesh), among the RT-PCR positive COVID-19 adult patients (aged >18 years) who are using Facebook (the most widely used social media of the country) and Data from the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control, and Research (IEDCR) 10 revealed that 42% of the Bangladeshi COVID-19 cases were aged between 21 and 50 years but in our study age range was 17-78 years. Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with covid-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study doi = 10.1101/2020.08.14.20175018 id = cord-292350-cmrtg91a author = Mondal, Samhati title = Thromboembolic disease in COVID-19 patients: A brief narrative review date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; thrombosis summary = Table 1 & 2 summarize the various thrombotic complications noted in COVID-19 patients as published as of June 6 th , 2020 obtained by a literature search on PubMed and EMBASE using combinations of the following MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-COV2, novel corona virus, thrombosis, thromboembolic complications, pulmonary embolism. Clinical signs and symptoms of thrombosis such as cutaneous manifestations ("COVID toe") [84] , overt line thrombosis, arterial or venous clots, unexplained increase in oxygen requirement, or organ dysfunction should raise suspicion and prompt further investigation and/or discussion about therapeutic intervention [7] As new information becomes available, it appears increasingly important to routinely monitor platelet count, PT/aPTT, d-dimer, and fibrinogen to assist in anticipating and managing thrombotic complications. ICU patients positive for COVID-19 with elevated d-dimer levels and/or clinico-radiological suspicion for thrombosis as noted above should be considered for therapeutic anticoagulation only after careful assessment of their bleeding risk. doi = 10.1186/s40560-020-00483-y id = cord-327169-sz4ildnd author = Mondoni, Michele title = Utility and safety of bronchoscopy during SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Italy: a retrospective, multicenter study date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The primary aim of the present study was to describe the diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy in patients with negative nasopharyngeal swab(s) and a clinical and radiological suspicion of COVID-19 pneumonia. The indications of bronchoscopy were: -diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in patients with previously negative nasopharyngeal swab (clinical and radiological suspicion of pneumonia); -need for undelayable procedures in COVID-19 patients (e.g., massive hemoptysis, post-obstructive atelectasis). The diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy was calculated dividing the number of patients with a molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection following the collection of bronchoscopic specimens by the number of patients with a suspected diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. This is to our knowledge the largest study on the diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy in patients with negative nasopharyngeal swabs and a clinical/radiological suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Urgent/life-saving bronchoscopies were performed in 31 patients with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis for obstructive atelectasis, suspected concomitant lower respiratory tract infections, severe hemoptysis, suspected tracheal lacerations in patients mechanically ventilated, tracheostomy complications, and suspected concomitant pulmonary tuberculosis. doi = 10.1183/13993003.02767-2020 id = cord-232446-vvb2ffhv author = Mongia, Aanchal title = A computational approach to aid clinicians in selecting anti-viral drugs for COVID-19 trials date = 2020-07-03 keywords = SARS; covid-19; drug; matrix; virus summary = In view to assist acceleration of this process (by pruning down the search space), we create and share a publicly available DVA database, along with a number of matrix completion techniques (mentioned above) for drug-virus association prediction. Such a computational approach requires the chemical structure of the drugs and, in case of graph-regularized matrix completion techniques, the genome of the viruses, or existing associations otherwise. A clear observation from the experiments is that the graph regularized-based matrix completion algorithms that incorporate the similarity information associated with the drugs and viruses, perform fairly well giving an AUC greater or equal than 0.83 in CV1. It can be noted that the standard matrix completion methods, which do not take into account the metadata, fail to learn from the association data giving a near-random performance as far as the prediction on novel viruses is concerned, depicting how very important the similarity information is. doi = nan id = cord-271168-a9sf8f4p author = Montaner, Joan title = Break in the Stroke Chain of Survival Due to COVID-19 date = 2020-06-08 keywords = P<0.001; covid-19; stroke summary = To quantify the impact of the pandemic, the number of stroke code activations, ambulance transfers, consultations through telestroke, stroke unit admissions, and reperfusion therapy times and rates are described in temporal relationship with the rising number of COVID-19 cases in the region. Therefore, to better understand how the acute stroke care situation in the era of the COVID pandemic crisis might be affected, we evaluated the number of stroke cases attending and treated at a south European region before and during the outbreak. Unfortunately, we observed a sharp decrease in the number of stroke code activations and ambulance transfers, a reduction in consultations through telestroke, the number of patients admitted to our stroke units, and treated with IV tPA or receiving thrombectomy, which had a clear temporal relationship with the rising number of COVID-19 cases that crowded our hospitals. doi = 10.1161/strokeaha.120.030106 id = cord-263258-qpzaehg0 author = Montastruc, François title = Hepatic disorders with the use of remdesivir for coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-07-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 3 In cohort studies of patients hospitalized for severe COVID-19 who were treated with compassionate-use remdesivir, hepatic enzyme elevated were the most frequent adverse drug reaction reported. 4, 5 In the first randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial assessing the effect of intravenous remdesivir in adults admitted to hospital with severe COVID-19 (n= 237) a higher proportion of remdesivir recipients than placebo recipients had dosing prematurely stopped by the investigators because of adverse events including aminotransferase or bilirubin increases (3 versus 0). Here, we performed a pharmacovigilance analysis of VigiBase, the World Health Organization''s individual case safety reports database, to describe hepatic impairment reports with remdesivir. Disproportionality analysis was performed to assess a potential increased risk of reporting hepatic disorders with remdesivir compared to drugs prescribed in COVID-19 patients. Compared with hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir or tocilizumab, the use of remdesivir was associated with an increased risk of reporting hepatic disorders (ROR 1.94; 95% 7 Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019 ; ROR, reporting odds ratio. doi = 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.07.050 id = cord-326687-9duu5bbz author = Montastruc, Jean-Louis title = Serious adverse drug reactions with hydroxychloroquine: a pharmacovigilance study in Vigibase® date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The study was performed in Vigibase®, the WHO pharmacovigilance database, which registers all Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) from more than 130 countries [5] . The 3 main SMQs were hypersensitivity/allergic reactions, arthralgia and gastrointestinal ADRs. Retinal toxicity was found in 6.7% of ICSRs, cardiac arrhythmias (including 1.6% torsades de pointes/QT prolongation) in 5.0%, cardiomyopathy in 3.3% (Table 1) . Although suffering from the mandatory biases of such studies (underreporting, lack of systematic information on doses and duration exposure in Vigibase®, denominator unknown, use of hydroxychloroquine in rheumatic or autoimmune disorders and not COVID-19), the results have several important strengths: data in the context of real world not studied in clinical trials, study performed in the world''s largest pharmacovigilance database from around 130 countries allowing generalization of results. Off" label use of hydroxychloroquine , azithromycine, lopinavir-ritonavir and chloroquine in COVID-19: a survey of cardiac adverse drug reactions by the French Network of Pharmacovigilance Centers doi = 10.1007/s00228-020-02920-1 id = cord-314320-juf6cx14 author = Montazeri, Ali title = Some ethical concerns related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Some ethical concerns related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Although there are many important concerns related to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), ethical issues should remain the top priority since the humanistic dimension of the recent pandemic is of prime importance. Political misuse, caring for older adults, and spread of harmful information are the 3 main issues that are addressed. As the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads worldwide, apart from many positive actions such as volunteer works and donations, we are witnessing a number of unpleasant and unethical actions that should be avoided. Circulating bad news especially in social media without any ethical commitments may severely harm old people and children. The public health crisis emerging due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) has been worsened due to the effects of misinformation (5) . Fake news or reflecting phantom science is similar to spreading coronavirus and may impact people emotionally (6) and harm vulnerable populations. doi = 10.34171/mjiri.34.53 id = cord-293127-c27qh5y7 author = Monteleone, Pedro AA title = A review of initial data on pregnancy during the COVID-19 outbreak: implications for assisted reproductive treatments date = 2020 keywords = China; MERS; SARS; covid-19 summary = In this review, we summarize the latest research progress related to COVID-19 epidemiology and the reported data of pregnant women, and discuss the current evidence of COVID-19 infections during pregnancy and its potential consequences for assisted reproductive treatments. The current outbreak of the novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China in December 2019 and subsequently spread to many other countries. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses known to cause symptoms ranging from a common cold to more severe diseases, such as the severe acute respiratory syn A review of initial data on pregnancy during the COVID-19 outbreak: implications for assisted reproductive treatments Pedro AA Monteleone 1,2 , Mayra Nakano 1,2 , Victor Lazar 1 , Alecsandra P Gomes 1 , (Drosten et al., 2003; Ksiazek et al., 2003) , and MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was the pathogen responsible for severe respiratory disease outbreaks in the Middle East in 2012 (Zaki et al., 2012) . doi = 10.5935/1518-0557.20200030 id = cord-280221-s6oxq772 author = Montelongo-Jauregui, Daniel title = Convalescent serum therapy for COVID-19: A 19th century remedy for a 21st century disease date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; plasma summary = The high degree of success in achieving favorable clinical outcomes during these coronaviruses outbreaks establishes a strong precedent and supports the notion that convalescent plasma could be a viable option for treatment of COVID-19 patients, particularly upon early administration [6, 9, 12, [21] [22] [23] . The convalescent plasma therapeutic approach is based on the principle of passive antibody therapy, a short-term strategy whereby antibodies from the blood of someone who recovered from an infection can be administered to protect or treat another person [6, 21] . However, although this phenomenon is well known with Dengue and other viral diseases, there have not been any reported ADE cases with the use of convalescent plasma for SARS, MERS, or COVID-19 [12, 29, [32] [33] [34] [35] . Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients Anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus antibody levels in convalescent plasma of six donors who have recovered from COVID-19 Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008735 id = cord-332333-vw5ogccq author = Montenegro-López, Diego title = Uso de tecnologías en el lugar de atención para el manejo de la pandemia por COVID-19 en Colombia date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; Colombia; PCR summary = Ante esta necesidad, las pruebas inmunológicas para buscar anticuerpos IgM/IgA e IgG dirigidos contra el SARS-CoV-2 son una alternativa complementaria a la PCR y sirven para el rastreo de casos asintomáticos y contactos de los casos índices (confirmados por PCR), lo que permitiría encontrar, aislar e interrumpir la cadena de transmisión en menor tiempo. En este contexto, es necesario definir los posibles modelos de atención en salud que permitan unir las pruebas de diagnóstico rápido y la PCR; el objetivo de este estudio es proponer un modelo que integra el concepto de atención en el lugar (point-ofcare) y técnicas de inteligencia artificial. Con la implementación del modelo propuesto o uno similar, Colombia y los países de la región podrían conocer el impacto epidémico real de la enfermedad y efectuar diagnósticos más hacer el primer filtro para la asignación de pruebas de diagnóstico rápido o asignación directa de PCR, así como el manejo psicosocial de los casos compatibles con COVID-19 (Figura 1B). doi = 10.26633/rpsp.2020.97 id = cord-342338-nxfg9yfq author = Montero, A. title = Low-dose radiation therapy: could it be a game-changer for COVID-19? date = 2020-05-25 keywords = covid-19 summary = have recently published a systematic review of current evidence for treatment with immunosuppressants, cytotoxic chemotherapy, steroids, TNF-α blockers, IL-6 block, Janus kinase inhibitors (JAK), block IL-1, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, anti-CD20 and CTLA4-Ig. After reviewing 89 studies, the authors'' conclusion is that low doses of prednisolone and tacrolimus may have beneficial effects on COVID-19, as well as that IL-6 levels are associated with the severity of pulmonary complications, although there is no evidence regarding the beneficial impact of IL-6 inhibitors on the course of COVID-19 disease [7] . In the constant and incessant search for treatments against COVID-19, it has been suggested that low-dose radiation therapy (LD-RT) could play a role for their anti-inflammatory effects. The mechanism by which X-ray treatment acts on pneumonia involves the induction of an anti-inflammatory phenotype that leads to a rapid reversal of clinical symptoms, facilitating resolution of the disease. Is low dose radiation therapy a potential treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia? doi = 10.1007/s12094-020-02401-y id = cord-033329-gi0mug1p author = Montesi, Michela title = Understanding fake news during the Covid-19 health crisis from the perspective of information behaviour: The case of Spain date = 2020-10-06 keywords = covid-19; fake; health; information; news summary = A sample of 242 fake news items was collected from the Maldita.es website and analysed according to the criteria of cognitive and affective authority, interactivity, themes and potential danger. The results point to a practical absence of indicators of cognitive authority (53.7%), while the affective authority of these news items is built through mechanisms of discrediting people, ideas or movements (40.7%) and, secondarily, the use of offensive or coarse language (17.7%) and comparison or reference to additional information sources (26.6%). An important part of the research has focused on the analysis of all kinds of information spread via social media (Cinelli et al., 2020; Ferrara, 2020; Singh et al., 2020) , whilst others have suggested interventions for improving news and science literacy as empowering tools for users to identify, consume and share high-quality information (Vraga et al., 2020b) . In this research, a sample of fake news items collected by the Maldita.es project during the Covid-19 health crisis in Spain was classified according to the criteria of authority, interactivity, theme and potential danger. doi = 10.1177/0961000620949653 id = cord-304352-zdxztb5h author = Montgomery, Robert A. title = COVID-19, Health, Conservation, and Shared Wellbeing: Details Matter date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We highlight that millions of people around the world depend on markets for subsistence and the diverse use of animals globally defies uniform bans. Classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, a marketplace in Wuhan, China has been identified as a hotspot for the early spread, and perhaps origin, of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 [1] . Currently, wildlife can be legally traded for a variety of consumptive and consumerist purposes at costs, sometimes devastatingly measurable to human health, all too often to animal welfare and conservation, and which COVID-19 reveals now to be extraordinarily high. We note here that millions of people around the world depend on meat, often wild-caught, traded in markets and rural communities for subsistence [15] . World Health Organization, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Pandemic Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife--threats to biodiversity and human health doi = 10.1016/j.tree.2020.06.001 id = cord-327165-vlyfbiem author = Montorfano, Lisandro title = Colorectal surgery obesity-related morbidity during COVID-19 date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; Tocilizumab; patient summary = The purpose of this report was to present a case of acute large bowel perforation in a morbidly obese patient with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia who received empiric Tocilizumab. The purpose of this case report was to analyze the risks of acute large bowel perforation after using Tocilizumab empirically for COVID-19 pneumonia in morbidly obese patients and discuss the appropriate management of this adverse event. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing bowel perforation in a critically ill COVID-19-positive patient receiving empiric Tocilizumab. Our patient received both medications before the acute large bowel perforation occurred, because she received empiric Tocilizumab for COVID-19 pneumonia and Dexamethasone for several days for pharyngeal edema. This case report describes a rare case of colonic perforation in a critically ill, morbidly obese patient with COVID-19 pneumonia on empiric Tocilizumab therapy. doi = 10.1016/j.soard.2020.06.011 id = cord-279645-gwxu6dz2 author = Montoya-Barthelemy, Andre title = COVID-19 and the Correctional Environment: The American Prison as a Focal Point for Public Health date = 2020-04-17 keywords = covid-19; prisoner summary = title: COVID-19 and the Correctional Environment: The American Prison as a Focal Point for Public Health Within this space, prisoners and correctional staff share an environment known to amplify, accelerate, and act as a reservoir for outbreaks of respiratory disease. 2 Prisoners have a high prevalence of chronic disease and mental health illness, and prisons house an increasingly aging population, which will contribute directly to higher rates of severe viral illness and death. 1, 2 Finally, about 870,000 prisoners perform some type of work while incarcerated, earning an average of $0.93 per hour, and are effectively uncovered by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration oversight or any other federal workplace protections. Today, correctional workers and prisoners are under severe threat, but when correctional institutions and the outside community collaborate for the safety of their workers and residents, all will be better protected against COVID-19 illness and death. doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.04.001 id = cord-268049-7xqln70d author = Montrief, Tim title = COVID-19 respiratory support in the emergency department setting date = 2020-08-08 keywords = COVID-19; NIV; SARS; patient summary = DISCUSSION: Patients presenting with SARS-CoV-2 infection are at high risk for acute respiratory failure requiring airway management. [29] [30] [31] [32] Based on currently available evidence, the WHO states that "HFNC and NIV systems with good interface fitting do not create widespread dispersion of exhaled air and therefore should be associated with [a] low risk of airborne transmission." 15 The risk of respiratory pathogen transmission when using HFNC is subject to a variety of factors, including the duration of support, maximal flow rate, patient sneezing or coughing, cannula fit, and patient cooperation. 35 Many guidelines, including those by Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS), the WHO, and the Surviving Sepsis Campaign recommend the use of HFNC in COVID-19 patients presenting with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure unresponsive to conventional oxygen therapy. 20 Notably, the SCCM guidelines on the management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 recommend "a trial of NIV with close monitoring and shortinterval assessment for worsening of respiratory failure" if HFNC is not available and there is no urgent indication for intubation. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.08.001 id = cord-276720-cltnk0rg author = Montrone, Michele title = Favourable outcome of COVID-19 in an ALK-positive NSCLC patient receiving Alectinib date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Here we report the case of a 69 years old male patient affected by non squamous stage IV ALKpositive non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with first line Alectinib, admitted on March 15 2020 to the Emergency Room of local General Hospital due to worsening dyspnea, hacking cough and low-grade fever (37,5°C), unresponsive to acetaminophen and severe respiratory failure. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported case of ALK-positive advanced NSCLC successfully treated with Alectinib developing SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 with severe respiratory failure during targeted therapy and reporting a favourable outcome. More recently two cases of suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection have been described in an ALKpositive and a ROS1-positive NSCLC receiving targeted therapy 9 . Treatment guidance during the COVID-19 pandemic have been published 10 but no guideline has been published to date for the treatment of NSCLC during SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 in selected population as patients with oncogene-addicted cancers receiving targeted agents. doi = 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.07.030 id = cord-278341-pnrh3r2j author = Monzani, Alice title = Management of a suspected case of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in a 4‐year old child: A simulation scenario date = 2020-08-10 keywords = covid-19; scenario summary = title: Management of a suspected case of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in a 4‐year old child: A simulation scenario The first part of the scenario is the pre-triage where the paediatric nurse/ learner should take a full medical history of the child, showing that the child went with her family to visit some relatives in Codogno, Lombardy area, 10 days before, and her aunt is now hospitalised for a COVID-19 infection. The paediatric nurse should promptly inform the paediatrician and the pre-triage should be completed in the ''red room'', dedicated to patients with Key Points 1 A disease-specific scenario for COVID-19 allows testing of local guidelines. After the correct identification of the suspected paediatric case, learners should evaluate the patient and call for the help of the infectious disease medicine consultant (embedded participant). This simulation case provides a way to test and implement procedures for prompt identification, isolation, and management of a suspected COVID-19 infection in a paediatric patient. doi = 10.1111/jpc.15022 id = cord-279036-fwmb0rr7 author = Monzani, Alice title = COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspective From Italian Pediatric Emergency Physicians date = 2020-06-22 keywords = Italy; covid-19; ped summary = METHODS: We developed a structured interview to collect the lived experience of the staff of the pediatric emergency department (PED) of a tertiary referral university hospital in Northern Italy. We developed a structured interview to collect the lived experience of pediatric health-care providers of the Maggiore della Carità University Hospital (Novara, Italy), the second largest third level referral hospital of the Piedmont Region, one of the most COVID-19 affected regions in northwest Italy. The open-ended questions, draft according to the suggestions and interests of Canadian pediatric emergency physicians, were collected at the end of March 2020, when 101,739 confirmed cases were reported in Italy, with 11,591 deaths, whereas Canada was not already critically involved in the COVID-19 outbreak. Exploring for the first time the perception of pediatric emergency physicians in one of the most affected countries, this study represents a unique attempt to provide hints to those pediatricians not already critically involved in facing the COVID-19 pandemic across the world. doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.198 id = cord-258029-gyvg7ffa author = Moolasart, Visal title = Favipiravir-based regimen for coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia for a 47-day-old male newborn date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; clinical summary = title: Favipiravir-based regimen for coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia for a 47-day-old male newborn A 47-day-old, asymptomatic male newborn of coronavirus disease 2019 infected mother tested positive for coronavirus disease 2019 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , which emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in mid-December 2019 to become pandemic disease. A 47-day-old, male newborn was asymptomatic but had household contact with his COVID-19 infected mother. A favipiravir-based regimen may be the drug of choice for COVID-19 pneumonia in the newborn, safe and tolerable in short-term use, but more evidence is needed to assess the effects of long-term treatment. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1177/2050313x20964046 id = cord-340848-gdi4c92i author = Moon, M. Jae title = Fighting COVID‐19 with Agility, Transparency, and Participation: Wicked Policy Problems and New Governance Challenges date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; korean; south summary = With the unexpected spike in COVID-19 cases in Daegu and Kyungbook Province, the South Korean government raised its alert to the highest level and took a series of actions ranging from full-scale epidemiological investigation of infected patients to medical and economic policy packages. Thanks to agile, adaptive, and transparent actions by the South Korean government, along with citizens'' active participation in Figure 1 Comparison of COVID-19, SARS, and MERS social distancing, the rate of infection began to drop dramatically. As some European countries failed in initial mitigation, they gradually shifted from a soft and reactive approach to a hard and more aggressive approach by increasing their testing capacity, forcing quarantines, and ordering partial lockdowns while they put more emphasis on citizens'' cooperation in NPIs. Although there is no perfect policy, the South Korean government''s agile, adaptive, and transparent approaches demonstrate how the wicked pandemic problem could be mitigated with citizens'' voluntary engagement in the fight against COVID-19. doi = 10.1111/puar.13214 id = cord-282724-zzkqb0u2 author = Moore, Jason H. title = Ideas for how informaticians can get involved with COVID-19 research date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; datum; health; patient; research summary = Some key considerations and targets of research include: (1) feature engineering, transforming raw data into features (i.e. variables) that ML can better utilize to represent the problem/target outcome, (2) feature selection, applying expert domain knowledge, statistical methods, and/or ML methods to remove ''irrelevant'' features from consideration and improve downstream modeling, (3) data harmonization, allowing for the integration of data collected at different sites/institutions, (4) handling different outcomes and related challenges, e.g. binary classification, multi-class, quantitative phenotypes, class imbalance, temporal data, multi-labeled data, censored data, and the use of appropriate evaluation metrics, (5) ML algorithm selection for a given problem can be a challenge in itself, thus strategies to integrate the predictions of multiple machine learners as an ensemble are likely to be important, (6) ML modeling pipeline assembly, including critical considerations such as hyper-parameter optimization, accounting for overfitting, and clinical interpretability of trained models, and (7) considering and accounting for covariates as well as sources of bias in data collection, study design, and application of ML tools in order to avoid drawing conclusions based on spurious correlations. doi = 10.1186/s13040-020-00213-y id = cord-283267-72wrzw09 author = Moores, Lisa K. title = Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; LMWH; VTE; patient summary = The recognition of the coagulopathy with COVID-19, and the early evidence that suggests that thrombosis in these patients is higher than that seen in similarly ill hospitalized patients with other respiratory infections has led to the urgent need for practical guidance regarding prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of VTE. 19 Pooled risk estimates for benefits and harms of anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis in critically ill medical patients without COVID-19 differ across meta-analyses, 19, 22, 46 but practice guidelines consistently recommend anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis with LMWH (or unfractionated heparin [UFH]) over no such therapy. Our literature search did not identify any randomized trials assessing the efficacy and safety of anticoagulants for the treatment of acute VTE in hospitalized or critically ill COVID-19 patients. Our literature search did not identify any randomized trials or prospective cohort studies assessing the efficacy or safety of any thrombolytic therapies for the management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 without objective evidence of VTE and VTE-associated hypotension. doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.05.559 id = cord-276351-cv5th7hd author = Moorlag, Simone J.C.F.M. title = Safety and COVID-19 symptoms in individuals recently vaccinated with BCG: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-08-05 keywords = BCG; COVID-19 summary = BCG vaccination trials for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection are underway, but concerns have been raised regarding the potential harm of strong innate immune responses. To investigate the safety of BCG vaccination, we retrospectively assessed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and related symptoms in three cohorts of healthy volunteers who either received BCG in the last five years or not. In conclusion, recent BCG vaccination is safe and large randomized trials are needed to reveal if BCG reduces the incidence and/or severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The incidence of self-reported sickness ( Figure 4B ) as well as the 252 incidence of symptoms ( Figure 4C and D, Figure S6 ) was not significantly different between 253 responders and non-responders, indicating that a strong trained immunity profile is not 254 associated with increased sickness or severity of symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19: A model correlating BCG vaccination to protection from 696 mortality implicates trained immunity. doi = 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100073 id = cord-293967-t0216n2m author = Moorthy, Arumugam title = COVID 19 and Ethnicity: Spot light on the global rheumatology issues in developing and developed countries date = 2020-05-30 keywords = BAME; COVID-19 summary = A key issue in the response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic is the internationally recognised observation that COVID‐19 disproportionally affects the Black and Minority Ethnic Population (BAME) (1). The variation in COVID-19 testing among BAME, HCW and front line workers maybe a possible reason for increased reported deaths as patients not admitted to hospital were not included initially in mortality figures (6) . The COVID-19 pandemic requires an understanding of its effects and how it is spread, as well as the acceptance of such intelligence by minority ethnic people in order for the population in this group to comfortably adopt positive measures for personal safety as well as to limit the spread of infection. Some of the authors have already developed partnerships of joined up thinking between the National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society and Ambassadors for Ethnicity Health, in the UK, to communicate, disseminate and raise awareness of COVID-19 among the BAME population (13) . doi = 10.1111/1756-185x.13883 id = cord-297368-ju6r1rf1 author = Moradi, Soroush title = Prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 in rheumatic patients and evaluation of the effect of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs date = 2020-10-31 keywords = COVID-19; Qom summary = In a cross-sectional study, all RPs with an updated medical record between December 1, 2019, and February 29, 2020, at the rheumatology clinic of Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Qom, Iran were included (as the case group), and the prevalence of COVID-19 was compared to the paired control group—individuals without RDs, randomly selected from the Qom Health Network''s database. The current study aims to firstly evaluate the prevalence of COVID-19 in RPs and compare it to the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a group of paired individuals without any past medical history of RDs, immunodeficiencies, or immunosuppressive therapies and second, to evaluate the potential role of DMARDs in RPs against the COVID-19. Besides, individuals residing under the Qom Health Network coverage, without a past medical history of RDs, were randomly selected as the control group based on inclusion and exclusion criteria mentioned later in the manuscript. doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02535-5 id = cord-265100-i49m4y0e author = Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah title = The challenges and considerations of community-based preparedness at the onset of COVID-19 outbreak in Iran, 2020 date = 2020-04-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = One of the cities of Markazi Province is Delijan, which shares a border with Qom. Consequently, COVID-19 has quickly spread in this city because a large population commutes daily between the two cities. Four cases have been reported among health workers but only two patients mentioned transmission routes; others had no meaningful relationship with other cases with the only exception of one case who had visited Qom earlier. This has made health centres and hospitals prescribe confirmatory diagnostic tests only for those patients who show severe COVID-19 symptoms. Household members of confirmed cases are recommended to stay at home and without close contact with other healthy household members, and they are regularly followed up by health care workers. These considerations were provided by the epidemiological team of the Arak University of Medical Sciences in order to providing scientific solutions to the provincial authorities to find barriers and problems for local staff to control the epidemic in Delijan. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820000783 id = cord-307160-1vz0gw1w author = Morais-Almeida, Mário title = COVID-19, asthma, and biologic therapies: What we need to know date = 2020-05-16 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = Ongoing prospective cohort studies (SARP, NHLBI and others) provide a unique opportunity to examine the effects of COVID-19 on severe asthma and potential interactions with therapy, including inhaled and oral corticosteroids, as well as targeted treatment with biologics. It was believed that low eosinophil counts in peripheral blood would be related to the infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus itself, and not necessarily an indicator that treatments which reduce eosinophil counts in patients with asthma would be associated with more severe COVID-19 disease. As in the placebo controlled trials with omalizumab, mepolizumab, benralizumab, reslizumab and dupilumab in asthmatic patients, no risk of increased infection susceptibility or immunosuppressive effect was reported to date and, in the case of omalizumab, there is a possible anti-infectious effect; hence we do not need to discontinue these treatments during the current pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100126 id = cord-339689-pemyxewv author = Moran, Alexander title = Learning from tuberculosis: COVID-19 highlights the need for more robust infection control policy date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The World Health Organization (WHO) has published interim COVID-19 infection prevention and control (IPC) guidance, which focuses on administrative controls (including policy, guidance, training and triage practices), environmental controls (including ventilation and waste management) and personal protective equipment (PPE, including rational use thereof) [11] . South Africa responded "yes" to all readiness questions except one administrative control question: "is there a triaging system that can be applied to ARI in the health facilities?" Even in a country like South Africa which is relatively well-prepared for COVID-19, we must examine any additional resources which can be leveraged for an even more effective response. As the country rapidly prepares for mitigating community spread through actions like a nationwide lockdown and travel restrictions, ensuring a coordinated infection prevention and control response at the facility-level can further improve these gains and can ensure that South Africa leverages all possible resources [16, 17] . doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.020328 id = cord-320656-5gu6ejul author = Moran, Joseph V title = Post-Extubation Stridor Complicating COVID-19-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Case Series date = 2020-09-16 keywords = covid-19 summary = In this case series, we analyzed nine patients from across our institution who were intubated to manage acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to COVID-19 and subsequently developed post-extubation stridor. Our analysis suggests that prophylactic corticosteroids given in the 24-48 hours prior to elective extubation in female COVID-19 patients who were intubated for more than six days with consecutive days of intermittent prone ventilation may be helpful in reducing the incidence of post-extubation stridor in this population. In this case series, we present nine patients who required mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to COVID-19 and later developed post-extubation stridor. The patients presented in this case series possessed some of the well-described risk factors for the development of post-extubation stridor, specifically prolonged mechanical ventilation (9/9 were >8 days), obesity (6/9 had BMI >26.5), and female gender (7/9) [3] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.10492 id = cord-281086-fmftr5jn author = Morand, A. title = Child with liver transplant recovers from COVID-19 infection. A case report date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; EBV summary = Abstract We present the case of a 55-month-old girl who recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection 5 months after undergoing liver transplantation; she had a co-infection with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a COVID-19 infection in a pediatric patient with liver transplantation. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 3 We herein present the case of a 55-month-old girl who was infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 5 months after undergoing liver transplantation. The patient was discharged 20 days after the procedure on tacrolimus immunosuppression therapy and with no immunization against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) before the transplantation. Therefore, the clinical case of our young immunocompromised patient recovering from EBV infection at the same time as COVID-19 is particularly interesting. doi = 10.1016/j.arcped.2020.05.004 id = cord-331604-jf6ybip5 author = Moratto, Daniele title = Flow Cytometry Identifies Risk Factors and Dynamic Changes in Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = It has been recently shown that progression to severe and critical disease in patients with COVID-19 is associated with reduced expression of HLA-DR molecules on the surface of monocytes, and it has been speculated that this immune abnormality may underlie inadequate adaptive immune responses due to impaired SARS-CoV-2 antigen presentation [8] . Importantly, our results indicate that measurement of HLA-DR and CD4 mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) on the surface of monocytes at admission may not only distinguish patients with moderate versus those with severe disease but may also identify patients with severe phenotype who will progress to a critical status versus those who will improve and eventually recover (Fig. 1) . In particular, while progressive improvement in the counts of CD3 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + cells was observed in patients with moderate or severe disease who eventually recovered, those who progressed to a critical status remained with very low counts of all of these subsets, associated with markedly reduced expression of HLA-DR and CD4 molecules on the surface of monocytes ( Supplementary Fig. 2 ). doi = 10.1007/s10875-020-00806-6 id = cord-291265-qmylxndp author = Moravvej, Zahra title = COVID-19 pandemic: Ophthalmic practice and precautions in a tertiary eye hospital in Iran date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: COVID-19 pandemic: Ophthalmic practice and precautions in a tertiary eye hospital in Iran 7 Here, we address the prevention strategies employed against COVID-19 according to assessments of infection control experts and ophthalmologists, in Amiralmomenin Hospital a tertiary referral eye hospital in Guilan, Iran. To avoid redundant visits to the hospital, patients who were managed in an outpatient setting were contacted via phone by eye-care professionals at appropriate intervals. Environmental surfaces frequently touched by staff and patients, such as light switches, door knobs, and nursing stations were cleaned according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations. The personal protective equipment for the eye-care nursing staff, ophthalmology residents, and attending eye surgeons included Latex gloves, eye protection (goggles or face shields), a surgical-style face mask, a long-sleeved fluid-resistant gown, and disposable shoe covers. Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare settings doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.164 id = cord-341288-x0wuj26f author = Moreira, Bruno Lima title = COVID-19 and acute pulmonary embolism: what should be considered to indicate a computed tomography pulmonary angiography scan? date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Here, we present a case of a patient with COVID-19 who developed acute pulmonary embolism. Clinical and laboratory data and findings of non-enhanced CT indicate possibility of acute pulmonary embolism, and support the decision to proceed with computed tomography pulmonary angiography that can objectively identify filling defects in pulmonary arterial branches. This case report described a patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 who developed acute PE several days after the onset of viral pneumonia. In conclusion, we should be aware of the association between COVID-19 and acute PE, and consider the clinical and laboratory findings as well as non-enhanced chest CT features (if performed) in the decision to perform a CTPA scan for patients infected with the novel coronavirus. COVID-19 pneumonia with hemoptysis: acute segmental pulmonary emboli associated with novel coronavirus infection doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0267-2020 id = cord-286220-0einpgeu author = Moreira, Diana Nadine title = The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in the precipitation of intimate partner violence date = 2020-06-26 keywords = IPV; Violence; covid-19 summary = It is known from previous J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f studies, that intimate partner violence tends to increase during emergencies, including epidemics, and although robust data is still lacking, reports from China, the United States of America, and several European countries, point towards the same tendency concerning the Covid-19 pandemic (Boserup et al., 2020; Bradley et al., 2020; Gupta, 2020; Mahase, 2020; Newberry & Cruz, 2020; Parveen & Grierson, 2020; World Health Organization, 2020) . In this review, we have discussed some of the most well -known and frequently reported risk factors associated with IPV, discussing them in light with the current context in the Covid-19 pandemic raising awareness to the safety of victims and the recognition and management of cases by health care professionals. doi = 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101606 id = cord-326321-9n345vyu author = Moreno, Cinthia Baldallo title = Infección por COVID-19 en una paciente con síndrome urticarial hipocomplementémico y vasculitis ANCA MPO en hemodiálisis tratada con omalizumab date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Infección por COVID-19 en una paciente con síndrome urticarial hipocomplementémico y vasculitis ANCA MPO en hemodiálisis tratada con omalizumab Infección por COVID-19 en una paciente con síndrome urticarial hipocomplementémico y vasculitis ANCA MPO en hemodiálisis tratada con omalizumab. Los brotes de vasculitis urticarial se consideraron un trigger del deterioro de la función renal, por lo que se inició omalizumab. Un estudio observacional de un solo centro realizado por Goicoechea et al 7 en una población de pacientes en HD mostró que la tasa de mortalidad es muy alta (hasta 30,5%), comparado con la mortalidad observada en la población general secundaria a la infección por COVID-19 (1,4-8%). Nosotros creemos que el curso clínico leve de COVID-19 en nuestra paciente en HD podría ser debido, en parte, a la protección conferida por el tratamiento con omalizumab. Situación de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes en tratamiento renal sustitutivo Informe del Registro COVID-19 de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología doi = 10.1016/j.nefro.2020.07.001 id = cord-313239-0gl43af5 author = Moreno, Courtney C. title = CT colonography’s role in the COVID-19 pandemic: a safe(r), socially distanced total colon examination date = 2020-08-03 keywords = COVID-19; CTC; patient summary = Guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and directives from state officials resulted in the postponement of elective procedures including cancer screening at facilities to prevent community spread and to preserve the healthcare workforce, facilities, and personal protective equipment (PPE) for an anticipated surge of COVID-19 patients [2] . CT colonography (CTC) for colorectal cancer screening has typically been canceled and deferred to a later date during the initial COVID-19 surge as highlighted by an internal By comparison, optical colonoscopy utilizes more pieces of PPE as it requires more healthcare workers in close proximity to the patient for longer periods of time including the endoscopist and additional healthcare workers such as an anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist to administer sedation and a nurse to provide procedural and post-procedural monitoring as the patient recovers from sedation. doi = 10.1007/s00261-020-02674-5 id = cord-287203-8ml2ic4a author = Moreno, G. title = Revisión sistemática sobre la utilidad pronóstica del dímero-D, coagulación intravascular diseminada y tratamiento anticoagulante en pacientes graves con COVID-19 date = 2020-06-17 keywords = CID; COVID-19; con summary = Resumen Durante la nueva pandemia causada por SARS-CoV-2, existe poca evidencia en relación a varios aspectos de la enfermedad, como es el caso de la coagulopatía e interpretación de los niveles de dímero D, su asociación con coagulación intravascular diseminada (CID) y controversia en cuanto al beneficio de la anticoagulación. La presente revisión en pacientes con COVID-19 sugiere la presencia de mayores niveles de dímero D en aquellos con peor pronóstico, que puede haber un sobrediagnóstico de CID en el curso de la enfermedad y que no existe evidencia sobre el beneficio de iniciar tratamiento anticoagulante basándose únicamente en datos aislados de laboratorio. Estudios recientes 4,5 sugieren que las muertes por enfermedad grave por SARS-CoV-2 se asocian de forma frecuente a la presencia de coagulopatía y coagulación intravascular diseminada (CID), y que valores elevados de dímero D (DD) superiores a 1 g/ml se asocian con mayor mortalidad 6 . doi = 10.1016/j.medin.2020.06.006 id = cord-282839-3ii79g6j author = Moreno-Fernández Ayala, Daniel J. title = Age-related mitochondrial dysfunction as a key factor in COVID-19 disease date = 2020-11-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; age; inflammation; mitochondrial summary = Thus, it seems clear that mitochondrial dysfunction is an important factor in the proinflammatory profile caused by the release of inflammatory cytokines produced by activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and other mechanisms over-activated in aging and in metabolic diseases. It seems clear that, mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic patients contributes importantly to the low-grade inflammatory profile associated with this disease that is aggravated during aging and has been associated with higher severity in COVID-19 infection. Mediterranean diet, rich in plant foods, is associated with reduced risk of developing age-J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f related chronic diseases by inducing protection against oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial activity that could be the cause of a reduced inflammation level (Tosti et al., 2018) . Mitochondrial dysfunction releases many damage signals to cytosol that end in the activation of inflammasome and the release of inflammatory cytokines that cause the chronic inflammation associated with aging and age-related diseases. doi = 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111147 id = cord-316837-xwc9d5sy author = Morgan, Catrin title = Should I use steroid injections to treat shoulder pain during the COVID-19 pandemic? date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = On March 11 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus for COVID-19) outbreak a pandemic and global health emergency. The aim of this article is to critically appraise the evidence that form the rationale behind these guidelines and to review the alternative treatment options for the management of shoulder pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. (WHO) declared the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, the 23 causative virus for COVID-19) outbreak a pandemic and global health emergency 29 . The first line of treatment for shoulder pain is usually non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 51 (NSAIDs) and physical therapy. Nevertheless, there is currently no evidence that the acute 55 use of NSAIDs causes an increased risk of developing COVID-19 or developing a more 56 severe COVID-19 disease 28 . Acute use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in people 274 with or at risk of COVID-19 (RPS2001) The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 313 in patients with doi = 10.1016/j.jseint.2020.07.023 id = cord-316063-9bg2dm8e author = Morgan, Marcus title = Why meaning-making matters: the case of the UK Government’s COVID-19 response date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; Cummings; Guardian; Johnson; March; NHS; PPE; SAGE; Turner; british; government; public; virus summary = The paper also offers more specific contributions to cultural sociology by showing why social performance theory needs to consider the effects of casting non-human actors in social dramas, how metaphor forms a powerful tool of political action through simplifying and shaping complex realities, and how casting can shift responsibility and redefine the meaning of emotionally charged events such as human death. On 28th February, the first death of a British national occurred on the quarantined Diamond Princess cruise ship, and the Sunday Times reported that around the same time Dominic Cummings (Johnson''s Chief Advisor, and former director of the successful Vote Leave campaign) had ''outlined the government''s strategy'' for the UK''s national response to the virus ''at a private engagement'', quoting those present as claiming that it was ''herd immunity, protect the economy, and if that means some pensioners die, too bad'' (Shipman and Wheeler 2020) . doi = 10.1057/s41290-020-00121-y id = cord-310555-nhnhst3f author = Morgan, Randall C. title = On Answering the Call to Action for COVID-19: Continuing a Bold Legacy of Health Advocacy date = 2020-07-22 keywords = Americans; COVID-19; health summary = The indelible impacts on our nation from the Coronavirus pandemic along with high fatality rates that disproportionately burden racial and ethnic minorities necessitate long-term coordinated federal, state and local action to improve critical determinants of population health, specifically important health and public health infrastructures as well as emergency and disaster preparedness systems. 22 The 3-year initiative seeks to develop and coordinate a strategic and structured information network of national, state/territorial/tribal and local public and community-based organizations who will mitigate the impacts by 1 : improving the reach of COVID-19-related public health messaging 2 ; increasing connection to healthcare and social services 3 ; decreasing disparities in COVID-19 testing and vaccination rates; and 4 enhancing capacity and infrastructure to support response, recovery, and resilience. doi = 10.1016/j.jnma.2020.06.011 id = cord-271235-rsewj2mv author = Morgul, Ebru title = COVID-19 pandemic and psychological fatigue in Turkey date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = For attitudinal items, normal participants generally showed more positive attitudes than the fatigued in believing that COVID-19 will finally be controlled, satisfaction with preventive measures taken by the authorities, reporting suspected cases with symptoms and trusting that Turkey can overcome the COVID-19 pandemic (p < .001). Multivariate stepwise regression analysis indicated that level of education, avoiding going to crowded places, eye, nose and mouth organs are sensitive organs to the virus, keeping physical distance due to epidemic affect by COVID-19 virus, isolation and treatment of people reduce the spread of COVID-19 virus and 14-days period of time, COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through contact with the respiratory droplets of an infected person, occupational status, health education programme needed and antibody treatment variables were significantly associated with fatigue after adjusting for age, gender and income variables. doi = 10.1177/0020764020941889 id = cord-337995-z4rcczki author = Moris, Dimitrios title = Kidney Transplant Recipients Infected By COVID‐19: Review of the Initial Published Experience date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; patient; recipient summary = The aim of this review is to summarize the existing literature specifically in kidney transplant (KTx) recipients, with an emphasis on the epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, post‐operative outcomes and therapeutic strategies currently employed. This review highlights the clinical spectrum currently reported in COVID-19 infected KTx patients, which may vary from asymptomatic and treated on an outpatient basis, to severely Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Kidney and Liver Transplant Patients: A Single-Center Experience. A single center observational study of the clinical characteristics and short-term outcome of 20 kidney transplant patients admitted for SARS-CoV2 pneumonia Immunosuppressive therapy maintenance in a kidney transplant recipient with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: A case report Case report of COVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient: Does immunosuppression alter the clinical presentation? Successful recovery from severe COVID-19 pneumonia after kidney transplantation: The interplay between immunosuppression and novel therapy including tocilizumab Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection in a renal transplant recipient: Case report doi = 10.1111/tid.13426 id = cord-310697-zszexapf author = Morlacco, Alessandro title = The multifaceted long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on urology date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; urological summary = As we are in the midst of the pandemic, every urology centre is experiencing this situation with different intensities, according to the local policies surrounding COVID-19 management and testing, the prevalence of the virus in their location and the other health-care provisions available in their region. In Padova, new health-care policies issued by the regional administration on 13 March cancelled all non-urgent outpatient visits and strongly limited the availability of operating rooms and ICU beds for any kind of elective surgery 2 . A certain number of the patients ordinarily sent for urgent in-hospital consult could in fact be effectively evaluated (and, in some cases, treated) by their primary care provider. An agenda of patient-centred policies, together with rigorous and well-conducted research into the virus itself and the effect of altered or delayed procedures in urology will be necessary to overcome both old and new clinical problems arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1038/s41585-020-0331-y id = cord-034443-rptylxmw author = Morley, John E. title = COVID-19 — The Long Road to Recovery date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19; old; person summary = Older persons who underwent lockdown with the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to have decreased their exercise and developed sarcopenia. In view of the multiple complications associated with "long Covid" it is essential that during recovery older persons are carefully followed by physicians and other health professionals. It is suggested that at discharge from hospital and at 3 months discharge from hospital all COVID-19 patients are screened for frailty with the FRAIL test (48) (49) (50) (51) , sarcopenia with the SARC-F (52-55), anorexia with the SNAQ (56, 57) and cognitive failure with the Rapid Cognitive Screen (RCS) (58) . The association between frailty and severe disease among COVID-19 patients aged over 60 years in China: A prospective cohort study Increased risk of acute stroke among patient with severe COVID-19: A multicenter study and meta-analysis Effects of exercise interventions on the functional status of acutely hospitalized older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1007/s12603-020-1497-y id = cord-346019-nxn4sfzw author = Morollón, Noemí title = Tratamientos habituales utilizados en cefaleas y neuralgias y sars-cov-2.posicionamiento del grupo de estudio de cefaleas de la sociedad española de neurología date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Introducción Ante las múltiples consultas realizadas en los últimos meses por pacientes, médicos de familia y neurólogos sobre la posibilidad de que algunos de los fármacos que habitualmente se utilizan en cefaleas y neuralgias puedan favorecer o complicar la infección por el SARS-CoV-2, el Grupo de Estudio de Cefaleas de la Sociedad Española de Neurología quiere expresar lo siguiente: Ningún estamento científico neurológico se ha posicionado en la actualidad sobre el tratamiento de las cefaleas que tenían previamente los pacientes afectados por la COVID-19 y en la literatura sólo hay artículos de opinión publicados hasta el momento. Por otra parte, consideramos importante aportar luz sobre esta cuestión ante los datos aportados últimamente sobre la presencia de cefalea de nueva aparición en pacientes que sufren COVID-19 1-3 y las implicaciones en su tratamiento. doi = 10.1016/j.nrl.2020.07.007 id = cord-339990-gtbhb24z author = Moroni, Francesco title = COVID-19 and arterial thrombosis: A potentially fatal combination date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 7 While thrombotic and thromboembolic episodes frequently complicate the course of severe infectious diseases, this study, along with similar reports, suggests that several clinical and pathophysiological features differentiate those related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. 9,10 Second, clinical profile of patients who experience these complications is in line with that emerging from similar reports, suggesting that arterial thrombosis events in SARS-CoV-2 infection more frequently involve relatively young males, and occur in large arterial vessels (e.g. the aorta and the mesenteric artery) without significant pre-existing atherosclerotic burden, suggesting a causative mechanism that may be independent of thrombotic superimposition on an unstable atherosclerotic plaque. Third, hemostatic derangements in critically-ill patients usually involve a combination of coagulation pathway alteration, direct platelet consumption or activation, and inflammation-mediated pro-thrombotic state resulting in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). 7 Interestingly, previous reports on venous thromboembolism in severe COVID-19 pneumonia have also showed a substantial rate of thrombotic events in spite of adequate prophylactic anticoagulation 11 . Unusual arterial thrombotic events in Covid-19 patients doi = 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.10.046 id = cord-327575-5pcnuqgy author = Morrisette, Taylor title = The Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Hydroxychloroquine and Dose Selection for COVID-19: Putting the Cart Before the Horse date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; SARS summary = The objective of this review was to describe the current understanding of the PK/PD and dose selection of HCQ against SARS-CoV-2, discuss knowledge gaps, and identify future studies that are needed to optimize the efficacy and safety of treatments against COVID-19. Although studies completed thus far show variable results, Arshad and colleagues performed a large multicenter, retrospective, observational analysis that evaluated patients hospitalized because of a COVID-19-related admission receiving HCQ 400 mg twice daily on day 1, followed by HCQ 200 mg twice daily on days 2 to 5 [14] [15] [16] [17] . Furthermore, the World Health Organization discontinued the HCQ arm in the Solidarity trial because it showed ''''little or no reduction in the mortality of hospitalized COVID-19 patients when compared to standard of care'''' (HCQ dosed 800 mg twice daily on day 1, followed by HCQ 400 mg twice daily for a total of 10 days), and the Food and Drug Administration revoked the emergency use authorization to utilize HCQ for the treatment of COVID-19 [16] [17] [18] . doi = 10.1007/s40121-020-00325-2 id = cord-312137-u260m04t author = Morrison, Daniel R. title = Head and neck oncologic surgery in the COVID‐19 pandemic: Our experience in a deep south tertiary care center date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; HNS; case summary = Our overall approach to managing previously scheduled and new cases, personal protective equipment (PPE) utilization, outpatient clinic, and resident involvement is summarized. We feel that an early and cohesive strategy to triaging surgical cases, PPE usage, and minimizing exposure of personnel is essential to providing care for HNS patients during this pandemic. With this context in mind, the current paper will retrospectively discuss the approach of the head and neck surgery (HNS) division of our tertiary care center in Birmingham, AL with regard to surgical care, outpatient care, and academics. Until March 27th, clinics were continued on a limited basis to head and neck patients with an urgent need; new confirmed cancer diagnoses, post-op care, or patients with worsening symptoms due to their disease process/malignancy. Early institutional head and neck oncologic and microvascular surgery practice patterns across the United States during the SARS-CoV-2(COVID19) pandemic. doi = 10.1002/hed.26262 id = cord-303442-5fjb6iz8 author = Morshed, M. S. title = Clinical manifestations of patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19) attending at hospitals in Bangladesh date = 2020-08-01 keywords = Bangladesh; COVID-19 summary = title: Clinical manifestations of patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) attending at hospitals in Bangladesh Bangladesh is in the rising phase of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This is the first study aimed to report the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 in Bangladesh. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients attending the fever clinic of a dedicated COVID-19 Hospital (Kurmitola general hospital) in Dhaka city of Bangladesh and two Upazila health complexes from different districts (Jessore and Jhenaidah) from 5 July to 18 July 2020. This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics of RT-PCR confirmed patients with COVID-19 attending fever clinics of government hospitals in Bangladesh. The most prevalent symptoms of non-critical COVID-19 patients in Bangladesh consist of fever (78.6%), fatigue (68%), and cough (44.7%). doi = 10.1101/2020.07.30.20165100 id = cord-274250-95yzt1gj author = Mortaz, Esmaeil title = Silent hypoxia: higher NO in red blood cells of COVID-19 patients date = 2020-10-16 keywords = RBC; covid-19; patient summary = The major clinical feature of severe COVID-19 requiring ventilation is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with multi-functional failure as a result of a cytokine storm with increased serum levels of cytokines. The kinetics and allosteric regulation of Hb nitrosylation by oxygen and pH are consistent with the physiologic mechanisms that modulate tissue blood flow, namely acidosis and hypoxemia and tissue hypoxia leads to NO generation by the RBC via SNO-protein transfer of NO activity [12] . To examine the hypothesis that NO is important in regulating vasodilation during hypoxia in these subjects we studied intracellular levels of NO in COVID-19 patients. In our study, intracellular RBC NO of COVID-19 patients is significantly higher than in healthy controls and this may enable the release of oxygen to tissues resulting in the clinical manifestation of silent hypoxia in these patients. doi = 10.1186/s12890-020-01310-8 id = cord-260441-3t7ppofw author = Morvan, J.-B. title = Trachéotomie percutanée pour afflux saturant de patients COVID-19: expérience des ORL militaires déployés à Mulhouse date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; ORL; TPD summary = Résumé Objectifs: L''objectif principal était de montrer la faisabilité des trachéotomies percutanées réalisées par les ORL militaires lors de leur déploiement en urgence à l''Elément Militaire de Réanimation du Service de Santé des Armées (EMRSSA) à Mulhouse pour faire face à la situation sanitaire exceptionnelle liée au COVID-19. Objectifs L''objectif principal était de montrer la faisabilité des trachéotomies percutanées réalisées par les ORL militaires lors de leur déploiement en urgence à l''Elément Militaire de Réanimation du Service de Santé des Armées (EMRSSA) à Mulhouse pour faire face à la situation sanitaire exceptionnelle liée au COVID-19. Cette technique est réalisée le plus fréquemment (74% des cas) par un ou plusieurs MAR pour aider au sevrage entre J7 et J15 les patients en réanimation d''une ventilation mécanique prolongée, avec 53,7% des indications d''après l''enquête internationale de Vargas [8] . doi = 10.1016/j.aforl.2020.06.005 id = cord-255602-3pzh5ur9 author = Moscadelli, Andrea title = Fake News and Covid-19 in Italy: Results of a Quantitative Observational Study date = 2020-08-12 keywords = SARS; covid-19; fake; news summary = We used the BuzzSumo application to gather the most shared links on the Internet related to the pandemic in Italy, using keywords chosen according to the most frequent "fake news" during that period. We used the BuzzSumo pplication [38] in order to gather the most shared links or posts on the Internet and social media related to SARS-CoV-2 and the Covid-19 pandemic. The 9 keywords were chosen in a consensus meeting of the research group, since they were the most likely to uncover health-related false information using the BuzzSumo search engine, and specifically fake news that would not meet our exclusion criteria. An article was immediately excluded when the content did not deal specifically with health or science, i.e., the focus may have been on the socioeconomic consequences of the pandemic, which was a topic we excluded from our fake news review. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165850 id = cord-346815-4t4gr0jz author = Moshayedi, Pouria title = Triage of Acute Ischemic Stroke in Confirmed COVID-19: Large Vessel Occlusion Associated With Coronavirus Infection date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; MRI summary = We present our experience with an in-hospital stroke code called on a COVID-19-positive patient with a left middle cerebral artery syndrome and the challenges faced for timely examination, imaging, and decision to intervene. Rapid attendance at the patient bedside, clinical exam, and timely imaging studies have been emphasized in the care of acute ischemic stroke patients, but the global pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 (1) has created novel and significant challenges to acute stroke care. We also discuss the current evidence and recommendations to decrease healthcare-associated transmission in acute clinical examination, imaging, and interventional procedures in acute stroke patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19. Early reports from the COVID-19 pandemic have noted a 41% nosocomial infection rate (2) , which highlights the importance of developing protocols for transfer, imaging, intubation, and surgical or endovascular procedures on COVID-19 patients presenting with acute stroke. doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.00353 id = cord-303137-g2pe3ad8 author = Moss, Emanuel title = High Tech, High Risk: Tech Ethics Lessons for the COVID-19 Pandemic Response date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; application; learning; machine; risk summary = The tech companies that are driving the technological response to the COVID-19 pandemic have arranged their business models and organizational practices around building products that distribute upsides and downsides according to socio-historical patterns, as interpreted by machines, yet lack the capacity to ''''understand just how pervasively. Given the profound threat of COVID-19, it is crucial to consider how the application of machine learning to the social challenges of a global pandemic can produce and distribute risk across society. 61 Over the past 2 years, we have been studying how those inside of Silicon Valley tech companies, which build the machine learning models that are most likely to directly affect people, go about understanding the impacts of machine learning and developing organizational practices to manage the effect they have on how risk is distributed across society. doi = 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100102 id = cord-308491-fc46k594 author = Mossa-Basha, Mahmud title = Policies and Guidelines for COVID-19 Preparedness: Experiences from the University of Washington date = 2020-04-08 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Elective Imaging Exams 3 To promote our efforts to protect our patients and employees from potential exposure, while performing critical and time-sensitive non-invasive diagnostic imaging studies, we are rescheduling elective examinations. In approximately 5000 COVID-19 tested patients across our hospitals, we have performed 4700 chest imaging exams, including 1300 CT and 3400 x-ray examinations. For elective imaging, if the patient did not reschedule their study, arrives at our department and is symptomatic per front door or front desk screening, the patient is provided with a surgical mask and placed in an isolation room. For patients requiring airborne/contact precautions, radiology technologists will perform room sanitizing after imaging while still wearing the same set of PPE as used during patient transfers. For all critical and time-sensitive procedures and imaging studies that involve anesthesia and may require intubation, a RT-PCR test for COVID-19 is performed prior to the procedure to ensure healthcare worker protection. doi = 10.1148/radiol.2020201326 id = cord-290987-644d1i1n author = Mostafa, Mohamed K. title = The impact of COVID 19 on air pollution levels and other environmental indicators - A case study of Egypt date = 2020-10-10 keywords = COVID-19; Cairo; Egypt; emission; environmental summary = title: The impact of COVID 19 on air pollution levels and other environmental indicators A case study of Egypt Using Egypt as a case study, this paper presents the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on air pollution levels by studying nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), ozone (O(3)), particulate matter represented in absorbing aerosol index (AAI), carbon monoxide (CO), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The paper presents the Egyptian COVID-19 story from its different angles including the development of confirmed COVID-19 cases, containment measures from the government, the impact on the country''s economy and the national energy consumption so as to effectively evaluate the effect on both the air pollution levels and the other studied environmental indicators. Putting 650 into consideration that it is expected to have post-crisis rebound in the environmental emissions, it has to 651 be noted that the positive impacts of COVID-19 on the environment in Egypt is not sustainable and 652 actions must be taken by officials in Egypt to control water air pollution while keeping a balance between 653 economic growth and protecting the environment. doi = 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111496 id = cord-197480-qmzkpcmn author = Motamed, Saman title = RANDGAN: Randomized Generative Adversarial Network for Detection of COVID-19 in Chest X-ray date = 2020-10-06 keywords = covid-19; image summary = In this study, we propose a randomized generative adversarial network (RANDGAN) that detects images of an unknown class (COVID-19) from known and labelled classes (Normal and Viral Pneumonia) without the need for labels and training data from the unknown class of images (COVID-19). Wang et al.''s CNN based COVID-NET [12] achieved a 93.3% test accuracy for multi-class classification on a test cohort of 100 Normal, 100 Pneumonia and 100 COVID-19 from the COVIDx dataset with the rest of images of each class being used to train their model. In this study, we introduced RANDGAN, a novel generative adversarial network for semi-supervised detection of an unknown (COVID-19) class in chest X-ray images from a pool of known (Normal and Pneumonia) and unknown classes (COVID-19) by only using the known classes for training. By using transfer learning and segmenting the lung, we showed that using lung only images boosts the performance of generative models in detecting COVID-19 from Pneumonia and Normal images. doi = nan id = cord-341880-wxliz485 author = Mottaleb, Khondoker Abdul title = COVID-19 induced economic loss and ensuring food security for vulnerable groups: Policy implications from Bangladesh date = 2020-10-16 keywords = Bangladesh; COVID-19; daily; wage summary = This study examines the food security and welfare impacts of the COVID-19 induced lockdown on daily wage workers both in the farm and nonfarm sectors in Bangladesh. Then, applying simple econometric estimation processes, this study estimates the minimum compensation packages for the daily wage-based farm and nonfarm households of Bangladesh that ensure their minimum food security during the lockdown. The estimation suggests a common minimum support at US $ 1 per daily wage-based household in Bangladesh to ensure minimum food security during COVID-19 induced lockdown time. Using information of more than 50,000 respondents from the HIES 2016-17 dataset, this study, firstly quantified the economic loss due to the COVID-19 induced lockdown and suggested the minimum support package to ensure food security of the daily wage-based workers in Bangladesh. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240709 id = cord-256975-ma9abdj8 author = Motterle, Giovanni title = The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on urological emergencies: a single-center experience date = 2020-05-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = METHODS: we retrospectively reviewed urgent urological consultations requested by the Emergency Department (ED) of Padua University Hospital in the 36-day period between February 22nd and March 30th, 2020 and compared them to the prior year cases within a similar time frame (February 24th to March 31st, 2019). We thus hypothesized that during the COVID-19 outbreak daily consultations requested by the ED were reduced compared to the same period in 2019, possibly because of more "appropriate" access to the service during the pandemic, intended as patients presenting to the ED for real urgent needs. During the COVID-19 period, the patients seeking urgent urological consult were older compared to the past year (median age 72 vs 64, p = 0.035) and there were different diagnoses of admission/discharge (p = 0.002), with almost one third (29%) presenting for urinary retention, compared to the 14.3% of the last year. doi = 10.1007/s00345-020-03264-2 id = cord-336053-cjq7szcn author = Mottola, Filiberto Fausto title = Cardiovascular System in COVID-19: Simply a Viewer or a Leading Actor? date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; acute; high; patient summary = Several studies have observed a relationship between coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection and the cardiovascular system with the appearance of myocardial damage, myocarditis, pericarditis, heart failure and various arrhythmic manifestations, as well as an increase in thromboembolic risk. Compared to those without an increase in TnT, these patients were more likely to require invasive or non-invasive ventilation (22% versus 4%, and 46% versus 4%, respectively) and to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (59% versus 15%) or acute kidney injury (9% versus 0%; p < 0.001 for all); in addition, the mortality rate was higher (51.2% vs. A recent meta-analysis showed that cardiac troponin I (cTnI) values were significantly higher in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to those observed with mild forms [14] . However, myocardial damage alone is not enough and there are other factors involved in enhancing the arrhythmic risk in COVID-19: in fact, in these patients, only half showed acute cardiac injury despite the high frequency of arrhythmias [32] . doi = 10.3390/life10090165 id = cord-267075-0wtgycv5 author = Mouawad, Nicolas J. title = The Vascular Surgery Covid-19 Collaborative (VASCC) date = 2020-04-22 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: The Vascular Surgery Covid-19 Collaborative (VASCC) Furthermore, in an effort to preserve the very scarce assets of personal protective 9 equipment as well as Intensive Care Unit resources, such as ventilators, medications, and trained 10 personnel, elective vascular surgical cases have decreased significantly. The American College of Surgeons placed recommendations on the management of 12 elective surgical procedures with the use of the Elective Surgery Acuity Scale on March 13, 2020, 13 and specific tiers to triage vascular surgery operations [3, 4] . On March 14, 2020, the Surgeon 14 General urged the widespread halt of hospital elective procedures due to the mounting concerns 15 of the Covid-19 surge. On behalf of our patients, we are concerned about the delays of these procedures 19 but clearly understand the public health necessity to restrict the use of valuable equipment and 20 personnel. COVID-19 Guidelines for Triage of Vascular Surgery 9 doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.04.463 id = cord-320823-a1fq6mno author = Moula, Amalia Ioanna title = Quantification of Death Risk in Relation to Sex, Pre-Existing Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors in COVID-19 Patients: Let’s Take Stock and See Where We Are date = 2020-08-19 keywords = CAD; COVID-19; CVD summary = Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD) might be more susceptible to infection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and have higher mortality rates. Sex, age, presence of CAD and/or other types of CVD, hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus increase mortality in patients with COVID-19. Therefore, the present meta-analysis is aimed to quantify the risk of mortality in relation to sex, age and pre-existing CVD in COVID-19 patients, and attempt to identify the potential factors involved in such a causation. In our analysis, we quantified the risk of death in almost 8500 COVID-19 patients in relation to sex, age, pre-existing CVD and cardiovascular risk factors. The third finding of our meta-analysis is that the presence of cardiovascular diseases, is associated with a higher risk of mortality when compared to COVID-19 patients without pre-existing CVD. Our results demonstrate that sex, age, presence of CAD and/or other types of CVD, hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus increase mortality in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.3390/jcm9092685 id = cord-330792-dxdpn46t author = Moulson, Nathaniel title = Cardiac Rehabilitation during the COVID-19 Era: Guidance on Implementing Virtual Care date = 2020-06-14 keywords = COVID-19; VCR summary = Virtual cardiac rehabilitation (VCR) offers an alternate mechanism of care delivery, capable of providing similar patient outcomes and safety profiles compared to centre-based programs. Virtual cardiac rehabilitation (VCR) offers an alternate mechanism of care delivery, capable of providing similar patient outcomes and safety profiles compared to centre-based programs. In an effort to mitigate concerns related to the closure of CBCR programs during the pandemic, virtual CR (VCR) offers an alternate mechanism to CBCR, capable of delivering similar patient outcomes and safety profiles for low to moderate risk cardiac patients. Conversely, for centres where some home-based/virtual programs are already available, the conversion of all CR participation to VCR brings new challenges, largely around greater resource requirements, the risk-stratification process, and exercise delivery. During the initial implementation phases of VCR, centres face possible CR staff redeployment due to COVID-19 related issues, a potential lack of centre and patient experience with virtual care delivery, and uncertain access to affordable, effective technologies. doi = 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.06.006 id = cord-356054-p0b5hkk0 author = Mousa, Albeir Y. title = My vascular diary on COVID-19 Pandemic and ideal health care settings date = 2020-07-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-356054-p0b5hkk0 title: My vascular diary on COVID-19 Pandemic and ideal health care settings cord_uid: p0b5hkk0 Presentation includes cough, fever, sputum production, fatigue and shortness of breath. Pediatric patients are more likely to present with pyrexia, dry 9 cough and wheezing. 1, 2 Being a highly sensitive biomarker for thromboembolic conditions, D 10 dimer has been associated with higher mortality in ICU patients. Initiation of full anticoagulation 11 early on may be beneficial to mitigate the incidence of pulmonary emboli in COVID-19 patients. The Global Impact of COVID-19 on A military perspective on the vascular surgeon''s response to 5 the COVID-19 pandemic Supporting the Health Care Workforce During the COVID-19 Triage 11 Considerations for Patients Referred for Structural Heart Disease Intervention During the 12 COVID-19) Pandemic: An ACC /SCAI Consensus Statement Priorities for the US Health Community Responding 15 to COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.07.008 id = cord-247554-535cpe5x author = Moustakas, Aristides title = Ranking the explanatory power of factors associated with worldwide new Covid-19 cases date = 2020-05-29 keywords = case; covid-19; new summary = Data driven analysis of epidemiological, economic, public health, and governmental intervention variables was performed in order to select the optimal variables in explaining new Covid-19 cases across all countries in time. To that end methods that can account for both spatial and temporal autocorrelation [17] in the data of new Covid-19 cases but can quantify the effect of each epidemiological, economic, public health, and governmental intervention are key to our understanding of how the disease spreads in populations worldwide [18, 19] . Hierarchical Variance Partitioning (HVP) statistical modelling was implemented to account for the contribution of each data driven epidemiological, economic, public health, and governmental intervention explanatory variable to the total variance of new Covid-19 per million cases [29, 30] . Results from variance partitioning of the data-driven selected 9 epidemiological, public health, economic, and governmental intervention variables explaining Covid-19 new cases per million across countries through time, indicated that the vast majority of new cases per million are explained by the number of tests conducted. doi = nan id = cord-259271-4zj60pu8 author = Moutray, Chad title = In recovery mode: manufacturers try to bounce back after COVID-19 disruptions date = 2020-10-20 keywords = Association; COVID-19; February; Manufacturers summary = In a special survey conducted around that time, 35.5% of respondents said that they were facing supply chain disruptions and more than 78% noted that they expected the outbreak would negative impact their finances (National Association of Manufacturers 2020a). Prior to COVID-19, workforce challenges had been the main concern for manufacturing respondents for 10 consecutive quarters, and these data suggest that it continues to be a struggle, despite the dramatically changed labor market. Overall, manufacturing continues to stabilize in most economies, even as production and other activity remains well below levels seen before the COVID-19 pandemic began. To illustrate that point, all but one (France) of the top 10 markets for US manufactured goods had better manufacturing PMI readings in August than in July, and six of those economies had expanding manufacturing sectors, up from just one (China) in May. 3 2 Severe disruptions in production, hiring and exports US manufacturing production fell abruptly and sharply between February and April, plunging 20.2% over that time frame (Table 1) . doi = 10.1057/s11369-020-00185-1 id = cord-258278-25rhf91v author = Mowla, Ashkan title = Unusual Pattern of Arterial Macrothrombosis Causing Stroke in a Young Adult Recovered from COVID-19 date = 2020-09-25 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Herein, we report a 36-year-old man with no significant past medical history who recently recovered from a mild COVID-19 infection and presented with unusual pattern of arterial macrothrombosis causing AIS. However, most of these patients had significant co-morbidities and established cardiovascular risk factors, making it difficult to confirm COVID-19 as the precipitating cause (3) While coagulopathy and vascular endothelial dysfunction have been widely reported as a consequence of severe COVID-19 infection, these findings are proposed to be directly related to the severity of the respiratory illness, (4) and the prevalence of this prothrombotic state among milder or asymptomatic cases is not yet established. Herein, we report an unusual pattern of arterial macrothrombosis presenting as large vessel stroke in a 36-year-old patient with no prior medical history (PMH) who had recently recovered from a mild COVID-19 infection. In conclusion, we report a young adult with no underlying comorbidities who recently recovered from COVID-19 infection and presented with AIS due to multicentric large vessel occlusion. doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105353 id = cord-347752-2ejnva4u author = Mrabti, Hind title = Cancer management challenge in a developing country in COVID-19 pandemic: reflection of a group of Moroccan oncologists date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; cancer; patient summary = Management of cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic is a worldwide challenge – in particular in developing countries where the risk of saturation of health facilities and intensive care beds must be minimized. The first case of COVID-19 was declared in Morocco on 2 March 2020, after which a panel of Moroccan experts, consisting of medical oncologists from universities and regional and private oncology centers, was promptly assembled to conduct a group reflection on cancer patient''s management. In this situation, telemedicine without patient''s visit can be used mainly for patients living far from the cancer center, labs controls are also done and sent to the oncologist; • Continue endocrine therapy and oral molecular-targeted therapies, while avoiding patients coming to the hospital; a telemedecine consultation is preferred; • For palliative anticancer treatments: act according to age, the patient''s general condition, co-morbidities, type of treatment (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy), line of treatment, stage and prognosis: doi = 10.2217/fon-2020-0450 id = cord-328384-jzfr2t3p author = Mudatsir, Mudatsir title = Predictors of COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; Text; patient; severe summary = We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the risk factors associated with poor clinical outcomes among patients with COVID-19. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate potential risk factors that might influence the severity of COVID-19. Studies were included in this review if they met the following inclusion criteria: (1) assessed the clinical manifestations and laboratory findings of patients with mild to severe COVID-19; The studies included in this systematic review also suggest that the levels of D-dimer were significantly higher in patients with severe COVID-19. Our data suggest that elevated levels of urea and creatinine, and not chronic kidney disease, were associated with severe COVID-19, which indicates that acute inflammation might be caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. These data suggest that it cannot be determined clearly whether the elevated levels of liver enzymes in patients with severe COVID-19 are caused by direct infection or by drug-induced liver injury. doi = 10.12688/f1000research.26186.1 id = cord-348053-s0ijzyaq author = Mueller, Alisa A. title = Inflammatory biomarker trends predict respiratory decline in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-10-29 keywords = CRP; covid-19 summary = In this single-center retrospective cohort analysis of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, we investigate whether inflammatory biomarker levels predict respiratory decline in patients who initially present with stable disease. We hypothesized that inflammatory biomarker profiles would stratify patients into three cohorts: (1) stable and non-intubated throughout their hospital admission ("mild"); (2) initially stable and nonintubated but then had respiratory deterioration requiring intubation or high-flow nasal cannula later in their hospital course ("progressive"); and (3) patients who were unstable and required intubation within 12 hours of admission ("severe"). We classified COVID-19 inpatients into three cohorts according to the stability and severity of their respiratory failure: 1) "Mild" (remained on room air or supplemental oxygen); 2) "Progressive" (initially on room air or supplemental oxygen then later required intubation or high-flow nasal cannula); or 3) "Severe" (required intubation within 12 hours of admission) ( Figure S1 and Table 1 ). doi = 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100144 id = cord-267690-g0kesgjm author = Mueller, Sarina K. title = Considerations for Continuing Semielective and Emergency Otolaryngological Procedures During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-07 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = The objective of this study was to analyze procedures and outcomes of continuing semielective and emergency surgeries during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Continuing selected otorhinolaryngological surgeries is crucial for patients'' health, survival, and long-time quality of life, yet, the protection of the medical personnel has to be granted. In case of a negative SARS-CoV-2 test, the scheduled surgery was performed the following day without special protective equipment ( Figure 1A) . If the SARS-CoV-2 test result could not be awaited due to the condition of the patient, the surgery was performed with full protective equipment consisting of a FFP2 or FFP3 (filtering face piece mask), a gown, a face shield, and double gloves. If the SARS-CoV-2 test result was positive, surgery was also performed with the full protective equipment. If the SARS-CoV-2 test was negative, surgery was performed as in the semi-elective cases without the above named protective equipment ( Figure 1B ). doi = 10.1177/0145561320952506 id = cord-275737-jg45bnzq author = Mughal, Z title = Test, test, test – a complication of testing for coronavirus disease 2019 with nasal swabs date = 2020-07-09 keywords = covid-19; swab summary = CONCLUSION: This case highlights a possible design flaw of the viral swab when used to collect nasopharyngeal specimens, which then requires an aerosol-generating procedure in a high-risk patient to be performed. The paper outlines a safe technique of nasal foreign body removal in a suspected coronavirus disease 2019 patient and suggests alternative testing materials. 17 • Viral swab sticks generally have a breakpoint feature • Premature activation of the breakpoint in a complex group of patients can lead to a retained swab tip in the nasal cavity • Nasal foreign body removal is an aerosol-generating procedure and requires robust personal protective equipment • The simplest way to avoid this complication is to utilise a product without a breakpoint • Alternative swab products with Dacron or polyester flocked tips can be used, and if viral transport medium is unavailable, then sterile saline may be used in replacement doi = 10.1017/s0022215120001425 id = cord-293639-k96erjf1 author = Mugnai, Giacomo title = Thoughts on Scientific Evidence in the COVID-19 Era date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = On the other hand, caution should be applied in generalizing preliminary (although potentially useful) observations as true scientific evidence. A few years ago, in Italy, several clinical trials were run by the National Health System on the "Di Bella" therapy for cancer, 2 more because of the pressure of public opinion than objective preclinical observations. 5 Hydroxychloroquine has recently been used as firstline therapy in COVID-19 patients and also proposed as a "preventive" agent, 6 but definitive evidence on its efficacy and safety (eg, QT prolongation) is missing, and, recently, the US Food and Drug Administration cautioned against hydroxychloroquine use in nonhospitalized COVID-19 patients, due to a number of side effects, including serious heart rhythm problems that can be life-threatening. Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for COVID-19: drug safety communication -FDA cautions against use outside of the hospital setting or a clinical trial due to risk of heart rhythm problems doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.213 id = cord-326831-dvg0isgt author = Muhammad, L. J. title = Predictive Data Mining Models for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infected Patients’ Recovery date = 2020-06-21 keywords = covid-19; model summary = The decision tree, support vector machine, naive Bayes, logistic regression, random forest, and K-nearest neighbor algorithms were applied directly on the dataset using python programming language to develop the models. The results of the present study have shown that the model developed with decision tree data mining algorithm is more efficient to predict the possibility of recovery of the infected patients from COVID-19 pandemic with the overall accuracy of 99.85% which stands to be the best model developed among the models developed with other algorithms including support vector machine, naive Bayes, logistic regression, random forest, and K-nearest neighbor. Data mining algorithm which includes decision tree, support vector machine, naive Bayes, logistic regression random forest, and K-nearest neighbor were applied directly on the dataset using python programming language to develop the models. doi = 10.1007/s42979-020-00216-w id = cord-269083-8mjdb9yj author = Muhović, Damir title = First case of drug‐induced liver injury associated with the use of tocilizumab in a patient with COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; TCZ summary = title: First case of drug‐induced liver injury associated with the use of tocilizumab in a patient with COVID‐19 METHODS: We describe a patient with COVID‐19‐induced cytokine storm who developed drug‐induced liver injury associated with the use of TCZ. 3 In this article, we describe the first case of a patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia who developed DILI associated with the use of TCZ, marked by a 40-fold increase in transaminases levels. 16 In most cases, TCZ resulted in severe F I G U R E 2 Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukine-6 (IL-6) in our patient with cytokine release syndrome caused by COVID-19, after the use of tocilizumab (TCZ). 16 Most patients with severe COVID-19 have a history of simultaneous use of multiple drugs that can induce liver injury. First case of drug-induced liver injury associated with the use of tocilizumab in a patient with COVID-19 doi = 10.1111/liv.14516 id = cord-327438-c5gzlfwi author = Mui, Leonora W. title = Thromboembolic complications of COVID-19 date = 2020-11-07 keywords = COVID-19; Fig summary = Although COVID-19 was initially regarded as a pulmonary illness causing significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly and in those with underlying medical conditions, experience in New York-an early epicenter of COVID-19 in the USA-found that a significant percentage of younger patients less than 50 presented with moderate to severe symptoms requiring hospitalizations [1] . This case series highlights the thromboembolic complications affecting younger patients less than age 65, including pulmonary embolism, stroke, right ventricular thrombosis, renal vein thrombosis, and aortic thrombosis with leg ischemia. On hospital day 5, because of persistent hypoxemia despite receiving supplemental oxygen via non-rebreather, chest CTA was performed which revealed extensive ground-glass and patchy airspace opacities typical of COVID-19 pneumonia, bilateral lower lobe segmental pulmonary emboli, and right ventricular thrombus (Fig. 3) . In moderate to severe cases of COVID-19, thrombotic complications have emerged in infected patients, as was seen with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) in 2003 [9] . doi = 10.1007/s10140-020-01868-0 id = cord-335404-s48psqth author = Mukandavire, Zindoga title = Quantifying early COVID-19 outbreak transmission in South Africa and exploring vaccine efficacy scenarios date = 2020-07-24 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; South summary = We used a mathematical model to fit to the observed cases of COVID-19 in South Africa to estimate the basic reproductive number and critical vaccination coverage to control the disease for different hypothetical vaccine efficacy scenarios. Early model estimates show that COVID-19 outbreak in South Africa had a basic reproductive number of 2.95 (95% credible interval [CrI] 2.83–3.33). Here, we adapt a susceptible-exposed-infected-removed (SEIR) compartmental model to quantify early transmissibility of COVID-19 in South Africa and explore the potential utility of a vaccine in containing the disease. Following a similar approach in [37] , we use a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) within a Bayesian framework (in R FME package [38] ) to fit the model to the cumulative data of confirmed COVID-19 cases in South Africa and estimate the magnitude of the epidemic using the basic reproductive number and quantify required vaccines'' attributes to stem similar outbreaks. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0236003 id = cord-326185-gjte739i author = Mukherjee, Pratik title = Adaptability and responsiveness: keys to operational measures in a regional hospital radiology department during the current COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-19 keywords = Singapore; covid-19; patient summary = Since confirmation of the first COVID-19 imported case in Singapore on 23 January 2020, there has been a gradual increase in numbers of infected patients, mostly from imports and within small local clusters, in the first 2 months or so, that is February and March 2020. From the outbreak onset, measures were taken to keep all potential COVID-19 cases presenting to the emergency department (ED) separate from the "cold" patients and HCWs, in order to prevent cross-infection. Multiple factors contributed to the situation: (a) additional workload of screening chest radiographs in the ED (ESW and ARW), as well as the isolation wards; (b) increased time required to perform cross-sectional imaging on COVID-19 positive or suspected cases due to additional infection control measures; (c) less available workforce due to segregation strategies to protect staff providing essential services and redeployment of staff to other areas of need; both within our hospital and at other institutions, for example, NCID and (d) limited hospital beds. doi = 10.1259/bjro.20200017 id = cord-280416-wd6jm2ms author = Mukhopadhyay, S. title = Dynamic dysregulation of IL-6 and genes functional in NETosis, complement and coagulation in severe COVID-19 illness date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; October summary = Comprehensive and unbiased re-analysis of published blood transcriptome data from patients of COVID-19 reveals significant up-regulation of the gene set functional in NETosis, but no evidence of general cytokine storm. In severe COVID-19 illness, there is significant up-regulation of complement and coagulation pathway, and negative correlation between NETosis and respiratory function (oxygen saturation). However, at present, it is difficult to predict with certainty the patients at high-risk for clinical severity and poor outcome, although multiple pathophysiological processes have been proposed, such as, cytokine storm [2, 3] , coagulation and complement activation [4] , neutrophil extracellular trap -NETosis [5] . Gene set enrichment analysis (permutation testing) revealed that the genes functional in NETosis were strongly up-regulated in the blood of COVID-19 patients compared to healthy subjects ( Figure 1A ). Our analysis (of data from [13]) also revealed significant up-regulation of the complement pathway genes in severe COVID-19 illness. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.13.20211425 id = cord-269827-h7qxodvh author = Mukhtar, Psychol. Sonia title = Mental Wellbeing of Nursing Staff during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cultural Perspective date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-269827-h7qxodvh title: Mental Wellbeing of Nursing Staff during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cultural Perspective journal: J Emerg Nurs cord_uid: h7qxodvh The mental health of healthcare professionals, in general, and nursing staff, in particular, 6 has been challenged in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic outbreak throughout the world. Responding to mental health needs after terror attacks The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 87 novel coronavirus Mukhtar S Mental Health and Emotional Impact of COVID-19: Applying Health Belief Model 90 for Medical Staff to General Public of Pakistan Brain Behav Immun Guidelines for emergency 93 psychological risk intervention during coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: 97 exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. Mental Health of Medical Workers in Pakistan during the 101 Integrated infection control strategy to minimize nosocomial infection 103 during outbreak of COVID-19 among ED healthcare workers doi = 10.1016/j.jen.2020.04.003 id = cord-259611-q7ksx47g author = Mulanda Aura, Christopher title = Consequences of calamities and their management: the case of COVID-19 pandemic and flooding on inland capture fisheries in Kenya date = 2020-09-15 keywords = Fisheries; Kenya; Lake; Victoria; covid-19 summary = This study examined the effects of COVID-19 and flooding on the major inland capture fisheries in Kenya to illustrate the effect of such calamities on vulnerable communities to guide interventions. The objective of the study was to examine the consequence of the measures put in place to contain the spread of COVID-19 pandemic and flooding in Kenya to guide interventions to sustain livelihoods of affected communities. This study was intended to demonstrate the short term consequences of calamities such as COVID-19 pandemic and flooding on vulnerable dependent communities such as those of inland capture fisheries to guide interventions towards sustaining livelihoods now and in the future. Validation of socioeconomics field collected during this study with EFMIS data of the price of major commercial fishes (in USD) before and during Covid-19 and flooding in selected riparian counties of Lake Victoria, Kenya. doi = 10.1016/j.jglr.2020.09.007 id = cord-340091-kptilmi8 author = Mulatu, H. A. title = The prevalence of common mental disorders among health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic at a tertiary Hospital in East Africa date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; Hospital; Paul summary = A recent study among 1257 healthcare professionals in a tertiary hospital in China, revealed a high prevalence of mental health symptoms among HCWs. Overall, 50.4%, 44.6%, 34.0%, and 71.5% of health workers reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress, respectively. The aims of the current study were to determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and psychological distress among HCWs and associated factors during the COVID-19 pandemic at St. Paul''s Tertiary Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study was a cross-sectional, hospital-based survey that was conducted to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and mental distress among healthcare workers at St. Paul''s Hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic from August 1 st , 2020 up to August 30, 2020. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.29.20222430 id = cord-324859-0yuhb5dl author = Mulchandani, Rubina title = Deciphering the COVID‐19 cytokine storm: Systematic review and meta‐analysis date = 2020-11-02 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; patient; study summary = In this context, we sought to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of available evidence to understand the pattern of host immune response in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and how the levels of inflammatory and immunological markers vary according to the severity or stage of the disease. To understand the pattern of host immune response and summarize evidence for the difference in the levels of immunological and inflammatory biomarkers associated with cytokine storm, between COVID-19 patient groups of varying disease severity. Studies measuring the immunological and inflammatory indicators of cytokine storm in adult patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, and comparing them between severe and non-severe (mild-moderate) cases, were eligible to be included in our review. Outcomes included circulating levels of interleukins (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and others depending on availability of estimates), tumour necrosis factor-alpha and T-lymphocyte counts (CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells) that have been widely reported in relation to the cytokine storm in patients having severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1111/eci.13429 id = cord-354491-23cjm86c author = Muller, A. E. title = The mental health impact of the covid-19 pandemic onhealthcare workers, and interventions to help them: a rapid systematic review date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; July; healthcare; study; worker summary = Methods: We performed a rapid systematic review to identify, assess and summarize available research on the mental health impact of the covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers. Discussion: Healthcare workers in a variety of fields, positions, and exposure risks are reporting anxiety, depression, sleep problems, and distress during the covid-19 pandemic, but most studies do not report comparative data on mental health symptoms. Six studies reported on the implementation of interventions to prevent or reduce mental health problems caused by the covid-19 pandemic among healthcare workers. While the majority of studies were cross-sectional and assessed as having high risk of bias, several patterns in their findings were evident: more healthcare workers were interested in social support to alieve mental health impacts, only a minority were interested in professional help for these problems, and yet interventions described in the literature largely seemed to focus on relieving individual symptoms. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.03.20145607 id = cord-323482-kk8iyavj author = Muller, Researcher Ashley Elizabeth title = The mental health impact of the covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers, and interventions to help them: a rapid systematic review date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; health; healthcare; worker summary = We performed a rapid systematic review to identify, assess and summarize research on the mental health impact of the covid-19 pandemic on HCWs (healthcare workers). Our main aim was to perform an updated and more comprehensive rapid systematic review to identify, assess and summarize available research on the mental health impact of the covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers, including a) changes over time, b) prevalence of mental health problems and risk/resilience factors, c) strategies and resources used by healthcare providers to protect their own mental health, d) perceived need and preferences for interventions, and e) healthcare workers'' understandings of their own mental health during the pandemic. show the distribution of anxiety, depression, distress, and sleeping problems among the healthcare workers investigated in the 29 studies, using the authors'' own methods of assessing these outcomes The most commonly reported protective factor associated with reduced risk of mental health problems was having social support 48 ,58 ,69 ,74 . doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113441 id = cord-297718-y58f2bp0 author = Mungmungpuntipantip, Rujittika title = Ocular manifestation, eye protection, and COVID-19 date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-297718-y58f2bp0 authors: Mungmungpuntipantip, Rujittika; Wiwanitkit, Viroj title: Ocular manifestation, eye protection, and COVID-19 cord_uid: y58f2bp0 We found that the report on "Stepping up infection control measures in ophthalmology during the novel coronavirus outbreak: an experience from Hong Kong" is very interesting [1] . pointed out the possibility of ocular manifestation in COVID-19 and the importance of eyewear [2] . Nevertheless, it should note that the ocular manifestation is usually overlooked by Thai practitioners. Modification of the present infection control guidelines to include the eye protective device during medical practice is suggested. It is necessary to educate the practitioner for recognizing possible ocular manifestation of COVID-19. Stepping up infection control measures in ophthalmology during the novel coronavirus outbreak: an experience from Hong Kong Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the importance of recognising possible early ocular manifestation and using protective eyewear Graefe''s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-020-04662-3 doi = 10.1007/s00417-020-04662-3 id = cord-289064-435bp4rt author = Muniangi-Muhitu, Hermine title = Covid-19 and Diabetes: A Complex Bidirectional Relationship date = 2020-10-08 keywords = ACE2; SARS; cell; covid-19; patient summary = Identified risk factors for disease severity and death from SARS-Cov2 infection include older age, male sex, diabetes, obesity and hypertension. We consider roles for the immune system, the observed phenomenon of microangiopathy in severe Covid-19 infection and the potential for direct viral toxicity on metabolically-relevant tissues including pancreatic beta cells and targets of insulin action. (18) , patients with diabetes and hypertension who had been treated with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) had a high number of ACE2 receptors in the lung, and could therefore be at higher risk of developing severe symptoms, if infected with Covid-19. With respect to the glycemic deterioration seen in patients with preexisting T2D during Covid-19, a very recent report (63) provides the intriguing observation that ACE2 expression at both the mRNA and protein is increased substantially in human beta cells in response to response to inflammatory cytokines, presumably rendering these cells more susceptible to infection. doi = 10.3389/fendo.2020.582936 id = cord-292331-j3dk6h68 author = Muniz, Bernardo Carvalho title = COVID-19 - Computed tomography findings in two patients in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = His 67-year-old wife (patient 2), who also accompanied him on the trip, developed the same symptoms the next day. Upon examination, he was afebrile, with severe dyspnea, respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute and oxygen saturation of 90%, normotensive, acyanotic. Chest radiography is not sensitive for the early detection of the disease and may demonstrate normal findings in the initial stage of infection 1,2 , and is not recommended as the first-line imaging modality for COVID-19. High-resolution chest CT is the most effective radiological examination for the early detection of lung involvement by COVID-19. The largest sample study to date has shown that, among 3,665 confirmed cases, in 95.5% (n = 3,498) of the patients, pulmonary impairment was correctly diagnosed by CT 1 , which provides valuable information for diagnosis and evaluates the severity of lung disease caused by COVID-19, guiding clinical treatment. doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0147-2020 id = cord-263231-tz97u731 author = Muniz-Pardos, Borja title = Collateral Health Issues Derived from the Covid-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = This investigation highlighted the importance of increasing PA levels during lockdown through simple home-based exercises to reduce sedentary behaviour, to attenuate the decline in physical fitness and to optimize quality of life. In addition to the negative impact of low PA levels or increased sedentary behaviour on individual health and fitness status, the fear of succumbing to Covid-19 seems to deter patients suffering from traditional medical issues (e.g. heart attacks, strokes and other medical emergencies) from seeking the treatment they may require, and this delay can compound further their health status, resulting in more heart attacks, strokes, and deaths [11] . Despite all these collateral issues derived from the Covid-19 lockdown, there are concurrently a number of positive factors impacting public health. The direct impact of the Covid-19 pandemic has been the main focus for health organisations in order to contain the spread of the virus, to set the most effective lockdown measures and to identify the best treatments or engineer a safe and effective vaccine. doi = 10.1186/s40798-020-00267-6 id = cord-257555-tmuvbq1k author = Munsch, N. title = A benchmark of online COVID-19 symptom checkers date = 2020-05-26 keywords = covid-19 summary = Results We find that the number of correctly assessed cases varies considerably between different symptom checkers, with Symptoma (F1=0.92, MCC=0.85) showing the overall best performance followed by Infermedica (F1=0.80, MCC=0.61). In the following, we present a study evaluating 10 different COVID-19 online symptom checkers using 50 COVID-19 cases extracted from the literature and 410 non-COVID-19 control cases of patients with other diseases. Under these constraints and when COVID-19 positive is defined by high risk only, Symptoma still significantly outperforms Apple and Cleveland Clinic, while performing statistically similar to six of the remaining symptom checkers (upper panel of Fig 2B ) . Full table of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, F1 score and MCC for Symptoma constrained by each symptom checker (COVID-19 positive defined by "medium risk" or "high risk" for non binary symptom checkers) doi = 10.1101/2020.05.22.20109777 id = cord-265327-k00w7gmk author = Muraca, Maurizio title = Mesenchymal stromal cells and their secreted extracellular vesicles as therapeutic tools for COVID-19 pneumonia? (*) date = 2020-07-03 keywords = MSC; Mesenchymal; cell; covid-19 summary = Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been tested during the last two decades for the treatment of various pathologic conditions, including acute and chronic lung diseases, both in animal models and in patients. Furthermore, more recently, great interest has been devoted to the possible clinical applications of extracellular vesicles secreted by MSCs, nanoparticles that convey much of the biological effects and of the therapeutic efficacy of their cells of origin. A recent report described the possible therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia [13] . Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate influenza virus-induced acute lung injury in a pig model Therapeutic use of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in acute lung injury doi = 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.036 id = cord-345745-t36jbg14 author = Murashita, Takashi title = Commentary: The Era of Great Uncertainty date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In the era of COVID-19 pandemic, cardiac surgeons need to be aware that undiagnosed infection can cause unexpected catastrophic complications after urgent or emergent operations. However, in urgent or emergent situations such as type A aortic dissection, acute coronary syndromes, and acute valvular endocarditis, patients may need to be taken to the operating room without being tested for COVID-19 infection. In the current issue of The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Salna and colleagues reported a case of urgent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) whose postoperative course was complicated with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by COVID-19 infection (3). It has been shown that there are a variety of manifestations of COVID-19, but the effect of the virus on cardiovascular system is still being defined (4, 5) There is also little data about the impact of COVID-19 infection on the clinical outcomes of cardiac surgery. A case of postoperative Covid-19 infection after cardiac surgery: Lessons learned doi = 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.06.054 id = cord-343052-dc9s2rau author = Murgo, Salvatore title = Haemoptysis treated by bronchial artery embolisation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: case report date = 2020-09-05 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Haemoptysis treated by bronchial artery embolisation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: case report BACKGROUND: We found no data in the literature on the embolization of the bronchial arteries in the context of hemoptysis associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. CONCLUSIONS: In the case of coronavirus-19 pneumonia, our experience suggests that the treatment of severe haemoptysis by bronchial artery embolisation is feasible and effective. Pulmonary bleeding seems to be an atypical manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as COVID-19associated haemoptysis has rarely been reported in the literature (Lapostolle et al. In this context, we hypothesised that the lifethreatening haemoptysis presented by our patient was consecutive to severe lung damage induced by SARS-CoV-2 combined with the anticoagulant effect of UNFH therapy, resulting in peripheral bronchial artery damage. Our experience suggests that the embolisation of bronchial arteries is feasible and may help control bleeding in cases of COVID-19 pneumonia associated with life-threatening haemoptysis. doi = 10.1186/s42155-020-00154-x id = cord-287776-ylui7ls8 author = Murillo-Zamora, E. title = Male gender and kidney illness associated with an increased risk of severe laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease date = 2020-07-01 keywords = July; covid-19 summary = title: Male gender and kidney illness associated with an increased risk of severe laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease Objective: To identify factors predicting severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adolescent and adult patients with laboratory-positive (quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction) infection. The association between the studied factors and severe (dyspnea requiring hospital admission) COVID-19 was evaluated through risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In multiple analysis, male gender (RR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.06 1.20), advanced age ([reference: 15 29 years old] 30 44, RR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.94 1.11; 45 59, RR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.15 1.38; 60 years or older, RR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.29 1.60), chronic kidney disease (RR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.04 1.64) and thoracic pain (RR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.10 1.24) were associated with an increased risk of severe disease. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.29.20142562 id = cord-297029-b38sm4y9 author = Murillo-Zamora, Efrén title = Male gender and kidney illness are associated with an increased risk of severe laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease date = 2020-09-16 keywords = covid-19 summary = Demographic characteristics (sex, age), tobacco use (current), personal history of chronic communicable disease (HIV infection, no/yes) and noncommunicable disease (no/yes: obesity [body mass index of 30 or higher], arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, asthma, chronic kidney disease, immunosuppression, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cardiovascular illness) were collected from the surveillance system. In the multiple regression analysis (Table 2) , male gender (RR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.06-1.20) and older patients ([reference: 15-29 years old] 30-44, RR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.94-1.11; 45-59, RR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.15-1.38; 60 years or older, RR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.29-1.60), subjects to thoracic pain (RR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.10-1.24) or chronic kidney disease (RR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.04-1.64) were also more likely to present severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05408-6 id = cord-258562-raubqnko author = Murlimanju, Bukkambudhi V. title = Letter to Editor Regarding: “Decrease in Neurosurgical Program Volume During COVID-19: Residency Programs Must Adapt” date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Letter to Editor Regarding: "Decrease in Neurosurgical Program Volume During COVID-19: Residency Programs Must Adapt" Letter to Editor Regarding: "Decrease in Neurosurgical Program Volume During COVID-19: Residency Programs Must Adapt" C oronavirus disease 2019 has undoubtedly placed many unprecedented restrictions on the life of current generations globally. The effects have been adverse in several aspects, including the decreased number of clinical cases per specialty, staff reductions, cancellation of academic conferences, and the difficulty in conducting training and licensing examinations. 1 that to address the decrease in learning resources during neurosurgery residency training and, as the authors have rightly suggested, that the residency program must be able to adapt such unforeseen circumstances. The global leaders in academia should take this COVID-19 pandemic as an opportunity to formulate long-term policies and appropriate pathways to address the new challenges faced by resident training programs. Decrease in neurosurgical program volume during COVID-19: residency programs must adapt Decrease in trauma admissions with COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.07.019 id = cord-316718-7gtgqmcn author = Murphy, D. L. title = Occupational Exposures and Programmatic Response to COVID-19 Pandemic: An Emergency Medical Services Experience date = 2020-05-24 keywords = EMS; PPE; covid-19 summary = We reviewed dispatch, EMS, and public health surveillance records to evaluate the temporal relationship between exposure and programmatic changes to EMS operations designed to identify high-risk patients, protect the workforce, and conserve PPE. Ideally, EMS strategies would incorporate COVID-19 risk assessment and target use of the limited PPE resource in order to achieve EMS provider safety, extend the supply of PPE, and support high-quality patient care. Of the 700 unique EMS providers caring for patients with confirmed COVID-19, 3 (0.4%) tested positive during the 14 days following an encounter (Table 3 ), yet none of these three had a documented occupational exposure. The series of practice changes involving dispatch advisement, patient COVID-19 risk criteria, and initial EMS scene deployment were associated with a temporal increase in adequate PPE use and conversely a decrease in EMS provider exposures (Figure 2, p<0.01) . doi = 10.1101/2020.05.22.20110718 id = cord-334124-w9jww3hk author = Murphy, David L title = Occupational exposures and programmatic response to COVID-19 pandemic: an emergency medical services experience date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; EMS; PPE summary = We reviewed dispatch, EMS and public health surveillance records to evaluate the temporal relationship between exposure and programmatic changes to EMS operations designed to identify high-risk patients, protect the workforce and conserve PPE. We evaluated all 9-1-1 EMS responses to patients with COVID-19 to (1) determine occupational exposure, related workforce quarantine and potential transmission, and (2) understand how programmatic changes influenced occupational exposure, workforce quarantine and PPE use amidst the COVID-19 outbreak in Seattle and King County. The study is a retrospective cohort investigation of EMS providers responding to 9-1-1 calls for laboratory-confirmed COVID-19-positive patients in King County, Washington, USA between 14 February 2020 and 26 March 2020. The series of practice changes involving dispatch advisement, patient COVID-19 risk criteria and initial EMS scene deployment were associated with a temporal increase in adequate PPE use and conversely a decrease in EMS provider exposures (figure 2, p<0.01). doi = 10.1136/emermed-2020-210095 id = cord-025747-iuzoio29 author = Murphy, Rebecca title = Challenges and opportunities for enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E) in light of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-04 keywords = CBT; COVID-19; Fairburn summary = A potential practical solution to address some of these problems is to deliver enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E), an evidence-based treatment for all eating disorders, remotely. To identify and discuss the additional eating disorder-related problems that may arise as a result of COVID-19, as well as potential opportunities for adapting some aspects of CBT-E to address them. Standard procedures for addressing eating disorder psychopathology also require modification in light of the additional problems caused by A potential practical solution to address some of these problems is to deliver enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E: Fairburn et al., 2003; Fairburn, 2008) remotely. New problems and potential opportunities arising from COVID-19 Some inevitable consequences of COVID-19, in particular the prolonged social isolation (Brooks et al., 2020) and the fear associated with possible infection, may interact negatively with eating disorder psychopathology and the provision of CBT-E treatment (Dalle Grave, 2020). doi = 10.1017/s1754470x20000161 id = cord-151118-25cbus1m author = Murray, Benjamin title = Accessible Data Curation and Analytics for International-Scale Citizen Science Datasets date = 2020-11-02 keywords = Covid; Study; Symptom summary = To test the performance of the join operator when ExeTera and Pandas are used, we generate a dataset composed of a left primary key (int64), a right foreign key (int64) and 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 , and 32 fields respectively of random numbers corresponding to entries in the right table (int32). In this work, we present ExeTera, a data curation and analytics tool designed to provide users with a low complexity solution for working on datasets approaching terabyte scale, such as national / international-scale citizen science datasets like the Covid Symptom Study. ExeTera provides features for cleaning, journaling, and generation of reproducible processing and analytics, enabling large research teams to work with consistent measures and analyses that can be reliably recreated from the base data snapshots. Although ExeTera was developed to provide data curation for researchers working on the Zoe Symptom Study, this software is being developed to be generally applicable to large-scale relational datasets for researchers who work in Python. doi = nan id = cord-286441-nl3kuqw3 author = Murray, D. D. title = Design and implementation of the multi-arm, multi-stage Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO) platform master protocol: An Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) initiative date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; TICO; stage summary = Methods: Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO), is a global multi-arm, multi-stage (MAMS) platform master protocol, which facilitates the rapid evaluation of the safety and efficacy of candidate anti-viral therapeutic agents for adults hospitalized with COVID-19. Methods: Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO), is a global multi-arm, multi-stage (MAMS) platform master protocol, which facilitates the rapid evaluation of the safety and efficacy of candidate anti-viral therapeutic agents for adults hospitalized with COVID-19. This approach to early futility assessment using an early intermediate outcome and a primary endpoint out to 90 days allows the study team to make rapid decisions on safety and potential efficacy of novel agents while ultimately focusing on patient-centered, longer-term outcomes. This approach to early futility assessment using an early intermediate outcome and a primary endpoint out to 90 days allows the study team to make rapid decisions on safety and potential efficacy of novel agents while ultimately focusing on patient-centered, longer-term outcomes. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.08.20227876 id = cord-294023-knaxr7t0 author = Murri, Rita title = Social media as a tool for scientific updating at the time of COVID pandemic: Results from a national survey in Italy date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Social media as a tool for scientific updating at the time of COVID pandemic: Results from a national survey in Italy Seventy percent (n = 261) of respondents reported that their use of social media to find medical information increased during the current pandemic (Fig 1) . In terms of COVID-19 medical practice, information coming from social media were considered "enough" or "much" or "very much" useful by 82.9% (n = 306) of the sample. To the question "During the last week, do you think that information shared on social media had an impact on your clinical practice for patients with COVID?" 28.7% (n = 106) answered "enough" and 47.1% (n = 174) "much" or "very much". Our survey shows that, at the time of COVID pandemic, many clinicians react to their urgent need for updates by seeking information through unconventional sources instead of academic journals publications. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238414 id = cord-291023-vltxefr7 author = Murt, Ahmet title = Convalescent COVID-19 Patients on Hemodialysis: When Should We End Isolation? date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients should ideally be dialysed in a separate isolation room [1] . When an isolation room cannot be established, these patients may be placed in the last shift or sent to a COVID-19 designated dialysis facility. The following are the generally accepted criteria to discharge patients from COVID wards: • being afebrile for at least three consecutive days • having two negative respiratory SARS-CoV2 PCR tests done 24 hours apart • having improved respiratory symptoms with absorbed inflammation in imaging studies. Should this patient be accepted to a standard facility as the PCR tests are negative? In summary, we suggest that nephrologists should continue hemodialysis in an isolation room even if the patient is discharged. The decision to end the isolation should be given with an additional PCR test which is done 1 month after the patient was confirmed to have COVID-19. PCR assays turned positive in 25 discharged COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1159/000508380 id = cord-275557-peo4d1hn author = Musa, Arif title = Addendum to Systematic Review of Remdesivir for the Treatment of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 2 However, Wang et al did not find a statistically significant benefit with remdesivir in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 237 patients that was published on April 29. 3 On the same day, a press release by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) regarding the Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial (ACTT) reported significantly reduced time to recovery and mortality with remdesivir. The first randomized, controlled clinical trial of remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19 was published in The Lancet on April 29. 5 After, the data and safety monitoring board performed a preliminary analysis of 1063 patients, the NIAID reported on April 29 that remdesivir statistically significantly reduced time to recovery compared to placebo (11 vs 15 days, p<0.001). Nevertheless, on May 1, based on the ACTT and Gilead open-label trial, the US Food and Drug Administration issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for use of remdesivir for COVID-19. doi = 10.5811/westjem.2020.5.48121 id = cord-320740-npoje09j author = Musa, Arif title = Remdesivir for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Systematic Review of the Literature date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = To address the need for an effective treatment of SARS-CoV-2 during the worldwide pandemic, this systematic review of intravenous (IV) remdesivir was performed. To address the need for an effective treatment of SARS-CoV-2 during the worldwide pandemic, this systematic review of intravenous (IV) remdesivir was performed. Therefore, despite supportive data from in vitro and in vivo studies, the clinical effectiveness of IV remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19 and potential side effects remain incompletely defined in the human population. Therefore, despite supportive data from in vitro and in vivo studies, the clinical effectiveness of IV remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19 and potential side effects remain incompletely defined in the human population. Given the worldwide urgency for an effective and safe treatment for COVID-19 and the therapeutic potential of remdesivir, this systematic review was performed to determine the outcomes and adverse events associated with this investigational, anti-viral medication. doi = 10.5811/westjem.2020.5.47658 id = cord-269970-tnnpo6hu author = Musa, Hassan H title = L’impact psychologique silencieux de la pandémie de COVID-19 au Soudan date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; Sudan summary = Because of population density, social structure, cultural norms, reduced healthcare capacity, and poverty, it is challenging to place millions of people in Sudan under lockdown, including those living in some of the largest refugee camps in the country, without impacting their mental health. When the COVID-19 cases reached the community transmission stage, and the confirmed positive cases and the death rate rose, Sudan entered into quarantine experience which led to distress in the form of fear, panic, anxiety, anger, stigma, depression, xenophobia, confusion and symptoms of post-traumatic stress [9] . In addition to the prevention and treatment of disease, it may be prudent to perform mental health assessments of confirmed COVID-19 patients, suspected patients, quarantined family members, and healthcare personnel to ensure that individuals are coping well during the pandemic [16] . mental health treatment for front-line clinicians during and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: a plea to the medical community doi = 10.1016/j.jemep.2020.100604 id = cord-261985-ezzcgy6z author = Musa, Saif A. title = COVID-19: Defining an invisible enemy within healthcare and the community date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A lack of national and internationally agreed case definitions for healthcare-associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to inconsistencies in describing epidemiology, which limit comparisons. Hospital-onset healthcare-associated (HoHA) COVID-19 would define current hospitalized inpatients residing >14 days. Hospitalonset possible healthcare-associated (HoPHA) cases, in those residing between 3 and 14 days in the hospital, in the absence of suspected COVID-19 on admission. New cases diagnosed within 14 days of acute-care hospital discharge would be community-onset, healthcare-associated (CoHA) infection. Community-associated (CA) cases would refer to those diagnosed within 2 days or suspected on admission (diagnosed >2 days after admission) and no acute-care hospitalization within the previous 14 days. The rates of HoHA and HoPHA COVID-19 cases per total number of hospital admissions during this period were 32 of 1,818 (1.76%) and 32 of 1,818 (1.76%), respectively. 5 Our data demonstrate that healthcare-associated COVID-19 has contributed an important number of cases patients during the height of a pandemic. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.283 id = cord-301025-cf2jcw6x author = Musca, Serban C. title = A Simple Bayesian Method for Evaluating Whether Data From Patients With Rheumatic Diseases Who Have Been Under Chronic Hydroxychloroquine Medication Since Before the COVID-19 Outbreak Can Speak to Hydroxychloroquine''s Prophylactic Effect Against Infection With SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-08-13 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = title: A Simple Bayesian Method for Evaluating Whether Data From Patients With Rheumatic Diseases Who Have Been Under Chronic Hydroxychloroquine Medication Since Before the COVID-19 Outbreak Can Speak to Hydroxychloroquine''s Prophylactic Effect Against Infection With SARS-CoV-2 We propose to use data from patients with rheumatic diseases (RA, SLR) who have been chronically taking HCQ medication since before the COVID-19 outbreak (hereafter: HCQpa), in order to evaluate the potential of HCQ for preventing infection with SARS-CoV-2. If HCQ has no prophylactic effect against infection with SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 prevalence in HCQpa will not be statistically different from that in the general population (all comers who do not take HCQ medication; hereafter: pop gen ). HCQ having a prophylactic effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection would manifest itself by a COVID-19 prevalence in HCQpa that is lower than the COVID-19 prevalence in the general population. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00490 id = cord-301476-5uc76djv author = Mushi, Vivian title = Tailoring of the ongoing water, sanitation and hygiene interventions for prevention and control of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions remain to be important in the prevention of further spread of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended public health measures such as regularly and thoroughly handwashing with water and soap or with alcohol sanitizers, covering of the mouth and nose with a mask in crowded areas, physical distancing for at least 6 feet from one person to another, adhering to good respiratory hygiene practices especially when sneezing or coughing by covering the nose and mouth with a bent elbow or tissue, and avoid visiting crowded places [5] . Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices are crucial in preventing human to human transmission of COVID-19 [10] . World Health Organization, interim recommendations on obligatory hand hygiene against transmission of COVID-19 World Health Organization, Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for the COVID-19 virus doi = 10.1186/s41182-020-00236-5 id = cord-276225-tv70aakj author = Musolino, Anna Maria title = Lung Ultrasound in Children with COVID-19: Preliminary Findings date = 2020-05-03 keywords = LUS; covid-19 summary = Abstract— Recent evidence indicates the usefulness of lung ultrasound (LUS) in detecting coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pneumonia. In particular, vertical artifacts (70%), pleural irregularities (60%), areas of white lung (10%) and subpleural consolidations (10%) were the main findings in patients with COVID-19. According to our experience, the routine use of LUS in the evaluation of children with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, when performed by clinicians with documented experience in LUS, was useful in diagnosing and monitoring pediatric COVID-19 pneumonia, reducing unnecessary radiation/sedation in children and exposure of health care workers to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this context, recent evidence has indicated the usefulness of lung ultrasound (LUS) in detecting COVID-19 pneumonia (Buonsenso et al. In particular, vertical artifacts, areas of white lung and subpleural consolidations and pleural irregularities were the main findings in pediatric COVID-19 pneumonia. Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound findings in novel coronavirus disease-19 pnemoniae: A case report and potential applications during COVID-19 outbreak doi = 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.04.026 id = cord-290123-scd9u8ix author = Mustafa, Mujahed I. title = Cytokine Storm in COVID-19 Patients, Its Impact on Organs and Potential Treatment by QTY Code-Designed Detergent-Free Chemokine Receptors date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cytokine; qty summary = title: Cytokine Storm in COVID-19 Patients, Its Impact on Organs and Potential Treatment by QTY Code-Designed Detergent-Free Chemokine Receptors In this review, we will focus on cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients, their impact on the body organs, and the potential treatment by QTY code-designed detergent-free chemokine receptors. However, novel coronavirus still gains entry into humans by targeting ACE2 receptor that is found on lung cells, which destroy human lungs through cytokine storms, and this leads to hyperinflammation, forcing the immune cells to destroy healthy cells, which could be the reason behind COVID-19 patients'' frequent intensive care admission [28] . This review deals with cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients, their impact on the organs, and the potential treatment by QTY code-designed detergent-free chemokine receptors. COVID-19 triggers cytokine storm in many stages of its pathological course that causes lung fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and eventually leads to multiorgan failure [34, 54, 61] . doi = 10.1155/2020/8198963 id = cord-298763-u5xn392m author = Mutala, Timothy Musila title = Radiology practice in sub-Saharan Africa during the COVID-19 outbreak: points to consider date = 2020-09-07 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; radiology summary = Given that pandemics such as COVID-19 can worsen the strain on the scantily available radiological resources in this region, we share some practical points that can be applied to manage these precious resources also needed for other essential services. Radiologists in sub-Saharan Africa must be fully cognizant of the radiological features of COVID-19 by referring to the aforementioned literature and the few cases they have from imaging patients with COVID-19 disease in their local setting. "Red" and "green" zones principle (minimize healthcare acquired infections): diagnosis of COVID-19 starts at the public health and primary care realms with clear case definition as developed by WHO [11] . At the same time, in the main hospital setting, it is imperative that the radiology managers and their staff get actively involved in the development of their institutional standard operating protocols (SOPs) on handling COVID-19 cases. "Red zone" operations demand designation of facilities including imaging for the COVID-19 diagnosed or suspected patients. doi = 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.28.23081 id = cord-033417-5elpvxhw author = Muthuppalaniappan, Menaka title = Healthcare Cyber-Attacks and the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Urgent Threat to Global Health date = 2020-09-27 keywords = COVID-19; cyber summary = In April 2020, the International Criminal Police Organisation (INTERPOL) published a report cautioning a global increase in the prevalence of cyber-attacks relating to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic [1] . 5 Alongside frontline health services, other parts of the healthcare industry supply chain are also vulnerable to attacks, including medical manufacturers working to meet the overwhelming global demand for COVID-19 essential goods. Early in May 2020, the UK''s National Cyber-Security Centre (NCSC) announced a significant increase in cyber-attacks perpetrated by hostile states and cyber-criminals targeting British universities and institutions working on COVID-19 research [3] . In response to this and other attacks, the UK''s Health Secretary gave the UK''s intelligence service access and oversight to the NHS IT network in May. Unfortunately, healthcare organisations and universities often lack resources to protect against cyber-attacks and can be badly affected by the cost and long-term impacts of security breaches. doi = 10.1093/intqhc/mzaa117 id = cord-333670-qv1orlv5 author = Mutti, Luciano title = Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19): What Are We Learning in a Country With High Mortality Rate? date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; HLA; SARS summary = In Italy, the possibility of performing autopsies or post-mortem diagnostic studies on suspect, probable, or confirmed COVID-19 cases has been intensively debated (5, 6) ; however, postmortem pathological analysis of COVID-19 patients in China has shown findings consistent with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) (7-9) (Figure 1 ). Consistently, recent results indicate that a systemic immune dysregulation that triggers auto-sustaining inflammatory lung damage, causing fatal respiratory-failure and consequent multiorgan-failure, is the main virus-related-death cause in patients who develop SARS-CoV-2 (10). Overall, understanding the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines certainly unravels a new battleground against the lethal clinical effect of CODIV-19 infection; this, along with the identification of a high-risk autoimmune profile, including the genotyping of Class I and II HLA, which have a key role in shaping the anti-viral immune response and Th1/Th2 lymphocyte subset response (Figure 1) , and immune-profiling, could also help to prevent these dangerous evolutions of the disease (29) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01208 id = cord-262470-nkql7h9x author = Muus, Christoph title = Integrated analyses of single-cell atlases reveal age, gender, and smoking status associations with cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and highlights inflammatory programs in putative target cells date = 2020-04-20 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CTSL; Data; Extended; Fig; SARS; Supplementary; TMPRSS2; at2; cell; expression summary = title: Integrated analyses of single-cell atlases reveal age, gender, and smoking status associations with cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and highlights inflammatory programs in putative target cells Here, we assess the cell type-specific RNA expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CTSL through an integrated analysis of 107 single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-Seq studies, including 22 lung and airways datasets (16 unpublished), and 85 datasets from other diverse organs. Performing the first meta-analyses of scRNA-seq studies, we analyzed 1,176,683 cells from 282 nasal, airway, and lung parenchyma samples from 164 donors spanning fetal, childhood, adult, and elderly age groups, associate increased levels of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CTSL in specific cell types with increasing age, male gender, and smoking, all of which are epidemiologically linked to COVID-19 susceptibility and outcomes. To assess the association of age, sex, and smoking status with the expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CTSL, we aggregated 22 scRNA-seq datasets of healthy human nasal and lung cells, as well as fetal samples. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.19.049254 id = cord-282660-9x937eus author = Muñoz Vives, Josep Maria title = Mortality Rates of Patients with Proximal Femoral Fracture in a Worldwide Pandemic: Preliminary Results of the Spanish HIP-COVID Observational Study date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; mortality; patient summary = title: Mortality Rates of Patients with Proximal Femoral Fracture in a Worldwide Pandemic: Preliminary Results of the Spanish HIP-COVID Observational Study All patients who were ≥65 years of age, presented to the Emergency Department of the participating hospitals during this period with a diagnosis of proximal femoral fracture, and had a minimum follow-up of 10 days were included in the cohort. Included participants were patients ‡65 years of age presenting to the Emergency Department of the participating hospitals with the clinical and radiographic diagnosis of a proximal femoral fracture (31-A and 31-B according to the OTA/AO classification 19 ) from a low-energy mechanism from March 14, 2020 (on the day that the Spanish government declared a state of national alarm due to COVID-19 and the pandemic surpassed 2,000 patients and 50 deaths from COVID-19 in Spain) until April 4, 2020, with a minimum of 10 days of follow-up. doi = 10.2106/jbjs.20.00686 id = cord-303234-t95z02g9 author = Muñoz, Miguel-Angel title = Lessons learned from the approach to the COVID-19 pandemic in urban primary health care centres in Barcelona, Spain date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Lessons learned from the approach to the COVID-19 pandemic in urban primary health care centres in Barcelona, Spain During the first weeks of the pandemic, several patients visited the PHC with symptoms compatible with COVID-19; nevertheless, they did not fit the epidemiologic criteria used at that moment to be considered as possible cases. Patients were afraid to attend the PHC, and GPs and nurses were instructed to avoid as much physical contact as possible with them. Separated areas were created to attend patients with respiratory symptoms and healthcare professionals were instructed to adopt the highest measures of safety and protection. GPs advised patients to either return home (with or without COVID-19 diagnosis) or referred them to the hospital if they presented severe symptoms and signs. PHC professionals took care of this population by detecting infections, recommending isolation, or referring patients to hospital if necessary. doi = 10.1080/13814788.2020.1796962 id = cord-346182-61i4jjys author = Myers, Jeffrey L title = Frontline Workers in the Backrooms of COVID-19: Caring for the Living and the Dead date = 2020-06-17 keywords = Michigan; covid-19; family summary = Through all of this, the forensics teams-pathologists, investigators, laboratory professionals, photographers, social workers, autopsy and pathologist assistants, and administrative staff-have been at the frontline of pathology''s largest COVID-19 front, contributing to the public welfare and the science of SARS-CoV-2 while caring for the dead and the living with a measure of compassion and kindness that few understand or know. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the forensic pathology program at the University of Michigan proved critical to supporting the counties they serve and families of the COVID-19 patients and others who died at home and in hospitals. Individuals in Michigan Medicine''s 4 county forensic services who died of conditions other than SARS-CoV-2 ❚Image 2❚ A large team at the Wayne County Medical Examiner''s Office in Detroit is responsible for autopsies each day and comprises a combination of Michigan Medicine staff (including pathologists'' assistants), trainees, and a faculty member who functions as officer of the day. doi = 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa106 id = cord-281060-1ud5hzlh author = Méndez Maestro, Irune title = Skin manifestations in patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID‐19 disease: a cross‐sectional study in a tertiary hospital date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = BACKGROUND: COVID‐19 cutaneous manifestations have been recently described and classified in five different clinical patterns, including acral erythema‐edema (pseudo‐chilblain), maculopapular exanthemas, vesicular eruptions, urticarial lesions, and livedo or necrosis. We decided to perform this study to describe the real prevalence and directly examine the skin findings in hospitalized patients in our institution with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 disease. We performed a cross-sectional study, which included COVID19 Based on recent reports 4-16 and on the Spanish group classification in clinical patterns, 17 we included acral erythemaedema (pseudo-chilblain), maculopapular exanthemas, vesicular eruptions, urticarial lesions, and livedo or necrosis areas. All skin findings can be included in the recently described clinical patterns of cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 disease. In our study, we did not correlate the severity of the COVID-19 disease with the different skin patterns because all of the patients we included had very similar clinical characteristics of COVID-19 (moderate-severe infection that required hospitalization). doi = 10.1111/ijd.15180 id = cord-293736-nyvwv31m author = Méry, Geoffroy title = COVID-19: Underlying Adipokine Storm and Angiotensin 1-7 Umbrella date = 2020-07-21 keywords = ACE2; ARDS; Ang1; COVID-19; SARS summary = Here we seek to explore what underlies the link between immune response and respiratory failure in CoV infections on the one hand, and the current observation of obesity as a risk factor for severe outcome in COVID-19 on the other. Indeed, during COVID-19 infection, most patients exhibit a specific cytokine profile, associating innate immunity chemokines (such as monocyte chemoattractant protein 3 and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), which are suggestive of macrophage activation and epithelial suffering), and pro-inflammatory macrophage-produced cytokines such as IL-6 (45). We suggest that the tampering with such pathways could also lead to abnormalities in the inflammatory response observed in severe CoV infections through their influence on immune regulation and cytokine production. Besides suffering from a pro-inflammatory environment, which favors macrophage activation and neutrophil production, obese patients exhibit abnormal responses to viral infection. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01714 id = cord-287758-da11ypiy author = Mônica Vitalino de Almeida, Sinara title = COVID-19 therapy: what weapons do we bring into battle? date = 2020-09-10 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; Coronavirus; FDA; FIG; MERS; RNA; SARS; drug; patient; viral summary = The increase in studies related to SARS-CoV-2 during the first semester in 2020 has allowed the rather speedy identification of promising therapeutic targets for both developing immunotherapies and producing/identifying antiviral drugs. 5, 64 So far, structural proteins and enzymes that participate actively in the process of viral replication are the most investigated targets for the development of molecules for anti-CoVs therapies (FIG. Based on results from previous studies as well, nelfinavir was considered a likely therapy for COVID-19 after its indication for clinical trials as a promising anti-SARS drug. 218 In addition to this well-known antitumor effect, imatinib has also shown in-vitro antiviral properties against several virus, such as infectious bronchitis virus (a viral model for studying the role of tyrosine kinase activity during CoV infection), by interfering with virus-cell fusion, 219 and other RNA viruses including coxsackie virus, 220 hepatitis C virus, 221 Ebola, 222 among others, mainly by blocking viral entry or egress from the host cell. doi = 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115757 id = cord-278155-4ekdwyrw author = Möckel, Martin title = How emergency departments prepare for virus disease outbreaks like COVID-19 date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Acute outbreaks of novel virus caused diseases like coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) challenge the national and international healthcare systems and specifically the emergency departments (EDs) as patients, even if they have only mild symptoms, intuitively present in the ED once they fear to have a serious disease. Therefore, EDs need to prepare fast and effectively to address the challenge of walk-in patients who might transmit the virus SARS-CoV-2 without displaying severe symptoms themselves, to protect personnel and vulnerable patient groups who are typically present in the ED at any time like patients with immunosuppression, chronic disease and older age. (3) A set of measures and information needs to be prepared and made available for all potential patients. EDs are prone to be the first contact of patients infected with novel viral diseases like COVID-19. doi = 10.1097/mej.0000000000000703 id = cord-288919-3ay39zf5 author = Müller, Helmut title = Recovery from COVID‐19 following hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and liver transplantation date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-288919-3ay39zf5 title: Recovery from COVID‐19 following hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and liver transplantation cord_uid: 3ay39zf5 Immunosuppression and frequent comorbidities in transplant recipients potentially increase the risk of fatal outcomes of pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1]. In the nineteen-seventies, he acquired hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, probably via factor VIII supplementation, and in 1985 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV suppression with repeatedly negative PCR results has been achieved. Metroticket 2.0 model for analysis of competing risks of death after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma Clinical best practice advice for hepatology and liver transplant providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: AASLD expert panel consensus statement Cyclosporine and tacrolimus have inhibitory effects on toll-like receptor signaling after liver transplantation Fatal outcome in a liver transplant recipient with COVID-19 The authors of this manuscript have no conflicts of interest to disclose as described by the American Journal of Transplantation. doi = 10.1111/ajt.16107 id = cord-340063-nmx91h0a author = Müller, Olaf title = Epidemiologie und Kontrollmaßnahmen bei COVID-19 date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; China; Maßnahmen; SARS; die; und summary = The Coronavirus Disease Pandemic 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), started in December 2019 in China. Es gibt bisher weder wirksame Medikamente noch eine Impfung, somit stehen nur Public-Health-Interventionen wie einerseits physisches Abstandhalten und Hygienemaßnahmen sowie andererseits gezieltes Testen gefolgt von Isolations-und Quarantänemaßnahmen zur Verfügung. Der Erreger des Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) , das Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), gehört zu einer RNA-Virusfamilie, die sowohl bei Tieren als auch beim Menschen Erkrankungen hervorrufen kann. Der Verlauf nationaler Epidemien sowie der Pandemie wird von Faktoren bestimmt, die bisher für COVID-19 noch nicht vollständig verstanden sind. Prinzipiell unterscheidet man hierbei Isolationsmaßnahmen (SARS-CoV-2-Infizierte und COVID-19-Patienten) und Quarantänemaßnahmen (Kontaktpersonen von Infizierten und Erkrankten, stark betroffene Gemeinden); diese Maßnahmen sind besonders wirksam zum Beginn einer Epidemie, wenn Infektionsketten noch nachvollziehbar sind [35] . Es ist momentan auch noch offen, welche Ausmaße die Pandemie in den Industrieländern erlangen wird; dies hängt primär von der Intensität und Dauer der durchgeführten Public-Health-Maßnahmen ab. doi = 10.1055/a-1162-1987 id = cord-282737-xa4ct4lf author = Müller, Simon M. title = National Publication Productivity during the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Preliminary Exploratory Analysis of the 30 Countries Most Affected date = 2020-09-05 keywords = Index; covid-19; publication summary = Methods: In a cross-sectional, observational, retrospective study we compared and correlated 17 epidemiologic, health care system-related and health-economic factors from medical databases and intergovernmental organisations potentially influencing the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 publication productivity between 1 January and 30 April 2020 amongst the 30 countries most severely affected by the pandemic. Thus, we compared and correlated factors (Table 1) potentially influencing the COVID-19-related publication productivity between 1 January and 30 April 2020 amongst the 30 countries most severely affected by the pandemic. Our results indicate that the COVID-19 publication rate of the 30 countries most affected by the SARS-Cov2 pandemic by the end of April 2020 correlates positively with epidemiological factors (COVID-19 cases per capita, case fatality rate), health care system-relevant (number of physicians HAQ Index, Global Health Security Index) and economic factors (health care expenditure per capita, gross domestic product (GDP)), and, additionally, with the publication expertise (pre-COVID-19 H-index, COVID-19 trial database). doi = 10.3390/biology9090271 id = cord-277646-l956pxe5 author = Münch, Urs title = Empfehlungen zur Unterstützung von belasteten, schwerstkranken, sterbenden und trauernden Menschen in der Corona-Pandemie aus palliativmedizinischer Perspektive: Empfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Palliativmedizin (DGP), der Deutschen Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin (DIVI), des Bundesverbands Trauerbegleitung (BVT), der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Psychoonkologie in der Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft, der Deutschen Vereinigung für Soziale Arbeit im Gesundheitswesen (DVSG) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Systemische Therapie, Beratung und Familientherapie (DGSF) date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; Deutschen; und summary = title: Empfehlungen zur Unterstützung von belasteten, schwerstkranken, sterbenden und trauernden Menschen in der Corona-Pandemie aus palliativmedizinischer Perspektive: Empfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Palliativmedizin (DGP), der Deutschen Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Intensivund Notfallmedizin (DIVI), des Bundesverbands Trauerbegleitung (BVT), der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Psychoonkologie in der Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft, der Deutschen Vereinigung für Soziale Arbeit im Gesundheitswesen (DVSG) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Systemische Therapie, Beratung und Familientherapie (DGSF) Die Aufgabe der psychosozialen Unterstützung dieser Menschen mit ihrer Not und Angst in dieser existenziellen Krisensituation lastet somit größtenteils und zusätzlich zu al-Der Schmerz len anderen Aufgaben auf den Schultern der Pflegekräfte und Ärzt*innen vor Ort. Darüber hinaus ist selbst bei sterbenden, mit COVID-19 infizierten Patient*innen für Zugehörige kein Abschiednehmen möglich, da diese Patient*innen in vielen dieser Einrichtungen keinen Besuch erhalten können. doi = 10.1007/s00482-020-00483-9 id = cord-297681-m0cckidw author = Na, Joo-Young title = [Secondary Publication] Standard Operating Procedure for Post-mortem Inspection in a Focus on Coronavirus Disease-19: the Korean Society for Legal Medicine date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The Korean Society for Legal Medicine, a highly specialized organization responsible for post-mortem examination and death investigation, aims to protect multiple staff-related post-mortem examinations and prevent the spread of COVID-19 in medical institutions and communities to improve social stability through this guideline for COVID-19 post-mortem inspections. The risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during post-mortem inspection of a dead body is relatively lower than that in the case of medical procedures or treatments because dead bodies do not cough and spread droplets. Due to the nature of postmortem inspection, in most cases, there is no or insufficient ante-mortem information, so collaboration with investigative agencies, local governments, and relevant public health centers is essential to determine the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 1) After confirming the identity of the deceased, if it is necessary to confirm whether he or she has the possibility of infection with COVID-19, request confirmation to the public health center through the police in charge, and proceed with the post-mortem inspection. doi = 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e302 id = cord-272445-0xauff51 author = Naaber, Paul title = Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody response in PCR positive patients: Comparison of nine tests in relation to clinical data date = 2020-10-27 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = title: Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody response in PCR positive patients: Comparison of nine tests in relation to clinical data The specificity and sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests are known to vary and very few studies have addressed the performance of these tests in COVID-19 patient groups at different time points. We here compared the sensitivity and specificity of seven commercial (SNIBE, Epitope, Euroimmun, Roche, Abbott, DiaSorin, Biosensor) and two in-house LIPS assays (LIPS N and LIPS S-RBD) IgG/total Ab tests in serum samples from 97 COVID-19 patients and 100 controls, and correlated the results with the patients'' clinical data and the time-point the test was performed. Our study aimed to compare the performance characteristics of seven commercial and two in-house IgG/total Ab tests, which analyze the reactivity to several target proteins, and to correlate the results with the patients'' clinical data (with different symptoms score and age), and time from disease onset. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0237548 id = cord-338049-en9ktl4s author = Naarding, P. title = COVID-19: clinical challenges in Dutch Geriatric Psychiatry date = 2020-05-27 keywords = covid-19; old summary = After a brief timeline of the Dutch situation and our management strategy to adapt geriatric mental health care, we present a case-series to illustrate the specific challenges for geriatric psychiatrists. A brief timeline of the Dutch situation and our management strategy to adapt geriatric mental health care is presented below, followed by a case-series to illustrate the specific challenges facing geriatric psychiatrists. Many aspects of mental health care facilities make older patients with psychiatric disorders susceptible to the rapid spread of COVID-19 [5] . To comply with national policies on the spread of COVID-19 and protect geriatric psychiatric patients, specific COVID-19 isolation units with 5-9 beds were set up in most mental health centers. The case-vignettes described above illustrate the immediate clinical challenges we faced in our mental health services for older people during the initial weeks of the COVID-19 outbreak in the Netherlands. doi = 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.05.019 id = cord-261599-ddgoxape author = Nabi, Khondoker Nazmoon title = Forecasting of COVID-19 pandemic: From integer derivatives to fractional derivatives date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; Caputo; model summary = In a recent study, Nabi [26] has proposed a new Susceptible-Exposed-Symptomatic Infectious-Asymptomatic Infectious-Quarantined-Hospitalized-Recovered-Dead (SEI D I U QHRD) compartmental mathematical model and calibrated model parameters to project the future dynamics of COVID-19 for various COVID-19 hotspots. The advantage of applying Caputo fractional derivatives to solve the proposed COVID-19 model is the dynamics of the model can be observed more deeply using the real-time Cameroon data. The aim of this work is to forecast the probable time and size of the epidemic peaks of the novel coronavirus outbreak in Cameroon by studying a realistic compartmental model using the robust concept of Caputo fractional derivative. Section 3 is devoted to model calibration using real data of reported cases of COVID-19 in Cameroon, global sensitivity analysis of the proposed model, and forecasting of the disease future dynamics. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110283 id = cord-296881-2g81sjnl author = Nabil, Ahmed title = Current coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches: An updated review until June 2020 date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; treatment summary = On May 7, 2020, Gilead Sciences, announced that the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) has granted regulatory approval of Veklury® (Remdesivir) as a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection, the virus that causes COVID-19 acute respiratory syndrome, under an exceptional approval pathway. In COVID-19 infection, a massive number of T-lymphocytes and mononuclear macrophages are activated, emitting different cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), which binds to the IL-6 receptor on its target cells, causing the cytokine storm and severe inflammatory responses in most organs including lungs, liver, kidney and other tissues and organs. Moreover, in July 2020 the WHO discontinued clinical trials with hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir treatment arms for COVID-19 (WHO, 2020b), where both therapies produced little and no reduction in the mortality of hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 cases when compared to standard of care. COVID-19 infection and treatment with hydroxychloroquine cause severe haemolysis crisis in a patient with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency doi = 10.17179/excli2020-2554 id = cord-331486-jp4m6ibe author = Naccarato, Marcello title = Has COVID-19 played an unexpected “stroke” on the chain of survival? date = 2020-05-06 keywords = Italy; covid-19 summary = In many Italian regions, hospitals have been reorganized to properly manage COVID-19 patients, creating new protected wards for SARS-CoV-2 positive patients both for intensive and sub-intensive care, including reorganizing many Stroke Units [3] . To evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemics on stroke management, this report described the emergency structured pathway adopted by an Italian University Hub Stroke Unit in the cross -border Italy-Slovenia area (which serves 373''803 people) (data from Istituto Nazionale di Statistica-ISTAT official report, 30th September 2017, see http://dati.istat.it/), and compared clinical features and outcomes of admitted patients between 9th March 2020 (start of Italy lockdown) and 9th April 2020 with stroke patients admitted during the same period in 2019. In conclusion, the adopted strategies for stroke management during the COVID-19 emergency have suggested being effective, while suffering a reduced and delayed reporting of symptoms. doi = 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116889 id = cord-280164-dukccrjb author = Nachega, Jean B. title = Responding to the Challenge of the Dual COVID-19 and Ebola Epidemics in the Democratic Republic of Congo—Priorities for Achieving Control date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; DRC; EVD summary = With other African countries, the DRC faces the challenge of striking a balance between easing public health lockdown measures to curtail the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and minimizing both economic hardships for large sectors of the population and negative impacts on health services for other infectious and noninfectious diseases. Building on the DRC''s 40 years of experience with 10 previous EVD outbreaks, we highlight the DRC''s multi-sectoral public health approach to COVID-19, which includes community-based screening, testing, contact-tracing, risk communication, community engagement, and case management. [2] [3] [4] The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) recently experienced its tenth Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak, the second largest globally after the 2014-2016 West African epidemic, which was recently brought under control. A multi-sectoral national committee to organize the COVID-19 response was created following the diagnosis of the first confirmed cases ( Figure 2 ) using lessons learned from the tenth EVD outbreak. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0642 id = cord-345067-kummh0g7 author = Nachega, Jean B. title = Mobile Health Technology for Enhancing the COVID-19 Response in Africa: A Potential Game Changer? date = 2020-05-29 keywords = Africa; COVID-19 summary = title: Mobile Health Technology for Enhancing the COVID-19 Response in Africa: A Potential Game Changer? Mobile Health Technology for Enhancing the COVID-19 Response in Africa: A Potential Game Changer? 3 However, as lockdowns and social distancing measures are currently being lifted in stages by most African countries, governments will need to ensure that public health infrastructure and needed resources are put in place for community surveillance to identify cases and clusters of new infections through active case finding, large-scale testing, and contact tracing. 7 Mobile phone technology (mHealth) platforms are effective in improving service delivery and outcomes for many health conditions in Africa and globally, including HIV infection, tuberculosis, and chronic noncommunicable diseases. 7, 8 With the support of global mobile technology companies and small and medium enterprises within Africa, mHealth offers opportunities ranging from text messaging to mobile apps to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. COVID-19 AND MOBILE HEALTH TECHNOLOGY IN AFRICA doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0506 id = cord-275842-dtdb4yuc author = Nachmias, Vered title = The First Case of Documented Covid-19 Reinfection in Israel date = 2020-10-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = After 25 million confirmed Covid -19 infections worldwide (1), a major question has been whether reinfections with this virus are possible, potentially endangering the lives of people who recovered from this deadly virus and people who are in contact with them. In Hong Kong details of the case of a 33-year-old man reveal that he first tested positive for COVID-19 in late March 2020 and developed cough, sore throat, fever and headache. We describe a case of confirmed Covid -19 reinfection in Israel, where the infection rates have been among the highest worldwide (6) . It has been expected that if the immune response generated after an initial infection could not prevent a second case, then it should at least stave off more severe illness (7 ) . Generally, people who contract Covid-19 develop a healthy immune response of both antibodies and T cells, similar to other viral infections (7) . doi = 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00970 id = cord-029630-46d1cfy0 author = Nacoti, Mirco title = At the Epicenter of the Covid-19 Pandemic and Humanitarian Crises in Italy: Changing Perspectives on Preparation and Mitigation date = 2020-03-21 keywords = covid-19 summary = In a Bergamo hospital deeply strained by the Covid-19 pandemic, exhausted clinicians reflect on how to prepare for the next outbreak. Fully 70% of ICU beds in our hospital are reserved for critically ill Covid-19 patients with a reasonable chance to survive. What we are painfully learning is that we need experts in public health and epidemics, yet this has not been the focus of decision makers at the national, regional, and hospital levels. This approach would limit hospitalization to a focused target of disease severity, thereby decreasing contagion, protecting patients and health care workers, and minimizing consumption of protective equipment. We need dedicated Covid-19 hospital pavilions and operators, separated from virus-free areas. This outbreak is more than an intensive care phenomenon, rather it is a public health and humanitarian crisis.3 It requires social scientists, epidemiologists, experts in logistics, psychologists, and social workers. doi = 10.1056/cat.20.0080 id = cord-294443-w6p3f5qc author = Nadar, Sunil K. title = Managing hypertension during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Concern was therefore raised at the start of the pandemic that ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), medications that are commonly used for hypertension and heart failure, could have a potential deleterious effect [11] , as ACE2 is widely expressed in the cardiovascular system and is up regulated by these drugs in some tissues in a subset of animal models [12, 13] . Subsequent data have raised the possibility that patients treated with ACE inhibitors or ARBs do indeed have a better outcome, with the crucial caveat that the possibility of unmeasured confounding and bias precludes drawing cause-effect conclusions from the clinical studies available thus far. A recent retrospective study from China comparing outcomes on hospitalised patients with COVID-19 with and without ACE inhibitors or ARBs for hypertension has suggested that in the former all-cause mortality was lower (adjusted HR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.19-0.92; P = 0.03) [18] . Retrospective study of risk factors for severe SARS-Cov-2 infections in hospitalized adult patients. doi = 10.1038/s41371-020-0356-y id = cord-289041-lhc53uk4 author = Nadeem, Muhammad Faisal title = Is the paradigm of community pharmacy practice expected to shift due to COVID-19? date = 2020-05-27 keywords = community; covid-19 summary = However, despite dire need of telepharmacy and home delivery of medicines in COVID-19 prevalent developing nations, many factors, such as community pharmacist willingness, limited workforce, lack of expertise, financial reimbursement, infrastructure of community pharmacies may be to blame for low uptake of these services. Regardless of all the barricades, the shift in the community pharmacy paradigm -in terms of identity and recognition as a competent and trustworthy healthcare professionals -is expected to happen through telepharmacy and home delivery of services and medicines due to increased chances for direct interaction with patients in need of these services, only if community pharmacists aim to avail the opportunities rather than moaning about existing issues. But, as we see it, healthcare regulators in developing nations, where ensuring access to healthcare services and essential medicines has always been a great challenge, will need to utilize and promote community pharmacy services to cater the needs of vulnerable population during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.05.021 id = cord-309147-c3ikb81g author = Nadeem, Muhammad Shahid title = Origin, Potential Therapeutic Targets and Treatment for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) date = 2020-04-22 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = According to available information, SARS-CoV-2 is inferred to be a recombinant virus that originated from bats and was transmitted to humans, possibly using the pangolin as the intermediate host. The interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with the human ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) receptor, and its subsequent cleavage by serine protease and fusion, are the main events in the pathophysiology. The recent reports have suggested that SARS-CoV-2 is a modified coronavirus of bat origin [22, 32] , which came to humans as a result of zoonotic transmission [33, 34] . The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of pangolin-CoV has only a one amino acid difference with that of SARS-CoV-2; the infected pangolins exhibit pathological symptoms similar to humans suffering from COVID-19, and their blood circulating antibodies can react with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 [35, 36] . Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges doi = 10.3390/pathogens9040307 id = cord-318756-yln4htof author = Naderi, Nasim title = Cardiovascular patients in COVID‐19 era, a case series, an experience from a tertiary cardiovascular center in Tehran, Iran date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; figure summary = A 55-year-old man with compressive angina, fever, and dyspnea but no cough and myalgia and reported history of close contact with a COVID-19-positive patient is presented. He was ready for discharge after a negative RT-PCR, 2 days after the second chest CT; however, he developed severe angina with identical ECG changes and a CTn-I of >50 µg/L; thus, the patient was emergently transferred to catheterization laboratory (Cath-Lab), where his selective coronary angiography revealed three-vessel disease ( Figure 1 -Panel C). A 61-year-old man with acute-onset angina chest pain without fever, a sore throat, dyspnea, cough, myalgia, and no history of close contact with a COVID-19-positive patient is presented. Regardless of many clinicians'' concerns about susceptibility to coronavirus in those patients who are taking ACEIs or ARBS, observational studies have not provided convincing data on whether these drugs have potentially beneficial or harmful effects on COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1002/ccr3.3163 id = cord-270742-kzo879gu author = Naeem, Syed title = Successful recovery from COVID‐19 in three kidney transplant recipients who received convalescent plasma therapy date = 2020-08-19 keywords = CCP; COVID-19 summary = We present a novel case series of three kidney transplant recipients with COVID‐19 who recovered after receiving COVID‐19 convalescent plasma (CCP) therapy. The novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020 1 . We present a novel case series of three kidney transplant (KT) recipients with COVID-19 who recovered after receiving COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) therapy. Use of CP for treating Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) 6 , syndrome of acute respiratory distress (SARS) 7 , and Influenza A (H1N1) 8 may have contributed to improved survival rates in infected patients. It is important to note that prednisone may also delay recovery due to inhibition of antiviral immune response from the host and clinical evidence does not currently support corticosteroids as adjunctive treatment in COVID-19 patients 13 . doi = 10.1111/tid.13451 id = cord-338572-5ifc2lx6 author = Nagarakanti, Sandhya R. title = Clinical outcomes of patients with COVID‐19 and HIV coinfection date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COVID-19; HIV summary = We present the clinical outcomes of HIV patients hospitalized for COVID‐19 in a matched comparison with historical controls. Data on baseline clinical characteristics and hospital course was documented and compared with that of a matched control group of COVID‐19 patients who had no history of HIV. CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort of HIV infected patients hospitalized for COVID‐19, there was no difference in mortality, ICU admission and the need for mechanical ventilation when compared to a matched control of COVID ‐19 patients with HIV. We evaluated their clinical outcomes and compared them to that of a well-matched control group of patients with no HIV. These data points included HIV-associated characteristics such as most recent CD4+ T cells, CD4/CD8 ratio, ( obtained by flow cytometry Clinical outcomes of hospitalized patients were compared to that of a propensity matched cohort of COVID-19 patients who had no history of HIV infection. doi = 10.1002/jmv.26533 id = cord-335292-x2vjzp18 author = Nagashima, S. title = The Endothelial Dysfunction and Pyroptosis Driving the SARS-CoV-2 Immune-Thrombosis date = 2020-06-19 keywords = H1N1; SARS; covid-19; endothelial summary = Approach and Results: Post-mortem lung (6 cases of COVID-19 group; 10 cases of H1N1 group and 11 cases of Control group) and myocardial samples (2 cases of COVID-19 and one control) were analyzed by conventional immunohistochemistry by using antibodies to identify molecules involving with endothelial activation (CD163, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-alpha), Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1)) and pyroptosis (Caspase-1). In addition to COVID-19 endothelial activation, the probable higher significant involvement of pyroptosis, in this pandemic disease, but not in H1N1pdm09, may drive the massive endothelial cell death contributing to thrombogenic mechanism. The presence of the same pattern of tissue expression (COVID-19 patients with higher CD163, IL-6, ICAM-1, TNF-alpha, and Caspase-1 tissue expression than control patient) in the myocardial samples might suggest that endothelial dysfunction and pyroptosis mechanism could be more than a local lung process, but a systemic event. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.17.20133124 id = cord-296536-s8n7kgkn author = Nagendrappa, Sachin title = Recognizing the role of animal-assisted therapies in addressing mental health needs during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Recognizing the role of animal-assisted therapies in addressing mental health needs during the COVID-19 Pandemic A review study has shown elevated stress, anxiety, depression, and panic among the general population including the health care workers. Studies have shown human-animal interaction have a potential role in reducing the stress, fear, anxiety, depressive symptoms and promoting calmness and social interaction. Identifying and using the existing resources such as pets to address loneliness and mental health concerns is one feasible option. The role of pets in addressing mental health seems to be promising in this regard. Ontological security and connectivity provided by pets: a study in the self-management of the everyday lives of people diagnosed with a long-term mental health condition COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Mental Health Interventions during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Conceptual Framework by Early Career Psychiatrists doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102390 id = cord-266808-wyuodzyt author = Nagler, Arielle R title = Early Results from SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing of Healthcare Workers at an Academic Medical Center in New York City date = 2020-06-28 keywords = COVID-19; NYULH summary = title: Early Results from SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing of Healthcare Workers at an Academic Medical Center in New York City Over the following eight weeks three groups were tested: 1) symptomatic staff with fever or respiratory illness; 2) asymptomatic employees with self-reported exposure to COVID-19 which included any degree or duration of contact with an individual who had a documented COVID-19 infection in the work place or in the community; and 3) all employees who were returning to work in services that had been suspended during the epidemic''s peak. Positivity rates amongst all groups of employees being tested including symptomatic employees, asymptomatic employees with self-reported exposure to COVID-19, and employees being screened for returning work declined over time ( Figure 1 ). Thus during this testing program, most NYULH employees had continued exposure to COVID patients, yet A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t employees still demonstrated sharp declines in COVID infection rates. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa867 id = cord-340137-2ipkxn9p author = Naguib, Mahmoud M title = Towards pandemic preparedness beyond COVID-19 date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A recent study in The Lancet Global Health predicted that child mortality could increase by as much as 45%, and maternal deaths by as much as 39%, in low-income countries because of lockdowns, interruption of vaccination programmes, and overload of health-care facilities, but also fear of visiting such facilities, all as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the past few months of the COVID-19 pandemic there have been several outbreaks of zoonotic diseases that did not gain much concern from the international scientific community; for example a recent Ebola virus outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo after a period of 2 years without any reported cases in that region of the country. Vaccination programmes and other public health initiatives are important for prevention and surveillance of emerging zoonotic infections, not least in low-income and middle-income countries. Hence, when such activities are reduced, the risk of new emerging zoonotic disease outbreaks with potential for global spread is greatly increased. doi = 10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30088-4 id = cord-254421-0lvy15q2 author = Nahshon, Chen title = Author’s Reply: Hazardous Postoperative Outcomes of Unexpected COVID-19 Infected Patients: A Call for Global Consideration of Sampling All Asymptomatic Patients Before Surgical Treatment date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Author''s Reply: Hazardous Postoperative Outcomes of Unexpected COVID-19 Infected Patients: A Call for Global Consideration of Sampling All Asymptomatic Patients Before Surgical Treatment for their constructive comment on our review and appreciate the opportunity to further discuss the consideration of sampling preoperative patients for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prior to any surgical treatment. In our published review, we presented the possible hazardous implications of an asymptomatic undetected COVID-19 infection in surgical patients, suggesting a recommendation for a global consideration of sampling all patients before surgical treatment. Accordingly, the largest recent study published analyzed 1128 patients who had an operation during the current pandemic, with COVID-19 infection diagnosed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery [1] . In view of the progress in diagnostic tests and the presented perilous outcomes of infected COVID-19 surgical patients, routine preoperative screening should be considered, focusing on patient and staff safety. doi = 10.1007/s00268-020-05672-2 id = cord-011424-d4pswmxa author = Naidich, Jason J. title = Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic on Imaging Case Volumes date = 2020-05-16 keywords = covid-19; imaging summary = METHODS: Imaging case volumes in a large health care system were retrospectively studied, analyzing weekly imaging volumes by patient service locations (emergency department, inpatient, outpatient) and modality types (x-ray, mammography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, interventional radiology, nuclear medicine) in years 2020 and 2019. The imaging case volumes were provided as aggregate data for each week (Sunday to Saturday) in 2019 and 2020 stratified by patient service locations (emergency department, inpatient, outpatient) and imaging modality types (x-ray, mammography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, interventional radiology, nuclear medicine). The imaging case volumes were provided for each imaging modality type (x-ray, mammography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, interventional radiology, nuclear medicine) in aggregate sum data according to the patient service locations (emergency department, inpatient, outpatient) for each week 1 to 16 in both 2020 and 2019 calendar years. doi = 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.05.004 id = cord-325115-obquz9ve author = Naik, B Naveen title = Real-Time Smart Patient Monitoring and Assessment Amid COVID-19 Pandemic – an Alternative Approach to Remote Monitoring date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Real-Time Smart Patient Monitoring and Assessment Amid COVID-19 Pandemic – an Alternative Approach to Remote Monitoring Facing the daunting outlook of COVID-19 pandemic surge, with limited ICU beds, resources and health care personnel, it is imperative to safely monitor and care for sickest patients. Utilization of remote technology to manage a deluge of critically ill COVID-19 patients may ease the burden on health care facilities and can stem the exposure of health care providers to COVID-19. High definition CCTV cameras were installed over each ICU bed for visualising patient mechanical ventilation and monitoring system round the clock (Fig. 1b) . In addition to this, we installed a remote mobile health monitoring system and server structure, where patient vital parameters such as temperature, SpO2, ECG, heart rate, blood pressure, etCO2 and respiratory rate can be visualized over smartphone from the off-site location (Fig. 1a) . Real-Time Remote Surveillance of Doffing during COVID-19 Pandemic: Enhancing Safety of Health Care Workers doi = 10.1007/s10916-020-01599-2 id = cord-339984-vuwjre82 author = Nair, Vinay title = COVID-19 and solid organ transplant outcomes date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; transplant summary = However, recent publications report great variations in the clinical course and mortality of COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . We excluded studies with fewer than five kidney transplant recipients, and those without data reported. We reviewed dates of publication, number of patients, types of solid organ transplantation including kidney transplantation, patient demographics, comorbid conditions, baseline immunosuppression, changes in immunosuppression, presenting symptoms, hospital course, treatments administered, follow-up time and patient mortality. A single center observational study of the clinical characteristics and short-term outcome of 20 kidney transplant patients admitted for SARS-CoV2 pneumonia doi = 10.1093/ndt/gfaa207 id = cord-254449-ww7iq04j author = Naithani, Nardeep title = COVID-19: Shades of Grey date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; India summary = from National Centre for Disease Control, India, have very lucidly highlighted nine domains where healthcare workers need to find answers, in this issue of the Journal. We have endeavoured to play our role as a peer reviewed medical journal while welcoming submissions on the entire spectrum of possible research on COVID-19 from across the world. Nevertheless, to carry the exit poll analogy further, mathematical models are increasingly becoming a valuable tool to equip the public health response in COVID-19. As the understanding of the transmission of the disease changes, mathematical models need to be dynamic tools to help policy making bodies. 12 The recent ordinance to amend the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 by the Govt of India will hopefully help to reduce the public brunt and help healthcare workers focus on SARS-CoV-2. Healthcare impact of COVID-19 epidemic in India: a stochastic mathematical model Predictive mathematical models of the COVID-19 pandemic: Underlying principles and value of projections doi = 10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.04.010 id = cord-313386-t2p9txlt author = Naito, Yuji title = Association between selective IgA deficiency and COVID-19 date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; IgA summary = The low infection rate contributed to the low death rate from COVID-19 in Japan, suggesting that the extremely low frequency of selective IgA deficiency may be a contributing factor. Table 1 presents the number of COVID-19 infections and deaths, populations, and frequencies of selective IgA deficiency in 19 countries. (12) As shown in Fig. 3 , there was a positive correlation between the frequency of selective IgA deficiency and the COVID-19 infection rate per 1 million population. Another important finding in this study was a strong positive correlation between the frequency of selective IgA deficiency and the prevalence of COVID-19 infection per population. The high frequency of selective IgA deficiency in the Western countries suggests that the heterogeneous genotype population is even higher, and that the number of COVID-19 infections increases proportionately, resulting in an increase in deaths. There was a strong positive correlation between the frequency of selective IgA deficiency and the COVID-19 infection rate per population. doi = 10.3164/jcbn.20-102 id = cord-152740-ln2dbqn2 author = Najafi, Ali title = ComStreamClust: A communicative text clustering approach to topic detection in streaming data date = 2020-10-11 keywords = COVID-19; topic summary = In order to tackle the aforementioned topic detection problem, we propose a communicative text clustering approach for tweet clustering, which has been applied on the COVID-19 and FA CUP datasets, which is described with greater details in Section 3. The obtained results provide confirmatory evidence that the proposed approach is effective and superior to the existing ones in topic detection on Twitter data. al [13] propose a model based on the universal sentence encoder [14] and transformers [15] to detect the main topics of tweets regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. The problem tackled in this paper can be formally defined as follows: Each data-point is assumed as a quadruple (id, t, ts, s), such that id is a unique value as the identification number; t is the text with at most 280 characters; ts is the timestamp of the tweet including its arrival date and time; and s is the subject of the tweet which is not known in advance. This paper proposed a new topic detection approach using stream clustering on Twitter data. doi = nan id = cord-342129-74yqqocc author = Najafi, Farid title = Serial interval and time-varying reproduction number estimation for COVID-19 in West of Iran date = 2020-06-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Serial interval and time-varying reproduction number estimation for COVID-19 in West of Iran After confirming the epidemic of COVID-19 in Iran, data on patients with COVID-19 (confirmed, probable and suspected cases) by either real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test or chest CT-scan or clinical symptoms collected by two different sections: public health sectors and emergency unit of all selected hospitals. In order to estimate the reproduction number, we need to determine the serial interval-a proxy of the generation time-which defined as the interval between clinical onsets in initial case and secondary case [5] . We used "EpiEstim" package to estimate effective reproduction number of COV19-19 given the incident case counts data of Kermanshah by time-varying method. We performed sensitivity analysis to determine the effect of changes in serial interval on the reproduction number in two different time-lapse, 7-days and 14-days. For 7-day time-laps, the estimated values of reproduction number for COVID-19 were robust as serial interval parameters change (Fig 4-top row) . doi = 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100715 id = cord-263882-s5oxr6es author = Najar Nobar, Niloufar title = Patients with specific skin disorders who are affected by COVID‐19: what do experiences say about management strategies? : A systematic review date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; disease; patient summary = It seems that in patients with any severe and serious dermatologic disorders, under treatment with systemic agents, if there is not any suspicion about concurrent infection or any high risk exposures, not only it is not recommend to cessation therapy but only emphasize that these drugs could prevent disease flare-up and control cytokine storm that both in a negative direction, affect the COVID-19 course (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) . So in this systematic review we focused on specific patient groups with a dermatologic disorder (usually under therapy) that concomitantly have been infected by the new corona virus and summed up their data in all aspects of underlying and infectious disease course and management. At the time of the COVID-19, the biologic agents were discontinued except for one case (which was treated with Guselkumab) but the patients did not report any severe exacerbation of their underlying dermatologic disease despite treatment discontinuation. doi = 10.1111/dth.13867 id = cord-343691-sjz5og78 author = Nakajima, Kei title = Serious Conditions in COVID-19 Accompanied With a Feature of Metabolic Syndrome date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Retrospective research has shown that COVID-19 is frequently observed in people with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] , which are pivotal components of metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of cardiometabolic risks based on excess visceral fat. In recent decades, many investigators have convincingly shown that people with obesity, prediabetes, diabetes and MetS are at increased risk for impaired lung function, and especially impaired restrictive lung pattern [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] , which is primarily determined by reduced predicted forced vital capacity. In patients with any of the specific metabolic abnormalities of MetS, pre-existing impaired lung function can predispose them to SARS-CoV-2 infection and even accelerate it, potentially worsening the condition. doi = 10.14740/jocmr4187 id = cord-286146-im42752g author = Nakamura, Hiroki title = Airport risk of importation and exportation of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = The study''s most important contribution is the calculation of the overall relative risk of the importation and exportation of COVID-19 from every airport in local municipalities around the world, based on global spatial and mapping information. Importantly, the exportation risk of the disease from some airports in China, Iran, and European countries has a higher global spread than the importation risk during the pandemic stage. Therefore, the most important contribution of this study is its assessment of both importation and exportation risk of COVID-19 spread via air travel from/to world airports based on the confirmed disease, air travel, and population data. The risks of importation and exportation of COVID-19 were calculated based on origin-destination (OD) annual air travel flows (Fig. 1) . This study calculated the overall relative risk of importation and exportation of COVID-19 from/to every airport in local municipalities around the world based on existing studies and global spatial and mapping information. doi = 10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.06.018 id = cord-331155-jkm4fuw4 author = Nakashima, Akiko title = Virus database annotations assist in tracing information on patients infected with emerging pathogens date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; d614 summary = Here, we evaluated the applicability of public database annotations to estimate the virulence, transmission trends and origins of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. COVID-19 presents varied symptomatic features [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] with a wide range of incubation periods and epidemic curves J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 4 are occurring [21] , [22] , the pathogenicity and origins of the mutated substrains of SARS-CoV-2 should be available in real time to adopt early measures by authorities at the onset of emergence. We examined the nucleotide mutations and visualized the transmission trajectories of SARS-CoV-2 by consulting the world specimens registered in the virus data bank of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [32] . Collectively, the annotations in the virus genome database are of fundamental use to hypothesize the pathogenicity and to trace the transmission route at the early phase of emergence of the new substrains. doi = 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100442 id = cord-266377-3krv9ekb author = Nakayachi, Kazuya title = Why Do Japanese People Use Masks Against COVID-19, Even Though Masks Are Unlikely to Offer Protection From Infection? date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; mask summary = In our survey, we examined six possible psychological reasons for wearing masks: three involved individuals'' perception of the severity of the disease and the efficacy of masks in reducing the infection risks both for themselves and for others; the remaining three involved other psychological driving forces. By contrast, frequency of mask usage depended much less on the participants'' perceived severity of the disease and the efficacy of masks in reducing infection risk both for themselves and for others. Even though the expectation of risk reduction (personal or collective) explained only small portion of mask usage, motivations superficially irrelevant to disease mitigation strongly promoted mask-wearing behavior; conformity to the social norm was the most prominent driving force for wearing masks. Despite these limitations, this study has empirically revealed that the expectation of risk reduction does not greatly promote mask-wearing countermeasures against COVID-19, suggesting that the nudge approach (i.e., taking advantage of people''s conformity) may be more promising. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01918 id = cord-337878-hiylqqie author = Namasivayam, Abirami title = Atypical case of COVID-19 in a critically unwell 5-week old infant date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; case; infant summary = To our knowledge, he is the youngest reported case in the UK to require mechanical ventilation and intensive care treatment as a direct result of COVID-19 following horizontal transmission. 4 A larger nationwide study investigating 134 paediatric cases across China reported that 76% cases had fever, 64.9% cases presented as acute upper respiratory tract infection, 26.9% as mild pneumonia and 1.5% cases were critical; unfortunately, the specific age groups and comorbidities were not reported. At present there are few reports of paediatric patients requiring intensive care support with confirmed COVID-19. This case demonstrates the need for vigilance in considering COVID-19 infection in infants presenting with less discriminatory symptoms such as lethargy or reduced feeding. Dong et al report a case series of 2135 paediatric patients with confirmed and suspected coronavirus; infants (<1 year) were noted to be particularly vulnerable. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-237142 id = cord-294672-hcjxcn1n author = Namineni, Srinivas title = Practice of nitrous oxide inhalation sedation in dentistry during and after the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Practice of nitrous oxide inhalation sedation in dentistry during and after the COVID-19 pandemic Despite the guidelines, there seems to be a deficiency in dental care around the usage of additional sedation with nitrous oxide. This letter is intended to shed light on care to be taken while using inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide in dental practice. Universally accepted safety methods involving the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and surface disinfection methods are strictly recommended in dental practice while using inhalation sedation. With a proper nasal seal, and the hood and the rubber dam isolating the mouth, salivary contamination should significantly reduce contamination from aerosols. Because it is based on an inhalational route that involves the respiratory tract, lungs, and alveoli for gaseous exchange, respiratory anatomy and physiology have a significant influence on nitrous oxide sedation [3] . Nitrous oxide inhalation sedation in dentistry: An overview of its applications and safety profile doi = 10.17245/jdapm.2020.20.4.261 id = cord-310207-lfub6y5m author = Nanda, Satyan title = Covid-19 associated Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Contrasting tale of four patients from a tertiary care centre in India date = 2020-09-16 keywords = GBS; covid-19 summary = title: Covid-19 associated Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Contrasting tale of four patients from a tertiary care centre in India OBJECTIVE: In this brief communication we report four cases of Covid-19 who presented to our hospital with features suggestive of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS). DISCUSSION: The mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 causes neurologic damage are multifaceted, including direct damage to specific receptors, cytokine-related injury, secondary hypoxia, and retrograde travel along nerve fibres. One patient who presented with respiratory complaints and X-ray changes along with neurological deficits continued to deteriorate even after starting treatment for both GBS and Covid-19, and eventually succumbed to the disease. All our patients developed features of GBS, 5-10 days after the onset of Covid-19 symptoms, which is similar to the interval seen with Guillain-Barré syndrome that occurs secondary to other infections [9] . Atypical clinical presentation of COVID-19: a case of Guillain-Barrè Syndrome related to SARS-Cov-2 infection doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.09.029 id = cord-338341-bywxb8e4 author = Nanda, Tavish title = A Measured Approach to Inpatient Ophthalmologic Screening in the COVID-19 Era: A Multicenter Perspective date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = With hospital 34 systems attempting to limit spread amongst their own workforce and the added effort of 35 minimizing non-urgent interventions, ophthalmology has found itself tasked with optimizing 36 care while performing a new risk-benefit analysis on virus transmissibility and patient/physician 37 exposure. A screening examination for ocular findings is one of the most common ophthalmologic 42 inpatient consultations for any patient that develops a Candida bloodstream infection 43 (candidemia). These findings appear consistent with several institutional experiences, including New Outside of candidemia, it is important to analyze the physician''s role in all screening 70 examinations, including cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, pre-lung transplant clearance, and 71 ocular lymphoma. Utility of ophthalmologic screening for 125 patients with Candida bloodstream infections: a systematic review Clinical utility of pre-transplant ophthalmic 144 consultation for lung transplant recipients: implications in the COVID-19 pandemic era doi = 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.08.003 id = cord-333296-mvbwrb6o author = Nandi, Santosh title = Redesigning Supply Chains using Blockchain-Enabled Circular Economy and COVID-19 Experiences date = 2020-10-16 keywords = BCT; COVID-19; chain; lad; supply summary = Using a blockchain technology (BCT)-enabled circular economy (CE) platform for shared leasing, firms could redistribute their new and excess inventory supplies regionally and normalize panic purchases at local grocery stores. We use the perspectives of circularity economy-based resource management and blockchain technology as an approach for identification and finding future opportunities for improvement of sustainability and supply chains (Zhu et al., 2019; Narayan and Tidstrom, 2020) . We believe this tool, along with other technological and social innovations, can further transition CE to its potential by enhancing supply chain digitization and agility; especially from a sustainability perspective (Saberi et al., 2019) ; it can also support the joint global-local glocalization situation . In the second column of each table, we offer information on how a blockchain technology-enabled circular economy approach can be used to support the supply chain LAD efforts learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.019 id = cord-254687-g9tptfna author = Nani, Fernando Souza title = Ulcer pressure prevention and opportunity for innovation during the COVID-19 crisis date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Ulcer pressure prevention and opportunity for innovation during the COVID-19 crisis Along with the regular risk of pressure ulcers in sacral and bony prominences, frequent prone positioning during COVID-19 treatment poses an additional risk (2, 3) . In view of this scenario and to arrive at a quick solution, Hospital das Clínicas, Escola Politécnica, and Universidade de São Paulo Innovative Centers entered into a public-private partnership aiming at identifying, testing, and producing cushions in a short period of time. The unpretentious idea of producing new cushions triggered the processes for developing guidelines for prone positioning, prevention of bedsores, and early identification and treatment of pressure injuries. The Innovative Centers from Instituto Central of HCFMUSP and the University of São Paulo had the opportunity to challenge themselves in coordinating intra-and extra-hospital teams that had never communicated with each other before, with the objective of approving and finalizing a project in record time, considering the peculiarities of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmissibility. doi = 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2292 id = cord-270518-750vhgwo author = Nappi, Carmela title = Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on myocardial perfusion imaging for ischemic heart disease date = 2020-08-11 keywords = MPI; SPECT; covid-19 summary = RESULTS: The number of stress SPECT-MPI studies performed during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 123) was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) compared with the mean yearly number of procedures performed in the corresponding months of the years 2017, 2018, and 2019 (n = 413). The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) work-up for ischemic heart disease during the lockdown imposed by the Italian Government [7] . Our data also show that while patients with abnormal stress SPECT-MPI findings during the previous years 2017-2019 were older with higher proportion of diabetes and hypertension compared with those with normal imaging results, during pandemic COVID-19 outbreak, there was no difference between patients with normal and abnormal tests as regards to these clinical risk factors. doi = 10.1007/s00259-020-04994-6 id = cord-277098-nxetsw13 author = Naqos, N. title = The study of physical and mental distress among cancer patients during the COVID-19 epidemic date = 2020-09-30 keywords = cancer; covid-19 summary = The European Society of Medical Oncology and the Portuguese Health Authority recommended both a symptomatic survey and laboratory testing in all cancer patients (pts) undergoing immunosuppressive treatment (IT). The impact of this intervention was evaluated comparing the hospitalization rate of cancer pts due to COVID-19, before and after the introduction of RT-PCR testing. Among all COVID-19 hospitalizations, the prevalence of pts under IT was similar before and after the implementation of the RT-PCR testing (2.2% vs. Methods: 123 cancer patients hospitalised to receive chemotherapy at the oncology centre of the University Hospital of Marrakech were included from 23 March to 11 May 2020. Conclusions: During the outbreak of COVID-19, the vast majority of cancer patients (more than half) in our study developed anxiety, depression and fear of COVID-19 infection. Egypt Background: Treatment of stage IV cancer during COVID19 pandemic is a challenge, and we need to maintain survival benefit, patient safety, and health care resources at the same time. doi = 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.1838 id = cord-301000-ozm5f5dy author = Naqvi, Zainab Batul title = A Wench’s Guide to Surviving a ‘Global’ Pandemic Crisis: Feminist Publishing in a Time of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; Global; black; feminist; time; work summary = For us, this has recently manifested in a collective statement on publishing and open access, which we have jointly produced and signed with several other intersectional feminist and social justice journal editorial boards. This is exhibited in our recent work to imagine what a life after existing models of open access could and should look like with our colleagues from other feminist and social justice journals (see below). • replacing the values of efficiency, transparency and compliance with those of equality, diversity, solidarity, care and inclusion • providing a more sustainable and equitable ecological economics of scholarly publishing in tune with social and environmental justice • working collectively and collaboratively rather than competitively • thinking and acting internationally, rather than through parochial national or regional policies • working across publishing and the academy with a view to responsible householding and accountability in both sectors • seeking to work across funding and institutional barriers, including between STEM and AHSS scholars • seeking further collaborations and partnerships in order to build new structures (disciplines, ethics, processes and practices of scholarship including peer review, citation, impact, engagement and metrics) and infrastructures to support a more healthy and diverse publishing ecology • challenging the technologisation and systematisation of research by working to increase our visibility as editors and academics making us and our publications more accessible and approachable for those who are minoritised in academic publishing doi = 10.1007/s10691-020-09435-1 id = cord-287505-ihqzpdar author = Narain, Sonali title = Comparative Survival Analysis of Immunomodulatory Therapy for COVID-19 ''Cytokine Storm'' date = 2020-10-17 keywords = CCS; COVID-19; patient summary = Patients were subdivided into six groups—no immunomodulatory treatment (standard of care) and five groups that received either corticosteroids, anti-interleukin 6 antibody (tocilizumab) or anti-interleukin-1 therapy (anakinra) alone or in combination with corticosteroids. Furthermore, corticosteroid use either alone or in combination with tocilizumab or anakinra was associated with reduced hospital mortality for patients with COVID-19 cytokine storm compared to standard of care. In this retrospective study, we leveraged this natural experiment to compare mortality in patients meeting criteria for CCS who received different combinations of these immunomodulatory drugs. Primary objective: To compare in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 patients with CCS who received combinations of immunomodulatory treatments versus SoC. Our study is the largest retrospective analysis to date reporting on outcomes comparing the use of immunomodulatory therapies such as corticosteroids, tocilizumab and anakinra in the treatment of COVID-19 CCS. Corticosteroid use, either alone or in combination with tocilizumab or anakinra, was associated with lower hospital mortality compared to standard of care. doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.275 id = cord-292423-jupcit75 author = Narkhede, Rohan R. title = Recognition of Natural Products as Potential Inhibitors of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro): In-Silico Evidences date = 2020-06-17 keywords = SARS; covid-19; protease summary = With the aid of in silico techniques such as molecular docking and druggability studies, we have proposed several natural active compounds including glycyrrhizin, bicylogermecrene, tryptanthrine, β-sitosterol, indirubin, indican, indigo, hesperetin, crysophanic acid, rhein, berberine and β-caryophyllene which can be encountered as potential herbal candidate exhibiting anti-viral activity against SARS-CoV-2. We proposed some natural products including glycyrrhizin, bicylogermecrene, tryptanthrine, β-sitosterol, indirubin, indican, indigo, hesperetin, crysophanic acid, rhein, berberine and β-caryophyllene as potential candidate for exerting the antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection using molecular docking study. The results acquired after docking analysis in terms of ligand binding affinity (kcal/mol), the interaction of natural products with the COVID-19 main protease, and the drug-like properties were shown in (Table 1 ). A promising binding to the COVID-19 main protease was observed in the case of rhein and berberine where both natural products were found to exhibit an affinity of − 8.9 and − 8.1 kcal/mol respectively. doi = 10.1007/s13659-020-00253-1 id = cord-348458-dwj90mbq author = Narula, Nupoor title = Cardiology Practice and Training Post-COVID-19: Achieving “Normalcy” After Disruption date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; covid; patient summary = 4 Theories abound on 34 whether the decrease in MI represents an actual reduction with at-risk individuals 35 abstaining from triggers or whether patients are avoiding the health care system 36 and infarcting at home. Hospital systems and private practices have suffered considerable 77 financial losses in prioritizing care for COVID-19 patients coupled with a 78 precipitous decline in elective procedures. The bipartisan CARES legislation has 79 allocated at least 50 billion dollars to support hospital systems and health care 80 providers 11 , and private physician offices and faculty practices are eligible to 81 apply for several loan-based programs, including the Paycheck Protection 82 While none of us have 163 absolute foresight, we must learn from the harsh lessons faced and plan for 164 medical changes, including the deluge of cardiac care patients that will fill our 165 clinics, flexibility of FIT education to support cardiovascular training, and 166 doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.06.036 id = cord-027905-edb9yozz author = Narula, Rajneesh title = Policy opportunities and challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic for economies with large informal sectors date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; country; economy; enterprise; informal summary = doi = 10.1057/s42214-020-00059-5 id = cord-300471-osbp6eau author = Naruse, Keiko title = Does glycemic control rescue type 2 diabetic patients from COVID‐19‐related deaths? date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = They found higher risks of increased severity of pneumonia and mortality with increased inflammatory responses including higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and coagulation index, D-dimer, than in COVID-19 patients without other comorbidities, including diabetes (n=26) ( Next the authors divided type 2 diabetes group into two further group; well-controlled blood glucose (BG) group (median BG 6.4 mM, glycemic variability ranged from 3.9 to 10.0 mM) and poorly-controlled BG group (median BG 10.9 mM, lowest blood glucose; above or equal 3.9 mM and the highest 2h postprandial glucose; exceed 10.0 mM). They found that the necessity of medical interventions and the mortality risk of patients with COVID-19 was increased by the poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Poorly-controlled BG-related vascular endothelial dysfunction might be involved in the increased mortality of diabetic patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1111/jdi.13320 id = cord-035380-qfvskz9n author = Nasajpour, Mohammad title = Internet of Things for Current COVID-19 and Future Pandemics: an Exploratory Study date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; IoT; device; drone summary = One example of this device is the Pandemic Drone application developed by a Canadian company [97] for remote monitoring and detecting any cases of infection by capturing temperature, respiratory signs such as heart rate, and any sneezing or coughing [98, 99] . Using robots linked to IoT to assist early diagnosis is a remarkable use of these devices because they can help health workers by processing patients'' treatments and lowering work stress levels [107] . Smartphone applications enabled with IoT using information such as Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) for tracking purposes have been widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic in order to increase the chance of detecting infected people [60] . We reviewed the IoT-related technologies and their implementations in three phases, including "Early Diagnosis," "Quarantine Time," and "After Recovery." For each phase, we evaluated the role of IoT-enabled/linked technologies including wearables, drones, robots, IoT buttons, and smartphone applications in combating COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s41666-020-00080-6 id = cord-351040-j3ltpaa0 author = Naser Moghadasi, Abdorreza title = Encephalopathy associated with COVID-19 in a patient with multiple sclerosis date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; CSF summary = Herein, a 34-year-old patient with MS who experienced the decreased level of consciousness and encephalopathy following COVID-19 involvement has been reported. Although the result of the COVID-19 test in CSF was negative, the patient was treated with the diagnosis of COVID-19 encephalitis. Although the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test of SARS-CoV-2 was negative in CSF, the patient was treated with a diagnosis of the encephalitis caused by COVID-19 due to the exclusion of other causes. Due to improving the neurological conditions, the patient was diagnosed with mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion (MERS) caused by COVID-19 (Hayashi et al. In addition to patients with encephalitis, the cases with encephalopathy are reported due to causes other than the direct invasion of SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we reported a patient with MS who experienced the decreased level of consciousness and encephalopathy following COVID-19 involvement. Before developing COVID-19, the patient Fig. 1 a, b Brain MRI revealed multiple confluent lesions with gadolinium enhancements. doi = 10.1007/s13365-020-00921-5 id = cord-285384-xay5aw7y author = Naser, A. Y. title = Mental health status of the general population, healthcare professionals, and university students during 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak in Jordan: a cross-sectional study date = 2020-04-11 keywords = anxiety; covid-19; depression summary = Methods: A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted in Jordan between 22nd and 28th of March 2020 to explore the mental health status (depression and anxiety) of the general population, healthcare professionals, and university students during the COVID-19 outbreak. A cross-sectional study by means of online survey was conducted in Jordan between 22 nd and 28 th of March 2020 to explore the mental health status (depression and anxiety) of the GP, HCPs, and USs during the outbreak of COVID-19. University students, females, younger population (18-29 years), single and divorced, participants who completed their bachelor degree (from the GP), with lower-income category (500 JD and below), pulmonologist and ENT specialists (for HCPs), participants with no history of chronic diseases (for the GP and USs) tend to have higher depression and anxiety median scores compared to others. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.09.20056374 id = cord-319908-10b7de22 author = Naser, Abdallah Y title = Knowledge and practices towards COVID-19 during its outbreak: a multinational cross-sectional study date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; Jordan; knowledge summary = Method: A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted between 19th of March and 6th of April 2020 in three Middle Eastern countries (Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) to explore the knowledge and practices of Middle Eastern population towards COVID-19. A cross-sectional study by means of online survey was conducted between 19 th of March and 06 th of April 2020 in three Arab countries (Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) to explore the knowledge and practices of Middle Eastern population towards COVID-19. Participants'' knowledge scores significantly differed by country, age, marital status, education level, and whether they wear mask upon leaving home or not (p<0.05). Both males and females showed similar levels of knowledge about COVIDHigher COVID-19 knowledge scores were found to be significantly associated with age and educational attainment, which is in line with the study conducted in China during the COVID-19 pandemic (1). Findings of this study suggest that Middle Eastern participants are of a relatively low level of knowledge about COVID-19, particularly regarding its transmission routes. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.13.20063560 id = cord-314085-y59a27oy author = Nash, David B. title = New Normal for Medical Practice Post COVID-19? date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Already an accepted mode of health care delivery in the United States, there is convincing evidence that telehealth is efficient, effective, and beneficial for specific uses and patient populations. A substantial population of women with symptoms of vaginitis make up to 10 million outpatient visits per year 2 with associated costs approaching $1.3 billion. 3 The current standard of care calls for a visual examination of external and internal structures as well as vaginal secretions, a ''''whiff test'''' to detect distinctive odors associated with specific infections, and on-site pH and wet mount diagnostic tests. To me, the implications are clear: it is time to reconsider how best to approach care for this patient population under ''''the new normal'''' conditions. There is an obvious synergy between telehealth visits and state-of-the-art molecular technology that can be leveraged to improve the efficiency and accuracy of care we provide to women with vaginitis. doi = 10.1089/pop.2020.29003.nas id = cord-341156-dw15n4f4 author = Nash, Meredith title = Caring during COVID‐19: A gendered analysis of Australian university responses to managing remote working and caring responsibilities date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; australian; care; university; work summary = Findings suggest that during the pandemic, the Australian higher education sector positions decisions about caring leave and participation in the paid labour force as ''private'' matters in which employees (mainly women) design their own ''solutions'' when compared with international institutional counterparts. The lack of adequate social policy supports like free universal childcare combined with short school days means that Australian women are constantly juggling paid work and caring responsibilities. We argue that COVID-19 provides an another context in which universities have evaded their responsibility to ensure women''s full participation in the labour force via the introduction of ''family-friendly'' flexible working policies which put the onus on families to make choices about how to do paid work and care for children. 90% of the top 10 international universities (n = 9) according to the 2020 Times Higher Education World rankings had public information about remote working arrangements for This article is protected by copyright. doi = 10.1111/gwao.12484 id = cord-291190-f6km3c7z author = Nasi, Aikaterini title = Reactive oxygen species as an initiator of toxic innate immune responses in retort to SARS-CoV-2 in an ageing population, consider N-acetylcysteine as early therapeutic intervention date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; ROS; SARS summary =  SARS-CoV has been reported to modulate PARP function and thereby NAD+ biosynthesis  Cellular homeostasis and redox imbalances by SARS-CoV2 can cause stress responses  Antioxidants such as NAC could limit ROS mediated tissue damage during COVID-19 Hereby, based on literature review from the current pandemic and previous outbreaks with corona viruses we analyze the impact of the virus infection on cell stress responses and redox balance. PLA2G2D expression was shown to be increased in the lungs of middle aged mice, resulting in decreased survival and impaired T cell responses upon infection with SARS-CoV1 [20] . Interestingly, NAC administration to aged mice, diminished PLAG2D expression in both lung cells and CD11c+ DCs. In addition, increased levels of oxidized phospholipidsare a common feature associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by viruses including SARS and H5N1. doi = 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.06.003 id = cord-354861-b04ch0o3 author = Nasir, E. F. title = Study of the Sudanese perceptions of COVID-19: Applying the Health Belief Model. date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; HBM summary = Implementation of public health measures should be based on the understanding of the public''s perceptions, beliefs, and attitude; therefore, this study aimed to explore the roles of perceived threat (perceived susceptibility and perceived severity), benefits, and barriers on the health preventive measures towards COVID-19 among Sudanese population. The survey instrument was based on HBM constructs of self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility and severity to COVID-19 benefits from and barriers to the preventive measures (17) , beside socio-demographic characteristics, health-related information and COVID-19 related-history. Besides, exploring the barriers and benefits of the preventive measures (hand hygiene and social distancing) recommended by health authorities in Sudan using HBM. The higher the levels of perceived barriers of social distancing and hand hygiene, the more likely participants were to perceive high self-efficacy, and this is not in accordance to other studies in which negative relation where established between these constructs (36, 37) . doi = 10.1101/2020.05.28.20115477 id = cord-285955-fzm6036f author = Nasir, N. title = Treatment of ARDS and hyperinflammation in COVID-19 with IL-6 antagonist Tocilizumab: a tertiary care experience from Pakistan date = 2020-06-26 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19 summary = Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19 is characterized by hyperinflammation which manifests as ARDS, multi-organ failure, and high inflammatory parameters. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study from Feb 2020 to May 2020 on COVID-19 patients with ARDS and hyperinflammation characterized by raised CRP and/or ferritin. While limited studies from China have shown improved outcomes in COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammation and ARDS 9 , a study from Italy did not show significant mortality benefit 10 . Hence, we would like to report our clinical experience of the management of ARDS and hyperinflammation with the IL-6 inhibitor Tocilizumab which will be the first from a lower-middle-income country (LMIC). We conducted an observational study describing patient outcomes in those critically ill patients of COVID-19 who received tocilizumab intravenously for hyperinflammation and ARDS. The cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of severe COVID-19 and Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antagonist Tocilizumab may be the key to reduce the mortality doi = 10.1101/2020.06.23.20134072 id = cord-144860-a4i9vnjz author = Nason, Guy P. title = Rapidly evaluating lockdown strategies using spectral analysis: the cycles behind new daily COVID-19 cases and what happens after lockdown date = 2020-04-16 keywords = case; country; covid-19 summary = Here we show that transformed new daily COVID-19 cases for many countries generally contain three cycles operating at wavelengths of around 2.7, 4.1 and 6.7 days (weekly). However, we show that there are considerable and useful similarities in the underlying cyclic (spectral) behaviours of the numbers of new daily COVID-19 cases for a range of different countries (see Extended Data figures). Using data [2] from all of the countries we considered, our results show that transformed new daily COVID-19 cases have three underlying cycles: one operating at a wavelength of 2.7 days, a second at 4.1 days and a third at 6.7 days, which we take to be a weekly effect. Given the similarity of the cycles across countries, this indicates that cases could be monitored and pooled across regions, over a short number of days to be fused into longer effective samples using the methods described here. doi = nan id = cord-294651-iy0h2pyf author = Nasrallah, Ali A. title = A large number of COVID-19 interventional clinical trials were registered soon after the pandemic onset: a descriptive analysis date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; trial summary = Abstract Background There is a pressing need for evidence-based interventions to address the devastating clinical and public health effects of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Randomized control trials (RCTs) are needed to provide unbiased evidence to guide the clinical care and public health practices aimed to control COVID-19 outbreak [16] . We included the following variables for our analysis: study ID, source register unique identifier, original registry, public title, primary sponsor, location (country and region), recruitment status, age range, gender, target size, study design, phase, publication (yes/no, count, and URL), intervention (category, subcategory, and name), primary outcomes, registration date, enrollment date, retrospective label, and trial URL. Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial. No evidence of clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection with oxygen requirement: results of a study using routinely collected data to emulate a target trial doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.06.005 id = cord-274503-9ccgcrvd author = Nasta, Amrit Manik title = Impact of COVID-19 on General Surgical Practice in India date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; India summary = A survey questionnaire was designed and electronically circulated 1 month after India entered a national lockdown during COVID-19 pandemic, amongst members of Indian Association of Gastro-intestinal Endo-surgeons (IAGES), a surgical association with nearly eight thousand members from across the country. Amongst the respondents, 41.8% had mainly laparoscopic practice with mean outpatient consultation of 26 patients/day and elective surgeries of 43 cases/month prior to lockdown. Surgeons reported a mean outpatient consultation of 26 patients/day and elective surgeries 42 cases/month prior to lockdown. When asked about future concerns, most surgeons mentioned regarding the future of surgical practice in COVID era (78%), safety in laparoscopy (69%), and safety of staff (59% Fig. 2 Comparison of daily outpatient consultations (OPD) and monthly elective and emergency surgeries prior and postlockdown need for national and international guidelines for addressing these issues. Prior to COVID-19 lockdown in India, 42.2% surgeons in our survey mainly did laparoscopic practice. doi = 10.1007/s12262-020-02443-0 id = cord-352901-ia34l2ml author = Natalello, Gerlando title = Nailfold capillaroscopy findings in patients with coronavirus disease 19: Broadening the spectrum of covid-19 microvascular involvement() date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; NVC; capillary; patient summary = This method is widely used in the rheumatology field for the diagnostic classification of vascular acro-syndromes, thanks to its ability to The present study aimed to assess microvasculature and to characterize NVC abnormalities in acute and recovered COVID-19 patients Furthermore, according to the semi-quantitative evaluation, the involvement of a percentage greater than 33% of all the capillaries analyzed was found for the following alterations: meandering capillaries in 10 (18.5%), enlarged capillaries in 3 (5.6%), capillary density below 9 capillaries per linear millimeter in 3 (5.6%) and microvascular derangement in 2 (3.7%) of the patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the presence of microvascular alterations evaluated by NVC in COVID-19 patients. We performed NVC and described in detail the morphological appearance in patients who needed hospital admission for COVID-19 pneumonia, in two different stages of the disease: patients still hospitalized with acute pneumonia, and patients already discharged and evaluated at outpatient clinics. doi = 10.1016/j.mvr.2020.104071 id = cord-259269-hjmmn8xm author = Nattel, Stanley title = A Focus on Covid-19: Fast and Accurate Information to Guide Management for Pandemic-Related Issues in Cardiac Patients date = 2020-04-25 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: A Focus on Covid-19: Fast and Accurate Information to Guide Management for Pandemic-Related Issues in Cardiac Patients 1 For its part, the CJC has developed a strategy to allow rapid review, dissemination and publication of manuscripts related to Covid-19. These articles provide detailed guidance from the CCS and affiliate societies on cardiac surgery during the Covid-19 epidemic, 2 minimizing the risk of drug-induced long QT Syndrome with QT-prolonging drugs used to treat Covid-19, 3 and post-discharge cardiac rehabilitation needs during the pandemic. 5 This article carefully reviews epidemiology, public health control and management issues. Any society that attempts to reopen economic activity without careful public health controls risks seeing rapid reactivation of widespread infection and death. Cardiac surgery in Canada during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Guidance Statement from the Canadian Society of Cardiac Surgeons doi = 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.029 id = cord-338896-relelmsm author = Naudin, Iris title = Acute aorto-iliac occlusion in patient with COVID-19. date = 2020-10-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Acute aorto-iliac occlusion in patient with COVID-19. We report a case of acute aorto-iliac and lower limb artery occlusions in a patient presenting with severe COVID-19 infection. The mechanism of the occlusion seemed to be distal embolization from a floating thrombus in the aortic arch caused by a major inflammatory state and virus infection. The patient underwent aorto-iliac and lower limb artery mechanical thrombectomy but required unilateral major amputation. Completion arteriography showed left Aorto-iliac kissing stents and right popliteal artery were observed to be patent, but a recent small 20 renal infarction with no evidence of renal thrombus was present on the right side. It may be useful to know the level of AT in patients with COVID-19 with acute arterial 4 occlusion in order to manage anticoagulation treatment. Acute limb ischemia in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.10.018 id = cord-276264-wgzh3f5m author = Navlakha, S. title = Projecting COVID-19 disease severity in cancer patients using purposefully-designed machine learning date = 2020-08-25 keywords = August; covid-19; patient summary = Although previous studies have uncovered factors that increase risk of severe COVID-19 infection --e.g., older age, obesity, or pre-existing heart or lung disease [1] [2] [3] [4] --the clinical course and outcome of patients with COVID-19 illness remains variable and difficult for clinicians to predict. To help clinicians predict COVID-19 severity [5, 6] , we turned to robust machine learning methods to identify high-risk cancer patients based on their pre-existing conditions and initial clinical manifestations. In this study, we developed a model to predict clinical outcomes (level of oxygen support needed) in cancer patients, using only clinical variables that were available on or before COVID-19 diagnosis (called time zero). Previous machine learning studies have reported impressive performance predicting COVID-19 outcomes for non-cancer patients using only a few clinical variables. We used machine learning algorithms to identify clinical variables predictive of severe COVID-19 illness in cancer patients at time zero. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.23.20179838 id = cord-340274-ke94njve author = Nayak, Saurabh title = Corticosteroids and COVID-19: What Could Be the Best Bet in Treating Active Glomerular Diseases in Patients With Concomitant Early COVID-19? date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-340274-ke94njve authors: Nayak, Saurabh; Bharati, Joyita title: Corticosteroids and COVID-19: What Could Be the Best Bet in Treating Active Glomerular Diseases in Patients With Concomitant Early COVID-19? cord_uid: ke94njve We believe more data with antiviral therapy will emerge as trials include patients with kidney disease. Not least of all, shared decision making with the patient must be done after explaining possible benefits and harms of treatment. Financial Disclosure: The authors declare that they have no relevant financial interests. High-dose but Not Low-dose Corticosteroids Potentially Delay Viral Shedding of Patients With COVID-19 Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 -Preliminary Report Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a descriptive and predictive study A Narrative Systematic Review of the Clinical Utility of Cycle Threshold Values in the Context of COVID-19 COVID-19: implications for immunosuppression in kidney disease and transplantation doi = 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.09.006 id = cord-253201-r6vsa0pw author = Nazari, S. title = Central Nervous System Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis date = 2020-07-22 keywords = CNS; COVID-19; SARS summary = Despite many studies reporting respiratory infections as the primary manifestations of this illness, an increasing number of investigations have focused on the central nervous system (CNS) manifestations in COVID-19. Based on the results shown in (Table 3 and The highest incidence rate among CNS symptoms of COVID-19 patients was for headache (8.69% with 95% CI: 6.76%-10.82%), followed by Dizziness (5.94%, 95%CI: 3.66%-8.22%), and Impaired consciousness (1.9% with 95% CI: 1%-2.79%). . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.21.20158691 doi: medRxiv preprint CNS: Central nervous system; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; PHEIC: Public health emergency of international concern; WHO: World health organization; PRISMA: Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses; PNS: Peripheral nervous system; BBB: Blood brain barrier; ACE2: Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms doi = 10.1101/2020.07.21.20158691 id = cord-261420-8wavi5tk author = Nazarimehr, Fahimeh title = Prediction of bifurcations by varying critical parameters of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; city summary = Some critical parameters, such as the background of mortality without considering the disease state and the speed of moving people from infected to resistance, affect the conditions of society. Also, the interaction of five cities is studied with various connections and parameters to show the effect of traveling in the outbreak of the disease. Part (a) of Fig. 2 shows the bifurcations of Model (1) by changing the parameter of the background of mortality without considering the disease state. In the first step of this study, various bifurcations of the model by changing some critical parameters such as the background of mortality without considering the disease state and the speed of moving people from Fig. 9 Variations of state variables of five cities with different parameters for cities and coupling strength k ¼ 0:2; The population of the susceptible and resistant group in the cities cannot be synchronized, and they are different in all the times. doi = 10.1007/s11071-020-05749-6 id = cord-346194-l8svzjp2 author = Nazir, Mehrab title = A Multidimensional Model of Public Health Approaches Against COVID-19 date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; medium; social summary = This research validates how social media exposure indirectly effects preventive behavior concerning COVID-19 and explains the paths of effect through awareness or information exchange. In this study, the researchers determined the outcome of social media on the preventive behavior among people about COVID-19, how individuals gain information and awareness knowledge through social media to control COVID-19. Additionally, path analysis and maximum likelihood method were used to verify the mediated impact of health communication (awareness knowledge and information exchange) among social media and preventive behavior. H5 and H3 tested whether awareness knowledge and information exchange directly influenced preventive behavior during an infectious disease outbreak like COVID-19. Eke [37] supported this theory that public awareness affects an individual behavior during an infectious disease outbreak to control its spread. Therefore, due to lack of resources, most developing nations use social media networks for health communication tools to prevent and control the spread of infectious disease in a community [37] . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17113780 id = cord-279629-t1xjy12y author = Nazneen Akhand, Mst Rubaiat title = Genome based Evolutionary study of SARS-CoV-2 towards the Prediction of Epitope Based Chimeric Vaccine date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; protein; vaccine summary = The present in silico study aimed to predict a novel chimeric vaccines by simultaneously targeting four major structural proteins via the establishment of ancestral relationship among different strains of coronaviruses. Hence, the study was designed to develop a chimeric recombinant vaccine against COVID-19 by targeting four major structural proteins of the pathogen, while revealing the evolutionary history of different species of coronavirus based on whole genome and protein domain-based phylogeny. Apart from the human coronaviruses, we introduced other coronaviruses which choose different species of bats, whale, turkey, rat, mink, ferret, swine, camel, rabbit, cow and others as host (Supplementary TableDomain analysis of spike protein of coronaviruses reveals that they contain mainly one signature domains namely, coronavirus S2 glycoprotein (IPR002552), which is present in all the candidates. Design of an epitope-based peptide vaccine against spike protein of human coronavirus: an in silico approach. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.15.036285 id = cord-255600-2xs29l81 author = Nazroo, J. title = Evidence for ethnic inequalities in mortality related to COVID-19 infections: Findings from an ecological analysis of England and Wales date = 2020-06-09 keywords = covid-19; ethnic; minority summary = This estimate suggests that the average England and Wales COVID-19 related death rate would rise by 25% in a local authority with twice the average number of ethnic minority people. Importantly, adjustments are rarely made for the younger age profile of ethnic minority people, nor for the potentially increased exposure to COVID-19 infection that results from their greater concentration in areas with a high population density, or greater risk from infection associated with higher levels of pollution. To do this we use the most recent release of data, accurate estimates of the size and ethnic composition of the population in local authorities, and a modelling approach that accounts for some potential explanations for the higher risk faced by ethnic minority people. Table 1 presents the results of the crude descriptive models, showing unadjusted coefficients for the relationship between proportion of the population in a local authority who are of an ethnic minority group and the COVID-19 related death rate. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.08.20125153 id = cord-355961-qupxo232 author = Ndiaye, M. title = La maladie à coronavirus COVID-19 en Afrique subsaharienne : la place de la santé au travail date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = D''une épidémie en Chine à une pandémie, la maladie à coronavirus COVID-19 est arrivée en Afrique subsaharienne où les pays dans leur majorité sont en transition épidémiologique avec la persistance des maladies transmissibles et la croissance exponentielle des maladies non transmissibles. Devant cette crise sanitaire majeure avec l''adoption urgente de mesures de prise en charge, de prévention et la psychose grandissante au sein des travailleurs, employeurs, familles et communautés, quelle est la place de la santé au travail ? Les mesures de prévention technique collective vont fournir aux travailleurs les informations nécessaires sur la maladie (les signes, les modes de transmission), les mesures de protection et de prévention préconisées (la propreté, les affiches, les procédures) mais aussi assurer la désinfection régulière des lieux de travail, la formation et l''éducation ouvrière sur le sujet. doi = 10.1016/j.admp.2020.03.829 id = cord-274966-m2cw8hzb author = Ndiaye, Mor title = Procédure de dépistage d’une infection à COVID-19 en milieu de travail structuré africain date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = En effet la riposte contre l''infection à COVID-19 en milieu de travail formel africain doit pouvoir s''insérer dans le dispositif national et comprendre : l''installation au niveau de chaque entreprise d''une cellule de gestion de la riposte bien articulée avec le comité d''hygiène et de sécurité du travail ; la sensibilisation et formation des partenaires sociaux sur les aspects liés à la connaissanceet les moyens de prévention de l''infection ; la mise en route d''une procédure de dépistage et d''un circuit pour les cas détectés ; l''évaluation et le suivi de l''impact psychosocial et économique de l''infection. En effet la riposte contre l''infection à COVID-19 en milieu de travail formel africain doit pouvoir s''insérer dans le dispositif national et comprendre : -l''installation au niveau de chaque entreprise d''une cellule de gestion de la riposte bien articulée avec le comité d''hygiène et de sécurité du travail ; -la sensibilisation et formation des partenaires sociaux sur les aspects liés à la connaissance et les moyens de prévention de l''infection ; -la mise en route d''une procédure de dépistage et d''un circuit pour les cas détectés ; -l''évaluation et le suivi de l''impact psychosocial et économique de l''infection. doi = 10.1016/j.admp.2020.05.007 id = cord-277874-cr53ycrm author = Neault, N. title = SARS-CoV-2 Protein in Wastewater Mirrors COVID-19 Prevalence. date = 2020-09-03 keywords = MPAD; PEG; RNA; SARS; covid-19 summary = We believe MPAD based SARS-CoV-2 protein quantitation represents a promising epidemiological tool with a sensitivity sufficiently superior to viral RNA measurement that, in addition to enabling early detection and population tracking of COVID-19 load, will also open the way to effective infection surveillance of specific facilities, schools and residences. Primary sludge and PEG precipitated influent fractions, collected from the contiguous cities of Ottawa and Gatineau in April through June 2020, were analysed for the presence of four SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins, N (nucleocapsid), M (membrane), S (spike), and E (envelope), by western blot. Next, in order to assure specificity for detection of SARS-CoV-2 proteins, we used MPAD with an expanded panel to simultaneously measure three viral proteins, N, S and M, along with six fecal content control proteins in PEG precipitated "influent solids" samples drawn from the Ottawa WRRF during the study period ( Fig 5) . doi = 10.1101/2020.09.01.20185280 id = cord-260730-w9yv4jd7 author = Neff, Shawn M. title = Guidance concerning chiropractic practice in response to COVID-19 in the U.S.: a summary of state regulators’ web-based information date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; chiropractic; state summary = Data were collected regarding the official guidance provided by each state''s chiropractic licensing board as well as the issuance of stay-at-home orders and designations of essential personnel by state governors. The seven domains involve: 1.) shelter-in-place or stay-at-home orders/directives, 2.) classification of chiropractors as essential healthcare providers, 3.) restriction of chiropractic practice to urgent/ emergent presentations, 4.) recommendations for infectious disease control or use of personal protective equipment (PPE), 5.) chiropractic telehealth recommendations, 6.) alterations to continuing education (CE) or license renewal requirements (e.g. deadline extensions or changes to distance learning limitations), and 7.) warnings against false, deceptive, or misleading claims related to spinal manipulation/adjustments conferring protection against infection or COVID-19. Fourteen state chiropractic licensing boards (28%) provided guidance to restrict face-to-face chiropractic appointments to only those patients deemed to have urgent, acute, or emergency conditions; the remaining 36 states (72%) provided no guidance on whether chiropractors should continue with business as usual or restrict their practices (see Table 2 ). doi = 10.1186/s12998-020-00333-6 id = cord-279713-97a86bor author = Negrini, Stefano title = Feasibility and acceptability of telemedicine to substitute outpatient rehabilitation services in the COVID-19 emergency in Italy: an observational everyday clinical-life study date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; service summary = title: Feasibility and acceptability of telemedicine to substitute outpatient rehabilitation services in the COVID-19 emergency in Italy: an observational everyday clinical-life study Main Outcome Measure(s) We compared the number of services provided in three phases, among them and with corresponding periods in 2018 and 2019: during CONTROL (30 working days) and COVID surge (13 days) only usual consultations/physiotherapy were provided, while during TELEMED (15 days) only teleconsultations/telephysiotherapy. In front of the sudden COVID-19 emergency in Italy, and the mobility restrictions to the population, to 45 continue to provide our outpatient services (including hands-on physiotherapy and medical evaluations) we 46 have been forced to convert completely to telemedicine, rapidly developing specific ad-hoc solutions. We considered 3 phases: (1) CONTROL: usual services prior to discovery of COVID-19 spread (creation of 85 "red zones"), 30 working days (January 7 th to February 23 rd ); (2) Satisfaction with services provided was evaluated at the quality continuous improvement questionnaires, 93 while all professionals were closely monitored throughout the period with supervision, and email 94 consultations. doi = 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.08.001 id = cord-256553-iw5squ6n author = Neiva, Mariane Barros title = Brazil: the emerging epicenter of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-21 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; case summary = RESULTS: Results show that while other countries have flattened their curves and present low numbers of active cases, Brazil continues to see an increase in COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS: All analyses show that Brazil is not ready for reopening, and the premature easing of restrictions may increase the number of COVID-19-related deaths and cause the collapse of the public health system. However, one can see that Brazil and the United States, the second and first countries, respectively, in the number of confirmed cases, do not follow the same patterns in the new cases/deaths and active case graphs, as shown in Figures 1g and 1h . This is because São Paulo is the industrial center FIGURE 3: Besides the high number of cases in Brazil, the country is known for its lower testing rate. doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0550-2020 id = cord-339293-7ks3bopm author = Nejatifard, Marzieh title = Probable Positive Effects of the Photobiomodulation as an Adjunctive Treatment in COVID-19: A Systematic Review date = 2020-10-12 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; PBM; effect summary = Therefore, this review study was conducted to evaluate the direct effect of PBM on the acute lung inflammation or ARDS and also accelerating the regeneration of the damaged tissues. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the direct effect of the PBM on the acute lung inflammation or ARDS and accelerating the regeneration of the damaged tissue. The included papers were evaluated for the effect of light therapy, PBM, or low -level laser therapy on the lung inflammation, ARDS, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and lung parenchyma. All the studies confirmed that the PBM can reduce the lung inflammation, neutrophil recruitment, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. All the papers have shown the anti-inflammatory effects of the PBM including reducing the lung edema, cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, neutrophil influx, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and damage to the endothelial cytoskeleton. doi = 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155312 id = cord-277788-6ls21tkr author = Nelson, Brian C title = Clinical Outcomes Associated with Methylprednisolone in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-09 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19 summary = METHODS: Clinical outcomes associated with the use of methylprednisolone were assessed in an unmatched, case-control study; a subset of patients also underwent propensity-score matching. Our study evaluated the association of methylprednisolone treatment with duration of mechanical ventilation and mortality in intubated, critically-ill patients with COVID-19. We observed an increase in the number of ventilator-free days and the likelihood of extubation, as well as a statistically non-significant trend towards improved mortality, in the corticosteroid group when compared to control patients in a propensity-matched cohort by day 28. Although this benefit was greatest in the subset of patients that required mechanical ventilation, the trial only evaluated outcomes through hospital day 28 and did not assess other corticosteroids, such as methylprednisolone [14] . We found that treatment with methylprednisolone increased the number of ventilator-free days and probability of extubation compared with a propensity matched control group among patients with severe COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation, but we did not detect a significant difference in mortality. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1163 id = cord-255247-9mvbcyjg author = Nelson, Caleb P. title = Timing and outcomes of testicular torsion during the COVID-19 crisis date = 2020-10-21 keywords = covid-19; torsion summary = MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using billing data, we identified all patients age >1yo seen in our hospital from 1/1/2018 through 5/31/2020 who underwent emergent scrotal exploration for confirmed testicular torsion, comparing the COVID-19 crisis (3/1/2020-5/31/20) to the pre-COVID-19 period (1/1/2018-2/29/20). Using billing data, we identified all patients age >1yo seen in our hospital from 1/1/2018 through 5/31/2020 who underwent emergent scrotal exploration for confirmed testicular torsion, comparing the COVID-19 crisis (3/1/2020-5/31/20) to the pre-COVID-19 period (1/1/2018-2/29/20). We hypothesized that since the start of the COVID-19 crisis in our region, patients with testicular torsion had longer time from symptom onset to initial presentation, longer total ischemic time, and higher rate of orchiectomy. Time to presentation, ischemic times, and orchiectomy rates for testicular torsion at our center were not significantly different during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the preceding 2 year period. doi = 10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.10.021 id = cord-338990-vrtzyo2o author = Nelson, Sarah E. title = COVID-19 and ethics in the ICU date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This includes an "obligation to provide urgent medical care during disasters … even in the face of greater than usual risks to physicians'' own safety, health, or life." Given the large scope of the pandemic and the deadliness of SARS-CoV-2, these statements may not adequately address this ethical quandary. Based on these principles, 6 recommendations have been made for the current outbreak: maximizing benefits including using scarce resources responsibly and saving more lives/years of life, prioritizing COVID-19 resources (i.e., PPE, vaccines) to healthcare workers, invoking equality using random allocation or lottery to distribute resources to those with similar prognoses, thoughtful consideration of resource allocation (e.g., prioritizing older patients, among the most affected by SARS-CoV-2, to receive a vaccine), prioritizing those who have participated in COVID-19-related research, and providing equal resources to those with COVID-19 and those with other medical conditions [9] . Several ethical dilemmas associated with the COVID-19 pandemic affect intensive care physicians. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03250-5 id = cord-293167-3bd3adip author = Nepal, Gaurav title = Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review date = 2020-07-13 keywords = China; SARS; case; covid-19; patient summary = Most patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 have presented with a mild clinical course: beginning with fever and dry cough, progressing to a form of mild or moderate respiratory disease, and resolving without specific treatment [2] . A retrospective observational study from Wuhan, China, reported that six (2.8%) patients, out of the 214 reviewed COVID-19 cases, developed ischemic stroke. A retrospective observational study from a different center in Wuhan, China, found eleven (5.0%) patients, out of 221 reviewed COVID-19 cases, developed acute ischemic stroke. Those who had COVID-19 infection with new onset of ischemic stroke were more likely to have a severe SARS-CoV-2 presentation, an advanced age (71.6 ± 15.7 years versus 52.1 ± 15.3 years), and preexisting cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, and previous cerebrovascular disease. A retrospective observational study from Wuhan, China, reported one (0.45%) patient, out of 221 reviewed COVID-19 cases, who developed intracerebral hemorrhage. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03121-z id = cord-327242-g3pfc94x author = Nepomnyashchiy, Lyudmila title = COVID-19: Africa needs unprecedented attention to strengthen community health systems date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; Ebola summary = As the first cases of COVID-19 were confirmed in Liberia, in March, 2020, former President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, 1 among others, 2 highlighted the need to adopt lessons learned from the response to the 2014-16 outbreak of Ebola virus disease in west Africa. At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa, governments took swift action to institute lockdown measures, activate incident management response systems, and mobilise front-line health workers to be trained. 19 To its credit, Liberia, scarred from the Ebola outbreak, has been training its National Community Health Assistants to prevent, detect, and respond to COVID-19 while maintaining essential services and is in the process of procuring PPE for CHWs. 20 COVID-19 is the new public health backdrop and we cannot wait to strengthen community health systems. Community health workers during the Ebola outbreak in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone Prevent, detect, respond: how community health workers can help in the fight against COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31532-4 id = cord-307710-dlpfbnb1 author = Neradi, Deepak title = Management of Orthopaedic Patients During COVID-19 Pandemic in India: A Guide date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Orthopaedic surgeries including both elective and emergency procedures (trauma patients) require operation theatres which are high-risk areas for transmission of COVID-19, risks health care workers contracting this illness and decreasing the resources available to the population of India during this pandemic. Ensure that the healthcare staff including the doctor, nurses and paramedical staff have no signs and symptoms related to COVID-19 infection or any contact with COVID patients in the past 14 days and it is better to screen the health care staff, if feasible. Patients presented to the emergency triage with an orthopaedic emergency such as joint dislocations, compartment syndrome, open fractures, mangled extremity, polytrauma with FESS should be managed according to a specific guideline during global health emergencies like a pandemic of COVID-19. These orthopaedic emergencies require effective outpatient, inpatient and surgical care besides avoiding transmission of infection to fellow patients and health care givers. doi = 10.1007/s43465-020-00122-6 id = cord-323503-l5skiu2l author = Neri, E. title = Structured reporting of chest CT in COVID-19 pneumonia: a consensus proposal date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; Society; report summary = Several major radiological scientific societies have published guidelines on the diagnostic work-up of suspected or ascertained COVID-19 patients, suggesting the use of imaging on the basis of the clinical findings [5] [6] [7] . However, even in this case, more recent proposals of CT grading and categorical classifications of COVID-19 lung involvement have been published, as the Reporting and Data Systems with the COVID-RADS and the CO-RADS [10, 11] , and the RSNA expert consensus statement on reporting chest CT findings related to COVID-19, endorsed also by the Society of Thoracic Radiology and the ACR [13] . Although these findings (as well as ground glass opacities and consolidations) are not specific of COVID-19 infection, but can be observed in many interstitial lung diseases, we believe that the use of the structured report will allow for a detailed quantification of their incidence in these patients. doi = 10.1186/s13244-020-00901-7 id = cord-294180-t5bncpo4 author = Neto, Leônidas Oliveira title = Aging and Coronavirus: Exploring Complementary Therapies to Avoid Inflammatory Overload date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; age; inflammatory; physical summary = It is interesting to highlight that both aging and chronic diseases are linked to an increase in levels of systemic inflammation, which could explain a potential common pathway between these factors and COVID-19. In this context, lifestyle and nutraceuticals arise as important prophylactic interventions to reduce the burden of baseline inflammation in older adults and consequently improve quality of life, mobility, cognition, mood, and metabolic and immune balances, especially during the pandemic. Vitamin D, or more specifically, 25hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH) D], is an anti-inflammatory nutrient (41) , and reduces the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, preventing hypertension (42), besides its importance to bone and muscle, an inverse relationship is also observed between its levels and mortality risk in old adults (43) . Furthermore, reducing sedentary behavior and engaging in exercise may increasing the production of systemic anti-inflammatory cytokines and help to combat inflammation (63, 64) by increasing innate immune function (65) and decreasing the chronic inflammation related to various diseases (66) . doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00354 id = cord-264779-71s7e18i author = Neumann, Natalie R. title = Medical Toxicology and COVID-19: Our Role in a Pandemic date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; drug; patient summary = As medical toxicologists we serve as a fund of knowledge for our healthcare colleagues and the public: we provide physicians with information regarding antidotal therapy, drug-drug interactions, and novel therapeutics. Neumann natalie.neumann@cuanschutz.edu treatment of toxicities born of the use and misuse of approved and alternative therapies is a service our field can readily provide to an otherwise overburdened medical system. Interpreting the nature of end-organ dysfunction as it pertains to therapeutic drug administration and overdose is well within the wheelhouse of medical toxicology and represents both a service our field may provide and a potential research frontier. Lastly, poison centers, historically considered an underutilized source for reporting adverse drug reactions, may be more mindful of tracking and reporting toxicity from novel therapies [26] . Medical experts explain the use and potential adverse effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 doi = 10.1007/s13181-020-00778-4 id = cord-344750-b9tndbg1 author = Neumann-Böhme, Sebastian title = Once we have it, will we use it? A European survey on willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19 date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; vaccine summary = To shed more light on the issue of willingness to be vaccinated, we investigated people attitudes about vaccination against COVID-19 in an online survey among representative samples of the population (in terms of region, gender, age group and education) in seven European countries (N = 7.662). Looking at the open text explanations given to the category "other", we saw that a common concern seems to be that a COVID-19 vaccine might be experimental, without any studies on side effects, and that the vaccine may not be safe for specific groups, such as for pregnant woman, people with pre-existing conditions like MS, allergic persons etc. If this group needs to be convinced to be vaccinated to get to herd immunity, clear communication about safety, and potential side effects of the vaccine is especially important. doi = 10.1007/s10198-020-01208-6 id = cord-329344-06uk5sjp author = Neumann-Podczaska, Agnieszka title = COVID 19 - Clinical Picture in the Elderly Population: A Qualitative Systematic Review date = 2020-07-23 keywords = covid-19; old; patient; study summary = In the following study, we constructed a systematic review to concisely summarize the clinical features, comorbidities, radiological/laboratory findings, and outcomes in the older adults. Only older individuals (≥60 years old) with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were of interest in this review, hence any study that did not clearly separate the data according to this age bracket was excluded. Once the relevant studies were isolated, the two reviewers extracted the data independently into a standardized form with the following subheadings: paper Aging and Disease • Volume 11, Number 4, August 2020 990 information (such as publication date, number of patients, country, and gender), symptoms, comorbidities, laboratory findings, radiographic findings, complications, treatment, and outcome. Studies comparing data from solely dead vs discharged patients, were excluded from review estimation of mortality rate due to unclear total hospitalized elderly COVID-19 population [13, 25] . doi = 10.14336/ad.2020.0620 id = cord-325971-volbaipv author = Neupane, Karun title = Potential Treatment Options for COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review of Global Pharmacological Development Efforts date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Several drugs are being tested in the trials, and the United States Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) has given Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for remdesivir to treat COVID-19 patients on May 1, 2020 [5] . Therapeutic remdesivir treatment in MERS-CoV inoculated rhesus macaques resulted in the reduction in clinical signs, virus replication, and the absence of lung lesions in 2/6 remdesivirtreated animals along with the reduction in lesion severity in three additional animals. In a randomized controlled clinical trial of 1063 patients conducted by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), remdesivir has shown the efficacy in the early results against advanced COVID-19 (NCT04280705). In a retrospective observational study involving twenty patients with severe or critical COVID-19, treatment with tocilizumab in addition to lopinavir, methylprednisolone, other symptom relievers, and oxygen therapy, resulted in body temperature of all the patients returning to normal on the first day of receiving tocilizumab and significant relief of clinical symptoms synchronously in the following days. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8845 id = cord-349500-603v8lfb author = Neurath, Markus F title = Covid-19 and immunomodulation in IBD date = 2020-04-16 keywords = ACE2; IBD; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = Although covid-19 leads to little or mild flu-like symptoms in the majority of affected patients, the disease may cause severe, frequently lethal complications such as progressive pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and organ failure driven by hyperinflammation and a cytokine storm syndrome. Although covid-19 leads to little or mild flu-like symptoms in the majority of affected patients, the disease may cause severe, frequently lethal complications such as progressive pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and organ failure driven by hyperinflammation and a cytokine storm syndrome. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infects ACE2 expressing epithelial cells in the lung and/or the intestine. The covid-19 receptor ACE2 is particularly highly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells from the terminal ileum and to a lesser extent in the colon, where mucosal inflammation in patients with IBD (Crohn''s disease (CD); UC) is frequently detected. doi = 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321269 id = cord-289550-b8f4a7o3 author = Neuwirth, C. title = Investigating duration and intensity of Covid-19 social-distancing strategies date = 2020-04-29 keywords = April; ICU; covid-19 summary = Meanwhile, most countries apply social distancing with the objective to keep the number of critical cases below the capabilities of the health care system. In this study, we present a model-based systems analysis to assess the effectiveness of social distancing measures in terms of intensity and duration of application. 30 Specific objectives of this research are: 1) to investigate the effectiveness of contact 31 reduction policies with respect to intensity and duration and 2) to estimate the amount 32 of time to establish herd immunity by considering the national health care systems of 33 Austria and Sweden, which are very different in terms of critical care capabilities. If the use of 220 mitigation interventions is well balanced against capability limits, the time required to 221 establish herd immunity linearly scales with available capabilities of the health care 222 system (defined by the number of ICU beds in the simulation). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.24.20078022 id = cord-327363-z30zoogs author = Neve, D. title = On Modeling of COVID-19 for the Indian Subcontinent using Polynomial and Supervised Learning Regression date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19; India; October summary = In the current analysis, COVID-19 modeling is done for the Indian subcontinent based on the data collected for the total cases confirmed, daily recovered, daily deaths, total recovered and total deaths. Then different regression models like Polynomial Regression, Forest Regression, Support Vector Regression, Naive Bayes, were used to predict the situation till September 7, 2020 and an optimal model was proposed. Regression models are statistical sets of processes which are used to estimate or predict the target or dependent variable based on dependent variables. In Figure 10 , we have applied Random Forest Regression between total confirmed cases and number of days. We apply machine learning models to data set for predicting future values. Naive Bayes regression failed due to less accuracy and Random Forest ended up overfitting the data set. Prediction of new active cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic using multiple linear regression model Regression Model based COVID-19 outbreak predictions in India doi = 10.1101/2020.10.14.20212563 id = cord-340155-jdddm2rz author = Neves, Sara E. title = Role of Ultrasound Guided Evaluation of Dyspnea in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; ultrasound summary = 1, 2 Additional benefits of using bedside ultrasound in COVID patients include the ability to evaluate cardiac function in real-time and the reduction in number of health care workers exposed during clinical management (both medical examination and imaging assessment can be performed by a single physician at the bedside). In this article, we present three case scenarios which highlight the clinical feasibility of using ultrasonography along with discussion on a training model implemented by our team to educate the existing workforce on the principles of lung and cardiac point of care ultrasound in patients with COVID-19. Point-of-care lung ultrasound in patients with COVID-19-a narrative review Frequency of Abnormalities Detected by Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Symptomatic COVID-19 Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.07.005 id = cord-312499-gd2wgti3 author = Neville, Mariana Fontes Lima title = The paradox of COVID-19 and pediatric anesthesiology: opinion of the Pediatric Anesthesia Committee of the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; Pediatric summary = First, given that pre-school children have six to eight upper airway infections a year [5] caused by rhinovirus, influenza, syncytial respiratory virus, among others and, second, that children infected by SARS-CoV-2 will have mild and non-specific clinical presentations, it is impossible to clinically distinguish COVID-19 from other frequent respiratory infections in the young pediatric population. If diagnosis confirmation is not possible, anesthesiologists will consider children with upper airway infections as suspected COVID-19, and will need to apply appropriate protocols to reduce viral dissemination and risk of contamination. During induction of general anesthesia in suspected and confirmed patients, avoiding positive pressure ventilation using a face mask is recommended in order to reduce aerosol dissemination. Aimed at reducing the risk of contamination, the number of individuals in the operating room should be the minimum required for safe anesthetic induction: two anesthetists and one anesthesia assistant, for example. doi = 10.1016/j.bjane.2020.04.025 id = cord-254758-ubw0chrf author = Newbold, Stephen C. title = Effects of Physical Distancing to Control COVID-19 on Public Health, the Economy, and the Environment date = 2020-08-04 keywords = U.S.; air; covid-19; distancing; physical; pollution summary = Using recent estimates of the association between airborne particulate matter and the virulence of COVID-19, we find that accounting for air pollution co-benefits can significantly increase the intensity and duration of the optimal physical distancing policy. We develop an integrated epidemiological-economic model that includes a standard model of disease transmission, the monetized value of COVID-19 deaths averted and lives saved from exposure to air pollution, and the short-and long-run costs of physical distancing. Initial results of these studies suggest that airborne particulate matter could have a significant positive mediating influence on COVID-19 fatalities, so we use our model to explore the potential effect of this link on the optimal physical distancing policy. To examine the potential importance of such a link for the optimal physical distancing policy, we include an interaction between air pollution and the COVID-19 case fatality ratio, which appears in Eq. doi = 10.1007/s10640-020-00440-1 id = cord-335549-fzusgbww author = Newby, J. title = Acute mental health responses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; health; mental summary = Self-report questionnaires examined COVID-19 fears and behavioural responses to COVID-19, as well as the severity of psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress), health anxiety, contamination fears, alcohol use, and physical activity. Demographic (e.g., non-binary or different gender identity; Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status), occupational (e.g., being a carer or stay at home parent), and psychological (e.g., perceived risk of contracting COVID-19) factors were associated with distress. People with a previous self-reported mental health diagnosis reported higher uncertainty, loneliness, 269 financial worries, COVID-19 fears (self and others), believed they were more likely to contract 270 had lower perceived behavioural control, had higher rates of psychological distress, health anxiety and 271 contamination fears, and lower physical activity than those without a self-reported mental health diagnosis 272 history. Having a personal history of chronic illness was a consistent predictor of higher depression, 366 anxiety and stress, whereas better self-rated health was associated with better mental health. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.03.20089961 id = cord-343877-jzkaee16 author = Newdick, Chris title = Tragic choices in intensive care during the COVID-19 pandemic: on fairness, consistency and community date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; decision; patient summary = Responding to recent calls (1) to safeguard individuals'' legal rights in decision-making in intensive care, and (2) for new authoritative national guidance for decision-making, this paper seeks to clarify what consistency and fairness demand in healthcare rationing during the COVID-19 pandemic, from both a legal and ethical standpoint. Responding to recent calls (1) to safeguard individuals'' legal rights in decision-making in intensive care, and (2) for new authoritative national guidance for decision-making, this paper seeks to clarify what consistency and fairness demand in healthcare rationing during the COVID-19 pandemic, from both a legal and ethical standpoint. Congruent with the position that UK courts have adopted for resource allocation decision-making in the NHS more generally, specific requirements for a procedural framework and substantive triage criteria to be applied within that framework during the COVID-19 pandemic are considered in detail. doi = 10.1136/medethics-2020-106487 id = cord-344939-rgxqobfw author = Ng, C. W. Q. title = Maintaining breast cancer care in the face of COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The authors have prepared succinct recommendations regarding the care of patients with breast cancer, divided into phases that can easily be adapted to each units'' needs and resources, and stepped up or stepped down according to escalating and de‐escalating circumstances. The operational recommendations of the unit were developed after reviewing available guidelines 1-4 with the following priorities: patient safety and oncological outcomes; staff safety; and rationing of resources, prioritizing timely detection of cancers whose delayed diagnosis could significantly affect patient prognosis and survival. Patients with higher perioperative risks that potentially necessitate high-dependency or intensive care should be deferred to NACT/NAET if possible, as these are the most valuable resources for treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations for Prioritization, Treatment and Triage of Breast Cancer Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Executive Summary International guidelines on radiation therapy for breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1002/bjs.11835 id = cord-284335-bz3y03y0 author = Ng, Janice Natasha title = The Aftermath of COVID‐19 in Dermatology Practice: What''s next? date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The rapidly increasing number of COVID‐19 patients and evidence of human‐to‐human transmission even within the asymptomatic incubation period prompted the attention of the entire world. It is necessary for dermatologists and dermatologic surgeons to be aware of the potential risks and precautions when re-emerging their practices after COVID-19. All rights reserved On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak a pandemic, with an estimated number of 118,000 positive cases in over 110 countries around the world, and a threat of further global spread. Months or even years from now, even if the declaration of this pandemic is lifted, we cannot deny the fact that this situation will have a lasting impact on the health-seeking behaviours of our patients. After this pandemic, patients will likely be more cautious in consulting for aesthetic concerns, thus we can provide educational material regarding the preventive measures for disease transmission in our practice. doi = 10.1111/jocd.13520 id = cord-316067-mlcczr8c author = Ng, Jia H. title = Outcomes of patients with end-stage kidney disease hospitalized with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19; ESKD; patient summary = For patients without ESKD, the independent risk factors for in-hospital death after adjusting for covariates in Model 1 included increased age, male sex, cardiovascular disease, cancer, requiring mechanical ventilation, requiring vasoactive medications, high blood urea nitrogen (BUN), low albumin, high C-reactive protein (CRP) and high log transformed serum ferritin. After adjusting for variables in model 2, the independent risk factors J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f for in-hospital death among patients without ESKD were increased age, male sex, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, cancer, requiring mechanical ventilation and requiring vasoactive medications ( Table 3) . Among patients with ESKD, independent risk factors for in-hospital death after adjustment in model 1 were increased age, requiring mechanical ventilation and lymphopenia, elevated BUN and high log transformed serum ferritin. doi = 10.1016/j.kint.2020.07.030 id = cord-330464-j4o7m9ck author = Ng, Jun Jie title = Experience from a Singapore tertiary hospital with restructuring a vascular surgery practice in response to national and institutional policies during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-23 keywords = China; Singapore; covid-19 summary = authors: Ng, Jun Jie; Gan, Tiffany R.X.; Niam, Jen Yong; Menon, Raj K.; Ho, Pei; Dharmaraj, Rajesh B.; Wong, Julian C.L.; Choong, Andrew M.T.L. title: Experience from a Singapore tertiary hospital with restructuring a vascular surgery practice in response to national and institutional policies during the COVID-19 pandemic The initial surge in COVID-19 cases in late January 6 and February can be attributed to travellers from China visiting Singapore and causing limited 7 local transmission. Segregated team model 23 After the DORSCON alert level system was raised to orange on 7 February 2020, our 1 vascular surgery unit immediately adopted a segregated team model as part of its business 2 continuity plan. Thus far, we have not However, due to the various institutional policies implemented for COVID-19, the 21 amount of elective vascular surgery cases such as pre-emptive dialysis access creation, and 22 venous surgery have fallen. doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.05.026 id = cord-297396-r1p7xn3a author = Ng, Ming-Yen title = Development and Validation of Risk Prediction Models for COVID-19 Positivity in a Hospital Setting date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; CXR; PCR summary = OBJECTIVES: To develop:(1) two validated risk prediction models for COVID-19 positivity using readily available parameters in a general hospital setting; (2) nomograms and probabilities to allow clinical utilisation.  Developed two simple-to use nomograms for identifying COVID-19 positive patients  Probabilities are provided to allow healthcare leaders to decide suitable cut-offs  Variables are age, white cell count, chest x-ray appearances and contact history  Model variables are easily available in the general hospital setting. To develop: (1) two validated risk prediction models for COVID-19 positivity using readily available parameters in a general hospital setting; (2) nomograms and probabilities to allow clinical utilisation. Thus, a COVID-19 prediction model based on clinical, laboratory and radiological findings which presents the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) would allow public healthcare systems to decide a suitable strategy on prioritizing tests when such RT-PCR availability is constrained. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.022 id = cord-287361-cpd4yl6c author = Ng, Qin Xiang title = The Wounded Healer: A Narrative Review of the Mental Health Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Workers date = 2020-06-20 keywords = covid-19; worker summary = Expectedly, there have been increasing reports of high rates of anxiety and depressive symptoms amongst frontline medical staff (Lai et al., 2020; Tan et al., 2020) , and calls for healthcare workers involved in the fight against COVID-19 to receive screening and counselling by professional mental health providers. A rapid review of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the text words, "COVID-19" OR "nCoV" OR "SARS" OR "SARS-CoV-2" AND "mental health" OR "psychiatry" OR "psychology", "anxiety" OR "depression" OR "stress", up to 5 May, 2020, we found ten observational studies on the mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers. -Levels of social support for medical staff were significantly associated with self-efficacy and sleep quality and negatively associated with the level of anxiety and stress. The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102258 id = cord-260248-yp8x5zwi author = Ngonghala, Calistus N title = Mathematical assessment of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on curtailing the 2019 novel Coronavirus date = 2020-04-18 keywords = New; York; covid-19; figure summary = The model, parameterized using available COVID-19 mortality data (more reliable than case data, provides a realistic real-time assessment and estimate of the burden of the pandemic in the US state of New York, in addition to assessing some of the main intervention strategies being implemented in the state (in particular, quarantine, isolation, contact-tracing, social-distancing and the use of face-masks in public). The model, which incorporates the main non-pharmaceutical interventions being implemented to curtail COVID-19 transmission in a community (such as social-distancing, quarantine of suspected cases, isolation of confirmed cases, contact-tracing, testing and use of face-masks in public), is formulated based on stratifying the total human population at time t, denoted by N (t), into the mutually-exclusive compartments of non-quarantined susceptible (S u (t)), quarantined susceptible (S q (t)), non-quarantined exposed (i.e., newly-infected individuals who do not yet show symptoms of the disease and cannot transmit infection, E u (t)), quarantined exposed (E q (t)), symptomatically-infectious (I u (t)), asymptomatically-infectious (I a (t)), hospitalized/isolated (I h (t)), intensive care patients (I icu (t)) and recovered (R(t)), so that doi = 10.1101/2020.04.15.20066480 id = cord-302987-znogutwp author = Nguyen, Anne X title = Differences in SARS-CoV-2 recommendations from major ophthalmology societies worldwide date = 2020-07-07 keywords = AAO; COVID-19; PPE; SFO summary = RESULTS: Ten out of 12 major international ophthalmology societies from countries covering all six WHO regions have given recommendations regarding urgent patient care, social distancing, telemedicine and personal protective equipment when caring for ophthalmic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this article is to assess the major international ophthalmology societies'' recommendations regarding patient care, social distancing, telemedicine and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for ophthalmic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Overview of ophthalmology societies The 12 ophthalmology societies examined include the following: the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) in the UK, 6 the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), 7 the Canadian Ophthalmological Society (COS), 8 SEO, 9 SFO, DOG, 10 SOI, 11 JOS, 12 the All India Ophthalmological Society (AIOS), 13 the Ophthalmological Society of South Africa (OSSA), 14 CHOS 15 and IRSO 16 (table 1) . doi = 10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000525 id = cord-348269-6z0kiapa author = Nguyen, Quynh C. title = Using 164 Million Google Street View Images to Derive Built Environment Predictors of COVID-19 Cases date = 2020-09-01 keywords = Google; Street; covid-19; environment; image summary = We leveraged Google Street View (GSV) images and computer vision to detect built environment features (presence of a crosswalk, non-single family home, single-lane roads, dilapidated building and visible wires). In examining associations between built environment characteristics and COVID cases, we controlled for demographic compositional characteristics of areas and population density, which has previously been utilized in econometric studies as a proxy for air pollution and other factors found with greater prevalence in urban areas [15, 16] . Additionally, previous studies found that physical disorder in the neighborhood environments is significantly associated with higher prevalence of chronic diseases [19] and poor self-rated health [20] , which also increases the chances of contracting COVID-19 [21, 22] . From GSV images, we created indicators of urban development (non-single family home, single lane roads), walkability (crosswalks, sidewalks), and physical disorder (dilapidated building, visible utility wires). doi = 10.3390/ijerph17176359 id = cord-342810-41dghl0c author = Nguyen, Thanh N. title = Subarachnoid hemorrhage guidance in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic -An opinion to mitigate exposure and conserve personal protective equipment date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; SAH; patient summary = Previously established SAH treatment protocols are impractical to impossible to adhere to in the current COVID-19 crisis due to the need for infection containment and shortage of critical care resources, including personal protective equipment (PPE). Previously established SAH treatment protocols are impractical to impossible to adhere to in the current Coronavirus-Disease-2019 (COVID-19) crisis due to the need for infection containment and shortage of critical care resources, including personal protective equipment (PPE) and health care providers. When a patient with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 is at risk for impending respiratory failure (i.e. orthopnea or respiratory distress lying flat, high oxygen requirement, rapid neurological decline), consider early and controlled intubation in a negative pressure room in the ER/ICU/OR with staff wearing full PPE including N95 mask, gown, double gloves, face shield or per local institutional COVID-19 intubation policy. doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105010 id = cord-154587-qbmm5st9 author = Nguyen, Thanh Thi title = Artificial Intelligence in the Battle against Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Survey and Future Research Directions date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; datum; deep; learning summary = We separate surveyed papers into different groups that include: deep learning algorithms for medical image processing, data science methods for pandemic modelling, AI and the Internet of Things (IoT), AI for text mining and NLP, and AI in computational biology and medicine. Another deep learning method based on the concatenation between the location-attention mechanism and the threedimensional CNN ResNet-18 network [6] is proposed in [9] to detect coronavirus cases using pulmonary CT images. Radiology images such as chest X-ray and CT scans are high-dimensional data that require processing capabilities of deep learning methods in which CNN-based models are common and most suitable (e.g. LeNet [2] , AlexNet [3] , GoogLeNet [4] , VGG Net [5] and ResNet [6] ). These applications range from medical diagnosis based on chest radiology images, virus transmission modelling and forecasting based on number of cases time series and IoT data, text mining and NLP to capture the public awareness of virus prevention measures, to biological data analysis for drug discovery. doi = nan id = cord-279488-oc0edgd2 author = Nguyen, Trieu title = 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Paving the Road for Rapid Detection and Point-of-Care Diagnostics date = 2020-03-14 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus summary = title: 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Paving the Road for Rapid Detection and Point-of-Care Diagnostics We believe a point-of-care (PoC) device for the rapid detection of the 2019 novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is crucial and urgently needed. On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global public health emergency [1] over the outbreak of the new coronavirus, called the 2019 novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which originated in Wuhan City, in the Hubei Province of China. The current standard molecular technique that is now being used to detect COVID-19 is the real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). In the case of a public health emergency such as the COVID-19 outbreak, this time-consuming process of sample testing is not only extremely disadvantageous, but also dangerous since the virus needs to be contained. Rapid and simple colorimetric detection of multiple influenza viruses infecting humans using a reverse transcriptional loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) diagnostic platform doi = 10.3390/mi11030306 id = cord-281400-ho2m7nqn author = Nguyen, Van Thu title = Research response to COVID-19 needed better coordination and collaboration: a living mapping of registered trials date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; research; trial summary = We systematically search the platform every week for all RCTs evaluating preventive interventions and treatments for COVID-19 and created a publicly available interactive mapping tool at https://covid-nma.com to visualize all trials registered. We systematically search the platform every week for all RCTs evaluating preventive interventions and treatments for COVID-19 and created a publicly available interactive mapping tool at https://covid-nma.com to visualize all trials registered. Up to August J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f In certain countries, the sample size is relatively small for trials evaluating COVID-19 treatments ( Timing of research response to the evolution of the pandemic In Europe, Spain registered only 2/93 trials (2%) before the peak (i.e., March 27, 2020. Our interactive living mapping of COVID-19 research was designed to help decision makers use data from clinical registries for an up-to-date picture of all research questions being investigated so as to prioritize research and avoid waste in research (26) . doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.10.010 id = cord-338628-7l9b5mqp author = Nguyen-Huynh, Mai N. title = Acute Stroke Presentation, Care, and Outcomes in Community Hospitals in Northern California During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; sip; stroke summary = We aimed to compare temporal trends in volume of acute stroke alerts, patient characteristics, telestroke care, and short-term outcomes preand post-SIP orders. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort study, regional stroke alert and ischemic stroke discharge volumes decreased significantly in the early COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to determine whether a decrease in acute stroke presentations occurred during the early COVID-19 pandemic in Northern California and to assess differences in patient characteristics and hospital outcomes for those who presented for acute stroke evaluation during the pandemic compared with those who presented before the pandemic. Furthermore, patients presenting to the ED after May 9, 2020, were more similar to those in the pre-SIP cohort (January 1, 2019 to March 14, 2020) with regard to having a lower NIHSS score, higher percentage of stroke mimics, and fewer LVOs, but they were more similar to the post-SIP cohort (March 15, 2020 to May 9, 2020) with regard to arriving more by emergency medical services and having a lower Comorbidity Point Score, version 2, score (Tables I and II in the Data Supplement). doi = 10.1161/strokeaha.120.031099 id = cord-351940-cg0bewqb author = Ngwira, A. title = A snap shot of space and time dynamics of COVID-19 risk in Malawi. An application of spatial temporal model date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; time summary = Semiparametric spatial temporal models were fitted to the number of weekly confirmed cases as an outcome data, with time and location as independent variables. A few studies that have used the statistical approach to spatial temporal analysis to my knowledge are Gayawan et al (2020) who used the Possion hurdle model to take into account excess zero counts of COVID-19 cases, Briz-Redon and Serrano Aroca (2020) who used the separable random effects model with structured and unstructured area and time effects, and Chen et al (2020) who used the inseparable spatial temporal model. Since the p-values of the correlation coefficients were more than 0.20, the significance level set to select potential covariates, the two covariates, population density and proportion of those with running water were dropped when fitting the spatial temporal models of the weekly confirmed cases of COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.12.20192914 id = cord-300324-95fty9yi author = Ni Lochlainn, M. title = Key predictors of attending hospital with COVID19: An association study from the COVID Symptom Tracker App in 2,618,948 individuals date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; disease summary = Conclusions: Being older, obese, diabetic or suffering from pre-existing lung, heart or renal disease placed participants at increased risk of visiting hospital with COVID-19. Visit to hospital as outcome were fit to test for association between i) self-reported obesity and ii) chronic lung disease and asthma, heart disease, diabetes and kidney disease in the following groups: 1) self-reported COVID-19 infection with classical symptoms (SR-COVID19); 2) self-reported positive COVID-19 test results (T-COVID19); 3) imputed/predicted COVID-19 infection based on symptomatology (I-COVID19) Imputation for testing positive for COVID was performed using the data at day of maximum sum of symptoms and applying a logistic regression using coefficients defined previously (2) . In this study we found that age, obesity, diabetes and pre-existing lung, renal and cardiac disease, were risk factors for a hospital visit with COVID-19 amongst a large but relatively young, community-based population of app users. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.25.20079251 id = cord-308673-dkmpayk4 author = Ni, Li title = Combination of western medicine and Chinese traditional patent medicine in treating a family case of COVID-19 in Wuhan date = 2020-03-13 keywords = COVID-19; January summary = Here we report the first family case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) confirmed in Wuhan and treated using the combination of western medicine and Chinese traditional patent medicine Shuanghuanglian oral liquid (SHL). The present report described a family case, including three cases who received western medicine and Chinese traditional patent medicine Shuanghuanglian oral liquid (SHL) treatments and achieved rapid recovery. On January 28, the patient was diagnosed of COVID-19 with positive 2019-nCoV test using nasopharyngeal swab specimen (Table 1 ) and chest CT scan showing patchy ground glass opacity in the right lower lung subpleural fields (Fig. 4) . This report described the first typical family case of COVID-19 treated using the Chinese traditional patent medicine SHL because of poor response to other treatments. All their symptoms resolved after using the Chinese traditional patent medicine SHL and rapidly recovered without obvious adverse effects when the patients showed no response and their symptoms continued to aggravate after other treatments, including IVIG (5 g per day) and dexamethasone, antibiotics, and antivirus compounds. doi = 10.1007/s11684-020-0757-x id = cord-282571-ilf73g71 author = Ni, Wentao title = Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in COVID-19 date = 2020-07-13 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = Both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV enter host cells via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is expressed in various human organs. In addition to the direct viral effects and inflammatory and immune factors associated with COVID-19 pathogenesis, ACE2 downregulation and the imbalance between the RAS and ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/MAS after infection may also contribute to multiple organ injury in COVID-19. Autopsies of SARS patients showed that SARS-CoV infection can cause injury to multiple organs, such as the heart, kidney, liver, skeletal muscle, central nervous system, and adrenal and thyroid glands, besides the lungs [30, 31] . Several studies have shown that SARS-CoV infection can downregulate ACE2 expression on cells, thereby disrupting the physiological balance between ACE/ACE2 and Ang-II/angiotensin-(1-7) and subsequently causing severe organ injury [44] [45] [46] [47] . Expression of elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in SARS-CoV-infected ACE2+ cells in SARS patients: relation to the acute lung injury and pathogenesis of SARS doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03120-0 id = cord-355776-f8u66hbt author = Ni, Zhao title = Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak in Urban Settings in China date = 2020-09-09 keywords = China; anxiety; covid-19; health summary = Independent correlates of having anxiety symptoms included being a healthcare provider (aOR=1.58, p <0.01), living in regions with a higher density of COVID-19 cases (aOR=2.13, p <0.01), having completed college (aOR=1.38, p =0.03), meeting screening criteria for depression (aOR=6.03, p <0.01) and poorer perceived health status (aOR=1.54, p <0.01). Not only did they markedly increase their selfand community-protective behaviors, but they also experienced high levels of anxiety associated with a heightened vulnerability like depression, having poor perceived health, and the potential of increased exposure to COVID-19 such as living closer to the epicenter of the pandemic. Unlike the other survey that found younger age (<35 years) and time spent (>3 hours daily) focusing on COVID-19, our assessment of urban dwellers found that GAD was correlated with being a healthcare worker, living in region more profoundly impacted by COVID-19, having poorer self-perceived health status, having a college education and having moderate to severe depression. doi = 10.21203/rs.3.rs-71833/v1 id = cord-313989-bc7q8swu author = Nicholls, Stephen J. title = Optimising Secondary Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Position Statement from the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ) # date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; CVD; health; patient summary = Challenges The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced limitations for many patients to access standard health services such as visits to health care professionals, medications, imaging and blood tests as well as attendance at cardiac rehabilitation. Furthermore, in the patient with established atherosclerotic CVD, changes in access to the health care system has potential implications for high risk patients to receive secondary prevention strategies. Given the concern regarding the long-term cardiovascular sequelae of the coronavirus pandemic, the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ) thought it appropriate to define the potential impact on the effective use of secondary prevention and cardiac rehabilitation and to make recommendations for patients and health care workers. International guidelines for the care of CVD patients during the COVID-19 pandemic includes advice to address CVD risk factors and promote recovery [12] , and cardiac rehabilitation programs have well-established efficacy for supporting patients with lifestyle change [13] . doi = 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.04.007 id = cord-348566-48hovz3f author = Nichols, James H title = A Laboratory Risk Assessment during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic date = 2020-04-16 keywords = COVID-19; laboratory summary = In the face of COVID-19, we have generally recommended that 1) all staff wear gloves when handling any specimen to prevent skin exposure to sample tubes that may have surface contamination with virus or where staff may contact body fluids that sometimes leak from specimen containers, 2) staff wear face shields and uncap specimens behind plexiglass barriers to prevent splashing or contact with specimen droplets or aerosols generated by uncapping tubes, 3) centrifuge specimens from suspected or known COVID-19 cases in closed centrifuges and utilize caps on the carriers to prevent release of fluid if a specimen breaks during processing, 4) staff avoid pipetting, diluting and vortexing in the open laboratory, instead conducting these procedures behind plexiglass barriers or in a biosafety cabinet, and 5) all manufacturer covers should be in place during equipment operation and the analyzer tops should be kept closed until the analyzer is placed in pause or stop mode (reagents should only be refilled when the analyzer is in standby and staff are less likely to be exposed to aerosols). doi = 10.1093/jalm/jfaa061 id = cord-317283-0zzs5cy8 author = Nicoletti, Angela title = Screening of COVID-19 in children admitted to the hospital for acute problems: preliminary data date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = The majority of COVID-19 positive children had a close contact with an infected case or were family cluster cases and their age, at onset of disease, ranged from 1.5 months to 17 years (4) . In order to gain more insights into the outbreak of COVID-19, in our population of children and adolescents, we analyzed the clinical presentations, laboratory data and radiologic findings of patients who came to the Emergency Pediatric Department of Catanzaro (Italy), for an acute disease. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of patients (age, sex, location, date at symptom onset, , travel history and information on relatives) were collected using a standardized electronic medical record. Laboratory indices and chest X-ray descriptions, in our patients and in children and adolescents with COVID-19 infections reported in the literature, are also presented. A Case Series of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection: clinical and epidemiological features doi = 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9607 id = cord-343618-jjb8da4a author = Nie, Kai title = Gastrointestinal insights during the COVID-19 epidemic date = 2020-09-26 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Thus, cancer and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) management, stool viral tests, and virus exposure are major concerns in the context of COVID-19 epidemic. Patients with digestive disease bear a relatively high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This finding suggests that gastrointestinal cancer patients may be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection [47] . To date, several cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in IBD patients have been reported. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i18.3934 id = cord-266896-unb9yvjr author = Nihei, Yoshihito title = Continuous extracorporeal treatments in a dialysis patient with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Inflammatory cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported to play a central role in COVID-19; therefore, treatments for suppressing cytokines, including extracorporeal treatments, are considered to be beneficial. The cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, primarily characterised by elevated plasma concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6), plays a central role in COVID-19 [2] ; therefore, its suppression is considered a key treatment approach in patients with COVID-19. Especially, CHDF is reported to continually suppress inflammatory cytokines and has been used in critically ill patients, including those with septic shock, ARDS and infections with viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus [5] . We herein present a patient on PD who became critically ill due to COVID-19 and was treated with several extracorporeal treatments including PE, PMX-DHP and CHDF to suppress the cytokine storm. doi = 10.1007/s13730-020-00538-x id = cord-276635-0ciy732e author = Nijjer, Sukhjinder Singh title = Optimal management of acute coronary syndromes in the era of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; PPCI; STEMI; patient summary = While PPCI remains the treatment of choice for STEMI, the number of COVID-19 cases in Wuhan and Lombardy raised sufficient concerns that thrombolysis should be considered in certain circumstances. Low-risk patients with low Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) scores and small troponin-rises can be stratified, and if appropriate, then early urgent angiography can be considered on an ''outpatient'' basis without inpatient stays. The treatment for ACS is well established, and while Key points ► Prompt and early revascularisation, with appropriate personal protective equipment, remains the default treatment approach for patients with acute coronary syndrome in the COVID-19 era. ► Critically unwell patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, without onsite catheter lab facilities or too unstable for transfer should be considered for thrombolysis and activation of services for facilitated PCI if necessary. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction presentations and in-hospital outcomes doi = 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317143 id = cord-346679-pgynu3s1 author = Nikogosov, Dimitri A title = Comment on “ApoE e4e4 genotype and mortality with COVID-19 in UK Biobank” by Kuo et al. date = 2020-08-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = In the second study of COVID-19 mortality, authors reported an association between APOE*E4/*E4 homozygous status and increased risks of mortality with test-confirmed COVID-19 when compared to APOE*E3/*E3 homozygotes. When applied to the field of genetic association studies, hypothesis-aware approach greatly relaxes the threshold of the significance for detected associations by removing a necessity for an adjustment for multiple testing. In contrast, "hypothesis-free" approach of the genome-wide association studies (GWASs) sets the threshold for significance at 5×10 −8 with an allowance for minor fluctuations depending on the methodology [4] [5] [6] . In this light, it looks like a genome-wide P value threshold of at least 5×10 −8 should be mandatory for any reported genetic association regardless of the number of SNVs tested. doi = 10.1093/gerona/glaa202 id = cord-340992-88t1c0zs author = Nikolai, Lea A title = Asymptomatic SARS Coronavirus 2 infection: Invisible yet invincible date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; asymptomatic summary = Asymptomatic individuals carrying SARS-CoV-2 are hidden drivers of the pandemic, and infectivity studies confirm the existence of transmission by asymptomatic individuals. The first study cluster comprised of five family members from Anyang, China, who developed COVID-19 symptoms and tested positive by RT-PCR after acquiring the infection from the index case, an asymptomatic visitor from Wuhan who later tested positive 20 . Similar to the Diamond Princess, another study of an Argentinian expedition cruise ship found that 59% of the 217 passengers tested positive for COVID-19; 81% of those infected were asymptomatic virus carriers 24 . When assessing public health risks raised by asymptomatic COVID-19 cases it is important to determine whether the infectivity varies between asymptomatic, presymptomatic and symptomatic individuals. Since this also indicates a higher incidence of asymptomatic infections in younger people, it needs to be examined whether this group, especially children, could silently, yet efficiently, contribute to the spread of COVID-19. Asymptomatic cases in a family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.076 id = cord-330880-6lx66w8h author = Nikolopoulos, Konstantinos title = Forecasting and planning during a pandemic: COVID-19 growth rates, supply chain disruptions, and governmental decisions date = 2020-08-08 keywords = COVID-19; demand; forecast; forecasting; pandemic; supply summary = title: Forecasting and planning during a pandemic: COVID-19 growth rates, supply chain disruptions, and governmental decisions We further model and forecast the excess demand for products and services during the pandemic using auxiliary data (google trends) and simulating governmental decisions (lockdown). Due to these disruptions, shortterm real time forecasts (daily and weekly) about the pandemic and its effect on the supply chain have become a very important managerial and policy-making imperative. An accurate forecast of the evolution of new cases enables the more effective management of the resulting excess demand across the supply chain. To address this need, in this article we forecast the growth of the pandemic at the country-level and evaluate 52 time-series, epidemiological, machine-learning, and deep-learning techniques. We contribute to the latter, the field of SCM, by providing an input (the demand forecasts for the new cases and the selected products), which is essential to decision-making algorithms that involve stock-control, replenishment, advance purchasing, and even rationing 11 , i.e. situations that require a mean forecasted demand over the lead-time. doi = 10.1016/j.ejor.2020.08.001 id = cord-347459-8ju196uu author = Nikolovska, Manja title = “Show this thread”: policing, disruption and mobilisation through Twitter. An analysis of UK law enforcement tweeting practices during the Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-21 keywords = Twitter; covid-19; crime; tweet summary = Moreover, in terms of the impact of tweets, as measured by the rate at which they are retweeted, followers were more likely to ''spread the word'' when the tweet was content-rich (discussed a crime specific matter and contained media), and account holders were themselves more active on Twitter. The analysis of 114,257 tweets and their metadata indicate that (a) most of the tweets focused on issues that were not specifically about crime; (b) during the time of crisis the stakeholders in question tended to increase their retweeting activity rather than creating original tweets; (c) the visibility of an account (number of followers and favouriting habits) and the richness of the content (discussing Covid-19, crime specific issues and including media such as images) were associated with the likelihood of messages spreading (both in terms of whether they were retweeted and the frequency with which this was so); (d) relative to the preceding 5 months, during the first 5 months of the pandemic tweets on Fraud, Cybercrime and Domestic abuse increased significantly. doi = 10.1186/s40163-020-00129-2 id = cord-035230-p999nlnc author = Nikopoulou, V. A. title = Mental Health Screening for COVID-19: a Proposed Cutoff Score for the Greek Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) date = 2020-11-10 keywords = COVID-19; FCV-19S; Fear; Scale summary = title: Mental Health Screening for COVID-19: a Proposed Cutoff Score for the Greek Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) Altogether, although the cutoff scores of the Greek FCV-19S version were explored to further evaluate the scale''s validity, they may facilitate discrimination of adults with extreme COVID-19-related fear from those with normal fear reactions. The current analysis focuses on the association between the FCV-19S scale and other variables relevant to the participants'' psychological reaction to COVID-19, including anxiety, health anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptomatology. GAD-7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, SHAI Short Health Anxiety Inventory, PTSD-8 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-8 items cutoff score, indicating that intense fear has been diminished. This study provided empirical support for the scale''s adequacy to assess COVID-19-related fear and determined a cutoff point of 16.5 or higher with significant predictive power for anxiety, health anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptomatology. doi = 10.1007/s11469-020-00414-w id = cord-316135-kevyw19w author = Nikoupour, Hamed title = Pediatric liver transplantation and COVID-19: a case report date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = To the best of the authors knowledge, to this date very little data exists on COVID-19 in a pediatric patient with liver transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: For pediatric patients with organ transplantations, extreme caution should be taken, to limit and prevent their contact with COVID-19 during the outbreak, as these patients are highly susceptible to severe forms of the disease. LT recipients are among the most vulnerable groups with increased risk of infection but to this date there has been no report of COVID-19 in a pediatric patient with liver transplantation. Although more cases need to be studied, extreme caution should be taken for pediatric patients with organ transplantations, in here liver transplantation, to limit and prevent their contact with COVID-19 during the outbreak, as these patients are highly susceptible to severe forms of the disease. doi = 10.1186/s12893-020-00878-6 id = cord-328562-g5i838b3 author = Niles, Meredith T. title = The Early Food Insecurity Impacts of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; Table; food summary = Respondents experiencing household food insecurity during COVID-19 (both newly and consistently food insecure) were significantly more likely (p < 0.001 comparison across all groups) to express higher levels of concern and worry about a variety of potential situations related to food access and COVID-19 ( Figure 2 , Table A7 ). Respondents experiencing household food insecurity during COVID-19 (both newly and consistently food insecure) were significantly more likely (p < 0.001 comparison across all groups) to express higher levels of concern and worry about a variety of potential situations related to food access and COVID-19 ( Figure 2 , Table A7 ). Compared to food secure households, new and consistently food insecure households were significantly more likely (p < 0.001) to find strategies to address physical or economic food access challenges helpful during COVID-19 (Table A11) . doi = 10.3390/nu12072096 id = cord-331995-7113c613 author = Niles, P. Mimi title = Reflecting on Equity in Perinatal Care During a Pandemic date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; care summary = The explicit lack of standardization of evidence-based maternity care, whether expressed in clinical protocols or institutional policy, has disproportionately impacted marginalized communities. We conducted a thoughtful review of the available literature regarding COVID-19, in the framework of existing literature on equitable maternity care that centers the lived experiences of birthing people. To date, research about maternity care during COVID-19 has been restricted to small case studies, which is warranted as little is known about this virus. Professional organizations, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) or the Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine (SMFM), have yet to address or understand the potential long-term health impacts of the overuse of interventions during this pandemic. A policy of no support persons unduly impacts marginalized communities and implicitly reinforces the ''''sacrificial'''' or expendable status of Black and indigenous parents, who have long borne the consequences of mistreatment and abandonment in their health care experiences. doi = 10.1089/heq.2020.0022 id = cord-294517-tqpf95kk author = Nimgaonkar, I. title = The Age Pattern of the Male- to- Female Ratio in Mortality from COVID-19 Mirrors that of Cardiovascular Disease but not Cancer in the General Population date = 2020-07-11 keywords = COVID-19; CVD summary = Moreover, we found a similar pattern in sex ratio of deaths by age for cardiovascular disease, which is strongly associated with increased risk of dying from COVID-19. In searching for explanations for the distinctive pattern of deaths in COVID-19, we first examined variation by age group in the male-to-female (sex) ratio of mortality in data from the . Since the COVID-19 data were not linked to population databases with individual-level health information, we could not specifically examine the potential contribution of CVD to the age pattern of the sex mortality ratio from COVID-19. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.10.20149013 doi: medRxiv preprint persons older than 60 years, might partially reflect the same underlying mechanisms that drive the age pattern of the sex mortality ratio for CVD in the general population. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.10.20149013 id = cord-320603-pus087p8 author = Ning, Xianjun title = The mental health of neurological doctors and nurses in Hunan Province, China during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-09-05 keywords = COVID-19; China; anxiety summary = The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and influencing factors on anxiety and depression in neurological healthcare workers in Hunan Province, China during the early stage of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Logistic regression analysis showed that a shortage of protective equipment was independently associated with probable anxiety (OR = 1.980, 95% CI: 1.241–3.160, P = 0.004), while young age was a risk factor for probable depression (OR = 2.293, 95% CI: 1.137–4.623, P = 0.020) among neurological healthcare workers. Unlike medical workers who are fighting on the front line, doctors and nurses in neurology departments may be less likely to receive training, including diagnostic testing for COVID-19, responses to infectious diseases, and appropriate donning and removal of personnel protective equipment [21] . This is the first study to report the prevalence of probable anxiety and depression among neurological doctors and nurses in Hunan Province during the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1186/s12888-020-02838-z id = cord-348388-nkosag8m author = Nirenberg, Michael S. title = Foot manifestations in a patient with COVID-19 and Epstein-Barr virus: A case study date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; EBV summary = The authors present a case study chronicling the progression of foot issues in a COVID-19 positive patient who also was positive for the Epstein-Barr virus. This case study provides a description of the progression of foot manifestations in a patient in Spain who tested positively for COVID-19 and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and may have also contracted parvovirus B19 (B19). This case study is one of the first to document the progression of the foot manifestations in a patient with COVID-19, EBV, and who also possibly had B19. In the case presented, both EBV and B19 are known to cause cutaneous manifestations, and as such, either one of these may have been the cause of the patient''s foot issues, alone or in combination with COVID-19. This case highlights the progression of foot manifestations in a patient co-infected with COVID-19 and EBV, and possibly B19. Foot Manifestations in a COVID-19 Positive Patient: A Case Study doi = 10.1016/j.foot.2020.101707 id = cord-320350-zeeozmm9 author = Nisoli, Enzo title = COVID-19 and Hartnup disease: an affair of intestinal amino acid malabsorption date = 2020-07-20 keywords = ACE2; SARS; covid-19 summary = We hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, binding to intestinal angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, negatively regulates the absorption of neutral amino acids, and this could explain not only the GI, but also systemic disturbances in COVID-19. Altered composition of the gut microbiota (as a consequence of impaired amino acid transport and reduced secretion of antimicrobial peptides by Paneth cells in the small intestine) and changes in innate immunity contribute to the colitis phenotype observed in ACE2 knockout mice [17] . Based on clinical observations and basic research, we hypothesise that, in response to the SARS-CoV-2 binding to intestinal ACE2, the absorption of neutral amino acids is negatively regulated in COVID-19 patients. In malnourished patients or conditions of intestinal amino acid malabsorption, as in the COVID-19 or Hartnup patients, the adaptive immune response cannot be effectively initiated because the absorption of essential energy substrates is impaired by SARS-CoV-2 binding to ACE2. doi = 10.1007/s40519-020-00963-y id = cord-252015-9oiwcn8q author = Niu, Alex title = COVID-19 in allogeneic stem cell transplant: high false-negative probability and role of CRISPR and convalescent plasma date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Shortly thereafter, RT-PCR/CRISPR was performed on a blood sample collected on hospital day 36 for clinical purposes and demonstrated strong detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA (Fig. 1c) . Here, we present two cases of ASCT recipients who presented with respiratory illnesses, initially testing negative for SARS-CoV-2 with conventional RT-PCR, then positive with the more sensitive RT-PCR/CRISPR technique. Our findings suggest that ASCT recipients with negative nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR, but evidence of lower respiratory tract disease, might indeed have COVID-19 that can be detected using a CRISPR-based platform. While safety concerns with performing bronchoscopy remain high with this infection, and COVID-19specific treatments depend on securing a positive test, it may be beneficial to pursue diagnosis with other tissue sources, such as whole blood or plasma. In conclusion, early diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 is crucial in ASCT recipients, and evaluation regarding the use of other tissue sources for detection of SARS-CoV-2 along with multimodality therapy is required in the continual evolution of this pandemic. doi = 10.1038/s41409-020-0972-8 id = cord-253735-0wi67tuw author = Niu, Shengmei title = Clinical characteristics of older patients infected with COVID-19: A descriptive study date = 2020-04-10 keywords = covid-19; old summary = A confirmed case was defined as a suspected cases with the laboratory test for the 2019-nCoV virus from the respiratory specimens show positive result by means of real-time reverse-transcriptionpolymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay, while a suspected case was defined as a case that fulfilled both the following criteria: clinical have fever, radiographic evidence of pneumonia, low or normal white-cell count or low lymphocyte count; and the epidemic history have a travel to Wuhan or direct contact with patients from Wuhan who have fever or respiratory symptoms within 14 days before illness according to the new coronavirus pneumonial diagnosis and treatment program (3id ed.) which were published by the National Health Commission of China. We collected the data on the demographic, epidemiological, clinical, laboratory tests, diagnosis types, cluster cases and outcomes of COVID-19 infection in elderly patients, and categorized into three groups and compared the difference between middle aged 50-64years, aged 65-79 years and older than 80 years. doi = 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104058 id = cord-322244-3en3yey1 author = Nkengasong, John N title = Looming threat of COVID-19 infection in Africa: act collectively, and fast date = 2020-02-27 keywords = Africa; covid-19 summary = Because of the high volume of air traffic and trade between China and Africa, 1 Africa is at a high risk for the introduction and spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); although only Egypt has reported the first case, from a non-national. To help develop a common strategy that will allow for effective coordination, collaboration, and communication, the African Union Commission, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), and WHO, in partnership with African countries, have established the Africa Taskforce for Coronavirus Preparedness and Response (AFTCOR). Second, any effective preparedness and response strategy for COVID-19 requires a committed political will; as such, the African Union Commission, Africa CDC, and WHO convened, on Feb 22, 2020, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, an emergency meeting of all ministers of health of 55 member states to commit to acting fast and collectively to develop and implement a coordinated continent-wide strategy. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30464-5 id = cord-313148-dps5dyhr author = Nkhata, Smith G. title = SARS-CoV 2 (Covid-19) Heterogeneous Mortality Rates across Countries May Be Partly Explained by Life Expectancy, Calorie Intake, and Prevalence of Diabetes. date = 2020-10-21 keywords = c19dm; covid-19 summary = title: SARS-CoV 2 (Covid-19) Heterogeneous Mortality Rates across Countries May Be Partly Explained by Life Expectancy, Calorie Intake, and Prevalence of Diabetes. In most European countries where the Covid-19 mortality rate is currently higher, the proportion of elderly (>65 years) individuals and life expectancy are also high (https://www.worldometers.info/ coronavirus/). Therefore, we developed and tested a hypothesis that countries that consume higher immunity boosting foods (fruits, vegetables, spices) and are exposed to fewer immunity suppressing factors (smoking, physical inactivity, alcohol, high caloric consumption, pollution) have lower Covid-19 deaths per million population (C19DM) than those countries consuming less immunity boosting food and are highly exposed to immunity suppressing factors. Among the factors we examine in this study, the data suggest that prevalence of diabetes, life expectancy, and calorie intake might have significant effect on C19DM and may partly explain the heterogeneity in Covid-19 mortality observed so far. doi = 10.1007/s10745-020-00191-z id = cord-349867-e4f3qlae author = Nkodo, Jacques-Alexis title = Ethical issues in the management of patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia during COVID-19 containment: examples from institutions in France date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Ethical issues in the management of patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia during COVID-19 containment: examples from institutions in France Although these measures are clearly legitimate from an epidemiological point of view, their application leads to significant organizational challenges for institutions caring for the most vulnerable people 1 , such as those with disruptive behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Neurocognitive disorders make it difficult for the patient to understand restrictive health measures, and behavioral disorders (like wandering) increase the risk of contagion. The French National Consultative Committee on Ethics (Comité Consultatif National d''Ethique) advised against the preventive use of containment to promote health measures adherence in nursing home but did suggest that temporary, proportional, appropriate restrictions could be imposed on a case-by-case basis 2 . In the unprecedented context of COVID-19 (in which collective interests prevail), containment measures for patients with disruptive BPSD have created organizational difficulties. doi = 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.10.001 id = cord-013212-lx614fy4 author = Nobel, Yael R. title = Reply to GASTRO-D-20-01179 date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 1 In their letter titled "Focusing on gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19 is far from enough", the authors suggest that in patients with COVID-19, stool-based testing for leukocytes and erythrocytes/occult blood, rather than patient-reported gastrointestinal symptoms, should be considered. We reviewed their data with interest but remain unconvinced that stool-based testing adds value to the clinical diagnosis of diarrhea among patients with known or suspected COVID-19. In our study, conducted among outpatients with respiratory symptoms being evaluated for COVID-19 during the height of the pandemic, the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea or nausea/vomiting) was associated with a 70% increased risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. In sum, our study found that the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea with or without nausea/vomiting) predicted a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 among patients with respiratory symptoms at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.014 id = cord-356217-igm2t7md author = Noda, Sakura title = Severe COVID-19 initially presenting as mesenteric adenopathy date = 2020-10-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We report a case of COVID-19 in a healthy teenager who initially presented with isolated mesenteric adenopathy, typically a self-limited illness, which progressed to severe illness requiring intensive care before complete recovery. A generally healthy, immunized, non-obese White 17-yearold boy presented to an outside emergency department (ED) with 3 days of initially moderate progressing to severe abdominal pain focused in the right lower quadrant, fever as high as 103°F, and vomiting without diarrhea. Although we did not obtain tissue sampling to prove that the mesenteric adenopathy was secondary to COVID-19, the boy eventually developed chest CT findings and severe hyperinflammatory response consistent with COVID-19, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR from sputum, and recovered with primarily supportive care. This case report describes a severe case of COVID-19 in a previously healthy teenage patient who initially presented with gastrointestinal symptoms and isolated acute mesenteric adenopathy on imaging. doi = 10.1007/s00247-020-04789-9 id = cord-327181-z7uqmxki author = Nodora, Jesse N title = The COVID-19 Pandemic: Identifying Adaptive Solutions for Colorectal Cancer Screening in Underserved Communities date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; CRC; fit summary = We also recommend four CRC-specific calls to action: Establish COVID-adapted best practices to implement mailed fecal immunochemical test (FIT) programs; Implement grassroots advocacy to identify community gastroenterologists who commit to performing colonoscopies for CHC patients; Assess cancer prevention priorities among individuals in underserved communities; and Assess regional CRC screening and follow-up barriers and solutions. While findings from these brief interviews are extremely valuable, in depth patient-, provider-, and additional system-level data are urgently needed to fully understand the impact of the pandemic on CRC screening in the CHCs. At present, it is not possible to collect these data due to staff shortages and shifting of health care personnel to address the COVID-19 crisis. We also recommend four CRC-specific calls to action: Establish COVID-adapted best practices that address mailed FIT programs in CHCs; Implement grassroots advocacy to identify community gastroenterologists who commit to performing colonoscopies for CHC patients; Assess cancer prevention priorities among individuals in underserved communities; and Assess regional CRC screening and follow-up barriers and solutions. doi = 10.1093/jnci/djaa117 id = cord-306466-y4yg42p8 author = Nofal, Ahmed Maged title = Who complies with COVID-19 transmission mitigation behavioral guidelines? date = 2020-10-08 keywords = behavioral; covid-19; guideline; transmission summary = Particularly, we examine if major personality traits (i.e. conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness to experience, extraversion, and emotional stability) [12] , yield differences in the tendency of people to comply with 21 implemented COVID-19 transmission mitigation behavioral guidelines (see S1 Appendix). However, there has been no work examining the influence of personality traits, such as the big five (i.e. conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness to experience, extraversion, and emotional stability) on the tendency of people to comply with COVID-19 transmission mitigation behavioral guidelines. Connecting literatures of emotional responses to COVID-19 messages, and personalized/tailored communication, we believe that this research not only supports prior work in highlighting the importance of pro-social messages, but also the importance of knowing the specific personality traits that may make individuals less likely to comply with COVID-19 transmission mitigation behavioral guidelines. First, drawing from research on persuasive mass communication [e.g., 19] , we aim to demonstrate if personality traits, specifically, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness to experience, extraversion, and emotional stability, relate to the tendency of people to comply with COVID-19 transmission mitigation behavioral guidelines. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240396 id = cord-291820-x4a4c4pv author = Nogueira, Marcelo Saito title = Ultraviolet-based biophotonic technologies for control and prevention of COVID-19, SARS and related disorders date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = With this in mind, this letter focuses on encouraging researchers and companies to develop safe and reliable ultraviolet (UV) light technology to be used for decontamination of PPE as well as environmental surface disinfection, food safety, possible production vaccines based on ultraviolet-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (the cause of COVID-19) and SARS-CoV. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued guidance on infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies [4] , including the implementation of precautions against droplet, contact and airborne transmission, aerosol-generating procedures, and support treatments of COVID-19. These strategies include using ultraviolet (UV) light-based innovations to decontaminate N95 and SN95 respirators, robot-controlled UV surface disinfection in hospital rooms, and microbial inactivation on food safety applications. With the discussed clinical and safety needs in mind, UV-based optical and biophotonic technologies can significantly help overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic as well as prove its safe use in research and industry. doi = 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101890 id = cord-294910-gnc04ax1 author = Nogueira, Paulo Jorge title = The Role of Health Preconditions on COVID-19 Deaths in Portugal: Evidence from Surveillance Data of the First 20293 Infection Cases date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; kidney; study summary = The risk factors for increased odds of death by COVID-19 were: sex (male: OR = 1.47, ref = female), age ((56–60) years, OR = 6.01; (61–65) years, OR = 10.5; (66–70) years, OR = 20.4; (71–75) years, OR = 34; (76–80) years, OR = 50.9; (81–85) years, OR = 70.7; (86–90) years, OR = 83.2; (91–95) years, OR = 91.8; (96–104) years, OR = 140.2, ref = (0–55)), Cardiac disease (OR = 2.86), Kidney disorder (OR = 2.95), and Neuromuscular disorder (OR = 1.58), while condition (None (absence of precondition); OR = 0.49) was associated with a reduced chance of dying after adjusting for other variables of interest. The data retrieved include individuals'' demographic characteristics (age, sex, region), COVID-19 disease information (death, recovery, still in treatment, hospitalization, intensive care, respiratory support), and preconditions (Asthma, Cancer, Cardiac disease, Hematological disorder, Diabetes, HIV and other immune deficiency, Kidney disorder, Liver disorder, Neuromuscular disorder, Other precondition and None (absence of precondition)). doi = 10.3390/jcm9082368 id = cord-316260-1t3ifsfi author = Nogueira-de-Almeida, Carlos Alberto title = COVID-19 and obesity in childhood and adolescence: A clinical review()() date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child; increase; obese; obesity summary = In severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, these organic changes from obesity may increase the need for ventilatory assistance, risk of thromboembolism, reduced glomerular filtration rate, changes in the innate and adaptive immune response, and perpetuation of the chronic inflammatory response. 3--6 The present review aims to identify the factors that contribute to the increase in the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 in obese children and adolescents, and its health consequences, to collaborate for better clinical care of these patients. The three main risk factors that link obesity to COVID-19 demonstrated for adults 52 are also present among children and adolescents: chronic subclinical inflammation, impaired immune response, and underlying cardiorespiratory diseases. In conclusion, obesity in childhood and adolescence can be considered a risk factor for greater susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 and is associated with nutritional, cardiac, respiratory, renal, and immunological alterations, which may potentiate the complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jped.2020.07.001 id = cord-316501-fl2wvhia author = Noh, Ji Yun title = Asymptomatic infection and atypical manifestations of COVID-19: comparison of viral shedding duration date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Asymptomatic infection and atypical manifestations of COVID-19: comparison of viral shedding duration • Among patients with COVID-19, 26.1% presented anosmia, and 22.6% complained of ageusia with median duration of 7 days. • Mean duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding was 24.5 days. • Irrespective of clinical manifestations, all patients with COVID-19 showed prolonged viral shedding. to evaluate the prevalence of asymptomatic infection, anosmia (smell loss) and ageusia (taste 8 loss) among patients with mild COVID-19 in a residential treatment center (RTC). We also 9 compared the duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding between groups with different clinical 10 manifestations. An observational cohort study was conducted for 199 patients with COVID-19 in a RTC at Rapid asymptomatic transmission of COVID-19 during 82 the incubation period demonstrating strong infectivity in a cluster of youngsters aged 16-83 23 years outside Wuhan and characteristics of young patients with COVID-19: A 84 prospective contact-tracing study doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.035 id = cord-340354-j3xsp2po author = Noll, N. B. title = COVID-19 Scenarios: an interactive tool to explore the spread and associated morbidity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; model; parameter summary = Thus, to make such modeling widely available, we have developed an interactive, online tool that allows users to efficiently explore COVID-19 scenarios based upon different epidemiological assumptions and potential mitigation strategies. All source code and the aggregated surveillance data are made freely available through GitHub. We approximate the dynamics of a COVID-19 outbreak using a generalized SEIR model in which the population is partitioned into age-stratified compartments of: susceptible (S), exposed (E), infected (I), hospitalized (H), critical (C), ICU overflow (O), dead (D) and recovered (R) individuals (Kermack et al., 1927) . The parameters of the model fall into three broad categories: a time-dependent infection rate β a (t); the rate of transition out of the exposed, infectious, hospitalized, and critical/overflow compartments γ e , γ i , γ h , and γ c respectively; and the age-specific fractions m a , c a and f a of mild, critical, and fatal infections respectively. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.05.20091363 id = cord-330431-9txstz4n author = Nomikos, Iakovos N title = What Else but Covid-19 Pandemic? Lessons Learned date = 2020-07-11 keywords = COVID-19; care; patient summary = This experience helped health care providers in hospitals to apply early, strict rules for the control and prevention of the disease spread such as the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and rules of minimising the risks of aerosol-generating medical procedures (AGMP), to mention some of them. In general, the response to COVID-19 outbreak was multifold and included many services to effectively control the spread and manage the cases, such as medical care, surveillance, infection prevention and control, communication, logistics, psycho-social support, safe and dignified burials, etc. One major and critical contributor to COVID-19 pandemic management was and remains the society engagement and its trust and acceptance of different rules and guidelines issued by the local health authorities. For this reason, many publications suggested recommendations for the prioritisation, treatment, and triage of cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic [13] . doi = 10.1007/s13126-020-0544-9 id = cord-314152-wd153s1g author = Noor, Farha Musharrat title = Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Mortality Among COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis date = 2020-09-12 keywords = covid-19; mortality; patient summary = CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis revealed that the mortality rate among COVID-19 patients was highest in the European region and older age, gender, ICU patients, patients with comorbidity had a high risk for case fatality. In this study, we aimed to review the prevalence of mortality and the risk factors associated with mortality among coronavirus infected patients in the hospital and to summarize the available findings in a meta-analysis. This meta-analysis result revealed that the mortality rate among hospitalized COVID-19 patients was high and male gender, older aged patients, patients presented with comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease etc were highly associated with the risk of death among them. Risk factors for mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies doi = 10.1007/s10900-020-00920-x id = cord-332561-n2ghm318 author = Noordzij, Marlies title = ERACODA: the European database collecting clinical information of patients on kidney replacement therapy with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; KRT summary = title: ERACODA: the European database collecting clinical information of patients on kidney replacement therapy with COVID-19 Because patients on kidney replacement therapy (KRT; including dialysis and kidney transplantation) are generally older and often have one or more of the aforementioned comorbidities, they may have an increased risk of death when they acquire a SARS-CoV-2 infection [5] . Given this uncertainty, it is important to collect reliable information on the incidence, clinical course and outcomes of COVID-19 infection in patients with end-stage kidney disease who are treated with KRT. The primary purpose of ERACODA is to investigate the clinical course and outcomes-including hospital admission, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality-of KRT patients with COVID-19. Physicians responsible for the care of these patients can register voluntarily and are asked to enter data of all consecutive kidney transplant and maintenance dialysis patients from their centre with COVID-19 into a central database. doi = 10.1093/ndt/gfaa179 id = cord-339695-3ij5pjjy author = Nopp, Stephan title = Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; VTE; patient summary = [1] [2] [3] Early studies already reported on coagulation abnormalities and coagulopathy with a rather prothrombotic phenotype in patients with 5] With the better understanding of COVID-19 and its clinical course, venous thromboembolism (VTE), a disease entity covering pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT), has been recognized as a particular complication of the disease. These included methodological specifics of the studies (study design, health care setting), clinical information of the study population (demographics, comorbidities, disease severity, use of pharmacological thromboprophylaxis, ultrasound screening, and D-dimer levels), and outcome specifics (definition, type, and rate of VTE). After excluding studies with a high risk of underlying bias, quantitative results from 66 studies were aggregated within a meta-analysis, including 28,173 patients (1, Figure 2 shows a Forrest plot of VTE rates, together with information on health care setting, the performance of screening and outcome definition of respective studies. doi = 10.1002/rth2.12439 id = cord-345557-680k32a6 author = Norbash, Alexander M. title = Early-Stage Radiology Volume Effects and Considerations with the COVID-19 Pandemic; Adaptations, Risks, and Lessons Learned date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; Radiology; surge summary = Methods Percent change of 2020 volume per week was compared to the corresponding 2019 volume calculated for each of the 14 imaging modalities and overall total; outpatient, emergency and inpatient studies, high-surge AMSs, low-surge AMSs, and the practice coalition. Descriptive analyses demonstrated the radiology volume during the COVID-19 pandemic in six academic medical systems (three in high-surge and three in low-surge regions) and a large national private practice coalition. Year-over-year percent change (2020 vs 2019) was calculated aggregating data to compare total volume change and for each specific modality (e.g. PET-CT, CT, MRI, IR, Breast COVID-19 Pandemic Radiology Volume Effects 4 Screening) in 1) high-surge vs. Volume drops in the private practice coalition COVID-19 Pandemic Radiology Volume Effects 5 paralleled the changes seen with the AMSs, and tracked with the trends shown by the low-surge AMSs. The modalities with greatest initial drops, such as breast screening mammography and DEXA scanning, also showed the greatest delays in trending towards volume recovery. doi = 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.07.001 id = cord-322838-s82tyeis author = Norden, M. J. title = National Smoking Rates Correlate Inversely with COVID-19 Mortality date = 2020-06-14 keywords = country; covid-19; smoker; smoking summary = Results: A highly significant inverse correlation between current daily smoking prevalence and COVID-19 mortality rate was noted for the group of hot countries (R=-.718, p = .0002), cold countries (R=-.567, p=.0046), and the combined group (R=-.324, p=.0207). Correlations and scatterplots between national smoking prevalence and COVID-19 mortality rates in each of the three groups of countries can be seen below in Figure 1 To test whether any outliers may be driving the results we performed post-hoc analyses removing Sweden and Korea both individually and together. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.12.20129825 doi: medRxiv preprint DISCUSSION A significant inverse correlation of smoking prevalence and COVID-19 mortality rate was found for the subgroups of hot and cold countries, and for the combined subgroups. The primary strength of the current study is that it shows a strong inverse association between COVID-19 mortality and daily smoking prevalence not subject to the many confounds identified in previous studies reporting under-representation of smokers among COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.12.20129825 id = cord-274871-jlquvz51 author = Nori, Priya title = Bacterial and fungal coinfections in COVID-19 patients hospitalized during the New York City pandemic surge date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Bacterial and fungal coinfections in COVID-19 patients hospitalized during the New York City pandemic surge We observed bacterial or fungal coinfections in COVID-19 patients admitted between March 1 and April 18, 2020 (152 of 4,267, 3.6%). Few studies have addressed bacterial or fungal coinfections or the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Patient demographics, central venous catheter status, ICU status, mechanical ventilation status, imaging, laboratory results, administered antibiotics per days of therapy (DOT), and disposition (admitted, discharged, deceased) were obtained from the electronic medical record. We observed widespread empiric antibiotic use throughout the pandemic and clinically relevant bacterial and fungal coinfections in patients with advanced COVID-19 and multiple risk factors for nosocomial infection (mechanical ventilation, central venous catheters, treatment with corticosteroids or biologics, and prolonged hospitalization). 2,6 Moreover, 79% of coinfected patients received antibiotics in the 30 days preceding positive cultures and 98% received them during the index COVID-19 hospitalization. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.368 id = cord-284984-sdx3cceq author = Norman, Richard E. title = Typically Atypical: COVID‐19 Presenting as a Fall in an Older Adult date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = An 83-year-old woman presented to an emergency department following an unwitnessed fall at home, with her only complaint being a vague sense of dizziness that developed that day. Much of the attention regarding care of older adults with COVID-19 has focused on its significant mortality rate (reaching 10%-27% for those >85 years 6 ) or the possible need for rationing of limited resources, such as ventilators. 8 There is already evidence that screening based on typical symptoms alone, which failed in this case, is insufficient to identify COVID-19 in older adults. 9, 10 This has significant implications for both clinical care and infection prevention and control, particularly in congregate living settings such as nursing homes, where frail older adults have experienced disproportionately high COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Coronavirus disease 2019 in geriatrics and long-term care: the ABCDs of COVID-19 doi = 10.1111/jgs.16526 id = cord-032692-h2c7ogga author = Northstone, Kate title = The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children - A resource for COVID-19 research: Questionnaire data capture May-July 2020 date = 2020-09-22 keywords = ALSPAC; COVID-19; questionnaire summary = title: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children A resource for COVID-19 research: Questionnaire data capture May-July 2020 It comprises: 1) a standard dataset containing all participant responses to both questionnaires with key sociodemographic factors and 2) as a composite release coordinating data from the existing resource, thus enabling bespoke research across all areas supported by the study. The wider COVID-19 data collection in ALSPAC will include data from three main sources: self-reported data from questionnaires, data from clinical services based on linkage to medical and other records and information from biological samples. Informed consent for the use of data collected via questionnaires and clinics was obtained from participants following the recommendations of the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee at the time. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children A resource for COVID-19 research: Questionnaire data capture doi = 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16225.2 id = cord-255572-tbrdis86 author = Norton, Alice title = Baseline results of a living systematic review for COVID-19 funded research projects date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19; Roadmap; project; research summary = The UKCDR Epidemics Preparedness and Response Funders Group 4 and the GloPID-R Key Funders group have each been meeting at least fortnightly during the pandemic to strengthen UK and global COVID-19 research funding coordination activities respectively, informed by the data and analysis from the tracker. To capture information on the type of research taking place in relation to COVID-19 with a stable classification system that is comparable to research on other health topics, the projects included in the tracker were also assessed against the research activity codes outlined by the Health Research Classification System (HRCS) -a classification system developed by UK Clinical Research Collaboration and used by health research funders around the world to classify "the full spectrum of biomedical and health research -from basic to applied -across all areas of health and disease." 10 . doi = 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16259.1 id = cord-343881-0i3rfpvd author = Norton, Alice title = The remaining unknowns: a mixed methods study of the current and global health research priorities for COVID-19 date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; Research; priority summary = RESULTS: Thematic analysis of the significant body of combined data shows the WHO roadmap is globally relevant; however, new important priorities have emerged, in particular, pertinent to low and lower middle-income countries (less resourced countries), where health systems are under significant competing pressures. For example, there is a strong call for evidence on the relative effectiveness and optimal implementation of public health interventions in varied global settings, for social science studies to guide how to gain public trust and mitigate myths, to understand the impact on already present diseases within communities and to explore the ethics of research within a pandemic. Using broad consultative workshops, we have identified additional considerations beyond the WHO roadmap scope in order to broaden the current global research priorities at this point in time to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic and to help learn for any future outbreaks. doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003306 id = cord-309214-v2iqgjc4 author = Nougier, Christophe title = Hypofibrinolytic state and high thrombin generation may play a major role in sars‐cov2 associated thrombosis date = 2020-07-15 keywords = PAI-1; covid-19; patient summary = RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We observed two key findings: a high thrombin generation capacity which remained within normal values despite heparin therapy and a hypofibrinolysis mainly associated with increased PAI‐1 levels. The aim of the present study was to assess thrombin generation capacity and fibrinolytic activity of patients hospitalized for Covid-19 All patients received supportive management of the most common complications of severe COVID-19: pneumonia, hypoxemic respiratory failure, sepsis, cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia, acute kidney injury, complications from prolonged hospitalization, including secondary bacterial infections, gastrointestinal bleeding, critical illness polyneuropathy and appropriate thrombopropylaxis with LMWH (enoxaparin 40mg OD if 50-100kg and 40mg BD if >100kg or fibrinogen>8g/L or D-dimer>3000 ng/mL) or subcutaneous unfractionated heparin (5000 UI BD) according to their renal status. Our data clearly show that the balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis is lost in patients with infection, who present with a significant hypercoagulability associated with hypofibrinolysis associated with high PAI-1 and increased TAFI activation. In 17 ICU-Covid-19 patients without thrombosis, a much less effective fibrinolysis with a Ly30 of 37±35% was observed, which was in accordance with high PAI-1 plasma levels and elevated TAFI activation. doi = 10.1111/jth.15016 id = cord-293145-b1rxh4bd author = Nouhjah, Sedigheh title = Challenges of diabetes care management in developing countries with a high incidence of COVID-19: A brief report date = 2020-05-19 keywords = country; covid-19 summary = Challenges of diabetes care management in developing countries with a high incidence of COVID-19: a brief report Highlights • COVID-19 pandemic may be a potentially diabetogenic situation and may worsen hyperglycemia and possibly diabetes-related complications • Challenges faced by developing countries in managing diabetes during COVID-19 outbreak is different from those in developed countries. Results: Current challenges faced by clinicians in the management of diabetic patients in developing countries are as follows: lack of preventive measures, inadequate number of visits, loss of the traditional method of communication with the patient, shortage of medications, impaired routine diabetic care, and absence of telehealth services. Results: Current challenges faced by clinicians in the management of diabetic patients in developing countries are as follows: lack of preventive measures, inadequate number of visits, loss of the traditional method of communication with the patient, shortage of medications, impaired routine diabetic care, and absence of telehealth services. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.012 id = cord-286887-s8lvimt3 author = Nour, Majid title = A Novel Medical Diagnosis model for COVID-19 infection detection based on Deep Features and Bayesian Optimization date = 2020-07-28 keywords = CNN; covid-19 summary = The proposed model is based on the convolution neural network (CNN) architecture and can automatically reveal discriminative features on chest X-ray images through its convolution with rich filter families, abstraction, and weight-sharing characteristics. study [5] , they used Chest Computed Tomography (CT) images and Deep Transfer Learning (DTL) method to detect COVID-19 and obtained a high diagnostic accuracy. proposed a novel hybrid method called the Fuzzy Color technique + deep learning models (MobileNetV2, SqueezeNet) with a Social Mimic optimization method to classify the COVID-19 cases and achieved high success rate in their work [6] . (2) The deep features extracted from deep layers of CNNs have been applied as the input to machine learning models to further improve COVID-19 infection detection. Only the number of samples in the COVID-19 class is increased by using the offline data augmentation approach, and then the proposed CNN model is trained and tested. doi = 10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106580 id = cord-310961-e1mb7uuh author = Nouvenne, Antonio title = Point-of-care chest ultrasonography as a diagnostic resource for COVID-19 outbreak in nursing homes date = 2020-05-25 keywords = covid-19; ultrasound summary = This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of a chest ultrasound screening program in nursing homes for detecting coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)-related pneumonia and improving the appropriateness of hospital referral of residents. Conclusions and implications In nursing home residents, screening of COVID-19 pneumonia with bedside chest ultrasonography is feasible and may represent a valid diagnostic aid for an early detection of COVID-19 outbreaks and adequate patient management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a chest ultrasound program for the 60 screening of COVID-19 in a group of Italian nursing homes located in the same district in Northern 61 Italy, and to describe its impact on patient management. Overview of demographic, clinical and ultrasound data of the 83 nursing home residents that were screened for COVID-19 by chest ultrasonography. doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.05.050 id = cord-354411-4emzxu09 author = Nouvenne, Antonio title = Lung Ultrasound in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Correlations with Chest CT on Hospital admission date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; LUS; patient summary = As reported by studies in mall case series, COVID-19 pneumonia can be associated with multifocal B lines, bilateral subpleural consolidations, and pleural thickening [12] [13] [14] , which reflect abnormalities detectable on chest CT [14] . The primary aim of this observational study was to describe LUS patterns in a group of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to an acute-care hospital and to explore correlations of these findings with both chest CT and clinical features. Within 24 h from ward admission and CT scanning, bedside LUS was performed as part of the routine diagnostic evaluation, adopted in our medical unit even before the emergence of the COVID-19 outbreak, by an ultrasound-certified expert clinician with > 5 years of experience in lung ultrasonography, who was blind to chest CT findings. Although the findings of our study support the use of bedside LUS in the evaluation of patients with suspect COVID-19, ultrasound should not be considered as a substitute for chest CT for several reasons. doi = 10.1159/000509223 id = cord-299102-4bwtg6xz author = Novara, Giacomo title = Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on urological practice in emergency departments in Italy date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; Italy summary = Although several reports are available in the literature on recommendations for reorganization of the clinical and surgical activities [3-7], to our knowledge, no data is available on the effective impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the outcomes of other medical conditions. For this reason, we aimed to evaluate the urological component of emergency department activities during the COVID-19 pandemic, assessing the requests for urgent urological consultations in a network of academic and nonacademic hospitals in Italy. To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on urgent outpatient urological practice, we evaluated the urological consultations performed in emergency departments in a specific week, after the national lockdown of the country starting on 9 March 2020. In the present report evaluating urological consultations in emergency departments during one week of the COVID-19 pandemic, we found a substantial decrease in the number of urgent consultations. doi = 10.1111/bju.15107 id = cord-355001-audh5qa7 author = Novick, Tessa K. title = COVID-19 and Kidney Disease Disparities in the United States date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; disease; kidney summary = Older adults, people experiencing unstable housing, racial and ethnic minorities and immigrants are potentially at increased risk for infection and severe complications from COVID-19. In the context of the viral pandemic, here we describe many disparities and additional struggles of patient populations with kidney disease, including those faced by the aging and homeless, and among racial and ethnic minorities, immigrants, and refugees. A study in San Francisco found that chronic kidney disease patients experiencing homelessness have higher acute care utilization than stably housed counterparts, and greater exposure to hospitals increases COVID-19 exposure. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, a study in Baltimore found that chronic kidney disease patients experiencing housing insecurity were 59% more likely to post-pone needed medical care. 54 Without insurance, undocumented immigrants do not have consistent access to primary care, and undiagnosed or poorly controlled chronic conditions increase their risk for severe complications from COVID-19 if infected. doi = 10.1053/j.ackd.2020.06.005 id = cord-277123-ekaqbruo author = Novosad, P. title = The COVID-19 mortality effects of underlying health conditions in India: a modelling study date = 2020-07-08 keywords = England; India; covid-19 summary = Objective: To model how known COVID-19 comorbidities will affect mortality rates and the age distribution of mortality in a large lower middle income country (India), as compared with a high income country (England), and to identify which health conditions drive any differences. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was the proportional increase in age-specific mortality in each country due to the prevalence of each COVID-19 mortality risk factor (diabetes, hypertension, obesity, chronic heart disease, respiratory illness, kidney disease, liver disease, and cancer, among others). 4, 9, 10 To date there has been limited analysis of the prevalence in LMICs of the specific conditions associated with increased COVID-19 severity, such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease, nor of how they change the expected level and age distribution of mortality. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.05.20140343 id = cord-310540-pnb8sr58 author = Novotny, J. S. title = Association between stress and depressive symptoms and the Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-29 keywords = July; covid-19; preprint summary = Conclusions: This population-based longitudinal study showed that Covid-19 related measures had significant impact on mental health in a general population with the feeling of loneliness identified as the biggest risk factor. This hypothesis is further corroborated by recent position papers on the impact of Covid-19 on global mental health (19, 20) , which noted that large majority of studies to date reported largely cross-sectional data from different convenience samples, which do not critically measure changes in various psychological symptoms in response to Covid-19. The e-questionnaire consisted in demographic characteristics, response to how Covid-19 related government measures affected their daily life and habits, including their experience with quarantine and the use of personal protective equipment, their current medical status (in the Supplement pp [2] [3] [4] [5] and psychological questionnaires evaluating stress, depressive symptoms, loneliness, and illness perception. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.28.20163113 id = cord-337837-5uynih1y author = Nowakowski, Alexandra C H title = Brave New Lungs: Aging in the Shadow of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; fibrosis summary = In the process, it summarizes lessons from established patient populations aging with progressive lung disease—using cystic fibrosis as a prominent example from the author''s lived experience—that may enhance the experiences of older COVID-19 survivors. Clinicians and researchers alike can prepare to work with people growing older with COVID-19-induced pulmonary fibrosis by reviewing current knowledge about aging with progressive fibrotic lung pathology secondary to other conditions. Researchers and clinicians focused on aging and old people care should thus consider the promise of different drugs demonstrated to help with the management of chronic pulmonary fibrosis, as well as the appropriateness of using these therapies with people whose lung damage originated with COVID-19 specifically-and how that may differ in patients of older age at onset. More experienced patients whose pulmonary fibrosis originated with other conditions can thus offer valuable support in developing both best clinical practices and responsive community resources for aging and older adults with long-term respiratory impacts from COVID-19. doi = 10.1093/geronb/gbaa118 id = cord-353509-yfkiaq80 author = Nugraha, Rhea Veda title = Traditional Herbal Medicine Candidates as Complementary Treatments for COVID-19: A Review of Their Mechanisms, Pros and Cons date = 2020-10-10 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; cytokine; virus summary = This review discusses some herbal agents extracted from various plants, including Echinacea, Cinchona, Curcuma longa, and Curcuma xanthorrhiza, which are considered for the treatment of COVID-19. e single cause of this highly communicable disease is a novel coronavirus, called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the seventh known virus of the Coronaviridae family capable of infecting humans [2] . Studies that describe the relation of some herbal drugs with the molecular mechanisms of COVID-19 infection, treatment, and prevention remain to be explained. in their systematic review about convalescent plasma transfusion (CPT) for the treatment of COVID-19 suggested that CPT could be an effective therapeutic option with promising evidence on safety, improvement of clinical symptoms, and reduced mortality, in addition to antiviral/antimicrobial drugs. A clinical trial study is needed to confirm the effect of using curcumin as a preventive agent against COVID-19. doi = 10.1155/2020/2560645 id = cord-348879-opzkodt7 author = Nune, A. title = Challenges in delivering rheumatology care during COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-25 keywords = COVID-19; care; patient summary = The rheumatology community''s responsibility of providing a continuity of care for patients had to be balanced with measures to reduce the risk of viral transmission and also protection of both the patients and staff. To deliver safe and effective care, the British Society for Rheumatology (BSR) and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) have produced guidelines for the management of patients with rheumatological autoimmune inflammatory and metabolic bone disorders during the current pandemic (Table 1) [5, 6] . The rheumatology community had to achieve a balance of protecting the patients and staff, reducing the risk of spread of viral transmission whilst providing a safe continuous clinical care. There will be patients who will be apprehensive attending for ''face-to-face'' consultations as elective services resume, and we need to ensure that the clinic environment is safe to deliver innovative care. doi = 10.1007/s10067-020-05312-z id = cord-277855-pfmslxy6 author = Nunes Duarte‐Neto, Amaro title = Pulmonary and systemic involvement of COVID‐19 assessed by ultrasound‐guided minimally invasive autopsy date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; MIA; autopsy summary = 14, 15 As a rapid response and preparedness for this new epidemic, our University Clinical Hospital (HC-FMUSP) was assigned to treat the patients with severe COVID-19 in the city of Sao Paulo and we developed a procedure of ultrasound-based minimally invasive autopsy (MIA-US) to study the fatal cases. All rights reserved without negative pressure autopsy rooms; the images obtained by ultrasound are good enough to localise and orient the sampling in several organs; it provides information within a time window fast enough to orient the management of critically ill patients. 1 As the WHO has not yet incorporated the autopsy result in the case definition, considering the possibility of false-negative molecular tests and the absence of an alternative diagnosis for the cause of death, we extended the case definition to one patient with acute and fatal respiratory distress, with typical radiological and histological pulmonary changes, even with negative laboratory results. doi = 10.1111/his.14160 id = cord-323603-99d0wv1h author = Nunez Garcia, B. title = Real-world data: Cancer and SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Methods: EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, BRCA1/2 mutation testing of advanced lung adenocarcinoma, metastatic colorectal, metastatic melanoma and ovarian cancer patients were performed by qPCR and NGS. Methods: During the period 11 th March to 15 th May 2020, patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection who were attending Beaumont Hospital for systemic anti-cancer therapy were included. Those with an ECOG performance status (PS) 3 were more likely to die than those with PS 2 (p<0.001).Compared to those who recovered, patients who died from COVID-19 had higher mean number of organs affected by cancer (3.7 vs. Conclusions: Patients with cancer who contracted COVID-19 and died had more sites of metastatic disease, a poorer performance status, and a higher Palliative Prognostic Score. Results: Our bulk data suggests that aerodigestive and lung cancer models express a broad range of ACE2 and TMRPSS2, particularly in epithelial cells, and would serve as good models for studying SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.1797 id = cord-328181-b2o05j3j author = Nunez-Corrales, S. title = The Epidemiology Workbench: a Tool for Communities to Strategize in Response to COVID-19 and other Infectious Diseases date = 2020-07-25 keywords = July; agent; covid-19; international; model summary = The Epidemiology Workbench provides access to an agent-based model in which demographic, geographic, and public health information a community together with a social distancing and testing strategy may be input, and a range of possible outcomes computed, to inform local authorities on coping strategies. 3 Building a multi-objective model for COVID-19: the agent-based route Based on the discussion above, our current research efforts have focused on the development of an integrated simulation model capable of a) accurately reflecting known dynamics of the current pandemic and the qualitative results of other models, b) simulating data-driven stochastic heterogeneity across agent populations to more realistically reflect the variability of underlying human populations when the model is applied, c) integrating economic considerations in association with observable features of the pandemic, d) allowing detailed simulation of known public policy measures at different times, intensities and dates, and e) providing a simple interface for non-expert users to configure and interpret. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.22.20159798 id = cord-035015-slgywe0c author = Nunn, Alistair V. W. title = SARS-CoV-2 and mitochondrial health: implications of lifestyle and ageing date = 2020-11-09 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; ROS; SARS; age; cell; function; mitochondrial; virus summary = Data is now showing that COVID-19 patients do have populations of T-cells displaying mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as altered mitochondrial markers in monocyteshinting that immune-metabolic phenotyping could be used to understand disease pathogenesis and possible treatments; this could include targeting mitochondria [32] . The underlying aetiology for "inflammaging" has long thought to be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction as suggested by Nick Lane in 2003 in his "double agent" theory [5] , and is now receiving renewed interest, for instance, in how decreasing mitochondrial function can reduce T-cell function and enhance immune senescence, as mitochondria are pivotal in metabolic reprogramming towards the Warburg effect [40] . Furthermore, as evidence indicates that many viruses, which most likely include SARs-CoV-2, modulate bioenergetics and redox in both the immune system and other cells they infect to enhance their own replication, they could potentially induce excessive stress in these systems if their mitochondria are already sub-optimally functional. doi = 10.1186/s12979-020-00204-x id = cord-298686-cpuw9ev4 author = Nuno‐Gonzalez, A. title = Prevalence of mucocutaneous manifestations, oral and palmoplantar findings in 666 patients with COVID‐19 in a field hospital in Spain date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Prevalence of mucocutaneous manifestations, oral and palmoplantar findings in 666 patients with COVID‐19 in a field hospital in Spain Histological study from the acral macules was performed in 4 patients, showing a mild to moderate lymphocytic infiltrate surrounding the blood vessels and the eccrine Accepted Article sweat glands. Both urticaria and vesicular eruptions appeared in younger patients than the rest of the mucocutaneous manifestations with statistical significance (p 0.024) Prior studies have found a significantly lower prevalence of COVID-19 associated dermatoses (20% and 7.8%, respectively)(2,3). In summary, almost half of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 admitted in a field-hospital during a two-week period show mucocutaneous findings. Cutaneous manifestations related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A prospective study from China and Italy Varicella-like exanthem as a specific COVID-19-associated skin manifestation: multicenter case series of 22 patients doi = 10.1111/bjd.19564 id = cord-342204-9tgxijvn author = Nuzzo, Domenico title = Potential neurological effects of severe COVID-19 infection date = 2020-07-03 keywords = CNS; COVID-19; SARS summary = In this axis, virus-induced inflammation and oxidative stress could be the common mechanisms responsible for CoV neurological symptoms. People with COVID-19 generally develop respiratory symptoms but the increasing evidence shows that some patients with a severe infection also develop neurological ailments like confusion, stroke, seizure, or loss of smell and taste. Recent studies discussed the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2; in fact, some infected subjects did show neurological effects. In fact, detection of some RNA of human-coronavirus in human brain samples clearly demonstrates that these respiratory pathogens are naturally neuroinvasive in J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f humans and suggests that they establish a persistent infection in human CNS (Arbour et al., 2000) . Therefore, inflammation and oxidative stress systemic, induced by SARS-CoV-2 lung injury, could has effect in CNS causing neuronal dysfunction. The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1016/j.neures.2020.06.009 id = cord-326413-rhvsdpyk author = Nuzzolese, Emilio title = Dental autopsy recommendations in SARS-CoV-2 infected cases date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; autopsy; dental summary = Abstract Unidentified human remains with unknown medical history can always pose biological hazards to forensic pathologists and odontologists, including hepatitis C, HIV infection, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), hemorrhagic fever viruses such as Ebola, meningitis and now Sars-Cov2. This short report provides specific recommendations to forensic odontologists in terms of biosafety and infection control practices during the post mortem dental data collection of unidentified human remains without any known medical history data. Forensic odontologists and dental hygienists involved in autoptic procedures of unidentified human remains infected with COVID-19 must be well trained in infection prevention control practices and for the task of managing the dead in challenging circumstances [12, 14] . Forensic odontologists and dental hygienists involved in autoptic procedures of infectious human remains should always be well trained in infection prevention control practices and management of the dead in challenging circumstances. doi = 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.04.004 id = cord-326991-m0lfk0a9 author = Nuñez, Jorge H. title = Rethinking Trauma Hospital Services in one of Spain''s Largest University Hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. How can we organize and help? Our experience. date = 2020-09-25 keywords = covid-19; hospital; patient summary = Each decision requires an individualized risk/benefit assessment, with the aims of protecting healthcare personal and patients, helping hospitals deal with Covid-19 lines, and not compromising the assessment and outcomes of our patients. Personnel have been organized to support the Covid-19 units, to cover trauma care (emergency clinical visits and emergent surgeries), operating rooms (delayed fracture emergencies) and clinical consultations (general and specialized consultations via telemedicine). We reduced to a third our orthopaedics and trauma hospital beds, provided coverage for general emergency services and five ICUs, all the while continuing to provide care for our patients, in the form of 102 trauma surgeries, 6413 phone interviews and 520 emergency clinic visits. We reduced to a third our orthopaedics and trauma hospital beds, provided coverage for general emergency services and five ICUs, all the while continuing to provide care for our patients, in the form of 102 trauma surgeries, 6413 phone interviews and 520 emergency clinic visits. doi = 10.1016/j.injury.2020.09.055 id = cord-259971-e3h8pr1v author = Nwachukwu, Izu title = COVID-19 Pandemic: Age-Related Differences in Measures of Stress, Anxiety and Depression in Canada date = 2020-09-01 keywords = PSS; age; covid-19 summary = Conclusions: The finding that the prevalence rates and the mean scores for stress, anxiety, and depression on standardized scales to decrease from younger to older subscribers is an interesting observation with potential implications for planning to meet mental health service needs during COVID-19. In an online survey of Chinese subjects, prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder and depressive symptoms was significantly higher in participants younger than 35 years than in participants aged 35 years or older [13] with age and amount of time spent focusing on COVID-19 identified as potential risk factors for psychological illness. On the other hand, older people tend to be less socially mobile than younger ones, thus possibly explaining their reported lower scores on rating scales for stress, anxiety, and depression during a pandemic lockdown. The trend for mean scores across the stress, depression, and anxiety scales to decrease in severity from younger to older age has potential implications for planning to meet mental health service needs during COVID-19. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17176366 id = cord-304157-u0mlee6u author = Nyasulu, Juliet title = The effects of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on the South African health system: A call to maintain essential health services date = 2020-07-22 keywords = HIV; covid-19; health summary = Our approach advocates for close collaboration between essential services and COVID-19 teams to identify priorities, restructure essential services to accommodate physical distancing, promote task shifting at primary level, optimise the use of mobile/web-based technologies for service delivery/training/monitoring and involve private sector and non-health departments to increase management capacity. Our approach advocates for close collaboration between essential services and COVID-19 teams to identify priorities, restructure essential services to accommodate physical distancing, promote task shifting at primary level, optimise the use of mobile/web-based technologies for service delivery/training/monitoring and involve private sector and nonhealth departments to increase management capacity. 18, 19 This article looks at the possible effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the South African health system and proposes possible solutions to maintain the delivery of essential health services whilst fighting the pandemic, with a specific focus on HIV and EPI. Using the documented existing service delivery gaps, we analysed EPI and HIV programmes as examples of priority essential health services to be maintained by South Africa during this emergency period. doi = 10.4102/phcfm.v12i1.2480 id = cord-272310-imvxrroc author = Nyholm, Silvia title = Invasive mechanical ventilation in a former preterm infant with COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = The consensus to date is that most infants and children only have mild COVID-19 symptoms and few require intensive care. The consensus to date is that most infants and children only have mild COVID-19 symptoms and few require intensive care. The girl only had mild respiratory symptoms and stayed 24 hours at the paediatric ward and was then cared for at home, but the boy required intensive care and invasive ventilatory support. The girl only had mild respiratory symptoms and stayed 24 hours at the paediatric ward and was then cared for at home, but the boy required intensive care and invasive ventilatory support. The twins, of African descent, were delivered by Caesarean section at a postmenstrual age (PMA) of 30 weeks, as the mother had pre-eclampsia and the male twin was showing intrauterine growth restriction. The take home message is that even infants can get severe COVID-19 that may require intensive care and invasive ventilatory support. doi = 10.1111/apa.15437 id = cord-307623-8bd5m5tk author = Núñez Gil, Iván J. title = Health Outcome Predictive Evaluation for COVID 19 international registry (HOPE COVID-19), rationale and design date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = With a current recruitment of more than 7000 cases, in 46 hospitals in 8 countries, since it is not possible to estimate the sample size based on literature reports, the investigators will try to get the maximum numbers of patients possible. The study primary objective is all cause mortality and aims to characterize the clinical profile of patients infected in order to develop a prognostic clinical score allowing, rapid logistic decision making. The main objective of the present study is to characterize the clinical profile of patients infected with COVID-19 in order to develop a simple prognostic clinical score allowing a rapid logistic decision making: discharge with follow-up, referral to provisional/field hospitals or admission to regular hospital centers. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China (2019): a single-centered, retrospective study doi = 10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100654 id = cord-270525-nmebqrb1 author = Núñez-Velasco, Santiago title = Response to SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in a Non-COVID-19 Designated Latin-American Neurosurgery Department date = 2020-05-11 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = METHODS An organized response regarding personnel, surgical case selection, operating room behavior, and facility reorganization were designed to prevent an internal coronavirus outbreak in the neurosurgery department at the Fray Antonio Alcalde Civil Hospital of Guadalajara. Based on the epidemiological and biological information available in the literature on COVID-19, specific measures adapted to our resources were implemented to design a protocol of organized administration of human resources both assistant and administrative, optimized surgical procedures, proper handling of personal protective equipment and adaptation of the facilities of the neurosurgery department of the FAAHC when treating neurosurgical patients with no SARS-CoV-2 known condition. This would lead us to a catastrophic scenario because there are reports of a 12% of hospital-associated transmission of the virus as the mechanism of infection of patients, that in our case are weak and many of them immunosuppressed; thus, cases of contamination of health-care personnel have also been reported, especially in non-designated COVID areas in which precautions might relax. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.019 id = cord-255360-yjn24sja author = O''Connor, Daryl B. title = Research priorities for the COVID‐19 pandemic and beyond: A call to action for psychological science date = 2020-07-19 keywords = COVID-19; health; mental; pandemic; people; psychological; research; social summary = The most pressing need is to research the negative biopsychosocial impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic to facilitate immediate and longer‐term recovery, not only in relation to mental health, but also in relation to behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness. Specifically, we have identified the shorter-and longerterm priorities around mental health, behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness in order to (1) frame the breadth and scope of potential contributions from across the discipline, (2) assist psychological scientists in focusing their resources on gaps in the literature, and (3) help funders and policymakers make informed decisions about the shorter-and longer-term COVID-19 research priorities to meet the needs of societies as they emerge from the acute phase of the crisis. doi = 10.1111/bjop.12468 id = cord-254222-ifsqiibv author = O''Connor, Rory C title = Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic – Authors'' reply date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 6 Research into the link between ethnicity and COVID-19 outcome is urgent, 7 and mental health aspects need to be included here. Third, in the rush to understand the effect of COVID-19 on mental health and wellbeing, it is more important than ever that the highest standards of ethical research practice are maintained. We are encouraged and stimulated by the responses to our Position Paper on COVID-19 mental health science. These responses complement the priorities outlined in our Position Paper and will stimulate further research using diverse methods, including more perspectives from the social sciences and focusing on additional vulnerable populations-eg, young people with complex forensic mental health needs, 1 and babies. It is now a responsibility to include the voices of all those whose mental health is affected by this pandemic and ensure that research findings are translated into practice. doi = 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30247-9 id = cord-270885-wkczsrgu author = O''Donoghue, Cathal title = Modelling the Distributional impact of the Covid‐19 Crisis(1) date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; crisis; income summary = We combine nowcasting methods using up-todate data from Live Registers, official reports on the labour market and policy impacts of COVID-19 with the Labour Force Survey (LFS) and a household income generation model to predict the distributional impact and the fiscal costs of the COVID-19. We overcome this challenge by proposing a more nuanced approach based on a ''nowcasting'' methodology (O''Donoghue and Loughrey, 2014) which combines the latest available European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data with recent data on employment and prices to calibrate a microsimulation model of household incomes, taxes and benefits to produce a real time picture of the population and to identify who is affected differentially (Atkinson et al, 2002) . However, given the nature of the shock, and the multi-faceted impact on household living standards, it is necessary to utilise an augmented version of disposable income, which takes into account also work-related expenditures (childcare, commuting), housing costs and capital losses. doi = 10.1111/1475-5890.12231 id = cord-335477-po201szv author = O''Leary, Fenton title = Personal Protective Equipment in the Paediatric Emergency Department during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Estimating requirements based on staff numbers and patient presentations. date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; PPE summary = OBJECTIVES: To estimate the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) required in a Paediatric Emergency Department during the COVID‐19 pandemic comparing the use per patient to use per patient zone, based on the NSW Clinical Excellence Commission (CEC) guidelines in place at the time of the study. The aim of this study was to identify the number of staff contacts and AGPs with patients in the Paediatric ED over a 24 hour period and attribute PPE required according to the NSW CEC guideline and compare this to the PPE required based on staff zone allocations. Estimated PPE requirements for each of the three levels of risk of infection and transmission based on staff roles and zone allocations are described in Table 3 -supplementary file and based on patient contacts and procedures in Table 4 -supplementary file. doi = 10.1111/1742-6723.13653 id = cord-351116-jwy6k0ih author = O''Reilly, GM title = Epidemiology and clinical features of emergency department patients with suspected and confirmed COVID‐19: A multisite report from the COVED Quality Improvement Project for July 2020 (COVED‐3) date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = METHODS: The COVID‐19 Emergency Department (COVED) Project is an ongoing prospective cohort study in Australian EDs. This analysis presents data from eight sites across Victoria and Tasmania for July 2020 (during Australia''s ''second wave''). 3 The objectives of this analysis (COVED-3), undertaken during the ‗second wave'', were to explore the association between SARS-CoV-2 test result and mechanical ventilation and death in hospital and to identify clinical and epidemiological variables predictive of SARS-CoV-2 positivity. 12 These include history (age, sex, symptoms and duration of presenting complaint, epidemiological features, co-morbidities), findings on clinical examination, radiological and blood investigations, care provided in the ED and hospital (including commencement of invasive mechanical ventilation and ED disposition destination) and patient outcomes (including survival to discharge). In terms of clinical and epidemiological risk factors, SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were more likely to report close contact with a confirmed case of COVID-19 or a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR swab result in the 14 days prior to their ED presentation. doi = 10.1111/1742-6723.13651 id = cord-338462-muetf7l1 author = OKPOKORO, E. title = Ecologic correlation between underlying population level morbidities and COVID-19 case fatality rate among countries infected with SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-05-02 keywords = CFR; COVID-19 summary = Of the 204 countries analyzed, only 11 countries (i.e. 5%) had complete datasets across all 5 population level morbidities (i.e. prevalence of COPD, prevalence of tobacco use, life expectancy, quality of air, and adult HIV prevalence variables). Conclusion: While we interpret our data with caution given the fact that this is an ecological study, our findings suggest that population level factors such as prevalence of COPD, prevalence of tobacco use, life expectancy and quality of air are positively correlated with CFR from COVID-19 but, adult HIV prevalence has a weak and negative correlation with COVID-19 CFR and would require extensive research. This ecological study has demonstrated that a substantial amount of the variation observed in case fatality rate associated with COVID-19 across 204 countries as at 31 st March 2020 could be explained by five population level morbidities such as; prevalence of COPD, prevalence of tobacco use, adult HIV prevalence, quality of air and life expectancy. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.28.20082370 id = cord-317349-c8nrd4h9 author = OLAPEGBA, Peter O title = A Preliminary Assessment of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Knowledge and Perceptions in Nigeria date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19; Nigerians summary = This study assessed knowledge and perceptions about COVID-19 among the general public in Nigeria during the initial week of the pandemic lockdown in the country. Regular hand washing and social distancing were selected by most respondents (94.25%) as a way of preventing infection whereas 11.86% reported consuming gins, garlic, ginger, herbal mixtures and African foods/soups as preventive measures against COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.11.20061408 doi: medRxiv preprint 1 2 3 What are the major sources of information about COVID-19 among Nigerians? Notwithstanding the above limitations, this study provides a baseline of information on 6 knowledge and perceptions about the ravaging COVID-19 from respondents across 180 7 municipalities in Nigeria. There is 10 need for further research to build the evidence base for the study of COVID-19 knowledge and 11 precautionary measures. Due to the concern of everyone about COVID-19, the present study, in possibly, is the first 14 survey to assess the knowledge and perceptions about COVID-19 among Nigerians. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.11.20061408 id = cord-338023-gb5jgqcg author = Obara, Shinju title = Anesthesiologist behavior and anesthesia machine use in the operating room during the COVID-19 pandemic: awareness and changes to cope with the risk of infection transmission date = 2020-08-27 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = title: Anesthesiologist behavior and anesthesia machine use in the operating room during the COVID-19 pandemic: awareness and changes to cope with the risk of infection transmission Because SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted via aerosols and surface contaminations of the environment, appropriate use of anesthesia machines and appropriate behavior in the operation room (OR) are required specifically in relation to this disease. For patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection, recommendations are use of (1) a high-performance hydrophobic filter (artificial nose) with a high rate of virus rejection (viral filtration efficiency > 99.99% [12] ), and (2) use of a viral filter at the expiratory gas inlet of the anesthesia machine from the expiratory circuit to protect the machine from viruses passing through the artificial nose [12, 13] . Recommendations for anesthesia in patients suspected of COVID-19 Coronavirus infection doi = 10.1007/s00540-020-02846-z id = cord-320270-lduhhdld author = Obek, Can title = Management of prostate cancer patients during COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-20 keywords = ADT; EBRT; SARS; covid-19 summary = National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), European Association of Urology (EAU), and the Canadian Framework advise against routine PC screening, including prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing and digital rectal examination (DRE), for all asymptomatic individuals until the pandemic subsides [11, 14, 17] . Although authors recognize that neoadjuvant ADT prior to surgery is normally not recommended outside of clinical trials, they state that upfront ADT may be an option in patients with UIR, HR, and VHR disease during COVID-19 crisis, if prolonged surgical delays are expected [11] . Likewise, Royal College of Surgeons'' Updated Intercollegiate General Surgery Guidance on COVID-19 initial statement of "laparoscopy should generally not be used during the pandemic" was later changed to "consider laparoscopy only in selected individual cases, where clinical benefit to the patient substantially exceeds the risk of viral transmission to surgical and theater teams" [27, 28] . doi = 10.1038/s41391-020-0258-7 id = cord-303297-fiievwy7 author = Oberemok, Volodymyr V. title = SARS-CoV-2 will continue to circulate in the human population: an opinion from the point of view of the virus-host relationship date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; virus summary = In this article, we will concentrate on the facts currently available about severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has caused COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic and try to predict its development and consequences based on the virus-host relationship. In addition, it seems that the virus is also more likely to affect the heart than any other similar viruses, so although pneumonia is often the main cause of death, cardiologists and infectionists, for example in Russia, are seeing infected patients whose worst symptoms are not respiratory, but cardiac and many people infected with COVID-19 are dying from heart attacks, as a possible complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Despite the initial reports stating that most of the laboratory-confirmed infected patients (27 of 41 cases) had links to the Wuhan seafood market where different animals, including bats, snakes, birds, pangolins, and other small mammals are normally traded within the market [6] , it is now obvious that the newly identified coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted with enormous efficacy from human to human via respiratory droplets or close contact. doi = 10.1007/s00011-020-01352-y id = cord-336696-c3rbmysh author = Oberfeld, Blake title = SnapShot: COVID-19 date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = authors: Oberfeld, Blake; Achanta, Aditya; Carpenter, Kendall; Chen, Pamela; Gilette, Nicole M.; Langat, Pinky; Said, Jordan Taylor; Schiff, Abigail E.; Zhou, Allen S.; Barczak, Amy K.; Pillai, Shiv Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2. The causative agent was characterized as a novel coronavirus, initially referred to as 2019-nCoV and renamed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Zhou et al., 2020b) . This respiratory illness, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread rapidly by human-to-human transmission, caused major outbreaks worldwide, and resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality. Based on our understanding of SARS and MERS, and their similarity to COVID-19, the human immune response in mild cases is likely characterized by a robust type I interferon antiviral response and CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ T cell response, resulting in viral clearance. doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.013 id = cord-266070-28a85p50 author = Oberhammer, J. title = Social-distancing effectiveness tracking of the COVID-19 hotspot Stockholm date = 2020-07-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = Methods: A novel distributed-compartmental, time-variant epidemiological model was designed specifically for COVID-19 transmission characteristics, featuring a/pre/symptomatic transmission, a non-linear hospital model, a weakly-coupled sub-model for the care-home population, and parametrized continuous social-distancing functions. Interpretation: The proposed model and methods have proven to analyse a COVID-19 outbreak and to re-construct the social-distancing behaviour with unprecedented accuracy, confirming even minor details indicated by mobility-data analysis, and are applicable to other regions and other emerging infectious diseases of similar transmission characteristics. Modelling is also used to determine key parameters such as population immunity and infection 67 fatality rate (IFR), and to analyse the impact of imposing and revoking social-distancing 68 measures. The SDEF determined for the GP with the advices to the population by FHM, governmental 187 measures, and key events of the outbreak mapped on the timeline, with comparison to Google''s 188 mobility data analysis 38 and the Oxford Governmental Stringency Index, 15 is shown in Figure 5 . doi = 10.1101/2020.06.30.20143487 id = cord-290938-v7giuq53 author = Ochoa-Callejero, L. title = Circulating levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are lower in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-10-02 keywords = CGRP; October; covid-19 summary = title: Circulating levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are lower in COVID-19 patients Background: To better understand the biology of COVID-19, we have explored the behavior of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), an angiogenic, vasodilating, and immune modulating peptide, in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. Results: CGRP levels greatly decreased in COVID-19 patients (p<0.001) when compared to controls, and there were no significant differences due to disease severity, sex, age, or comorbidities. When separated by disease severity, the three COVID-19 groups displayed significantly lower levels of CGRP when compared to healthy controls, but there were no significant differences among disease groups (Fig. 1A) . This result may explain the higher expression of RAMP1 that was found in COVID-19 lung samples using multiplex gene expression analysis 6 is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint doi = 10.1101/2020.10.01.20205088 id = cord-355115-oa0okey8 author = Odedra, Devang title = Impact of COVID-19 on Canadian Radiology Residency Training Programs date = 2020-06-11 keywords = Association; COVID-19; Canadian summary = In this study, we surveyed Canadian radiology residents to understand the impact of the pandemic on their residency training, strategies utilized by the residency programs in mitigating those impacts, and factors important to residents in the selection of educational resources on COVID-19. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on various domains of the Canadian radiology residency programs, which has been mitigated by several strategies employed by the training programs. In this study, we aimed to survey Canadian radiology residents on the impact of COVID-19 on their residency training by means of a web-based questionnaire. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on various domains of the Canadian radiology residency programs, which has been mitigated by several strategies utilized by the training programs. doi = 10.1177/0846537120933215 id = cord-304610-6o3hydg6 author = Odeyemi, Festus Ayotunde title = Gauging the laboratory responses to coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) in Africa date = 2020-08-27 keywords = Africa; PCR; covid-19 summary = authors: Odeyemi, Festus Ayotunde; Adekunle, Ibrahim Ayoade; Ogunbanjo, Olakitan Wahab; Folorunso, Jamiu Bello; Akinbolaji, Thompson; Olawoye, Idowu Bolade In this study, we assessed the various forms of laboratory responses to the containment, risk analyses, structures and features of COVID‐19 in high incidence African countries (Nigeria, South Africa, Egypt, Ghana, Algeria, Morocco, etc.) to aid better and efficient laboratory responses to the highly infectious diseases. Laboratory professionals play essential roles in diagnosis, epidemiologic surveillance and monitoring of patients with suspected and established cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which is the virus strain that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19; Lippi & Plebani, 2020) . In this study, an attempt is made to unravel the underlying testing procedures adopted by high incidence African nations (Nigeria, South Africa, Egypt, Ghana, Morocco, Algeria) with attendant efficacy relative to their population density. doi = 10.1002/pa.2280 id = cord-275090-2gwv0vbs author = Odone, Anna title = The first 10,000 COVID-19 papers in perspective: Are we publishing what we should be publishing? date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = They were published between 20th January and 7th May 2020, with an average of nearly 100 new papers added every day, published in 1881 different scientific journals. Later in February 2020, a more detailed list of research priorities was identified as essential to inform effective public health responses to COVID-19 3 . In March, the Science Translational Medicine Editorial framed key questions for pandemic prevention, identifying selected pathogen-and society-based variables to be measured 4 . As scientific output around COVID-19 evolves over time, we find, consistent with other efforts that are systematically monitoring the literature 5 , both poor adherence to identified research priorities, and a predominance of opinion over data. More than 60% of published papers on COVID-19 are opinion pieces not reporting original data. Overall, the question remains: has the surge in scientific publication around COVID-19 been a positive, or a negative, for science? How would he react to so few published papers on COVID-19 report original data? doi = 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa170 id = cord-294916-xc9ozxyn author = Oehmen, Josef title = Risk, uncertainty, ignorance and myopia: Their managerial implications for B2B firms date = 2020-07-31 keywords = Aven; COVID-19; PPE; management; risk; uncertainty summary = While risk management, and to some lesser extent, management approaches focused on uncertainty, rely on a ''predict and plan'' mindset (e.g. Van Poucke, Matthyssens, van Weele, & Van Bockhaven, 2019), resilience builds capabilities to ''monitor and react'' (Hall et al., 2015) : This includes building capabilities in four areas: 1) Preparation, financially and operationally, for unexpected disruption (Sheffi, 2017) ; 2) Resistance, the immediate crisis management that moves the organization out of its denial and complacency, and minimizes the negative impact without delay (Henry & Ramirez-Marquez, 2016) ; 3) Recovery, when the organization works to regain pre-crisis performance by repairing damage, improvising, and making do; and 4) Learning, implementing new solutions refining them than possibly surpassing precrisis performance (Taleb, 2013) . First, it is important to note that the most widely used approach, risk management, is typically not geared towards providing meaningful responses to high-impact, low-probability events, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.018 id = cord-346607-1mewok8l author = Oesterle, Tyler S. title = Substance Use Disorders and Telehealth in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era: A New Outlook date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; SUD; patient; treatment summary = This article reviews current literature for the use of tele/virtual interventions in the treatment of SUDs and offers recommendations on safe an effective implementation strategies based on the current literature. The COVID-19 pandemic makes it imperative for clinical practice to adapt rapidly in order to meet patient needs for SUD treatment while reducing risk of COVID-19 infection; hence, many providers are now using telehealth for the first time. When compared to treatment as usual for Alcohol Use Disorder, the addition of telephone-based services has been shown to improve abstinence rates and reduce binge drinking in the short term but not after the cessation of the interventions examined with no increase in adverse outcomes. A number of studies have shown group based treatment by videoconference, both support groups and treatment groups, including those targeting tobacco, alcohol and opioid use disorders have been shown to provide safe intervention, high patient satisfaction and appear to have similar outcomes to in person treatments. doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.10.011 id = cord-323507-u28g423o author = Ofosu-Poku, Rasheed title = Preparing a young palliative care unit for the COVID-19 pandemic in a teaching hospital in Ghana date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19; Health summary = The emergence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has necessitated an interim restructuring of the healthcare system in accordance with public health preventive measures to mitigate spread of the virus while providing essential healthcare services to the public. This article discusses how the Palliative Care Team of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Ghana has modified its services in accordance with public health guidelines. The potential challenges in the bereavement period for this family could be dealing with the ''stigma'' of their loved one dying of COVID-19 and the emotional trauma of not being able to perform death rituals for their loved one ("End coronavirus stigma now," 2020; World Health Organization, 2020a, 2020c). In order to meet the palliative care needs of critically ill patients with COVID-19, the following strategy (illustrated in Figure 1 ) was developed after discussions with the COVID teaman interdisciplinary team of doctors and nurses in public health Rasheed Ofosu-Poku et al. World Health Organization (2020a) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report -35 doi = 10.1017/s1478951520000498 id = cord-295569-5dakd9en author = Ogaugwu, Christian title = Effect of Weather on COVID-19 Transmission and Mortality in Lagos, Nigeria date = 2020-08-18 keywords = Lagos; covid-19 summary = This study therefore explored the effects of daily temperature and humidity on COVID-19 transmission and mortality in Lagos state, the epicenter of COVID-19 in Nigeria. In this study, we explored how daily atmospheric temperature and humidity affect COVID-19 transmission in Lagos state, the epicenter of the disease. During the period of this study (9 th March to 12 th May 2020), Lagos state recorded a daily maximum incidence of 183 COVID-19 confirmed cases (Table 1; Figure 1 ). Table 2 shows the result of the correlation test between COVID-19 transmission and mortality in Lagos state and the meteorological factors, temperature and humidity. [18] found a negative correlation between average daily temperature and COVID-19 cases in mainland China similar to this study, but they observed a correlation between humidity and the disease as well. doi = 10.1155/2020/2562641 id = cord-278022-sc02fyqs author = Ogundiran, Akin title = On COVID-19 and Matters Arising date = 2020-06-05 keywords = Africa; CMC; COVID-19; social summary = The final phase of the editorial process that culminated in this issue of African Archaeological Review (Volume 36, 2) took place in the atmosphere of panic and uncertainties unleashed by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. These concepts-for which I will use the acronym, VCRRS-are often invoked in discussions about how past societies have coped with (or failed to manage) climate change, natural disaster, conflict, ecological degradation, resource scarcity, and social inequality and the implications for the present and future. Heritage studies must take advantage of the interdisciplinary approaches of archaeology so that it can be relevant to the needs of African peoples, especially by supporting the quest to liberate Africa from economic and intellectual dependency rather than perpetuating that dependency. A forum has been convened for future publication in the African Archaeological Review that will explore some aspects of this question while also providing a platform to discuss what we are learning in African archaeology and heritage studies from the social, political, economic, and ecological dimensions of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s10437-020-09390-x id = cord-303523-m16vlv1q author = Ogundokun, R. O. title = MACHINE LEARNING PREDICTION FOR COVID 19 PANDEMIC IN INDIA date = 2020-05-26 keywords = April; Coronavirus; India; covid-19 summary = Objective: The objective of the paper is to formulate a simple average aggregated machine learning method to predict the number, size, and length of COVID-19 cases extent and wind-up period crosswise India. In this study, the authors formulated a simple mean aggregated method by combining 3 popular regression models and predicted the sum of COVID-19 in India. As a substitute for epidemiologic spread procedure, the study employed 3 aggregated methods SVR, NN, and LR to predict the instantaneous movement of the conveyance dynamics and generate the real-time predictions of COVID-19 disease transversely the metropolises of India. In this study, the formulation of aggregated methods illustrates a substantial enhancement in the prediction of the COVID-19 disease in India. The study delivered a substantial enhancement in prediction precisions for COVID-19 disease in India when the postulated aggregated system was employed. The study postulated a simple-mean aggregated method for the prediction of COVID-19 disease in India. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.20.20107847 id = cord-283221-y9m4n0de author = Ohara, Nobuyuki title = Stroke Systems of Care during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Kobe City date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; Kobe summary = In the present study, we examined the provision of stroke care in Kobe City during the COVID-19 epidemic, where some major stroke centers ceased to provide emergency care. Since the first COVID-19 confirmed case was reported on March 3, 2020, in Kobe City, many patients with severe disease were admitted to the Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital (KCGH), a designated infectious disease facility and a major PSC. When they ceased to provide emergency services, the Kobe Stroke Network launched a series of online meetings among PSC directors to monitor the functioning of the stroke care system in the city, provide consistent messaging to the public, and to continually survey the number of stroke patients treated at each PSC (including treatment type) between March 1 and May 23, 2020. doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105343 id = cord-031417-y9g00712 author = Ohme, Jakob title = Staying Informed and Bridging “Social Distance”: Smartphone News Use and Mobile Messaging Behaviors of Flemish Adults during the First Weeks of the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; March; figure; news; smartphone summary = title: Staying Informed and Bridging "Social Distance": Smartphone News Use and Mobile Messaging Behaviors of Flemish Adults during the First Weeks of the COVID-19 Pandemic The contribution of this study lies in its investigation of how, at the aggregate level, smartphones were used during times of crisis, thereby being one of the first studies to draw a detailed picture of citizens'' communication behavior in the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the COVID-19 crisis, momentary increases in browser and dedicated news app use when important messages are communicated may reflect such real-time information consumption. We therefore ask, How frequently do citizens use mobile messaging, calling, and social media as communicative means to personal contacts in times of crisis? doi = 10.1177/2378023120950190 id = cord-304495-j3kh7tou author = Ohnleiter, Thomas title = Organisation d’un service de radiothérapie pendant l’épidémie de COVID-19 : expérience du centre hospitalier de Mulhouse date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Leur organisation pendant la période épidémique vise à assurer la continuité des soins tout en limitant le risque de décès dû à une contamination par le SARS-CoV-2 (virus responsable de la COVID-19). Dans le service de radiothérapie du groupe hospitalier de la région de Mulhouse et Sud-Alsace, cette organisation s''articule en cinq points : la protection des personnels médicaux et paramédicaux, la protection des patients en cours de traitement, la détection des patients suspects d''être atteints de COVID-19 et leur prise en charge, la réorganisation du circuit patient et les mesures concernant l''organisation du système qualité du service. Dans le service de radiothérapie du groupe hospitalier de la région de Mulhouse et Sud-Alsace, cette organisation s''articule en cinq points : la protection des personnels médicaux et paramédicaux, la protection des patients en cours de traitement, la détection des patients suspects d''être atteints de COVID-19 et leur prise en charge, la réorganisation du circuit patient et les mesures concernant l''organisation du système qualité du service. doi = 10.1016/j.canrad.2020.04.002 id = cord-311636-8l7jlvvj author = Oikonomou, Evangelos title = Hospital attendance and admission trends for cardiac diseases during the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown in Greece date = 2020-08-18 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Hospital attendance and admission trends for cardiac diseases during the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown in Greece Abstract Objectives The COVID-19 outbreak, along with implementation of lockdown and strict public movement restrictions, in Greece have affected hospital visits and admissions. Results A falling trend of cardiology ED visits and hospital admissions starting from the week that the restrictive measures due to COVID-19 were implemented was observed. The ED visits in the post-lockdown period were significantly higher compared to the COVID-19 outbreak time period (1,511 vs 660; p<0.05). Following the lifting of 61 restrictive measures we also collected data from an equivalent (4/5/2020 -7/6/2020) 62 time period (post lockdown period). Adjustment for multiple comparisons was performed as We observed a falling trend of cardiology ED visits and admissions starting from 95 the week that the restrictive measures due to COVID-19 were implemented. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.08.007 id = cord-284298-tcied4l5 author = Ojeahere, Margaret Isioma title = Management of psychiatric conditions and delirium during the COVID-19 pandemic across continents: The lessons thus far date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COVID-19; health; patient; psychiatric summary = In the present study, twenty one early career psychiatrists (9 females and 12 males) from thirteen countries, comprising at least one from five of the seven continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, North J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f America and South America) were approached without coercion by the lead (MIO) and co-lead (RdF) authors via WhatsApp and emails to share insights and experiences about the challenges and good practices faced in the management of delirium and other psychiatric conditions manifesting in patients with COVID-19 and during the COVID-19 era. Finally, the mental health sector should use the lessons from this pandemic to develop protocols and guidelines for the management of psychiatric conditions in periods of infectious disease outbreaks to increase their level of preparedness globally (Table 4) . doi = 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100147 id = cord-349682-kpg0vley author = Ojha, Probir Kumar title = Therapeutics for COVID-19: from computation to practices—where we are, where we are heading to date = 2020-09-02 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; Fig; SARS; drug summary = For example, the broad-spectrum antiviral drug Arbidol recently entered the clinical trial for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 which may act by inhibiting virus-host cell fusion, thus preventing the viral entry into host cells against influenza virus [37] [38] [39] . Smith and Smith [22] analyzed 8000 small drug molecules and natural products (SWEETLEAD library database) employing restrained temperature replica-exchange MD simulations combining virtual screening through the ensemble docking to identify the effective drug for COVID-19 which might stop the virus by two ways: (a) disrupting S protein and ACE2 receptor interface stability; or (b) by troubling the capability of the S protein to recognize Table 2 Pharmacological safety data of selected potential drug candidates [11, 12, 14, 34, 38, 39, 43-45, 57-59, 64, 69, 70, 89] Drug Dose Drug-drug interaction Toxicity Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen) [11, 12, 14, 43, 89] This is a genetically engineered vaccine candidate with the replicationdefective adenovirus type 5 as the vector to express SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. doi = 10.1007/s11030-020-10134-x id = cord-304219-tmlatghe author = Ojha, Rashi title = Challenges faced by mental health providers and patients during the coronavirus 2019 pandemic due to technological barriers date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; health summary = CONCLUSIONS: Based off data collected from experience in a public health system and literature review, we conclude that although the COVID-19 pandemic has initiated significant innovation to integrate technology for psychiatric care, this innovation is not equally accessible for vulnerable populations suffering from mental health disorders. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 3 Based off data collected from experience in a public health system and literature review, we conclude that although the COVID-19 pandemic has initiated significant innovation to integrate technology for psychiatric care, this innovation is not equally accessible for vulnerable populations suffering from mental health disorders. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the expeditious adoption of telemedicine, telepsychiatry and digital health interventions, but there are existing barriers to continue the utilization of these services. doi = 10.1016/j.invent.2020.100330 id = cord-299599-y18iv3zq author = Ojinnaka, Chinedum O. title = Factors Associated with COVID-Related Mortality: the Case of Texas date = 2020-11-09 keywords = Americans; Texas; covid-19 summary = OBJECTIVES: To explore the relationship between county-level race/ethnic composition and COVID-19 mortality in the state of Texas and determine whether county-level health factors, healthcare access measures, and other demographic characteristics explain this relationship. This paper uses county-level COVID-19 fatality data to (1) explore the relationship between county-level race/ethnic composition and COVID-19 fatality in the state of Texas and (2) determine whether county-level health factors, healthcare access measures, and other demographic characteristics explain this relationship. These findings align with other racial/ ethnic reports on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality that suggest minorities, including African Americans, Hispanics, American Indian, Alaska Native, and Pacific Islander populations bear a disproportionate burden of disease [13] . First, our analysis is at the county-level, using county-level aggregates of health factors (% adults with diabetes, % adults with obesity, % smokers), healthcare access (%uninsured, primary care physician rates), and other county-level demographic characteristics (% racial/ethnic composition American, % rural, % unemployed, high school graduate rate, % unemployed). doi = 10.1007/s40615-020-00913-5 id = cord-331601-3w4c40qr author = Ojong, Nathanael title = The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Pathology of the Economic and Political Architecture in Cameroon date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; Cameroon; World; country; government; health summary = The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started in December 2019 [1] , and on 31 December 2019, China informed the World Health Organisation (WHO) of numerous cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan, a city of 11 million inhabitants [2] . That said, the goal of this review is to provide a deeper understanding of the factors that have contributed to weakening Cameroon''s health sector over the years and to shed light on socio-economic and political factors that are currently restricting an effective response to the pandemic in the country. An independent local news agency in the country reported that some public health institutions in Douala required COVID-19 patients to cover their health care costs. Using Cameroon as a case study, I have examined the economic, political, and social forces that negatively affect the fight against COVID-19, and argue that the country''s weak health care system makes it challenging to tackle the disease there as well as in other countries. doi = 10.3390/healthcare8020176 id = cord-293073-fu45h109 author = Okano, Hideyuki title = Steps towards COVID-19 suppression date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In this theoretical series reviews, although it is not possible to cover all of the subjects mentioned above, we entitled this "COVID-19: its pathogenetic mechanisms and potential therapeutics" and invited leading researchers on COVID-19-related studies from the perspective of inflammation research and regenerative medicine and translational research, which are this journals'' specialties, in addition to the basic properties and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 as follows: Potential therapeutics for COVID-19 ➢ Dr. Terai and colleagues reviewed on therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their exosomes in severe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases [5] . • Molecular biology and virology of SARS-CoV-2 • Clinical trials for COVID-19-related disorders Here, we would like to express sincere gratitude to the distinguished researchers who contributed to this theoretical series reviews and sincerely hope that these review articles will provide novel insights for the suppression of COVID-19 as well as to the researchers in the broad field of inflammation and regeneration. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes in severe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases doi = 10.1186/s41232-020-00120-z id = cord-347109-vgubi2k8 author = Okoi, Obasesam title = How health inequality affect responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Sub-Saharan Africa date = 2020-07-10 keywords = Africa; COVID-19 summary = Recognizing the importance of handwashing in preventing the spread of COVID-19, concerns have arisen about the condition of millions of Africans who lack access to hygiene facilities and clean water services. Recognizing the importance of handwashing in preventing the spread of COVID-19, concerns have arisen about the condition of millions of Africans who lack access to hygiene facilities and clean water services. Our analysis reveals the challenging context of mitigating the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa, given the disparities in health and the socioeconomic conditions in which they arise. Health disparities in Nigeria affect the distribution of water and hygiene services among poor populations, which can lead to a disproportionate impact on public health outcomes during a pandemic outbreak such as COVID-19. The disparity in handwashing facility coverage across sub-Saharan Africa paints a disturbing picture of health inequality that reveals the vulnerability of the poor to the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105067 id = cord-298725-da71febn author = Okuhama, Ayako title = Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Hemodialysis Effluent of Patient with COVID-19 Pneumonia, Japan date = 2020-11-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Hemodialysis Effluent of Patient with COVID-19 Pneumonia, Japan We report detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA in hemodialysis effluent from a patient in Japan with coronavirus disease and prolonged inflammation. We report detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA in hemodialysis effluent from a patient in Japan with coronavirus disease and prolonged inflammation. Reports have been published on COVID-19 among patients receiving hemodialysis (2), but none have evaluated whether HD effluent is infectious. We report detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in hemodialysis effluent from a patient with COVID-19 pneumonia and prolonged inflammation. PCR results showed SARS-CoV-2 RNA of 157.9 copies/μL with cycle threshold (C t ) values of 38.3 at 1 hour after starting hemodialysis but were negative on effluent collected at 2 hours. In conclusion, we report positive qRT-PCR results for SARS-CoV-2 RNA from hemodialysis effluent in a patient receiving renal dialysis. doi = 10.3201/eid2611.201956 id = cord-324642-uk4ir8po author = Okuhara, Tsuyoshi title = Examining persuasive message type to encourage staying at home during the COVID-19 pandemic and social lockdown: A randomized controlled study in Japan date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; home; message summary = title: Examining persuasive message type to encourage staying at home during the COVID-19 pandemic and social lockdown: A randomized controlled study in Japan RESULTS: Compared with other messages, the message from a physician significantly increased participants'' intention to stay at home in areas with high numbers of people infected (versus a governor, p = .002; an expert, p = .023; a resident, p = .004). Such articles convey messages from governors, public health experts, physicians, COVID-19 patients, and residents of outbreak areas, encouraging people to stay at home. In areas with high numbers of infected people, the message from a physician, which conveyed the crisis of hospitals being overwhelmed and the consequent risk of people being unable to receive treatment, increased the intention to stay at home to a greater extent than other messages from a governor, a public health expert, a patient with COVID-19, and a resident of an outbreak area. doi = 10.1016/j.pec.2020.08.016 id = cord-353515-92qqucyl author = Okura, Hiroyuki title = Update of Takotsubo Syndrome in the Era of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; TTS; takotsubo summary = Since the initial reports from Japan [1] [2] [3] [4] , takotsubo cardiomyopathy or takotsubo syndrome (TTS) has become globally recognized as a unique syndrome mimicking acute coronary syndrome triggered by emotional or physical stress [5] . Although left ventriculography was originally used to detect its unique morphology mimicking "takotsubo", echocardiography is currently an essential imaging modality to detect segmental as well as global wall motion abnormalities in patients with TTS. In addition, a study using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed the presence of right ventricular involvement in 81 of 239 (34%) TTS patients [35] . First, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) may develop in TTS patients with apical ballooning and a hyperkinetic basal wall motion (Fig. 6) . Transient left ventricular apical ballooning without coronary artery stenosis: a novel heart syndrome mimicking acute myocardial infarction Biventricular takotsubo cardiomyopathy with asymmetrical wall motion abnormality between left and right ventricle: a report of new case and literature review doi = 10.1016/j.jjcc.2020.10.004 id = cord-300777-6u6nqv2f author = Oladeru, Oluwadamilola T. title = A call to protect patients, correctional staff and healthcare professionals in jails and prisons during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; correctional summary = This editorial describes why surge planning in the community must account for potential infection outbreaks in jails and prisons, and why incarcerated people and those in contact with them, including over 450,000 correctional officers and thousands of healthcare staff working in prisons, are at significant risk of COVID-19 exposure. We then explain how our nation''s jails and prisons will continue to serve as breeding grounds for devastating COVID-19 outcomes and offer specific guidance and a call to action for the immediate development of correctional healthcare strategies designed to protect the health and safety of patients and correctional and healthcare staff and the communities in which they are situated. We have witnessed the beginnings of such devastation in prison and jail facilities across the U.S. One recent example is Marion County Correctional Institution which has reported that approximately three-quarters of its total incarcerated population (more than 2000 individuals) has tested positive for COVID-19 (Chappell & Pfleger, 2020) . doi = 10.1186/s40352-020-00119-1 id = cord-355383-cqd2pa8c author = Olagoke, Ayokunle A. title = Exposure to coronavirus news on mainstream media: The role of risk perceptions and depression date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; medium summary = In an attempt to stimulate public response, threat perception, and persuade people to comply with the preventive policies and regulations, the mainstream media rely on producing news contents that will increase the perceived self-efficacy to protect, vulnerability to the disease, and severity of the pandemic outbreaks (Bish & Michie, 2010; Park, Boatwright, & Avery, 2019; Pieri, 2019) . The objective of this study was to examine the association between exposure to COVID-19-related news on mainstream media, risk perceptions, and depressive symptoms. Participants reported exposure to COVID-19 news on mainstream media as 2.73 AE 0.91, depressive symptoms (1.92 AE 0.93), perceived severity (3.73 AE 1.19), perceived vulnerability (3.67 AE 1.07) and, self-efficacy (4.01 AE 0.67). Standardized mediation tests showed perceived vulnerability as mediating 34.4% (bias-corrected 95% CI = 7.79-149.35) of the relationship between exposure to COVID-19 news on mainstream media and depressive symptoms (Figure 1 ) with an indirect effect of b = .04; 95%CI = 0.01-0.06. In this study of 501 participants, perceived vulnerability mediated the relationship between exposure to COVID-19 news on the mainstream media and depressive symptoms. doi = 10.1111/bjhp.12427 id = cord-285521-lvzdmtun author = Olagundoye, Olawunmi title = Recommendations for a national Coronavirus disease 2019 response guideline for the care of older persons in Nigeria during and post-pandemic: A family physician’s perspective date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; old summary = title: Recommendations for a national Coronavirus disease 2019 response guideline for the care of older persons in Nigeria during and post-pandemic: A family physician''s perspective Based on currently available information, older persons and people of any age who have serious underlying medical conditions may be at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19. Based on currently available information, older persons and people of any age who have serious underlying medical conditions may be at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19. Keywords: COVID-19; the elderly; prevention; national health policy; older persons. 6. Inclusion of the older persons/senior citizens amongst the selected population groups that deserve specific guidelines on the NCDC website addressing their peculiar needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. We must revise our practices around the care of older persons during this pandemic, both clinically and socially, to ensure that our most vulnerable populations are protected. doi = 10.4102/phcfm.v12i1.2512 id = cord-351719-xqmir1ca author = Olaimat, Amin N. title = Food Safety During and After the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; food summary = The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a clinical syndrome caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is the clinical syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection which is characterized by a respiratory disease with symptoms ranging from mild influenza (flu-like) to severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (Petrosillo et al., 2020) . A previous study reported that food products were a plausible transmission route for respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-1 and influenza (Klein, 2004) . The proper use of gloves, sanitizers, and disinfectants can minimize the risk of virus spread and disease transmission (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO] and World Health Organization [WHO], 2020; Food and Drug Administration [FDA], 2020a). The current guidelines issued by public health authorities are based on the disease patterns of previously encountered coronaviruses and they need to be updated according to the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 as this virus is likely to persist and people will have to modify their "normal behavior" to a "new normal." doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01854 id = cord-256862-038rrdtp author = Oland, Gabriel title = Prospective Clinical Validation of 3D Printed Nasopharyngeal Swabs for Diagnosis of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-22 keywords = covid; swab summary = 70 adult patients (37 COVID-positive and 33 COVID-negative) underwent consecutive diagnostic RT-PCR testing, with a flocked swab followed by one or two 3D printed swabs. The decision to use 3D printed nasopharyngeal swabs during the COVID-19 pandemic should be strongly considered by clinical and research laboratories. In the span of days-to-weeks, numerous 3D printing companies went through an iterative design process (6, 7) to meet the requirements of the NP swab: 1) to collect an adequate patient specimen from the nasopharyngeal mucosa, and 2) to elute the sample into a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay without affecting the quality of results. A minimum sample size of 30 COVID-positive and 30 COVID-negative patients for each NP swab type was chosen based on the FDA''s recommendation for clinical evaluation of new diagnostics eligible for emergency use authorization (EUA). doi = 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115257 id = cord-328321-7e37hhia author = Olapoju, Olabisi Michael title = Estimating transportation role in pandemic diffusion in Nigeria: A consideration of 1918-19 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; Nigeria; transport summary = METHODS: The study provides a review of the means by which the two pandemics were imported into the country and the roles the transport means of each period played in the local spread of the epidemics. RESULTS: The study notes that seaports and railways, being the emerging transportation modes in the country were significant to the importation and local diffusion of 1918-19 influenza, respectively, while air transport is significant to the importation of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study is to provide an assessment of the nature and role of transport in the importation, traffic and spread of 1918-19 influenza and COVID-19 in Nigeria. On the contrary, air transport plays the most significant role in the importation of COVID-19 in Nigeria as is the case with virtually all the countries that are affected by the epidemic. doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.020501 id = cord-304838-r9w8milu author = Olaseni, Abayomi O. title = Psychological distress experiences of Nigerians during Covid-19 pandemic; the gender difference date = 2020-12-31 keywords = Nigeria; covid-19; pandemic; symptom summary = From March 20, 2020, to April 12, 2020, this descriptive survey used a snowballing sampling technique to select 502-Nigerians with an online semi-structured questionnaire detailing the impact of Event Scale-Revised, Generalized Anxiety Disorder – 7 item scale, Patient Health Questionnaire and Insomnia Severity Index. However, prevalence estimates analysis revealed that majority of the male respondents (65.1%) had no clinical insomnia, 20.8% of the male participants reported sub-threshold level of insomnia, 8.2% of the respondents had moderate insomnia symptoms, while 5.9% of the male respondents presented severe clinical insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Though this study recorded no significant difference between the gender (male and female) experiences of insomnia, depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms and anxiety, the study result reported a relevant prevalence of outcomes of psychological distress among the general public in Nigeria. doi = 10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100052 id = cord-331075-27ndnqzv author = Oleribe, Obinna O title = COVID-19 Experience: Taking the Right Steps at the Right Time to Prevent Avoidable Morbidity and Mortality in Nigeria and Other Nations of the World date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; Nigeria summary = 1 Since first being detected Wuhan, China in December 2019, the disease has rapidly escalated to over 210 countries, leading WHO to declare the outbreak a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" on 30 January 2020 and eventually a pandemic within 6 weeks. Hospitals were assessed and activated as isolation and treatment centers, laboratories were equipped to test for the virus using PCR technology and staff were trained to manage cases, test patients, track contacts, and document findings. Regions, states, corporate organizations and individuals can fund the establishment of laboratories, procurement of test kits, training of healthcare workers, engagement of volunteers and even establishment of isolation and quarantine centers. DIT centers will decentralize testing, isolate and manage cases, as well as relieve the burden on hospital facilities across the nations of the world. doi = 10.2147/ijgm.s261256 id = cord-274562-0mtwbwkk author = Olesen, Bente title = Infection prevention partners up with psychology in a Danish Hospital successfully addressing staffs fear during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-24 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Infection prevention partners up with psychology in a Danish Hospital successfully addressing staffs fear during the COVID-19 pandemic We have worked hard at NOH hard to prepare for the pandemic building COVID-19 cohort isolation wards using existing wards, creating new workflows, tripling the available number of intensive care beds, and initiating intensive education of literally all groups of staff. We pride ourselves to be used to a high standard regarding hand hygiene [2] , we are well familiar with the occasional seasonal occurrence of influenza, norovirus, CDIFF and VRE [3] ; However, COVID19 is a new virus and reports of deaths among healthcare staff from Italy, China and Spain are scary reading, especially for front line healthcare personal. Recently the mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak including various remedial actions was reported [4, 5] . Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.033 id = cord-261383-izd1vn6f author = Oleynick, Christopher title = Symptoms of Pleurisy as the Initial Presentation of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Patient: Male, 48-year-old Final Diagnosis: Viral pleurisy Symptoms: Pleuritic chest pain Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: General and Internal Medicine OBJECTIVE: Unusual clinical course BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus responsible for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), has infected more than 8 million people worldwide and placed massive strains on healthcare systems around the world. CASE REPORT: A 48-year-old man with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus presented to the Emergency Department with acute-onset pleuritic chest pain that had developed 1 day earlier and was found to be hypoxemic, requiring supplemental oxygen. CONCLUSIONS: I report a patient who experienced pleuritic chest pain from viral pleurisy that was the initial manifestation of COVID-19 which, to the best of my knowledge, has not yet been reported in the literature. I report a patient who experienced pleuritic chest pain as the initial manifestation of infection with COVID-19, who subsequently developed more typical features, including cough, fever, shortness of breath, and hypoxia. doi = 10.12659/ajcr.925775 id = cord-338754-xdid58vn author = Olisova, O. Yu title = Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a skin rash in a child date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Yu; Anpilogova, E.M.; Shnakhova, L.M. title: Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a skin rash in a child Dr Recalcati made the first report on cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19 nearly a month ago 4 , and since then, several authors have also noticed COVID-19-associated skin rash in adults [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . However, the data on COVID-19-associated skin disorders in children are scarce. On the second day of fever the PCR COVID-19 test was positive. On the third day of illness the fever dramatically ceased and the skin rash appeared. Along with fever and fatigue, these eruptions may be considered as the only clinical manifestation of these particular COVID-19 infections in children. Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: a first perspective Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: Lessons learned from current evidence Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: the experiences of Barcelona and Rome Acute urticaria with pyrexia as the first manifestations of a COVID-19 infection doi = 10.1111/dth.13712 id = cord-328548-5kjq9xqs author = Oliveira J. e Silva, Lucas title = Flexibilization of Science, Cognitive Biases, and the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; evidence summary = A subsequent high-profile paper associating the use of hydroxychloroquine with increased mortality in the treatment of COVID-19 had to be retracted 2 after scientists pointed out issues such as mismatched mortality rates when compared to Australian official reports, no release of the dataset for independent analysis, and lack of thorough ethical review. The term "flexibilization" here refers to a loosening of methodological standards and the development of low-quality studies, leading to the creation of unreliable data and, later in the cycle, of anecdotal evidence. Within this context, science and clinical research have been creating rigorous methodological standards in order to produce high-quality studies that allow us to have greater confidence in the evidence while mitigating unnecessary damage. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the early adoption of new interventions by clinicians and policy makers based on promising but often low-quality data is creating a scenario from which anecdotal evidence may emerge. doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.037 id = cord-270519-orh8fd1c author = Oliveira, A. C. S. d. title = Bayesian modeling of COVID-19 cases with a correction to account for under-reported cases date = 2020-05-25 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; SIR summary = To address these issues, we introduce a Bayesian approach to the SIR model with correction for under-reporting in the analysis of COVID-19 cases in Brazil. The proposed model was enforced to obtain estimates of important quantities such as the reproductive rate and the average infection period, along with the more likely date when the pandemic peak may occur. Focusing on the modeling and estimating, aiming to preview the behavior and the speed of the COVID-19 growth, this paper presents an approach to address the problem of under-registration of COVID-19 cases in Brazil, proposing methodologies to work on the inaccuracy of the official reported cases. The model was estimated considering COVID-19 data in Brazil, assuming a reporting rate between 0.05 and 1.00, varying every 0.05. The simulation study revealed that the parameters estimates from the SIR model and the peak estimate which is a concern of several researchers and health authorities are sensitive to reporting rates. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.24.20112029 id = cord-321472-n4nnmlv1 author = Oliveira, E. title = ICU Outcomes and Survival in Patients with Severe COVID-19 in the Largest Health Care System in Central Florida date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = Background Observational studies have consistently described poor clinical outcomes and increased ICU mortality in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who require mechanical ventilation (MV). Our study describes the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to ICU in the largest health care system in the state of Florida, United States. Conclusions Our study demonstrates an important improvement in mortality of patients with severe COVID-19 who required ICU admission and MV in comparison to previous observational reports and emphasize the importance of standard of care measures in the management of COVID-19. Our observational study is so far the first and largest in the state of Florida to describe the demographics, baseline characteristics, medical management and clinical outcomes observed in patients with CARDS admitted to ICU in a multihospital health care system. Clinical outcomes available at the study end point are presented, including invasive mechanical ventilation, ICU care, renal replacement therapy, and hospital length of stay. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.25.20181909 id = cord-305542-zyxqcfa3 author = Oliver, Nuria title = Mobile phone data for informing public health actions across the COVID-19 pandemic life cycle date = 2020-06-05 keywords = covid-19; datum; mobile; phone summary = In the following sections, we outline the ways in which different types of mobile phone data can help to better target and design measures to contain and slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Government and public health authorities broadly raise questions in at least four critical areas of inquiries for which the use of mobile phone data is relevant. Furthermore, around the world, public opinion surveys, social media, and a broad range of civil society actors including consumer groups and human rights organizations have raised legitimate concerns around the ethics, potential loss of privacy, and long-term impact on civil liberties resulting from the use of individual mobile data to monitor COVID-19. Governments should be aware of the value of information and knowledge that can be derived from mobile phone data analysis, especially for monitoring the necessary measures to contain the pandemic. doi = 10.1126/sciadv.abc0764 id = cord-282963-p04c5nn7 author = Oliveros, Estefania title = Rapid Deterioration of Hospital-Acquired COVID-19 in a Patient on Extracorporeal Left Ventricular Assist Support date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = DESIGN: : We present a unique case report of hospital-acquired COVID-19 in a patient on temporary mechanical circulatory support. Emphasize the importance of early advanced care planning in patients with heart failure and COVID-19 3. Over the course of 2 hours the patient developed severe hypoxemia with oxygen saturations of 70%, followed by hypotension and low flows through the Centrimag®. While predictors of rapid disease progression have yet to be elucidated, early trends of inflammatory markers may be helpful to risk stratify COVID-19 patients and identify those who are likely to become critically ill (1). Presently broad testing of asymptomatic patients and HCW for COVID-19 is not available but may have impacted disease transmission in this case. It illustrates the high risk for development of COVID-19 for vulnerable hospitalized patients. It illustrates the high risk for development of COVID-19 for vulnerable hospitalized patients. Clinical Pathology of Critical Patients with Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19). doi = 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.08.021 id = cord-338346-e3fk6gz2 author = Oliveros, Estefania title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Heart Failure: A Multiparametric Approach date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 24 The Council on Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology has highlighted the lack of evidence supporting the harmful effects of ACE inhibitors and ARBs in the context of the pandemic COVID-19 outbreak. 25 The Council on Hypertension strongly recommends that physicians and patients should continue treatment with their usual antihypertensive therapy because there is no clinical or scientific evidence to suggest that treatment with ACE inhibitors or ARBs should be discontinued because of COVID-19 infection. American Heart Association statement said there were no experimental or clinical data demonstrating beneficial or adverse outcomes with background use of ACE inhibitors, ARBs or other RAAS antagonists among COVID-19 patients with a history of cardiovascular disease treated with such agents. Patients with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) or who have had a heart transplant are a particularly challenging group to manage in the current pandemic. Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic doi = 10.15420/cfr.2020.09 id = cord-323468-xn7anxj6 author = Olloquequi, Jordi title = COVID‐19 Susceptibility in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COPD; COVID-19; SARS summary = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death and disability globally, characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway inflammation and/or alveolar abnormalities 10 . All rights reserved are associated to impaired lung function and risk of developing COPD 42-44 , it has also been demonstrated that people born with a diminished airway function are more likely to suffer COPD symptoms and subsequent viral infections [45] [46] [47] . In any case, there is no doubt that subjects who develop COPD are at an increased risk of suffering respiratory infections, a matter of importance in the context of COVID-19 pandemics. Increased cytokine response of rhinovirus-infected airway epithelial cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease DPP4, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Receptor, is Upregulated in Lungs of Smokers and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients doi = 10.1111/eci.13382 id = cord-261581-2pgac304 author = Olorunsaiye, Comfort Z. title = COVID-19 and Child Vaccination: A Systematic Approach to Closing the Immunization Gap date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; immunization summary = We present an expanded model of the World Health Organization''s Global Routine Immunization Strategic Plan (GRISP) action areas as a tool to help countries quickly adapt to immunization challenges in the presence of COVID-19 and close the emerging immunization coverage gaps. The pandemic and the mitigation measures adopted to control it have negatively affected the provision and utilization of child immunization services in LMICs and highincome countries, and threaten to undo the gains made in the control of vaccine-preventable diseases for the past two decades. 10 The WHO and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative have issued guidelines for restarting vaccination campaigns and routine immunization services during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the expanded framework, we consolidated action areas from GRISP, WHO guidelines for immunization services and campaigns during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative guidelines. doi = 10.21106/ijma.401 id = cord-328039-xt17gvcp author = Olson, Michael C. title = RadioGraphics Update: Venous Thrombosis and Hypercoagulability in the Abdomen and Pelvis—Findings in COVID-19 date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Several recent studies have explored the link between COVID-19 and hypercoagulability, with early investigations suggesting that the most common laboratory test result abnormalities include elevated d-dimer levels and mild thrombocytopenia (2) . This cytokine cascade can ultimately yield extensive cell damage, necrosis, and injury to multiple organs (14, 19) and may partially explain the disparate multisystem symptoms in patients In a recent study, lungs obtained at autopsy in patients who died from COVID-19 demonstrated distinctive vascular features, including severe endothelial injury associated with intracellular virus and disrupted cell membranes, as well as extensive thrombosis, microangiopathy, alveolar capillary microthrombi, and more new vessel growth or angiogenesis compared with those lungs obtained at autopsy from patients who died from influenza (17) . The results from the previously described studies indicate that in patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, radiologists should maintain a high index of suspicion for thromboembolic complications. doi = 10.1148/rg.2020200119 id = cord-338972-uq2ha8xs author = Olson, Michael T. title = Resumption of elective surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: what lessons can we apply? date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = authors: Olson, Michael T.; Triantafyllou, Tania; Singhal, Saurabh Ensure quality and quantity assessment of local PPE availability, and closely follow PPE recommendations for COVID-19+ patients, patients under investigations, and non-COVID-19 patients Re-evaluate health care facility capacity, including resources (e.g., beds, ICUs, ventilators), and expansion strategies Operating rooms should take inventory of existing surgical and cleaning supplies before re-activating elective surgeries Ensure coordination among surgery, anesthesia, nursing, engineering, housekeeping, and other hospital staff or specialties involved in multidisciplinary care; assure adequate staff volume Assign a governance committee to clarify, interpret, and iterate policies, make real-time decisions, and initiate and communicate messaging Although leading surgical societies have guided surgeons in terms of appropriate surgical practice amid the ongoing viral pandemic, certain questions remain, particularly pertaining to the safety of performing minimally invasive surgery in the setting of COVID-19. It remains to be determined how these infection-control measures, albeit contributing to the safety of the patient and staff, impact surgical care when elective surgeries are again performed. doi = 10.1007/s10353-020-00645-0 id = cord-308165-pk8d48hs author = Olu, Olushayo Oluseun title = Moving from rhetoric to action: how Africa can use scientific evidence to halt the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; african; transmission summary = Given the weak health system in most African countries, mounting timely and robust responses to the COVID-19 pandemic will be a big challenge hence the need to focus on targeted and high impact prevention and control interventions that could break the chain of transmission quickly. Putting the above scientific evidences on the characteristics and dynamics of COVID-19 transmission, prevention and control into perspective against the backdrop of the social, cultural and economic context in Africa, we deduce several lessons which could guide African countries to better prepare for and respond to the COVID-19 pandemic on the continent. African countries should learn from this experience and implement available guidance from WHO to ensure that essential health services are maintained during the COVID-19 pandemic particularly during lockdowns to reduce excess mortality from other preventable diseases [40] [41] [42] . doi = 10.1186/s40249-020-00740-0 id = cord-275152-8if8shva author = Olum, R. title = Social Media Platforms for Health Communication and Research in the Face of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross Sectional Survey in Uganda. date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; medium summary = title: Social Media Platforms for Health Communication and Research in the Face of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross Sectional Survey in Uganda. In this study, we explored the usage and perceived usefulness of social media and other forms of media among medical students (MS) and healthcare professionals (HCPs) in Uganda. Majority of the medical students recognised television, radios and social media as the most useful tools for dissemination of information of COVID-19, Figure 2 . The purpose of the study was to assess the usage and perceived usefulness of social media and other forms of media among medical students and healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda. This is the first study in sub-Saharan Africa assessing social media usage and perceived usefulness of various media for health campaigns during COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, we have been able to show that social media can be robustly used to collect research data among medical students and health care professionals with high response rates. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.30.20086553 id = cord-229942-vofuo2g1 author = Omae, Yuto title = Effectiveness of the COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application (COCOA) based on a Multi Agent Simulation date = 2020-08-30 keywords = COVID-19; app summary = Furthermore, we include three parameters for the following expression: (1'') the usage rate of the app; (2'') decreasing value of going out probability of persons who have contact with infectors via the app; (3'') infection registration rate of infectors through the app. Consequently, we find the infection probability that persons from 5% to 10% of the total population become infectors in 45 days when all agents do not use the app. In the results generated by random seed of 30 patterns, there were 2 cases in which the infection did not spread even though the app was not used (the total number of infectors at the end of the simulation is below 30). As shown in Fig.4 , there are no cases of the number of infectors less than 32.5 persons in the result of the usage rate of the app (p 1 app = 20%). doi = nan id = cord-285349-850n4pot author = Omarjee, Loukman title = Can Ticagrelor be used to prevent sepsis-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19? date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; Ticagrelor summary = The authors mentioned that "coagulation dysfunction, thrombosis and pulmonary embolism have been observed in severe COVID-19 [1] ." We would like to discuss a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here we aim at discussing the potential use of Ticagrelor in COVID-19, to reduce PNA, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) release, and vascular leakage. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof Experimental models of sepsis and human clinical trials have also shown that platelet receptor P2Y12 inhibition reduced sepsis-induced mortality [7] [8] [9] [10] . In the PLATelet inhibition and patient Outcomes (PLATO) study, Ticagrelor reduced mortality risk following pulmonary adverse events such as bacterial kung infection and sepsis in acute coronary syndrome patients [7] . Therefore, when given at the early onset of COVID-19, Ticagrelor, through inhibition of platelet-neutrophil aggregates, NET release, and vascular leakage might prevent SIC, progression to DIC and associated morbi/mortality in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108468 id = cord-288490-l40t76la author = Omboni, Stefano title = Telemedicine During the COVID-19 in Italy: A Missed Opportunity? date = 2020-08-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = In the time of COVID-19 epidemic, Italy was found unprepared to manage lockdown patients with chronic diseases, due to limited availability and diffusion of large-scale telemedicine solutions. The scattered distribution and heterogeneity of available tools, the lack of integration with the electronic health record of the national health system, the poor interconnection between telemedicine services operating at different levels, the lack of a real multidisciplinary approach to the patient''s management, the heavy privacy regulations, and lack of clear guidelines, together with the lack of reimbursement, all hinder the implementation of effective telemedicine solutions for long-term patients'' management. Too late, *2 months after the epidemic began, the Ministry for Technological Innovation and Digitalization and the Ministry of Health launched a 3-day open call to telemedicine stakeholders to collect information about the current digital solutions (apps and chatbots) available on the market, to be used for timely tracking patients with COVID-19 or other pathologies. doi = 10.1089/tmj.2020.0106 id = cord-330129-izr62c68 author = Omer, Sumaira title = Preventive measures and management of COVID-19 in pregnancy date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = As of 17 March 2020, there are 153 countries who have reported cases of infection caused by this virus [i.e., coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID19) ], with Italy becoming the new epicentre [1] . Importantly, viral respiratory illnesses, such as influenza, can easily develop during pregnancy, which means pregnant women may be more vulnerable to COVID-19 and require prioritized medical care. Interim COVID-19 guidelines for the effective counselling and education of pregnant women are currently available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) [5, 6] . For effective management, pregnant women with suspected COVID-19 should be isolated and then transferred to a hospital equipped with sufficient health facilities and fully trained clinicians to take proper care of critically ill obstetric patients. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare settings doi = 10.1007/s40267-020-00725-x id = cord-356127-xy5tyd7t author = Omidi, Negar title = Prosthetic heart valves and the COVID‐19 pandemic era: What should we be concerned about? date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = We aimed to evaluate coagulation features in hospitalized patients under warfarin treatment for prosthetic heart valves during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pneumonia pandemic. Although interim guidance for the management of coagulopathy in patients with COVID-19 has been published, 6 the resultant clotting profile in patients with prosthetic heart valve are largely unknown. KALETRA was prescribed for eight patients, and the other two T A B L E 1 Summary of the demographic and clinical characteristics and outcomes of the study patients with a prosthetic heart valve and novel Wuhan coronavirus pneumonia Table 2 Our observation revealed that 20% of the study patients had a liver injury, presented as increased alanine aminotransaminase, which is consistent with the results of the previous studies, 2 who reported 14-53% rate of liver injury among their patients during the hospital stay. doi = 10.1111/jocs.14707 id = cord-273965-ma1rwkdq author = Omonzejele, Peter F. title = Preserving Bodily Integrity of Deceased Patients From the Novel SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in West Africa date = 2020-11-09 keywords = COVID-19; african; west summary = The enforcement of social distancing, self-isolation, and lockdown has made it impossible for West Africans to drift to their ancestral homes and villages, as is usually the case in times of crisis, with attendant consequences for communal life and traditional burial rites. Though the WHO has suggested it as one of the most effective ways to prevent contracting the COVID-19 virus, the fact remains that many West African communities do not have access to running water, especially those in rural areas (Omonzejele 2014, 418) . Since this is the most probable case for escapes from isolation centres, governments in the West African region should, perhaps, engage with the WHO to seek technical expertise in the decontamination of deceased people from COVID-19 isolation centres, and then make such corpses available to their families for traditional burial rites. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10061-4 id = cord-322486-qwl7nzkr author = Omori, Ryosuke title = The age distribution of mortality from novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) suggests no large difference of susceptibility by age date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; age summary = We estimated the parameter which describes the age-dependency of susceptibility by fitting the model to reported data, including the effect of change in contact patterns during the epidemics of COVID-19, and the fraction of symptomatic infections. Our study revealed that if the mortality rate or the fraction of symptomatic infections among all COVID-19 cases does not depend on age, then unrealistically different age-dependencies of susceptibilities against COVID-19 infections between Italy, Japan, and Spain are required to explain the similar age distribution of mortality but different basic reproduction numbers (R(0)). Assuming that the age-dependency of mortality by COVID-19 is determined by only age-dependent susceptibility (model 1), i.e., the mortality rate does not depend on age, the exponent parameter, φ, describing the variation of susceptibility among age groups for each country, Italy, Japan, and Spain, was estimated as shown in Fig. 4 . doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-73777-8 id = cord-302393-hrz3bypr author = Omrani, Ali S. title = The first consecutive 5000 patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 from Qatar; a nation-wide cohort study date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; SARS summary = Multivariable logistic regression showed that older age [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.041, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.022–1.061 per year increase; P < 0.001], male sex (aOR 4.375, 95% CI 1.964–9.744; P < 0.001), diabetes (aOR 1.698, 95% CI 1.050–2.746; P 0.031), chronic kidney disease (aOR 3.590, 95% CI 1.596–8.079, P 0.002), and higher BMI (aOR 1.067, 95% CI 1.027–1.108 per unit increase; P 0.001), were all independently associated with increased risk of ICU admission. In this study, we describe 60-day outcomes of a nationwide COVID-19 cohort from Qatar, and explore patient characteristics associated with the need for admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). In the multivariable logistic regression, we found that older age, male sex, co-existing diabetes or chronic kidney disease, and higher BMI were all independently associated with increased risk of need for ICU admission ( Table 2) . doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05511-8 id = cord-318178-l17u9oqp author = Omura, Takuya title = Geriatric practice during and after the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-06-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = Dear Editor, Two aspects warrant consideration regarding the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic: prevention of COVID-19 infection and protection from the related changes among the elderly. For the latter, the Japan Geriatrics Society (JGS) established the "COVID-19, Practice Caution for Older People" in March 2020 to raise awareness on "prevention of frailty" (Fig. 1) . COVID-19 influence can trigger age-related diseases other than frailty; therefore, it is necessary to identify the impact of this pandemic on the geriatric population. 7 Thus, further research is needed to investigate the effects of COVID-19 on various age-related diseases in addition to frailty. 8 Psychosocial interventions are crucial for the elderly people during and after the COVID-19 pandemic to prevent stroke and cardiovascular disease. To maintain the physical functions and daily routine of the elderly, the JGS recommends eight points related to the following three aspects: (i) exercise and nutrition, (ii) oral function, and (iii) social support (Fig. 1) . doi = 10.1111/ggi.13958 id = cord-274816-6xpma224 author = Onal, Merih title = Can secondary lymphoid organs exert a favorable effect on the mild course of COVID-19 in children? date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19; IFN summary = Palatine and pharyngeal tonsils are important organs of the immune system, and they protect the body from pathogens invading the upper respiratory tract, especially in young children [8] . In a study on patients with hypertrophic adenoid tissue, recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections were demonstrated along with high serum myeloperoxidase levels (indicating neutrophil activation), increased serum eosinophilic cationic protein levels (indicating eosinophil activation) and high CD 163 glycoprotein levels (indicating monocyte/macrophage activation) [15] . It is known that human tonsils are immunologically reactive lymphoid organs carrying out humoral and cellular immunity functions as a response to various antigens and displaying B and T cell activity [16] . In the same study, although a difference was expected in tonsillar hypertrophy and recurrent tonsillitis groups in terms of the levels of interferons (IFN-a, IFN-b, IFN-c, IL-28, IL-29) , which are cytokines with antiviral activity and whose expression is induced by viral infection, not detected. doi = 10.1080/00016489.2020.1814965 id = cord-257003-749zpxuy author = Onchonga, David title = Assessing the Prevalence of Self-Medication among Healthcare Workers before and during the 2019 SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Kenya date = 2020-08-14 keywords = covid-19; medication; self summary = The respondents'' gender, level of education, age, marital status, level of participation in physical activity, and drug reaction events, were significantly associated with self-medication before and during the outbreak (P < 0.05). The objectives of the study included: (a) to evaluate the prevalence of self-medication reported by healthcare workers before and during the outbreak, (b) to identify the common conditions for self-medication before and during the outbreak (c) to investigate the sociodemographic characteristics and health patterns associated with self-medication among different cadres of healthcare workers before and during the outbreak. The results showed statistically significant differences between self-medication and gender, physical activity, adverse drug reaction, work shift, marital status, level of education, and cadre. The study did not find any significant association between self-medication and adverse drug reaction before the outbreak of COVID-19. This study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic to investigate the prevalence of selfmedication and associated factors among healthcare workers in Kenya before and during outbreak. doi = 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.003 id = cord-309509-ftwpys3y author = Ondoa, Pascale title = COVID-19 testing in Africa: lessons learnt date = 2020-07-03 keywords = Africa; COVID-19 summary = AFTCOR has led COVID-19 testing capacity scale-up as one of the key objectives under the Africa joint continental strategy for COVID-19 outbreak. 2 The Africa CDC Pathogen Genomics Intelligence Institute, which is also part of the joint continental COVID-19 strategy, provides training and resources to 16 AU member states to generate up to 2500 SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequences and will enable the submission of these sequences to the Global Initiative on Sharing all Influenza Data platform. PCR testing platforms'' footprint within national disease control programmes, and the private and animal laboratory sectors offer an opportunity to make use of free testing capacity and sample referral routes for COVID-19 diagnostics. To address these challenges, Africa CDC launched the Partnership to Accelerate COVID-19 Testing on request from AU heads of states, with the following key strategic areas: (1) organising all AU member states as one large customer and coordinating the continuous supply of test kits and commodities at a negotiated price and based on accurate forecast of needs; (2) decentralising COVID-19 testing through strategic planning that can guarantee laboratory quality, biosafety, and the establishment of robust sample referral systems; e104 doi = 10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30068-9 id = cord-279513-m4jdc8ua author = Onesti, Concetta Elisa title = Oncological care organisation during COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; centre; patient summary = A triage for patients with cancer before hospital or clinic visits was conducted by 90.5% of centres before consultations, 95.2% before day care admissions and in 100% of the cases before overnight hospitalisation by means of phone calls, interactive online platforms, swab test and/or chest CT scan. The topics investigated in the survey included preventive measures taken before and after admission to the hospital, instructions given to patients and professionals, general measures for risk reduction of virus spread, specific measures in the hospitalisation unit, general organisation of the centre, organisation of multidisciplinary meetings and activities of other healthcare professionals, staff management and antibody testing. Patients were subjected to a triage for signs of infection prior to presenting to the oncology units in the majority of the centres, notably in 19/21 institutions (90.5%) before consultations, in 20/21 (95.2%) before day care outpatient infusion room admissions and in 20/20 (100%) before overnight hospitalisation (figure 2). doi = 10.1136/esmoopen-2020-000853 id = cord-344581-h7ikjgic author = Ong, David S.Y. title = Comparison of diagnostic accuracies of rapid serological tests and ELISA to molecular diagnostics in patients with suspected COVID-19 presenting to the hospital date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; ELISA summary = OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic performance of rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic assays (LFAs) compared to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nucleic acid amplification tests (NATs) in suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. In the total cohort, Orient Gene Biotech COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test LFA had a sensitivity of 43/99 (43%; 95% CI 34-53) and specificity of 126/129 (98%; 95% CI 95-100). CONCLUSIONS: There is large variability in diagnostic test performance between rapid LFAs, but overall limited sensitivity and high specificity in acutely admitted patients. First, in a pilot phase 20 NAT-positive and 5 NAT-negative patients were retrospectively selected for which six LFAs were performed on heparin plasma samples obtained upon hospital presentation ( Figure S1 ), which corresponded to the dates of molecular testing. This study shows that the sensitivity of LFA was low in patients suspected for COVID-19 presenting to the hospital, but it improved in patients with at least seven days of symptoms and in those with CRP levels >100 mg/L upon presentation. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.028 id = cord-338001-jig46hsk author = Ong, Jacqueline S. M. title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Critically Ill Children: A Narrative Review of the Literature date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Wuhan summary = In the small cohort from Tongji Hospital (6), Wuhan, one out of the six children with COVID-19 was admitted to intensive care. Given that children appear to have mild disease and may have a clinical picture similar to that of viral bronchiolitis, the use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV), and/or high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) for respiratory support would likely be preferred amongst PICU clinicians. Caregivers are close contacts of the infected patient, although they may be asymptomatic at the time-in the Wuhan Children''s Hospital series with active case finding of close contacts, 90% of confirmed cases had family members who were either confirmed or suspect disease (5) . Given the low rates of critical illness due to COVID-19, this process will likely exert more impact on day-to-day processes in PICUs than sick patients with confirmed infection. Paediatric Intensive Care Society UK: PICS Guidance on Management of Critically Ill Children With COVID-19 Infection doi = 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002376 id = cord-252557-f89m6xv5 author = Ong, John title = Prevention of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 transmission in endoscopy: international recommendations and the need for a gold standard date = 2020-04-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Prevention of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 transmission in endoscopy: international recommendations and the need for a gold standard Prevention of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 transmission in endoscopy: international recommendations and the need for a gold standard Over 3000 healthcare workers (HCW) in China are suspected of having coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and over 1700 tested positive. PPE recommendation (general staff): ► All patients to be offered surgical face masks Contingency plan for high-risk patients detected in endoscopy: ► Not stated. PPE recommendation (general staff): ► None stated Contingency plan for high-risk patients detected in endoscopy: ► Not stated. 4 Patient screening undoubtedly is the foremost step at preventing nosocomial transmission; timely detection allows postponement of non-urgent procedures until the infection has resolved, significantly reducing transmission risk to patients and staff. Detecting ''false negatives'' that slip through processes allows for the identification of HCWs and patients with infection risk after exposure to asymptomatic or subclinical carriers in the viral incubation period at the time of endoscopy. doi = 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321154 id = cord-321176-b4o3nba6 author = Ong, P. M. title = COVID-19 Medical Vulnerability Indicators: A Local Data Model for Equity in Public Health Decision-Making date = 2020-11-04 keywords = Angeles; November; covid-19 summary = The purpose of this project is to develop multiple indicators that point to probable communities (geographic places defined by the Census Bureau''s Zip Code Tabulation Areas) and populations at risk in Los Angeles County with high probability of COVID-19 infection and death across different dimensions. To achieve this, we developed four different indicators of medical vulnerability: 1) Pre-Existing Health Condition, 2) Barriers to Accessing Healthcare, 3) Built Environment Risk, and 4) Social Vulnerability. The following maps display neighborhoods in Los Angeles County by their level of vulnerability across each of the four indicators: pre-existing conditions, barriers to accessing healthcare, build environment risk, and social vulnerability. In Figure 8 , we observe that in the Built-Environment Risk indicator, Black, Latinx and CHL Asian populations are heavily concentrated in neighborhoods designated as either high or highest levels of vulnerability (53%, 55%, 63% respectively). doi = 10.1101/2020.11.02.20215657 id = cord-327543-kibjwfad author = Ong, S. J. title = SIR HELMET (Safety In Radiology HEalthcare Localised Metrological EnviromenT): a low-cost negative-pressure isolation barrier for shielding MRI frontline workers from COVID-19 exposure date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; MRI summary = title: SIR HELMET (Safety In Radiology HEalthcare Localised Metrological EnviromenT): a low-cost negative-pressure isolation barrier for shielding MRI frontline workers from COVID-19 exposure To address the above problem, a low-cost physical barrier was designed and developed for use within the MRI machine that could produce a localised negativepressure containment area around the patient''s head. Hence, use of this helmet would effectively provide frontline healthcare staff and patients with an added layer of protection against airborne pathogens. The image quality of MRI examinations was not affected by scanning with the helmet on. Highlights: 1 • Low cost reusable acrylic and silicone rubber barrier shield design 2 • Localised negative pressure environment simulating isolation rooms 3 • Does not affect MRI image quality even on the most sensitive sequences 4 • Additional personal protective equipment for frontline healthcare professionals Rapid expansion of temporary, reliable airborne-infection isolation rooms with negative air machines for critical COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1016/j.crad.2020.06.015 id = cord-306072-tfvt6sjq author = Ong, Sean Wei Xiang title = Safety and potential efficacy of cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors in coronavirus disease 2019 date = 2020-07-26 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; cox-2 summary = 11 We hypothesised that COX-2 inhibitors are safe in the treatment of COVID-19, and may be associated with a reduction in adverse outcomes in high-risk older patients with pneumonia, primarily through attenuation of the hyperinflammatory immune response associated with severe disease. In this population at increased risk of severe COVID-19 (≥ 50 years old and with radiographic pneumonia), there was no evidence that COX-2 inhibitor treatment was associated with an increase in adverse outcomes, supporting the use of short duration therapy in COVID-19 for symptom relief and as an anti-pyretic. With the small sample size for IL-6 measurements in the treatment group, these IL-6 data are primarily descriptive and exploratory, and further study is required to establish a clear correlation between COX-2 inhibitor treatment and its impact on IL-6 levels in COVID-19. The dysregulated immune response associated with severe COVID-19 is well characterised, with multiple studies showing elevated serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in patients with severe disease and mortality. doi = 10.1002/cti2.1159 id = cord-277770-sbieo46s author = Oni, Tolu title = Implications of COVID-19 control measures for diet and physical activity, and lessons for addressing other pandemics facing rapidly urbanising countries date = 2020-09-01 keywords = covid-19; food; physical summary = In this current debate piece, focusing on two of the four risk factors that contribute to >80% of the NCD burden, we consider the possible ways that the restrictions put in place to control the pandemic, have the potential to impact on dietary and physical activity behaviours and their determinants. By considering mitigation responses implemented by governments in several LMIC cities, we identify key lessons that highlight the potential of economic, political, food and built environment sectors, mobilised during the pandemic, to retain health as a priority beyond the context of pandemic response. In rapidly urbanising low-and middle-income countries (LMIC), the realities of large overcrowded informal settlements, a double burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), malnutrition and the precarity of livelihoods [1] have raised added concerns about the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Multisectoral government COVID-19 responses in these cities to address social inequities highlight the feasibility of economic, political, food and built environment sectors, mobilised during the pandemic, to support healthy eating and active living. doi = 10.1080/16549716.2020.1810415 id = cord-175149-pwntqqtd author = Oniani, David title = A Qualitative Evaluation of Language Models on Automatic Question-Answering for COVID-19 date = 2020-06-19 keywords = BERT; COVID-19; GPT-2; question summary = In this paper, we propose to apply a language model for automatically answering questions related to COVID-19 and qualitatively evaluate the generated responses. To address these issues, we propose to develop a chatbot enhanced by neural language models that is able to automatically answer questions related to COVID-19 through conversational interactions. • We applied and compared the performance of four embedding generation approaches, namely tf-idf (Term Frequency -Inverse Document Frequency) [18] , Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) [42] , BioBERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers for Biomedical Text Mining) [28] , and Universal Sentence Encoder (USE) [14] for refining the automatically generated answers. We have therefore decided to further filter the responses via applying embedding generation algorithms and models such as tf-idf, BERT, BioBERT, and USE and then using semantic similarity approaches such as cosine similarity and inner product. doi = nan id = cord-270465-9jp0xw7j author = Ono, Yoshitaka title = Asthma exacerbation associated with COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Here, we report a case of exacerbation of previously well-controlled asthma associated with the onset of COVID-19. To the best of our knowledge, there is only one case series of asthma exacerbation accompanied by SARS-CoV-2 infection. 4 In the present case, sore throat, a relatively rare symptom observed in 5%e17% of the patients with COVID-19, 3, 4 preceded the appearance of wheezing and dyspnea, and therefore, coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses, such as the rhinovirus and RSV could not be ruled out. 9 In addition, a report demonstrated that corticosteroid administration delayed viral clearance in MERS-CoV cases. 7e9 For the patients with COVID-19 who develop asthma exacerbation, it might be important to reduce the dose and duration of systemic corticosteroids as much as possible and administer drugs with antiviral abilities, such as favipiravir, in combination. doi = 10.1016/j.alit.2020.07.002 id = cord-287949-243xlmep author = Onovo, A. A. title = Using Supervised Machine Learning and Empirical Bayesian Kriging to reveal Correlates and Patterns of COVID-19 Disease outbreak in sub-Saharan Africa: Exploratory Data Analysis date = 2020-05-02 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; HIV; SSA summary = Explanatory or independent variables in the model included total population, GDP per capita, percentage of population with access to electricity, percentage of population with access to basic drinking water, incidence of malaria (per 1,000 population at risk), percentage of men and women aged 15 and over who currently smoke any tobacco product, Diarrhea treatment (percent of children under 5 receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding), percentage of infants who received third-dose of pneumococcal conjugate-based vaccine (PCV), incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people), percent out-of-pocket expenditure, life expectancy at birth, Health Systems Performance Index, estimated incidence rate (new HIV infection per 1,000 uninfected population, children aged 0-14 years), estimated incidence rate (new HIV infection per 1,000 uninfected population, adolescents aged 10-19 years), HIV prevalence among people aged 15-49 years, transmission classification of COVID-19 disease (1=imported, 2=local transmission), income group (1=High Income, 2=Low income, 3=Lower middle income, 4=Upper middle income), Geocoordinates of SSA countries (latitude and longitude), and Time (days) between the first and last reported coronavirus cases. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.27.20082057 id = cord-299888-ig0gy5e9 author = Ooi, M.W.X. title = Pulmonary thromboembolic disease in COVID-19 Patients on CT Pulmonary Angiography –Prevalence, pattern of disease and relationship to D-dimer date = 2020-10-06 keywords = PTE; covid-19 summary = OBJECTIVES: To define the prevalence of pulmonary thromboembolic (PTE) disease diagnosed on CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in COVID-19 patients. To assess distribution of PTE and to evaluate for association between severity of COVID-19 disease, D-dimer values and incidence of PTE. The incidence of venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia on intensive care unit (ITU) has been reported as 25% [6] . Studies have also reported increased frequency of pulmonary thromboembolic disease (PTE) in COVID-19 patients. We also sought to evaluate association between severity of COVID-19 disease graded on CT, D-dimer values and incidence of PTE. At the end of April, our institution published anticoagulation guidelines suggesting that any patient with suspected COVID-19 infection, high clinical suspicion of PTE and a D-dimer level between 500-3000mcg/mL should receive prophylactic dose LMWH and CTPA. doi = 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109336 id = cord-337789-pabaoiqs author = Oprinca, George-Călin title = Postmortem examination of three SARS-CoV-2-positive autopsies including histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis date = 2020-08-27 keywords = SARS; case; covid-19; lung summary = This paper describes three autopsy cases with postmortem diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with detailed macroscopic examination as well as advanced microscopic studies of organ tissues collected using hematoxylin-eosin stains and immunohistochemical markers. Microscopic evaluation revealed viral cytopathic effect of type II pneumocytes with a couple of cells that presented cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions and who tend to form clusters mimicking multinucleated giant cells. This paper describes three autopsy cases with unknown cause of death, with full macroscopic examination as well as histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of collected organ tissues, including the lung from which reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) tests were made to determine SARS-CoV-2 infection. Microscopic examination of the pulmonary tissue revealed large areas of alveolar damage with destruction of the alveolar wall lining and intra-alveolar septa, marked vascular congestion, accompanied by intra-alveolar hemorrhage. doi = 10.1007/s00414-020-02406-w id = cord-324615-oqjl3hq2 author = Orendain, Dan Jezreel A. title = Ignored and invisible: internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the face of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; IDP summary = title: Ignored and invisible: internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the face of COVID-19 pandemic Internal displacement is considered as one of the most adversely impactful human mobility issues and urban phenomena, both to the affected people and the city, and yet it remains underrepresented in all forms of narrativefrom international discourse, advocacy, research (UNOCHA 2018) , and even within the sustainable development goals (Zeender 2018) . With possible long-term effects, internally displaced families are extremely vulnerable to livelihood loss and financial insecurity compared to members of the host city or community (The World Bank 2019). Beyond immediate responses to the growing social, economic, and physical insecurity globally, how do we address issues of the internally displaced in the face of an epidemic or pandemic as they are more likely being excluded from the general narrative? doi = 10.1007/s11625-020-00848-0 id = cord-292041-a65kfw80 author = Orienti, Isabella title = Pulmonary Delivery of Fenretinide: A Possible Adjuvant Treatment in COVID-19 date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; Fenretinide; MERS; SARS; drug summary = At present, there is no vaccine or effective standard treatment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (or coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)), which frequently leads to lethal pulmonary inflammatory responses. Therefore, due to its poly-pharmacology, fenretinide administration by pulmonary formulations may be expected to be protective against acute lung injury (ALI)/ acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by SARS-CoV infection and could represent a useful tool in a multimodal therapy aimed at establishing a rapid anti-inflammatory and antiviral effect. Pulmonary delivery of fenretinide could be a valuable tool in COVID-19 due to the possibility of obtaining a very high drug concentration in the airway and alveolar epithelia, thus triggering a rapid onset of local anti-inflammatory response. Moreover, the pulmonary administration of fenretinide, in combination with the drugs that are currently used in SARS-CoV-2 infection, could represent a new, effective tool in COVID-19 treatment. doi = 10.3390/ijms21113812 id = cord-318316-9unfl966 author = Ortega, Joseph T. title = Understanding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Replication to Design Efficient Drug Combination Therapies date = 2020-10-23 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = SUMMARY: This review focused on the basic principles of virology and pharmacology to understand the importance of early stages of virus-cell interaction as therapeutic targets and other main processes vital for SARS-CoV-2 replication. Furthermore, we focused on describing the main targets associated with SARS-CoV-2 antiviral therapy and the rationale of drug combinations for efficiently suppressing viral replication. Another early target evaluated against SARS-CoV-2 is a cellular protease related to the priming of the spike protein (S), which exposes the fusion motive and allows the release of viral RNA into the cytosol. HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TMPRSS2, transmembrane serine protease 2; ORF, open reading frame. Favipiravir, another antiviral agent with broad activity against other RNA viruses by inhibiting the RdRp, halting viral replication, was evaluated against SARS-CoV-2, showing effects in vitro and in vivo [43] [44] [45] . doi = 10.1159/000512141 id = cord-282355-urys21ry author = Ortega-Quijano, Daniel title = Reply to “Varicella-like exanthem as a specific COVID-19-associated skin manifestation: multicenter case series of 22 patients”: discussing specificity date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Reply to "Varicella-like exanthem as a specific COVID-19-associated skin manifestation: multicenter case series of 22 patients": discussing specificity Title: Reply to "Varicella-like exanthem as a specific COVID-19-associated skin manifestation: multicenter case series of 22 patients": discussing specificity Daniel Ortega-Quijano, MD 1 , Juan Jimenez-Cauhe, MD 1 , Patricia Burgos-Blasco, MD 1 , Natalia Jimenez-Gomez, MD 1 , Diego Fernandez-Nieto, MD 1 . The positive predictive value, that is, the probability that a person with a varicella-like rash has COVID-19, is much more relevant, as a high value would justify SARS-CoV-2 testing. For us, the main contribution of the study by Marzano and colleagues is that, with all exanthems currently having a high positive predictive value for COVID-19, that of varicella-like rash is probably the highest since vesicular rash is more specific for viral disease than others 3 . Varicella-like exanthem as a specific COVID-19-associated skin manifestation: multicenter case series of 22 patients doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.156 id = cord-323590-m4jsu1q5 author = Ortiz de Landazuri, Iñaki title = Manufacturing and Management of CAR T-Cell Therapy in “COVID-19’s Time”: Central Versus Point of Care Proposals date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; car; cell summary = The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has generated a significant repercussion on the administration of adoptive cell therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells. The aim of this mini-review is to focus on how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected CAR T-cell therapy and taking into consideration the differences between the large-scale centralized productions for the pharmaceutical industry versus product manufacturing in the academic/hospital environment. Therefore, the aim of this mini-review is to focus on how the effects caused by the pandemic have affected this therapy taking into consideration the differences between the large-scale centralized production of CAR T-cells by the pharmaceutical industry versus the product manufacturing processes employed by the academic/hospital environment. We also review different aspects of CAR T-cell therapy, including patient selection and resource prioritization performed in our center during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573179 id = cord-259668-nwezszhj author = Ortiz, Alberto title = Complement and protection from tissue injury in COVID-19 date = 2020-10-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; complement summary = Finally, preclinical studies in endotoxaemia, another hyperinflammation syndrome characterized by lung and kidney injury, suggest that cilastatin, an inexpensive drug already in clinical use, may provide tissue protection against hyperinflammation in COVID-19. In any case, this report suggests that assessing complement peptides may eventually contribute to define clusters of COVID-19 patients, as has been done for C3 glomerulopathies/immune complex-mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis [11, 12] . In non-controlled case series and case reports, relatively positive results have been reported for the anti-C5 monoclonal antibody eculizumab, for C3 inhibitor AMY-101, for the mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease 2 blocker narsoplimab (OMS721), for aliskiren and for nafamostat mesylate, a US Food and Drug Administration-approved anticoagulant agent that has broad-spectrum serine protease inhibitory activity, including for C1 esterase [2, [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] . [3] emphasize, the fact that the SARS-CoV-2 cellular receptor ACE2 is expressed in lipid rafts may provide two mechanisms by which cilastatin may protect from severe COVID-19: (i) stabilizing ACE2 at the cell surface lipid rafts and preventing virus/ACE2 internalization and (ii) preventing hyperinflammation-induced tissue injury as observed in rat endotoxemia. doi = 10.1093/ckj/sfaa196 id = cord-273930-4asx0dq3 author = Ortiz-Martínez, Yeimer title = Pericarditis in a young internal medicine resident with COVID-19 in Colombia date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = As previously stated [1] COVID-19 may also present in them with a broad and changing spectrum of clinical disease, including cardiovascular conditions, as is the case of the pericarditis. During his hospital course, the patient presented severe chest pain that was difficult to relieve, requiring high doses of morphine, with the subsequent change to oxycodone with clinical improvement. Despite the use of PPE by the HCW, including those on training, as the case described, SARS-CoV-2 infection risk is evident, and transmission may occur. Our case also presented with, a still considered novel, clinical manifestation of COVID-19. Although cardiovascular conditions have been reported widely in COVID-19 so far [3, 4] , there is a lack of cases presenting with pericarditis, especially without other significant complications. In the case of COVID-19, this consequence requires more detailed studies to understand their pathophysiology, but especially their clinical course and implications. doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101863 id = cord-286683-mettlmhz author = Ortiz-Prado, Esteban title = Clinical, molecular and epidemiological characterization of the SARS-CoV2 virus and the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a comprehensive literature review date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; MERS; SARS; Wuhan; infection; patient; severe summary = Interestingly, the increased amounts of proinflammatory cytokines in serum associated with pulmonary inflammation and extensive lung damage described both in SARS [59] and MERS diseases [60] were also reported in the early study of 41 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan [41] . A recently published case report of a patient with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 revealed the presence of an increased activated CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), follicular helper T cells (TFH cells), and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies, suggesting that both cellular and humoral responses are important in containing the virus and inhibiting severe pathology [82] . Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: Retrospective case series doi = 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094 id = cord-283037-hykf28oi author = Ortmann, Regina title = COVID-19 and investor behavior() date = 2020-08-08 keywords = COVID-19; March summary = We use transaction-level trading data to show that investors significantly increase their trading activities as the COVID-19 pandemic unfolds, both at the extensive and at the intensive margin. We investigate trading patterns and financial risk-taking of a large sample of retail investors based on their individual trading records during the outbreak of COVID-19. first deposits denotes the number of deposits by investors who opened a new account on a given day, divided by the average first deposits prior to the outbreak of the pandemic. Figure 2 (b) shows a decline in leverage-usage across asset classes between February 23 and March 23, that is most pronounced following the drop of the Dow. Panel (c) shows an increase in short-selling using CFDs on stocks, but no clear trend across other asset classes. Model 2 shows that the trading intensity increased by 222%, compared to the average trading before the pandemic, following the 9.99%-drop of the Dow on March 12, which is largely driven by the spike in cryptocurrency trading (untabulated). doi = 10.1016/j.frl.2020.101717 id = cord-312918-iof45k1r author = Ortolani, Claudio title = Hydroxychloroquine and dexamethasone in COVID-19: who won and who lost? date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; Health; SARS; patient summary = Recently, four large Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) have been performed in record time delivering reliable data: (1) the National Institutes of Health (NIH) RCT included 60 hospitals participating all over the world and showed the efficacy of remdesivir in reducing the recovery time in hospitalized adults with COVID-19 pneumonia; (2) three large RCTs already completed, for hydroxychloroquine, dexamethasone and Lopinavir and Ritonavir respectively. In 2019, at the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, at least 4 anti-inflammatory and antiviral drugs were available and in use, with possible efficacy for COVID-19: hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroids, remdesivir and Lopinavir / Ritonavir. Remark 1 cited a number of systematic reviews, which however had selected only observational clinical studies that addressed the efficacy and side effects of the corticosteroid treatment of viral pneumonia from SARS, H1N1 influenza virus and MERS virus, but not from SARS-CoV-2 virus [31] [32] [33] [34] . doi = 10.1186/s12948-020-00132-7 id = cord-351085-t4rxu2hq author = Ortoleva, J. title = Intracranial Hemorrhage in COVID-19 Patients on ECMO: Challenges and Future Directions date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 1 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is occasionally being used to support COVID-19 patients refractory to optimal mechanical ventilation, neuromuscular blockade, prone positioning, and inhaled pulmonary vasodilators. [2] [3] [4] The extracorporeal life support organization (ELSO) has been releasing a set of regularly updated statistics for confirmed and possible COVID-19 patients receiving ECMO. 5 Among the most concerning findings in this data set is the rate of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH): reported to be 28 of 457 cases, or 6.1%. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Veno-venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Respiratory Failure in COVID-19 Patients: Early Experience From a Major Academic Medical Center in North America In-Hospital Neurologic Complications in Adult Patients Undergoing Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Results From the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry Neurologic Injury in Adults Supported With Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Respiratory Failure: Findings From the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Database Thrombosis and coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.06.010 id = cord-034157-uif9xtvl author = Ortoleva, Jamel title = Anesthetic Considerations for Recovered COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Multiple considerations exist for anesthesiologists including residual pulmonary dysfunction, lingering sequelae of arterial and venous embolic phenomena with associated anti-coagulation, myocardial dysfunction, adrenal insufficiency from corticosteroid courses, neurologic manifestations, and residual neuromuscular weakness in the subset of critically ill patients. [2] [3] [4] Preliminary reports of patients recovering from COVID-19 find residual shortness of breath and deranged pulmonary function tests suggestive of restrictive lung disease. If surgery is time sensitive but not emergent (such as in malignancy), it is reasonable to obtain pulmonary function tests to classify residual lung pathology in order to guide intraoperative and potentially post-operative ventilator management. Due to a high likelihood of receiving steroid treatment, clinicians should consider the use of stress dose corticosteroids (100mg of hydrocortisone followed by 50mg every six hours) in patients recovered from COVID-19 if other, more common, causes of persistent hypotension are ruled out. doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.10.032 id = cord-252328-ov4r3ple author = Ortoleva, Jamel title = Consider Adjunctive Ketamine in Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Ortoleva, Jamel title: Consider Adjunctive Ketamine in Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients 1 The predominant cause of critical illness and death in coronavirus patients is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). 2 Another important cause which is frequently present with ARDS is cytokine storm can result in vasodilatory shock and multiorgan dysfunction. 4, 5 Anesthesiologists are in a unique position to blend a unique skill set of knowledge in mechanical ventilation, hemodynamic management, procedural expertise, and pharmacology to treat the most critically ill COVID-19 patients. 6 It would be exciting to study ketamine as part of a sedation regimen, in double blindrandomized fashion, for patients with respiratory failure due to COVID-19. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Sarilumab in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia (COVACTA) doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.04.037 id = cord-348249-zhfrgaxf author = Osborne, V. title = Systematic benefit-risk assessment for the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19: Establishing a framework for rapid decision-making date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; benefit; risk summary = Methods: The overall benefit-risk of the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19 compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments was assessed using the Benefit-Risk Action Team (BRAT) framework. To date, whilst there have been many publications which have described the main effectiveness and safety concerns with these treatments, there has not been a systematic benefit-risk assessment on the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment using a structured descriptive framework. To examine the benefit-risk profile of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments. The overall benefit-risk of the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19 compared to standard of care, placebo or other treatments was assessed using the BRAT framework. Data were extracted for each benefit and risk, for hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine and the comparator (standard of care, placebo or other treatments), where available. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.07.20093989 id = cord-255204-3qruat3s author = Osborne, Vicki title = Lopinavir-Ritonavir in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Dynamic Systematic Benefit-Risk Assessment date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; benefit; risk summary = CONCLUSIONS: Based on currently available data, there was no clear benefit for the use of lopinavir-ritonavir compared to standard of care in severe COVID-19. Key benefits and risks were selected by clinician judgement, i.e. those considered to be of clinical importance or potentially serious, and included in the value tree, which provides a visual representation of these outcomes in the context of severe COVID-19 disease. Key benefits and risks associated with the use of LPVr were identified for inclusion in the value tree from available data sources, including the product information, regulatory assessment reports and published literature. Cases of acute kidney injury have been reported in patients taking LPVr in COVID-19; however, it is unclear whether there is any association, as this outcome was reported more frequently amongst patients in the standard of care comparator group [18] in addition to overall limited safety data availability. doi = 10.1007/s40264-020-00966-9 id = cord-335792-1yjope1j author = Osho, Asishana A. title = Veno-venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Respiratory Failure in COVID-19 Patients: Early Experience From a Major Academic Medical Center in North America date = 2020-05-22 keywords = ECMO; covid-19 summary = SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND DATA: VV ECMO can be utilized as an advanced therapy in select patients with COVID-19 respiratory failure refractory to traditional critical care management and optimal mechanical ventilation. Anticipating a need for such therapies during the pandemic, our center created a targeted protocol for ECMO therapy in COVID-19 patients that allows us to provide this life-saving therapy to our sickest patients without overburdening already stretched resources or excessively exposing healthcare staff to infection risk. In cases where respiratory failure is extreme enough to preclude adequate gas exchange despite patient optimization and optimal mechanical ventilation, veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) may serve as an additional supportive therapy in our limited arsenal against COVID-19. Several absolute contraindications to ECMO cannulation in COVID-19 patients were identified including age >60 years, multisystem organ failure, active malignancy, pre-existing chronic cardiac, pulmonary (not including asthma) or hepatic disease, unknown or guarded neurologic status, and severe neutropenia (Absolute Neutrophil Count <1000/mm 3 ). doi = 10.1097/sla.0000000000004084 id = cord-339968-s1kmipir author = Osier, Faith title = The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic: how have immunology societies contributed? date = 2020-09-10 keywords = AAI; COVID-19; Immunology; SARS; Society; pandemic summary = Y.; Fraser, John; Lambrecht, Bart N.; Romano, Marta; Gazzinelli, Ricardo T.; Bortoluci, Karina R.; Zamboni, Dario S.; Akbar, Arne N.; Evans, Jennie; Brown, Doug E.; Patel, Kamala D.; Wu, Yuzhang; Perez, Ana B.; Pérez, Oliver; Kamradt, Thomas; Falk, Christine; Barda-Saad, Mira; Ariel, Amiram; Santoni, Angela; Annunziato, Francesco; Cassatella, Marco A.; Kiyono, Hiroshi; Chereshnev, Valeriy; Dieye, Alioune; Mbow, Moustapha; Mbengue, Babacar; Niang, Maguette D. Efforts included writing to President Donald Trump and Congressional leaders urging that they heed the advice of scientific/public health leaders, including AAI member Anthony Fauci 3 ; writing to National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director Francis Collins requesting justification for terminating an NIH-funded grant focusing on understanding the risk of bat coronavirus emergence 4 ; advocating supplemental funding for federal science agencies, including the NIH, for pandemic-related research losses and additional trainee support; and issuing a statement opposing actions taken by the Trump administration that will damage international scientific collaboration 5 . doi = 10.1038/s41577-020-00428-4 id = cord-283173-s3nb11je author = Osman, Jennifer title = Rapid screening of COVID‐19 patients by White blood cells scattergrams, a study on 381 patients date = 2020-06-15 keywords = covid-19 summary = We identified a specific "sandglass" aspect on the white blood cells scattergram of COVID‐19 patients reflecting the presence of circulating plasmacytoid lymphocytes. CBC analyzers such as SYSMEX ® (Japan), provide a white blood cells (WBC) differential fluorescence (WDF) scattergram, displaying a classification of WBC based on their morphology and their intracellular components. Patients admitted at Versailles Hospital suspected of having COVID-19 were eligible if symptoms were present for 3 or more days and if RT-PCR and a chest CT were performed (Supplementary This observation was reinforced by the presence of circulating plasmacytoid lymphocytes on blood smears from patients with COVID-19 whereas large hyperbasophilic lymphocytes, normally seen in other viral infections, were absent Complete characteristics of patients are reported in Table 1 . Based on this retrospective study, we conclude that WDF analysis can be implemented during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic to quickly categorize symptomatic patients as either COVID-19 probable or improbable, depending on the presence of the plasmacytoid lymphocytes cluster on their scattergram. doi = 10.1111/bjh.16943 id = cord-260852-u0gpklj7 author = Osman, Mohammed title = Impaired natural killer cell counts and cytolytic activity in patients with severe COVID-19 date = 2020-10-19 keywords = cell; covid-19 summary = We recently postulated that the inflammatory response in patients with severe COVID-19 disease is not inhibited by natural killer (NK) cells, resulting in a "cytokine storm." Here, we assessed the NK-cell functional activity and the associated cytokines and soluble mediators in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. 6, 7 Rapid activation of the innate immune system accompanied by an aggressive inflammatory response, associated with a surge in many proinflammatory cytokines, has been reported, especially in patients developing severe manifestations of COVID-19. 5, 8 This "hypercytokinemia" or "cytokine storm" is thought to be driving the COVID-19-related ARDS, 5, 8 and associated hyperferritinemia is reminiscent of macrophage-activation syndrome (MAS) or secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH; sHLH). 5, 32 Here, we describe impaired NK-cell cytolytic activity associated with a loss of cytokines important in NK-cell stimulation in severe COVID-19 patients. 33 In conclusion, this study demonstrates that reduced NK-cell counts and impaired cytolytic activity are important characteristics associated with severe COVID-19-related hyperinflammation. doi = 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002650 id = cord-269197-o9xb30vx author = Osserman, Jordan title = Waiting for other people: a psychoanalytic interpretation of the time for action date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; NHS; big; time summary = Similarly, when coronavirus forces us to confront the brute fact of the lack in the Other at the socio-political level, we have the opportunity to discover a space for acting rather than continuing symptomatic behaviour that increasingly fails to work. From Boris Johnson boasting that he was shaking hands with COVID-19 patients before contracting the virus (The Guardian, 2020); to the government denying that it promoted ''herd immunity'' (Walker, 2020) ; to cabinet ministers openly contradicting WHO guidance in order to obscure the government''s failure to procure adequate testing, hospital equipment, and PPE (ITV News, 2020) -it has become clear that there no longer exists a stable authority upon whose pronouncements we can rely (see especially recent exposes in the Guardian [Conn et al., 2020] and Sunday Times [Calvert et al., 2020] ). In both cases, however, different kinds of suspended time produce an opportunity for the subject to consider her own agency in relation to the lack in the big Other. doi = 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15959.1 id = cord-266242-d4fo3lsn author = Ostapenko, A. title = Impacts on Surgery Resident Education at a first wave COVID-19 epicenter date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; resident summary = Background: This study aims to identify the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical resident training and education at Danbury Hospital. Methods: We conducted an observational study at a Western Connecticut hospital heavily affected by the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic to assess its effects on surgical residents, focusing on surgical education, clinical experience, and operative skills development. However, the consequent opportunity cost was to surgery-specific training; there was a significant decrease in operative cases and time spent in surgical didactics, along with elevated concern about overall preparedness for their intended career. 16.20176073 doi: medRxiv preprint For clinical experience, we compared the number of duty hours logged by residents during the period of interest with the same time in 2019, and calculated a gross difference and percent change. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.16.20176073 doi: medRxiv preprint affect residency programs across the country with changes to clinical work, didactics, and operative experience of surgical residents. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.16.20176073 id = cord-262119-s6hc7fxs author = Ostaszewski, Marek title = COVID-19 Disease Map, a computational knowledge repository of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interaction mechanisms date = 2020-10-27 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; Coronavirus; Disease; Map; SARS; SBML; cell; pathway; protein summary = title: COVID-19 Disease Map, a computational knowledge repository of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interaction mechanisms The molecular pathophysiology that links SARS-CoV-2 infection to the clinical manifestations and course of COVID-19 is complex and spans multiple biological pathways, cell types and organs [2, 3] . With this goal in mind, we initiated a collaborative effort involving over 230 biocurators, domain experts, modelers and data analysts from 120 institutions in 30 countries to develop the COVID-19 Disease Map, an open-access collection of curated computational diagrams and models of molecular mechanisms implicated in the disease [4] . The COVID-19 Disease Map diagrams, available in layout-aware systems biology formats and integrated with external repositories, are available in several formats allowing a range of computational analyses, including network analysis and Boolean, kinetic or multiscale simulations. COVID-19 Disease Map, building a computational repository of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interaction mechanisms doi = 10.1101/2020.10.26.356014 id = cord-338795-eewr8ynb author = Oster, Alexandra M. title = Transmission Dynamics by Age Group in COVID-19 Hotspot Counties — United States, April–September 2020 date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = CDC works with other federal agencies to identify counties with increasing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence (hotspots) and offers support to state, tribal, local, and territorial health departments to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 (1) . CDC works with other federal agencies to identify counties with increasing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence (hotspots) and offers support to state, tribal, local, and territorial health departments to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 (1) . The percentage of positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test results (percent positivity) is an important indicator of community transmission.* CDC analyzed temporal trends in percent positivity by age group in COVID-19 hotspot counties before and after their identification as hotspots. The percentage of positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test results (percent positivity) is an important indicator of community transmission.* CDC analyzed temporal trends in percent positivity by age group in COVID-19 hotspot counties before and after their identification as hotspots. doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6941e1 id = cord-352930-onf61i2r author = Ostermann, Marlies title = What every Intensivist should know about COVID-19 associated acute kidney injury date = 2020-07-28 keywords = AKI; COVID-19; kidney summary = Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication in critically ill patients with COVID-19 with a reported incidence ranging from <5% to >25%. Despite initial reports, acute kidney injury (AKI) has emerged as a serious complication in critically ill patients with COVID19 . In a post-mortem case series including 26 COVID-19 patients from China, the predominant kidney histology in 9 patients with AKI was acute tubular injury, erythrocyte aggregation in peritubular capillaries, segmental fibrin thrombi in glomeruli, direct viral infection of tubular epithelium and podocytes, and infiltration of inflammatory cells [11] . Effect of early vs delayed initiation of renal replacement therapy on mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: The ELAIN Randomized Clinical Trial doi = 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.07.023 id = cord-355484-2igc5wzx author = Oteo, J. A. title = A short therapeutic regimen based on hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in patients with non-severe disease. A strategy associated with a reduction in hospital admissions and complications. date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = With the aim of diminishing the impact in Hospital admissions and reducing the number of medical complications, we implemented a strategy based on a Hospital Home-Care Unit (HHCU) using an easy-to-use treatment based on an oral administration regimen outside the hospital with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) plus azithromycin (AZM) for a short period of 5 days. Patients and methods: Patients [≥] 18 years old visiting the emergency room at the Hospital Universitario San Pedro de Logrono (La Rioja) between March, 31st and April, 12th diagnosed with COVID-19 with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by a specific PCR, as follows: Patients with pneumonia (CURB [≤] 1) who did not present severe comorbidities and had no processes that contraindicated this therapeutic regime. Here we present the results of this observational study (our strategy), which, although carried out in patients with mild COVID-19, seems to be safe, associated with a reduction in the burden of hospital pressure, and probably very successful in terms of the number of patients who have developed serious complications and / or death. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.10.20101105 id = cord-292835-zzc1a7id author = Otoom, Mwaffaq title = An IoT-based Framework for Early Identification and Monitoring of COVID-19 Cases date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19; datum; internet summary = The proposed system would employ an Internet of Things (IoTs) framework to collect real-time symptom data from users to early identify suspected coronaviruses cases, to monitor the treatment response of those who have already recovered from the virus, and to understand the nature of the virus by collecting and analyzing relevant data. To quickly identify potential coronaviruses cases from this real-time symptom data, this work proposes eight machine learning algorithms, namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), Neural Network, Naïve Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN), Decision Table, Decision Stump, OneR, and ZeroR. Based on these results we believe that real-time symptom data would allow these five algorithms to provide effective and accurate identification of potential cases of COVID-19, and the framework would then document the treatment response for each patient who has contracted the virus. The proposed framework consists of five main components: (1) real-time symptom data collection (using wearable devices), (2) treatment and outcome records from quarantine/isolation centers, (3) a data analysis center that uses machine learning algorithms, (4) healthcare physicians, and (5) a cloud infrastructure. doi = 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.102149 id = cord-283246-dj7teo89 author = Otsuka, Ryo title = Macrophage activation syndrome and COVID-19 date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; MAS; TNF summary = Still, it is possible that the causative virus for COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, infect with particular types of cells such as endothelial vessels in the lung, or alveolar wall or macrophages. MAS is typified by markedly upregulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is called "cytokine storm." Without any therapeutic intervention, this strong inflammation results in severe tissue injury and, ultimately, patient death. Thus, the commencement of local inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection activates macrophages at that site, spreading rapidly to the entire lung, possibly due to the abundant expression of virus entry receptors, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 [36] . Severe cases of COVID-19 are often observed with ARDS, representing the MAS-like clinical and laboratory features. The role of cytokines including interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced pneumonia and macrophage activation syndrome-like disease Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: a single center study of 100 patients in doi = 10.1186/s41232-020-00131-w id = cord-307574-vmik4neu author = Ottaviani, S. title = Lung ultrasonography in patients with COVID-19: comparison with CT date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; HRCT summary = Abstract Aim To determine whether findings from lung ultrasound and chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) correlate when evaluating COVID-19 pulmonary involvement. The number of areas (0–12) with B-lines and/or consolidations was evaluated using ultrasound and compared to the percentage and classification (absent or limited, <10%; moderate, 10–25%; extensive, 25–50%; severe, 50–75%; critical, >75%) of lung involvement on chest HRCT. Results Data were analysed for 21 patients with COVID-19 (median [range] age 65 [37–90] years, 76% male) and excellent correlation was found between the ultrasound score for B-lines and the classification (p<0.01) and percentage of lung involvement on chest HRCT (r=0.935, p<0.001). Conclusion The present study suggests that among COVID-19 patients, lung ultrasound and HRCT findings agree in quantifying lung involvement and oxygen parameters. The aim of the present study was to determine the usefulness of lung ultrasound for COVID-19 diagnosis by investigating the correlation between ultrasound and chest HRCT findings. doi = 10.1016/j.crad.2020.07.024 id = cord-348535-tvs1snq8 author = Ottaviani, Silvia title = What is the best drug to treat COVID-19? The need for randomized controlled trials date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = For example, we have observed 11 that use of baricitinib for 10 days is associated with viral rebound in nasopharyngeal swabs in rapidly recovered and discharged patients, and thus have recommended longer use in the large randomised studies in which it is included, and we suggest again that comparisons between different therapies or placebo are likely to yield more informative results than randomised studies comparing 10 days of intravenous remdesevir with 5 days (https://benevolent.ai/news/potential-treatment-for-covid-19-identified-by-benevolentai-usingartificial-intelligence-enters-clinical-testing And https://investor.lilly.com/news-releases/news-release-details/lilly-begins-clinical-testingtherapies-covid-19). With this in mind, we thoroughly congratulate the authors from Guangzhou, China, who successfully randomised 86 individuals with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in a 2:2:1 design, to either lopinavir/ritonavir, arbidol (a broad spectrum viral infusion inhibitor 12 ) or placebo (NCT04252885). In the continuing search for safe and effective new therapies to treat patients with COVID-19, we require well-conducted ethical studies including prospective, randomised, placebocontrolled clinical studies such as this. doi = 10.1016/j.medj.2020.04.002 id = cord-315287-vut5ayc2 author = Otto, Catherine M title = Heartbeat: Heart disease and COVID-19 date = 2020-07-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = (table 1) In the accompanying editorial, Cheng and Leedy 2 discuss the likely pathophysiology of myocardial injury in patient with COVID-19 infection including unmasking of underlying cardiovascular disease, coronary plaque rupture and cytokine release syndrome. '' The association between CVD, myocardial injury and adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection was explored further in a systematic review and metaanalysis by Li and colleagues 5 that included 10 studies with a total of over 3000 patients with COVID-19 infection. Other articles recently published in print or online first in Heart related to COVID-19 infection include a review article on cardiovascular manifestations and treatment considerations, 10 a short commentary on the effectiveness of masks based on previous experience with air pollution 11 and a discussion of management of patients with adult congenital heart disease 12 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Impact of cardiovascular disease and cardiac injury on in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317674 id = cord-343969-9nec3lj8 author = Otugo, Onyeka title = COVID-19: The Additional Sentence for the Incarcerated date = 2020-09-30 keywords = covid-19; health summary = Some individuals and organizations advocate for a mandatory release of the incarcerated who are not deemed a risk to the general population, whereas others advocate for improving health care in jails and prisons. Given the inadequate health care delivery system for the incarcerated, some view keeping the incarcerated in prisons and jails during the COVID-19 pandemic as an extension of their existing sentence. A proposed solution is the reduction of incarcerated people in jails and prisons to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Recently, the Committee for Public Counsel Services and the Massachusetts Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers filed an emergency petition that calls for the reduction of the number of incarcerated individuals through limiting those who will be taken into custody and releasing those who would be considered high risk for contracting COVID-19, those toward the end of their sentence, and those who do not pose a significant risk to the general population. doi = 10.1089/heq.2020.0017 id = cord-268937-j2ov5nes author = Otuonye, N. M. title = CLINICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COVID-19 PATIENTS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY date = 2020-09-24 keywords = Nigeria; covid-19 summary = This study was designed to provide a larger description of the clinical characteristics of patients presenting to an isolation centre in Lagos, Nigeria and confirmed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 by real time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Other possible reasons proposed for the increased susceptibility of men to COVID-19 include biological reasons such as a higher expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE 2, a reception coronaviruses) in males than females; and behavioural reasons -higher levels of smoking and drinking in men, and irresponsible attitude, reviewed by [25] The results of this study suggest that older adults are more likely to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and be more susceptible to develop the severe disease, a trend that may be due to the reduced immunity in older adults. In conclusion, this study presents the most extensive description, to date, on the clinical and demographic characteristics of COVID-19 patients in Nigeria. In conclusion, this study presents the most extensive description, to date, on the clinical and demographic characteristics of COVID-19 patients in Nigeria. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.15.20195412 id = cord-301771-43fl2gwp author = Ouassou, Hayat title = The Pathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evaluation and Prevention date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; China; Health; SARS summary = The causative virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the World Health Organization (WHO) named the new epidemic disease Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Several coronaviruses can infect humans, like the globally endemic human coronaviruses HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-OC43 that tend to cause mild respiratory disease, and the zoonotic Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that have a higher case fatality rate [2] . After the diagnosis of SARS-Cov2 infection was made, the prevention and quarantine are considered as the most way to stop the fast spreading of the virus, because there is no effective vaccine, drugs, or antiviral to prevent and treat this disease despite the great efforts made by the scientists and researchers around the world to develop vaccines and treatments of coronavirus. doi = 10.1155/2020/1357983 id = cord-263435-rclo9jv4 author = Oudrhiri, Mohammed Yassaad title = Letter: Neurosurgical Patients’ Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic—An Institutional Report From an African Neurosurgical Center date = 2020-05-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Letter: Neurosurgical Patients'' Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic—An Institutional Report From an African Neurosurgical Center At the first stage of the disease spread, the Salé regional hospital was designated for all COVID-19 admissions. The Oto-Neuro-Ophtalmology hospital, considered as an off-site hospital, was assigned to manage all non-COVID patients with urgent neurosurgical pathology. Patients were either admitted directly, if belonging to the Rabat-Salé region (direct admission), or referred from regional hospitals (indirect admission). To date, while achieving a regular surgical load (12 surgeries a week), only 1 case of a confirmed COVID-19 patient escaped the algorithm. Effects of the COVID-19 outbreak in Northern Italy: perspectives from the Bergamo Neurosurgery Department Letter: the coronavirus disease 2019 global pandemic: a neurosurgical treatment algorithm Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases doi = 10.1093/neuros/nyaa182 id = cord-299501-07echrdh author = Ould Setti, M. title = Social Distancing with Movement Restrictions and the Effective Replication Number of COVID-19: Multi-Country Analysis Based on Phone Mobility Data date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Social Distancing with Movement Restrictions and the Effective Replication Number of COVID-19: Multi-Country Analysis Based on Phone Mobility Data Background Linking phone mobility data to the effective replication number (Rt) could help evaluation of the impact of social distancing on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread and estimate the time lag (TL) needed for the effect of movement restrictions to appear. Methods We used a time-series analysis to discover how patterns of five indicators of mobility data relate to changes in Rt of 125 countries distributed over three groups based on Rt-mobility correlation. Whether or not this paradoxical effect is due to biased mobility data or to residential community spread, we confirmed the observation with the results of the mixed models regarding SI and Rt. Undoubtedly, also factors other than social distancing and restriction measures, such as the non-compliance with hygiene measures [26] or the lack of public trust in their government [27] , can affect Rt. is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint doi = 10.1101/2020.10.08.20209064 id = cord-344136-k5gh0s6y author = Ouyang, Lichen title = Association of acute kidney injury with the severity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A meta-analysis date = 2020-09-02 keywords = AKI; COVID-19 summary = RESULTS: In 41 studies with 10,335 COVID-19 patients, the serum creatinine (sCr) in severe cases was much higher than that in non-severe cases (SMD = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.29–0.39), with a similar trend for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (SMD = 0.66, 95%CI: 0.51–0.81), hematuria (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.15–2.19), and proteinuria (OR = 2.92, 95% CI: 1.58–5.38). Pooled analysis of four studies among 792 COVID-19 patients revealed that the incidence of AKI was statistically higher in non-survival group (30.72%) compared with survival group Our meta-analysis including 14094 subjects from 52 studies explored the potential relationship between renal impairment as well as AKI and the clinical outcome J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof (severity and mortality) of COVID-19 patients. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study Clinical characteristics of patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in a non-Wuhan area of Hubei Province, China: a retrospective study doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.08.089 id = cord-129728-fpoqjmes author = Ouyang, Xi title = Dual-Sampling Attention Network for Diagnosis of COVID-19 from Community Acquired Pneumonia date = 2020-05-06 keywords = RN34; cap; covid-19 summary = To this end, we develop a dual-sampling attention network to automatically diagnose COVID19 from the community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in chest computed tomography (CT). In particular, we propose a novel online attention module with a 3D convolutional network (CNN) to focus on the infection regions in lungs when making decisions of diagnoses. Considering the need of high-throughput screening by chest CT and the workload for radiologists especially in the outbreak, we design a deep-learning-based method to automatically diagnose COVID-19 infection from the community acquired pneumonia (CAP) infection. In this situation, the conventional uniform sampling on the entire dataset to train the network could lead to unsatisfactory diagnosis performance, especially concerning the limited cases of COVID-19 with small infections and also the limited cases of CAP with large infections. • We propose a dual-sampling strategy to train the network, which further alleviates the imbalanced distribution of the sizes of pneumonia infection regions. doi = nan id = cord-311171-5n1aqrpa author = Ovejero, Santiago title = Coronovirus infection as a novel delusional topic date = 2020-05-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = Thus, the current coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly reached delusional themes in patients with psychiatric disorders. Here we present the clinical case of a Spanish woman with bipolar disorder that included coronavirus infection in her delusional themes even faster than the real infection reached mainland Spain. The current coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, expanded to 213 countries over the world with 2,810,325 confirmed cases and 193,825 deaths by April 27 (World Health Organization, 2020), represents the most critical global crisis in recent years and will probably have a social and psychological impact in all our lives. However, less attention has been paid to the potential worsening of people with previous mental disorders In this connection, psychiatrists have observed how coronavirus has rapidly reached delusional themes, even faster than the infection itself. Delusional This case report illustrates how the current COVID-19 pandemic affects the pathoplasty of the delusion, as the main topic in this patient was rapidly adapted to current events. doi = 10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.009 id = cord-031100-ih1ci5cl author = Overby, Madison title = Calling for a United Action to defeat COVID-19 date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; pandemic summary = The widespread and lingering pandemic of COVID-19 is partly due to disjointed international countermeasures and policies enforced by different countries. To effectively deal with this and future devastating pandemics, we as human beings must work together to coordinate a concerted, cooperative international policy to reduce or possibly avoid unnecessary health crisis, life and economic losses. As a result of early widespread testing and an extremely fast social distancing response put in place by the government in Korea, the basic reproductive rate was able to be kept to less than half of the international average. Challenges to the system of reserve medical supplies for public health emergencies: reflections on the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic in China doi = 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa027 id = cord-277648-9kxwkcbl author = Overholt, Kalon J. title = Dissecting the common and compartment-specific features of COVID-19 severity in the lung and periphery with single-cell resolution date = 2020-06-19 keywords = ARDS; BALF; cell; covid-19; figure summary = Bulk RNA sequencing (bulk RNA-seq) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies have identified stark transcriptional differences between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, indicating that immunological responses may be highly compartment-specific [21, 22] . We used identical methods to separately analyze multi-donor scRNA-seq datasets from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in COVID-19 patients classified by severity strata as well as healthy control subjects to investigate severity-specific immune dysregulation in the lung and periphery. When we increased this analysis to include all of the cell types found in the BALF (Figure 3A We next investigated pathway-level changes occurring in PBMCs and found that differential gene expression between ARDS and non-ARDS patients supported the detection of statistically enriched pathways through GSEA. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.15.147470 id = cord-355192-80f2658b author = Owen, Rhiannon K title = Comparing associations between frailty and mortality in hospitalised older adults with or without COVID-19 infection: a retrospective observational study using electronic health records date = 2020-07-17 keywords = CFS; covid-19; nice summary = INTERPRETATION: In this study, frailty measured using the CFS appeared to make little incremental contribution to the hazard of dying in older people hospitalised with COVID-19 infection; illness severity and comorbidity had a modest association with the overall adjusted hazard of death, whereas confirmed COVID-19 infection dominated, with a sevenfold hazard for death. In the non-COVID-19-related critical care context, Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) scores ≥5 are associated with between 40 and 60% 30-day mortality after critical care, with much better outcomes seen in older people at lower levels of frailty [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . Although other authors report that frailty is associated with poorer outcomes in older people with COVID-19 [31] , they studied a population which included those less than 65 years of age, did not adjust for illness severity and did not use the full range of the CFS, for example, reporting on those with CFS scores 7-9, rather than individually as in our study. doi = 10.1093/ageing/afaa167 id = cord-316691-8d1mmbac author = Owens, Andrew P. title = Implementing Remote Memory Clinics to Enhance Clinical Care During and After COVID-19 date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; MCI; assessment; cognitive; memory; remote summary = This has increased the need for remote memory clinics, we therefore review the literature, current practices and guidelines on organizing such remote memory clinics, focusing on assessment of cognition, function and other relevant measurements, proposing a novel pathway based on three levels of complexity: simple telephone or video-based interviews and testing using available tests (Level 1), digitized and validated methods based on standard pen-and-paper tests and scales (Level 2), and finally fully digitized cognitive batteries and remote measurement technologies (RMTs, Level 3). We build these findings around a discussion of our experience of deploying remote assessments and internet-based cognitive testing in clinical practice, collection of health data and RMT assessment of function in elderly people with pre-dementia and dementia in two large ongoing multicentre studies, RADAR-AD and PROTECT and remote assessments during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a view of providing guidance into how remote memory clinics may be realized. doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.579934 id = cord-302382-eifh95zm author = Owji, Hajar title = Immunotherapeutic approaches to curtail COVID-19 date = 2020-08-21 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; antibody; cell; immune; patient summary = Active immunization through vaccines, interferon administration, passive immunotherapy by convalescent plasma or synthesized monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, as well as immunomodulatory drugs, are different immunotherapeutic approaches that will be mentioned in this review. Nevertheless, the similarity of severe respiratory failure induced by SARS-CoV-2 to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and the deterioration of patients'' conditions in around a week following the first symptoms implicate the role of immunity dysregulation in COVID-19 profile [6] . Subsequently, plasma transfusion was recommended as a safe and effective way for the prevention or treatment of the Ebola virus in 2014 and also several other severe viral infections, including MERS, SARS-CoV, and avian influenza A [35, 36] . CP extracted from the SARS-COV-2 survivors may be a promising approach for the protection of COVID-19 patients with antibody deficiency before the development of an effective vaccine [44] . doi = 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106924 id = cord-328395-2cakgmsj author = Oxford, Alexandra E. title = Endothelial Cell Contributions to COVID-19 date = 2020-09-25 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; cell; endothelial summary = Recent reports suggest that SARS-CoV-2, unlike other related viruses, infects and replicates within endothelial cells, which may explain a significant portion of the observed clinical pathology. This review will focus on the concept of endothelial cell infection and dysfunction as an active driver of COVID-19, which begins as a respiratory illness, with vascular pathology contributing significantly to the most negative patient outcomes. Endothelial cell infection that proceeds via ACE2 shows how SARS-CoV-2 can replicate into a wide range of cells, which may explain some of the clinical symptoms found in COVID-19 patients. Thus far, we have discussed the viral mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and resultant COVID-19 sequelae as they relate to endotheliitis and endothelial cell infection mediated by viral spike protein-ACE2 interaction. The successful use of anti-interleukin drugs to treat the inflammatory symptoms seen in severe COVID-19 would have marked effects on endothelial pathology as these cells are highly responsive to cytokine signaling [59] . doi = 10.3390/pathogens9100785 id = cord-330239-l8fp8cvz author = Oyelade, O. N. title = Deep Learning Model for Improving the Characterization of Coronavirus on Chest X-ray Images Using CNN date = 2020-11-03 keywords = CNN; COVID-19; image summary = The proposed model is then applied to the COVID-19 X-ray dataset in this study which is the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Chest X-Ray dataset obtained from Kaggle for the purpose of promoting early detection and screening of coronavirus disease. Several studies [4, 5, 6, 78, 26, 30] and reviews which have adapted CNN to the task of detection and classification of COVID-19 have proven that the deep learning model is one of the most popular and effective approaches in the diagnosis of COVD-19 from digitized images. In this paper, we propose the application of deep learning model in the category of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) techniques to automate the process of extracting important features and then classification or detection of COVID-19 from digital images, and this may eventually be supportive in overcoming the issue of a shortage of trained physicians in remote communities [24] . doi = 10.1101/2020.10.30.20222786 id = cord-300369-q66xifmu author = Oyeniran, Oluwatosin I. title = Lutte contre la pandémie de maladie à coronavirus (Covid-19): tirer les leçons de la réponse à la maladie du virus Ebola date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; Ebola summary = In response to this global pandemic, this article summarizes proven strategies that could be employed to combat the COVID-19 disease outbreak, taking a cue from lessons learned from the Ebola virus disease response. With the experience from the Ebola response, lessons from it could be valuable in combating the current coronavirus disease outbreak which is spreading rapidly globally. Intensive training of healthcare workers at primary, secondary and tertiary health facilities as was the case during the Ebola outbreak could be a very useful means of curtailing the spread of COVID-19 [8, 9, 11, 12] . The community-based strategy of social mobilization and community engagement was highly effective in case detection of the Ebola virus, thereby reducing the extent of transmission in a country with a weak health system [25] . Modeling the role of public health education in Ebola virus disease outbreaks in Sudan The role of the polio program infrastructure in response to Ebola virus disease outbreak in Nigeria doi = 10.1016/j.jemep.2020.100558 id = cord-255817-asdjlq07 author = Ozaras, Resat title = An open call for influenza vaccination pending the new wave of COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-14 keywords = covid-19 summary = Another study from Wuhan, including the period of 28 January-29 February 2020, reported the rate of influenza co-infection among critically ill COVID-19 patients as 49.5%. reported 2.7% influenza co-infections among COVID-19 patients, in their study from January 22-February 2. Therefore, studies from the influenza season reported very high rates of co-infection. A recent research found moderate to strong correlation between higher influenza vaccine uptake in the elderly and lower COVID-19 deaths in Italy. In elderly, both influenza and COVID-19 have higher rates of mortality. Another study from Wuhan, including the period of 28 January 2020 to 29 February 2020, reported the rate of influenza coinfection among critically ill COVID-19 patients as 49.5%. The epidemiology and clinical characteristics of co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses in patients during COVID-19 outbreak Clinical characteristics of critically ill patients co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the influenza virus in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1002/jmv.26272 id = cord-282409-gnphco0f author = Ozaras, Resat title = Coinfections among COVID-19 patients: A Need for Combination Therapy? date = 2020-08-18 keywords = covid-19 summary = We have recently reported 6 COVID-19 patients coinfected with influenza and reviewed 28 previously reported cases 2 . A review of 14 studies reporting viral coinfecting respiratory pathogens estimated that 3% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients were also coinfected with another respiratory virus; respiratory syncytial virus (16.9% of detections) being the most prevalent one, followed by influenza A (15.5%) 3 . [2] [3] [4] A study from Wuhan, China reported 93 COVID-19 patients, 44 (47.3%) of whom were coinfected with influenza 2 . Therefore, neuraminidase inhibitors, oseltamivir or zanamivir, should be initiated rapidly when influenza co-infection is considered among COVID-19 patients. Although influenza is decreasing during this pandemic because of the measures, clinicians should keep alert COVID-19 patients with influenza coinfection. Combination therapy (adding oseltamivir) should be considered in COVID-19 patients with CT findings suggesting influenza coinfection and/or when there is local circulation of influenza. Influenza and COVID-19 Co-infection: Report of 6 cases and review of the Literature doi = 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.08.007 id = cord-281064-b69p44uq author = Ozder, Aclan title = A Novel Indicator Predicts 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection in Subjects with Diabetes date = 2020-07-03 keywords = MPV; covid; patient summary = Analysis of 11 studies regarding laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-19 did not mention raised blood glucose or diabetes as predictor of severe disease [12] . Previous results of complete blood count of the enrolled same non-diabetic individuals with Covid infection which were studied during their last visit to any out-patient clinic at the hospital before onset of Covid infection were yielded from the archive records via patient information management system of the hospital. The MPV values of age-and sex-matched 160 laboratory confirmed Covid patients without diabetes admitted to the Covid out-patient clinic were detected as 10.49 ± 0.96 and 10.66 ± 0.94 before and after Covid infection in these individuals, respectively (p=0.37). We thought that the statistically significant difference in MPV between diabetic patients before onset of Covid infection and healthy individuals was caused by hyperglycemia in diabetes. doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108294 id = cord-168974-w80gndka author = Ozkaya, Umut title = Coronavirus (COVID-19) Classification using Deep Features Fusion and Ranking Technique date = 2020-04-07 keywords = CNN; COVID-19 summary = In this study, a novel method was proposed as fusing and ranking deep features to detect COVID-19 in early phase. Within the scope of the proposed method, 3000 patch images have been labelled as CoVID-19 and No finding for using in training and testing phase. According to other pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models used in transfer learning, the proposed method shows high performance on Subset-2 with 98.27% accuracy, 98.93% sensitivity, 97.60% specificity, 97.63% precision, 98.28% F1-score and 96.54% Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) metrics. When the studies in the literature are examined, Shan et al proposed a neural network model called VB-Net in order to segment the COVID-19 regions in CT images. were able to successfully diagnose COVID-19 using deep learning models that could obtain graphical features in CT images [8] . Deep features were obtained with pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models. In the study, deep features were obtained by using pre-trained CNN networks. doi = nan id = cord-268939-ws74xprt author = Ozoner, Baris title = Neurosurgery Practice During Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; SARS; patient summary = The increased burden has substantially impacted the neurosurgery practice and intensive modifications were required in surgical scheduling, inpatient and outpatient clinics, management of emergency cases, and even academic activities. Operations of COVID-19 positive patients, and emergency cases, where screening can not be obtained, should be performed following level 3 protective measures. [5] [6] [7] In neurosurgery practice, intensive modifications were required in surgical scheduling, administration of inpatient and outpatient clinics, management of emergency cases, and even academic & educational activities. 26 A recent study from Wuhan City, China reported that some severe COVID-19 patients developed neurologic manifestations, such as acute cerebrovascular diseases (5.7%), and impaired consciousness (14.8%). 76, 80 Also, a patient with a mass lesion in the sellar region that underwent endonasal endoscopic surgery in Neurosurgery Department, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan City, China was diagnosed with COVID-19 after surgery, and disease was confirmed in 14 healthcare professionals in the same clinic afterwards. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.195 id = cord-303414-fwamdr08 author = Oztig, Lacin Idil title = Human Mobility and COVID-19: A Negative Binomial Regression Analysis date = 2020-07-10 keywords = country; covid-19 summary = Abstract Objectives This study aimed to examine the link between human mobility and the number of COVID-19 infected people in countries. In order to analyze the link between human mobility and COVID-19 infected people, our study focused on the volume of air travel, the number of airports and the Schengen system. Results Our findings suggest a positive relationship between higher volume of airline passenger traffic carried in a country and higher numbers of COVID-19 patients. 2 The global spread of COVID-19 that has led to the infection, and deaths, of thousands of people at a rapid scale, is indicative of how infectious diseases can become a global health problem that have the ability to reach more people, and at a faster rate, in an increasingly globalized world. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.002 id = cord-295107-67tts3oj author = Ozturk, Ayperi title = Bronchoscopic procedures during COVID‐19 pandemic: Experiences in Turkey date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; EBUS summary = RESULTS: This study included 126 patients; 36 required interventional bronchoscopic techniques (28.6%), 74 required endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS; 58.7%), and 16 required flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (12.7%). 7 Although bronchoscopy is a procedure used for the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions, it is also known as an aerosolgenerating procedure, so it results in a high risk of infection for health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. 8 On the other hand, throughout the pandemic, patients continued to be admitted with symptoms not related to COVID-19 infection, but as a result of suspected lung cancer instead. We proved that these differences did not cause any problems in the detection of COVID-19 in either patients and health care workers after the procedure. Based on our experience, the answer to this question is no, EBUS and/or bronchoscopy should not be postponed in patients with known or suspected lung cancer; we determined that COVID-19 transmission can be prevented by taken sufficient and necessary precautions. doi = 10.1002/jso.26164 id = cord-288331-n0n69axw author = Ozturk, Ayse Bilge title = Change in Allergy Practice during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; allergy summary = Thirty-four percent of the physicians reported interruption of systemic steroid use in asthma patients, and 25% of the respondents discontinued biological therapy. Allergy and immunology clinics rapidly coordinated changes according to the guidelines'' recommendations for the COVID-19 pandemic while trying to meet academic/health care needs in addition to providing safety to medical staff and patients. Participants were using national and international societies'' guidelines and online services such as those of the TNSACI, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the World Allergy Organization (WAO), and the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) as resources for COVID-19 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Similarly, available international guidelines including the current EAACI statement recommend continuing biologicals for the treatment of asthma during COVID-19 and report that there is no current evidence to suggest that biologicals for the treatment of asthma increase the risk of CO-VID-19 infection; biological therapy was discontinued in one fourth of the asthma patients in our allergy clinics [10] . doi = 10.1159/000512079 id = cord-290325-vozu14wg author = O’Brien, Ciara M. title = Collateral damage: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute abdominal emergency presentations date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This information has important public-health implications, highlighting the need to educate patients to continue to present to hospital services during such crises, including if a purported second wave of COVID-19 arises. In this observational study, we first wished to quantify changes in the overall volume of CT scans performed for all causes of acute abdominal presentations from the emergency department (ED), following the pandemic announcement. We sought to determine differences in the types of presenting illnesses, the severity of illness, and in the rate of resultant surgical intervention during the pandemic to better understand patterns of care seeking under COVID. We carried out a retrospective, observational cohort study comparing two groups of patients attending the ED at our tertiary-care academic hospital, during two equivalent time intervals, 1 year apart (Table 1) The reports were initially categorized as either "no abnormality found" or as having a cause identified for their presenting symptoms. doi = 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.08.010 id = cord-296425-on8er7v9 author = O’Brien, Edward R. title = Sex differences in COVID-19 mortality: opportunity to develop HSP27 (HSPB1) immunotherapy to treat hyper-inflammation? date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; HSP27 summary = 2014) Critical for prevention of COVID-19 vascular complications like pulmonary emboli and stroke of endogenous or exogenous ATP, reactive oxygen species, or lysosomal proteases released from damaged or dying cells leading to NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, activation of caspase-1, and subsequent secretion of IL-18 and IL-1β, a mediator of fever, lung inflamamtion, and fibrosis (Shrivastava et al. However, over-activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome causes the hyper-inflammatory responses seen in COVID-19 patients, resulting in a vicious cycle of release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, pyroptosis, and infiltration of the lungs with inflammatory cells leading to ARDS, multi-organ failure and even death (De Nardo et al. Similarly, treatment of macrophages derived from COVID-19 patients with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and nigericin activated the NLRP-3 inflammasome, resulting in IL-1β production (S.J. Theobald et al. Heat shock protein 27 immune complex upregulates LDLR expression thereby reducing plasma cholesterol Sex differences in COVID-19 mortality: opportunity to develop HSP27 (HSPB1) immunotherapy to treat doi = 10.1007/s12192-020-01146-5 id = cord-030051-kzkpu94o author = O’Brien, Michelle Mary Clare title = Opportunistic Diagnosis of Extensive Pulmonary Embolus Following “COVID-19 Blood Battery” in Very Frail Older Patients date = 2020-08-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = In the absence of clinical improvement following treatment of other conditions in frail older patients, D-dimer testing could be indicated with pursuit of specific diagnostic evaluation for venous thromboembolism when significantly elevated. COVID-19 was not detected, and they were subsequently transferred to an acute geriatric ward specifically designated to manage older patients (>75 years) with negative nasopharyngeal swab results. What are the implications of the diagnosis of an extensive PE causing right heart strain in these very frail older patients, mainly arising from a markedly elevated D-dimer level identified as part of an agreed battery of tests performed on all COVID-19 infection suspects in our institution? Secondly, these may indeed be true negative swab results and in the absence of clinical improvement following treatment of other conditions in very frail older patients without COVID-19 infection, D-dimer testing may be appropriate and subsequent specific testing for VTE if elevated significantly. doi = 10.1007/s12603-020-1450-0 id = cord-348298-rtm8dn43 author = O’Connor, Karen title = Mental health impacts of COVID-19 in Ireland and the need for a secondary care mental health service response date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; Health; Mental summary = The third wave will arise from the longer-term impact on people with established health problems, for example, diabetes, eating disorder or schizophrenia not accessing routine care due to health service reconfiguration, service reduction or fears of infection. These features include the morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19, the relentless media coverage, the social distancing measures, the altered pathways to access care, the changes to the care that is available, the suspension of development plans in mental health services and the economic impact on all populations in society. Groups who will be particularly vulnerable to the emergence of new mental health difficulties requiring secondary care interventions This pandemic will be associated with an increase in people presenting for the very first time with significant mental health difficulties. Reluctance to attend for acute care due to fears of COVID-19 infection resulting in delays in effective treatment and increase in crisis presentations Reduced availability/altered access to mental health services doi = 10.1017/ipm.2020.64 id = cord-338203-le5lbw5y author = O’Reilly, GM title = Epidemiology and clinical features of emergency department patients with suspected COVID‐19: Results from the first month of the COVED Quality Improvement Project (COVED‐2). date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = METHODS: The COVID‐19 Emergency Department (COVED) Project is an ongoing prospective cohort study that includes all adult patients presenting to The Alfred Hospital ED who undergo testing for SARS‐CoV‐2. As cases accumulate, the COVED Project aims to determine and report the clinical and epidemiological predictors of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result and the requirement for intensive respiratory support among patients presenting to the ED with suspected COVID-19. In the first full month of the COVED Project, the daily number and proportion of patients with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test remained relatively low, but the rate of patients presenting to the ED with suspected COVID-19 increased significantly. The low incidence of SARS-CoV-2 positive results over the first full month of the COVED Project has precluded valid inferential analyses regarding how COVID-19 patients differ in terms of their demographic features, clinical presentation, severity risk factors, need for intensive respiratory support and key outcomes. doi = 10.1111/1742-6723.13573 id = cord-317602-ftcs7fvq author = O’Reilly-Shah, Vikas N. title = The COVID-19 Pandemic Highlights Shortcomings in US Health Care Informatics Infrastructure: A Call to Action date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; EHR; datum; health summary = Although it appears that there is general consensus on the use of the Substitutable Medical Apps, Reusable Technologies on Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (SMART on FHIR) standard developed by the nonprofit Health Level Seven International (HL7) for the interchange of data, the standard is not specific enough to ensure, and regulators have failed to require, that different vendors implement the specification in compatible ways. To briefly recap, if hospitals across the country were able to observe and interpret data being gathered at other institutions in real time and to contribute their own data to the shared repository, the health care system could be learning about and improving its care of COVID-19 patients continuously and collaboratively, based on the sum total of available information rather than incrementally in silos. The public has a pressing interest in ensuring that data standards (eg, OMOP, FHIR) are rapidly developed, adopted by appropriate international standards organizations (eg, HL7), and implemented by EHR vendors in a manner that facilitates interoperability for individual patient care, public health, and research purposes. doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000004945 id = cord-345841-pq5f82gf author = PATBERG, Elizabeth T. title = COVID-19 Infection and Placental Histopathology in Women Delivering at Term date = 2020-10-19 keywords = SARS; covid-19; fetal summary = Conclusions – Despite the fact that all neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 were negative for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR, we found that COVID-19 in term patients admitted to Labor and Delivery is associated with increased rates of placental histopathologic abnormalities, particularly fetal vascular malperfusion and villitis of unknown etiology. In a recent structured review including twenty studies with histopathology findings in 275 third trimester placentas following maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection, evidence of fetal vascular 276 malperfusion was reported in 35% of cases, which is similar to the rate observed in our cohort 277 (32.5%) 24 . In a recent structured review including twenty studies with histopathology findings in 275 third trimester placentas following maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection, evidence of fetal vascular 276 malperfusion was reported in 35% of cases, which is similar to the rate observed in our cohort 277 (32.5%) 24 . doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.020 id = cord-308803-i934doud author = PONNAPA REDDY, M. title = Prone positioning of non-intubated patients with COVID-19 - A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Prone positioning of non-intubated patients with COVID-19 A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Purpose: Several studies have reported adopting prone positioning (PP) in non-intubated patients with COVID-19-related hypoxaemic respiratory failure. 26 36 37 Oxygenation outcomes were analysed based on the mean pre-PP PaO 2 /FiO 2 ≤ 150 (5 studies 10 is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. This systematic review examined the effect of PP of non-intubated patients on oxygenation parameters in a heterogenous group of adult patients with COVID-19-related hypoxaemic respiratory failure. In a selected group of patients who received PP, the incidence of intubation and mortality was relatively lower in comparison with a recent systematic review and meta-analysis on associations of non-invasive oxygenation strategies and all-cause mortality in COVID-19, which reported rates of 40% and 30% respectively. Feasibility and physiological effects of prone positioning in non-intubated patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19 (PRON-COVID): a prospective cohort study doi = 10.1101/2020.10.12.20211748 id = cord-343545-ga56ozp3 author = Pablos, J. L. title = Clinical Outcomes of Patients with COVID-19 and Chronic Inflammatory and Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases: A Multicentric Matched-Cohort Study date = 2020-06-20 keywords = IMID; covid-19 summary = title: Clinical Outcomes of Patients with COVID-19 and Chronic Inflammatory and Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases: A Multicentric Matched-Cohort Study Methods In this comparative cohort study, we identified hospital PCR+ COVID-19 rheumatic patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis (IA) or autoimmune/immunomediated diseases (AI/IMID). Ageing, male sex and previous comorbidity (obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular, or lung disease) increased the risk in the rheumatic cohort by bivariate analysis. Conclusion In patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases aging, sex and having an AI/IMID but not IA nor previous immunosuppressive therapies were associated with severe COVID-19. We undertook a multicentric comparative cohort study to investigate the relationship between underlying rheumatic disease and COVID-19 outcomes and to identify specific risk factors associated to poor outcomes. In this matched-cohort study, we show that among hospital patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases, having a systemic AI/IMID but not an IA is an independent risk factor for poor COVID outcomes including death, invasive ventilation, ICU admission or serious complications. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.18.20133645 id = cord-274494-heu6rmbt author = Pablos, Jose L title = Prevalence of hospital PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases in patients with chronic inflammatory and autoimmune rheumatic diseases date = 2020-06-12 keywords = IMID; covid-19; patient summary = 10 11 Since timely obtaining methodologically rigorous data on the prevalence of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in our patients under different therapies is challenging at this moment, 8 we have performed an exploratory analysis of the relative prevalence of hospital-diagnosed COVID-19 in large multicentric cohorts of rheumatic patients under follow-up. All aggregated groups of patients with AI/IMID showed higher rates of COVID-19, and analyses of the different groups confirmed increased prevalence in all diagnostic groups but SLE, where it was remarkably lower than those in the other groups and similar to that in the reference population (table 1 and figure 1 ). Our systematic approach identified a significant number of patients with different rheumatic conditions and immunomodulatory therapies with SARS-CoV-2 PCR-confirmed diagnosis that allowed us to describe the prevalence of hospital COVID-19 and to identify differences between diagnostic and therapeutic groups. doi = 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217763 id = cord-309886-j63cpzj2 author = Pacha, Omar title = COVID-19: a case for inhibiting IL-17? date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19; IL-17 summary = For MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, the severity of disease was shown to positively correlate with levels of IL-17 and other T helper 17 (T H 17) cell-related pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-15, TNF and IFNγ 1,6 . Here, we argue that targeting IL-17 is immunologically plausible as a strategy to prevent acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and discuss why we think that a clinical trial of a drug in this class could be a logical addition to the effort to find effective therapies. Here, we argue that targeting IL-17 is immunologically plausible as a strategy to prevent acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and discuss why we think that a clinical trial of a drug in this class could be a logical addition to the effort to find effective therapies. doi = 10.1038/s41577-020-0328-z id = cord-336320-riedcgus author = Pacheco, J. title = Gender disparities in access to care for time-sensitive conditions during COVID-19 pandemic in Chile date = 2020-09-11 keywords = IRR; covid-19 summary = 3 In the current pandemic, studies have shown a decrease in the frequency of different interventions like surgeries (electives or not) and hospital admissions, including specific time-sensitive conditions, such as acute coronary syndrome, 4,5 myocardial infarction, 6,7 stroke, 7-11 and cancer. Second, as there is a general reduction in the availability of health services, gender bias that usually affects access for women, especially to cardiovascular diseases, may increase. We selected a set of nine time-sensitive conditions included in the National Explicit Health Guarantees Regime ("AUGE"): two acute cardiovascular diseases (stroke and myocardial infarction) and seven cancers (gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, lymphoma, leukaemia, cervical cancer, breast cancer, and testis cancer). . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.11.20192880 doi: medRxiv preprint impact in women compared to men was observed for oncologic (782; 95% CI 704-859) and cardiovascular diseases (172; 95% CI 170-174) during the 14 weeks of the pandemic included in the study period. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.11.20192880 id = cord-312002-4qhvljpv author = Pacheco-Barrios, Kevin title = COVID-19 pandemic and Farr’s law: A global comparison and prediction of outbreak acceleration and deceleration rates date = 2020-09-17 keywords = Farr; June; covid-19 summary = However, a 150-year old epidemics law promulgated by William Farr might be useful as a simple arithmetical model (percent increase [R1] and acceleration [R2] of new cases and deaths) to provide a first sight of the epidemic behavior and to detect regions with high predicted dynamics. In this study, we will model COVID-19 current data (until April 10, 2020) of new confirmed cases and deaths, from 210 countries as to test the assumptions of the 1840 Farr''s law, to describe the epidemic dynamics, and also to make predictions to identify areas with high dynamic and suggest preparation and actions of health system in those regions. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239175 id = cord-281922-lr3wbt21 author = Padley, Roxanne H. title = COVID-19 Lockdown Learning: The Revolution of Virtual Teaching date = 2020-08-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Indeed, what is most thoughtprovoking is that access to a wider variety of teaching surgeons across the globe may lead to even better trained students and registrars as they are exposed to a broader spectrum of surgical techniques being demonstrated by different surgeons drawing on the experience of different healthcare systems. Indeed, despite the undoubted benefits of having a wider access to surgical demonstrations via online platforms, in the long term it is unlikely that it would be feasible for doctors and particularly surgeons in training to acquire the necessary skills without an integration of hands-on practical and clinical elements. A further valid point raised is most definitely that of security in the use of online platforms to maximise healthcare resources, the authors state the importance of safeguarding confidential information and suggest frequent updates of software. COVID-19 Lockdown Learning: The uprising of Virtual Teaching doi = 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.08.075 id = cord-350639-iguadmw1 author = Padlina, G title = Secondary Cerebrovascular Prevention in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; cerebrovascular; patient summary = To approach the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and secondary cerebrovascular prevention: CONCLUSION: We recommend: (1) As in normal times, during the COVID-19 pandemic wave, patients need to seek urgent medical attention in case of any acute cerebrovascular event. Rapid secondary prevention includes investigation and therapy of cerebrovascular event aetiology, prescription of medications, treatment of vascular risk factors, and adaptations of lifestyle. Older patients and/or those with a vascular risk factor profile-especially those with previous vascular events, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and/or obesity-have been demonstrated to have a considerable risk to be infected with COVID-19 and to present with severe disease, needing intensive care admission and showing poor outcome [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . (1) As in normal times, during the COVID-19 pandemic wave, patients need to seek urgent medical attention in case of any acute cerebrovascular event. doi = 10.1007/s11940-020-00634-4 id = cord-355935-psnqrdo2 author = Paez, Antonio title = A Spatio‐Temporal Analysis of the Environmental Correlates of COVID‐19 Incidence in Spain date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; SUR; Spain; effect; incidence; variable summary = Use of spatial Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) allows us to model the incidence of reported cases of the disease per 100,000 population as an interregional contagion process, in addition to a function of temperature, humidity, and sunshine. We adopt a population health approach, and report results from a spatio-temporal model of the incidence of COVID-19 in the coterminous provinces in Spain, one of the countries hardest hit by the pandemic. Higher incidence is associated with higher GDP per capita and presence of mass transit systems in the province; in contrast, population density and percentage of older adults display negative associations with incidence of COVID-19. The coefficients of the spatially lagged variable are estimated for each time period ρ t and identify the intensity and the sign of the contagion effect. Fig. 3 includes three maps that display the spatial variation of our control variables, namely GDP per capita, percentage of older adults in province, population density, and presence of mass transit systems. doi = 10.1111/gean.12241 id = cord-350179-ltk5hfc4 author = Paganini, Matteo title = Translating COVID-19 Pandemic Surge Theory to Practice in the Emergency Department: How to Expand Structure date = 2020-03-27 keywords = COVID-19; MCI; patient summary = The COVID-19 pandemic has presented the health-care system with challenges that have limited science to guide the staff, stuff, and structure surge response. This study reviewed the available surge science literature specifically to guide an emergency department''s surge structural response using a translational science approach to answer the question: How does the concept of sudden onset mass casualty incident surge capability apply to the process to expand COVID-19 pandemic surge structure response? While this required minimal investment of resources to reconfigure to limit exposure to staff and to have sufficient supplies, the team was identifying structures that could be adapted, repurposed with little creation to have space to manage the ventilator-dependent patients. Limited to 2019 and 2020, ordered by date "emergency department" OR "hospital" allintitle:("COVID-19" OR "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" OR "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" OR "2019-nCoV" OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "2019nCoV" OR "Wuhan" OR "coronavirus" OR "mass casualty incident" OR "MCI" OR "disaster") Google Scholar Query AND "structure" OR "infrastructure" OR "surge" OR "space" 44 to provide the structures necessary to meet the demands of the COVID-19 pandemic ( Table 1 ). doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.57 id = cord-271363-nsjn05q0 author = Page, Matthew J. title = ‘One more time’: why replicating some syntheses of evidence relevant to COVID-19 makes sense date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; review summary = • Given the urgent need for credible answers to high-priority questions about the health and social impacts of COVID-19, many systematic reviewers seek to contribute their skills and expertise; • Rather than embarking on unnecessary, duplicate reviews, we encourage the evidence synthesis community to prioritise purposeful replication of systematic reviews of evidence relevant to COVID-19. We believe that while original reviews are essential, decision making during the pandemic would benefit also from the purposeful replication of some systematic reviews of evidence relevant to COVID-19. Along with minimising production of unnecessary, duplicate reviews, we encourage the evidence synthesis community to prioritise purposeful replication of some systematic reviews of evidence relevant to COVID-19. Based on registration data in PROSPERO, there are many systematic reviewers keen to contribute to the COVID-19 research effort, who could band together to work on purposeful replications that evaluate the impact of abbreviated methods on review findings, rather than proceeding with a redundant review. doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.05.024 id = cord-355854-hksq8gy4 author = Pagliaro, Pasquale title = ACE/ACE2 Ratio: A Key Also in 2019 Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19)? date = 2020-06-18 keywords = ACE2; SARS; covid-19 summary = Therefore, we wonder whether the invasion by SARS-CoV-2 and the downregulation of ACE2 are jointly responsible for a high incidence of dramatic acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cardiovascular complications, and high lethality of Covid-19. Moreover, estrogen shifts the system toward the ACE2/Ang 1-7 formation and ACE2 activity is higher in female than that in the male serum (18) ; however, the worst and most lethal Covid-19 infections occur predominantly in males [the Italian ISS (https://www.epicentro.iss.it/coronavirus/ sars-cov-2-decessi-italia, accessed on April 26th 2020) reports that among 23,188 SARS-CoV-2 patients dying in Italy, women are 8,500 (36.7%)]. It has also been suggested that the increased concentration of ACE2 receptors in in the lungs of children may have a protective effect on severe clinical manifestations due to SARS-CoV-2 invasion (36) . ACE/ACE2 ratio is increased in many pathologies (especially dis-metabolisms and cardiovascular diseases) and conditions (obesity and aging) that exacerbate Covid-19 symptomatology and worsen outcomes. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00335 id = cord-328036-tjm6sm6a author = Pai, Esha title = Continuing surgical care in cancer patients during the nationwide lockdown in the COVID‐19 pandemic—Perioperative outcomes from a tertiary care cancer center in India date = 2020-07-20 keywords = cancer; covid-19 summary = title: Continuing surgical care in cancer patients during the nationwide lockdown in the COVID‐19 pandemic—Perioperative outcomes from a tertiary care cancer center in India Our study showed that with appropriate precautions, asymptomatic patients may undergo operations without increased morbidity to them and hospital staff. In this article, we review our experience with major operative procedures performed at Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital, Varanasi during the period of the nationwide lockdown. This was an observational study from 24 March to 31 May 2020, during four phases of a nationwide "lockdown" at a tertiary care cancer hospital in northern India. Our study showed that with the appropriate precautionary measures, surgical treatment of cancer patients can be done without an increase in patient morbidity and mortality, and without increased incidence of symptomatic COVID-19 infection in the hospital staff. Continuing surgical care in cancer patients during the nationwide lockdown in the COVID-19 pandemic-Perioperative outcomes from a tertiary care cancer center in India doi = 10.1002/jso.26134 id = cord-185121-f6vjm4j4 author = Paiva, Henrique Mohallem title = A computational tool for trend analysis and forecast of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; datum; figure; value summary = Country-wise data from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) concerning the daily number of cases and demises around the world are used, as well as detailed data from Johns Hopkins University and from the Brasil.io project describing individually the occurrences in United States counties and in Brazilian states and cities, respectively. Conclusion: The main contributions of this work lie in (i) a straightforward model of the curves to represent the data, which allows automation of the process without requiring interventions from experts; (ii) an innovative approach for trend analysis, whose results provide important information to support authorities in their decision-making process; and (iii) the developed computational tool, which is freely available and allows the user to quickly update the COVID-19 analyses and forecasts for any country, United States county or Brazilian state or city present in the periodic reports from the authorities. doi = nan id = cord-343483-puly7tyv author = Pak, Jamie S. title = A Urology Department''s Experience at the Epicenter of the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; resident summary = As the ED-ICU gained prominence in the care pathway of COVID-19 patients at CUIMC, we also played an instrumental role in onboarding providers from other specialties to the attending/resident pair role. Given the residents'' increasing comfort with caring for critically ill COVID-19 patients, urology residents were redeployed to this ICU without an accompanying attending. Eventually, as the overall volume of critically ill patients with COVID-19 began to subside, our department was informed that we were no longer needed in the OR-ICUs on May 4 and in the satellite hospital "pop-up" ICU on May 6. Though COVID-19 put a heavy strain on our health care system in general, the changes required to respond to the pandemic led to an overall increased amount of available time for urology residents and faculty. This slow process of rescheduling elective surgeries may prolong the detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on both resident surgical training and patient care. doi = 10.1016/j.urology.2020.06.024 id = cord-278165-ym0ynmxy author = Pal Singh Gambhir, Raghvinder title = Time to pause, to think, and to recalibrate after COVID-19 date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Time to pause, to think, and to recalibrate after COVID-19 The number of emergencies has fallen as people stay away from hospitals and surgeons follow the COVID-19 guidelines to reduce the risk of infection to staff and patients. 6 Surgeons'' and theater staff''s risk of acquiring an infection is higher because of a combination of factors and the ability of the virus to remain viable on surfaces for a long time. Having been on surveillance for years and reached the threshold for intervention, suddenly they are being told that risk-benefit ratio does not favor surgery in those with <7-cm abdominal aortic aneurysms (6.5 cm in the American College of Surgeons recommendations). Joint surgical colleges guidance for surgeons working during the COVID-19 pandemic Guidance for surgeons working during the COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 guidelines for triage of vascular surgery patients doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.04.011 id = cord-252279-0gozdv43 author = Pal, Amit title = Hydroxychloroquine and Covid-19: A Cellular and Molecular Biology Based Update date = 2020-06-10 keywords = SARS; covid-19; hydroxychloroquine; patient summary = Without a therapeutic vaccine or specific antiviral drugs, and with a desperate attempt to find a cure against novel Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) [1] , the limelight was shifted to hydoxychloroquine (derivative of chloroquine that has antimalarial, antiinflammatory, immunosuppressive and antiautophagy activities [2, 3] ; upon a tweet by US president Mr. Donald J. The main aim of this review is to discuss the mode of action of hydroxychloroquine at cellular and molecular levels, that potentially support the clinical efficacy and few adverse side effects observed in Covid-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine, which may further help in improving the clinical outcomes by modifying or altering the drug itself or its restricted use in certain individuals by enforcing strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Due to its cellular and molecular effects as discussed in previous sections, quite a few clinical trials are studying the effectiveness and safety of hydroxychloroquine (also chloroquine) for Covid-19 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/ results?cond=%22wuhan?coronavirus%22). doi = 10.1007/s12291-020-00900-x id = cord-229612-7xnredj7 author = Pal, Ankit title = Pay Attention to the cough: Early Diagnosis of COVID-19 using Interpretable Symptoms Embeddings with Cough Sound Signal Processing date = 2020-10-06 keywords = cough; covid-19; feature; symptom summary = An interpretable and COVID-19 diagnosis AI framework is devised and developed based on the cough sounds features and symptoms metadata to overcome these limitations. The proposed framework''s performance was evaluated using a medical dataset containing Symptoms and Demographic data of 30000 audio segments, 328 cough sounds from 150 patients with four cough classes ( COVID-19, Asthma, Bronchitis, and Healthy). A three-layer Deep Neural Network model is used to generate cough embeddings from the handcrafted signal processing features and symptoms embeddings are generated by a transformer-based self-attention network called TabNet. Arik and Pfister (2020) Finally, the prediction score is obtained by concatenating the Symptoms Embeddings with Cough Embeddings, followed by a Fully Connected layer. • A novel explainable & interpretable COVID-19 diagnosis framework based on deep learning (AI) uses the information from symptoms and cough signal processing features. doi = nan id = cord-337898-ncrbd8rp author = Pal, Rimesh title = Comment on “Is the type of diabetes treatment relevant to outcome of COVID‐19?” date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = However, pioglitazone use is also associated with an increased risk of heart failure (HF) in patients with and without pre-existing cardiovascular disease [4] [5] [6] . Although pioglitazone does have anti-inflammatory properties independent of its glucose-lowering effect, it is debatable whether it would be of any benefit in COVID-19. Thus, in absence of robust clinical data favoring its use in either COVID-19 or T2DM, advocating hydroxychloroquine for its anti-inflammatory effects is certainly not wise. Pioglitazone Use and Heart Failure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Preexisting Cardiovascular Disease: Data This article is protected by copyright. Effect of pioglitazone on heart function and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels of patients with type 2 diabetes Risk of QT Interval Prolongation Associated With Use of Hydroxychloroquine With or Without Concomitant Azithromycin Among Hospitalized Patients Testing Positive for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) The effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are refractory to sulfonylureas-a randomized trial doi = 10.1111/1753-0407.13069 id = cord-293737-yaz13ikp author = Palaiodimos, L. title = Severe obesity is associated with higher in-hospital mortality in a cohort of patientswith COVID-19 in the Bronx, New York date = 2020-05-09 keywords = BMI; BMI≥35; COVID-19 summary = Conclusions: In this cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a minority-predominant population, severe obesity, increasing age, and male sex were associated with higher in-hospital mortality and in general worse in-hospital outcomes. The extracted data included baseline demographic information [(age, gender, race/ethnicity, residence status (community or skilled nursing facility/SNF), and zip code], clinical characteristics [body mass index (BMI), history of smoking, alcohol, intravenous drug use, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary . doi = 10.1101/2020.05.05.20091983 id = cord-266220-78g951x4 author = Palazzani, Laura title = The pandemic and the ethical dilemma of limited resources: who to treat? date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19; ethical; resource summary = This article examines classical bioethical theories that are reappearing in the discussion today – with different levels of intensity, or in different formulations – and this, in the light of the most important international and national ethical guidelines and recommendations on the distribution of resources during the COVID-19 pandemic. The UNESCO International Bioethics Committee (IBC) also expressed its opinion in this direction, which together with the World Commission for the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technologies (COMEST) with the document Statement on Covid-19: Ethical Considerations from a Global Perspective (UNESCO, 2020), which affirmed a position against the notion of ''herd immunity'', believing that it "needs a cautious ethical review, considering the impact on the number of lives exposed to threats and unsustainable medical conditions given the lack of availability of intensive care facilities even in developed countries. doi = 10.1016/j.bioet.2020.09.003 id = cord-254166-7y58ie8q author = Palazzolo, Claudia title = Legionella pneumonia: increased risk after COVID-19 lockdown? Italy, May to June 2020 date = 2020-07-30 keywords = Legionella; covid-19 summary = We report a case of Legionella pneumonia in a dishwasher of a restaurant in Rome, Italy, just after the end of the lockdown that was in place to control the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. We report a case of Legionella pneumonia in a dishwasher of a restaurant in Rome, Italy, just after the end of the lockdown that was in place to control the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. The case highlights the importance of strict monitoring of water and air systems immediately before reopening business or public sector buildings, and the need to consider Legionella infections among the differential diagnosis of respiratory infections after lockdown due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The case highlights the importance of strict monitoring of water and air systems immediately before reopening business or public sector buildings, and the need to consider Legionella infections among the differential diagnosis of respiratory infections after lockdown due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.30.2001372 id = cord-346735-52v6pbue author = Palchaudhuri, Sonali title = Adapting a GI Fellowship to a Pandemic: Novel Approaches to Accommodating a Novel Virus date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; fellow summary = As with other Accreditation Council for Graduate Medication Education (ACGME)accredited programs, the early course required a quick response that minimized exposure of trainees to the virus while maintaining adequate clinical coverage. We addressed this by separating the call duties into two tracks: one fellow is on ''tele-call,'' where they answer all calls from all three hospitals from home, and triage appropriately; the fellow on service for the week is on ''travel call'' on nights in tandem with partnering service attending, only to be called if there is an urgent case requiring hospital exposure. Given the fast-paced nature of the pandemic and the multitude of directives from division and hospital leadership, our program aimed to limit anxiety for trainees through the following means: first, we set up daily tele-conferences with all fellows to review all recently-announced policies and directives as well as to address any questions raised by trainees; second, we established a separate weekly meeting with first year fellows in order to address any special needs of the cohort offering most of the clinical inpatient coverage. doi = 10.1007/s10620-020-06306-2 id = cord-311029-x0lk4110 author = Palermo, Sara title = Covid-19 Pandemic: Maximizing Future Vaccination Treatments Considering Aging and Frailty date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; age; elderly; frailty summary = For that reason, the Clinical Trials Regulation (EC) No. 536/2014 states that "in order to improve treatments available for vulnerable groups such as frail or older people, people suffering from multiple chronic conditions, and people affected by mental health disorders, medicinal products which are likely to be of significant clinical value should be fully and appropriately studied for their effects in these specific groups, including as regards requirements related to their specific characteristics and the protection of the health and well-being of subjects belonging to these groups." Indeed, EMA develops scientific guidelines to help medicine developers address the specific requirements of older people in their medicine development programs, including in the design and conduct of clinical trials. EMA disclosed a reflection paper on "Physical frailty: instruments for baseline characterization of older populations in clinical trials" (7), actively recognizing the importance of considering the various types of aging when experimenting and developing new pharmacological treatments. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.558835 id = cord-350622-8tgxdbyi author = Palit, Partha title = Phytopharmaceuticals mediated Furin and TMPRSS2 receptor blocking: can it be a potential therapeutic option for Covid-19? date = 2020-10-28 keywords = ACE2; SARS; TMPRSS2; covid-19 summary = Hence, this strategy may limit life-threatening Covid-19 infection and its mortality rate through nano-suspension based intra-nasal or oral nebulizer spray, to treat mild to moderate SARS-COV-2 infection, when Furin and TMPRSS2 receptor may initiate to express and activate for processing the virus to cause cellular infection by replication within the host cell. Drug particle formulated as a harmonious combination of cocktail receptor inhibitors at optimal and pharmacologically relevant dose could block the host cell receptor Furin, and TMPRSS2 receptor located in the target organs like esophagus, lungs, as well as in colon, liver, heart, kidneys, intestine and pancreas to prevent the entry of the SARS-CoV-2. Hence, some selected lead phytopharmaceuticals can primarily be focused on anti-COVID-19 drug discovery and development as mentioned in Table 1 and Table 2 based on their anti-viral activity reported against influenza, HIV, and other RNA viruses through host cell surface receptors ACE2, Furin and TMPRSS2 blocking action. doi = 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153396 id = cord-283236-vko7qdqp author = Paliwal, Prakash R. title = Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hyperacute stroke treatment: experience from a comprehensive stroke centre in Singapore date = 2020-07-13 keywords = DORSCON; Orange; covid-19 summary = Amongst AIS patients that received acute recanalization therapy, early neurological outcomes in terms of change in median NIHSS at 24 h (-4 versus -4, p = 0.685) were largely similar between the preand during DORSCON orange periods. (1) The number of stroke activations showed significant decline during DORSCON orange and there was a negative linear correlation with exponential increase in COVID-19 cases in Singapore; (2) The proportion undergoing acute recanalization therapy remains stable; (3) A slight delay in door-to-activation and door-to-neurologist review time during DORSCON Orange period was observed which can be attributed to the additional time from screening potential COVID-19 suspects and donning of PPE, both of which are necessary infection control measures; (4) Other process efficiency timings and early neurological outcome measures remained similar. Similarly, our study reports a decline in number of stroke activations as the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic worsened in Singapore, however the proportion of patients receiving hyperacute interventions including EVT remained similar. doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02225-1 id = cord-028566-avl980hg author = Palko, Hannah Catherine title = In fighting common threats, people’s deep commitment to taking collective action matters: examples from China’s COVID-19 battle and her other combats date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; China; Ibid; chinese summary = title: In fighting common threats, people''s deep commitment to taking collective action matters: examples from China''s COVID-19 battle and her other combats Achieving China''s exceptional coverage with and adherence to these containment measures has only been possible due to the deep commitment of the Chinese people to collective action in the face of this common threat. It is noteworthy that the high praise the Joint Mission team issued for the Chinese people''s deep commitment to collective action resonates an admiring remark the US President Donald Trump made 9 days before the team''s visit to China. In fighting common threats to their survival and well-being, Chinese people''s deep commitment to taking collective action, in the forms of solidarity, participation, discipline, and readiness for self-sacrifice, as showcased briefly in this article, is simply a natural outgrowth, a manifestation, of a strong cultural belief in collectivism they hold for thousands of years. doi = 10.1007/s42532-020-00056-1 id = cord-267034-s3hf4bo5 author = Palladino, Raffaele title = Excess Deaths and Hospital Admissions for COVID-19 Due to a Late Implementation of the Lockdown in Italy date = 2020-08-05 keywords = Italy; covid-19 summary = Second, we evaluated the effect of an early lockdown on the trend of new cases, creating a counterfactual scenario where the intervention was implemented one week in advance. For this reason, we estimated the number of deaths and hospital admissions for COVID-19 that would have occurred if the lockdown had been implemented one week earlier than it was actually enforced. In the present analysis we used data on the daily number of COVID-19 cases, hospitalized patients, and deaths recorded in Italy from February 24th, the first day national data were made available, to May 3rd, the last day of implementation of the national lockdown. The late implementation of the lockdown in Italy was responsible for a substantial proportion of hospital admissions and deaths associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The late implementation of the lockdown in Italy was responsible for a substantial proportion of hospital admissions and deaths associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165644 id = cord-340103-dc3wye9s author = Pallanti, Stefano title = Importance of SARs-Cov-2 anosmia: From phenomenology to neurobiology date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = All clinicians should be aware that the presentation of SARS-CoV-2''s symptoms goes far beyond respiratory and sensorial dimensions and involves psychosensorial and neurological dimensions; these clinical observations could shed light on the neurobiological substrates involved in COVID-19 disease. In the long list of clinical symptoms of COVID-19, ENT-UK (The British Association of Otorhinolaryngology) has recently identified anosmia-hyposmia and hypogeusia, respectively, the sudden loss of sense of smell and taste, as "significant symptoms" which were found even in the absence of other symptoms, so that they could identify otherwise hidden carriers of this highly contagious disease. In the present report, anticipation of anosmia and hypogeusia to respiratory symptoms seems consistent with the ENT UK hypothesis that loss of sense of smell (and taste) could be considered as a symptom of COVID-19 infection; and, if confirmed, these symptoms may represent markers or early signs of SARS-CoV-2 sufficient to trigger quarantine. doi = 10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152184 id = cord-307653-nyr6mtj1 author = Palmeira, Patricia title = Why is SARS-CoV-2 infection milder among children? date = 2020-05-11 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = As with SARS-CoV, COVID-19 is believed to be initiated by the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 envelope-anchored spike protein to the outer surface of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) catalytic domain (13) , promoting endocytosis where viral and host membranes fuse and consequent entry of the virus into the host cell. (16) reported that ACE2 pulmonary expression is concentrated mainly in type II alveolar cells, which express many other genes that could favor viral replication, thus offering an explanation for the severe alveolar damage associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. In agreement with the hypothesis that ACE2 expression levels have a significant role in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which also occurs in COVID-19, an experimental mouse model of H5N1 virus-induced lung injury and death showed ACE2 downregulation following infection (25) . doi = 10.6061/clinics/2020/e1947 id = cord-323793-c69joaqs author = Palmieri, V. title = Can graphene take part in the fight against COVID-19? date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; graphene; virus summary = In response to this global outbreak, we summarized the current state of knowledge of graphene and virus interaction as well as possible successful applications to fight COVID-19. Antibody-conjugated graphene sheets can rapidly detect targeted virus proteins and can be useful for large population screening, but also for the development of environmental sensors and filters, given the low cost of graphene materials. While government bodies are struggling in preventing further spread of COVID-19, researchers immediately started tests on vaccines and a clinical trial is currently underway with potential treatments for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1] . Ziem and colleagues synthesized thermal rGO sulfate derivatives and demonstrated their antiviral activity against African swine fever virus, orthopoxvirus and herpesvirus strains [14, 15] . Synergistic antiviral effect of curcumin functionalized graphene oxide against respiratory syncytial virus infection doi = 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100883 id = cord-273794-gvjwvabm author = Palomar-Ciria, Nora title = SCHIZOPHRENIA AND COVID-19 DELIRIUM. date = 2020-05-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = In this work, we present the case of a man diagnosed with schizophrenia, who had been stable for more than 20 years and that presented with an atypical picture of psychotic and confusional symptoms related to COVID-19 infection. In this work, we present the case of a man diagnosed with schizophrenia, who had been stable for more than 20 years and that presented with an atypical picture of psychotic and confusional symptoms related to COVID-19 infection. COVID-19 has already had a great impact in the general population worldwide and patients diagnosed with schizophrenia are at greater risk of infection and its consequences, due to difficulties following preventive rules and the presence of other medical comorbidities. On top on that, patients with schizophrenia are usually overlooked though that disorder may represent a greater risk of medical comorbidities and increased risk of COVID-19 infection, even when hospitalized. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113137 id = cord-314874-6ey87o16 author = Palomar-Ciria, Nora title = COMMENTARY TO “SCHIZOPHRENIA AND COVID-19 DELIRIUM”, AN UPDATE date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Since the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 19 , atypical presentations that include neuropsychiatric conditions have been observed in infected patients (Nalleballe et al., 2020; Rogers et al., 2020) . Neuropsychiatric symptoms are present in more than half the cases (Romero-Sánchez et al., 2020) . Catatonia is a rare neuropsychiatric condition that has been rarely associated to COVID-19 (Caan et al., 2020) . COVID-19 exhibits potential neurotropic properties and we must reinforce the idea that catatonic signs could be observed, especially in psychiatric patients, who are a population at risk of this new disease. As knowledge on the medical aspects of the infection increases, research on the psychiatric symptoms of COVID-19 should be warranted. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic Neurologic manifestations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: The ALBACOVID registry doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113555 id = cord-261315-n8tnistv author = Palomar‐Lever, Andres title = Hepatic steatosis as an independent risk factor for severe disease in patients with COVID‐19: A computed tomography study date = 2020-08-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = [1] [2] [3] On the other hand, it is also well recognized that patients with some of these comorbidities, mainly type 2 diabetes and obesity, are at higher risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently renamed metabolic fatty liver disease (MAFLD), which at the same time may worsen these disorders [4] [5] [6] [7] and which has been implicated in the inflammatory response (increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR]) with poorer outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Due to the high worldwide prevalence of HS and its relationship with many disorders associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection, we hypothesize that tomographic liver steatosis could represent an additional independent risk factor for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection according to the CT severity score definition. Obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease Risk of severe illness from COVID-19 in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and increased fibrosis scores doi = 10.1002/jgh3.12395 id = cord-329350-qrxl5o1e author = Pan, Angelo title = Suggestions from Cremona, Italy - two months into the pandemic at the frontline of COVID-19 in Europe date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; HCW summary = We have had to care for high numbers of severely ill patients with limited resources, i.e. ventilators and specialists in respiratory failure management, often with a lack of health-care workers (HCW): a terrible situation. 1. Education first: it is difficult to organize continuing HCW education in an emergency setting, but it is necessary to implement courses on infection control and prevention (ICP) and on COVID-19 management. HCW need to be rapidly updated on necessary competencies required to manage highly infectious patients with respiratory failure. C. COVID-19 management: "fast and dirty" courses on should be organized on general principles of respiratory insufficiency, blood gas analysis, oxygen therapy, venous thromboembolism prevention, antivirals and anti-inflammatory drugs use (7) . while waiting for possible new waves, we are working on education on PPE, HH, and ventilation, and programming how to dedicate general ward and ICU to manage new COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.038 id = cord-330022-n3d130t8 author = Pan, Daniel title = The impact of ethnicity on clinical outcomes in COVID-19: A systematic review date = 2020-06-03 keywords = BAME; COVID-19; SARS; white summary = However, emerging data from the grey literature and preprint articles suggest BAME individuals are at an increased risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to White individuals and also worse clinical outcomes from COVID-19. We found 17 published studies of patients with COVID-19 which reported data on ethnicity; 1 reported an increased risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 in Black compared to White patients and 5 reported no association between ethnicity and clinical outcomes. 34 preprint articles on MedRxiv reported ethnicity; 13 reported an increased risk of acquiring infection with SARS-CoV-2 and 12 reported adverse clinical outcomes with COVID-19 in BAME compared to White patients. Increasing numbers of articles from the UK and USA in the grey literature and in preprint suggest that individuals from BAME communities are at increased risk of infection from SARS-CoV-2 and worse clinical outcomes including hospitalization, ITU admission and mortality, compared to White patients. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100404 id = cord-284804-6i5zbmm1 author = Pan, Feng title = Factors associated with death outcome in patients with severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): a case-control study date = 2020-05-18 keywords = covid-19; group; patient summary = Methods: In this case-control study, patients with severe COVID-19 in this newly established isolation center on admission between 27 January 2020 to 19 March 2020 were divided to discharge group and death event group. In the course, persistently lower lymphocyte with higher levels of CRP, PCT, IL-6, neutrophil, LDH, D-dimer, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and increased CD4+/CD8+ T-lymphocyte ratio and were observed in death events group, while these parameters stayed stable or improved in discharge group. The bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to investigate the risk factors for death events involving the stratified clinical, radiographic, and laboratory parameters with significant differences between two groups on admission, and the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated. Besides, more abnormities of biochemical and hematological parameters were observed in death event group compared with discharge group, such as neutrophil, lymphocyte, CRP, PCT, LDH, D-dimer, cTnI, and BNP ( Table 2) . doi = 10.7150/ijms.46614 id = cord-312777-5925lvue author = Pan, Feng title = Different computed tomography patterns of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) between survivors and non-survivors date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; survivor summary = This study aimed to compare the chest computed tomography (CT) findings between survivors and non-survivors with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). All 124 patients underwent a total of 436 chest CT scans with a median interval between adjacent scans of 6 days (IQR 5-12 days) ( On admission, bilateral lung involvement was more common in non-survivors than survivors (97.6% vs. But in this study, patients were hospitalized after a median period of 8 and 9 days after the onset of symptoms in survivor and non-survivor groups, respectively, at which time the predominant findings in both groups corresponded with the progressive stage 15 . In summary, from comparisons between survivors and non-survivors, this study indicated that the presence of predominant crazy-paving pattern on chest CT with the high and rapidly increased CT scores may help to identify the patients at high risk of developing ARDS before clinical deterioration. doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-68057-4 id = cord-323446-w2ci1bfr author = Pan, Feng title = Time Course of Lung Changes On Chest CT During Recovery From 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia date = 2020-02-13 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Maximum lung involved peaked at approximately 10 days (with the calculated total CT score of 6) from the onset of initial symptoms (R2=0.25), p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In patients recovering from COVID-19 pneumonia (without severe respiratory distress during the disease course), lung abnormalities on chest CT showed greatest severity approximately 10 days after initial onset of symptoms. In patients without severe respiratory disease, the major pulmonary CT findings of COVID-19 pneumonia were GGO, crazy-paving pattern and consolidation predominantly in subpleural locations in the lower lobes. Progressive stage (5-8 days after the onset of the initial symptom): In this stage, the infection rapidly aggravated and extended to a bilateral multi-lobe distribution with diffuse GGO, crazy-paving pattern and consolidation (Figure 5b) . In summary, most patients who recovered from COVID-19 pneumonia showed greatest severity of lung disease on CT at approximately 10 days after initial onset of symptoms. doi = 10.1148/radiol.2020200370 id = cord-314711-c6rqv4zd author = Pan, Jinhua title = Warmer weather unlikely to reduce the COVID-19 transmission: An ecological study in 202 locations in 8 countries date = 2020-09-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = Purpose To examine the association between meteorological factors (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and UV radiation) and transmission capacity of COVID-19. We further validated our results using a susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) metapopulation model to simulate the changes of daily cases of COVID-19 in China under different temperatures and relative humidity conditions. Other studies, however, came to an opposite conclusion that meteorological factors, such as temperature and relative humidity, were associated with confirmed COVID-19 cases (Byass, 2020; Pani et al., 2020; Runkle et al., 2020) . Finally, to validate the observed associations of meteorological factors with the COVID-19 transmission, we constructed a susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) model ( Figure S1 ) using Chinese data. In this analysis covering 202 locations in 8 countries, meteorological conditions (temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and UV radiation) were not significantly associated with the COVID-19 transmission, suggesting that warmer weather alone seems unlikely to reduce the spread ability of the pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142272 id = cord-265596-o6jdvlya author = Pan, Lei title = Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients With Digestive Symptoms in Hubei, China: A Descriptive, Cross-Sectional, Multicenter Study date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19; digestive; symptom summary = title: Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients With Digestive Symptoms in Hubei, China: A Descriptive, Cross-Sectional, Multicenter Study However, with the evolution of the pandemic and the accumulation of case data, we are now able to describe the initial clinical presentations of patients with COVID-19; and our experience is revealing that digestive symptoms are very common (10) . In this study, we enrolled patients confirmed to have COVID-19 from 3 hospitals in Hubei province and investigated the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of COVID-19 patients with vs without digestive symptoms. The present study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of patients with COVID-19 from January 18, 2020, to February 28, 2020, in 3 heavily affected hospitals during the initial outbreak in Hubei province, where 83% of cases in China were reported. 3 Digestive symptoms are common in COVID-19 in addition to fever and respiratory symptoms and are reported in nearly half of patients presenting to the hospital. doi = 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000620 id = cord-318369-y3wtfqrn author = Pan, Lingai title = How to optimize the Radiology protocol during the global COVID-19 epidemic: Keypoints from Sichuan Provincial People''s Hospital date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: How to optimize the Radiology protocol during the global COVID-19 epidemic: Keypoints from Sichuan Provincial People''s Hospital This is the experience of our radiology department''s protocols during the outbreak, we used this protocol to cope with the COVID-19 in Sichuan Province， besides，there is zero infection for health workers during the whole epidemic. How to optimize the Radiology protocol during the global COVID-19 epidemic： Experience from Sichuan Provincial People''s Hospital Currently, the COVID-19 pneumonia epidemic is spreading worldwide. According to reports from other centers, there were 30 cases of medical staff infection in a hospital in Wuhan from January 10 to 30, 2020, because there was no protection or improper protection [5] . In the current report, we aim to share the experience of our radiology department''s protocols during the COVID-19 outbreak (Figure 1 ). 1)High-risk patients: special examination channel and room should be arranged for fever outpatients, fix the separate devices (DR, CT) and medical staff responsible for examination. doi = 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.07.008 id = cord-268753-69d0l60v author = Pan, Zihan title = The role of CARDPC in response to COVID-19 in primary care in China date = 2020-09-18 keywords = CARDPC; COVID-19 summary = Here, we would like to share how the Chinese Alliance for Respiratory Diseases in Primary Care (CARDPC) played a role in the pandemic, hoping to provide guidance and hope for effective control of the outbreak worldwide, for future public health emergencies and for systematic management of chronic respiratory diseases in the community. It also launched the ''Prevention and Treatment System and Capacity Building Project of Respiratory Diseases in Primary Care'' [https://www.cardpc.org/pccm/guides/], which has comprehensively improved the capacity of diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases in primary medical facilities. To strengthen and standardize the prevention and control of COVID-19 at the primary care level, CARDPC invited experts from respiratory medicine, general practice medicine, public health, epidemiology and other relevant fields to jointly draft the ''Expert recommendations for the prevention and control of COVID-19 (First Edition)'' [https://www. doi = 10.1038/s41533-020-00199-4 id = cord-338143-2v4lrlcl author = Pana, T. A. title = Number of International Arrivals Predicts Severity of the first Global Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-16 keywords = World; country; covid-19 summary = Potential predictors assessed were most recently published Demographic parameters (population and population density, percentage population living in urban areas, median age, average body mass index, smoking prevalence), Economic parameters (Gross Domestic Product per capita; environmental parameters: pollution levels, mean temperature (January-April)), co-morbidities (prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and cancer), health systems parameters (WHO Health Index and hospital beds per 10,000 population and international arrivals). The following predictors were used: demographic predictors (population and population density, percentage population living in urban areas, median age, average body mass index (BMI), smoking prevalence), economic predictors (gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita), environmental predictors (pollution levels, mean temperature (January-April) [2010] [2011] [2012] [2013] [2014] [2015] [2016] ), prevalent co-morbidities (diabetes, hypertension and cancer), health systems predictors (WHO Health Index and hospital beds per 10, 000 population) and international arrivals, as a proxy measure of the globalisation status of each country. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.13.20100677 id = cord-246504-wjpi5uvz author = Pandey, Abhishek title = The effect of extended closure of red-light areas on COVID-19 transmission in India date = 2020-06-12 keywords = India; RLA; covid-19 summary = We developed a model of COVID-19 transmission in RLAs, evaluating the impact of extended RLA closure compared with RLA reopening on cases, hospitalizations, and mortality rates within the RLAs of five major Indian cities, within the cities, and across India. The combined features of a high volume of visitors, high contact rates, potential higher infectivity of sex workers, and long-distance travel of clients across India may make the reopening of RLAs a risk to increasing COVID-19 transmission, health care utilization, and death. To understand the potential impact of extended closure of RLAs on COVID-19 in India, we developed a model that quantifies the effects of re-opening RLAs after the end of the lockdown. We found that an extended closure of RLAs after the initial lockdown period would avert 32% to 60.2% of cumulative cases and 43% to 67.6% of cumulative deaths across India when compared at the date of the peak of epidemic under re-opening of RLAs ( Fig. 3 , Appendix Table 4 ). doi = nan id = cord-301730-flv5lnv8 author = Pandey, Anamika title = Natural Plant Products: A Less Focused Aspect for the COVID-19 Viral Outbreak date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; CoV; MERS; SARS summary = Despite the previous positive reports of plant-based medications, no successful clinical trials of phyto-anti-COVID drugs could be conducted to date. Medicinal plant extracts have been reported to impede the replication of several viruses including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), poxvirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (Vermani and Garg, 2002; Kotwal et al., 2005; Huang et al., 2006) . Different researchers are investigating diverse plant forms based on ethnopharmacological data to find effective anti-CoV drugs with novel action mechanisms especially targeting viral replication. Moreover, creating an effective phyto-anti-COVID drug during this pandemic may provide an idea on the duration and the strategy required for the development of potent plant-based therapeutics in case of such random viral outbreaks (Figure 1) . doi = 10.3389/fpls.2020.568890 id = cord-348567-rvwxysvc author = Panfili, F. M. title = Possible role of vitamin D in Covid-19 infection in pediatric population date = 2020-06-15 keywords = SARS; covid-19; disease; vitamin summary = CONCLUSIONS: In this review, we suggest that vitamin D supplementation might play a role in the prevention and/or treatment to SARS-CoV-2 infection disease, by modulating the immune response to the virus both in the adult and pediatric population. Although the effect of normal to high levels of vitamin D on increasing CD4+ count is still unclear, a recent review proved that vitamin D plays an important role in reducing the immune activation of HIV-infected patients. In this autoimmune disease using calcitriol supplementation reduces serum levels of antibodies and slows the progression of β cell destruction down in the early stages of the disease [38] , Interestingly, it has also been demonstrated that in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) [39] the VDR could act as a negative regulator of TGF-β/ Hydroxyproline, col1a1, col3a1 and alfa-SMA mRNAs ↓ Prevention of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in a murine model [48] Smad signaling, thus making vitamin D a putative antifibrotic treatment in the early stages of the disease. doi = 10.1007/s40618-020-01327-0 id = cord-219520-by3gxrd8 author = Pang, Junjie title = Collaborative City Digital Twin For Covid-19 Pandemic: A Federated Learning Solution date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19; city summary = Note that, when we aim to construct a city digital twin to model COVID-19 pandemic and generate the prediction of a specified response plan, we need to resolve the data sparsity challenge with considerations of privacy by following reasons. In our proposed collaborative framework for multiple city DTs (Fig. 3) , each single city DT system can reinforce itself by two ways: (1) self-renewal mode by local updates: this mode is similar as the working updates of traditional digital twin system, which collecting real-time COVID-19 conditions (historical infection numbers, external factors like crowd gathering, population age and vaccination) actively through on-device sensing, or using data source from various institutions like public health agency or hospital. CONCLUSION In this paper, we propose a novel collaborative city digital twin framework based on federated learning techniques for COVID-19 response plan management, with Seq2seq structure to better capture temporal contexts in historical infection data. doi = nan id = cord-274284-mi4n7xty author = Pang, Khang Wen title = Frequency and Clinical Utility of Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; olfactory summary = Meta-analysis B included studies if they described the frequency of OD in COVID-19 positive patients and if OD symptoms were explicitly asked in questionnaires or interviews or if smell tests were performed. RESULTS: The pooled frequency of OD in COVID-19 positive patients (17,401 patients, 60 studies) was 0.56 (0.47–0.64) but differs between detection via smell testing (0.76 [0.51–0.91]) and survey/questionnaire report (0.53 [0.45–0.62]), although not reaching statistical significance (p = 0.089). To investigate the estimated frequency of OD amongst COVID-19 patients, meta-analysis B included studies if they described the frequency of OD in COVID-19 positive patients and if smell tests were performed or if OD symptoms were explicitly asked in questionnaires or interviews. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in patients With severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 infection: a cross-sectional study doi = 10.1007/s11882-020-00972-y id = cord-350941-hlx60qyr author = Pang, Peng title = 51.22 USING TELEPHONIC FOLLOW-UP TO ASSESS ADOLESCENT FUNCTIONING DURING THE COVID-19 SHUTDOWN IN HENAN, CHINA date = 2020-10-31 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The sample (n ¼303; 79% female; 8.8% Hispanic; M age ¼ 20.9 years) completed a series of online selfreport measures, assessing for current levels of depression, the perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the use of acceptance. Methods: The current study used self-report online measures to explore the relationship between COVID-19 life disruptions and anxiety severity in a sample of individuals aged 18 to 25 years (n ¼ 353; M age ¼ 21 years; 79% female; 95% college student). A logistic regression analysis was conducted in order to examine the likelihood of an individual having moderate-to-severe anxiety based on the number of life disruptions (eg, loss of employment, contracting COVID-19, difficulties accessing basic needs) they have experienced. Given that the 3 life disruptions have been found to be significant predictors of anxiety, educational institutions should consider methods to ensure that students have access to basic needs and utilize strategies to enhance remote learning endeavors throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.08.432 id = cord-337026-osgi06o4 author = Panoutsopoulos, Alexios A. title = Conjunctivitis as a Sentinel of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: a Need of Revision for Mild Symptoms date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS summary = Given the uprising number of publications and case reports of COVID-19 patients showing conjunctivitis [61, 62] and the history of other coronaviruses that are found in tears, we have to consider the possibility of a separate, alternative viral mechanism through which the virus can enter the patient''s organism through epithelial cells of the eye [63] . The growing evidence on COVID-19 and its ocular implications and manifestations, in both animals and humans, is covered by many interesting reviews, all published 5 to 6 months after the novel coronavirus'' outbreak [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] , something that reveals the need to understand the virus from different perspectiveswhich at first may have seemed secondary in priority-in order to be able to reach a treatment. doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00360-7 id = cord-327906-m00ua3x1 author = Pantanetti, Paola title = Potential role of incretins in diabetes and COVID-19 infection: a hypothesis worth exploring date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; DPP4 summary = Patients with diabetes mellitus have been reported to be at a high risk of complications from SARS-CoV2 virus infection (COVID-19). This altered immune profile may induce important clinical consequences, including increased susceptibility to lung infections; and enhanced local inflammatory response. We briefly review the impact on the inflammatory system of DPP4 for its possible detrimental effect on COVID-19 syndrome, and of DPP4 inhibitors (gliptins), currently used as glucose lowering agents, which may have the potential to exert positive pleiotropic effect on inflammatory diseases, in addition to their effects on glucose metabolism. In particular, diabetes, renal failure, cardiac, respiratory, cerebrovascular disease, and hypertension, have all been shown to predispose patients to more complicated clinical pictures with consequent increase in risk for lethal outcomes [2, 3] . Previous studies have shown that diabetic patients are more susceptible to infections, in particular flu and pneumonia. Numerous studies have shown that pro-inflammatory cytokine levels are extremely high in subjects with severe/critical COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02389-x id = cord-289647-14ba5sro author = Panuganti, Bharat A. title = Predicting COVID-19 Incidence Using Anosmia and Other COVID-19 Symptomatology: Preliminary Analysis Using Google and Twitter date = 2020-06-02 keywords = Google; covid-19 summary = OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative correlations of Twitter and Google Search user trends concerning smell loss with daily coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence in the United States, compared to other severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) symptoms. 5 As such, although significant correlations between Google searches pertaining to anosmia and COVID-19 incidence have already been reported, our intention in the present study is to better understand the relative value of alternative infodemiological parameters (nonsmell symptoms, COVID-19 searches and tweets) and platforms (Twitter) in estimating COVID-19 infection trajectory in the United States. Table SA in the online version of the article); data pertaining to March 22, 2020, and the 2 following days were excluded in 1 iteration of the analysis to help evaluate quantitatively the effect of discrete, lay media transmissions on Twitter and Google search trend correlations with COVID-19 incidence. doi = 10.1177/0194599820932128 id = cord-269856-6h3j89wn author = Paolo Fadini, Gian title = Newly-diagnosed diabetes and admission hyperglycemia predict COVID-19 severity by aggravating respiratory deterioration date = 2020-08-15 keywords = covid-19; diabetes; outcome summary = Abstract Aims We investigated whether pre-existing diabetes, newly-diagnosed diabetes, and admission hyperglycemia were associated with COVID-19 severity independently from confounders. Higher glucose level at admission was associated with COVID-19 severity, with a stronger association among patients without as compared to those with pre-existing diabetes (interaction p<0.001). In the present study, we investigated the role of pre-existing diabetes, newly-diagnosed diabetes, and admission glucose levels on the outcome of patients hospitalized for COVID-19. In unadjusted analysis, presence of diabetes (including pre-existing and newly-diagnosed) compared to its absence was associated with a higher incidence of the primary outcome (37.4% vs 20.3%; RR 1.85; 95% C.I. 1.33-2.57; p<0.001; Figure 1A ). In this study, we found that newly-detected diabetes and admission hyperglycemia were more strongly associated with COVID-19 severity outcome than pre-existing diabetes. The association between hyperglycemia and COVID-19 severity was significantly stronger for patients with newly-diagnosed diabetes than for those with pre-existing diabetes. doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108374 id = cord-323695-jkik03lb author = Paolo, Gisondi title = Incidence rates of hospitalization and death from COVID-19 in patients with psoriasis receiving biological treatment: a Northern Italy experience date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Objective investigating the incidence of hospitalization and death for COVID-19 in a large sample of patients with plaque psoriasis receiving biologic therapies compared with the general population. Materials and methods This is a retrospective multicenter cohort study including patients with chronic plaque psoriasis (n=6,501) being treated with biologic therapy and regularly followed up at the Divisions of Dermatology of several main hospitals in the Northern Italian cities of Verona, Padua, Vicenza, Modena, Bologna, Piacenza, Turin, and Milan. Incidence rates (IR) of hospitalization and death per 10,000 person-months with exact mid-p 95% confidence intervals (CI) and standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were estimated in the psoriasis patients and compared with the general population in the same geographic areas. We would not advise biologic discontinuation in patients on treatment since more than 6 months and not infected with SARS-CoV-2 to prevent hospitalization and death from COVID-19. In this study, we evaluated the incidence of hospitalization and death for COVID-19 in a large sample of patients with plaque psoriasis receiving biologic therapies compared with the general population. doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.032 id = cord-353618-r7skw6rf author = Papa, Alfonso title = Images in Practice: Painful Cutaneous Vasculitis in a SARS-Cov-2 IgG-Positive Child date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In a study carried out in China involving more than 44,000 cases of COVID-19, 0.9% of patients were between 0 and 10 years of age and 1.2% ranged in age from 10 to 19 years [1] . During the pandemic period in Italy, we observed more than ten pediatric patients who tested IgG positive for Sars-CoV-2 with painful vasculitic skin lesions on the feet that required modest pain relief therapy. Although it is not possible to correlate our patient case with the presence of SARS-COV-2 due to the swab negativity, we believe that the positive result for SARS-COV-2 IgG antibodies does correlate the skin lesion with COVID-19. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study COVID-19 and Kawasaki disease: novel virus and novel case. doi = 10.1007/s40122-020-00174-4 id = cord-317151-cxx5pcln author = Papa, Alfredo title = Covid-19 and the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a practical decalogue for the post-pandemic phase date = 2020-10-24 keywords = COVID-19; IBD; SARS; patient summary = 14 Since the beginning of the pandemic, the World Health Organization has provided general recommendations for the prevention of They include: to wash hands frequently and properly with soap or alcohol-based sanitizer, to maintain social distancing (at least 1 m of distance), to avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth, to cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, to seek medical care early when fever, cough or difficulty in breathing are recorded, to wear personal protective equipment (PPE), in particular the facial mask when social distancing is not possible to maintain or in closed places, to stay informed and follow any advice provided by own healthcare providers. This may require further changes in the planning of healthcare activities, both by using different prioritization criteria for outpatient visits, diagnostic tests and surgical interventions and by continuing to use treatment strategies that have worked well during the pandemic such as telemedicine, psychological support to patients and the educational function of patient associations (Table 1) . doi = 10.1177/1756284820968747 id = cord-255173-69t521o3 author = Papa, Annalisa title = Not all that glitters is COVID! Differential diagnosis of FDG-avid interstitial lung disease in low-prevalence regions date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; FDG summary = We briefly summarise some key radiological elements of differential diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases which, in our opinion, could be extremely useful for physicians reporting (18)FDG PET/CT scans, not only during the COVID-19 pandemic, but also for their normal routine activity. This case reminded us that, while a prompt recognition of COVID-19 is critically important in order to limit the diffusion of the disease among the healthcare staff and the general population, physicians reporting hybrid PET/CT scans should also keep alert for all serious conditions that may present with similar imaging features, particularly in the most fragile patients. The main radiological features of COVID-19 pneumonia include multifocal or diffuse bilateral ground-glass opacities (GGOs) and "crazy-paving" pattern with a predominant subpleural distribution (Hani et al. Severe COVID-19 lung involvement and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) may show identical imaging features, that is bilateral and diffuse GGOs and/or "crazy-paving" pattern. doi = 10.1186/s41824-020-00088-6 id = cord-308667-6jr3z9wx author = Papachristodoulou, Eleni title = Long-term and herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2: implications from current and past knowledge date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Furthermore, data from SARS-CoV suggest that the duration of immunity may not be sufficiently significant, while the immunity response against SARS-CoV-2 may not be efficiently effective in all patients, as relapses have already been reported. In conclusion, the development of an effective vaccine is an urgent necessity, as long-term natural immunity to SARS-CoV-2 may not be sufficient for the control of the current and future outbreaks. Information from follow-up studies of patients recovered from other coronaviruses may provide a background regarding the possible long-term immune response of SARS-CoV-2 infection. (2011) reported that antibody titers were undetectable in 21/23 patients at six years post-infection, while SARS-CoV antigen-specific memory B-cell response was undetectable in all 23 patients. As a consequence, the increasing number of individuals recovered from COVID-19 may not be able to provide effective herd immunity during subsequent post-pandemic waves of infection by mutant variants (Biswas et al. Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in a COVID-19 recovered 1 patient cohort and their implications doi = 10.1093/femspd/ftaa025 id = cord-256743-v8vegody author = Papes, Dino title = Redundancy and methodological issues in articles on COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-07 keywords = COVID-19; article summary = In the aftermath, months from now, the same authors and journals will probably publish corrections and retrospectives recognizing the mentioned issues and justifying them with the need for rapid spread of information that was necessary to fight the virus. By reviewing the published material, one can determine that the majority of articles are of low quality, repetitive, hastily written, methodologically flawed and highly biased. We have determined three main issues in COVID-19 publications: 1) Non-evidence based information/recommendation. All rights reserved 3) both statistical and clinical significance criteria should be clearly defined, critically assessed and approved before conducting and publishing a study with journals being more critical and selective when publishing RCTs, systematic-reviews and meta-analyses. All rights reserved Article and specific design type such as Review, the publication was counted as a specific design type. Methodological challenges of analysing COVID-19 data during the pandemic Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of covid-19 infection: systematic review and critical appraisal doi = 10.1111/eci.13301 id = cord-278907-xuq3iay5 author = Papoutsi, Eleni title = Global burden of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Provision of PPE, placing experienced HCWs mostly in organisational positions, increasing testing, minimising exposure by adjusting shift schedules, and providing food and sleep facilities could be some restorative measures to protect HCWs from #COVID19 https://bit.ly/2zcVARW Contrary to aforementioned number of infected HCWs from WHO, our research revealed ⩾67 569 cases of COVID-19 infected HCWs. Interestingly, countries in Asia seem to have lower infection rates among HCWs; this could possibly be attributed either to the readiness of these countries to deal with outbreaks [5, 6] or to the relatively lower health workforce density in south-east Asia [7] . Adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential for all healthcare professionals involved in the treatment of COVID-19 in order to protect their health and safety. Moreover, since the virus is in the community and could be spread from asymptomatic carriers, HCWs not working with already diagnosed COVID-19 patients risk exposure to the virus and, hence, also need protective measures. doi = 10.1183/23120541.00195-2020 id = cord-340284-xo7q4dqr author = Pappa, Sofia title = Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-05-08 keywords = covid-19; prevalence; study summary = The aim of this rapid systematic review and meta-analysis is to examine the emerging evidence of the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on the mental health of HCW and particularly in relation to the prevalence of anxiety, depression and insomnia. Following search terms were used: ("healthcare workers" OR "medical staff" OR "healthcare professionals") AND ("coronavirus" OR "SARS-COV-2" OR "COVID-19") AND ("depression" OR "anxiety" OR "insomnia" OR "mental health" OR "psychological"). The following data were extracted from each article by two reviews independently: study type, total number of participants, participation rate, region, percentage of physicians, nurses and other HCWs screened in the survey, number of male and female participants, assessment methods used and their cut-offs as well as the total number and percentage of participants that screened positive for depression, anxiety or insomnia. This timely rapid systematic review and meta-analyses of 13 cross-sectional studies and a total of 33062 participants provides early evidence that a high proportion of healthcare professionals experience significant levels of anxiety, depression and insomnia during COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026 id = cord-024005-rsnf1ib0 author = Paquet, Mireille title = COVID-19 as a Complex Intergovernmental Problem date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19; Canada summary = While political leaders and media often describe COVID-19 as a crisis, the concept of CIPs generates more analytical power to understand the management of this pandemic in federations and multilevel governance systems. Instead of taking federal arrangements as a starting point, this approach focusses on the nature and characteristics of a policy problem to analyze how governance systems and actors adapt. Our research into a previous CIP in Canada-irregular border crossings-demonstrated a clear pattern of the short-term, medium-term and long-term effects that these types of problems can have on the intergovernmental system (Schertzer and Paquet, 2020) . One of the key takeaways from the surge in irregular border crossings in Canada is that a CIP evolves over time: initial periods of crisis management and collaboration can give way to intergovernmental conflict. Beyond Canada, the concept of CIPs can be used to compare responses to, and the consequences of, COVID-19 in other federations. doi = 10.1017/s0008423920000281 id = cord-300640-9pvhaz8q author = Parackova, Zuzana title = Disharmonic Inflammatory Signatures in COVID-19: Augmented Neutrophils’ but Impaired Monocytes’ and Dendritic Cells’ Responsiveness date = 2020-09-29 keywords = SARS; covid-19; figure summary = We demonstrate the impaired functionality of COVID-19 dendritic cells and monocytes, particularly their low expression of maturation markers, increased PD-L1 levels, and their inability to upregulate phenotype upon stimulation. Ex vivo stimulation of peripheral whole blood with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) led to a rapid increase in surface degranulation markers CD11b and CD66b, and decrease in CD62L, a lectin involved in granulocyte trafficking, on both patient and healthy donor neutrophils ( Figure 1C and Figure S1C ). Only the COVID-19, but not the healthy neutrophils, were able to increase the production of IL-1β and TNFα upon ssRNA stimulation in comparison with untreated cells ( Figure 2B ) indicating a pro-inflammatory bias, possibly due to priming with SARS-CoV-2 or excessive cytokine/chemokine stimulation. In contrast to monocytes and DCs, COVID-19 neutrophils expressed significantly decreased levels of PD-L1 and their stimulation with ssRNA led to elevated production of proinflammatory cytokines. doi = 10.3390/cells9102206 id = cord-278440-vti6xp9v author = Paraiso, Ines L title = Potential use of polyphenols in the battle against COVID-19 date = 2020-09-09 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = The present mini-review aims to report in silico and in vitro evidence of the potential of polyphenols as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Screening by molecular docking of 33 molecules including natural products, antivirals, antifungals and antiprotozoal agents revealed that rutin (a citrus flavonoid) could bind to the active site of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL pro (PDB: 6Y84) with the highest affinity among the molecules screened [44] . •This study demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 as receptor for host-cell entry and the S protein needs the serine protease TMPRSS2 for priming. A: An investigation into the identification of potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease using molecular docking study Evaluation of green tea polyphenols as novel corona virus (SARS CoV-2) main protease (Mpro) inhibitors -an in silico docking and molecular dynamics simulation study Plant-derived natural polyphenols as potential antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 via RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibition: An in-silico analysis doi = 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.08.004 id = cord-286644-fafqg4i3 author = Paramore, Louise title = Delivering urgent urological surgery during the COVID‐19 pandemic in the United Kingdom: Outcomes from our initial 52 patients. date = 2020-05-14 keywords = covid-19 summary = Since first reported in December 2019, the novel RNA betacoronavirus disease (COVID‐19) has spread rapidly across the world with, as of the 3rd May 2020, 3.3 million confirmed cases with more than 230,000 deaths worldwide and more than 200 countries affected. Current evidence shows an incubation period of up to 14 days post exposure to the virus, and on average most patients first display symptoms on day five after initial exposure. Even before then, hospitals in the National Health Service (NHS) had been preparing for a surge in demand by redeploying All patients had standard pre-COVID-19 pre-operative assessments with no COVID-19 swabs taken preceding surgery. Standard operating procedures were followed as per the Public Health England (PHE) COVID-19 infection control policy. 6 During the operation, standard Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for aerosol generating procedures were used by the anaesthetics team. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing surgeries during the incubation period of COVID-19 infection doi = 10.1111/bju.15110 id = cord-318321-jfpbkntx author = Parashar, Bhupesh title = Disease Site-Specific Guidelines for Curative Radiation Treatment During ‘Limited Surgery’ and ‘Hospital Avoidance’: A Radiation Oncology Perspective From the Epicenter of COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-18 keywords = SBRT; covid-19 summary = We focus on three scenarios of cancer care: 1) radiation therapy as an alternative to surgery when immediate surgery is not possible, 2) radiation therapy as a ''bridge'' to surgery, and 3) radiation options definitively or postoperatively, given the risk of hospitalization with high-dose chemotherapy. In this review, we discuss radiation therapy (RT) options for cancer patients in three settings: 1) RT as an alternative to surgery when immediate surgery is not possible, 2) RT as a ''bridge'' to surgery and 3), radiation options definitively or postoperatively, given the risk of hospitalization with high-dose chemotherapy. If the risk of hospitalization is high, a different approach should be used: 1) sequential chemotherapy and radiation, 2) reduction of chemotherapy dose, 3) use of a less toxic concurrent systemic or targeted therapy, or 4) RT alone with an option of altered fractionation to compensate for lack of chemotherapy. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8190 id = cord-282198-ugmv9om1 author = Pare, Joseph R. title = Point-of-care Lung Ultrasound Is More Sensitive than Chest Radiograph for Evaluation of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; CXR; LUS summary = Our primary objective was to determine whether lung ultrasound (LUS) B-lines, when excluding patients with alternative etiologies for B-lines, are more sensitive for the associated diagnosis of COVID-19 than CXR. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of all patients who presented to a single, academic emergency department in the United States between March 20 and April 6, 2020, and received LUS, CXR, and viral testing for COVID-19 as part of their diagnostic evaluation. Lung ultrasound (LUS) has been shown to outperform chest radiograph (CXR) in its ability to detect abnormalities with non-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pulmonary infections. This was a retrospective, observational, cohort study of patients undergoing COVID-19 testing (based on real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR] of nasopharyngeal sampling performed on an assay developed by the Center for Regenerative Medicine at Boston University, operating under an Emergency Use Authorization], who also had both diagnostic LUS and CXR for the evaluation of COVID-19 in the emergency department (ED). doi = 10.5811/westjem.2020.5.47743 id = cord-335560-fe4ixqdv author = Pareek, Manish title = Ethnicity and COVID-19: an urgent public health research priority date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues advancing globally, reporting of clinical outcomes and risk factors for intensive care unit admission and mortality are emerging. 1 Striking differences between Chinese and Italian mortality indicate ethnicity might affect disease outcome, but there is little to no data to support or refute this. Individuals from different ethnic backgrounds vary in behaviours, comorbidities, immune profiles, and risk of infection, as exemplified by the increased morbidity and mortality in black and minority ethnic (BME) communities in previous pandemics. Only two (7%) of 29 publications reported ethnicity disaggregated data (both were case series without outcomes specific to ethnicity). BME communities might be at increased risk of acquisition, disease severity, and poor outcomes in COVID-19 for several reasons (figure). Specific ethnic groups, such as south Asians, have higher rates of some comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, which have been associated with severe disease and mortality in COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30922-3 id = cord-342467-3se4s217 author = Parikh, Keval D. title = Quantifying the decrease in emergency department imaging utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic at a multicenter healthcare system in Ohio date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = PURPOSE: To illustrate the change in emergency department (ED) imaging utilization at a multicenter health system in the state of Ohio during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical analysis was performed to determine if there was a difference in the number of ED imaging exams performed before the state of emergency was declared in Ohio (March 9, 2020) and during the system-wide trough of utilization amidst the crisis. In Fig. 2c , we see that, in contrast to plain films, chest only imaging in CT makes up 11% (253 of 2232 exams) of the normal volume. At their lowest points, chest plain films thus maintained the highest relative Table 1 Matching pair-wise analysis results assessing statistical significance of change in ED imaging volumes are provided. The 34% (84 Fig. 1 The rolling 7-day total number of imaging exams performed in the emergency department setting within the healthcare institution. doi = 10.1007/s10140-020-01848-4 id = cord-131094-1zz8rd3h author = Parisi, L. title = QReLU and m-QReLU: Two novel quantum activation functions to aid medical diagnostics date = 2020-10-15 keywords = CNN; COVID-19; MNIST; table summary = Despite a higher computational cost, results indicated an overall higher classification accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score brought about by either quantum AFs on five of the seven bench-mark datasets, thus demonstrating its potential to be the new benchmark or gold standard AF in CNNs and aid image classification tasks involved in critical applications, such as medical diagnoses of COVID-19 and PD. Despite a higher computational cost (four-fold with respect to the other AFs except for the CReLU''s increase being almost three-fold), the results achieved by either or both the proposed QReLU and m-ReLU AFs, assessed on classification accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score, indicate an overall higher generalisation achieved on five of the seven benchmark datasets ( Table 2 on the MNIST data, Tables 3 and 5 on PD-related spiral drawings, Tables 7 and 8 on COVID-19 lung US images). doi = nan id = cord-288931-d4fyitnk author = Parisi, Valentina title = Precision medicine in COVID-19: IL-1β a potential target date = 2020-04-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A wide spectrum of disease severity has been described, ranging from asymptomatic, mildly symptomatic, severe symptomatic requiring hospitalization, to respiratory failure from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Overall, these evidences suggest that the prognosis appears to be more conditioned by the host''s response than by the infection itself, thus a precision medicine approach is highly desirable. In cardiovascular diseases, an important source of inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, is the visceral adipose tissue (4) . In conclusion, there are many open questions that merit to be explored: i) to verify the role of NLRP3 in the clinical variability of COVID-19; ii) to test the potential therapeutic effect in COVID-19 of IL-1β inhibition (canakinumab, anakinra); iii) to explore the role of visceral adipose tissue in the inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Inhibitory Effects of Toll-Like Receptor 4, NLRP3 Inflammasome, and Interleukin-1β on White Adipocyte Browning doi = 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.04.006 id = cord-305539-vynlbty5 author = Park, Byunggeon title = Prognostic Implication of Volumetric Quantitative CT Analysis in Patients with COVID-19: A Multicenter Study in Daegu, Korea date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = OBJECTIVE: Lung segmentation using volumetric quantitative computed tomography (CT) analysis may help predict outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Normally aerated lung proportion (NALP) (HR, 0.872 per percentage; 95% CI, 0.794–0.957; p = 0.004) and NALP volume (NALPV) (HR, 1.002 per mL; 95% CI, 1.000–1.004; p = 0.019) were associated with a lower risk of critical events in the severe pneumonia group (n = 28). CONCLUSION: CRP in the mild pneumonia group; NALP and NALPV in the severe pneumonia group; and sex, CRP, and CALP in the total cohort were independently associated with CEFS in patients with COVID-19. Recent studies reported the use of well-aerated lung volume in patients with ARDS (14) and COVID-19 as a potential imaging biomarker to predict mortality (15) . The main result of our study was that the male sex, high CALP on volumetric quantitative analysis, and high CRP level were independently associated with poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.3348/kjr.2020.0567 id = cord-280089-x8fs34d7 author = Park, Hayne Cho title = Korean clinical practice guidelines for preventing transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hemodialysis facilities date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Calling on previous experience with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome during the 2015 outbreak, the joint committee of the Korean Society of Nephrology and the Korean Society of Dialysis Therapy quickly formed a COVID-19 task force team to develop a manual before the first index case was diagnosed in the hemodialysis unit. This special article introduces clinical practice guidelines to prevent secondary transmission of COVID-19 within hemodialysis facilities, which were developed to protect patients, healthcare workers, and caregivers from this highly transmissible virus. The areas of infection control covered by these guidelines include standard precautions, performing dialysis therapy for confirmed or suspected cases, performing cohort isolation for contact patients, and disease monitoring and contact surveillance. COVID-19 clinical practice guidelines for HD facilities were developed by a joint committee comprised of members from the Korean Society of Nephrology, the Korean Society of Dialysis Therapy, and the Korean Center for Disease Control & Prevention. doi = 10.23876/j.krcp.20.046 id = cord-342716-h0d47023 author = Park, Hojeong title = A Study on Herd Immunity of COVID-19 in South Korea: Using a Stochastic Economic-Epidemiological Model date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; Korea summary = title: A Study on Herd Immunity of COVID-19 in South Korea: Using a Stochastic Economic-Epidemiological Model This paper analyzes the basic reproduction number in South Korea which enables us to identify a necessary level of vaccine stockpile to achieve herd immunity. The herd immunity calculated from economic-epidemiological model suggests that at least 62% of the susceptible population be vaccinated when COVID-19 vaccine becomes available. Although COVID-19 virus is still ongoing in South Korea, the number of new infected cases has been substantially reduced since the mid April. This short paper attempts to examine the herd immunity of COVID-19 using an economic-epidemiological model. The model allows us to calculate the basic reproduction number, R 0 , which is an essential indicator to understand the infective power of the virus. We start with an epidemiological model to analyze the herd immunity of COVID-19 in South Korea. Basic and effective reproduction numbers of COVID-19 cases in South Korea excluding Sincheonji cases doi = 10.1007/s10640-020-00439-8 id = cord-282513-hbqo5ylv author = Park, Hyunbong title = Mental Healthcare Policies in South Korea during the COVID-19 Epidemic date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; Korea summary = Patients who are diagnosed with being infected by a new virus experience mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, and stress during hospitalization or quarantine [3] . Second, in February 2020, during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, the National Center for Disaster Trauma organized an integrated psychological support group composed of national and local mental health welfare centers, and conducted preemptive interventions to reduce the mental distress of the people. In addition, when identified as part of a high-risk group for suicide, post-traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, or physical symptoms, it links individuals to specialized medical institutions for proper treatment. In addition, the management of the mental health of local residents in cities such as Daegu, which has a high rate of infection with high levels of anxiety and depression, and medical staff at the forefront of treating infectious diseases, needs to be customized. doi = 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.06.006 id = cord-328657-rlrs7spv author = Park, Jay J H title = Clinical trials of disease stages in COVID 19: complicated and often misinterpreted date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The initial remdesivir randomised trial on patients receiving treatment in hospital, in which the median time to remdesivir initiation after symptom onset was 11 days, did not show important statistical benefits for time to clinical improvement. 6 A subsequent randomised trial that initiated remdesivir at a median of 9 days after symptom onset, by contrast, found a shorter recovery time in patients with less severe pulmonary disease than in the placebo group. Conversely, the dexamethasone findings in the RECOVERY trial found benefit in patients with more severe disease requiring oxygen or respiratory support, 5 supporting an antiinflammatory effect when inflammation pathology predominates. 9 Although it is clear that some therapies have no clinical benefits in patients admitted to hospital, there is much uncertainty, and thus clinical equipoise, to justify continuing clinical trials in other COVID-19 disease states. Most ongoing trials are focusing on participants admitted to hospital, and generalising their findings to ambulatory patients might potentially harm opportunities to identify effective outpatient treatments. doi = 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30365-x id = cord-259906-9em5tjya author = Park, Ji Young title = First Pediatric Case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korea date = 2020-03-16 keywords = COVID-19; Korea summary = Because the patient closely contacted her uncle and her mother, she was screened for COVID-19, and three screening tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were all negative on day 1 and 4 since her uncle''s diagnosis (February 1) and day 2 from the last exposure (February 5) to her mother. As the number of confirmed cases surges in Korea, data on pediatric patients need to be comprehensively analyzed to further describe the clinical findings and to learn the role of children in a COVID-19 pandemic. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases doi = 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e124 id = cord-312399-7oaerpee author = Park, Joo-Hyun title = The Clinical Manifestations and Chest Computed Tomography Findings of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients in China: A Proportion Meta-Analysis date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan summary = title: The Clinical Manifestations and Chest Computed Tomography Findings of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients in China: A Proportion Meta-Analysis OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to identify the clinical features and chest computed tomography (CT) findings of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and to compare the characteristics of patients diagnosed in Wuhan and in other areas of China by integrating the findings reported in previous studies. All type of reports in the English language that contained the descriptions of clinical features and CT findings except for the review articles were included in a data-set for detailed review, and two reviewers included only studies with data on four or more patients (case-series, cohort, or observational study) into the data-set to provide a higher level of evidence Fever was found to be the most common clinical manifestation in all coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. doi = 10.21053/ceo.2020.00570 id = cord-346635-rcwrbahh author = Park, Kee B. title = Global Neurosurgery in the Time of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 5 The infection and death of HCWs in LMICs will impair the implementation of national COVID-19 responses and increase the workload on healthy staff. Furthermore, elective surgeries have been put on hold to decrease the infection risk for both patients and HCWs and to create additional treatment capacity for the COVID-19 patients. 6 There is now an effort within the global surgery community, whose main objective is to increase surgical capacity in the developing world, to advocate for surgical system strengthening as a component of pandemic preparedness strategy in the LMICs. Investment in surgical system building may be one of the "bestbuys" in pandemic preparedness and global health. Many neurosurgeons may feel that they have very little to add to the COVID-19 discourse, but in the context of strengthening surgical systems in the developing world, steering some of the funds earmarked for pandemic response and preparedness into surgical capacity building can lead to a more robust neurosurgical delivery system in these countries. doi = 10.14245/ns.2040246.123 id = cord-316631-um0olqet author = Park, Kyung Chan title = Single‐cell oxygen saturation imaging shows that gas exchange by red blood cells is not impaired in COVID‐19 patients date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Single‐cell oxygen saturation imaging shows that gas exchange by red blood cells is not impaired in COVID‐19 patients Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain these findings, 1,2 including pulmonary microvascular thrombosis, dysregulated hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and dysfunctional gas transport by red blood cells (RBCs). 10 In a recent letter to this Journal, Hb oxygen affinity was shown to be unaltered in a cohort of 14 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. When expressed in terms of the fraction of cells that release >95% of stored oxygen in a given time (equivalent to capillary transit), there was no effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on RBC O 2 handling (Fig 2) . The cause of hypoxaemia in COVID-19 patients is therefore unlikely to relate to impaired O 2 handling by RBCs, either as a result of direct coronavirus infection or a consequence of the inflammatory state. Haemoglobin oxygen affinity in patients with severe COVID-19 infection doi = 10.1111/bjh.17025 id = cord-329193-xuxbqbsf author = Park, Soo-kyung title = Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Fecal Samples from Patients with Asymptomatic and Mild COVID-19 in Korea date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Methods We collected data from 46 patients (median age, 26 years; 46% men) with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 (without fever and pneumonia) and prolonged respiratory shedding of SARS-CoV-2, quarantined from April 4, 2020 through April 24, 2020 in Korea. Conclusions In an analysis of fecal and respiratory specimens from patients with COVID-19 in quarantine in Korea, we found that the gastrointestinal tract could be a route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 even in patients with asymptomatic or mild disease, with no gastrointestinal symptoms. New Findings: An analysis of fecal and respiratory specimens from patients with COVID-19 in quarantine in Korea found that the gastrointestinal tract could be a route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 even in patients with asymptomatic or mild disease, with no gastrointestinal symptoms. New Findings: An analysis of fecal and respiratory specimens from patients with COVID-19 in quarantine in Korea found that the gastrointestinal tract could be a route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 even in patients with asymptomatic or mild disease, with no gastrointestinal symptoms. doi = 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.06.005 id = cord-334960-l5q5wc06 author = Park, Su Eun title = Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease-19) date = 2020-04-02 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS summary = 9) Two novel strains of coronavirus have jumped species from animal to human, spread by human-to-human transmission, and caused severe acute respiratory syndrome leading to high fatality rate in the past 2 decades. 10) Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated virus (SARS-CoV), previously unknown coronavirus traced to horseshoe bats in southern China, caused 8,096 confirmed cases and 774 deaths (9.6% fatality rate) in 29 countries from November 2002 to July 2003. 19, 20) The virus was initially called 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) upon its emergence, until the Coronaviridae Study Group of International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses named the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) based on the phylogenetic analysis, on February 11, 2020. 10) Conclusion Within 3 months since the discovery of a novel coronavirus in patients with pneumonia of unknown origin in Wuhan City, China, COVID-19 has spread rapidly throughout the world and is beating SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in the number of confirmed cases and deaths. doi = 10.3345/cep.2020.00493 id = cord-268874-ldja6aa4 author = Park, Sun Hee title = Personal Protective Equipment for Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19; N95; PPE; SARS summary = Although no study has conclusively linked SARS-CoV-2 transmission to contaminated environmental surfaces, indirect contact with fomites is considered a possible route based on the evidence of heavy environmental contamination in healthcare settings, objects used by COVID-19 patients [26, 27] , and the finding that the virus remains viable on plastic surfaces for as long as 3 days [28] . Initially, the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) guidelines recommended coveralls with shoe covers for contact precautions, goggles/face shields for eye protection, N95 or equivalent respirators for respiratory protection, and powered airpurifying respirators (PAPRs) when AGPs are performed [46] . PPE for droplet and contact precautions, such as surgical masks with eye protection, gowns, and gloves, are recommended for HCWs in contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients, and N95 or equivalent respirators should to be worn by HCWs whenever AGPs are performed. doi = 10.3947/ic.2020.52.2.165 id = cord-268540-wrjzr3ws author = Park, You Jeong title = Fighting the War Against COVID-19 via Cell-Based Regenerative Medicine: Lessons Learned from 1918 Spanish Flu and Other Previous Pandemics date = 2020-08-13 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; Cov-2; SARS; cell; patient; spanish; virus summary = A potential target for drug development for COVID-19 also involves inhibition of ACE2, the host cell receptor for the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 that is primed by TMPRSS2 protease and may prevent the entry of the virus. As previously described, the intermolecular interaction between the viral SP and human ACE2 Phase II CAStem cells will be intravenously injected into patients with or without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by COVID-19. Phase II Patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by COVID-19 will be treated with intravenous UC-MSCs at a dose 1 million xKg. Patient improvement will be evaluated over three weeks, along with the assessment of the immune profile, investigating the stem cells'' effect on the cytokine storm. The similarities in systemic multi-organ complications between H7N9 and Sars-Cov-2 infections, along with direct evidence of the benefits of MSCs transplantation for COVID-19, further supports the potential of stem cells as an effective treatment [138] . doi = 10.1007/s12015-020-10026-5 id = cord-354087-wmk0z894 author = Parker, Carmen Black title = Differentiating Domains of Involuntary Containment for Persons with Severe Psychiatric Impairment and COVID-19 date = 2020-06-18 keywords = covid-19 summary = Public health, acute medical, and mental health directives intersect: all permit involuntarily detaining individuals for the "safety of themselves or others." As the vignette illustrates, individuals with COVID-19 and severe psychiatric impairment may risk "danger to others" if psychiatric symptoms and poor insight reduce behavioral capacity to adhere to COVID-19 safety regulations. Treating individuals with both COVID-19 and severe psychiatric illness traverses public, physical, and mental health. We, the authors, are witnessing some providers default indiscriminately to more familiar mental health mechanisms of involuntary containment for such persons in various settings, from outpatient to hospital psychiatric consults to state administration. Neither Mr. A nor Ms. B were acutely medically ill from COVID-19, thus their care did not require inpatient medical hospitalization or consequently fall under the domain of medical involuntary holds. Rather, mental health regulations direct instances when acutely exacerbated psychiatric symptoms might coincidentally impair behavioral adherence to COVID-19 precautions, thereby suggesting plausible benefit from involuntary inpatient psychiatric medication and management. doi = 10.1016/j.psym.2020.06.010 id = cord-323766-oyyj35bl author = Parker, Michael J title = Ethics of instantaneous contact tracing using mobile phone apps in the control of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; app; contact summary = In this paper, our aim is to set out a number of ethical considerations relevant to the use of mobile phone apps to enable rapid contact tracing. Any consideration of the ethical questions arising in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic has to place great importance on the moral significance of its international spread and the massive scale ii The effectiveness and reach of any implementation of the app in democratic societies will inevitably be affected by varying configurations of state-citizen relationships, as well as by the roles of civil society groups and non-governmental actors. In this paper, we have set out a number of pressing ethical questions raised by the proposed use of a mobile phone app, the collection of proximity data for the control of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the safe emergence of populations from government-imposed lockdowns. doi = 10.1136/medethics-2020-106314 id = cord-315498-gpzee1f2 author = Parkinson, N. title = Systematic review and meta-analysis identifies potential host therapeutic targets in COVID-19. date = 2020-09-01 keywords = MAIC; SARS; covid-19; gene summary = 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 In this analysis we systematically identify and combine existing data from human betacoronavirus research to generate a comprehensive ranked list of host genes as a resource to inform further work on COVID-19. To identify existing literature which could provide informative datasets for host gene prioritisation, we conducted a systematic review of published studies and preprint manuscripts pertaining to host gene involvement in human betacoronavirus infection and associated disease. Results from identified studies, in the form of lists of implicated host factor genes, were combined using meta-analysis by information content (MAIC), 3 an approach we previously developed to identify host genes necessary for Influenza A virus (IAV) replication. Table 2 Candidate-gene human genetic studies < 5 hosts in virus group or control group in patient studies Meta-analyses, in silico anayses, re-analysis of data published elsewhere Potentially relevant pre-print manuscripts were identified by screening all papers categorised as COVID-19-related in the bioRxiv and medRxiv servers. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.27.20182238 id = cord-346135-uidvtpjw author = Parks, Anna L. title = COVID-19 coagulopathy and thrombosis: Analysis of hospital protocols in response to the rapidly evolving pandemic date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; VTE summary = We found greatest consensus on recommendations for heparin-based pharmacologic venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in COVID-19 patients without contraindications. We found greatest consensus on recommendations for heparin-based pharmacologic venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in COVID-19 patients without contraindications. Protocols differed regarding incorporation of D-dimer tests, dosing of VTE prophylaxis, indications for post-discharge pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis, how to evaluate for VTE, and the use of empiric therapeutic anticoagulation. Among the protocols that J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof addressed a clinical question, we then reported the proportion of institutions that supported a specific practice ("consensus"). Although there was near-universal agreement on the need for heparin-based VTE prophylaxis for COVID-19 inpatients without contraindications, recommended dosing strategies varied across institutions (Figure 1a) . In contrast, four protocols (19%) specifically recommended against empiric therapeutic dosing of anticoagulation based on lab values in the absence of other clinical indications such as proven VTE. doi = 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.09.018 id = cord-345681-sj0ypr2c author = Parks, Courtney A title = Food System Workers are the Unexpected but Under Protected COVID Heroes date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; food summary = Health care practitioners have surfaced as front-line workers addressing the urgent needs of the COVID-19 pandemic, and there remains much ground to gain in terms of providing adequate support and protection for these groups (5) . Some of these stimulus funds are appropriated to various industries and individuals with ∼$23.5 billion to assist farmers, most of which is designated for soy and corn producers (e.g., commodity crops), leaving out producers of "specialty crops" which include FVs. These measures may widen the nutrition gap in the USA, further deteriorating a limited food system to support healthy eating. As Congress considers additional COVID stimulus packages, appropriate workplace health and safety measures must be considered to better protect and support front-line food system workers; otherwise, there most likely will be longlasting, adverse effects on our food system and nation''s health. doi = 10.1093/jn/nxaa173 id = cord-325026-k514rh8g author = Parlapani, Eleni title = Intolerance of Uncertainty and Loneliness in Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; Greece; loneliness; old summary = The survey included sociodemographic questions and six psychometric scales: the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), the Brief Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS-12), and the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (JGLS). As a result, restriction measures deprived older adults of the opportunity to socialize with their peers, compromising psychological wellbeing by bringing on isolation, a condition posing a great risk for depression, anxiety (43) , as well as loneliness (10) . Taking available literature into account, the study aimed to investigate the psychological impact of COVID-19, that is, fear, depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as sleep disturbances, on older individuals. The awareness that increased age is a risk factor for COVID-19related mortality, together with the restriction of family and social contacts due to quarantine measures, had a psychological impact on older adults during the pandemic (79) . doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00842 id = cord-322258-rl9o60cs author = Parmar, Chetan title = Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Can Prevent People with Obesity from COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-07-15 keywords = BMS; COVID-19 summary = title: Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Can Prevent People with Obesity from COVID-19 Infection The COVID-19 pandemic has infected more than 8.9 million globally and caused death of nearly 469,587 people (https:// www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/ situation-reports). Published literature shows that the predictors of poor outcomes in COVID-19 infection are obesity, hypertension (HT), and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) [1] , (https://www.icnarc.org/Our-Audit/Audits/Cmp/Reports). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients are more susceptible for respiratory infection and have poor outcomes (https://www.icnarc.org/Our-Audit/Audits/Cmp/Reports). There were also concerns that BMS alters immunity and these patients are at higher risk of getting infected by COVID-19 [8] . Patients with BMS surgery are not at increased risk of COVID-19 infection compared with the general population. Patients with obesity who had BMS, decreases their fat stores, improves their comorbidities, and hence makes them less susceptible to severe outcomes if they catch COVID-19 infection. We need to strategize to fight these two pandemics, COVID-19 and obesity, simultaneously [1] (https://www.icnarc.org/Our-Audit/Audits/Cmp/ Reports). doi = 10.1007/s11695-020-04843-3 id = cord-317238-uszhwugw author = Parodi, Aurora title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) and Malaria. Have anti glycoprotein antibodies a role? date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = According to the data of Italian Superior Institute of Health, in Bergamo, one of the cities of Lombardia mostly affect, the black people with moderate to severe COVID-19 are about 1,6% of COVID-19 patients [1] . However it is known that in African-Americans the severity of COVID-19 is high so, we think that the theory of immune genetic factors does not completely explain the answer. In addition children who, usually have antibodies to different viruses or bacteria are known to be protected towards COVID-19 [8] . Also coronavirus 19 presents different glycoproteins (GPs):membrane GPs, spike GPs and GPs that have acetyl esterase and hemagglutination properties .These GPs could be recognized by the antibodies produced in malaria and could protect by virus infection or induced a milder disease [9] . The natural anti histo-blood group antibodies may play a favorable role in antiviral immunity since the viruses may carry ABH structures in their envelope glycoproteins as previously demonstrated for other coronavirus [11] . doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110036 id = cord-029631-hdqzjdz3 author = Parodi, Stephen title = Kaiser Permanente’s System Capabilities to Suppress Covid-19 date = 2020-06-09 keywords = Kaiser; Permanente; covid-19 summary = Kaiser Permanente is developing eight capabilities aimed at suppressing the novel coronavirus that include robust testing, telehealth, contact tracing, partnerships with advocacy groups, planning for future surges, risk modeling to prioritize deferred care, and clinical research. Without aggressive disease mitigation strategies like social distancing and shelter-in-place orders, surges in Covid-19 infection can rapidly overwhelm health care capacity and exacerbate death rates.5 -10 However, with aggressive mitigation strategies in place, radical changes to social and economic activity can have profound consequences on a community''s ability to meet its citizens'' basic needs. 22 Breaking the chain of household " transmission, which may be providing a critical pathway for disease spread, will also be essential.23 Guided by our experiences with highly successful population management programs, Kaiser Permanente will work to ensure that infection-prevention practices, early identification of contacts, and testing of additional patients are carried out, whether the setting is a skilled nursing facility, a residential care facility, or a personal home. doi = 10.1056/cat.20.0187 id = cord-289655-umc2t7du author = Parohan, Mohammad title = Liver injury is associated with severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of retrospective studies date = 2020-05-09 keywords = albumin; covid-19 summary = title: Liver injury is associated with severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of retrospective studies CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of liver injury, as assessed by serum analysis (AST, ALT, total Bilirubin and Albumin levels), seems to be higher in patients with severe COVID‐19 infection. Several studies have reported the clinical characteristics and laboratory findings associated with different degrees of liver injury in patients with COVID-19 infection [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . Two reviewers (MP and AS) extracted the following data from the studies: author''s name, publication year, study design, sample size, age and gender of patients, serum levels of AST, ALT, Albumin and Bilirubin and outcome assessment methods. To our knowledge, this study is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between serum levels of AST, ALT, total Bilirubin and Albumin with severity of COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1111/hepr.13510 id = cord-322577-5bboc1z0 author = Parola, Anna title = Mental Health Through the COVID-19 Quarantine: A Growth Curve Analysis on Italian Young Adults date = 2020-10-02 keywords = covid-19; italian; model summary = Despite several recent psychological researches on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighting that young adults represent a high risk category, no studies specifically focused on young adults'' mental health status have been carried out yet. This study aimed to assess and monitor Italian young adults'' mental health status during the first 4 weeks of lockdown through the use of a longitudinal panel design. The Syndromic Scales of Adult Self-Report 18-59 were used to assess the internalizing problems (anxiety/depression, withdrawn, and somatic complaints), externalizing problems (aggressive, rule-breaking, and intrusive behavior), and personal strengths. CONCLUSIONS: The results contributed to the ongoing debate concerning the psychological impact of the COVID-19 emergency, helping to plan and develop efficient intervention projects able to take care of young adults'' mental health in the long term. This study assessed and monitored Italian young adults'' mental health status during the firsts 4 weeks of lockdown imposed by the government during the COVID-19 outbreak, from March 16 to April 16. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567484 id = cord-350065-frg7gvf5 author = Parolari, Alessandro title = Safety for all: coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and cardiac surgery: a roadmap to ‘phase’ 2 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The COVID-19 pandemic has led the emergency task forces of the 20 Italian regions to reallocate intensive care unit resources, to cancel elective surgical procedures and to allocate intensive care unit beds usually dedicated to cardiac, neurosurgery and some coronary care patients to the care of patients with COVID-19 [3] . Our strategy is based on achieving the following 2 goals: (i) given the geographical heterogeneity of the epidemic, assessing the level of spread and severity in any given area and (ii) developing a COVID-free pathway to mitigate the risk of nosocomial infection. Although some areas have used the ''hub and spoke'' approach whereby hospitals delivering cardiac surgery are not routinely treating COVID-19 patients, the focus and the challenge during phase 2 are the reconversion of the cardiac surgical departments where resources had previously been redeployed for the treatment of infected patients, the most common approach adopted in Italy during phase 1. doi = 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa187 id = cord-253170-mjy4culg author = Parra-Lara, Luis Gabriel title = Azithromycin and SARS-CoV-2 infection: where we are now and where we are going date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = • Due to its mechanism of action and various anti-inflammatory effects, azithromycin is a promising medicine for the treatment of the coronavirus COVID-19. In combination with hydroxychloroquine, it was recently shown that azithromycin inhibits the replication of the coronavirus COVID-19, in an open-label clinical trial conducted in France (5) . The group of patients who received hydroxychloroquine as monotherapy had significantly higher viral loads than those who received the combined therapy with azithromycin, so the true adjuvant efficacy of this drug may be overestimated in the virus eradication rates. However, the mechanism by which the combination of a macrolide with hydroxychloroquine stops the production of the SARS-CoV-2 virus remains unknown, and to date no in vitro studies have been reported with results in this regard. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.06.016 id = cord-268357-oijcqk0n author = Parra-Medina, Rafael title = Comments to: A systematic review of pathological findings in COVID-19: a pathophysiological timeline and possible mechanisms of disease progression date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Comments to: A systematic review of pathological findings in COVID-19: a pathophysiological timeline and possible mechanisms of disease progression Based on the 250 COVID-19 autopsies found during our systematic review through March 30, 2020; we concur with the article hypothesis of mechanisms of infection and the tissular injury. Disorders of macrophages as secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH) have been reported in COVID-19 [6, 7] . This condition has also been reported in cases with SARS-CoV-1 and in other viral infections like hepatitis B and C, mumps, Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, and HPV [18] . A systematic review of pathological findings in COVID-19: a pathophysiological timeline and possible mechanisms of disease progression Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages A pathological report of three COVID-19 cases by minimal invasive autopsies The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) directly decimates human spleens and lymph nodes. SARS-CoV-2 infection associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: an autopsy series with clinical and laboratory correlation. doi = 10.1038/s41379-020-0631-z id = cord-261311-j6bmgmhz author = Parreiras Martins, Maria Auxiliadora title = Preparedness of pharmacists to respond to the emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: a comprehensive overview date = 2020-07-31 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; drug; patient summary = COVID-19 patients may present high risk in the use of medications and clinical pharmacists can contribute substantially as part of a multidisciplinary team to improve outcomes in drug therapy in severe and critical illness. The course of an intense inflammatory process leads to alterations in many Review of patients'' medical history Provision of real-time assessment and evidence-based (when possible) advice on drug therapy Support on safe use of medications brought from home Medication reconciliation at different levels of transition of care Simplification of drug administration schedule to reduce the exposure of nurses to COVID-19 patients Monitoring of potential drug-drug, drug-food interactions and adverse drug reactions Adjustments in dosing regimens according to liver and kidney functions Prevention of medication errors Optimization of drug therapy and electrolytes to minimize the risk of prolonged corrected QT intervals and torsade de pointes Support on lung-protective ventilation and neuromuscular blocking agents to facilitate ventilator synchrony Provision of conservative fluid strategies and monitoring of vasopressors use Monitoring of empirical antibiotics for suspected bacterial co-infection with rigorous de-escalation Employment of FASTHUG-MAIDENS mnemonic to identify drug-related problems in intensive care units Support on drug information to patients and multidisciplinary teams, following biosafety protocols Considerations on special situations (pediatrics, older adults, people with chronic diseases, allergies) Research and continuing education Precise documentation of pharmaceutical interventions laboratory tests in patients with acute or severe/critical illness. doi = 10.1007/s40267-020-00761-7 id = cord-285254-8a1cia8s author = Parry, Nicola M.A. title = COVID-19 and pets: When pandemic meets panic date = 2020-12-31 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; pet summary = Concern also rapidly emerged among pet owners and the general public in late February 2020, when a dog in Hong Kong tested positive for the novel coronavirus. Although the dog had no clinical signs, he was taken to a nearby animal quarantine facility where oral, nasal, and rectal swab specimens were collected from him for SARS-CoV-2 testing. In late March 2020, health officials in Belgium reported that a cat from Liège province had also tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, about 1 week after its owner was diagnosed with COVID-19. Thus, the positive RT-PCR results in these pets do not necessarily indicate the presence of viable virus that was infectious and could potentially have put other people (or animals) at risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100090 id = cord-356146-0vqg3r2e author = Parsi, Kurosh title = Triage of patients with venous and lymphatic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic – The Venous and Lymphatic Triage and Acuity Scale (VELTAS): A consensus document of the International Union of Phlebology (UIP), Australasian College of Phlebology (ACP), American Vein and Lymphatic Society (AVLS), American Venous Forum (AVF), European College of Phlebology (ECoP), European Venous Forum (EVF), Interventional Radiology Society of Australasia (IRSA), Latin American Venous Forum, Pan-American Society of Phlebology and Lymphology and the Venous Association of India (VAI) This consensus document has been co-published in Phlebology [DOI: 10.1177/0268355520930884] and Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.05.002]. The publications are identical except for minor stylistic and spelling differences in keeping with each journal’s style. The contribution has been published under a Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; Venous summary = title: Triage of patients with venous and lymphatic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic – The Venous and Lymphatic Triage and Acuity Scale (VELTAS): A consensus document of the International Union of Phlebology (UIP), Australasian College of Phlebology (ACP), American Vein and Lymphatic Society (AVLS), American Venous Forum (AVF), European College of Phlebology (ECoP), European Venous Forum (EVF), Interventional Radiology Society of Australasia (IRSA), Latin American Venous Forum, Pan-American Society of Phlebology and Lymphology and the Venous Association of India (VAI) This consensus document has been co-published in Phlebology [DOI: 10.1177/0268355520930884] and Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.05.002]. Venous and Lymphatic Triage and Acuity Scale aims to standardise the triage of patients with venous and lymphatic disease or vascular anomalies by providing an international consensus-based classification of clinical categories and triage urgency. doi = 10.1177/0268355520930884 id = cord-309829-3dlfcy31 author = Parupudi, Tejasvi title = Evidence-based point-of-care technology development during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-11-09 keywords = COVID-19; POC; SARS; patient summary = As learnt from previous viral epidemicsfor example, influenza (H1N1) in 2009, Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and the SARS outbreak during 2003 -rapid and accurate diagnostic testing with point-of-care technologies (POCTs) is beneficial in early identification [2, 3] . The need for rapid screening, triage and isolation of affected populations, the ability to monitor and stratify patients at home, in the clinic and in intensive care units (ICUs), and the associated decisions caregivers must take based on the test results underline the significance of POCTs. The WHO forum responsible for identifying immediate research needs and research gaps for COVID-19 recognized mobilizing research on rapid POC diagnostics for use at the community level and ensuring access to accurate and standardized diagnostics as one of the eight immediate research actions [4] . doi = 10.2144/btn-2020-0096 id = cord-184744-oyc2djxk author = Parvez, Md Sorwer Alam title = Virtual Screening of Plant Metabolites against Main protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2: Therapeutics option of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; Rifampin; SARS summary = The present study evaluated the possibility of plant originated approved 117 therapeutics against the main protease protein (MPP), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 including drug surface analysis by using molecular docking through drug repurposing approaches. The molecular interaction study revealed that Rifampin (-16.3 kcal/mol) were topmost inhibitor of MPP where Azobechalcone were found most potent plant therapeutics for blocking the RdRp (-15.9 kcal /mol) and S (-14.4 kcal/mol) protein of SARS-CoV-2. The main protease proteins, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 were employed to molecular docking study with the repurposed drug candidates from plant origin for find out the better drug option towards the COVID-19 pandemic. In the present study, five plantr based therapeutics such as Azobechalcone, Rifampin, Isolophirachalcone, Tetrandrine and Fangchinoline were suggested for potential inhibitors for the Main Protease protein, RNA dependent RNA polymerase and Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 by using molecular docking based virtual screening study. doi = nan id = cord-258109-19zqd907 author = Pasarikovski, Christopher R. title = The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Stroke Volume date = 2020-06-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = 1, 4 While it has been reported that Covid-19 infection may be associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke and large vessel occlusion in younger patients at our center, we observed the opposite, with the Covid-19 pandemic resulting not only in a decrease in the number of EVTs, but in the number of acute code strokes in general. 5, 6 While this may reflect a natural variation in the number of strokes in the population over time, our assumption is that measures aimed at minimizing exposure to Covid-19 have influenced the decision of patients to seek medical attention. With respect to the various means of patient presentation for code stroke activation (directly via emergency medical services [EMS], transfer from another hospital, emergency room walk-in, and inpatients), it appears that the decrease in code stroke volume is evenly distributed. doi = 10.1017/cjn.2020.116 id = cord-292792-goh51sya author = Pascual Gómez, Natalia F. title = Potenciales biomarcadores predictores de mortalidad en pacientes COVID-19 en el Servicio de Urgencias date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; IC95 summary = Nuestro objetivo principal con este estudio fue identificar qué marcadores séricos realizados en la primera analítica de urgencias pueden ayudarnos, junto a parámetros clínicos, a estratificar según riesgo de mortalidad a 30 días a los pacientes con sospecha de infección por SARS-COV-2 que acuden al Servicio de Urgencias. Se analizaron variables epidemiológicas (sexo, edad) clínicas (Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI), Severity Score for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CURB65), fiebre (T ≥ 37,8ºC), tos, mortalidad a 30 días) enfermedades concomitantes y hábitos tóxicos (hipertensión arterial (HTA), diabetes mellitus (DM), dislipemia (DL), hábito tabáquico), la presencia de infiltrados en la radiografía de tórax, test de rRT-PCR para COVID-19 y los siguientes parámetros analíticos (leucocitos totales, linfocitos totales, neutrófilos totales, hematocrito, dímero-D, glucosa, urea, creatinina, sodio, GOT, GPT, LDH, GGT, pH arterial y venoso y lactato). El presente estudio muestra que leucocitos totales>11.000 cél/mm 3 , creatinina>1,1 mg/dL, glucosa >126 mg/dL junto con la edad >75 años de pacientes con sospecha de COVID-19, con independencia del sexo, son factores que podrían utilizarse para crear un Score de riesgo de aplicación en Urgencias por asociarse de manera independiente con la mortalidad global a los 30 días. doi = 10.37201/req/060.2020 id = cord-294792-m6phbueb author = Pascual-Prieto, Javier title = Epidemia covid-19: ¿debe el oftalmólogo estar alerta ante las paresias oculomotoras? date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = En la literatura revisada, los casos de paresias oculomotoras o síndromes neurológicos han acontecido en pacientes con enfermedad moderada-severa 3-5 . Sin embargo, otros grupos han publicado casos en los que teorizan una etiología para-infecciosa o simultánea para este mismo síndrome 5, 6 Como ya advierten Gutiérrez-Ortiz et al., es importante pensar que la relación entre las oftalmoparesias y la enfermedad por COVID-19 puede haber sido solo coincidental 3 Otros autores sugieren que en los pacientes más graves se desencadenan sucesos de hiperinflamación que pueden provocar fenómenos de inmunotrombosis en la microvasculatura. Aunque en nuestros pacientes con parálisis oculomotoras aisladas la enfermedad COVID-19 ha sido leve-moderada, no deja de ser una hipótesis que pudiera estar en consonancia con la etiología microvascular de los vasa nervorum. Podemos resumir que ante la falta de evidencia sobre la causa o casualidad de estos fenómenos neuroftalmológicos en el contexto de la enfermedad por COVID-19, el oftalmólogo puede y debe contribuir a esclarecer estas relaciones. doi = 10.1016/j.oftal.2020.05.002 id = cord-329713-dqmvpqtd author = Pasin, Laura title = Regional COVID-19 Network for Coordination of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Veneto, Italy date = 2020-05-15 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = Considering the epidemiologic data reported from China, 2,3 it was immediately clear that the number of COVID-19 patients requiring hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admission would rapidly overwhelm the total ICU capacity, thereby resulting in an unexpected systemic crisis due to the imbalance between increased health care demand and potential of supply. They were managed with isolation measures until proven clear of SARS-CoV-2, whereas patients positive for infection were discharged home or admitted to the hospital according to the severity of clinical conditions and laboratory tests. Based on the data arising from the outbreak in China, which reported a 5% ICU admission rate (2.6%-8%), it became clear that the expected number of critically ill COVID-19 patients would not have been manageable in Veneto without increasing ICU capacity. The number of beds in COVID-19-dedicated medical wards also was increased and the health care provision was strengthened by instructing personnel on high-flow oxygen therapy and continuous positive airway pressure use. doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.05.005 id = cord-304928-qcwtgx2b author = Pasini, Elena title = EEG findings in COVID-19 related encephalopathy date = 2020-07-18 keywords = EEG; covid-19 summary = patients showing a unique EEG pattern, i.e., non-reactive bifrontal monomorphic diphasic periodic delta waves, and suggested that this pattern could be typical of COVID-19 brain dysfunction (Vellieux et al., 2020) . Here we report the EEG findings in 15 patients with suspected COVID-19 related encephalopathy, stemming from a population of 873 patients admitted to our hospital in a 3 months period (from March 1 to May 31, 2020) with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Absent EEG reactivity with bifrontal monomorphic periodic delta waves was reported by Vellieux et al., who suggested that this pattern could be specific of COVID-19 related encephalopathy (Vellieux et al., 2020) . In detail, we have shown that COVID-19 related encephalopathy may be associated with a rather homogeneous EEG pattern consisting of a diffuse slowing of the background activity and loss of reactivity to external stimuli. doi = 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.07.003 id = cord-336390-ptnpgh3j author = Passamonti, Francesco title = Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 severity in patients with haematological malignancies in Italy: a retrospective, multicentre, cohort study date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; haematological; malignancy; patient summary = title: Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 severity in patients with haematological malignancies in Italy: a retrospective, multicentre, cohort study Methods This multicentre, retrospective, cohort study included adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with diagnosis of a WHO-defined haematological malignancy admitted to 66 Italian hospitals between Feb 25 and May 18, 2020, with laboratory-confirmed and symptomatic COVID-19. Older age (hazard ratio 1·03, 95% CI 1·01–1·05); progressive disease status (2·10, 1·41–3·12); diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemia (3·49, 1·56–7·81), indolent non-Hodgin lymphoma (2·19, 1·07–4·48), aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (2·56, 1·34–4·89), or plasma cell neoplasms (2·48, 1·31–4·69), and severe or critical COVID-19 (4·08, 2·73–6·09) were associated with worse overall survival. Among patients with severe or critical COVID-19, the Fine and Gray model was applied to study patient characteristics (age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, type and status of haematological malignancy) associated with ICU admission, treating death as a competing event in the univariate model. doi = 10.1016/s2352-3026(20)30251-9 id = cord-322296-8j4xw3vp author = Passamonti, Serena Maria title = Solid organ transplantation in the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Era: “The great bet” in the North Italy Transplant program (NITp) area date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; transplant summary = title: Solid organ transplantation in the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Era: "The great bet" in the North Italy Transplant program (NITp) area ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION solid organ transplantation may be considered challenging for waitlist patients during Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. AIM the aim of this study was to investigate COVID-19 incidence and mortality in patients transplanted in the North Italy Transplant program (NITp) area during the outbreak. CONCLUSIONS this study showed a low COVID-19 incidence and related-mortality in patients transplanted during the COVID-19 era. this study showed a low COVID-19 incidence and related-mortality in patients transplanted during the COVID-19 era. The first outcome was the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in transplanted patients and COVID-19 related mortality. In our study COVID-19 had a 4.0 % incidence in recipients transplanted during the pandemic, with a specific COVID-19-related mortality of 0.8. In conclusion, among transplanted patients in the "COVID-19 Era", the incidence of infection and its mortality is very low. doi = 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.07.001 id = cord-255119-l82o5fif author = Passerini, Giorgio title = A Preliminary Investigation on the Statistical Correlations between SARS-CoV-2 Spread and Local Meteorology date = 2020-06-05 keywords = PCC; covid-19 summary = The statistical correlation between meteorological parameters and the spread of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) was investigated in five provinces of Italy selected according to the number of infected individuals and the different trends of infection in the early stages of the epidemic: Bergamo and Brescia showed some of the highest trends of infections while nearby Cremona and Mantova, showed lower trends. The Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) was calculated to evaluate possible relations between the moving means of the meteorological parameters (i.e., temperature, and relative humidity) and the moving mean of adjusted/unadjusted new daily cases. The most inclusive and impressive results are the values of PCC found for the time series related to the number of new daily infected individuals within the five selected Italian provinces, the daily mean temperatures as monitored at the related capitals, and the daily mean relative humidity values observed at the same stations. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17114051 id = cord-329536-3xsncmyi author = Passos, Lígia title = Impact on Mental Health Due to COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Study in Portugal and Brazil date = 2020-09-17 keywords = Brazil; GAD-7; Portugal; covid-19 summary = This study aimed to describe the mental health status of the general adult population in Portugal and Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic and analyze the differences between the two countries. Socio-demographic and other factors: variables assessed included age, gender, country of residence (Portugal or Brazil), marital status, educational level, employment status, social isolation self-label, duration of social isolation, living arrangements during social isolation, diagnosis of COVID-19, alcohol consumption and alcohol addiction measured by the presence of two or more positive answers to the four-item CAGE (acronym cut-annoyed-guilty-eye) Questionnaire [33, 34] translated and validated for the Portuguese language [35] . To the extent of the authors'' knowledge, the present study is the first to analyze the mental health status of the general adult population in Portugal and Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17186794 id = cord-282862-kve6fa49 author = Pastick, Katelyn A title = A Systematic Review of Treatment and Outcomes of Pregnant Women with COVID-19 – A Call for Clinical Trials date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; pregnant summary = Clinicaltrials.gov was searched for relevant studies, using the preprogrammed search terms "COVID-19," "SARS-CoV-2," "2019-nCoV," "2019 novel coronavirus," and "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2." Inclusion and exclusion criteria were examined to determine whether pregnant and/or breastfeeding patients were excluded from the study. Of the actively ongoing interventional clinical trials investigating the use of a drug (including dietary supplements and biologic agents) that did not report the exclusion of pregnant or breastfeeding women, the first author contacted study personnel for each of these studies by email to discern whether or not pregnant or breastfeeding women were eligible to be enrolled. Despite available safety data in pregnancy for hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir, we were surprised to find 68% and 80% of the respective clinical trials had excluded pregnant or breastfeeding persons. Our review of the literature was timely and is the first study (to our knowledge) to systematically examine and compile the available data related to treatment and outcomes of COVID-19 in pregnancy and related clinical trials. doi = 10.1093/ofid/ofaa350 id = cord-281656-8anh8rhm author = Pata, Francesco title = Authors'' response: Laparoscopy and COVID-19: An off-key song? date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; surgical summary = At our knowledge, up until now, only one article demonstrated the presence of HBV in the surgical smoke in 10 of 11 HBV-positive patients undergoing laparoscopic or robotic surgery. Despite HIVand HBV being blood-borne viruses, laparoscopic surgery is being performed in HIV and HBV patients for many years, and no clear demonstration is available of viral transmission through the pneumoperitoneum or surgical smoke. For these reasons, we do not believe that results from the available literature can be extrapolated to the COVID-19 pandemic as to justify the current too restrictive guidelines on laparoscopic surgery against the evident and well-known and evidence-based advantages of laparoscopy with respect to the open approach in many fields of surgery. Thus, treating by laparotomy a reduced number of high-priority elective cases and surgical emergencies (sometimes failures of nonoperative management and, then, associated with a nonnegligible risk of conversion) may represent the safest option for patients, health workers, and system sustainability during the critical periods of COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1097/ta.0000000000002842 id = cord-345288-qyz83xx2 author = Pata, Francesco title = Enteral stoma care during COVID‐19 pandemic: practical advice date = 2020-07-21 keywords = SARS; covid-19; stoma summary = To face the COVID-19 pandemic, metamorphosis of surgical services is required to prevent in-hospital transmission, optimize allocation of scarce resources, establish new intensive care units (ICUs) and redeploy healthcare workers to emergency departments or COVID-19 dedicated wards [8] [9] [10] . Furthermore, although many recommendations suggest to consider performing stoma surgery instead of primary anastomosis in high-risk emergency surgery 14,20-23 none of those consider the potential problems related to reduced availability of stoma care services and reduced access in the hospital to caregivers for stoma training which may represent a problem for elderly and frail patients after discharge. Second, in-hospital stoma training pathways should be implemented to allow patients to confidently manage their own stomas independently prior to discharge and reduce the need for home nursing care 37 . In addition to standard precautions for infection prevention and control (i.e. correct use of PPE, keeping appropriate interpersonal distance, proper hand washing) indoor air quality should be preserved to limit the SARS-CoV-2 spread, and to protect patients and healthcare workers. doi = 10.1111/codi.15279 id = cord-341304-jdvzpvdx author = Pata, Rama Kanth title = Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Dark Cloud With Silver Lining During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19; HIV summary = In December 2019, China reported a cluster of pneumonia patients infected by a new virus from the coronavirus family called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus quickly spread around the world and infected millions of people, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic on March 11, 2020. On March 22, 2020, a 67-year-old female with a past medical history of asthma, coronary artery disease (status post-coronary artery bypass graft two years ago), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and HIV on antiretroviral medications [bictegrav/emtricit/tenofov ala (Biktarvy® 50-200-25 mg tablet, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA) and darunavir/cobicistat (Prezcobix® 800 mg-150 mg tablet, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium)] was brought in by emergency medical services (EMS) for progressively worsening shortening of breath associated with weakness and two episodes of watery non-bloody diarrhea for one day. showed clinical improvement in the first case of COVID-19 in the United States after the use of remdesivir [8] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.9302 id = cord-317863-xf0bn3cv author = Pata, Ramakanth title = Probability of COVID-19 Being the Culprit in Neurocognitive Deception: A Case Series of Incidental Strokes in ICU Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-08-18 keywords = April; COVID-19; SARS summary = The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, originated in Wuhan, China, and spread rapidly throughout the world, infecting millions and killing thousands. Additionally, it has a high incubation period (average 6.4 and range of 0-24 days) [2] , reproductive number (R0 ranged from 1.4 to 6.49, with a mean of 3.28) [3] , and reports have shown that the majority of patients are asymptomatic or have a mild response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus but release large amounts of viruses [2] . Furthermore, a chest X-ray showed no acute pathologies (Figure 3) , and the COVID-19 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCT) was performed due to the recent outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which came back positive. Other reports suggest a higher rate of cerebrovascular disease (mainly ischemic stroke) in severe COVID-19 patients as compared to non-severe cases [5] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.9857 id = cord-264206-u9c8rrrv author = Pata, Ugur Korkut title = How is COVID-19 affecting environmental pollution in US cities? Evidence from asymmetric Fourier causality test date = 2020-07-15 keywords = Fourier; covid-19 summary = In the equation, y t represents the vector containing the variables of COVID-19 cases and deaths, and PM 2.5 emissions, β is the coefficients matrix, t is the trend, T denotes the number of observations, γ 1 and γ 2 are the coefficients of the Fourier approximation that smooth structural shifts are captured, and d max is the maximum integration degree of the series that can be determined by a unit root test. The findings of the asymmetric Fourier causality test illustrate that an increase in the number of cases reduces PM 2.5 emissions in Los Angeles, Chicago, Phoenix, Philadelphia, San Antonio, and San Jose. The results of the asymmetric Fourier causality test demonstrate that an increase in the number of deaths reduces the release of PM 2.5 emissions in New York, San Diego, and San Jose. The results of the asymmetric Fourier causality test demonstrate that COVID-19 reduces PM 2.5 emissions in US cities. doi = 10.1007/s11869-020-00877-9 id = cord-326085-2dt758qj author = Patanavanich, Roengrudee title = Smoking Is Associated With COVID-19 Progression: A Meta-analysis date = 2020-05-11 keywords = covid-19; smoking summary = Studies reporting smoking behavior of COVID-19 patients and progression of disease were selected for the final analysis. We conducted a systematic search using PubMed on April 28, 2020, with the search term: ((smoking) OR (characteristics) OR (risk factors) OR (outcomes) OR (smoker*)) AND ((COVID-19) OR (COVID) OR (coronavirus) OR (sars cov-2) OR (sars cov 2)) for studies published between January 1, 2020 and April 28, 2020. A total of 907 studies were retrieved through the search, of which 19, 8-26 16 from China, 1 from Korea, and 2 from the United States, included data on smoking behavior and COVID-19 disease progression (Supplementary Table S1 ). Three peer-reviewed meta-analysis papers 6, 34, 35 on association between smoking and COVID-19 were also based on unadjusted ORs, but with fewer studies included. Retrospective study of risk factors for severe SARS-Cov-2 infections in hospitalized adult patients doi = 10.1093/ntr/ntaa082 id = cord-280540-yw8o3c1l author = Patel, A. P. title = Race, Socioeconomic Deprivation, and Hospitalization for COVID-19 in English participants of a National Biobank date = 2020-05-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The extent to which this increased risk relates to variation in pre-existing comorbidities, differences in testing or hospitalization patterns, or additional disparities in social determinants of health warrants further study. 5 Participants with greater Townsend Deprivation Indices were at substantially higher risk of COVID-19 hospitalization, with a similar pattern observed based on self-reported household income ( Figure, Panels B, C) . Within a large population of participants in a national biobank, striking gradients in risk of hospitalization for COVID-19 were noted according to race and a metric of socioeconomic deprivation. No reuse allowed without permission.was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.The copyright holder for this preprint (which this version posted May 2, 2020. No reuse allowed without permission.was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.The copyright holder for this preprint (which this version posted May 2, 2020. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.27.20082107 id = cord-339665-nwwutduy author = Patel, Ami title = Intradermal-delivered DNA vaccine provides anamnestic protection in a rhesus macaque SARS-CoV-2 challenge model date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = Prior work with the related coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, delineated that the Spike protein of these viruses was an important target for development of neutralizing antibodies, and in animal viral challenges vaccine targeted immunity (reviewed in (Du et al., 2009; Roper and Rehm, 2009; Thanh Le et al., 2020) (Liu et al., 2018; Muthumani et al., 2015; van Doremalen et al., 2020a) . These memory titers were comparable to those observed in other reported protection studies in macaques performed at the acute phase of the vaccine-induced immune response (Gao et al., 2020; van Doremalen et al., 2020b; Yu et al., 2020) and those reported in the sera of convalescent patients (Ni et al., 2020; Robbiani et al., 2020) . Our study and other published reports show that DNA vaccination with candidates targeting the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein likely increase the availability of T cell immunodominant epitopes leading to a broader and more potent immune response, compared to partial domains and truncated immunogens. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.28.225649 id = cord-320614-5qph7yen author = Patel, Aniruddh P. title = Race, socioeconomic deprivation, and hospitalization for COVID-19 in English participants of a national biobank date = 2020-07-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = Participants with greater Townsend Deprivation Indices were at substantially higher risk of COVID-19 hospitalization, with a similar pattern observed based on self-reported household income (Fig. 1b, c) . Within a large population of participants in a national biobank, striking gradients in risk of hospitalization for COVID-19 were noted according to race and a metric of socioeconomic deprivation. The increased risk observed in Black participants was attenuated but remained significant after adjusting for socioeconomic deprivation, household income, as well as cardiometabolic and respiratory comorbidities. The extent to which this increased risk relates to variation in pre-existing comorbidities, differences in testing or hospitalization patterns, or additional disparities in social determinants of health warrants further study [6] . The extent to which this increased risk relates to variation in pre-existing comorbidities, differences in testing or hospitalization patterns, or additional disparities in social determinants of health warrants further study [6] . doi = 10.1186/s12939-020-01227-y id = cord-344709-5hy1e4t1 author = Patel, Brijesh V. title = Pulmonary Angiopathy in Severe COVID-19: Physiologic, Imaging, and Hematologic Observations date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; DECT; patient summary = Measurements and Results: In 39 consecutive patients (male:female, 32:7; mean age, 53 ± 10 yr [range, 29–79 yr]; Black and minority ethnic, n = 25 [64%]), there was a significant vascular perfusion abnormality and increased physiologic dead space (dynamic compliance, 33.7 ± 14.7 ml/cm H(2)O; Murray lung injury score, 3.14 ± 0.53; mean ventilatory ratios, 2.6 ± 0.8) with evidence of hypercoagulability and fibrinolytic "shutdown". Accordingly, we examined a cohort of mechanically ventilated patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia abnormalities focusing on 1) physiologic data, 2) findings on computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA), 3) lung perfusion as demonstrated by dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) pulmonary blood volume "maps," and 4) hematologic tests evidence of hypercoagulability and impaired fibrinolysis. Pulmonary vascular abnormalities including dilated peripheral vessels, the so-called "vascular tree-in-bud" pattern, and perfusion defects are common computed tomography findings in severe COVID-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1164/rccm.202004-1412oc id = cord-323809-bocidwg4 author = Patel, Dhwanil title = COVID-19 EXTRAPULMONARY ILLNESS - The Impact of COVID-19 on Nephrology Care date = 2020-07-25 keywords = AKI; COVID-19; patient summary = It has also impacted different aspects of caring for people with kidney disease, including those with acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), those requiring kidney replacement therapy (KRT), and those with a kidney transplant. In this article we review how COVID-19 involves the kidney, causing acute kidney injury (AKI), and how it affects patients on kidney replacement therapy (KRT) with hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD), and those with a kidney transplant. Kidney transplant recipients infected with COVID-19 appear to have similar clinical presentations as the general population, though morbidity, including need for mechanical ventilation, and mortality vary among reports. In another case series of 35 kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 from both the inpatient and outpatient settings in New York, 39% of patients needed mechanical ventilation, 21% needed KRT, and the mortality rate was 28% at 3 weeks, significantly higher than the general population in the United States whose mortality rate is reported to be 1 to 5% 49 . doi = 10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.101057 id = cord-276090-n8c2jpr6 author = Patel, Hiren N. title = Cerebellar Infarction Requiring Surgical Decompression in patient with COVID 19 Pathological Analysis, Brief Review date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = CONCLUSION: A young man with COVID-19 and suspected immune dysregulation, complicated by a large cerebrovascular ischemic stroke secondary to vertebral artery thrombosis requiring emergent neurosurgical intervention for decompression with improved neurological outcomes. angiography, CXR denotes chest X-ray, FiO2 denotes fraction of inspired oxygen, SARS-COV-2 denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, STAT denotes statum which is Latin meaning immediately, t-PA denotes tissue plasminogen activator, WHO denotes World Health Organization. A young man with COVID-19 and suspected immune dysregulation, complicated by a large cerebrovascular ischemic stroke secondary to vertebral artery thrombosis requiring emergent neurosurgical intervention for decompression with improved neurological outcomes. COVID-19 complicated with cerebral and large vessel vasculitis and its treatment will require a need for randomized clinical trials showing benefit in outcomes and mortality. This is a report of a patient with COVID-19 immune dysregulation who developed an acute cerebellar ischemic stroke secondary to vertebral artery thrombosis. doi = 10.1016/j.inat.2020.100850 id = cord-350594-0zxq4lxc author = Patel, Ishan title = Life-Threatening Psoas Hematoma due to Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage in a COVID-19 Patient on Enoxaparin Treated With Arterial Embolization: A Case Report date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Life-Threatening Psoas Hematoma due to Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage in a COVID-19 Patient on Enoxaparin Treated With Arterial Embolization: A Case Report To the best of our knowledge, we report first case of a COVID-19 patient treated with therapeutic anticoagulation resulting in psoas hematoma due to lumbar artery bleeding. Critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COV-ID-19) are at increased risk of developing hypercoagulable state as evidenced clinically by stroke in young patients as well as laboratory investigations like elevated D-dimer levels warranting therapeutic anticoagulation [1] . To the best of our knowledge, we report first case of retroperitoneal hemorrhage due to lumbar artery bleeding in a patient of COVID-19 being treated with enoxaparin, highlighting importance of judicious use of anticoagulation in COVID-19 patients as well as the need of prompt radiological investigation and treatment of bleeding. doi = 10.14740/jocmr4256 id = cord-349868-lb2jcl8m author = Patel, Jay title = Cardiovascular Considerations of Experimental Hydroxychloroquine Therapy on Patients Diagnosed With COVID-19: A Case Series Review date = 2020-07-12 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ summary = We present the cases of two COVID-19-positive patients treated with HCQ at our institution, which showed adverse effects of the medication. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a common antimalarial and lupus drug, has been shown to potentially reduce viral carriage and the number of symptomatic days in COVID-19 patients according to an open-label non-randomized French case study of 36 patients [2] . The purpose of this case series was to highlight some of the cardiovascular complications related to HCQ and to engage in a risk-benefit analysis of its use in mild/moderate presentations of COVID-19. We believe these are among the first few cases illustrating adverse cardiovascular effects of the experimental five-day HCQ therapy in mild/moderate presentations of COVID-19. Case 2, considered as low risk, demonstrated how HCQ therapy initiated in an outpatient resulted in an adverse outcome that led to hospital admission. doi = 10.7759/cureus.9151 id = cord-271781-cfv0ta10 author = Patel, Kishan P. title = Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: an update of current literature date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; RNA; SARS summary = To date, many studies have discussed that the rationale behind its transmission potential is that viral RNA has unexpectedly been detected in multiple bodily fluids, with some samples having remained positive for extended periods of time. In this evidence-based comprehensive review, we discuss various potential routes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2—respiratory/droplet, indirect, fecal-oral, vertical, sexual, and ocular. Additionally, studies have noted that its fecal-oral transmission potential may lie in the fact that prolonged viral shedding can occur in fecal matter-one case reported an asymptomatic COVID-19 patient experiencing viral detection in the stool for up to 42 days, while nasopharyngeal sampling was negative [31] . To oppose, in a retrospective review of nine COVID-19 pregnant mothers who underwent cesarean section, six patients had samples of amniotic fluid, cord blood, neonatal throat swab, and breastmilk samples tested for SARS-CoV-2, and all were negative [43] . doi = 10.1007/s10096-020-03961-1 id = cord-342708-yimysnvx author = Patel, Neeral R. title = Overall Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Interventional Radiology Services: A Canadian Perspective date = 2020-08-30 keywords = Association; COVID-19 summary = PURPOSE: The aim of this national survey was to assess the overall impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the provision of interventional radiology (IR) services in Canada. METHODS: An anonymous electronic survey was distributed via national and regional radiology societies, exploring (1) center information and staffing, (2) acute and on-call IR services, (3) elective IR services, (4) IR clinics, (5) multidisciplinary rounds, (6) IR training, (7) personal protection equipment (PPE), and departmental logistics. The aim of this national survey was to assess the overall impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the provision of IR services at both academic and community hospitals in Canada. The reduced provision of elective service by IR was a necessary intervention during the pandemic to ensure minimal risk to patients and staff with respect to virus transmission. doi = 10.1177/0846537120951960 id = cord-320065-zxh8u4eg author = Patel, Pious D. title = Tracking the Volume of Neurosurgical Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19; procedure summary = Abstract Objective This study quantifies the impact of COVID-19 on the volume of adult and pediatric neurosurgical procedures, inpatient consults, and clinic visits at an academic medical center. This was the 776 week time period immediately following the signing of a Tennessee gubernatorial executive 77 order preventing "non-essential procedures." 9 Patient records from an analogous 7-week period 78 from March 25, 2019 through May 10, 2019 were collected and categorized as "before COVID-79 19." In addition to these time periods, data were collected from the 59 week period spanning Hydrocephalus was defined as ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion or revision or endoscopic 140 third ventriculostomy. The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant, measurable decreases in neurosurgical caseload, 392 inpatient consults, and outpatient clinic visits. As elective 396 procedures and in-person clinical encounters resume, the effects of reduced volume during 397 COVID-19 on long-term patient outcomes warrants further investigation. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.176 id = cord-325726-65xxevp3 author = Patel, Piyush title = Role of Additive Manufacturing in Medical Application COVID-19 Scenario: INDIA Case study date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; India; face; printing summary = PPE refers to protective clothing, helmets, gloves, face shields, goggles, surgical masks, respirators, and other equipment designed to prevent wearer exposure to infection or illness in this COVID-19 pandemic. Indian Institute of Technology Madras-bolstered new businesses has created PPE, such as face shields (Fig. 5 )from 3D Printers just as generally accessible materials besides to protect healthcare professionals fighting COVID-19 [83, 84] . 3D printing shortens lead times during product development, brings down creation expenses, and engages designers and manufacturers to face more challenges with new 3D printed drone structures that give new expected applications to the innovation [150] . With restrictions on up close and personal clinical meetings in the COVID-19 pandemic and the difficulties looked by medical care frameworks in conveying patient care, innovations like telemedicine and smartphone are playing a key role [156] [157] [158] . How 3D Printing Can Prevent Spread of COVID-19 Among Healthcare Professionals During Times of Critical Shortage of Protective Personal Equipment doi = 10.1016/j.jmsy.2020.11.006 id = cord-341837-jmbbgfsz author = Patel, Pratit title = “COVID-19 and cervical artery dissection- A causative association?” date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19; dissection summary = 39-year female presented with spontaneous bilateral vertebral artery dissections without any instigating traumatic events and no history of connective tissue disorders. 39-year female presented with spontaneous bilateral vertebral artery dissections without any instigating traumatic events and no history of connective tissue disorders. Whether this patient''s vertebral artery dissections were triggered by exaggerated inflammatory response or arteriopathy secondary to COVID-19 remains speculative. Whether this patient''s vertebral artery dissections were triggered by exaggerated inflammatory response or arteriopathy secondary to COVID-19 remains speculative. 11 Oxley et al recently reported a case series of 5 COVID-19 positive patients (mean age of 39 years), with no significant past medical history who presented with stroke secondary to a large vessel occlusion (LVO). 4 With more younger patients who are COVID-19 positive, presenting with strokes during this pandemic, arterial dissection could be one of the pathological mechanisms. The management of COVID-19 patients with arterial dissection should continue to be dictated by the clinical examination and imaging studies. doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105047 id = cord-314817-8ybegozg author = Patel, Priya title = Systemic Thrombolysis as Initial Treatment of COVID-19 Associated Acute Aortoiliac and Lower Extremity Arterial Thrombosis date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-314817-8ybegozg title: Systemic Thrombolysis as Initial Treatment of COVID-19 Associated Acute Aortoiliac and Lower Extremity Arterial Thrombosis cord_uid: 8ybegozg SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) patients with associated thromboembolic events have demonstrated poor outcomes despite the use of anticoagulation therapy and surgical intervention. We present a COVID-19 patient with acute limb ischemia, secondary to extensive thrombosis of an aortic aneurysm, iliac arteries, and infrainguinal arteries. extensive thrombosis of an aortic aneurysm, iliac arteries, and infrainguinal arteries. In particular, surgical 33 interventions to treat arterial thrombosis in these pro-thrombotic patients have proven to 34 be challenging, with poor outcomes 8-10 . 35 We describe the case of a COVID-19 patient with acute limb ischemia (ALI) 36 secondary to thrombosed aortic aneurysm and bilateral lower extremity arteries, initially 37 treated with systemic thrombolysis, followed by surgical revascularization. We describe a COVID-19 patient with acute limb ischemia secondary to macro-101 and micro-vascular thromboses at multiple levels, including a thrombosed aortic doi = 10.1016/j.avsg.2020.08.083 id = cord-277356-tay0kfyj author = Patel, Rusha J. title = Early institutional head and neck oncologic and microvascular surgery practice patterns across the United States during the SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID19) pandemic date = 2020-04-28 keywords = covid-19; neck summary = title: Early institutional head and neck oncologic and microvascular surgery practice patterns across the United States during the SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID19) pandemic 10 In the absence of readily available peer-reviewed information, North American head and neck surgeons discussed the complicated issue of protecting the providers, operating room staff, clinic staff, and patients via email chains, social media messaging platforms, message boards, and text groups. Sensing this need for "real-time" information, institution-specific data on head and neck surgery practice patterns during the COVID19 pandemic was collected and distilled into an accessible spreadsheet. Here is presented the data from 14 different institutions, focusing specifically on early practice patterns related to head and neck surgery and patient care. [11] [12] [13] As surgical resources continue to be limited, serious multidisciplinary consideration will need to be given to alternate methods of head and neck cancer care. Early institutional head and neck oncologic and microvascular surgery practice patterns across the United States during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID19) pandemic doi = 10.1002/hed.26189 id = cord-283152-wav0d0ws author = Patel, Sanjay K. S. title = Deploying Biomolecules as Anti-COVID-19 Agents date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; human summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) known as COVID-19 has emerged as a major threat to human existence. The emergence of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, renamed as COVID19) in 2019 from Wuhan, China has led to a global crisis and it has been declared as a pandemic emergency by World Health Organization (WHO) due to its fast rate of transmission among human beings [1, 2] . Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of genetically distinct viruses, which originated from broad ranges of hosts, including animal and bird species, and primarily cause respiratory and intestinal infections to humans and animals [1, [5] [6] [7] [8] . Transmission of COVID-19 possibly involved an adaptive evolution through an intermediate host (bat) before infecting humans. Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a review and perspective doi = 10.1007/s12088-020-00893-4 id = cord-330074-5iqqgy65 author = Patel, Smit D. title = Malignant Cerebral Ischemia in A COVID-19 Infected Patient: Case Review and Histopathological Findings date = 2020-08-05 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = However, this data is limited and comes from recent small case series and observational studies on stroke types, mechanisms, and outcomes.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 Furthermore, evidence on the role of therapeutic anticoagulation in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with elevated inflammatory markers, such as D-dimer, is also limited. We report the case of a middle-aged patient who presented with a large vessel ischemic stroke likely resulting from an underlying inflammatory response in the setting of known novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19). We report the case of a middle-aged patient who presented with a large vessel ischemic stroke likely resulting from an underlying inflammatory response in the setting of known novel coronavirus infection . Ischemic stroke, Inflammatory conditions, COVID-19, Corona virus, SARS-CoV-2 RNA, cerebrovascular disease, hemorrhagic stroke, cerebral sinus thrombosis, vasculitis, anticoagulation, thrombotic conditions, thromboembolic conditions Introduction: doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105231 id = cord-291686-kgewmqg5 author = Patel, Surendra title = Prioritizing cardiovascular surgical care in COVID‐19 pandemic: Shall we operate or defer? date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Moreover there is lack of sufficient data regarding impact of COVID-19 on post operative outcomes in patients who were infected with novel coronavirus and underwent cardiac and thoracic procedures. Peng et al 3 reported that patient who underwent thoracic surgery at the time of pandemic and later found to be affected with the novel coronavirus had greater than anticipated incidence of severe illness as well as case fatality rate, thus emphasizing the importance of correct triage and prioritizing cases to be considered for cardiac and thoracic surgery. 14 American college of surgeons has defined triage guidelines for vascular surgery patients, 8 and have provided guidelines regarding whether to postpone or not, vascular surgical procedures including, ascending aortic aneurysm, peripheral aneurysms, aortic dissection, mesenteric ischemia, peripheral vascular disease, trauma, venous thromboembolism, and amputation of limbs (Table 2) . doi = 10.1111/jocs.14864 id = cord-286958-e1ey31eo author = Patel, Urvish title = Early epidemiological indicators, outcomes, and interventions of COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review date = 2020-08-15 keywords = CFR; China; Coronavirus; Italy; covid-19 summary = We evaluated the global burden of COVID-19 including case fatality rates (CFR), strength of association between deaths and cases to predict CFR, case doubling time, COVID-19 specific mortality rates, and control measures by governments to prevent spread among USA, China, Italy, Iran, Spain, Germany, India, and South Korea. Bavaria declared a state of emergency for 14 days and measures to limit public movement and additional funds for medicine supplies were introduced [71] ; All flights from Iran and China stopped by German Ministry of Transport [72] ; Travelling in coaches, attending religious meetings, visiting playgrounds or engaging in tourism prohibited [73] 17 Finance minister announced US$24 billion stimulus package [88] Infection rate at the beginning of the major intervention (nationwide closure of school or major Table 6 mentions the predicted dates of the peak number of cases based on strict interventions. doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.020506 id = cord-312313-guphuppy author = Patel, Zara M title = Letter: Precautions for Endoscopic Transnasal Skull Base Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 1 The COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating within the United States, and any information that we can gain from our international colleagues who have already experienced this, or are currently going through it, should be utilized to protect our patients, our hospital teams, and ourselves. Personal communication with colleagues deployed in Wuhan, China to combat the COVID-19 outbreak, have warned us about the potential risks of endonasal endoscopic surgery in COVID-19 symptomatic patients. When endonasal surgery cannot be postponed in a COVID-19 positive patient, based on guidelines now being used in China, we have recommended to our institutional officials that we utilize full powered air purifying respirator (an enclosed powered system with high efficiency particulate air filter), acknowledging that they have challenging decisions surrounding allocation of limited resources that are urgently needed by our critical care teams taking care COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1093/neuros/nyaa125 id = cord-325231-hclp7br3 author = Patel, Zara M title = In Reply: Precautions for Endoscopic Transnasal Skull Base Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: In Reply: Precautions for Endoscopic Transnasal Skull Base Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic The primary purpose of our Letter, 1 as the title suggests, was to alert the international readership of Neurosurgery that precautions for endoscopic transnasal skull base surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic were warranted. Despite the absence of direct knowledge by the authors of the Reply Letter, 4 we did confirm that the second case of COVID-19 transmission from a patient who underwent emergent transnasal surgery for pituitary apoplexy, as documented in our report, 1 did occur at a different hospital in Wuhan, where providers in the operating room became infected despite the use of N95 personal protective equipment (PPE). Precautions for endoscopic transnasal skull base surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic In reply: precautions for endoscopic transnasal skull base surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1093/neuros/nyaa156 id = cord-310661-hrvuhkq9 author = Patell, Rushad title = Incidence of thrombosis and hemorrhage in hospitalized cancer patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; cancer; patient summary = OBJECTIVES: To evaluate cumulative incidences of thrombotic and hemorrhagic events in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients with and without active cancer at 28 days. Among 129 patients that received therapeutic anticoagulation during hospitalization in the non-cancer cohort COVID coagulopathy was the most common indication (n=99, 76.7%), followed by atrial fibrillation (n=24, 18.6%) and prior VTE (n=10, 7.8%). When analyzing key thrombotic events (lower extremity or upper extremity DVT, pulmonary embolism, or arterial events), the cumulative incidence of thrombosis at day 28 in the non-cancer cohort was 10.2% (95% CI, 5.7% to 16.2%) and in the cancer cohort was 14.2% (95% CI, 4.7% to 28.7%, Figure 1B ). [28] A study that included screening for asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis in hospitalized COVID patients, identified 2 occurrences of DVT among 16 cancer patients, which was similar to the incidence observed in the non-cancer cohort. In a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 we observed high rates of thrombosis and bleeding among patients with or without active cancer. doi = 10.1111/jth.15018 id = cord-319379-qe56u93a author = Patil, Vaishali M. title = A systematic review on use of aminoquinolines for the therapeutic management of COVID-19: Efficacy, safety and clinical trials date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; chloroquine; hydroxychloroquine; virus summary = The well reported and clinically used anti-malarial aminoquinoline drugs (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) have shown potential to be repurposed to control the present pandemic by inhibition of COVID-19. The review elaborates the mechanism of action, safety (side effects, adverse effects, toxicity) and worldwide clinical trials for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to benefit the clinicians, medicinal chemist, pharmacologist actively involved in the management of COVID-19 infection. In vitro inhibition of human influenza A virus replication by chloroquine Anti-malaria drug chloroquine is highly effective in treating avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in an animal model Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by hydroxychloroquine in T cells and monocytes Inhibition of A/Human/Hubei/3/2005 (H3N2) influenza virus infection by silver nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo Mycophenolic acid inhibits dengue virus infection by preventing replication of viral RNA Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro doi = 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117775 id = cord-256717-bnzbhetc author = Paton, Calum title = Insouciance and inexperience: A deadly combination when dealing with COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; Johnson summary = It explains very poor outcomes in the UK (in terms of the spread of the virus and high mortality, already striking at the time of writing), in terms of an initial lack of political will to prioritise public health, itself a product of a strong Prime Minister who made the "wrong call". In the case of the British government, "science" has had to follow policy both past and present: both ill-preparedness for a pandemic and the unwillingness of government to take drastic action (until it was too late) With a novel virus and a new pandemic, there is no unequivocal "science" based on evidence at the time key decisions are needed. If, as it was claimed by Ministers as well as Chris Whitty, testing was abandoned due to there being too many cases and COVID-19 becoming embedded, why was lockdown still rejected, after the abandonment of containment, on the grounds that it was not justified by the evidence? doi = 10.1002/hpm.2991 id = cord-352642-u513wnu1 author = Patrocínio de Jesus, Rita title = Reactivation of SARS-CoV-2 after Asymptomatic Infection while on High-Dose Corticosteroids. Case Report date = 2020-10-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = After reviewing this case in light of current evidence and debates surrounding SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR results, we hypothesize that patients on corticosteroids may have particular viral shedding dynamics and should prompt a more conservative approach in regard to isolation discontinuation and monitoring. Since the identification of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as the cause of the disease which was later named COVID-19, and as it progressed to the current worldwide pandemic, much investigation has been made regarding its clinical presentation, transmission route, and immunity. This could point either to a reactivation of the disease in a patient who first presented as asymptomatic or to a long incubation period (18 days from risk contact until developing symptoms, with a CT performed 3 days prior to the onset of symptoms showing an evolving disease, which is consistent with previous studies reporting typical radiological findings of COVID-19 in asymptomatic or presymptomatic patients [2] ). doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00548-x id = cord-338365-9sd62a2w author = Patrício Silva, Ana L. title = Increased plastic pollution due to Covid-19 pandemic: challenges and recommendations date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; SARS; SUP; environmental; plastic; waste summary = This paper provides a comprehensive review on the potential impact of COVID-19 pandemic precautionary measures in the environment while considering the shift on public behaviour and policies towards single-use items and waste management. At first glance COVID-19 pandemic seems to be indirectly contributing towards the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (namely 11, 12, 13, 15 SGDs) by increasing overall health and safety of cities by reducing the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), outdoor air pollution, environmental noise level (including underwater noise due to reduced marine transportation activities), land and wildlife pressure. While the positive impacts of COVID-19 in the environment are resulting from a "postponed" anthropogenic activity that soon will entail after the pandemic scenario; the negative short-term effects (that are mostly related with plastic use, consumption and waste mismanagement as discussed below) will shortly add-up to the current environmental issues, aggravating their impact in the natural ecosystems and compromising potential mitigation/remediation measures. doi = 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126683 id = cord-270897-fywmv7jg author = Pattanakuhar, Sintip title = A Patient with Acute Cervical Cord Injury and COVID-19: A First Case Report date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; SCI summary = title: A Patient with Acute Cervical Cord Injury and COVID-19: A First Case Report During the pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is possible for rehabilitation physicians and personnel to take care of patients with concurrent spinal cord injury (SCI) and COVID-19. Here, we describe a case of acute cervical SCI resulting in complete tetraplegia C5 American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) A with unrecognized, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SAR-CoV-2) infection. Acute cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe, life-threatening condition causing functional impairments and affects multiple body systems including the respiratory system. The most common cause of death in patients with COVID-19 is reported to be acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A non-COVID-19 related cause of cardiac sudden death in this patient could be pulmonary embolism (PE), 5 which is commonly found in patients with acute SCI. doi = 10.1097/phm.0000000000001485 id = cord-339111-d6ll48nv author = Patterson, Joanne M title = COVID‐19 and ENT SLT services, workforce and research in the UK: A discussion paper date = 2020-08-08 keywords = COVID-19; ENT; Health; RCSLT; SLT summary = One area that is severely affected is ear, nose and throat (ENT)/laryngology where speech and language therapists (SLTs) engage in a diverse range of practice with patients with a range of conditions, including voice disorders, airway problems, and head and neck cancers (HNCs). MAIN CONTRIBUTION: The main threats to ENT/laryngology SLT clinical services include increased patient complexity related to COVID‐19 voice and airway problems, delayed HNC diagnosis, reduced access to instrumental procedures and inequitable care provision. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT: ENT/laryngology SLTs manage patients with a range of conditions, including voice disorders, airway problems and HNCs. The diverse scope of clinical practice involves highly specialized assessment and treatment practices in patients in high‐risk categories. The NIHR CRN ENT SLT (National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Network, Ear Nose and Throat sub-specialty Speech and Language Therapy) Research Group represents a collaboration of experienced clinical researchers in ENT/laryngology (voice and airway disorders, and head and neck cancer-HNC). doi = 10.1111/1460-6984.12565 id = cord-274542-fpzk5k79 author = Patti, Giuseppe title = Questions and Answers on Practical Thrombotic Issues in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Guidance Document from the Italian Working Group on Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; VTE; patient summary = UFH should be limited to patients with CrCl < 30 mL/min An invasive "catheter"-based therapy for PE is indicated in selected cases with contraindication to anticoagulant drugs, recurrent events despite adequate anticoagulation, or when systemic fibrinolysis cannot be performed For the risk stratification of patients with VTE, monitoring of the following parameters is useful: troponin, BNP, D-dimer, blood cell count, fibrinogen, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and degradation products of fibrin After the initial approach, DOACs may represent an option for in-hospital treatment of a VTE episode in patients with clinical stability and decreasing inflammation After a VTE episode, DOACs should represent the therapy of choice at discharge The use of imaging techniques in diagnosing a VTE episode is complex, because of the risk of viral transmission to other patients and to healthcare workers, and must be regulated by specific in-hospital protocols aimed at limiting such risk. doi = 10.1007/s40256-020-00446-6 id = cord-352779-zdtpnip0 author = Patti, Ravi Karan title = Subacute Aspergillosis “Fungal Balls” Complicating COVID-19 date = 2020-10-15 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection (SARS-CoV-2), commonly known as COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019), began in the Wuhan District of Hubei Province, China. We report the case of a 73-year-old male who presented with progressive dyspnea; diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2–related severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and complicated with lung cavitations growing Aspergillus sp. Due to persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome complicated by pulmonary aspergillosis, the patient further underwent tracheostomy and was discharged to a subacute rehabilitation facility. 11 We report this case of subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection, who did not have any history of pulmonary tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, or preformed cavities to predispose for aspergillus infection. Subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis as a superimposed infection in patients with SARS-CoV-2 is a rare entity. Subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis as a superimposed infection in patients with SARS-CoV-2 is a rare entity. doi = 10.1177/2324709620966475 id = cord-355475-kdubhh73 author = Patton, Lauren L. title = Viral Pandemics and Oral Health: Lessons Learned From HIV to SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-11-05 keywords = HIV; SARS; covid-19 summary = An early survey in May and June 2020 of practicing dentists in private practice and public health settings in the United States (U.S.), a short 2 months after the first COVID-19 wave and national shortages of personal protective equipment caused offices to move to emergency only dental care, showed that 99.7% of offices had implemented enhanced infection control procedures. While hope for a COVID-19 vaccine to quell transmission is widespread, we must not lose sight of the fact that diverse vaccine development technologies and novel drug discovery efforts made today will benefit our response to the next pandemic. 14 When the diversity of oral mucosal and salivary gland disorders were observed in HIV/AIDS patients, international collaborative groups such as the European Community We learned from HIV disease management that the antiretroviral drugs can have acute and long-term toxicities including ulcers, xerostomia/parotid lipomatosis, taste disturbances, perioral paresthesia, erythema multiforme and facial fat wasting. doi = 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.10.022 id = cord-312125-j9l6l3dx author = Pau, Alice K. title = Convalescent Plasma for the Treatment of COVID-19: Perspectives of the National Institutes of Health COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; Treatment summary = In the United States, the efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma for treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently being tested in randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials. Treatment of individual patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma outside such trials is also now permitted through U.S. Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorization. Here, members of the National Institutes of Health COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel provide their views regarding use of convalescent plasma for treating COVID-19. In March 2020, the FDA authorized expanded access to convalescent plasma for treating severe or life-threatening COVID-19 under individual-patient emergency Investigational New Drug applications. Given the lack of data from properly powered RCTs, and the need to inform regulatory decision making regarding continued access to convalescent plasma, both the FDA and the Mayo Clinic performed retrospective, indirect evaluations of efficacy by using EAP data, hypothesizing that patients who received plasma units with higher titers of neutralizing antibodies would have better clinical outcomes. doi = 10.7326/m20-6448 id = cord-143246-f97v2cih author = Paul, Aneesh Mathews title = Multifaceted COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; India; education; effect; pandemic; student summary = The time when everyone is struggling in the cruel hands of COVID19, we present the holistic view on the effects of this pandemic in certain aspects of life. Suicide rate has increased during the pandemic time [32] , [33] .The situation of COVID-19 has diverse effects in India [34] . Section II highlights the overall change in the education system during the COVID-19 season, and discusses the social and psychological impacts of the pandemic. Online learning is a new strategy embraced by the education system in this time of pandemic. We see a lot of unprecedented collaborative work globally among the educators [40] during this pandemic leading to a loss in the travel economy. The pandemic spread in various countries was sparked by religious gatherings as shown in Fig. 12 Religion and politics are a crucial part of life and COVID-19 has acquainted the human life without these jargon words. Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic doi = nan id = cord-335373-17tcikxl author = Paul, Elisabeth title = COVID-19: time for paradigm shift in the nexus between local, national and global health date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; Health; disease; global summary = ► The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered unprecedented measures worldwide, which have often been adopted in an ''emergency'' mode and are largely reactionary ► Alternatively, COVID-19 needs to be appraised as part of a much bigger health picture, adopting a "systems approach" that enables interactions with other acknowledged and preventable health conditions, which often receive disproportionately low attention ► To do so requires a paradigm shift in global health governance, from a specific reactional paradigm to a systemic, coordinated and preventive paradigm ► It is necessary to adopt a holistic approach to health reflecting both a security approach and a health development approach, tackling upstream causes and determinants, aimed at helping populations reduce their individual risk factors and augment their natural immunity ► Such preventive health policies must be tailored to local specificities and local environments, and health systems must be strengthened at the local level so as to be able to respond to population needs and expectations ► The current crisis calls for a paradigm shift in public and global health policies; and in the in the nexus between local, national and global health policies and systems doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002622 id = cord-350519-3h5ipcwn author = Paul, L. A. title = Characteristics associated with household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Ontario, Canada date = 2020-10-26 keywords = COVID-19; household; transmission summary = From adjusted logistic models, we observed increased odds of any household transmission with longer testing delays for the index case compared to 0-day (i.e., the individual was tested on the same day as their symptom onset) testing delays (ORs: 1-day delay=2·02, 2-day delay=1·96, 3-day delay=2·36, 4-day delay=2·64, ≥5-day delay=3·02) (Figure 3 , Supplementary Table S4 ). In this retrospective study of 26,152 confirmed cases of COVID-19 residing in 21,226 private households, we found that longer testing delays and male sex were associated with greater odds of household secondary transmission, while being a healthcare worker or linked to a known outbreak was associated with lower odds of household transmission. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the associations between index case delay metrics and odds of household transmission 269 cases were excluded from the testing delay models that had COVID-19 symptoms flagged in provincial reportable disease systems but were missing symptom onset date. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.22.20217802 id = cord-292551-n3gzgn6w author = Pavarini, Gabriela title = Debate: Promoting capabilities for young people''s agency in the COVID‐19 outbreak date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; young summary = Inspired by Amartya Sen''s capabilities framework, we argue that building capacity and creating opportunities for community and civic engagement during this time will help young people gain agency and well‐being. Providing capabilities for young people''s agency not only builds personal resilience, but also strengthens the quality of our research, interventions and overall response to the global health crisis. In what follows, we position young people''s agency as a critical capability (Singh, 2017) to be mobilised during COVID-19, and we highlight two key areas where this potential can be realised: coproduction of research, and peer-led interventions. In addition to active participation in research, it is also important to support young people in the design and delivery of peer-to-peer education and mental health interventions. However, such considerations should not form a priori reasons to conceptualise young people as capable primarily of passive participation in civic engagements, such as COVID-19-related research and peer support initiatives. doi = 10.1111/camh.12409 id = cord-331688-88veckbv author = Pavlakis, Steven title = Fear and Understanding in the Time of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = An anesthesiologist friend tells us that, at State University of New York, Stony Brook, they are intubating about 18 patients per day for COVID-19 pulmonary disease. Anecdotally, many of our physicians suggest that critically ill patients are hypercoagulable, with intravenous lines that clot easily and associated kidney and liver disease. One patient was reported with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in 2004 who had a coronavirus (but not COVID-19) in cerebrospinal spinal fluid, suggesting that coronavirus may directly affect the central nervous system in children. It has been said that coronavirus does not directly infect the brain, but that was also said about HIV-1 before an autopsy study determined that 25% of AIDS patients had human immunodeficiency virus in brain endothelial cells. Stroke investigations in adult patients are planned and pediatric neurology should be investigating stroke associations as well. COVID-19 in children: initial characterization of the pediatric disease doi = 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.06.015 id = cord-348022-nt5omngy author = Pavlidis, Pollyanna title = Clinical guidelines for caring for women with COVID-19 during pregnancy, childbirth and the immediate postpartum period date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; College; Obstetricians; guideline summary = The aim of this project was to develop a database of Australian and international recommendations relating to antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum care of women during the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to identify inconsistencies in clinical guidance. Methods : We conducted weekly web searches from 30th March to 15th May 2020 to identify recommendations pertaining to the care of women during pregnancy, labour and postpartum period from national or international professional societies, specialist colleges, Ministries of Health, Australian state and territory governments, and international guideline development organisations. We aimed to develop a database of national and international guidelines related to the antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum care of women during the COVID -19 pandemic and identify those interventions where there was high and low consensus across recommendations. We aimed to identify and include any guidance that provided clinical recommendations or normative statements related to the clinical care of women during pregnancy, labour, childbirth or the postpartum period in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.wombi.2020.10.015 id = cord-308409-0n2ysgsa author = Pawlak, Katarzyna M. title = Impact of COVID-19 on endoscopy trainees: an international survey date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; trainee; training summary = Therefore, in this international survey, we aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on endoscopy trainees, including procedure numbers, barriers to training, and the physical and emotional well-being of trainees. 2) Changes to institutional case volume 3) Trainee concerns regarding competency development and prolongation of training; 4) Anxiety, assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale, 12 and rates of burnout, measured using the single item burnout scale. Of the 770 (93.8%) trainees who reported a reduction in endoscopy procedural volumes during the COVID-19 study period, the reasons cited included: changes to institutional policy to exclude trainees from procedures (79.9%); lack of cases (58.3%); shortage of available PPE (28.8%); redeployment to another clinical area (24.0%); and personal reasons (10.2%). Our study showed that the COVID-19 pandemic has led to drastic reductions in endoscopic volumes and restrictions on endoscopy training, with detrimental effects on trainee well-being, including high rates of anxiety and burnout among trainees worldwide. doi = 10.1016/j.gie.2020.06.010 id = cord-303046-unksl7p4 author = Pawlotsky, Jean-Michel title = COVID-19 and the liver-related deaths to come date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; liver summary = As a result of lockdowns and suspension of usual clinical care activities for the benefit of patients with COVID-19, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is having a major effect on the management of patients with chronic liver diseases, in particular those with cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and in liver transplantation programmes. The COVID-19 pandemic will also negatively affect the care and management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, generating delayed diagnosis, deferred treatment (including medical and surgical, such as access to liver transplantation), loss to follow-up and, ultimately, increased mortality. Most COviD-19-induced liver-mortality will be delayed, resulting from deferred care for liver diseases, reduced funding for public health interventions and the global economic crisis, which will lead to increases in alcohol and drug use and in blood-borne virus transmissions, while access to care and funding are reduced. doi = 10.1038/s41575-020-0328-2 id = cord-158252-l43ztxsl author = Pawlowski, Colin title = Longitudinal laboratory testing tied to PCR diagnostics in COVID-19 patients reveals temporal evolution of distinctive coagulopathy signatures date = 2020-05-21 keywords = PCR; covid-19; figure; patient summary = We found that compared to COVIDneg at the time of clinical presentation and diagnostic testing, COVIDpos patients tended to have higher plasma fibrinogen levels and similarly low platelet counts, with approximately 25% of patients in both cohorts showing outright thrombocytopenia. To this end, we instituted a holistic data science platform across an academic health care system that enables machine intelligence to augment the curation of phenotypes and outcomes from 15.2 million EHR clinical notes and associated 3 million lab tests from 1,192 COVID-19positive (COVIDpos) and 47,344 confirmed COVID-19-negative (COVIDneg) patients over a retrospectively defined 2-month observation period straddling the date of the PCR test (see Methods). Conversely, platelet counts were lower in the COVIDpos cohort at the time of clinical presentation but tended to increase over the subsequent 10 days to levels significantly higher than those in COVIDneg patients (Cohen''s D = 0.361, BH-adjusted Mann-Whitney p-value = 0.008, Table 2, Figure 2B ). doi = nan id = cord-268721-n6dsc4ig author = Pawlowski, Colin title = Inference from longitudinal laboratory tests characterizes temporal evolution of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC) date = 2020-08-17 keywords = PCR; covid; covid-19; figure summary = . Summary of lab tests significantly different between COVID pos and propensity score-matched COVID neg cohorts during at least one clinical time window. Conversely, platelet counts were lower in the COVID pos cohort at the time of clinical presentation but tended to increase over the subsequent 10 days to levels significantly higher than those in COVID neg patients (Cohen''s D = 0.229, BH-adjusted Mann-Whitney p-value = 3.6e-3, Table 2, Figure 3B ). This approach offers the advantage of increased granularity at the cost of sample size per time point, but we did identify similar lab tests as altered in COVID pos patients using each approach including the fibrinogen decline and platelet increase in the COVID pos cohort after diagnosis ( Figure 4 ). Our study focusing on COVID-19 patients with longitudinal lab data suggests that COVID-19 is indeed associated with modulation of coagulation related parameters such as platelet counts, fibrinogen levels, and clotting time ( Figure 2) . doi = 10.7554/elife.59209 id = cord-336769-5x6xjuew author = Payne, Daniel C. title = SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Serologic Responses from a Sample of U.S. Navy Service Members — USS Theodore Roosevelt, April 2020 date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In April, the U.S. Navy and CDC investigated this outbreak, and the demographic, epidemiologic, and laboratory findings among a convenience sample of 382 service members serving aboard the aircraft carrier are reported in this study. At the time of specimen collection, participants completed a questionnaire eliciting information on demographic characteristics, exposure, COVID-19 protective behaviors, health history, and symptoms; participants also reported whether they had had a previous positive COVID-19 test since deployment but before this investigation. Among a convenience sample of 382 young adult U.S. service members aboard an aircraft carrier experiencing a COVID-19 outbreak, 60% had reactive antibodies, and 59% of those also had neutralizing antibodies at the time of specimen collection. In this convenience sample of young, healthy U.S. service members experiencing close contact aboard an aircraft carrier, those with previous or current SARS-CoV-2 infection experienced mild illness overall, and nearly 20% were asymptomatic. doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6923e4 id = cord-281508-zl2url8z author = Pearce, N. title = Is death from Covid-19 a multistep process? date = 2020-06-03 keywords = CFR; SARS; covid-19 summary = The Covid-19 death rate increases exponentially with age, and the main risk factors are age itself, as well as having underlying conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, severe chronic respiratory disease and cancer. Thus, death from Covid-19 and SARS appears to follow a distinct age-pattern, consistent with a multistep model of disease that in the case of Covid-19 is probably defined by comorbidities and age producing immune-related susceptibility. SARS showed a similar log-log age-pattern to that of Covid-19, albeit with a lower slope (indicating a smaller number of steps); in contrast, seasonal and pandemic influenza showed quite different agepatterns. These findings are consistent with a multistep model of disease involving a six-step process that in the case of SARS-COV-2 is probably defined by comorbidities and age producing immune-related susceptibility. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.01.20116608 id = cord-337632-2q6gm7n3 author = Pearman, Ann title = Mental Health Challenges of United States Healthcare Professionals During COVID-19 date = 2020-08-13 keywords = States; United; covid-19 summary = HCPs reported higher levels of depressive symptoms, past and future appraisal of COVID-related stress, concern about their health, tiredness, current general anxiety, and constraint, in addition to lower levels of proactive coping compared to those who were not HCPs (p < 0.001, η(2) = 0.28). As expected, there were significant differences on education [χ 2 (8, N = 180) = 16.61, p = 0.03] such that HCPs had more education than non-HCPs. Results from the MANOVA ( Table 2 ) controlling for education show that HCPs reported significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms, current anxiety, concern about their health, tiredness, constraint, and past and future appraisal of COVID-related stress, but lower levels of proactive coping compared to non-HCPs (Pillai''s Trace = 0.28, F(12,160) = 5.29, p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.28). doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02065 id = cord-327894-b0bsseui author = Pecellín, Lidia Gestoso title = Recomendaciones y uso de los diferentes tipos de test para detección de infección por SARS-COV-2 date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = En respuesta a la COVID-19, el gobierno español inicialmente instó a limitar el contacto social como medida general, sin embargo, otros países, además, implementaron pruebas generalizadas para la infección por SARS-COV-2 desde el principio de la pandemia. Son test sencillos de hacer, pero deben ser interpretados con prudencia, en relación con el curso de la infección, sobre todo por la tasa de falsos negativos en la detección de IgM ya que la respuesta de IgM en un enfermo COVID-19 puede tardar en aparecer desde varios días a dos semanas 21 Algunos estudios han mostrado que durante los primeros 7 días desde el inicio de síntomas, menos de un 40% de pacientes presentan anticuerpos IgM detectables. doi = 10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.10.001 id = cord-310944-tfn0ltrz author = Peck, Jessica L. title = COVID 19: Impacts and Implications for Pediatric Practice date = 2020-07-09 keywords = CDC; COVID-19; Curtis; PPE; child summary = Other populations at significant risk include older adults (> 65 years of age), persons with underlying medical conditions (e.g., asthma, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease), persons with immunocompromise, persons with severe obesity (body mass index >40), persons with diabetes, persons undergoing dialysis, and persons residing in long-term care or nursing homes (CDC, 2020c) . Ideal PPE when caring for a patient with known or suspected COVID-19 infection includes: a new N-95 mask, gown, medical grade gloves, and eye covers and/or a face shield (CDC, 2020b). Recommendations for families include: 1) supporting children as they ask questions about the pandemic, 2) close monitoring of child health and well-being with prompt contact of primary healthcare providers if changes are noticed, and 3) continuing to seek care in-person or using telehealth to maintain well visits and immunization schedules while receiving anticipatory guidance and necessary screenings. doi = 10.1016/j.pedhc.2020.07.004 id = cord-350232-zml4o93t author = Peck, Richard W title = A Real‐World Evidence Framework for Optimising Dosing in All Patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Several drugs are being repurposed into clinical trials in COVID-19 patients, ranging from drugs already well established in other diseases, such as chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir+ ritonavir, azithromycin and tocilizumab/sarilumab, to those such as remdesivir still in development for their initial indication (1) . This will help maximise the value from all the data being collected in the many trials now ongoing, will be more informative than many separate models each developed from smaller datasets and will allow faster achievement of a consensus for how to adjust dosing of effective drugs to optimise responses in all patients. This should also now include working together to ensure optimal use of effective treatments in all real-world patients. Optimizing hydroxychloroquine dosing for patients with COVID-19: An integrative modelling approach for effective drug repurposing A model-and real world data-based framework for continuous updating of dosing recommendations and labelling of treatments for COVID-19 patients (hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein, Rx: treatment, PKPD: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics, VK: viral kinetic. doi = 10.1002/cpt.1922 id = cord-266010-ectnfv5z author = Pediconi, Federica title = Breast imaging and cancer diagnosis during the COVID-19 pandemic: recommendations from the Italian College of Breast Radiologists by SIRM date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; breast; patient summary = The Italian College of Breast Radiologists by the Italian Society of Medical Radiology (SIRM) provides recommendations for breast care provision and procedural prioritization during COVID-19 pandemic, being aware that medical decisions must be currently taken balancing patient''s individual and community safety: (1) patients having a scheduled or to-be-scheduled appointment for in-depth diagnostic breast imaging or needle biopsy should confirm the appointment or obtain a new one; (2) patients who have suspicious symptoms of breast cancer (in particular: new onset palpable nodule; skin or nipple retraction; orange peel skin; unilateral secretion from the nipple) should request non-deferrable tests at radiology services; (3) asymptomatic women performing annual mammographic follow-up after breast cancer treatment should preferably schedule the appointment within 1 year and 3 months from the previous check, compatibly with the local organizational conditions; (4) asymptomatic women who have not responded to the invitation for screening mammography after the onset of the pandemic or have been informed of the suspension of the screening activity should schedule the check preferably within 3 months from the date of the not performed check, compatibly with local organizational conditions. doi = 10.1007/s11547-020-01254-3 id = cord-340578-5vyv9swb author = Pedraja, J. title = Role of 3D printing in the protection of surgical and critical care professionals in the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; printing summary = Results The following supplies are produced: 1) devices that help protect providers: face protection screens (2400 units), personalized accessories for photophores (20 units) and ear-protection forks for face-masks (1200 units); 2) products related to the ventilation of infected patients: connectors for non-invasive ventilation systems; and 3) oral and nasopharyngeal swabs (7500 units) for the identification of coronavirus carriers with the aim of designing action protocols in clinical areas. 7 However, we were unable to find studies describing the entire process of selection and production of the protective equipment needed by anaesthesiologists and other surgical and critical care staff, particularly in terms of transforming the ideas generated into solutions that can be used directly in clinical practice. The purpose of this study is to describe our experience with 3D printing in a tertiary hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic, with emphasis on public-private coordination and the design, evaluation and development of end prod-ucts for surgical and critical care units using biocompatible polymers. doi = 10.1016/j.redare.2020.10.001 id = cord-320970-ru2iw0py author = Peeling, Rosanna W title = Serology testing in the COVID-19 pandemic response date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; test summary = On the basis of our knowledge and understanding of viral infectivity and host response, we urge countries without the capacity to do molecular testing at scale to research the use of serology tests to triage symptomatic patients in community settings, to test contacts of confirmed cases, and in situational analysis and surveillance. Point-of-care molecular assays for SARS-CoV-2 detection are now available to enable community-based testing for COVID-19 in LMICs. Unfortunately, the production of these test cartridges takes time and, again, global demand has outstripped supply, leaving LMICs struggling for access. On the basis of our current knowledge and understanding of viral infectivity and host response, we urge countries with restricted capacity for molecular testing to embark on research into the use of serology tests in triaging symptomatic patients in community settings, testing contacts of confirmed cases, and in situational analysis and surveillance. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30517-x id = cord-311207-qkkn0297 author = Pegoraro, Manuela title = Evaluation of three immunochromatographic tests in COVID-19 serologic diagnosis and their clinical usefulness date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Different assays demonstrate 41–45% of diagnostic sensitivities and 91–98% of specificities, with substantial agreement (89.3–91.2%), but a high percentage of weak positive results (13–22%) was observed with ICTs. ICTs performances were comparable to those of automated immunoassays. In COVID-19 confirmed cases (symptomatic patient with SARS-CoV-2 positive molecular detection), date of symptoms onset was used to timing infection at the moment of specimens'' collection. Three stages were identified: early (0-7 days from symptoms onset), intermediate (8China), COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette (Zhejiang Orient Gene Biotech Co., Ltd Huzhou, Zhejiang, China), and PRIMA Professional (PRIMA Lab SA, Balerbna, Switzerland) are lateral flow immunochromatographic assays. Sensitivities were assessed on confirmed COVID-19 cases, combining IgG and IgM/IgA positive results, while specificities were estimated on the group of healthy volunteer''s. Compared with the automated immunoassays, the ability of ICTs to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG was equivalent to that of CLIA-MAGLUMI and better than ELISA-Euroimmun, whose IgG positive rates ranged between 0 and 86% at 14 days after symptoms onset. doi = 10.1007/s10096-020-04040-1 id = cord-323923-5j8kowzv author = Peiffer-Smadja, Nathan title = Anticovid, a comprehensive open-access real-time platform of registered clinical studies for COVID-19 date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Anticovid, a comprehensive open-access real-time platform of registered clinical studies for COVID-19 This platform, freely accessible at https://covid.inato.com/analysis, centralizes available data about clinical studies from the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry platform (https://www.who. The platform is updated every day and displays studies in a user-friendly website, providing a live review of registered clinical studies and their main design features in real time. In addition, Anticovid provides interactive maps and charts summarizing the main data about the existing clinical studies, such as the drug(s) used, the countries involved and the cumulative number of patients per therapeutic class. The principal limitation of this platform is that data in clinical registries regarding study design, dose or duration of treatments being assessed, or primary outcomes, are often lacking-as has been described in a recent review. A brief review of antiviral drugs evaluated in registered clinical trials for COVID-19 doi = 10.1093/jac/dkaa223 id = cord-260559-n8i52e8q author = Peiris, Malik title = What can we expect from first-generation COVID-19 vaccines? date = 2020-09-21 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = A popular assumption is that these vaccines will provide population immunity that can reduce transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and lead to a resumption of pre-COVID-19 "normalcy". The immunological correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 have yet to be elucidated. Pre-existing neutralising antibody seemed to have afforded protection against re-infection in people on board a fishing vessel where there was an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 with a high infection attack rate. 20 Alongside the risks of severe morbidity and mortality and of disease transmission, this framework stipulates two additional criteria for equitable vaccine allocation-namely, risks of acquiring infection and of negative societal impact. If COVID-19 vaccines have acceptable effectiveness in reducing morbidity and mortality in high-risk groups, they would have an important role, irrespective of impact on transmission and population immunity. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31976-0 id = cord-257274-fzyamd7v author = Peiro-Garcia, Alejandro title = How the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting paediatric orthopaedics practice: a preliminary report date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; number; patient summary = CONCLUSION: According to our results, the pandemic has significantly affected our daily practice by decreasing elective surgeries and onsite clinics, but other activities have increased. Census data from 14 March 2018 to 14 April 2020, including our paediatric orthopaedics outpatient clinic, paediatric trauma emergency department (ED) and paediatric orthopaedic and trauma surgical cases were reviewed to compare the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak. In Figure 2 , *Univariate statistical analysis consisted of a student two-tailed t-test to compare the outcomes of mean number of consultations (including onsite and telemedicine), mean number of surgical procedures (including elective and urgent) and emergencies between 2018, 2019 and 2020 (including triage level). As the COVID-19 pandemic has interfered in our daily practice, we have found a decrease in the number of paediatric trauma patients admitted to our ED, the number of patients visiting onsite to our paediatric orthopaedic clinic and the number of elective cases compared with other years. doi = 10.1302/1863-2548.14.200099 id = cord-342096-pijvvo2i author = Peivandi, S. title = Evaluation of attitude among infertile couples about continuing assisted reproductive technologies therapy during novel coronavirus outbreak date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; treatment summary = Study question: Does the fear of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic reduce the desire of infertile couples to continue treatment? Due to the fact that the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through sexual secretions, and through the pregnant mother to the child has not yet been confirmed, during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, some of these important aspects need to be considered: 1) Accurate identification Infertile women who are sensitive at this time; 2) effective personalization of stimulation based on maternal age and ovarian reserve; and 3) prevention of ART-related risks such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), complications associated with egg retrieval, and multiple pregnancies (28) . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.01.20186320 doi: medRxiv preprint In our study, couples'' knowledge, and awareness of general information about COVID-19 such as common symptoms, prevention methods, and also about whether SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted vertically or sexually (0.00%), was evaluated well. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.01.20186320 id = cord-332827-gll4nqdd author = Peixe, Paula title = Hepatology in the COVID Era: Another C Virus, again Challenging the Liver date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; Cov2; SARS; liver summary = In published series, liver disease was not identified as a risk factor for SARS-Cov2 infection [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . The authors state that NAFLD patients also had a higher risk of progression to severe COVID-19 and present an increased viral clearance time. Immune-mediated liver diseases, particularly autoimmune hepatitis, have not been mentioned as risk factors for COVID-19, but the immunosuppressive treatment required has triggered fears about the risk of infection in patients. Extensive records and targeted studies are needed to explore multiple open-ended questions such as the severity and mortality of COVID-19 and episodes of acute-on-chronic or decompensation associated with the presence of this disease (ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, digestive bleeding, kidney dysfunction, and the risk of infection) or the response to treatment [25, 26] . However, it is not yet possible to say whether transplantation-associated immunosuppression can alter the predisposition for the acquisition of SARS-Cov2 infection or how COVID-19 evolves in these patients. doi = 10.1159/000508116 id = cord-276083-ds0f0ois author = Pelicioni, Paulo H.S. title = COVID-19 will severely impact older people''s lives, and in many more ways than you think! date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, also known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) will severely impact older people''s lives. 1, 2 Environmental contamination has been identified as a route of transmission of COVID-19, 3 and for this reason, governments worldwide have been initiating quarantine measures that include keeping older people in ''''social isolation'''' to slow the transmission of the infection. 7 Social isolation has such negative impact, that it remains a strong risk factor for increased mortality in older people after adjusting for demographic and health factors. Lack of Vitamin D, depression, illness and associated polypharmacy, cognitive decline, loneliness, decline in physical activity levels, increased body mass, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13 all negative consequences of social isolation, can increase the risk of falls in older people. There is good evidence that home-based exercise programs can be conducted safely and can enhance quality of life and reduce the risk of falls in older people. doi = 10.1016/j.bjpt.2020.04.005 id = cord-303053-238eegeu author = Pellegrini, Marianna title = Changes in Weight and Nutritional Habits in Adults with Obesity during the “Lockdown” Period Caused by the COVID-19 Virus Emergency date = 2020-07-07 keywords = BMI; covid-19; weight summary = In this observational retrospective study, the patients of our Obesity Unit were invited to answer to a 12-question multiple-choice questionnaire relative to weight changes, working activity, exercise, dietary habits, and conditions potentially impacting on nutritional choices. Lower exercise, self-reported boredom/solitude, anxiety/depression, enhanced eating, consumption of snacks, unhealthy foods, cereals, and sweets were correlated with a significantly higher weight gain. A significantly higher weight and BMI increase was evident in individuals with lower education, who reported lower exercise, self-reported boredom/solitude, anxiety/depression, enhanced eating, and consumption of unhealthy foods, snacks, cereals, and sweets. Lower education level, self-reported anxiety/depression, and not consuming healthy foods were significantly associated with increased weight and BMI gain during the lockdown period. Lower education level, self-reported anxiety/depression, and not paying attention to the healthiness of food choices were significantly associated with weight and BMI increase. doi = 10.3390/nu12072016 id = cord-169484-mjtlhh5e author = Pellert, Max title = Dashboard of sentiment in Austrian social media during COVID-19 date = 2020-06-19 keywords = Austria; COVID-19; Twitter; datum summary = To track online emotional expressions of the Austrian population close to real-time during the COVID-19 pandemic, we build a self-updating monitor of emotion dynamics using digital traces from three different data sources. The interactive dashboard showcasing our data is available online under http://www.mpellert.at/covid19_monitor_austria/. We gather these data in the form of text from platforms such as Twitter and news forums, where large groups of users discuss timely issues. To fill a gap, we build a dashboard with processed data from three different sources to track the sentiment in Austrian social media during COVID-19. In addition, measures that strongly affect people''s daily lives over a long period of time, as well as high level of uncertainty, likely contribute to the unprecedented changes of collective emotional expression in online social media. doi = nan id = cord-346512-y5d8q5b9 author = Pellicciaro, Marco title = Breast cancer patients with hormone neoadjuvant bridging therapy due to asymptomatic Corona virus infection. Case report, clinical and histopathologic findings date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; breast summary = INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer management during COVID-19 pandemic has changed and in case of COVID-19 patients with simultaneous neoplasia, it has been strongly recommended to treat Sars-CoV-2 infection firstly. According to COVID-19 breast cancer recommendations she underwent hormone neoadjuvant treatment as a bridging therapy for surgery. We report a case of woman with COVID-19 and simultaneous early breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant endocrine therapy in lieu of upfront surgery and with lymph node micrometastases at pathological examination. Immunohistochemical staining revealed strongly and diffusely ER and PR positive in tumor cells: <95% and 40% respectively ( Figure 1B Before COVID-19 pandemic, patient such as this, with clinical stage T1N0, hormone receptors positive HER2-negative breast cancer, would have been a candidate for upfront surgery [11] . Therefore, the use of bridging therapy in patients with early breast cancer, during pandemic, that could benefit from upfront surgery should be evaluated in large sample studies. doi = 10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.10.020 id = cord-306016-2gudro8v author = Pelt, Christopher E. title = The Rapid Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic by the Arthroplasty Divisions at Two Academic Referral Centers date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; patient; surgery summary = In order to ensure and provide for adequate health care resources in terms of hospital capacity, personnel and personal protective equipment (PPE), service lines such as adult reconstruction and lower limb arthroplasty have stopped or substantially limited elective surgeries and have been forced to re-engineer care processes for a high-volume of patients. In order to 6 ensure and provide for adequate health care resources in terms of hospital capacity, personnel 7 and personal protective equipment (PPE), service lines such as adult reconstruction and lower 8 limb arthroplasty have stopped or substantially limited elective surgeries and have been forced 9 In order to ensure and provide for 26 adequate health care resources, hospital capacity, personnel and personal protective 27 equipment (PPE), service lines such as adult reconstruction and lower limb arthroplasty have 28 stopped or substantially limited elective surgeries and have been forced to re-engineer care 29 processes for a high-volume of patients. doi = 10.1016/j.arth.2020.04.030 id = cord-352475-cmmpy5u7 author = Pemmada, Rakesh title = Science-Based Strategies of Antiviral Coatings with Viricidal Properties for the COVID-19 Like Pandemics date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19; antiviral; coating; metal; oxide; virus summary = The worldwide, extraordinary outbreak of coronavirus pandemic (i.e., COVID-19) and other emerging viral expansions have drawn particular interest to the design and development of novel antiviral, and viricidal, agents, with a broad-spectrum of antiviral activity. Hence, it is highly desirable to search for potential antiviral and viricidal elements (materials and coatings) to design personal protective equipment (PPE), hygienic implements, and other devices to fight against the rise of viral pandemics and virus-associated fatal risks [22] . In addition, a large number of studies have reported coating materials containing metal ions (i.e., silver, copper, zinc), which have demonstrated an excellent antiviral ability with long-term, persistent effects [30] [31] [32] [33] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] . Various strategies involved in the development of antiviral and viricidal coatings, like modifying the surface of a substrate via antiviral polymers, incorporation of metal ions/oxides, and functional nanoparticles were discussed. doi = 10.3390/ma13184041 id = cord-295029-zki5ac2g author = Pena, Robert C.F. title = In Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding “Coronavirus Neurosurgical/Head and Neck Drape to Prevent Aerosolization of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): The Lenox Hill Hospital/Northwell Health Solution” date = 2020-11-03 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = 1 This simple, cost-effective method can be easily assembled and is flexible with minimal disruption of the surgery being performed, while offering the ability to shield essential personnel in the operating room during procedures involving drilling of air-cells potentially harboring SARS-CoV-2 virions. 1,10 This draping method may therefore provide additional protection to surgeons against multiple viruses aerosolized by a wide range of drill settings, although further research should be conducted regarding COVID-19 aerosol generation in relation to drill speed in neurosurgical and otolaryngology-based procedures. Finally, whereas other researchers have proposed various methods of mask modification or alternate materials to provide barrier protection against COVID-19 aerosol transmission, 9 this and prior draping techniques may offer additional simple, easy to assemble, and cost-effective intraoperative protection. Specifically, this method provides protection to neurosurgical staff during high-speed drilling in the posterior fossa, whereas previously described drapes focus more on the restricted dissemination of COVID-19-laden aerosols during intubation, extubation, positive pressure ventilation, and endonasal endoscopic procedures. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.116 id = cord-280970-gy0kfhy6 author = Peng, Fujun title = Management and Treatment of COVID-19: The Chinese Experience date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; Wuhan summary = Since mid-December 2019, there has been a worldwide outbreak of COronaVIrus Disease 90 (COVID)-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 (formerly 2019-nCoV or and first detected in 91 Wuhan, China. 52 However, 421 a single-center in Wuhan shared that early, low-dose and short-term (1-2mg/kg/d for 5-7 days) 422 corticosteroids was associated with a faster improvement of clinical symptoms and absorption of 423 focal lung lesions in severe cases of COVID-19. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Early, low-dose and short-term application of corticosteroid treatment in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: single-center experience from Wuhan, China. doi = 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.010 id = cord-264260-8p6pvjkn author = Peng, Hongbing title = A synergistic role of convalescent plasma and mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of severely ill COVID-19 patients: a clinical case report date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; February; SARS summary = title: A synergistic role of convalescent plasma and mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of severely ill COVID-19 patients: a clinical case report We note that the intravenous infusion of CP and MSCs for the treatment of severe COVID-19 patients may have synergistic characteristics in inhibiting cytokine storm, promoting the repair of lung injury, and recovering pulmonary function. We reviewed a case of severe COVID-19 cured successfully with convalescent plasma-umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and observed and analyzed the change of clinical symptoms and laboratory data before and after treatment. From admission to discharge, the researchers continue to observe and evaluate patients'' dynamic changes in clinical symptoms and laboratory results, especially after receiving plasma and stem cell therapy. Intravenous infusion of human umbilical cord Wharton''s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a potential treatment for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia doi = 10.1186/s13287-020-01802-8 id = cord-297365-11es4w0u author = Peng, Hui title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children: Characteristics, Antimicrobial Treatment, and Outcomes date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = METHODS: We retrospectively summarized the characteristics, treatment and outcomes of pediatric cases in Wuhan children''s hospital which was the only designated hospital for children with COVID-19 in Hubei Province. In December 2019, a cluster of cases caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in Wuhan, Hubei The observed cases were pediatric patients who were discharged from the Wuhan Children''s Hospital from December 8, 2019 to February 29, 2020 and diagnosed with COVID-19. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has analyzed the illness severity of 44415 adult and pediatric patients, and found that severe and critical cases accounted for nearly 20% [9] . A epidemiological study in Chinese children with COVID-19 (n=2143) showed that severe and critical illness accounted for J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 5.8% [10, 11] . Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104425 id = cord-294438-btuxeq7o author = Peng, Ling title = Managing patients with cancer in the COVID-19 era date = 2020-06-30 keywords = covid-19 summary = Although there are specific issues, for example, the radiologic manifestations of COVID-19 pneumonia are similar in some cases to pneumonitis caused by checkpoint inhibitors [2] , the main concern we have is that once infected, patients with cancer may be at higher risk for the more severe form of COVID-19 requiring intensive care treatment [1] . Intriguingly, patients with cancer co-infected with HIV-1 and hepatitis B do not have viral re-activation during chemotherapy [4] , suggesting here that treatment does not need to stop, although of course, data may be different for different viruses and symptoms of COVID-19 may not correlate with SARS-CoV-2 levels. It is notable to us that one of the best prospects for treating the virus modulates the host immune response and is useful too in treating manifestations of the rare cancer, multicentric Castleman''s disease, as well as its licenced rheumatoid arthritis indication [11] ; targeting the IL-6 pathway using tocilizumab has led to inclusion in China''s latest version of diagnosis and treatment guidelines on COVID-19 [12] . doi = 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.03.028 id = cord-296113-syi2fwuo author = Peng, Mian title = Two mechanically ventilated cases of COVID-19 successfully managed with a sequential ventilation weaning protocol: Two case reports date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = BACKGROUND: Patients with critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), characterized by respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation (MV), are at high risk of mortality. When their condition did not improve after 2 h of NIV, each patient was advanced to MV [tidal volume (Vt), 6 mL/kg ideal body weight (IBW); 8-10 cmH(2)O of positive end-expiratory pressure; respiratory rate, 20 breaths/min; and 40%-80% FiO(2)] with prone positioning for 12 h/day for the first 5 d of MV. CONCLUSION: A MV protocol attentive to intubation/extubation timing, prone positioning early in MV, infection control, and sequential withdrawal of respiratory support, may be an effective regimen for patients with critical COVID-19. In accordance with this recommendation, we summarize our weaning procedure and associated experience with two critical COVID-19 patients, including intubation timing, use of the prone position, infection control, and sedation titration. doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i15.3305 id = cord-347414-t88654wo author = Peng, Mian title = Successful management of seven cases of critical COVID-19 with early noninvasive-invasive sequential ventilation algorithm and bundle pharmacotherapy date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Successful management of seven cases of critical COVID-19 with early noninvasive-invasive sequential ventilation algorithm and bundle pharmacotherapy We report the clinical and laboratory findings and successful management of seven patients with critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requiring mechanical ventilation (MV). Upon diagnosis with COVID-19 of critical severity, the patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, where they received early noninvasive–invasive sequential ventilation, early prone positioning, and bundle pharmacotherapy regimen, which consists of antiviral, anti-inflammation, immune-enhancing, and complication-prophylaxis medicines. Here, we report the successful management of seven critically ill patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who suffered acute respiratory failure. Good treatment outcomes can be achieved for critically ill patients with COVID-19 with early sequential noninvasive-invasive ventilation and bundle pharmacotherapy, which comprises antiviral and anti-inflammation medicines, immune system support, and prophylaxis for vascular complications. doi = 10.1007/s11684-020-0796-3 id = cord-286573-k4khwvt7 author = Peng, Michael title = The Role of the Ocular Tissue in SARS-CoV-2 Transmission date = 2020-10-02 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = Here, we reviewed both clinical and research evidence on the ocular manifestations associated with COVID-19, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in ocular surface tissues and tears, and the potential role of the eye in contracting SARS-CoV-2. For this review, relevant studies that emphasized ocular manifestations of COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2, viral detection of SARS-CoV-2 in ocular surface secretions or tears, and ACE2 presence in ocular tissues were included. 29 Zhang et al also reported that one of the two COVID-19 patients with conjunctivitis was SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive in the tear sample. Similarly, in a cross sectional study of 33 COVID-19 patients, most of the ocular samples were collected more than 7 days of symptom onset, and Xie et al found only 2 cases with positive ocular SARS-CoV-2 RNA results. 44 Recent studies have attempted to determine ACE2 in ocular surface tissues, such as the conjunctiva and cornea, which are exposed to the external environment and are potential entry points for SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.2147/opth.s269868 id = cord-255381-mnmliv4e author = Peng, Min title = Prevalence, risk factors and clinical correlates of depression in quarantined population during the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-07-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = Therefore, this study aim to evaluate the prevalence and clinical correlates of depressive symptoms in the general population quarantined during the COVID-19 outbreak in Shenzhen. For example, a study in Toronto reported that the prevalence of depressive symptoms among quarantined individuals during SARS was 31.2% (Hawryluck et al., 2004) , and their sample was a mixture of the general public and medical staff (Hull, 2005) . For example, a study in Taiwan reported that after SARS control, the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the general population was 3.7%，with mixed samples including subjects with or without quarantine experience (Ko, Yen, Yen, & Yang, 2006) . Therefore, the purposes of this study were to investigate 1) the prevalence, risk factors and clinical correlates of depressive symptoms in quarantined general population in Shenzhen, China; and 2) the association between depressive symptom and demographic or clinical characteristics. doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.035 id = cord-272909-n6wfe1of author = Peng, Shu title = Clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 in 11 patients after thoracic surgery and challenges in diagnosis date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; case summary = OBJECTIVES: To illustrate the clinical course and difficulties in early diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients after thoracic surgery. This study describes the clinical course of 11 patients who underwent thoracic surgery for malignancy in the early phase of the pandemic before the formal declaration of outbreak and were consequently diagnosed with COVID-19. Delay in diagnosis means COVID-19 was not initially suspected due to insidious onset of symptoms that mimicked the usual postoperative course, or due to the first computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest after surgery being interpreted as postoperative changes rather than as being suspicious for viral pneumonia. COVID-19 ¼ coronavirus disease 2019 CT ¼ computed tomography GGO ¼ ground-glass opacity rt-PCR ¼ real-time reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction Sars-Cov-2 ¼ severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on, 13 developed postoperative fever and were considered putative cases of COVID-19, of whom 11 had COVID-19 confirmed by rt-PCR and were included in this case series. doi = 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.04.005 id = cord-315730-fzgxuak7 author = Penman, Sophie L. title = Safety perspectives on presently considered drugs for the treatment of COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; Health; IFN; SARS; clinical; infection; patient; treatment summary = Owing to their efficacy against viruses (mostly demonstrated in vitro) including influenza, HIV, coronavirus OC43, and SARS-CoV, a large number of clinical trials (>230) have been registered worldwide using chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine alone, or in combination with other drugs (e.g. azithromycin) for the treatment of COVID-19. At the time of writing, the RECOVERY trial (clinical trial identifier NCT04381936) which is the largest randomised control trial so far conducted for the treatment of COVID, has stopped recruiting to the hydroxychloroquine arm (1542 patients compared with 3132 on standard care) because of no beneficial effect either in terms of mortality or hospital stay (P. Assessment of QT Intervals in a Case Series of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Treated With Hydroxychloroquine Alone or in Combination With Azithromycin in an Intensive Care Unit Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial doi = 10.1111/bph.15204 id = cord-252661-wa0hdg1u author = Pennington, Zach title = Letter: Changes to neurosurgery resident education following onset of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; covid; resident summary = Here we surveyed program directors 6 (PDs) to ascertain how they have altered the education and clinical care responsibilities of 7 residents in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Continuing education in spite of decreased case 21 volume and maintaining resident morale are cited as the most common concerns of PDs. 22 23 Conclusion 24 Here we find that there is great homogeneity in the responses of neurosurgical residency 25 programs to the COVID-19 pandemic. Continuing education in spite of decreased case 21 volume and maintaining resident morale are cited as the most common concerns of PDs. 22 23 Conclusion 24 Here we find that there is great homogeneity in the responses of neurosurgical residency 25 programs to the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we present the results of a survey of PDs for ACGME-accredited neurosurgery residency 126 programs regarding their responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.139 id = cord-311847-2czqs84q author = Pennisi, Manuela title = SARS-CoV-2 and the Nervous System: From Clinical Features to Molecular Mechanisms date = 2020-07-31 keywords = ACE2; CNS; COVID-19; CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS; patient summary = Increasing evidence suggests that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can also invade the central nervous system (CNS). Although there are limitations in the epidemiological studies carried on COVID-19, as well as limited case records for determining the actual incidence of these complications, some patients reported neurological symptoms, but clinical findings and pathogenic features have not yet systematically addressed. The aims of this review are i) to summarize the available information on the relationship between CoVs and the nervous system, ii) to identify the potential targets and routes of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the nervous system, and iii) to describe the range of the neurological features reported to date in patients with COVID-19 and the proposed pathogenic mechanisms. Indeed, no axonal transport of SARS-CoV-2 to the brain has been demonstrated in the hamster model during the first two weeks after infection [89] , and no viral accumulation or persistence has been reported in cerebral olfactory regions of autopsy material from patients with COVID-19 [90] . doi = 10.3390/ijms21155475 id = cord-354306-zbkgabl2 author = Pennycook, Gordon title = Fighting COVID-19 Misinformation on Social Media: Experimental Evidence for a Scalable Accuracy-Nudge Intervention date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; F(1; Study; headline summary = In Study 1, participants were far worse at discerning between true and false content when deciding what they would share on social media relative to when they were asked directly about accuracy. According to this account, people generally wish to avoid spreading misinformation and, in fact, are often able to tell truth from falsehood; however, they nonetheless share false and misleading content because the social media context focuses their attention on factors other than accuracy (e.g., partisan alignment). In support of this inattention-based account, recent findings showed that most participants were surprisingly good at discerning between true and false political news when asked to assess "the accuracy of headlines"-yet headline veracity had very little impact on participants'' willingness to share the headlines on social media. Study 1 tested for a dissociation between accuracy judgments and sharing intentions when participants evaluated a set of true and false news headlines about COVID-19. doi = 10.1177/0956797620939054 id = cord-351430-bpv7p7zo author = Pequeno, Pedro title = Air transportation, population density and temperature predict the spread of COVID-19 in Brazil date = 2020-06-03 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; SARS; number summary = Further, we considered the following predictors: (1) time in days, to account for the exponential growth in case numbers during this period (Fig. 2) ; (2) number of arriving flights in the city''s metropolitan area in 2020, as airline connections can facilitate the spread of the virus (Ribeiro et al., 2020) ; (3) city population density, to account for facilitation of transmission under higher densities (Poole, 2020) ; (4) proportion of elderly people (≥60 years old) in the population, assuming that the elderly may be more likely to show severe symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 and, thus, to be diagnosed with COVID-19; (5) citizen mean income, which may affect the likelihood of people being infected by the virus, for example, due to limited access to basic sanitation or limited social isolation capabilities; (6) and the following meteorological variables: mean daily temperature ( C), mean daily solar radiation (kJ/m 2 ), mean daily relative humidity (%) and mean daily precipitation (mm). doi = 10.7717/peerj.9322 id = cord-270021-8obqdbh9 author = Percy, Edward title = Post-Discharge Cardiac Care in the Era of Coronavirus 2019: How Should We Prepare? date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19; Canada summary = This manuscript describes the current status of post-discharge cardiac care in Canada and provides suggestions with regards to steps that policymakers and healthcare organizations can take to prepare for the COVID-19 pandemic. This manuscript describes the current status of post-discharge cardiac care in Canada and provides suggestions with regards to steps that policymakers and healthcare organizations can take to prepare for the COVID-19 pandemic. Summary: As COVID-19 case numbers continue to increase worldwide, many additional patients with new or comorbid cardiovascular disease will benefit from cardiac rehabilitation and post-discharge care following acute care hospitalization. We describe the current status of cardiovascular rehabilitation in Canada and provide suggestions on steps that policymakers and healthcare organizations can take to optimize post-discharge cardiac care in the COVID-19 era. 3 As case numbers continue to increase exponentially, it is plausible that there will be a massive surge in the number of patients with new or comorbid CVD who will require cardiac rehabilitation after acute care hospitalization. doi = 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.006 id = cord-337677-ktktqs7b author = Pereda, R. title = Therapeutic effectiveness of interferon alpha 2b treatment for COVID-19 patient recovery date = 2020-08-04 keywords = August; COVID-19; IFN summary = Patients received therapy as per the Cuban COVID protocol that included a combination of oral antivirals (lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine) with intramuscular or subcutaneous administration of IFN alpha-2b The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients discharged from hospital, secondary was the case fatality rate and several outcomes related to time variables were also evaluated. Two groups of individuals were admitted to the hospital, according to the case classification criteria defined in the Cuban protocol: 1) people with suspected COVID-19 due to clinical respiratory symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, cough, headache, shortness of breath and nasal discharge in the last 14 days; 2) subjects who had contact with a patient with confirmed or is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint doi = 10.1101/2020.07.28.20157974 id = cord-301833-q8jiep32 author = Peres, Karina Colombera title = Body Mass Index and Prognosis of COVID-19 Infection. A Systematic Review date = 2020-08-14 keywords = BMI; COVID-19; obesity summary = Nine studies (two prospective cohorts, four retrospective cohorts and three cross-sectional) were included and assessed the relationship between obesity and COVID-19 prognosis. Most of the included studies showed some degree of association to: (a) higher BMI and worse clinical presentation and (b) obesity and need of hospitalization. Based on limited methodological quality studies, obesity seems to predict poor clinical evolution in patients with COVID-19. Herein, we perform a systematic review in order to evaluate if overweight and obesity may predict poor outcome in patients with COVID-19. We reviewed data from 17,568 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, included in nine studies. Most of these studies highlighted some level of association between obesity and disease severity, encompassing hospitalization rate, admission to ICU, invasive ventilation need and mortality. Once younger patients generally do not represent higher risk for a severe presentation of COVID-19, authors suggest that obesity may be an unrecognized risk factor for hospital care. doi = 10.3389/fendo.2020.00562 id = cord-311819-iy8r1iml author = Peretti-Watel, Patrick title = Anxiety, depression and sleep problems: a second wave of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19; french summary = Nonetheless, before this crisis began, several experts had warned about the potential impact of such measures on the populations'' mental health, based on previous experiences of quarantine, as summarised in a review published, as this pandemic reached Europe and before any lockdowns. Multivariate logistic models analysed the associations of the four mental health outcomes (moderate to severe depressive symptoms, severe anxiety, sleep problems and reported need for psychological support from a health professional) with sociodemographic characteristics and exposure to both the virus and the media. The prevalence of moderate to severe depressive symptoms reached 8.8%, and the prevalence of severe anxiety was 8.7%; 68.1% of respondents complained of sleep problems during the past week (few or a lot), and 12.2% reported the need for psychological support from a health professional during the lockdown. doi = 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100299 id = cord-309711-x07odyxl author = Pereyra, David title = Routine haematological parameters in COVID-19 prognosis date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Although we agree with the clinical relevance, we want to point out that the ability of haematological indicators to predict disease severity and patient outcome seems to vary between cohorts. We analysed data from 210 consecutive patients with COVID-19 (inclusion criteria: admission to hospital, positivity for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]; aged ≥18 years, not pregnant or breastfeeding) with available data on outcome (ie, discharge or mortality) who were admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Austria between March 3 and June 13, 2020. Outcome-specific differences in lymphocyte counts (p=0·44) and eosinophil counts (p=0·14) observed at admission also did not predict mortality of COVID-19, suggesting that these routine parameters might not show which patients are at risk for complications associated with COVID-19. The authors evaluated haematological characteristics and risk factors for classification of disease severity and outcome prediction for patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/s2352-3026(20)30286-6 id = cord-318483-il5aq8py author = Perez Gaxiola, G. title = Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: case series in Sinaloa date = 2020-07-11 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Objectives: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric cases confirmed in the state of Sinaloa, Mexico, during the first three months of the pandemic, and of children admitted with COVID-19 to a secondary hospital. Although the prevalence of COVID-19 in childhood represents a low percentage of the totality of reported cases, varying between 0.8% and 2.7% (9) (10) (11) , the number of children that may become affected and the different clinical presentation of the disease compared to the adult population (4, 12) may be a challenge for pediatricians and general practitioners. The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric cases confirmed in the state of Sinaloa, Mexico, during the first three months of the pandemic in the region, and of a subset of those children admitted with COVID-19 to Sinaloa Pediatric Hospital (Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa "Dr. Rigoberto Aguilar Pico", HPS). This case series describes the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children infected by SARS-CoV-2 during the first three months of the pandemic in the state of Sinaloa. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.07.20146332 id = cord-301216-a0rkpez7 author = Perez, Adriana title = Presentation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection As Cholestatic Jaundice in Two Healthy Adolescents date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Liver abnormalities in severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, including hepatitis and cholestasis, have been observed in adults and is associated with worse outcomes. As of June 25, 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulted in >9.4 million confirmed cases worldwide and > 482,000 deaths worldwide, including > 2.3 million cases and > 121,000 deaths reported in the US, among which were 84 pediatric deaths in persons < 24 years of age by June 13 2020. The incidence of liver injury in adult patients with COVID-19 has been ranges from 14.8% -53%(, being more significant in severe cases and ranging up to 78% among fatal cases.(10) Liver abnormalities described included elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), mildly elevated bilirubin levels, high gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and low albumin levels (2.6-3.3 g/L) (10, 11) . We present two cases of acute hepatitis with clinically apparent jaundice and cholestasis without biliary obstruction associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.054 id = cord-325391-tgli4k5i author = Perez, Tamra title = Conducting clinical research in the era of Covid-19 date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; sponsor summary = Even now, investigators, industry sponsors, and institutional review boards/ethical committees (IRB/EC) struggle to maintain the safety of trial participants and researchers, while promoting the continuity of ongoing clinical studies. 6 The FDA, investigators, industry sponsors, and IRBs/ECs, among others, were required to act quickly to assess the status of ongoing studies and restructure research processes accordingly. 2 Industry sponsors are just now becoming aware that in order for research sites to begin to reopen their sites, COVID-19 testing may become a requirement for subjects as they are seen inperson for clinical visits as well as protocol-specified procedures. • Industry sponsors should be in contact with each investigative site to provide guidance on safety procedures to be continued such as labs or other vital status measurements. • In accordance with research informed consent requirements, investigators should maintain contact with trial subjects and keep them informed of protocol changes that could affect their participation (new information). doi = 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.06.011 id = cord-299237-pdkxqf3h author = Pericàs, Juan M title = Profile and quality of published reviews on COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Scientific journals have timely responded to this challenge by prioritizing COVID‐19 research, with proactive editorial efforts favoring open‐access to articles, launching calls for papers, implementing specific sections and special issues on COVID‐19, among others. All rights reserved Dear Editor, COVID-19 has created the necessity to rapidly generate evidence to enlighten many blind spots encompassing the pandemic, from pathophysiology to management. Scientific journals have timely responded to this challenge by prioritizing COVID-19 research, with proactive editorial efforts favoring open-access to articles, launching calls for papers, implementing specific sections and special issues on COVID-19, among others. In the context of a rapidly spreading pandemic with dismal consequences, large amounts of observational studies were carried out in a very short period and this evidence was synthetized into reviews providing pathophysiological insight and guidance for diagnosis and management of COVID-19. Scholars and journal editors are called on to make a joint effort to transition to a highquality research-reporting period regarding COVID-19 at the global level. doi = 10.1111/eci.13293 id = cord-263191-osa3ylkl author = Pericàs, Juan M. title = Hospital at home for the management of COVID-19: preliminary experience with 63 patients date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = We aimed to describe the characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 transferred from the hospital to a HaH unit during the peak of the first wave of the pandemic in Barcelona, Spain. (1) Caregiver available 24 h at the patients'' home; (2) home conditions allowing patient isolation from cohabitants; (3) early discharge from hospital ward: more than 6 days since the start of symptoms; no fever in the last 24 h; respiratory rate < 22 rpm and oxygen saturation > 95% with F i O2 < 0.35; C Reactive protein < 5 mg/dl or descending, normal LDH or descending, lymphocytes > 800 cells/mm 3 or ascending; no radiological progression of pneumonia; (4) admission from Emergency room: bilateral pneumonia in patient without high-risk factors (> 65 years old, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and immunosuppression); respiratory infection without pneumonia, or unilobar pneumonia in patients with risk factors. doi = 10.1007/s15010-020-01527-z id = cord-355830-kctpftm9 author = Perisetti, Abhilash title = Putative Mechanisms of diarrhea in COVID-19 date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The presence of viral RNA in stools samples has been noted in up to 53.4% of cases of diarrhea in COVID-19, but it is unclear if the presence of RNA correlates with diarrheal symptoms 1 . If the diarrhea is due to the direct cytopathic effects, then stool viral RNA is expected to be positive in significantly higher numbers in COVID-19 as compared to non-cytopathic causes. However, fecal calprotectin is elevated in COVID-19 patients with persistent diarrhea, which is consistent with increased gut inflammation. The COVID-19 patients are known to have altered gut flora 4 , which could be due to the use of antimicrobials, concomitant infections, and the severe illness itself. The composition of gut flora could also be altered by an increase in proinflammatory mediators because of viral-induced inflammation. It is unclear if the factors mentioned above play a role alone or in combination in causing diarrhea in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.06.008 id = cord-310895-zkzew0kb author = Periyakaruppan, Muthiah title = COVID Abdomen: SARS-CoV-2 Infection Presenting as ‘Acute Abdomen’ in a Child date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: COVID Abdomen: SARS-CoV-2 Infection Presenting as ''Acute Abdomen'' in a Child To the Editor: Despite lesser incidence and disease severity of COVID-19 in children, growing evidence suggests huge heterogeneity in clinical presentation [1] . [4] reported the importance of chest CT evaluation in addition to abdominal CT in patients presenting as acute abdomen to identify basal pneumonia to ignite a suspicion of COVID-19, not as a primary acute abdomen presentation. Our index case was a pure abdominal presentation at the onset masquerading as surgical abdomen, persisted through the second week and progressed to shock without any respiratory symptoms. Recent observations all over the world suggest that it can very well be a presentation of ''acute COVID Inflammation'' [5] . Covid-19: concerns grow over inflammatory syndrome emerging in children Children with Covid-19 in pediatric emergency departments in Italy Role of chest CT in patients with acute abdomen during the COVID-19 era doi = 10.1007/s12098-020-03508-4 id = cord-340851-lnv8yi9l author = Perkins, Alex title = Optimal control of the COVID-19 pandemic with non-pharmaceutical interventions date = 2020-04-23 keywords = April; COVID-19; control; international summary = To characterize a range of possible strategies for control and to understand their consequences, we performed an optimal control analysis of a mathematical model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Our results also highlight that the potential scope for controlling COVID-19 until a vaccine is available depends on epidemiological parameters about which there is still considerable uncertainty, including the basic reproduction number and the effectiveness of social distancing. Strategies for successfully controlling COVID-19 until then will depend on a suite of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) [3] , including some degree of social distancing but also diagnostic testing, contact tracing, and case isolation [5] . Because they are similar to the components of the objective functional but more easily interpretable, we describe effects of model parameters on t1 t0 D(t)dt (cumulative deaths) and t1 t0 u(t)dt (cumulative time under control). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.22.20076018 id = cord-301473-k9257jaa author = Pernitez-Agan, S. title = Bibliometric Analysis of COVID-19 in the Context of Migration Health: A Study Protocol date = 2020-07-11 keywords = COVID-19; Scopus; publication summary = Expected study findings aim to provide valuable information to support evidence mapping on COVID-19 and migration health, particularly the identification of important research gaps. Methods and analysis: Using Elseviers Scopus abstract and citation database, a comprehensive search strategy will be applied to map scientific publications on COVID-19 and migration health. A deep dive on dominant research themes or migrant health-related topics will be done by creating visualization network maps of keywords from the retrieved publications. In this paper, we present the protocol for a bibliometric study that aims to identify and analyze research publications on COVID-19 focusing on migration, migrants and human mobility; specifically mapping research productivity on COVID-19 in the context of migration health by author, country, institution/ organization, health theme, and migrant topic (i.e. migrant type and country coverage). Scopus, a citation and abstract database of peer-reviewed literature developed by Elsevier, will be used to retrieve publications on COVID-19 and migration health. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.09.20149401 id = cord-273114-eanwxkvt author = Perrone, Serafina title = Report of a series of healthy term newborns from convalescent mothers with COVID-19 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = A further case series described 7 women with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), all of whom required oxygen therapy and received Caesarean section at term; only 3 neonates were tested, of whom one was positive. Here we report a series of cases of healthy term newborns whose mother developed COVID-19 infection during the third trimester of pregnancy and were convalescent with negative test at the time of delivery. Moreover, birth date, mode of delivery, gestational age, birth weight (g), anthropometric data, Apgar score 1''-5'', amniotic fluid, mother-child contact, clinical signs or symptoms and swab results was collected by newborns. Her husband suffered from COVID-19 infection and RT-PCR assay on her nasopharyngeal swab was positive for SARS-CoV-2. We reported four cases of healthy neonates born from mothers with previous SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in the third trimester of pregnancy. doi = 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9743 id = cord-256135-v75qvb1i author = Persoon, Ilona F. title = A review of respiratory protection measures recommended in Europe for dental procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Persoon, Ilona F.; Stankiewicz, Nikolai; Smith, Andrew; de Soet, Hans (J.J.); Volgenant, Catherine M.C. title: A review of respiratory protection measures recommended in Europe for dental procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic During the COVID-19 pandemic period, the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends wearing respiratory protection when undertaking aerosol generating procedures (AGP) to reduce the risks of cross-infection between patients and healthcare worker (HCW) and vice versa 2 . When patients do not show symptoms of COVID-19, 54% of countries recommend respiratory protection FFP2 / FFP3 when performing AGP. A considerable number of countries also recommend respiratory protection FFP2 / FFP3 when performing non AGPs, both in patients with (63%) and without symptoms of COVID-19 (33%). However, the effectiveness of these respirators to prevent transmission of pathogens highly depends on proper fit and use of the equipment 9 In conclusion, the recommendations on respiratory protection when undertaking dental healthcare in European countries vary considerably. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.07.027 id = cord-349755-81ijzz3a author = Perz, Catherine A. title = Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale in a US College Sample date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; Fear; GAD-7 summary = The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) (Ahorsu et al., International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2020) is a seven-item scale which has been validated and shown to possess good psychometric qualities in studies of participants from multiple countries. The current study used a cross-sectional convenience sample of US college student participants (n = 237) and found that the FCV-19S has high reliability and validity as demonstrated by its internal consistency and strong one-factor solution. Additionally, the FCV-19S was only moderately correlated with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale (GAD-7), suggesting that the FCV-19S may bring added utility to research and clinical practice with populations impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that the present study was to our knowledge the first to use the Englishlanguage version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale in a sample of US college students, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the scale using SPSS Version 26. doi = 10.1007/s11469-020-00356-3 id = cord-326354-fhafg41x author = Pesavento, Raffaele title = The hazard of (sub)therapeutic doses of anticoagulants in non‐critically ill patients with Covid‐19: the Padua province experience date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; dose; patient summary = As available information on the benefit/risk profile of this approach is still lacking, we retrieved information from a broad Accepted Article number of consecutive patients with non-critical COVID-19 who had been admitted to two medical wards and had been prescribed variable doses of antithrombotic drugs according to the physicians'' perception of the thromboembolic risk. The increasing awareness that low-dose anticoagulants may be ineffective for prevention of thrombotic complications in the course of COVID-19, including the development of micro-thrombosis in the lung vessels, has induced several clinicians to consider the use of sub-therapeutic or even therapeutic doses of antithrombotic agents in all admitted patients, challenging their hemorrhagic potential [13, 30] . Not surprisingly, the incidence of major or clinically relevant bleeding complications occurring during hospitalization was remarkably higher in patients treated with (sub)therapeutic than in those receiving preventive doses of antithrombotic drugs. doi = 10.1111/jth.15022 id = cord-331405-1opm5onj author = Pessa Valente, Emanuelle title = COVID-19 among health workers in Brazil: The silent wave date = 2020-06-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = Since the beginning of pandemic, many organizations have raised concerns with the lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), low observance of social distancing measures, and scarce availability of diagnostic tests in Brazil [2, 3] . Open Knowledge Brazil (OKBR), a civil society organization that operates in support of open-access data of public interest, ranked Brazilian states with a "Transparency index", evaluating 13 criteria related to content, format and level of detail of information disclosed via official portals during COVID-19 pandemic [12] . We report here the results of a rapid review performed by systematically screening each of the 27 federal health department websites and COVID-19 dedicated portals in order to identify specific policies for HW health screening and testing, and related HW morbidity and mortality data. Information regarding COVID-19 confirmed cases among HWs was available in the official bulletins of only six (22.2%) Brazilian Federal states (Figure 1) . doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.010379 id = cord-277697-bdzx4hzk author = Pessaux, P. title = Réponse à « Stratégie pour la pratique de la chirurgie digestive oncologique en situation d’épidémie de COVID-19 » date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Cependant, cette série n''est pas suffisante pour conclure que les patients atteints de cancer avaient un risque plus élevé de COVID-19. La pneumopathie à coronavirus était tout de même marquée d''un risque de mortalité plus élevé chez les patients avec un cancer. Certains auteurs chinois [5] n''attribuent pas ce risque accru au cancer lui-même, mais pourrait être dû à mesures de prévention de l''infection à SARS-CoV-2, et de l''adaptation de l''organisation des soins au sein des établissements de santé. Publication chinoise à l''appui [8] (cas clinique contre 3 patients avec un cancer ayant fait une forme grave dans le papier de Liang et al.), la colectomie pour cancer peut se passer très bien même chez le patient COVID+. L''arrêt quasiment de toute activité chirurgicale oncologique [1] ne serait pas sans conséquence avec des pertes de chance certaines mais difficiles à évaluer à ce stade. doi = 10.1016/j.jchirv.2020.04.005 id = cord-266601-4ik5gu6b author = Peter, Strang title = Dying from Covid-19: Loneliness, end-of-life discussions and support for patients and their families in nursing homes and hospitals. A national register study date = 2020-07-25 keywords = EOL; covid-19 summary = OBJECTIVE: The aim was to study whether EOL discussions were offered and to what degree patients were alone at time of death when dying from Covid-19, comparing deaths in nursing homes and hospitals. 14 For these reasons, variables such as "dying with someone present (including family, friends, staff, hospital chaplains etc.)" and "EOL discussions" during the last week of life are registered in the Swedish Register of Palliative Care (SRPC), a nation-wide quality register of end-oflife (EOL) care, which is completed online retrospectively in different care settings when a person has died. 15, 16 Aims The aim was to study the occurrence of EOL discussions with patients and next of kin, whether patients died alone and whether family members were offered bereavement support, in relation to all reported Covid-19 related deaths in hospitals and nursing homes (data set retrieved 19 th May 2020), using the SRPC. doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.07.020 id = cord-304018-1fxjdl1m author = Peters, Sanne A.E. title = Obesity as a risk factor for COVID‐19 mortality in women and men in the UK Biobank: comparisons with influenza/pneumonia and coronary heart disease date = 2020-09-23 keywords = BMI; COVID-19 summary = Cox regression was used to estimate the sex-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality from COVID-19, influenza/pneumonia and CHD for overweight and obesity (defined as a body mass index [BMI] ≥25 to <30kg/m² and ≥30kg/m², respectively) and an overall 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in BMI (SD: 4.8), waist circumference (SD: 13.5), waist-to-hip ratio (SD: 0.09), and waist-to-height ratio (SD: 0.08). This population-based study of over 500,000 women and men in the UK Biobank shows that higher levels of adiposity measures were associated with a higher risk of death from COVID-19, of an order of magnitude similar to that seen for other respiratory diseases and CHD. Table 1 Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and women-to-men ratios of HRs with 95% confidence intervals for death from COVID-19, influenza/pneumonia, or coronary heart disease associated with body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio Analyses are adjusted for age, Townsend index, smoking status, and ethnicity. doi = 10.1111/dom.14199 id = cord-306200-d5qn65k0 author = Petersen, Eskild title = COVID-19 travel restrictions and the International Health Regulations – call for an open debate on easing of travel restrictions date = 2020-04-17 keywords = covid-19; travel summary = Whilst travel restriction measures that significantly interfere with international traffic may be justified at the beginning of an outbreak, since they allow countries time to implement effective preparedness measures based on careful risk assessment, they should be based on a reasoned scientific evaluation of the available evidence on their possible effectiveness. The purpose of the WHO International Health Regulations [WHO, 2020b] is to ''prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which The WHO''s advice, based on many years of international outbreak response, was considered by many to be reasonable and evidence-based but the recommendation on travel restrictions has not been heeded by governments and politicians in the face of rapid spread of COVID-19 between countries. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.029 id = cord-311026-mpr3xb2a author = Petersen, Eskild title = COVID-19–We urgently need to start developing an exit strategy date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; Hong; Kong; PDF; SARS summary = Another approach could be to open travel from countries with good surveillance systems, transparent reporting, and few local cases where risk of importing infected cases would be low. Thus, public health capabilities for case identification and isolation must be expanded probably permanently; tools can include physical inspection or use of electronic devices, such as mobile phone-based surveillance and point of care tests as used in Taiwan, Korea and Oman, summarized in table 3. Despite the city state''s strict contact-tracing, quarantining and travel restrictions, a second wave of infections from returning residents and local transmissions saw cases spike from 100 to 1,000 in one month (SCMP 3 rd April). This initial public health response included travel bans from countries with high levels of community transmission and 14-day mandatory quarantine for all returning travelers from those countries; school closures; cancellation of gatherings of more than 100 people; and expanding testing and isolation capacity. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.035 id = cord-330998-ttwadtay author = Petersen, Fernanda Cristina title = COVID-19: Looking Into the Overlooked date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = At the peak of the pandemic, broad-spectrum antibiotics have been administered to the majority of patients admitted with COVID-19 to hospital to prevent secondary infections but also, some antibiotics, like teicoplanin, have been used due to their alleged antiviral properties. However, the risk and potential severity of secondary infections associated with COVID-19, particularly in overcrowded clinical settings and in immune-compromised patients, has in many cases reduced the compliance with the local prescription practice guidelines. As the first wave of the pandemic is tailing off in Europe, we have gathered substantial and actionable evidence that suggests that both severity and mortality associated with COVID-19 is due to host factors, ranging from endothelial and coagulation disturbances leading to the formation of micro thrombi to a major dysregulation of the host immunity and inflammatory response. doi = 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00165 id = cord-274343-y9zqbefu author = Petersen, Irene title = Three Quarters of People with SARS-CoV-2 Infection are Asymptomatic: Analysis of English Household Survey Data date = 2020-10-08 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = We estimated sensitivity, specificity, the proportion of asymptomatic cases (1 – sensitivity), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of COVID-19 symptoms as a marker of infection using results of the SARS-CoV-2 test as the "gold standard". 8 In this analysis of data from a large representative study by the English Office for National Statistics we aimed to understand the value of COVID-19 symptoms as a marker for SARS-CoV-2 infection. We estimated the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of COVID-19 symptoms for SARS-CoV-2 infections as well as the proportion of asymptomatic cases (1 -sensitivity). We estimated the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of COVID-19 symptoms as a marker of infection by using the results of the SARS-CoV-2 test as the "gold standard". To our knowledge, the Office for National Statistics Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey pilot is the largest population survey carried out to date including information on the association between COVID-19 symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 test results. doi = 10.2147/clep.s276825 id = cord-315001-1ui27pkc author = Peterson, Nicholas title = Discovering Associations: Kawasaki Disease and COVID-19 date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; Kawasaki summary = Due to her prolonged fever, she was tested for COVID-19 which was positive; however, she did not develop respiratory symptoms during her illness. At the time of manuscript submission, this is the second case report to our knowledge showing an association between Kawasaki Disease and SARS-CoV-2 virus, both of which are poorly understood diseases in the pediatric population. This case highlights the value of testing pediatric patients for COVID-19 who present with fever in the absence of other symptoms to improve epidemiologic measures during the ongoing pandemic, and it also adds to a foundation of cases for future research on the presence of a link between Kawasaki Disease and COVID-19. We present a case showing an association between Kawasaki disease and the SARS-CoV-2 virus. is case highlights the value of testing patients for COVID-19 during evaluation for Kawasaki disease (KD). is case highlights the value of testing patients for COVID-19 during evaluation for possible Kawasaki disease. doi = 10.1155/2020/8880242 id = cord-337692-b89ow1mf author = Petti, S. title = Ecologic association between influenza and COVID-19 mortality rates in European countries date = 2020-09-11 keywords = SARS; covid-19; mortality summary = Ecologic studies investigating COVID-19 mortality determinants, used to make predictions and design public health control measures, generally focused on population-based variable counterparts of individual-based risk factors. We considered the 3-year average influenza (2014–2016) and COVID-19 (31 May 2020) crude mortality rates in 34 countries using EUROSTAT and ECDC databases and performed correlation and regression analyses. An apparently perplexing characteristic of the reported association between the two mortality rates was that while influenza virus circulation during the seasons considered in the present analysis was uncontrolled, SARS-CoV-2 circulation was probably limited by the widespread exceptional public health measures implemented in Europe [32] . This study reported an inverse association between number of hospital beds and mortality rates (Table 2) , thus showing that high influenza and COVID-19 mortality was also due to inefficiencies of the healthcare systems, and corroborated by data from several European countries [45] . doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002125 id = cord-352159-qx16i7s1 author = Pettit, Natasha N. title = Late Onset Infectious Complications and Safety of Tocilizumab in the Management of COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; TCZ; patient summary = During the study period, the institutional guideline recommended administration of TCZ 400 mg intravenous once (with the option of redosing based on clinical response within 12-24 hours) if patients presented with severe and rapidly progressing hypoxia in addition to elevated inflammatory markers (e.g. D-Dimer >2 mg/L, C-reactive protein (CRP) >100mg/L, and/or ferritin >600 mcg/L (or >300mcg/L if ferritin doubled in the previous 24hrs)). To characterize the patients'' clinical presentation, course, and outcomes in the group that received TCZ, we also evaluated time to TCZ from symptom onset, intensive care unit (ICU) admission at the time of the TCZ dose, the TCZ weight based dose, mechanical ventilation at the time of the TCZ dose, whether they also received remdesivir or a hydroxychloroquine based regimen, time to defervesce following TCZ (if the patient was febrile prior to the dose), time to positive culture (if they had positive cultures post TCZ), length of hospital stay (LOS), and mortality (all-cause). doi = 10.1002/jmv.26429 id = cord-295407-aq011b97 author = Pettus, Katherine title = Availability of Internationally Controlled Essential Medicines in the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; control summary = Frequently used medicines include opioids such as morphine or fentanyl and midazolam, all of them listed as ICEMs. This paper describes the issues related to the lack of availability and limited access to ICEMs during the COVID-19 pandemic in both intensive and palliative care patients in countries of all income levels and makes recommendations for improving access. The additional COVID-19 burden of health-related suffering only underscores the government obligation to take a balanced approach to the regulation of internationally controlled substances, and to make strategic interventions, in partnership with clinical associations, to ensure the availability, accessibility, and affordability of essential medicines for primary, intensive, and palliative care. doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.153 id = cord-259562-e1htl489 author = Petzold, Moritz Bruno title = Risk, resilience, psychological distress, and anxiety at the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany date = 2020-07-07 keywords = Germany; covid-19; psychological summary = An online survey in the general population in China showed that more than half of the participants rated the psychological impact of the events as moderate-to-severe and 16.5% reported depressive and 28.8% anxiety symptoms of moderate-to-severe intensity during the initial stage of the pandemic. Another study from China showed a lower prevalence of symptoms of psychological distress in Chinese workforce during the COVID-19 outbreak Tan, Hao, et al., 2020) , and particularly, individuals with preexisting (mental) health issues seem to suffer from psychological strain in the context of the pandemic . Hence, the aim of the present study was to assess psychological distress, anxiety, and depression with regard to the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze possible risk and protective factors. Our study represents the first study that assesses psychological distress, anxiety, and depression as well as risk and protective factors in the current COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. doi = 10.1002/brb3.1745 id = cord-346146-yal0ctpq author = Peyronnet, Violaine title = Infection par le SARS-CoV-2 chez les femmes enceintes. Actualisation de l’état des connaissances et de la proposition de prise en charge. CNGOF date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; des; les; une summary = L''objectif de la rédaction de ce document est d''actualiser les connaissances des professionnels de santé sur le SARS-Covid-2, ses symptômes, la connaissance actuelle sur la transmission inter individuelle et pendant la grossesse et de proposer un protocole de prise en charge pour les femmes enceintes en France modifiant celui proposé précédemment (1) . Cependant, des symptômes plus graves ont également été décrits dans ce contexte (16 à 32%) comme la pneumonie ou le syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë (SDRA) qui sont présents majoritairement chez les personnes âgées, les patients présentant une immunodépression ou des comorbidités telles que le diabète, un cancer ou une maladie respiratoire chronique et les femmes enceintes (4; 8; 12-17) Les caractéristiques épidémiologiques, cliniques, biologiques et radiologiques ont été décrites dans la population générale en premier par Huang et al. Enfin une autre série française multicentrique portant sur 100 femmes enceintes avec une infection certaine rapporte 5 cas de césariennes avant 32 SA pour cause de COVID chez des patientes hospitalisées en réanimation. doi = 10.1016/j.gofs.2020.10.001 id = cord-290950-v28kilvn author = Peyrony, Olivier title = Surfaces and equipment contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the Emergency Department at a university hospital date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = METHODS: We performed multiple samples from different sites in ED patients care and non-patient care areas with sterile premoistened swabs and used real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that surfaces and equipment contamination by SARS-CoV-2 RNA in an ED during the COVID-19 outbreak is low and concerns exclusively patients'' examination and monitoring rooms, preserving non-patient care areas. In this study, we aimed to assess the surface and equipment contamination by SARS-CoV-2 of an ED during the COVID-19 outbreak depending on patient care and non-patient care areas. In our study, a sample was considered positive if either both ORF1a/b and E genes were Also, we did not detect any presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on the different surfaces of the patients'' registration desk or COVID-19 patients'' waiting room. doi = 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113600 id = cord-305139-851v2qr3 author = Peys, Elise title = Haemoptysis as the first presentation of COVID-19: a case report date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = This case emphasises the added value of bronchoscopy with BAL in the diagnostic work-up in case of high clinical suspicion and negative serial NPS in patients presenting with severe symptoms. Here, we report an unusual case of a man who presented with life-threatening haemoptysis as the first and unique symptom of COVID-19. According to the institutional guidelines during the current COVID-19 pandemic, nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) samples on two consecutive days were obtained and tested for SARS-CoV-2 using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which repeatedly returned negative. Unusually, in this case, haemoptysis was the initial and unique symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a patient with underlying emphysema. [7] , haemoptysis was the only clinical symptom during the first ten days of the disease course, whereas Casey and co-workers presented a case of COVID-19 associated with acute segmental pulmonary emboli which eventually caused haemoptysis [8] . doi = 10.1186/s12890-020-01312-6 id = cord-267815-4fw7xgnt author = Peña, Juan A. title = A Survey of Labor and Delivery Practices in New York City during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We therefore developed an internet-based survey to elucidate the practices put into place to guide the care of obstetrical patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that all sites made changes to their practices, and that there appeared to be agreement with screening and testing for COVID-19, as well as labor and delivery protocols, for SARS-CoV-2-positive patients. One center performed SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing for all support persons either on admission to labor and delivery (L&D), or 24 to 48 hours prior to a scheduled admission. For half of the sites, after 34 weeks, the risks of continued expectant management of a patient with COVID-19 seemed to outweigh the risks of prematurity, and these centers would forgo testing and recommend delivery. Here we report on the obstetrical practices and protocols from four academic medical centers in NYC at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1713120 id = cord-293547-29i3u83s author = Pfaar, O title = COVID‐19 pandemic: Practical considerations on the organization of an allergy clinic – an EAACI/ARIA Position Paper date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; EAACI; SARS; allergy; article; patient summary = RESULTS: Based on diagnostic and treatment standards developed by EAACI, on international information regarding COVID‐19, on guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international organizations as well as on previous experience, a panel of experts including clinicians, psychologists, IT experts and basic scientists along with EAACI and the "Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)" inititiative have developed recommendations for the optimal management of allergy clinics during the current COVID‐19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: This international Position Paper provides recommendations on operational plans and procedures to maintain high standards in the daily clinical care of allergic patients whilst ensuring necessary safety in the current COVID‐19 pandemic. In the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis (ETFAD) recommends to continue all immune-modulating treatment since exacerbations of underlying diseases can have a large negative impact on the patient''s immunity [30] . doi = 10.1111/all.14453 id = cord-258092-a4e59c7z author = Pfeuffer, Steffen title = Autoimmunity complicating SARS-CoV-2 infection in selective IgA-deficiency date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = During ICU treatment, the patient recovered from COVID-19, and nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 were repeatedly negative (first on day 15). Laboratory analysis revealed selective immunoglobulin A deficiency (sIgAD; serum IgA <0.05g/L) but was otherwise unremarkable for autoimmune or hematologic disorders. We believe that our patient suffered from sIgAD since childhood but remained undiagnosed in the absence of symptoms until autoimmunity was finally induced by COVID-19. 1 Such association has not been shown yet for T1D, but previous reports on the development of DKA within already 1 week after nivolumab treatment 2 indicate that a single trigger can result in rapid-onset T1D in susceptible patients and normal HbA1c levels render preexisting yet undiscovered T1D unlikely here. 3 Moreover, previous cases on GBS after COVID-19 mostly showed an onset within 5-10 days supporting that COVID-19 is a sufficient trigger of rapid-onset autoimmunity. Previous patients also developed GBS already within 7-10 days after the onset of COVID-19. doi = 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000881 id = cord-345737-b4r0jyjo author = Phillips, Dominique title = The invisible workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: Family carers at the frontline date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; carer summary = It is hoped that family carers will receive greater recognition for the significant role they play in society, providing essential care and alleviating the strain on health and social care systems, both during and post the COVID-19 pandemic. Highlighting the contribution that older people make may also draw attention to the particular needs of and challenges facing older family carers, who have remained invisible throughout COVID-19, to the people they are providing care and support to, as well as other family members playing a secondary caregiving role who themselves may be working. The Open Letter points to the evidence showing the benefits of enabling family carers to remain at work, and highlights the role and responsibilities of employers and the state in supporting working family carers and helping to moderate the additional stresses and strains that they are currently under. doi = 10.12688/hrbopenres.13059.1 id = cord-288632-2aliqy8p author = Phillips, Nicole title = The Perfect Storm: COVID-19 Health Disparities in US Blacks date = 2020-09-23 keywords = ACE2; IL-6; SARS; covid-19 summary = Specifically, Fig. 1 illustrates a conceptual model through which psychological influences (stress, anxiety, depression), pre-existing/comorbid disease (e.g., HTN, T2DM), and COVID-19 interconnect on the basis of known and unknown genetic variations that translate into human health outcomes and molecular modes of viral pathogenesis. Importantly, it is the interplay between key environmental exposures (stress; social determinants of health, SDH) and genetic predisposition for aspects of viral pathogenesis and/or comorbid disease (e.g., type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM; hypertension, HTN) that ultimately converges on COVID-19 manifestation and affects mortality . While there is conflicting data regarding the effects of variants in all three of the candidate genes discussed here, the remarkable relevance of associated phenotypes to COVID-19 pathophysiology together implies that genetic polymorphisms which regulate immune and stress responses may interact to affect underlying disease risk and, simultaneously, SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. doi = 10.1007/s40615-020-00871-y id = cord-301454-ayf42grs author = Phyu Khin, Phyu title = A potential therapeutic combination for treatment of COVID-19: synergistic effect of DPP4 and RAAS suppression date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = A recent study proved that coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 also uses dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4, also known as adenosine deaminase complexing protein 2, CD26) as a co-receptor when entering cells. In particular, SARS-CoV-2 is able to infect T lymphocytes despite their very low expression level of ACE-2, implying an alternate receptor for viral entry [5, 6] . Among elderly patients (average age: 80 years) infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Italy in early 2020, the mortality rate was highest in patients with hypertension (69%), followed by those with type 2 diabetes (31%), and those with ischemic heart diseases (27%) [5] . The SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE-2, is expressed on many different cell types: implications for ACE-inhibitor-and angiotensin II receptor blocker-based cardiovascular therapies. Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110186 id = cord-263308-q0iriid8 author = Piano, Carla title = An Italian Neurology Outpatient Clinic Facing SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Data From 2,167 Patients date = 2020-05-29 keywords = SARS; covid-19; neurological summary = Methods: Patients with chronic neurologic diseases routinely followed at the outpatient clinic of Gemelli University Hospital, Rome, were assessed for symptoms suggestive of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pandemic period, consequences of social restrictions, and neurological disease features, concomitant medical conditions, current medical and disease-specific treatments. Specifically, the survey assessed: (1) Demographic and clinical characteristics, including age at onset, duration of illness, and disability measures (ADL/IADL) (8); (2) COVID-19 related questions, including history of recent travel in endemic areas, direct contacts with COVID-19 confirmed cases (COVID-19+), symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 infection started or worsened in the last 3 months (fever, cough/sore throat, asthenia, dyspnea, myalgia, and hyposmia/hypogeusia), and confirmatory testing for COVID-19 (nasal/pharyngeal swab test results); (3) information related to the impact of COVID-19 on disease burden, including subjective worsening of neurological symptoms, compliance with restrictions and specific effects of restriction measures on the perception of illness (need of urgent neurological care, discontinuation of pharmacological treatment or physiotherapy, difficulties in finding drugs). doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.00564 id = cord-310157-gzysuusk author = Piapan, Linda title = COVID-19 outbreak in healthcare workers in Trieste hospitals (North-Eastern Italy) date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In Trieste, a north-eastern Italian province with 234 493 inhabitants, 903 of 4,216 HCWs in public hospitals reported contact with COVID-19 patients between March 1 and April 6, 2020, and were followed up to verify symptom onset. The COVID-19 spread in different wards and the time trend analysis of contact and case onset showed 4 major cluster outbreaks. The first cluster of contacts occurred on March 6, 2020, in Geriatric ward where an index patient without respiratory symptoms (one of the first cases documented in Trieste) was admitted: 72% of HCWs in the division were infected. Another two clusters of exposure occurred on March 10 and 11, 2020, in Internal Medicine I and II, due to the hospitalization of 2 patients not suspected to be COVID-19 positive at first (26% and 39% of HCWs infected). In the study period, infected HCWs accounted for 16.2% of all COVID-19 cases in the province of Trieste [5] . doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.08.012 id = cord-355028-1x7w1749 author = Piazza, Cesare title = Long-term intubation and high rate of tracheostomy in COVID-19 patients might determine an unprecedented increase of airway stenoses: a call to action from the European Laryngological Society date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; LTS; airway; patient summary = INTRODUCTION: The novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, may need intensive care unit (ICU) admission in up to 12% of all positive cases for massive interstitial pneumonia, with possible long-term endotracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation and subsequent tracheostomy. In the meantime, however, as a consequence of the combination of an increased number of long-term intubated, critically ill patients, and delayed tracheostomy, it is probable that, in the near future, an unprecedented rise of iatrogenic sequelae ranging from granulomas, webs, and laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS), to tracheomalacia, tracheal necrosis, tracheo-esophageal, and tracheo-innominate fistulae may come to arise [16, 17] . The aim of the present paper from the Laryngotracheal Stenosis Committee of the European Laryngological Society is, therefore, to alert the medical and scientific communities to the possibility of a surge in the number of airway injuries in the short and medium term, to provide a narrative review of the main mechanisms potentially leading to laryngotracheal injuries during prolonged intubation and tracheostomy, and to help in proactively diagnosing and treating LTS. doi = 10.1007/s00405-020-06112-6 id = cord-278536-b4eyegx5 author = Piazza, Gregory title = Registry of Arterial and Venous Thromboembolic Complications in Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = OBJECTIVES: To assess the frequency of arterial and venous thromboembolic disease, risk factors, prevention and management patterns, and outcomes in patients with COVID-19, the authors designed a multicenter, observational cohort study. CONCLUSIONS: Major arterial or venous thromboembolism, major adverse cardiovascular events, and symptomatic venous thromboembolism occurred with high frequency in patients with COVID-19, especially in the intensive care setting, despite a high utilization rate of thromboprophylaxis. Whereas the morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 are usually attributed to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and end-organ failure, cardiovascular complications, including myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic stroke, and pulmonary embolism (PE), also cause disability and death in these patients (1) (2) (3) . Among those admitted to the non-ICU setting (n ¼ 229), the frequency of major arterial or venous thromboembolism, major adverse cardiovascular events, and symptomatic VTE was also elevated but lower than for those with critical illness. doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.070 id = cord-295523-5pv7kw6i author = Picchianti Diamanti, Andrea title = Cytokine Release Syndrome in COVID-19 Patients, A New Scenario for an Old Concern: The Fragile Balance between Infections and Autoimmunity date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; CRS; IL-6; SARS; TNF; patient summary = However, in about 20% of patients, the infection progresses to severe interstitial pneumonia and can induce an uncontrolled host-immune response, leading to a life-threatening condition called cytokine release syndrome (CRS). We critically review the rationale for the adoption of immunosuppressive agents, commonly used in autoimmune diseases, in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and report current knowledge of ongoing studies. The exacerbated reaction to infections or to biological therapy is caused by the rapid recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils, which produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and alter the fragile balance between a controlled immune response and a host-damaging reaction. As of now, four clinical trials are recruiting patients with COVID-19, severe acute respiratory failure, and CRS, aiming at evaluating the safety and effectiveness of anakinra alone or in combination with anti-IL-6 agents (NCT04330638, NCT0432402, NCT04357366, NCT04339712). High disease activity is associated with an increased risk of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis doi = 10.3390/ijms21093330 id = cord-347081-g96cxamu author = Picchio, Camila A. title = The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on harm reduction services in Spain date = 2020-11-04 keywords = PWUD; covid-19; spanish summary = The number of overall service users and needles distributed fell during the Spanish state of alarm lockdown period, suggesting that fewer clients accessed harm reduction services during this time, putting them at greater risk of reusing or sharing injecting equipment, overdosing, acquiring infectious diseases with decreased access to testing or discontinuing ongoing treatment such as methadone maintenance therapy, hepatitis C treatment, or antiretroviral therapy. While harm reduction centres have been reported in 13 of the 17 autonomous communities, often these centres have insufficient data or resources for proper monitoring of In order to better understand the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on harm reduction service provision in Spain, we report service utilisation, operating hours, and provision of harm reduction services such as OST, DAAs, and ART, infectious disease testing [hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and tuberculosis (TB)], and mental health services during the pandemic and for the same period one year earlier. doi = 10.1186/s12954-020-00432-w id = cord-029885-vawqjfij author = Piccini, Jonathan P. title = EP News: Quality Improvement and Outcomes date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The current issue focuses on quality improvement surrounding the challenges created for heart rhythm care during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. PMID: 32330546) 3 conducted a single-center study evaluating the safety and feasibility of utilizing mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry for heart rhythm and QT monitoring in 117 patients with COVID-19 who were receiving hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin and were hospitalized on non-telemetry floors. The authors conclude that while mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry has not been approved for QTc monitoring for patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter, QRS duration >160 msec, or T-wave <5% of the peak QRS amplitude, their single-center study suggests that innovative management of QTc monitoring is possible under the resource-constrained conditions of a pandemic. Inpatient Use of Ambulatory Telemetry Monitors for COVID-19 Patients Treated With Hydroxychloroquine and/or Azithromycin doi = 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.07.027 id = cord-304813-10n1ol1g author = Piccolo, Vincenzo title = Chilblain‐like lesions during the COVID‐19 pandemic: should we really worry? date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-304813-10n1ol1g cord_uid: 10n1ol1g The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread worldwide in a few months. 3 During the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Italy, pediatric dermatologists received pictures from pediatricians reporting young patients with pernio-like lesions. 4 The clinical features appeared to be stereotypical, with the sudden onset of slightly painful or pruritic violaceous plaques and nodules, someWe actually think that after the first negative results of the screening program, the correlation of these lesions with the COVID-19 infection is far from being confirmed, so clinicians have not to worry parents, avoiding to forward urgently children to the nearest hospital to perform all the COVID examinations. Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSEE) at JohnHopkins University (JHU). Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: a first perspective Chilblain-like lesions during COVID-19 epidemic: a preliminary study on 63 patients doi = 10.1111/ijd.14993 id = cord-287303-b7vg439c author = Piché-Renaud, Pierre-Philippe title = Healthcare worker perception of a global outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and personal protective equipment: Survey of a pediatric tertiary-care hospital date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; IPAC; PPE summary = OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to capture perspectives of healthcare workers (HCWs) on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and infection prevention and control (IPAC) measures implemented during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. INTERVENTION: A self-administered survey was distributed to HCWs. We analyzed factors influencing HCW knowledge and self-reported use of personal protective equipment (PPE), concerns about contracting COVID-19 and acceptance of the recommended IPAC precautions for COVID-19. 13, 14 During the 2003 SARS outbreak in Canada, inconsistent use of PPE and lack of adequate infection control training were among the factors contributing to the infection of HCWs. 15 In this study, we aimed to capture attitudes and knowledge of HCWs regarding COVID-19 and IPAC measures in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially related to PPE. We also sought to identify factors influencing HCW knowledge and self-reported use of personal protective equipment (PPE), concerns about contracting COVID-19, and acceptance of the recommended IPAC precautions for COVID19 . doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.415 id = cord-271186-82q22u6i author = Picichè, Marco title = Cardiac Involvment in SARS-CoV-2-Associated Inflammatory Syndromes date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; MIS summary = In their review discussing the effects of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARSin children and adolescents, Loke, Berul and Harahsheh highlight the overlapping features between Kawasaki disease (KD) and the recently described inflammatory syndrome called Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) [1] . Although in children with MIS-C, the inflammatory response may sometimes be associated with transitory respiratory impairment, this feature is more prominent in adults with COVID-19, who may even require venous-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO) support. However, notwithstanding the existence of considerable observational data on the use of ECMO for influenza A (H1N1) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus-related ARDS, the real utility of ECMO in adult COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure is uncertain and remains under investigation [15] . In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 may generate an inflammatory syndrome in both adults and children, albeit with several different characteristics and consequences. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Associated with Coronavirus Disease doi = 10.1016/j.tcm.2020.07.008 id = cord-337204-14gxpeaf author = Piciucchi, Matteo title = Preliminary considerations regarding the risk of COVID-19 and disease severity in chronic gastrointestinal conditions date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; IBD summary = Since the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 at the end of 2019, several studies of the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical findings, therapy and virological features of this infection have become available and are totally free to clinicians via a PubMed search [1, 2] . In particular, several risk factors that are involved in acquiring the infection and that affect the clinical course and severity of COVID-19related diseases have been identified (Figure 1 ), but conclusive data are still lacking [2, 4] . As far as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is concerned, there are no data to suggest a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or a higher severity of related diseases in these patients, compared to the general population. More specifically, prospective studies to analyze the risk of the infection and its possible course in patients with IBD, pancreatitis and liver diseases are needed in order to improve care for these patients. doi = 10.20524/aog.2020.0498 id = cord-302758-i5pe61h1 author = Pier, Matthew M. title = Otolaryngology-related Google Search trends during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; Google summary = OBJECTIVE: To assess trends of Google Search queries for symptoms and complaints encountered commonly in otolaryngology practices during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic when in-person care has been limited. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that Google search activity for many otolaryngology-related terms during the COVID-19 pandemic has increased or decreased significantly as compared to previous years. This study aims to assess trends within the U.S. for Google Search queries of symptoms and complaints encountered commonly in otolaryngology practices comparing the time of COVID-19 pandemic with similar time periods in previous years. The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the ability of otolaryngologists to provide care to many patients in the U.S. This study demonstrates that Google search activity for many otolaryngology-related terms during this period has increased or decreased significantly as compared to previous years. doi = 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102615 id = cord-306453-w1sxap5p author = Pierce-Williams, Rebecca A.M. title = Clinical course of severe and critical COVID-19 in hospitalized pregnancies: a US cohort study date = 2020-05-08 keywords = covid-19; critical; woman summary = This is a multi-center cohort study on pregnant women admitted to the hospital for treatment of severe and/or critical COVID-19 infection from March 5 to April 20, 2020. The primary outcome was median duration (from hospital admission to discharge) overall and for women with severe versus critical COVID-19 infection. The clinical course of disease in hospitalized pregnant women with severe or critical COVID-19 infection seems to be similar to non-pregnant persons in the limited available studies. As there are currently few reports of severe or critical COVID-19 infections in pregnant women, this study seeks to describe these patients and their clinical progression. One useful variable is time: in our data, pregnant women with COVID-19 who developed critical disease and needed intubation progressed quickly from admission on day 7 from symptom onset to intubation on day 9. To date, we are not aware of a larger cohort study examining specifically the disease course of pregnant women hospitalized with molecular test confirmed severe or critical COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100134 id = cord-285580-gq7400tq author = Pieretti, Joana C. title = Nitric oxide (NO) and nanoparticles – potential small tools for the war against COVID-19 and other human coronavirus infections date = 2020-10-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In this mini-review, we discuss recent progress concerning the antivirus activity of NO in clinical, pre-clinical and research settings, and its beneficial effects in the treatment of clinical complications in patients infected with coronaviruses and other respiratory viral diseases, including COVID-19. Although positive biological effects have been reported for the administration of NO donors, further studies are required to better evaluate the levels of inflammatory mediators and the activity of important heme-containing enzymes, such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), directly involved in the inflammatory responses in respiratory viral infections (Anderson and Russel, 2020) . In other words, NO demonstrates potential for the treatment of patients infected with COVID-19 both in severe and nonsevere conditions, improving oxygenation and antiviral mechanisms, and preventing aggravation of the disease (Ferrari et al., 2020; Parikh et al., 2020) . Protocol of a randomized controlled trial testing inhaled nitric oxide in mechanically ventilated patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome in COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198202 id = cord-282095-cbfyydi3 author = Pierron, Denis title = Smell and taste changes are early indicators of the COVID-19 pandemic and political decision effectiveness date = 2020-10-14 keywords = France; covid-19; french; smell; taste summary = Using data from a global, crowd-sourced study deployed in 30+ languages (Global Consortium for Chemosensory Research survey, GCCR, see "Methods" section), we tested whether changes in smell/taste at the population level could be used as an early indicator for local COVID-19 outbreaks. As pre-registered (see "Methods" section), our primary aim was to test the association between self-reported smell and taste changes and indicators of pressure in hospitals (COVID-related hospitalizations, CCRU admissions, and mortality rates) for each French administrative region over the last 3 months. The potential for self-reported smell and taste loss to serve as an early indicator of the number of COVID-19 cases-and hence hospital stress-was tested in a natural experiment by comparing France with Italy and the UK, which implemented lockdown with different timing and levels of stringency. Next, we examined the temporal dynamics in France of self-reported changes in smell/taste, the current governmental indicator (ratio of ER consults), and the number of CCRU admissions due to COVID-19 before and after the lockdown period. doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-18963-y id = cord-155530-fz9l7rc7 author = Pierson, Emma title = Assessing racial inequality in COVID-19 testing with Bayesian threshold tests date = 2020-11-02 keywords = covid-19; hispanic summary = In the case of COVID-19, infra-marginality is not a hypothetical concern: per capita infection rates are much higher in Black populations than white populations, so it is plausible that there might be dramatic differences in the risk distributions. We fit the model to cumulative COVID-19 test and case count data through August 16, 2020 in the US state of Indiana, broken down by race and county (further data details in Appendix A). (2018) proposes a version of the threshold test which incorporates population information, but makes use of only the proportion rather than the absolute population of each race group in each location: eg, the population information provided to their model is that "in County X, 40% of people are Hispanic, 20% are white, and 40% are Black". 3 We infer county-specific COVID-19 testing thresholds for non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic populations. doi = nan id = cord-348537-rsdyiygo author = Pignatti, Marco title = How the COVID-19 pandemic changed the Plastic Surgery activity in a regional referral center in Northen Italy date = 2020-05-15 keywords = covid-19; surgery summary = Finally we underline the importance of using telemedicine and web-based tools to transmit images of lesions that need the surgeon''s evaluation, and can be used by the patient to keep in touch with a doctor during the distressing time of delay of the expected procedure. All the patients already booked on an outpatient clinic at the time the switch from elective to urgent activity was implemented were contacted, on a daily basis, to evaluate the urgency of their case and to decide whether to cancel, postpone or maintain their appointment. However the use of internet tools for monitoring reconstructive surgery patients has been largely described 22, 23, 24 .Instant sharing of images or video calls allow plastic surgeons to make an easy consultation, filtering only clinical cases that really need to be evaluated in person for an adequate treatment. doi = 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.05.002 id = cord-330975-2tome934 author = Pilato, Emanuele title = Pulmonary embolism and Sars-Cov-2 infection: a new indication for surgical pulmonary endarterectomy? date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = According to the last clinical and autoptic findings, COVID-19 pneumonia is associated with massive pulmonary micro embolism and pulmonary infarction caused by a wide thrombotic response to the infection [1] . Probably, a wide pulmonary embolism and a strong inflammatory response will cause a chronic pulmonary hypertension that could increase long-term mortality and morbidity of survivors. Nowadays, chronic pulmonary embolism can be effectively treated with medical therapy but in some limited cases it can require a surgical treatment [3] . Surgery for chronic pulmonary embolism is a very rare but challenging situation because it requires long surgical times and sometimes the need to deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest [4]. In the regard, however, COVID-19 could have created a wide population that will develop pulmonary hypertension due to the fibrosis and chronic embolism and that might need a surgical treatment in the next years. Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Patients: Awareness of an Increased Prevalence Surgical Treatment of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension doi = 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.05.007 id = cord-333654-8rg99di5 author = Pillai, Presaad title = COVID-19 AND MAJOR ORGAN THROMBOEMBOLISM: MANIFESTATIONS IN NEUROVASCULAR AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS. date = 2020-10-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = The disease, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2), has to date been responsible for more than 800,000 deaths globally, economic upheaval and significant lifestyle changes. 5, 6, 7 However, more recently immune mediated thrombosis has been a consistent finding in a significant number of patients with of Covid-19 and understanding its pathophysiological mechanisms and impact on morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 may open new avenues in disease prognostication and management. Thus, D-dimer level could potentially be an early and helpful marker to improve the management of COVID-19 and point clinicians to the possibility of silent thrombosis occurring in the pre-symptomatic stage which might dictate the natural history, progression and severity of the disease in a manner that has not been seen in previous coronavirus infections. Other significant risk factors, excluding raised D-dimer and CRP, that were associated with a high mortality rate for these patients with NVD, were comorbidities, age and increased severity of COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105427 id = cord-315556-84rgd2s9 author = Pilotto, A. title = Steroid-responsive severe encephalopathy in SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; preprint summary = SARS-CoV-2 infection has the potential for targeting central nervous system and several neurological symptoms have been described in patients with severe respiratory distress. Here we described the case of an otherwise healthy 60-year old subject with SARS-CoV-2 infection but only mild respiratory abnormalities who developed severe progressive encephalopathy associated with mild pleocytosis and hyperproteinorrachia. The patient dramatically improved after high-doses steroid treatment suggesting an inflammatory-mediated brain involvement related to SARS-CoV-2 infection Recently, a study posted in medRxiv4 and still unpublished has reported neurological manifestations in COVID-19 in the outbreak in China in up to 36.4% of patients hospitalized, including alteration of consciousness, headache, dizziness and delirium 6 . The here described COVID-19 case is of particular interest, as the patients presented with severe encephalopathy with only mild respiratory alterations. Neurological Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.12.20062646 id = cord-290001-603qy8ml author = Pimentel, Lígia L. title = Cholesterol, inflammation, and phospholipids: COVID-19 share traits with cardiovascular disease date = 2020-10-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = COVID-19, the severe acute respiratory syndrome produced by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has resulted to date in more than 27 million infected cases and 900000 deaths worldwide since the first reported cases in December 2019 at the Chinese city of Wuhan (for updated information readers can consult https://covid19.who.int/). Moreover, total counts of white blood cells (WBC) were significantly higher in patients in critical condition [1] and those with severe respiratory failure showed macrophage activation syndrome [4], confirmed by the presence of monocyte recruiting chemokines in bronchoalveolar fluid [2] . Furthermore, plasma lipidomic analyses have revealed a close relationship between the severity of COVID-19 and circulating lipids: a combination of larger levels of atherogenic diglycerides (DG 16:0/20:2/20:0) and triglycerides (TG 14:0/22:1/22:3), alterations of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) signalling system with decreased concentrations of phosphatidylcholine (PC) [7] and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) [8] . Thus, it was observed in SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects that anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL IgG) profile (>15 U/mL) was associated to disease severity (i.e.respiratory distress) while those patients have not a previous record history of thrombosis [11] . doi = 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158839 id = cord-300297-csacrppf author = Pinggera, Daniel title = The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on traumatic brain injuries in Tyrol: experiences from a state under lockdown date = 2020-07-22 keywords = TBI; Tyrol; covid-19 summary = title: The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on traumatic brain injuries in Tyrol: experiences from a state under lockdown We aimed to analyze the influence of the COVID-19 quarantine on traumatic brain injury (TBI) cases in Tyrol. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains the largest contributor to trauma-related mortality worldwide with considerable economic and social impact, particularly, for affected individuals, their families and socioeconomic systems [1] . The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the "COVID-19"-quarantine measures on neurosurgical caseload and injury pattern of TBI patients in the state of Tyrol during 3 weeks, in which the strictest quarantine rules were in place. As our department is the only neurosurgical unit in Tyrol, patients with moderate or severe TBI are transferred to our hospital, which is a level-1 trauma center by default. Regional differences in patient characteristics, case management, and outcomes in traumatic brain injury: experience from the tirilazad trials doi = 10.1007/s00068-020-01445-7 id = cord-273331-pu4cr3bh author = Pinkham, Amy E. title = A Longitudinal Investigation of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Individuals with Pre-existing Severe Mental Illnesses date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; EMA; SMI summary = OBJECTIVE: Individuals with severe mental illnesses (SMI), including schizophrenia spectrum illnesses and affective disorders, may be at increased risk for negative mental health outcomes related to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: 148 individuals with SMI (92 with schizophrenia spectrum illnesses and 56 with affective disorders) were recruited from ongoing ecological momentary assessment studies that sampled day-to-day experiences and symptom severity prior to the pandemic. The key aim of this report is therefore to compare prepandemic and current symptom ratings to identify the impact of the pandemic on mental health among individuals with pre-existing SMI. The effect of the pandemic on affective experiences, symptoms, and behavioral health (i.e., sleep and substance use) was then assessed via a series of repeated measures ANOVAs that used time as the within-subject variable (pre-pandemic EMA averages vs. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113493 id = cord-345887-ymo4mxx7 author = Pinky title = Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes: a Nano Platform for Therapeutics and Drug Delivery in Combating COVID-19 date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; MSC; SARS; cell; exosome summary = title: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes: a Nano Platform for Therapeutics and Drug Delivery in Combating COVID-19 With an urgent need for the development of potential strategies, two recent studies from China using Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) to treat COVID-19 pneumonia have shed some light on a potential cure for the COVID-19 infected patients. Also, attractive features like cell targeting, low-immunogenicity, safety, and high biocompatibility distinguish these exosomes from other synthetic nano-vesicles and thus potentiate their role as a drug delivery nano-platform. However, this study is first of its kind evaluating MSCs derived exosomes therapeutic potential for COVID-19 [45] . Some of the pre-clinical studies evaluating the effect of MSC derived exosomes on lung macrophages in various lung injury models have provided insights into the exosome derived approach as a new strategy for treating nCOV associated pathogenicity. Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as treatment for severe COVID-19 doi = 10.1007/s12015-020-10002-z id = cord-351276-eatlugrm author = Pinna, Graziano title = Sex and COVID-19: A protective role for reproductive steroids date = 2020-11-09 keywords = TLR4; cell; covid-19 summary = Female reproductive steroids, estrogen and progesterone and its metabolite, allopregnanolone are anti-inflammatory, reshape competence of immune cells, stimulate antibody production and promote proliferation and respiratory epithelial cell repair suggesting they may protect against COVID-19 symptoms. Estradiol and progesterone exerts peripheral and neuronal functions mediated by genomic influencing nuclear hormone receptors, are anti-inflammatory, reshape competence of immune cells and stimulate antibody production. In addition to the well-known role of progesterone in reproduction, this steroid regulates important immunomodulatory functions, including reshaping the competence of immune cells and inducing potent anti-inflammatory actions. Combination of estradiol with progesterone showed the strongest protective effects in the lungs after the stimulation of the inflammatory cascade involving toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) function in cultured alveolar macrophages [6] . The anti-inflammatory action, the role in reshaping immunocompetence and increasing number of immune cells, and the stimulation of higher antibodies concentrations against viral infections raise the hypothesis that these reproductive steroids may be beneficial to prevent or improve COVID-19 symptom severity and mortality. doi = 10.1016/j.tem.2020.11.004 id = cord-267287-qodj254z author = Pintado, Juan F. title = How COVID-19 has affected Emergent Visits to a Latin-American Trauma Department: Experience at a Peruvian National Trauma Referral Center date = 2020-11-03 keywords = Peru; covid-19; patient summary = The current study''s overall aim was to examine the impact of the current COVID-19 outbreak on the number of non-COVID-related patient presentations to a major national emergency traumatology/orthopedics referral center in Latin America. Numbers of non-follow-up patients presenting to the traumatology/ orthopedics service were counted and compared between January through April 2019 and January through April 2020; and between the month immediately prior to the Peruvian government''s implementation of national lock-down measures (Feb 16—Mar 15; Period 1) and the month immediately following (Mar 16—Apr 15; Period 2). Our institute, which performs more trauma and orthopedic surgeries than any other center in Peru [6] , was declared a national referral center for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 during the pandemic. On the other hand, strengths include it being the first to report on the impact of the present global crisis on Latin-American traumatology and orthopedic services, and that our institution is our country''s largest tertiary referral center for trauma cases within the Peruvian National Health Service. doi = 10.1016/j.injury.2020.11.005 id = cord-031143-a1qyadm6 author = Pinto Neto, Osmar title = Compartmentalized mathematical model to predict future number of active cases and deaths of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-30 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; model summary = RESULTS: The main results were: (a) Our model was able to accurately fit the either deaths or active cases data of all tested countries using optimized coefficient values in agreement with recent reports; (b) when trying to fit both sets of data at the same time, fit was good for most countries, but not all. The red circles (deaths) and blue circles (active cases) indicate real data up to June 18 Table 3 Inverse of the model optimized coefficients of γ, δ, ζ, and ε representing latent, infectious, hospitalization, and critical cases mean duration in days, as well as the model estimated basic reproductive number (R 0 ) and the death rate (DR) for June 18, 2020, for Germany, Brazil, Spain, Italy, South Korea, Portugal, Switzerland, Thailand, and USA, respectively. doi = 10.1007/s42600-020-00084-6 id = cord-305068-9qh8vgtc author = Pinto Pereira, João title = Management of COVID-19 Coagulopathy in a Patient with Severe Haemophilia A date = 2020-09-25 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = A 54-year-old man with a long history of severe haemophilia A treated prophylactically with efmoroctocog alpha (3,000 IU twice weekly) was diagnosed with COVID-19 infection. As illustrated by the following observation, this would be more particularly the case for patients with severe haemophilia requiring intensive care and invasive procedures. With a medical history of obesity, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, our patient was particularly illustrative of the population at risk for COVID-19 infection, independently from his history of bleeding disorder [3] . Few data are currently available regarding haemophilic patients requiring invasive procedures following ICU admission for COVID-19 severe infection, with a difficult balance between thromboprophylaxis and prevention of bleeding complications. Our case illustrates that factor VIII concentrates present several desirable features to correct the haemostatic defect in haemophilia A patients with severe COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1159/000510591 id = cord-263736-n4mjdlgx author = Pinto, A. C. P. N. title = Pharmacological interventions for COVID-19: Protocol for a Rapid Living Systematic Review with network meta-analysis date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Pharmacological interventions for COVID-19: Protocol for a Rapid Living Systematic Review with network meta-analysis This is the protocol for a rapid living systematic review that aims to compare the effectiveness and safety of different pharmacological interventions for the treatment of COVID-19. METHODS: rapid living systematic review methodology with Network Meta-Analysis following the recommendations of Cochrane Handbook. We will perform the critical appraisal of included studies with the Risk of Bias tool and the certainty of evidence will be evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). We will perform a rapid living systematic review methodology with network metaanalysis following the recommendations proposed by the Cochrane Handbook (7) . We believe this rapid systematic review with network meta-analysis and extensive searches will be able to summarize the current available evidence on pharmacological treatments and to provide important information for clinical decision-making on COVID-19 that has recently emerged and caused a deadly pandemic. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.02.20088823 id = cord-352526-t8odetzw author = Pinto, Bruna G G title = ACE2 Expression is Increased in the Lungs of Patients with Comorbidities Associated with Severe COVID-19 date = 2020-06-11 keywords = ACE2; SARS; covid-19 summary = Although angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is crucial for SARS-CoV2 to bind and enter host cells, no study has systematically assessed the ACE2 expression in the lungs of patients with these diseases. Here, we analyzed over 700 lung transcriptome samples of patients with comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19 and found that ACE2 was highly expressed in these patients, compared to control individuals. Correlation and network analyses revealed many potential regulators of ACE2 in the human lung, including genes related to histone modifications, such as HAT1, HDAC2, and KDM5B. The molecular mechanism responsible for the increased disease severity in patients with these comorbidities is not fully understood, but previous studies suggest a role for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (5) . Here, we showed that the expression of the gene encoding the ACE2 receptor in lung tissue is upregulated by diseases representing comorbidities along with COVID-19. doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiaa332 id = cord-282339-a1ln2v2p author = Pinto, Daniel title = The role of breast FNA during and post‐ COVID‐19 pandemic: a fast and safe alternative to needle core biopsy date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; breast summary = We would invite the reader to challenge their preconceptions of breast FNABs: not only have ancillary tests have been shown to be viable on both smears and cell blocks but, in 2019, the Yokohama System for Reporting Breast Fine‐Needle Aspiration Biopsy Cytopathology was developed and validated, enabling an accurate and reproducible categorization of breast lesions, significantly reducing the need for follow‐up CNBs. Thus, the major limitations of breast FNABs have been addressed. (21, 22 ) When compared to fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB), CNBs have some advantages, such as enabling the assessment of suspicious microcalcifications detected by mammography, distinguishing in situ from invasive lesions and providing material for performing theranostic biomarkers, enabling personalized therapy. One could also argue that, given the minimal invasive nature of the FNAB procedure, the risk of infection from a asymptomatic COVID-19 patient should be low, and even lower when compared to a CNB procedure which may involve more personnel and time to perform. doi = 10.1111/cyt.12894 id = cord-350540-s6is9ndm author = Pinto, Rogério M. title = COVID-19 Pandemic Disrupts HIV Continuum of Care and Prevention: Implications for Research and Practice Concerning Community-Based Organizations and Frontline Providers date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; HIV summary = title: COVID-19 Pandemic Disrupts HIV Continuum of Care and Prevention: Implications for Research and Practice Concerning Community-Based Organizations and Frontline Providers Community-based organizations (CBOs) employ frontline service providers-social workers, health educators, navigators-to help (1) individuals of unknown HIV status access testing; (2) those at high-risk for HIV but who test negative to access physicians who can prescribe PrEP; Nonetheless, community-engaged research suggests that, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, these frontline providers had not been consistent in how often or in how they linked clients to care continuum services. Providers having day-to-day interactions with clients in primary care, outpatient, and prevention settings are poised to help PLWH and vulnerable individuals overcome HIV-related stigma, PrEP stigma, inadequate health insurance, and can help improve HIV testing rates [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-02893-3 id = cord-328214-2azb8789 author = Piper-Vallillo, Andrew J. title = COVID-19 Infection in a Lung Cancer Patient Population: Incidence, Presentation and Alternative Diagnostic Considerations date = 2020-11-12 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Methods To determine an at-risk population for COVID-19, we retrospectively identified lung cancer patients receiving longitudinal care within a single institution in the 12 months (4/1/19 – 3/31/20) immediately preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, including an "active therapy population" treated within the last 60 days of this period. Rates of hospitalization and mortality amongst patients J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f who received any versus no systemic therapy or radiation for lung cancer within 30 days of COVID-19 positivity were compared using Fisher''s exact test. Hospitalization rates and mortality were slightly higher among COVID-19-positive patients on active therapy within the preceding 30 days, but this was not statistically significant (Supplemental Table 3 In this study, we retrospectively estimated the incidence of COVID-19 among a thoracic oncology population within a tertiary academic medical center in one of the early epicenters in the United States. doi = 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2020.100124 id = cord-309441-obojsf04 author = Pirau, Letitia title = Case Series: Evidence of Borderzone Ischemia in Critically-Ill COVID-19 Patients Who “Do Not Wake Up” date = 2020-09-23 keywords = covid-19; follow; patient summary = We conclude that critically-ill COVID-19 patients with prolonged coma following sedation discontinuation may demonstrate imaging features of ischemic injury in borderzone regions despite the absence of documented sustained hypotension or hypoxia. In this report, we describe the clinical course, radiological findings, and outcome of two such COVID-19 patients, initially intubated for ARDS while neurologically intact, who demonstrated prolonged unresponsiveness following discontinuation of sedation, with evidence of borderzone ischemia on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain. An MRI of the brain scan performed 29 days following initial presentation demonstrated multifocal regions of hyperintensity on Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) with a corresponding hypointensity on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the bilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA)-anterior cerebral artery (ACA) borderzones (Figure 2) . Critically-ill COVID-19 patients who remain comatose for prolonged periods following discontinuation of sedation may demonstrate features of hypoperfusion injury in borderzone regions despite the absence of sustained severe hypotension or hypoxia. doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.00964 id = cord-269484-jjbctg96 author = Piraux, Arthur title = Covigie, une plateforme pour les soignants et les coordonnateurs d’équipes de soins date = 2020-10-20 keywords = Covid-19; Covigie summary = F Le projet Covigie est né d''un constat simple : les autorités sanitaires ne disposaient pas de relais d''infor mation structurés leur permettant d''avoir une vision agrégée et actualisée des retours d''expérience des profes sionnels de santé de premier recours, en première ligne de la lutte contre la Covid-19. F Dans un premier temps, l''un des éléments qui a préoccupé les soignants, avant même leur propre sécurité et donc l''accès à des équipements de protection individuelle, a été la diminution du recours aux soins des patients atteints d''une pathologie aiguë, autre que la Covid-19, ou chronique. Mise en place très rapidement, au coeur de la crise sanitaire de la Covid-19, la plateforme Covigie avait pour vocation d''être l''outil de tous les professionnels de santé de premier recours, permettant une remontée rapide d''informations pertinentes depuis le terrain jusqu''aux autorités de tutelle, en charge des décisions. doi = 10.1016/j.actpha.2020.08.014 id = cord-353365-ujz5nkk3 author = Pirnay, Jean-Paul title = Study of a SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in a Belgian Military Education and Training Center in Maradi, Niger date = 2020-08-27 keywords = Maradi; Niger; SARS; belgian; covid-19 summary = The medical military command implemented testing of all Belgian soldiers for SARS-CoV-2 viral load and antibodies, two to three days before their departure on a mission abroad or on the high seas, and for specific missions immediately upon their return in Belgium. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a Belgian military education and training center in Maradi, Niger, was characterized by mild symptoms in five soldiers and asymptomatic infection in two soldiers (one trainer), both having a viral load, as diagnosed upon their timely return to Belgium. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a Belgian military education and training center in Maradi, Niger, was characterized by mild symptoms in five soldiers and asymptomatic infection in two soldiers (one trainer), both having a viral load, as diagnosed upon their timely return to Belgium. doi = 10.3390/v12090949 id = cord-354330-pud2rqxk author = Pirzada, Abdul Rouf title = Management of Aerosol during Noninvasive Ventilation for Patients with Sleep-Disordered Breathing: Important Messages during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; CPAP; NIV summary = The procedures that are believed to have a potential to generate aerosols and droplets as a source of respiratory pathogens include positive pressure ventilation (bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)), endotracheal intubation, airway suction, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, tracheostomy, chest physiotherapy, nebulizer treatment, sputum induction, and bronchoscopy [5] [6] [7] . In the hospital, the procedures that are believed to or have a potential to generate aerosols and droplets as a source of respiratory pathogens include positive pressure ventilation (BiPAP and CPAP), endotracheal intubation, airway suction, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, tracheostomy, chest physiotherapy, nebulizer treatment, sputum induction, and bronchoscopy [5, 8] . NIV in hospital, in a setting of suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19, warrants infectious disease protocol of isolation in negative pressure room preferably with an anteroom and attached washroom (well ventilated) and personal protective equipment for attending staff; however, it is not possible in high volume patient inflow. doi = 10.1007/s41782-020-00092-7 id = cord-264462-4vfk99f5 author = Piscoya, A. title = Efficacy and harms of remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-05-27 keywords = covid-19; preprint summary = Methods: Systematic review in five engines, pre-print webpages and RCT registries until May 22, 2020 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies evaluating remdesivir on confirmed, COVID-19 adults with pneumonia and/or respiratory insufficiency. We performed a systematic review of RCTs and observational studies (cohort studies, case series) evaluating the effects of remdesivir in adult hospitalized COVID-19 confirmed patients. In adult, hospitalized, RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients with respiratory insufficiency or pneumonia, there was scarce data on efficacy and safety associated with the use of 10-day remdesivir regimens. 6 There is paucity of adequately powered and fully reported RCTs evaluating efficacy and harms of remdesivir use in adult, hospitalized, severely-ill COVID-19 patients. Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Remdesivir in Adult Patients with Severe Pneumonia caused by COVID-19 virus Infection: study protocol for a Phase 3 Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicentre trial doi = 10.1101/2020.05.26.20109595 id = cord-279046-wk4ja15k author = Pissurno, Neisa Santos Carvalho Alves title = Anosmia in the course of COVID-19: A case report date = 2020-07-31 keywords = covid-19; olfactory summary = Although individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 may be asymptomatic, the disease may also present as a mild upper respiratory tract illness; however, many patients experience severe viral pneumonia that leads to respiratory failure, and, in many cases, death. Herein, we describe a case of a COVID-19 patient that presented with anosmia but did not experience any nasopharyngeal mucosa abnormalities during the course of the disease. Although olfactory dysfunction has been reported as a rare manifestation of many viruses, [6] including severe acute respiratory syndrome during the 2003 epidemic, [7] more recently, anosmia has been identified in many cases reported in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the details of the disease course and recovery of olfactory function can guide clinical management for cases of COVID-19 who experience anosmia. Olfactory neuropathy in severe acute respiratory syndrome: report of a case doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000021280 id = cord-336447-hpnkou41 author = Pitlik, Silvio Daniel title = COVID-19 Compared to Other Pandemic Diseases date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS; disease; pandemic; virus summary = Despite multiple publications and increasing knowledge regarding the biological secrets of SARS-CoV-2, as of the writing of this paper, there is neither an approved vaccine nor medication to prevent infection or cure for this highly infectious disease. 7, 8 This paper reviews the microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological characteristics of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as its socio-economic impact. In the early days of the pandemic great effort was invested into understanding the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2, 9 so as to provide a basis for discovery of an effective vaccine to prevent COVID-19 and/or a safe and efficacious drug to cure it, or at the least, to ameliorate its symptoms, shorten its duration, and/ or block its mechanism of transmission. 59 Unfortunately, to date, no human genetic markers predisposing to SARS-CoV-2 infection, nor the severity of COVID-19, have been found-although recent isolated exceptions to this statement can be found. doi = 10.5041/rmmj.10418 id = cord-278826-096v6taj author = Pitscheider, Lea title = Muscle involvement in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The present study aimed to investigate muscle involvement in an Austrian cohort of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection by analysing CK values, their evolution over the first 2 weeks of the disease course, the relationship to general markers of inflammation and disease severity. In the hyperCKemia population, CK was significantly higher in the influenza ICU (1611; 579 -1776 U/l) than in the COVID-19 ICU population (406; 28-643 U/l), while CRP did not differ between groups (COVIDThe main findings of the present study are that hyperCKemia is frequent in Austrian patients and CK levels correlate with various markers of inflammation in COVID-19 disease. The higher percentage of hyperCKemia in the present study might be explained by differences in disease severity, as CRP was less in the study by Mao [1] , which is also supported by the strong correlation of CRP Accepted Article and other inflammatory markers with CK levels. doi = 10.1111/ene.14564 id = cord-346501-6e91kt6c author = Pitt, Michael B title = Novel Educational Responses to COVID-19: What is Here to Stay? date = 2020-06-06 keywords = covid-19; pandemic summary = In this issue of Academic Pediatrics, we feature ten innovations that highlight novel educational responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Submissions were reviewed for innovation, outcome, and sustainability after the COVID-19 pandemic by three educational researchers blinded to author name and institution. Papers describing virtual learning included modifications to existing conferences (e.g., morning report, grand rounds, boot camp) (n=55; 47%), conversion of electives (n=22; 19%) or clerkships (n=16; 14%), virtual simulation (n=18; 15%), and approaches to equip learners to advocate for patients and populations during the COVID-19 pandemic (n=7; 4%). 11 COVID-19 presented unprecedented challenges, requiring educational innovations to ensure trainees continue to learn to provide high-quality, evidence-based care, advocate for patients and populations, and maintain wellness. We believe the papers featured in this issue highlight innovative educational responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and serve as a foundation for shaping future medical education. Medical Student Development of K-12 Educational Resources During the COVID-19 Pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.acap.2020.06.002 id = cord-275556-798oed8n author = Piubelli, Chiara title = Overall decrease of SARS-CoV-2 viral load and reduction of clinical burden: the experience of a Northern Italy hospital date = 2020-10-12 keywords = covid-19 summary = OBJECTIVES: In Italy the burden of patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) gradually decreased from March to the end of May. In this work, we aimed at evaluating a possible association between the severity of clinical manifestations and viral load over time, during the epidemiological transition from high to low transmission setting. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a reduction over time of the proportion of patients with Covid-19 requiring intensive care, along with decreasing median values of viral load. The proportion of patients requiring intensive care significantly reduced from 6.7% ( We observed a reduction over time of the proportion of patients with Covid-19 requiring intensive 46 care, along with decreasing median values of viral load. As the epidemiological context changes 47 from high to low transmission setting, people are presumably exposed to a lower viral load, which 48 has been previously associated to less severe clinical manifestations. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.006 id = cord-276359-syr9av09 author = Piva, Simone title = Clinical presentation and initial management critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Brescia, Italy date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = title: Clinical presentation and initial management critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Brescia, Italy In addition to describing the clinical management of such patients, this study details a proposed severity scale that was used to communicate with non-intensivists for management and triage, and for a step-up approach to drug therapy including antivirals, desamethasone and selective cytokine blockers. Creation of a severity scale to assess patients with COVID is of value to hospitals and physicians facing such shortages. The pandemic spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its disease, COVID-19, has resulted in massive strain in healthcare systems in several countries. The experience of Lombardy is interesting in that despite Italy having the third most number of ICU beds per capita, after the United States and Germany, physicians have had to limit resources due to shortages [1] . doi = 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.04.004 id = cord-316395-o9nblj5i author = Pizzini, Alex title = Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on COVID-19—A Prospective Analysis from the CovILD Registry date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19; VITD summary = PTH concentrations were increased in patients who needed intensive care unit (ICU) treatment, while VITD levels were not significantly different between disease severity groups. The novel Coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health concern leading to a substantial need for patient hospitalization, treatment at intensive care units (ICUs), and invasive ventilation [1] [2] [3] . This prospective, multicentre, observational study includes patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, based on typical clinical presentation and a positive SARS-CoV-2 real-time PCR test. The herein-presented analysis of the CovILD study cohort shows that 25(OH)D deficiency is common among COVID-19 patients, whereas a causal implication of VitD metabolism on its disease course remains uncertain. First, the CovILD trial was designed as an observational study to detect the rate of persistent lung injury after a severe course of COVID-19, therefore the here presented results must be interpreted carefully in the context of VITD deficiency, especially because predominantly patients with severe disease course were included. doi = 10.3390/nu12092775 id = cord-323943-9916y6x0 author = Platt, Daniel E title = Lies, Gosh Darn Lies, and Not Enough Good Statistics: Why Epidemic Model Parameter Estimation Fails date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; rate summary = Therefore, we sought to understand whether the parameters of epidemic models could be determined from the trajectory of infections, recovery, and hospitalizations prior to peak, and also to evaluate the quality and comparability of data between jurisdictions reporting their statistics necessary for the analysis of model parameters across populations. Beside host and viral genetic impacts, other aspects driving SARS-COV-2 rates are population specific and demic, such as the impact of age on both asymptomatic and mild cases, as well as the proportion of severe and critical cases. In this paper, we seek to identify the limitations of using compartmental models to estimate or test hypotheses concerning parameters governing the growth of SARS-COV-2 epidemics. Therefore, infected population growth may be more closely reflected in the fraction of positive results normalized by total number of tests applied, in spite of very highly biased sampling selection. The rate of growth and doubling time may reflect availability and levels of testing more than the actual disease in the population. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.20.20071928 id = cord-264785-kkd2pyp3 author = Plevinsky, Jill M title = The Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Adherence and Self-Management date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COVID-19; adherence; self summary = Given the prevalence and multi-faceted impact of nonadherence on pediatric health outcomes, the primary goal of this article is to identify and address how circumstances surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic may affect adherence and self-management among youth with chronic medical conditions. Although the circumstances surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic and its broad impact (both positive and negative) across individual, family, community, and healthcare systems factors impact pediatric adherence and self-management, pediatric psychologists have the expertise to recognize, assess, and address these challenges to promote health outcomes. Youth with chronic medical conditions and their families are resilient, and with support from their medical teams and behavioral health providers, can achieve optimal adherence and self-management despite the challenges brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa079 id = cord-340468-3s3dv88w author = Plumereau, Cécile title = Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute stroke reperfusion therapy: data from the Lyon Stroke Center Network date = 2020-09-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = METHODS: We conducted a prospective data collection of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treated with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and/or mechanical thrombectomy (MT) during the COVID-19 period (from 29/02/2020 to 10/05/2020) and a control period (from 29/02/2019 to 10/05/2019). Although some studies have reported an impact of the pandemic on acute ischemic stroke (AIS) care in terms of admissions and reperfusion therapy volumes along with longer treatment times and a decrease in the use of stroke imaging compared with control periods in 2019, other reports have not detected significant effects on revascularization procedures [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . The objective of our study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the volume of AIS patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and/or mechanical thrombectomy (MT), as well as pre and intra-hospital delays ( Fig. 1 ). doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-10199-6 id = cord-312398-teu3tdbq author = Pocard, Marc title = A special edition of the Journal of Visceral Surgery on Covid-19: what problems, dangers and solutions have been identified? date = 2020-05-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = Thus, if in France tomorrow, a Regional Health Agency (ARS) should require a surgical team to move to a Covid-19-negative center in order to perform cancer surgery, should this be seen as an element of progress and finally an organization that transcends the divides between public and private medicine? Yes, unless this leads to cancer surgery being performed in a Level I center that lacks the authorization (by this same ARS) to operate on cancers. There is also risk that in the aftermath of Covid-19, we will no longer be able to tell these This induces complex situations in ER''s and this is highlighted in two texts of this special issue (8, 9) . Re: Strategy for the practice of digestive and oncological surgery during the Covid-19 epidemic Re: Strategy for the practice of digestive and oncological surgery during the Covid-19 epidemic Re: Strategy for the practice of digestive and oncological surgery during the Covid-19 epidemic doi = 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2020.04.019 id = cord-329947-so64wlo2 author = Poggiali, Erika title = COVID-19, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Pneumothorax: A Frightening Triad date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A chest CT scan also showed diffuse emphysema, as observed in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and small consolidations in the lower lobes, suggestive for COVID-19 pneumonia. Unfortunately, the patient died from COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome after 48 days of hospitalization. LEARNING POINTS: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can cause death from severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Pneumothorax is a common complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We present the case of an 87-year-old man with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and COVID-19 pneumonia complicated by pneumothorax. High-resolution chest CT scan (HRCT) confirmed the diagnosis of left pneumothorax and revealed diffuse emphysema, as observed in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and small consolidations in both lower lobes, suggestive of COVID-19 pneumonia (Fig. 1) . CXR showed recurrence of a left pneumothorax, and an increase in the size and number of consolidations in the lower lobes, suggesting progression of COVID-19 pneumonia (Fig. 3) . doi = 10.12890/2020_001742 id = cord-350110-tybh207e author = Poggiali, Erika title = Can Lung US Help Critical Care Clinicians in the Early Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia? date = 2020-03-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-350110-tybh207e title: Can Lung US Help Critical Care Clinicians in the Early Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia? journal: Radiology cord_uid: tybh207e Chest CT scan was performed in all 12 patients and showed a strong correlation with US: bilateral lung involvement with ground-glass opacity; five of 12 patients had a crazy-paving pattern. Organizing pneumonia was confirmed in four patients as well as detected with lung US. We are aware that our data are preliminary and further studies are necessary to confirm the role of lung US in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 pneumonia, but we strongly recommend the use of bedside US for the early diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia in all the patients who presented to the emergency department with flu-like symptoms in novel COVID-19 era. The course of lung changes on chest CT during recovery from 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia. Radiology Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases doi = 10.1148/radiol.2020200847 id = cord-355181-affuyn8z author = Poggio, Claudio title = Copper-Alloy Surfaces and Cleaning Regimens against the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Dentistry and Orthopedics. From Fomites to Anti-Infective Nanocoatings date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; copper; surface; virus summary = SARS-CoV-2 (acronym for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), responsible for the current outbreak that causes COVID-19 (acronym for "corona virus disease 2019"), is reported to be able of surviving on inanimate surfaces for days. An interesting 2008 article that dealt with environmental hygiene focused on the importance of the transmission of respiratory tract infections Genetic material of SARS-CoV-2 has recently been demonstrated in the plasma of patients with COVID-19, thus feeding concerns for virus shedding during surgical procedures [16] . Incorporation of copper alloy surfaces in conjunction with effective cleaning regimens and good clinical practice could help to control transmission of respiratory coronaviruses, including MERS and SARS [52, 53] . Incorporation of copper alloy surfaces in conjunction with effective cleaning regimens and good clinical practice could help to control transmission of respiratory coronaviruses, including MERS and SARS [52, 53] . doi = 10.3390/ma13153244 id = cord-350255-tthttyl3 author = Poirier, Canelle title = The role of environmental factors on transmission rates of the COVID-19 outbreak: an initial assessment in two spatial scales date = 2020-10-12 keywords = China; covid-19 summary = To disentangle if our reproductive number estimates could be explained by importation of cases from Wuhan, Hubei, alone; and if they could be interpreted as indicators of local transmission, we formulated a linear model with the local R proxy as the response variable, and human mobility as a predictor at the province level. In all steps of filtering at the province-level, and for both time periods, τ 1 and τ 2 , absolute humidity was not associated to R proxy , with P values ranging between 0.161 and 0.922 (Tables 9, 10 , 11, 12, 13, 14, 15) . For cities, for time-period τ 1 , and after the first step of filtering, absolute humidity appeared to be associate with R proxy with a p value equal to 0.004 (Supplementary Table S5 ). doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-74089-7 id = cord-285395-vybruu3o author = Polat, Veli title = Sudden death due to acute pulmonary embolism in a young woman with COVID-19 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Sudden death due to acute pulmonary embolism in a young woman with COVID-19 Rarely, pulmonary embolism may be encountered in patients with severe COVID-19 infection, especially in intensive care units. An asymptomatic young case of COVID-19 presenting with sudden death due to acute massive pulmonary embolism has not been previously described. CT pulmonary angiography and chest CT scans revealed acute massive embolism and typical imaging findings of COVID-19 pneumonia, respectively. COVID-19 infection appears to induce venous thromboembolism, especially pulmonary embolism. Lately, cases of acute PE associated with severe COVID-19 infection have been reported. We report a case of acute massive PE, resulting in sudden death associated with COVID-19. COVID-19 pneumonia was detected in addition to massive PE during chest CT imaging, which was planned according to electrocardiogram and echocardiographic findings compatible with pulmonary embolism. Acute pulmonary embolism and COVID-19 pneumonia: a random association? doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02132-5 id = cord-348172-q3zcn5pf author = Poli, Daniela title = Managing anticoagulation in the COVID-19 era between lockdown and reopening phases date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The recent spreadout of the COVID-19 pandemic requires a re-organization of Anticoagulation Clinics to prevent person-to-person viral diffusion and continue to offer the highest possible quality of assistance to patients. In this paper, based on the Italian Federation of Anticoagulation Clinics statements, we offer some advice aimed at improving patient care during COVID-19 pandemic, with particular regard to the lockdown and reopening periods. Anticoagulation Clinics (ACs) routinely manage thousands of patients taking anticoagulants, either vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), or parenteral drugs. ACs are pivotal in anticoagulation management, providing site visits for patients, remote monitoring, and integration with local health facilities [2] .The recent spreadout of the COVID-19 pandemic requires a re-organization also of ACs, to prevent person-to-person diffusion. In this phase, we recommend that all ACs actively follow up anticoagulated patients through laboratory and clinical controls. doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02391-3 id = cord-252273-mykwzlsu author = Politis, Constantina title = Post-donation information and haemovigilance reporting for COVID-19 in Greece: information supporting the absence of SARS-CoV-2 possible transmission through blood components date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; blood summary = Post-donation, post-transfusion information and molecular testing of swab samples collected from three asymptomatic donors at risk for COVID-19, revealed the case of an immunosupressed patient who had been transfused with whole blood derived platelets from a donor subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19. According to the case report described for the first time by Cho et al., the transfusion of apheresis platelets to a patient diagnosed with severe aplastic anaemia from a donor who was subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19 did not result in the transmission of the disease 14 . In our study we describe the haemovigilance data over a surveillance period of three months (March to May 2020) when prevalence of the virus was high, focusing on post-donation and post-transfusion information regarding the transfusion to an immunocompromised patient of whole blood derived platelets from a donor who was subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.tracli.2020.10.007 id = cord-254944-9f3wkvxp author = Pollak, Y. title = Background and concurrent factors predicting non-adherence to public health preventive measures during the chronic phase of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-14 keywords = APM; COVID-19; non summary = title: Background and concurrent factors predicting non-adherence to public health preventive measures during the chronic phase of the COVID-19 pandemic To determine factors that predict non-adherence to preventive measures for COVID-19 during the chronic phase of the pandemic, a cross-sectional, general population survey was conducted in Israel. Among 2055 participants, non-adherence was associated with male gender, young age, bachelorhood, being employed, lower decrease in income, low physical activity, psychological distress, ADHD symptoms, past risk-taking and anti-social behavior, low pro-sociality, perceived social norms favoring non-adherence, low perceived risk of COVID-19, low perceived efficacy of the preventive measures, and high perceived costs of adherence to the preventive measures. Despite the potentially harmful consequences for individuals and public health, non-adherence to the preventive measures (non-APM) for the COVID-19 pandemic, mainly at the acute phase, has been reported around the world (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) . doi = 10.1101/2020.10.13.20211904 id = cord-028321-um448esn author = Pollock, Kim title = Embracing telemedicine into your otolaryngology practice amid the COVID-19 crisis: An invited commentary date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = On May 8, 2020, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) formally released an Interim Final Rule 1 that provided more changes to telemedicine coding, billing and reimbursement. The purpose of this Letter to the Editor is to highlight significant updates to our previously published article "Embracing telemedicine into your otolaryngology practice amid the COVID-19 crisis: An invited commentary" due to new guidance from CMS. Medicare will not deny claims due to the presence of this condition code or modifier for services/items not related to a COVID-19 waiver. As of 4/30/20, CMS is cross-walking the values for telephone CPT codes to higher valued established patient visits codes as shown in the Medicare now considers the telephone call codes to be a telehealth service 1, 3, 4 ; therefore, modifier 95 should be appended to the 99441-99443 codes. Summary of Policies in the Calendar Year (CY) 2020 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (MPFS) Public Health Emergency (PHE) Interim Final Rules doi = 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102629 id = cord-135296-qv7pacau author = Polsinelli, Matteo title = A Light CNN for detecting COVID-19 from CT scans of the chest date = 2020-04-24 keywords = CNN; covid-19 summary = We propose a light CNN design based on the model of the SqueezeNet, for the efficient discrimination of COVID-19 CT images with other CT images (community-acquired pneumonia and/or healthy images). On the tested datasets, the proposed modified SqueezeNet CNN achieved 83.00% of accuracy, 85.00% of sensitivity, 81.00% of specificity, 81.73% of precision and 0.8333 of F1Score in a very efficient way (7.81 seconds medium-end laptot without GPU acceleration). In the present work, we aim at obtaining acceptable performances for an automatic method in recognizing COVID-19 CT images of lungs while, at the same time, dealing with reduced datasets for training and validation and reducing the computational overhead imposed by more complex automatic systems. In this work we developed, trained and tested a light CNN (based on the SqueezeNet) to discriminate between COVID-19 and community-acquired pneumonia and/or healthy CT images. doi = nan id = cord-284948-zd27i5n6 author = Pomar, María D. Ballesteros title = Nutricion Clínica en tiempos de COVID-19 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = La Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición (SEEN) organizó desde el inicio de la pandemia, a través de su página web, un apartado específico de información sobre COVID-19 en el que se incluyeron recomendaciones específicas para el enriquecimiento de la dieta, prioritarias para estos pacientes con alto riesgo de DRE6. El tratamiento médico nutricional no es estático, por lo que cada 48-72 horas debe valorarse el cumplimiento de los objetivos terapéuticos, y si no se alcanzan a pesar de suplementación nutricional oral, los datos del estudio EFFORT y las recomendaciones habituales de las guías clínicas en este tipo de pacientes pluripatológicos10 nos indican la necesidad de emplear nutrición enteral de forma precoz, bien complementaria a la oral o completa, preferiblemente con una fórmula hipercalórica hiperproteica, ajustada a los requerimientos estimados. doi = 10.1016/j.endinu.2020.05.001 id = cord-283623-umqu07te author = Ponce-Alonso, Manuel title = Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on nosocomial Clostridioides difficile infection date = 2020-09-08 keywords = CDI; covid-19 summary = METHODS: We retrospectively compared the incidence density (cases per 10,000 patient days) of healthcare-facility–associated (HCFA) CDI in a tertiary-care hospital in Madrid, Spain, during the maximum incidence of COVID-19 (March 11 to May 11, 2020) with the same period of the previous year (control period). CONCLUSIONS: The observed reduction of ~70% in the incidence density of HCFA CDI in a context of no reduction in antibiotic use supports the importance of reducing nosocomial transmission by healthcare workers and asymptomatic colonized patients, reinforcing cleaning procedures and reducing patient mobility in the epidemiological control of CDI. Despite the aforementioned limitations, our observation of a dramatic decrease in CDI in a context of no reduction in the use of antibiotics supports the importance of reducing the nosocomial transmission by healthcare workers or asymptomatically colonized patients, reinforcing cleaning procedure and reducing hospital mobility of patients in the epidemiological control of CDI. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.454 id = cord-260874-g3k562od author = Pontieri-Lewis, Vicky title = Adapting WOC Nursing Practice to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A View From Here date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; WOC summary = Among the most apparent changes in my practice include the need to educate staff on skin care in patients who require prolonged placement in a prone position and teaching providers to use telehealth for routine WOC care consultations. Nevertheless, I was heartened to realize that my WOC nursing education and experience, along with the education tools, best practice documents, the Journal (JWOCN), and algorithms that the WOCN Society has developed over the years prepared me for even the unprecedented challenges posed by COVID-19. With the assistance of our ICU leadership, beds were deployed to the appropriate ICUs. We already had a protocol for patients requiring prolonged placement in a prone position, but this practice was seldom employed in some of our ICUs and I realized that education was urgently needed on how to operate the pulmonary beds and prevent pressure injury or other forms of skin damage in these high-risk patients. doi = 10.1097/won.0000000000000667 id = cord-278676-p13ev4cg author = Pontiroli, Antonio E. title = Is blood glucose or obesity responsible for the bad prognosis of COVID-19 in obesity -diabetes? date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Pontiroli 1 , Lucia La Sala 2 , Davide Chiumello 1, 3 We read with interest the paper on clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and pre-existing type 2 diabetes [1] . If it were only a matter of metabolic control, the COVID-19 disease would not be different from previous viral SARS epidemics, in which diabetes was a risk factor for bad prognosis [6] . However, in these studies [1, 4, 5] , body mass index (BMI) is not considered; when investigated, obesity was more prevalent than diabetes [7] , and increasing evidence shows that obesity is itself a bad prognostic factor as to admission to intensive care units, invasive ventilation, and death [8, 9] . Clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalized patients with diabetes in the United Kingdom: A retrospective single centre study Diabetes as a risk factor for greater COVID-19 severity and in-hospital death: A meta-analysis of observational studies doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108342 id = cord-331284-uy6xoltj author = Ponzetto, Antonio title = COVID-19, coagulopathy and venous thromboembolism: more questions than answers—comment date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Endothelial activation was noted as an important component by several authors, a fact leading to the release of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) that will interact with platelets; indeed, examination of platelet dynamics found a small but highly activated platelet subpopulation in severe cases. A list of factors involved in the coagulopathy encompasses elevated circulating levels of vWF and fibrinogen, and their interactions with endothelial cells and thrombocytes for the most severe cases of COVID-19. One pathogen that activates endothelial cells and platelets, binds vWF to platelets, and greatly increases levels of IL-6 and TNF-α is widely recognized: the pathogenic strains of Helicobacter pylori, i.e. those that produce a vacuolating toxin and express the proinflammatory CagA protein [2] [3] [4] [5] . We propose that the prudent physician should test for these strains in COVID-19 patients with coagulopathy and high IL-6 levels. Helicobacter pylori-induced activation of human endothelial cells doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02503-z id = cord-031035-yixlsymd author = Poom, Age title = COVID-19 is spatial: Ensuring that mobile Big Data is used for social good date = 2020-08-27 keywords = Big; COVID-19; Data; mobile summary = Examples include, e.g., analysis on population mobility and commuting (Ahas et al., 2015; J€ arv et al., 2012) , detecting functional economic regions (Novak et al., 2013; OECD, 2020) , the provision and accessibility to state services (J€ arv et al., 2018) , identifying migration flows (Kamenjuk et al., 2017) and cross-border mobility (Silm et al., 2020a) , analyzing (in)equity between population groups and spatial segregation (Mooses et al., 2016; Shelton et al., 2015; Silm et al., 2018) , supporting transport solutions (Positium, 2019) and environmental management (Heikinheimo et al., 2020; Poom et al., 2017) , characterizing tourist behavior (Campagna et al., 2015; Raun et al., 2016; Saluveer et al., 2020) , or reflecting the lived experiences of people in case of disruptions (Shelton et al., 2014) . While much of the data in statistical offices are transparent, accessible and stable, they are less useful for studying the mobility and activity spaces of people especially in fastchanging phenomenon like the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1177/2053951720952088 id = cord-347289-3yi5tz04 author = Poon, L. . C. title = ISUOG Interim Guidance on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) during pregnancy and puerperium: information for healthcare professionals – an update date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; Disease; SARS; patient; pregnant summary = American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG): https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/phys ician-faqs/covid-19-faqs-for-ob-gyns-obstetrics Centers for Disease Control , caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global public health emergency. A case series of 12 pregnant women with SARS-CoV in Hong Kong, China, reported three maternal deaths, that four of seven patients who presented in the first trimester had spontaneous miscarriage, four of five patients who presented after 24 weeks had preterm birth and two mothers recovered without delivery but their ongoing pregnancies were complicated by FGR 8 . In two studies, with a combined total of 10 pregnant women with COVID-19 in the third trimester, amniotic fluid, cord blood and neonatal throat swab samples tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, suggesting there was no evidence of vertical transmission in women who developed COVID-19 pneumonia in late pregnancy 26, 76 . An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women with COVID-19, Their Newborn Infants, and Maternal-Fetal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes doi = 10.1002/uog.22061 id = cord-329096-oitxf0fp author = Poorolajal, Jalal title = Geographical Distribution of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths Worldwide date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, is a highly contiguous infection that spread immediately across the world since its beginning in Wuhan, China on Dec 31, 2019 1 . Like any other disease, genetic variations in population across different areas of the world may affect the COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality. However, the geographical variation in COVID-19 cases and deaths is very wide following a mysterious pattern. The variation in the COVID-19 mortality rate is much wider than the disease prevalence in the western and eastern hemispheres. The geographical distribution of this disease does not seem to be related to the economic level of countries. If this was the case, it would be expected that the prevalence of disease and death rates due to COVID-19 would follow the pattern of the economic level of countries. This mysterious geographical distribution in COVID-19 cases and deaths is a question that should be answered. doi = 10.34172/jrhs.2020.24 id = cord-269528-m8i1ss4w author = Poortmans, Philip M title = Cancer and COVID-19: what do we really know? date = 2020-05-29 keywords = covid-19 summary = Although risk of death was significantly associated with age, male sex, and comorbidities, no interaction between anticancer treatments within 4 weeks before testing positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and COVID-19 morbidity or mortality was found. Increased 30-day mortality was associated with age, male sex, smoking, comorbidities, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, active cancer, region of residence, and receipt of azithromycin plus hydroxychloroquine, but not with anticancer therapy. Similarly, for CCC19, by limiting observation to 30 days, and with follow-up data missing for 80 (61%) of 132 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), mortality rates are likely to increase. Will COVID-19 negatively affect active oncological treatments or, on the contrary, might anticancer therapy be protective against the cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2? COVID-19 mortality in patients with cancer on chemotherapy or other anticancer treatments: a prospective cohort study doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31240-x id = cord-338706-566e3o5j author = Popa, Simona title = Reflections on COVID-19 and the future of education and learning date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; education; learning summary = The lessons of COVID-19 compel us to imagine education systems in which students of all ages can thrive, and we need to take meaningful action to bring about that desired future. The pandemic has shown how communities can come together to educate children, and Iyengar argues that, post-COVID-19, education systems should recognize community-driven support systems, use technology to overcome the digital divide in learning, and focus more on SDG Goal 4.7 and its links to climate crises. Michael Thomas and Cathy Rogers argue that the science of learning has two different responsibilities in the COVID-19 crisis: first, to offer guidance about how best to deal with the impact of the current situation, including lockdown and homeschooling; and, second, to consider bigger questions about what this large-scale educational experiment might mean for the future. doi = 10.1007/s11125-020-09511-z id = cord-279485-hajrnur1 author = Pope, Janet E. title = What Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Mean for Rheumatology Patients? date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = They are concerned about their risk of developing COVID-19 as many are immune suppressed from their disease and/or treatment, whether they should stop their advanced therapies, if they will have a worse outcome if/when infected due to their underlying medication condition(s) and if they will have drug availability, especially with press (without much data) coverage suggesting hydroxychloroquine may be used in COVID-19 infection causing diversion of medication supply. RECENT FINDINGS: Preliminarily, articles seem to suggest that patients with rheumatic diseases may not have more infections from SARS-CoV-2 and similar outcomes to age and gender matched patients, but fear of rheumatic medications increasing their risk, drug shortages, and work exposure all are concerns for patients. RECENT FINDINGS: The long term effects of the pandemic in patients with rheumatic diseases will not be known until much later and likely include stressors flaring disease (fear, illness, job loss, social isolation), post-traumatic stress, flaring due to stopping medications, less physician visits with subsequent under-treatment, and increases in chronic concomitant fatigue, pain, fibromyalgia. doi = 10.1007/s40674-020-00145-y id = cord-303407-n7j56sci author = Popofsky, Stephanie title = Impact of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Detection on Breastfeeding Due to Infant Separation at Birth date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; mother summary = CONCLUSION: In the setting of COVID-19, separation of mother–newborn dyads impacts breastfeeding outcomes, with lower rates of breastfeeding both during hospitalization and at home following discharge compared with unseparated mothers and infants. In the setting of COVID-19, separation of mother-newborn dyads impacts breastfeeding outcomes, with lower rates of breastfeeding both during hospitalization and at home following J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 3 discharge compared with unseparated mothers and infants. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [4] and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) [5] each published interim guidelines for management of neonates born to mothers with confirmed or suspected COVID-19, including recommendations for temporary separation of these dyads. To assess the impact of our policy change surrounding mother-newborn dyad separation on breastfeeding rates, we evaluated mothers'' pre-delivery plans for feeding, and compared these with actual outcomes of breastfeeding during perinatal admission and following discharge. doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.004 id = cord-336268-azgswke8 author = Porcel-Vazquez, Juan A. title = Usefulness of PCR Screening in the Initial Triage of Trauma Patients During COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Initial triage to perform quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) based on symptoms of respiratory disease and chest x-ray and/or based on epidemiological criteria in the emergency department (ED) may be not enough to avoid nosocomial infection or unprotected hospitalization and surgery for health care workers due to the significant incidence of asymptomatic COVID-19 patients. From March 11, 2020, (when WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic disease 2 ) to April 11, 2020, all patients older than 18 years admitted to our hospital (Level III trauma center university public hospital) with the clinical and radiological diagnosis of a traumatic fracture due to a low-energy mechanism were included. The first period, from March 11 to March 20, 2020, included all patients with a traumatic fracture who were tested for COVID-19 based on symptoms of respiratory disease and chest x-ray and/or epidemiological criteria on admission (history of travel to or residence in a location reporting community transmission of COVID-19 or having been in contact with a confirmed or probable COVID-19 case in the past 14 days before symptom onset). doi = 10.1097/bot.0000000000001903 id = cord-335020-at43c8q7 author = Porfidia, Angelo title = Venous thromboembolism and heparin use in COVID-19 patients: juggling between pragmatic choices, suggestions of medical societies date = 2020-05-04 keywords = VTE; covid-19 summary = In this article, we discuss the many doubts currently existing on the use of heparins and the correct prevention and diagnosis of VTE in COVID-19 patients, with physicians that juggle between pragmatic choices, different suggestions being released on a daily by hospital and medical societies, and the lack of solid evidence or guidelines. To support this concept, it is worth mentioning the report published by Danzi and coll., which describes the case of a 75-year-old woman who was hospitalized in Cremona, Italy, after 10 days of fever and a recent onset of dyspnea at home and was diagnosed with severe COVID-19-positive bilateral pneumonia and concomitant acute PE two days after hospital admission [19] . This issue is critical and has been taken into consideration in a recent position paper from the Italian Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (SISET), in which it is suggested to maintain thromboprophylaxis at home for 7-14 days after hospital discharge or in the pre-hospital phase, at least in subjects with pre-existing or persisting VTE risk factors [16] . doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02125-4 id = cord-033218-wpe0sl43 author = Porsse, Alexandre A. title = The economic impacts of COVID‐19 in Brazil based on an interregional CGE approach date = 2020-09-21 keywords = covid-19; economic; scenario summary = Therefore, the main contribution of this paper is to estimate the economic impact of COVID-19 outbreak in Brazil with regional and sectoral detailing, obtained from a scientific modeling framework that integrates information from the economic system and epidemiological scenarios. For Scenario 1, we incorporated a supply shock in the workforce resulting from the expected morbidity and mortality rates due to COVID-19, as well as a fall in activity in specific economic sectors due to social isolation. In Scenario 2, the fiscal policies mitigate the effects of COVID-19 outbreak on the economy, but they are not enough to reverse the negative results for most of the regions. Scenario 1 accesses two economic transmission channels of COVID-19 outbreak: (i) a reduction in labor supply due to the effects of morbidity and mortality; and (ii) a reduction in activity levels of specific sectors that are affected by the need of social isolation to combat the spread of the disease. doi = 10.1111/rsp3.12354 id = cord-342930-f7cw2ca6 author = Portincasa, Piero title = Hepatic consequences of COVID-19 infection. Lapping or biting? date = 2020-06-01 keywords = covid-19; liver; patient summary = Although the most frequent and critical clinical 15 presentation is secondary to the involvement of the lung (fever, cough), the infection by SARS16 CoV-2 virus may lead to a systemic and multi-organ disease [10] , also involving the gastrointestinal 17 tract (nausea/vomiting, or diarrhea) [11, 12] . Although the level of serum transaminases could be already elevated before the onset of COVID-14 19, results from clinical reports and autopsy studies [26, 49, 50] suggest that liver dysfunction can 15 be an expression of a worse disease evolution, and that an isolated elevation of transaminases alone 16 is likely to be the indirect expression of a systemic inflammation. In one study, patients 17 developing abnormal liver tests had higher risks of progressing to severe disease [51] , and the 18 finding is associated with longer hospital stay [62] . Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases in patients with 19 COVID-19: A retrospective study doi = 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.05.035 id = cord-254896-e6k1bp9n author = Posch, Martin title = Analysis of Austrian COVID-19 deaths by age and sex date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; age summary = The observed age dependency of the proportions of registered COVID-19 deaths in relation to the population sizes in the age groups is approximately exponential, similar to the age dependency of the general age specific mortality rate. Comparing the infection fatality rate estimates reported in [3] with the normal annual mortality rates for Austria, we see parallels as well -the estimated risk of death with COVID-19 is for the majority of age groups roughly as high as the normal risk of dying within 1-2 years (Fig. 3 , black dots). We also observe that the number of those who have died in Austria with COVID-19 per population size in the respective age and sex group have a similar exponential age dependency as the estimated infection fatality rates (Fig. 2a, b and 3) . doi = 10.1007/s00508-020-01707-9 id = cord-332204-24e2kcas author = Post, Adrian title = Is low sodium intake a risk factor for severe and fatal COVID-19 infection? date = 2020-04-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = authors: Post, Adrian; Dullaart, Robin P.F.; Bakker, Stephan J.L. title: Is low sodium intake a risk factor for severe and fatal COVID-19 infection? Human pathogenic coronaviruses bind to their target cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2), which is expressed in epithelial cells of the lung, intestine, kidney, and blood vessels 3 . animal-based studies have demonstrated that the tissue expression of the ACE2 receptor is downregulated in response to a high dietary sodium intake 4,5 . Combined, these experimental and epidemiological data led us to hypothesize that low sodium balance may augment cellular damage at a certain virus load and increase the risk of developing severe and fatal COVID-19 infection. Besides habitual dietary salt intake, more acute changes in sodium balance might also influence ACE2 receptor expression. Intermittent sodium loss, due to either diarrhea, vomiting or perspiration could put patients that acquire COVID-19 infection at higher risk for development of a more severe or fatal course of disease. doi = 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.04.003 id = cord-312864-km07zhn1 author = Potalivo, A. title = Sixty-day mortality among 520 Italian hospitalized COVID-19 patients according to the adopted ventilatory strategy in the context of an integrated multidisciplinary clinical organization: a population-based cohort study date = 2020-08-15 keywords = ICU; IMV; NIV; covid-19 summary = title: Sixty-day mortality among 520 Italian hospitalized COVID-19 patients according to the adopted ventilatory strategy in the context of an integrated multidisciplinary clinical organization: a population-based cohort study 4, 8, 9, 11 Thus, the number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients treated with oxygen supplementation and NIV has been markedly underreported leading to inaccurate information regarding the overall use of the different respiratory supports and outcomes. Using clinical and demographics information routinely collected in a unique database including all residents in the entire province, we performed the present population-based cohort study with the following aims: 1) to describe the characteristics of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 2) to examine patient outcomes overall and stratified by the adopted respiratory support, 3) to describe the organization of local healthcare system. It should be noted that in our study we documented for patients treated with NIV and/or IMV -despite a similar P/F ratio (median 98.0; IQR 84.0-124.5) and a higher SOFA score (median 8; IQR 6-10)-a considerably lower 60-day mortality rate, overall and in individual groups. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.13.20174615 id = cord-286227-foeb0g7u author = Potekaev, Nikolai N. title = Clinical characteristics of dermatologic manifestations of COVID‐19 infection: case series of 15 patients, review of literature, and proposed etiological classification date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = A 59-year-old male patient presented with fever of 39°C and a rash of the lower extremities in combination with hemorrhagic elements which were consistent with polymorphic cutaneous vasculitis ( Fig. 3a ,b). A 47-year-old female patient with COVID-19 pneumonia developed acral urticarial highly pruritic rash on upper and lower extremities 5 days after the laboratory diagnosis (Fig. 7a, b ). A 71-year-old male patient, 2 weeks prior to our examination, developed papulovesicular eruptions while having escalating clinical symptoms of COVID-19 infection (fever, weakness, cough, shortness of breath) (Fig. 8a,b) . A 46-year-old female patient with confirmed COVID-19 infection and bilateral pneumonia presented with papulovesicular elements in the chest area (Fig. 9) . A 56-year-old male patient with COVID-19 infection presented with skin lesions, also called "bilateral inguinal purple rash." Large pink-red plaques were observed in both inguinal folds with a transition to the inner thighs, with a brownish tint and abundance of follicular papules along the periphery (Fig. 13) . doi = 10.1111/ijd.15030 id = cord-325956-1kxxg0s9 author = Potluri, Rahul title = Making sense of the Global Coronavirus Data: The role of testing rates in understanding the pandemic and our exit strategy date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19; test summary = We analysed the number of diagnostic tests performed in proportion to the number of cases and subsequently deaths across different countries and projected pandemic outcomes. Country wise population level pandemic projections were extrapolated utilising three models 1) inherent case per test and death per test rates at the time of obtaining the data (4/4/2020 0900 BST) for each country; 2) rates adjusted according to the countries who conducted at least 100000 tests and 3) rates adjusted according to South Korea. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.06.20054239 doi: medRxiv preprint Discussion COVID-19 statistics are complex and comparing different countries based on number of total cases, deaths and/or case fatality rate does not show the complete picture (Table 1) . In our analyses we showed the deaths and cases in relation to the number of tests performed and presented population level pandemic projections based on these. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.06.20054239 id = cord-307287-zpq6byml author = Poulsen, Nadia Nicholine title = Cyclosporine and COVID‐19: Risk or Favorable? date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; SARS; patient summary = A letter by Russel et al suggests that there is tantalizing in vitro evidence for cyclosporine as an anti-coronavirus agent as well as a potential disease-modifying role through inhibition of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-mediated IL-2 induction and authors advocate that a trial of cyclosporine should be considered in the event of a future SARS epidemic 22 . The Immunonephrology Working Group of the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association has published recommendations for the management of patients with immune-mediated kidney disease during this current pandemic, and authors point out that patients with mild COVID-19 might continue low dose of cyclosporine due to the in vitro evidence of inhibition of coronavirus replication 84 . We are still awaiting robust data from COVID-19 patients actively treated with calcineurin inhibitors due to transplantation or autoimmune diseases but so far there is no evidence that use of cyclosporine possess an additional risk for severe COVID-19 in addition to the co-morbidities such as diabetes, smoking, hypertension and obesity that often co-exist in these patients. doi = 10.1111/ajt.16250 id = cord-284734-qioy7eso author = Pourahmad, Ramtin title = Efficacy of Plasmapheresis and Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy (IVIG) on Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; IVIG; SARS summary = According to recent observations about different modalities in treatment of patients infected with COVID-19, plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) have been reported to be an effective empirical therapeutic option to control the infection. According to the medical experiences in the treatment of patients infected with other members of coronavirus family such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) have been reported to be an effective empirical therapeutic option to control the infection [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . As the world confronting a pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2, immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IVIG) could be an ideal option for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 disease. According to the reports, China has used immunoglobulin replacement therapy on several COVID-19 patients during the outbreak of this novel coronavirus which showed promising results [46] . The use of convalescent plasma therapy and remdesivir in the successful management of a critically ill obstetric patient with novel coronavirus 2019 infection: a case report. doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00438-2 id = cord-262716-hea84shy author = Pourali, Fatemeh title = Relationship between blood group and risk of infection and death in COVID-19: a live meta-analysis date = 2020-08-11 keywords = ABO; covid-19; group summary = The reported results were controversial, so the objective of the present study is to assess the relationship between different blood groups and the onset and mortality of COVID-19 infection using meta-analysis method. Note that there are limited primary evidence regarding the association between blood groups and COVID19 infection, upcoming relevant studies will be added to the results of the present meta-analysis. Of the evidence included in this meta-analysis, five studies had reported the frequency of blood group AB among COVID-19 infected people varied between 3.08% and 13.68%. Combining the results of this two evidence, applying random effect model (I-square=0%, Q=0.41, P=0.522), the odd ratio for death among COVID-19 infected people having blood group A was estimated as 1.12 (95% CI: 0.87, 1.45). Meta-analysis of studies showed no significant association between mortality and different blood groups in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100743 id = cord-303331-xolksoy3 author = Pourghasemi, Hamid Reza title = Assessment of the outbreak risk, mapping and infection behavior of COVID-19: Application of the autoregressive integrated-moving average (ARIMA) and polynomial models date = 2020-07-28 keywords = Fars; Iran; SVM; covid-19 summary = A geographic information system (GIS)-based machine learning algorithm (MLA), support vector machine (SVM), was used for the assessment of the outbreak risk of COVID-19 in Fars Province, Iran whereas the daily observations of infected cases were tested in the—polynomial and the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models to examine the patterns of virus infestation in the province and in Iran. The aims of the present study were to analyze the risk factors of coronavirus outbreak and test the SVM model for mapping areas with a high risk of human infection with the virus in Fars Province, Iran. Accordingly, in this research, we selected sixteen most relevant effective factors for the outbreak risk mapping of COVID-19 in Fars Province of Iran, which includes minimum temperature of coldest month (MTCM), maximum temperature of warmest month (MTWM), precipitation in wettest month (PWM), precipitation of driest month (PDM), distance from roads, distance from mosques, distance from hospitals, distance from fuel stations, human footprint, density of cities, distance from bus doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0236238 id = cord-265053-x70501t3 author = Pourhomayoun, Mohammad title = Predicting Mortality Risk in Patients with COVID-19 Using Artificial Intelligence to Help Medical Decision-Making date = 2020-04-01 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = In the wake of COVID-19 disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we designed and developed a predictive model based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning algorithms to determine the health risk and predict the mortality risk of patients with COVID-19. We used several machine learning algorithms including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Networks, Random Forest, Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) to predict the mortality rate in patients with COVID-19. In this study, we proposed a data-driven predictive analytics algorithm based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning to determine the health risk and predict the mortality risk of patients with COVID-19. After preprocessing the data, we use machine learning algorithms to develop a predictive model to classify the data, predict the medical condition, and calculate the probability and risk of mortality. Table 1 demonstrates the prediction accuracy for predicting mortality in patients with COVID-19 using 10-fold cross-validation for various machine learning algorithms. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.30.20047308 id = cord-343127-n3fs8ph8 author = Pousa, Pedro A. title = Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 in children: a comprehensive review and pathophysiological considerations date = 2020-09-22 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review was to summarize the most common extrapulmonary manifestations in pediatric patients with COVID-19, as well as to discuss clinical, epidemiological, and pathophysiological aspects of these clinical presentations in children. In addition, epithelial cells of the small intestine is another tissue that highly express ACE2 in cell membrane, [42] creating another potential region for SARS-CoV-2 infection and enteric manifestations of COVID-19. Hence, the present authors speculate that, although children and adults have similar rates of GI symptoms, children GI symptoms are usually associated as a primary response of SARS-CoV-2 infection, due to this minor expression of ACE2, and represent milder symptoms. Children are susceptible to liver injury, as shown by a meta-analysis of 551 laboratory-confirmed pediatric COVID-19 patients reporting that 9% (35/290) presented increased ALT and 18% (58/280), high levels of AST. Therefore, children might present less severe cases of kidney injury associated with COVID-19 due to this greater expression of AT2R than adults. doi = 10.1016/j.jped.2020.08.007 id = cord-352902-isc3ek67 author = Powell, Adam W. title = The Adaptation of Pediatric Exercise Testing Programs to the Coronavirus/COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; PPE summary = The primary aims of this study were to (1) better understand current practice patterns in pediatric exercise laboratories in the United States and Canada, (2) assess local and institutional management during the COVID-19 pandemic, and (3) investigate how centers are affected by the lifting of hospital restrictions for COVID-19. Data were recorded regarding program location, changes to exercise laboratory staffing and operational protocols, current PPE use, changes to exercise testing protocols including deviations in measuring metabolic indicators of fitness, baseline pulmonary function testing, and noninvasive measures of cardiac output. Among the programs surveyed, 66% (23/35) reported discontinuing all exercise testing for a period of time during the COVID-19 pandemic, 31% (11/35) continued testing but only for patients triaged by medical need, and 3% (1/35) did not alter testing protocols. Specifically, the authors would like to thank all the pediatric exercise laboratories that responded to this survey for completing this item and for all the effort and diligence they have placed in caring for their patients and staff during the pandemic. doi = 10.1177/2150135120954816 id = cord-232657-deu921ma author = Prabhu, Shreekanth M. title = Surveillance of COVID-19 Pandemic using Hidden Markov Model date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; India; Markov; state summary = Whereas the death rates of earlier SARS virus were higher than Cov-2 virus, as a pandemic COVID-19 has spread far more speedily infecting Lakhs of people. Section 3 covers the Proposed Methodology for COVID-19 Pandemic Surveillance using Hidden Markov Model. We propose to make use of Hidden Markov Model to perform surveillance of COVID-19 spread. Further after a gap of a month we reviewed the data on COVID-19 spread in India on July 11 th and arrived at the hidden states with June 10 th as the base date. We have proposed an approach that takes as input data reported from Hospitals in regard to active cases, recoveries and deaths and infers the latent state of regions as far as spread of COVID-19 is concerned. â�¢ This paper has made use of Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to assess the state of spread COVID-19 Pandemic in regions based on reportage from hospitals. doi = nan id = cord-325077-j77wbcr3 author = Prado-Gascó, Vicente title = Stay at Home and Teach: A Comparative Study of Psychosocial Risks Between Spain and Mexico During the Pandemic date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; Disease; Mexico; Spain; teacher summary = Psychosocial risks arise from poor work design, organization, and management, as well as a poor social context of work, and they may result in negative psychological, physical, and social outcomes such as work-related stress, burnout, or depression (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020d). Considering that teachers are vulnerable to burnout and job stress (Zapf et al., 1999; Jennings and Greenberg, 2009; Kaur and Singh, 2014; Yerdelen et al., 2016; Travers, 2017; Makhdoom et al., 2019; Martínez-Monteagudo et al., 2019; McLean et al., 2019b; Schonfeld et al., 2019; Gu et al., 2020) , and therefore the negative consequences these can have on their health and professional performance (Bergh et al., 2018; Fornell et al., 2018; Junne et al., 2018; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020d) , it is essential to study how psychosocial risks affect this group at a time of such vulnerability and general demand as the present. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566900 id = cord-339491-lyld3up2 author = Prakash, A. title = Using Machine Learning to assess Covid-19 risks date = 2020-06-23 keywords = cluster; covid; datum summary = A dataset based on these statistics were generated and was then fed into an unsupervised learning algorithm to reveal patterns and identify similar groups of people in the population. PARTICIPANTS: The adult population were considered for the analysis, development and validation of the model RESULTS: Of 1 million observations generated, 20% of them exhibited Covid symptoms and patterns, and 80% of them belonged to the asymptomatic and non-infected group of people. Using this, our proposed method captures these statistics along with some clinical background and generates a dataset on which we intend to apply an unsupervised learning algorithm to identify patterns and classify them into risk cohorts. Covid based research has evidently increased since the pandemic has struck and related resources are available extensively today, and this method has tried to capture these studies into an interpretable form for analysis and categorization of different risk cohorts that were validated against current data. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.23.20137950 id = cord-340884-9blq86zo author = Prakash, Elapulli Sankaranarayanan title = Am I a “COVID-19 Patient” or “a Patient With COVID-19”? date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Until recently, I believed that my not relishing phrases like "COVID-19 patient," "diabetes patient," and "hypertension patient" had something to do with my cultural background, and my being a non-native speaker of the English language. I don''t relish noun strings because, as in the 3 examples above, some patients might perceive them as dehumanizing. To give an example, a commonly used noun string "hypertension medication" may reasonably be interpreted as either medication to control hypertension or as medication that causes hypertension, by someone who is unfamiliar with the term hypertension, whereas health care professionals are unlikely to be misled by it. In conclusion, in communication targeted at the public atlarge or patients, I recommend avoiding noun strings, especially when using technical terms, to minimize ambiguity. Additionally, it is helpful for health care professionals to be mindful of noun strings that might come across as insensitive to individual patients. doi = 10.1177/2374373520951669 id = cord-353004-ocnp758o author = Prakash, Lakshmanan title = COVID-19 in the operating room: a review of evolving safety protocols date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19; patient; surgery; surgical summary = METHODS: A systematic review of the available literature was performed using the keyword terms "COVID-19", "Coronavirus", "surgeon", "health-care workers", "protection" and "Orthopaedic Surgery". A systematic review of the available literature was performed using the keyword terms "COVID-19", "Coronavirus", "surgeon", "health-care workers", "protection" and "Orthopaedic Surgery". Not much has been written on the risks involved, methods and precautions required for an orthopedic surgeon and his operating room personnel whilst carrying out surgical procedures within the theatre. He proposed an decision-making algorithm ( Fig. 1 ) for deciding whether and when to proceed with an elective surgery, based on surgical indications and predicted requirement of critical resources, including blood product transfusions, estimated length of hospital stay, and the possible requirement for post-operative ventilation and ICU care [14] . Surgeons and personnel not needed for intubation should remain outside the operating room until anesthesia induction and intubation are completed for patients with or suspected of having COVID-19 infection [24] . doi = 10.1186/s13037-020-00254-6 id = cord-257214-cje7sey1 author = Pranata, Raymond title = Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest prognosis during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest prognosis during the COVID-19 pandemic Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many health-care providers have urged patients to limit or delay non-urgent visits to minimize the risk of transmission. The inclusion criteria were studies that compared OHCA in 2020 to previous years and reported any of the following: (1) proportion of out-of-hospital mortality, (2) proportion of unwitnessed cardiac arrest, (3) proportion of bystander CPR, or (4) proportion of shockable rhythm. Unwitnessed cardiac arrest prolonged the time from collapse to CPR, which is associated with poorer outcomes [12] . Hypertension is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia-a systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02428-7 id = cord-307791-59ja1ith author = Pranata, Raymond title = Body Mass Index and Outcome in Patients with COVID-19: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis date = 2020-07-29 keywords = BMI; COVID-19 summary = Aim This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the dose-response relationship between body mass index (BMI) and poor outcome in patients with COVID-19. The meta-analysis demonstrated that obesity was associated with composite poor outcome (OR 1.73 [1.40, 2.14], P <0.001; I2: 55.6%), mortality (OR 1.55 [1.16, 2.06], P =0.003; I2: 74.4%), and severity (OR 1.90 [1.45, 2.48], P <0.001; I2: 5.2%) in patients with COVID-19. Conclusion Dose-response meta-analysis demonstrated that increased BMI was associated with increased poor outcome in patients with COVID-19. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to evaluate the association between obesity and poor outcome (mortality and severity) in patients with COVID-19 and explore the doseresponse relationship between BMI and poor outcome in these patients by pooling data from observational studies. Our meta-analysis showed that obesity was associated with composite poor outcome, mortality, and severity of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.diabet.2020.07.005 id = cord-352678-8f2ygul2 author = Prasad, Ashish title = Single Virus Targeting Multiple Organs: What We Know and Where We Are Heading? date = 2020-08-05 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the causal agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , is a single-stranded RNA virus with a non-segmented genome. In another study with COVID-19 patients in China, an early response of IgA instead of IgG was observed in the humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 (11) . It has been observed that 5% of COVID-19 patients become critically ill with severe pneumonia and multiple-organ damage and cytokine storm might be a possible explanation for such an observation. A case study on 214 COVID-19 patients from three special care centers of Union Hospital, Wuhan, revealed that 36.4% of the infected people had neurologic symptoms (46) . The adverse effects of antiviral drugs like hydroxychloroquine, which is reported to cause acute toxic hepatitis (54) and cytokine burst, might be responsible for such high percentage of hepatic damage cases in severely ill patients. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00370 id = cord-351845-bli3qm8w author = Prasad, Kartikay title = Targeting hub genes and pathways of innate immune response in COVID-19: A network biology perspective date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; IFN; SARS; gene summary = Towards this goal, in this study, we have generated a human-SARS-CoV-2 interactome based on recently published RNA-Seq analysis of human adenocarcinomic alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells infected with SARS-CoV-2, and identified disease-related functional genes that will provide the insights into the patho-J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 4 mechanisms of COVID-19. Overall, the analysis demonstrated that the upregulated genes are mainly linked to the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, type I interferon signaling and the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway. The PPI network analysis indicates that the pathways are enriched in host response to virus infection, type I interferons signaling, and cytokine activation. [74] reported high SARS-CoV-2 loads very early during infection, suggesting that the virus may have developed arsenals that is able to delay the IFN response by inhibiting innate immune signaling. doi = 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.228 id = cord-335610-3v8140b6 author = Prasanth, D. S. N. B. K. title = In silico identification of potential inhibitors from Cinnamon against main protease and spike glycoprotein of SARS CoV-2 date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; Cinnamon; SARS summary = Our research study is intended to recognize the phyto-derived antiviral substances from Cinnamon against COVID-19 main protease enzyme and to understand the in silico molecular basis of its activity. Based on the above properties of Cinnamon, this research aimed to show a variety of active compounds across all Cinnamon varities and decide whether and how they interact with proteins i.e. main protease (Joshi et al., 2020) and spike protein, that are essential in the management of SARS-CoV-2. The crystal structure of Main protease (6LU7) and Spike receptor-binding domain complexed with its receptor ACE2 (6LZG) with selected top ligands identified from docking analysis such as Tenufolin (TEN) and Pavetannin C1 (PAV) were subjected to molecular dynamics using gromacs GPU enabled package. The main protease with tenufolin Spike protein (6LZG), associated with SARS was found to exhibit the best possible interaction with Pavetannin C1 (À11.1 kcal/mol) among the phytochemicals ( Table 2) . doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1779129 id = cord-313713-70ykst44 author = Pratap Singh, Ravi title = Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) for orthopaedic in COVID-19 pandemic: Roles, challenges, and applications date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; Things summary = This comprehensive review proposes the possible means of offering medical care to the orthopaedic patients through IoMT approach, during COVID-19 pandemic. The workflow process makes the connections between the essential major IoMT elements, medical appliances, and advanced technology-based devices which ultimately serve the intended functions intending to improve the patient care especially in remote areas [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . These interconnected services include the well-systemized channel of clinical advances, a digital monitoring system for patients, smart medico-care, data analysis tools, cloud-based computing, smart bed facilities, scanning appliances, etc. The facility of providing medical services in a remote location, online and onscreen checkups, report analysis, database sharing, information computing, overall tracking and monitoring of patients are some of the major applications of IoMT. In the time of ongoing pandemic COVID-19, IoMT offers several advanced cloud-based services and facilities to serve orthopaedic patients more effectually. doi = 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.05.011 id = cord-273318-82ptu8fi author = Prats-Uribe, A. title = Heterogeneity and temporal variation in the management of COVID-19: a multinational drug utilization study including 71,921 hospitalized patients from China, South Korea, Spain, and the United States of America date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; China; Korea; South summary = Design: International network cohort Setting: Hospital electronic health records from Columbia University Irving Medical Centre (NYC, USA), Stanford (CA, USA), Tufts (MA, USA), Premier (USA), Optum EHR (USA), department of veterans affairs (USA), NFHCRD (Honghu, China) and HM Hospitals (Spain); and nationwide claims from HIRA (South Korea) Participants: patients hospitalized for COVID-19 from January to June 2020 Main outcome measures: Prescription/dispensation of any medicine on or 30 days after hospital admission date Analyses: Number and percentage of users overall and over time Results: 71,921 people were included: 304 from China, 2,089 from Spain, 7,599 from South Korea, and 61,929 from the USA. • Drug repurposing is a common approach in the clinical management of novel diseases and conditions for which there are no available pharmacotherapies • Hydroxychloroquine was widely used in the management of COVID-19 patients during the early phases of the pandemic • Recent NIH (and other) guidelines recommend the use of concomitant therapies including immune-based, antithrombotic, antibiotic and other treatments What this study adds • This study demonstrates great variability and extensive drug repurposing and utilization in the management of COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.15.20195545 id = cord-289760-tjqd1srq author = Prats-Uribe, A. title = Ethnicity, comorbidity, socioeconomic status, and their associations with COVID-19 infection in England: a cohort analysis of UK Biobank data date = 2020-05-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Ethnicity, comorbidity, socioeconomic status, and their associations with COVID-19 infection in England: a cohort analysis of UK Biobank data We aimed to study the association between ethnicity and risk of COVID-19 infection and disentangle any correlation with socioeconomic deprivation or previous comorbidity. Analyses: Multivariable Poisson analysis to estimate incidence rate ratios of COVID-19 infection according to ethnicity, adjusted for socioeconomic status, alcohol drinking, smoking, body mass index, age, sex, and comorbidity. Socioeconomic status (adjusted RR 1.93 (1.51-2.46) for the most deprived), obesity (adjusted RR 1.04 (1.02-1.05) per kg/m2) and comorbid hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and specific renal diseases were also associated with increased risk of COVID-19. We obtained data from the UK Biobank, a large UK cohort, to unravel the associations between ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and the risk of COVID-19 infection. Multivariable analysis showed that socioeconomic deprivation and comorbidity were independently associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection (Figure 2 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.06.20092676 id = cord-315609-naqo1m0r author = Prayuenyong, Pattarawadee title = Clinical Implications of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Ototoxicity for COVID-19 Treatment: A Mini-Review date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; case; chloroquine summary = In the literature, there are reports of ototoxic effects of the drugs causing damage to the inner ear structures, which then result in hearing loss, tinnitus, and/or imbalance. The characteristics of sensorineural hearing loss and/or tinnitus after chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine treatment can be temporary but reports of persistent auditory and vestibular dysfunction exist. Ototoxicity after chloroquine use tends to be more sudden, while Assessment of short term chloroquine-induced ototoxicity in malaria patients (14) Subramaniam and Vaswani (14) Prospective observational study 30 (Aged 14-58 years old) 1200 mg loading load then 600 mg oral every 12 hours for 2 days -2 subjects showed a change in hearing thresholds on high frequency audiometry (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) . (28) Case report of a 34-year-old woman 1 400 mg daily -Patient complained of hearing loss and tinnitus after 5 months of hydroxychloroquine use. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00252 id = cord-316944-xt09q1z5 author = Preis, Heidi title = Vulnerability and Resilience to Pandemic-Related Stress Among U.S. Women Pregnant at the Start of the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-06 keywords = COVID-19; Stress summary = Between April 25 and May 15, 2020, 4,451 pregnant women in the U.S. were recruited via social media to complete an online questionnaire that included sociodemographic, medical, and COVID-19 situational factors, as well as the Pandemic-Related Pregnancy Stress Scale (PREPS). The study questionnaire included sociodemographic factors (e.g., age, race/ethnicity), medical factors (e.g., parity, chronic illness), COVID-19 situational factors (e.g., COVID-19 related income loss, being diagnosed with COVID-19), and the Pandemic-Related Pregnancy We used binary logistic regression to calculate unadjusted and adjusted odds for high levels of Preparedness Stress and Perinatal Infection Stress. In the adjusted model, high Preparedness Stress was independently predicted by nine factors: previous abuse, primiparity, unplanned pregnancy, self-reported high-risk pregnancy J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f status, multiple pregnancy, chronic illness, COVID-19 related income loss, perceiving that one had been infected, and experiencing alterations of prenatal care (AORs = 1.19-1.78). doi = 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113348 id = cord-256705-gexh2wtd author = Prescott, K. title = COVID-19: how prepared are front-line healthcare workers in England? date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; HCW summary = In view of this, a cross-sectional survey of front-line healthcare workers (HCWs) at two large acute NHS hospital trusts in England was undertaken to assess their confidence and perceived level of preparedness for the virus. As such we carried out an online cross sectional questionnaire based survey of front line HCW at two large acute NHS hospital Trusts in England to ascertain how prepared they felt to manage COVID-19. We designed an online cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey using Online Surveys (formerly BOS) to ascertain how confident and prepared front line HCW felt in managing potential COVID-19 cases. At the time the survey went live work in both hospital Trusts had already begun to prepare front line HCW for COVID-19. As the threat of COVID-19 grows, we wanted to assess how confident our front line HCW felt to manage possible cases. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.031 id = cord-307690-1qqyixun author = Preti, Emanuele title = Personality Disorders in Time of Pandemic date = 2020-11-10 keywords = covid-19; pandemic; patient; personality summary = Considering the paucity of studies on this topic, after a description of the main features of PDs, on the basis of the current literature on pandemic and quarantine mental health impact, we aim at tracing some clinical hypotheses on the negative psychological effects of pandemic situations in people with PDs. Furthermore, we aim at investigating the role of personality pathology in compliance with mitigation-related behaviors. Considering the paucity of studies on this topic, we adopted the following steps in the description of results: (1) we provided a description of the main features of PDs for each cluster; (2) we mentioned the main literature investigating the association between PDs of each cluster and other psychiatric disorders; (3) on the basis of the literature on pandemic (e.g., [4••] ) and quarantine (e.g., [1••] ) mental health impact, we hypothesized a plausible relation between PDs of each cluster and specific psychological/psychiatric outcomes, as well as problems in compliance with mitigation measures. doi = 10.1007/s11920-020-01204-w id = cord-293609-wymqvwjt author = Price, Alex title = Online Gambling in the Midst of COVID-19: A Nexus of Mental Health Concerns, Substance Use and Financial Stress date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; gambling; online summary = A cross-sectional online survey of 2005 gamblers, including a sub-sample of 1081 online gamblers (age 18 years and older), was administered to assess risky gambling behaviours and motivations, financial impacts from COVID-19, the influence of COVID-19 on online gambling, mental health concerns and substance use. Among high-risk online gamblers, the most predictive risk factors included moderate and severe anxiety and depression, reduced work hours, being influenced to gamble due to COVID-19, gambling under the influence of cannabis or alcohol and risky gambling motives tied to mental health concerns, including gambling because it helps with nervousness and depression, chasing gambling losses and seeking to earn income. Despite the research evidence, our holistic understanding of the intersection of risky gambling behaviours, financial crisis and stress, negative mental health outcomes and substance use has yet to consider the specific effects of online gambling during a time of increased social isolation and significant economic instability. doi = 10.1007/s11469-020-00366-1 id = cord-263568-ea3k2i69 author = Price, Elizabeth title = Could the severity of COVID-19 be increased by low gastric acidity? date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Could the severity of COVID-19 be increased by low gastric acidity? Could the severity of COVID-19 be increased by low gastric acidity? Could low gastric acidity increase the risk of a severe COVID-19 illness? Although it is primarily a respiratory infection, gastrointestinal involvement from swallowed coronaviruses is reported for SARS-CoV-2 (the virus of COVID-19 [1, 2] ), as well as SARS-CoV-1 [3] and MERS-CoV viruses [4] . As well as protection related to immunological factors and possible differences in the ACE2 receptor concentrations in their lungs, children (other than infants) generally have good levels of gastric acid. To determine whether gastric acid gives some protection from COVID-19, the amount of antacids and acid-reducing drugs used by patients with severe infections could be compared with the amount used by patients with mild or no disease. If there is evidence for some protection by gastric acidity, stopping antacids and acid-reducing medications could be considered, particularly at times when patients are at increased risk. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03182-0 id = cord-296694-2js639bk author = Price, Laura C title = Thrombosis and COVID-19 pneumonia: the clot thickens! date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; patient; thrombosis summary = The true prevalence of thrombosis associated with COVID-19 infection is unknown, as most studies to date do not include systematic and comprehensive investigation protocols. Two recent Dutch studies have reported cumulative incidences of thrombotic events between 48 and 49% respectively in their ICUs in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia [10, 11] . refine this further by describing a 50% cumulative incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE), diagnosed by CT-pulmonary angiogram (PA), in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU in two hospitals of the University of Paris (ERJ ref Bompard). In addition to ACE2 mediated SARS-CoV-2 viral entry, recent reports of affinity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and CD147, a membrane glycoprotein and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer expressed on a variety of haematopoietic cell lines, suggest another potentially novel mechanism of thrombosis and inflammation in the arterial and venous circulations [27] . High incidence of venous thromboembolic events in anticoagulated severe COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1183/13993003.01608-2020 id = cord-302271-js06pel9 author = Primorac, Dragan title = Pre-season football preparation in the era of COVID-19: Croatian Football Association Model date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; player summary = Croatian Football Federation, with its Medical Committee, is launching a new model of pre-season systematic examination of football players with a particular emphasis on diagnosing COVID-19 before returning to training and competitive football. the list of medical examinations that players must undergo in order to be eligible to participate in UEFA competitions, we hereby propose a model for screening professional football players returning to the field after the lift of the ban on all sport activities because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides pre-season physical examination (primarily 12-lead ECG, spirometry with bronchodilatation test, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) test and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) test) and medical examination defined by the UEFA Medical Regulations (for the next season), we are proposing that every football player from the Croatian first National League must have negative consecutive two RT-qPCR COVID-19 pharyngeal swabs over a 5-day interval. In addition to limiting the potential of viral spread with the start of regular sport activities, the results of this screening protocol will allow us to estimate how many football players have been infected nationally. doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.010352 id = cord-273022-r2rz2onv author = Primov-Fever, Adi title = Songbirds Must Sing: How Artistic Voice Users Perceive Their Voice in Times of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; voice summary = METHODS: A total of 110 participants volunteered for the study: 57 professional artistic voice users (34 singers and 19 actors) and a control group of 53 nonprofessional voice users. All participants completed three questionnaires related to their self-assessment of their voice, their voice difficulties, vocal training, and current stress in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, within the professional group, singers reported practicing their voice in the time of the COVID-19 significantly more than actors (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Professional artistic voice users experience the COVID-19 pandemic as a stressful time, with negative effects on their well-being and specifically on their voice. The remaining three composite scales were calculated as sums of item scores and exhibited acceptable reliability, with alpha = 0.85 for "voice difficulties"; alpha = .86 for "vocal training"; and alpha = 0.69 for "current stress." The validated CV-19 questionnaire is presented in the appendix, for future research and clinical application. doi = 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.07.030 id = cord-337831-f408yix9 author = Prince, David S title = The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on gastroenterology trainees in Australia date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on gastroenterology trainees in Australia We would like to formally acknowledge the Australian gastroenterology advanced trainees who took part in this survey to participate. The majority (66/83, 79.5%) of ATs reported concern regarding the impact of COVID-19 on training with limited access to endoscopy training being the greatest concern (72/83, 87%). Twenty-five ATs (30%) were prohibited from performing emergency endoscopy due to safety concerns. This survey highlights that COVID-19 has raised significant concerns for Australian gastroenterology ATs particularly in relation to endoscopy training. Indeed, it is likely that in nations more severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic the impact on trainees may be longer and more profound. In conclusion, we hope our survey can help to inform and guide modifications to training during the COVID-19 pandemic. Overview of guidance for endoscopy during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic Considerations for Australian endoscopy units during the COVID19 pandemic. doi = 10.1111/jgh.15159 id = cord-301975-hcinajry author = Proaño, Christian R. title = On the Macroeconomic and Social Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic in Latin America and the Developing World date = 2020-06-07 keywords = COVID-19; LAC summary = While the COVID-19 pandemic posits a signifi cant challenge to all societies around the world, it also reveals in the most dramatic manner the many abysmal differences between so-called advanced economies and the developing world. While most advanced economies have been able to readily approve and implement fi scal stimuli of a signifi cant dimension -whether the German initiatives or the $2 trillion US stimulus package -and in France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom public-sector liquidity support programmes each above 10% of the respective GDPs have been announced (International Monetary Fund, 2020, 2) , the fi scal space and the general capability of developing and low-income countries to confront the current coronavirus crisis is far more limited. First and foremost, the existing intensive care capacities, direly needed for the patients'' medical treatment against COVID-19, in developing countries are dramatically behind those of advanced economies. doi = 10.1007/s10272-020-0889-x id = cord-332420-9vyik2e9 author = Probst, Thomas title = Being a Psychotherapist in Times of the Novel Coronavirus Disease: Stress-Level, Job Anxiety, and Fear of Coronavirus Disease Infection in More Than 1,500 Psychotherapists in Austria date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; face; fear summary = This study investigated stress-level, degree of job-related anxiety, and fear of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection in psychotherapists in the early weeks of the COVID-19 lockdown in Austria. One thousand five hundred and forty-seven psychotherapists participated in an online survey, assessing stress [Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10)], work-related worries and fears of existence [Job Anxiety Scale (JAS)], fear of COVID-19 infection during face-to-face psychotherapy, and adherence to five protective measures against COVID-19 infection during face-to-face psychotherapy. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the stress-level, degree of job-related worries and fears of existence, as well as fear of COVID-19 infection in psychotherapists in the early weeks of the COVID-19 outbreak in Austria. Table 2 shows the means and SDs. Between psychotherapists treating only face-to-face (n = 31), face-to-face as well as via teletherapy (telephone or internet, n = 618), only via teletherapy (telephone or internet, n = 793), or not at all (n = 105) in the early weeks of the COVID-19 lockdown, stress-levels, F(3, 1,543) = 1.462, p = 0.223, and job-related worries and fears of existence, F(3, 1,543) = 0.304, p = 0.823, did not differ. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.559100 id = cord-308168-kte6btc6 author = Procianoy, Renato Soibelmann title = Neonatal COVID-19: little evidence and the need for more information date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19; neonatal summary = This effort involves guidelines for the following: organization of unit space and/or isolation rooms or special areas for suspected or confirmed cases, policies for visitation by parents and family, and adoption of personal protective equipment (PPE) during delivery of a suspected or positive COVID-19 mother or during neonatal care. Important questions related to respiratory management during the immediate postpartum period of infants born from suspected or positive COVID-19 mothers, and the necessary protection that health care providers should use, have been addressed. 26---28 Given the lack of strong and clear scientific evidence during this pandemic, and until more information becomes available, health care providers should use full PPE during respiratory care of infants with suspected or confirmed cases. Also, it is recommended that infants with suspected or positive COVID-19 infection should be treated in negative pressure rooms or isolated using a 2-m distance between incubators in open plan NICUs. Two final points deserve special attention: immediate endotracheal intubation and use of bacterial/viral filters. doi = 10.1016/j.jped.2020.04.002 id = cord-307570-8f83k2ce author = Prodromos, Chadwick title = Hydroxychloroquine is effective, and consistently so used early, for Covid-19: A systematic review date = 2020-10-05 keywords = HCQ; covid-19 summary = The first is that HCQ appears to be consistently effective for the 83 treatment of COVID-19 when used early in the course of disease in the outpatient setting, and is 84 generally more effective the earlier it is used. 88 TIMING OF HCQ USE: It was striking that 100% of the 11 studies which used HCQ early in the disease on 89 an outpatient basis showed positive results. Multiple papers reporting both improvement and no efficacy using 160 hydroxychloroquine that have been included in the study are either pre-prints or preliminary results of 161 larger trials. Hydroxychloroquine is associated with slower viral clearance in clinical COVID-19 patients with mild to 210 moderate disease: A retrospective study, medRxiv Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Preliminary 268 results from a multi-centre, randomized, controlled trial, medRxiv Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of hydroxychloroquine and 303 azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: A pilot observational study doi = 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100776 id = cord-350207-izkzl39p author = Prost, Stephanie Grace title = Prisons and COVID-19: A Desperate Call for Gerontological Expertise in Correctional Health Care date = 2020-07-24 keywords = covid-19; prison summary = Amidst the unfolding COVID-19 crisis, associated knowledge and skills surrounding older adulthood will be critical to assuring the needs of older adults incarcerated in prisons are met during their detention, while undergoing off-site intervention in community settings, and when preparing for release. Critical gerontological knowledge and skills needed in prison health care include awareness regarding the unusual clinical presentations of COVID-19 among older adults, deconditioning among older adults due to immobility, challenges in prognostication, and advance care planning with older adults. As gerontologists are skilled communicators and experts at training, they are needed to empower prison health care professionals to engage in these critical discussions with their older adult patients in the midst of the pandemic. Gaps in knowledge and skills among prison health care professionals regarding older adults will have dire consequences for the incarcerated population, staff, and the surrounding communities (Volpenhein & Candisky, 2020) . doi = 10.1093/geront/gnaa088 id = cord-314810-ny4mnzqc author = Provenzi, Livio title = The Little Professor and the Virus: Scaffolding Children’s Meaning Making During the COVID-19 Emergency date = 2020-08-13 keywords = child; covid-19 summary = In sum, scaffolding children''s meaning-making process during the present pandemic is crucial to help them cope with the emergency situation and to avoid the overwhelming and traumatic effects of misleading or partial cognitive appraisal and emotional over-reactions. After all, it is in the reciprocal and mutual exchange of affective states that happen within the parent-child relationship, that children can develop appropriate and successful emotional regulation strategies and resilience to stress (28) . Indeed, previous research suggests that family-based narrative approaches provide a structured opportunity to elicit parents'' and children''s meaning-making, assemble divergent storylines into a shared family narrative, and thereby enhance members'' skills to cope with stressful and traumatic events developing hope and trust in family support (29) . Additionally, far from hinder this intuitive thinking, adults can engage in a careful listening of children emotional world and they can understand which are the elements contributing to the emergent meaning-making process that they are developing (32) . doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00817 id = cord-265899-skpkuzyu author = Pryzdial, Edward L. G. title = Antiviral anticoagulation date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; HSV1; SARS; tissue summary = 129 Although known as the cold sore virus and typically not life threatening, there are numerous correlations between HSV1 and other members of the herpesvirus family to cardiovascular disease, 130, 131 suggesting links to TF: (i) HSV1 seropositivity is associated with a 2-fold increase in myocardial infarction incidence and death due to coronary heart disease 113 ; (ii) fibrin deposits in the microvasculature are linked to HSV1 infection 132, 133 ; (iii) DIC in neonates may occur during severe HSV1 infection 134 ; (iv) HSV2 is linked to ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke due to DIC 107, 135 ; (v) a history of CMV infection is linked to subclinical and clinical arterial thickening [136] [137] [138] ; (vi) CMV is strongly correlated to accelerated atherosclerosis in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients [139] [140] [141] [142] ; and (vii) CMV infection is a strong risk factor for restenosis after angioplasty. doi = 10.1002/rth2.12406 id = cord-273604-0w5shxmf author = Psevdos, George title = Halting a SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in a U.S. Veterans Affairs Nursing Home date = 2020-11-03 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Faced with a dwindling supply of PPE, the Infection Control team distributed supplies saved for a possible Ebola outbreak; A COVID unit was created within the nursing home facilitating the geographic isolation of cases; universal testing of residents and employees allowed for the implementation of proper quarantine measures. 7 Although nationally the virus spreads like wildfire in nursing homes (among residents and working staff), the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) reported lower COVID-19 rates in their affiliated nursing homes in a U.S. Congressional hearing. Swift detection by rapid RT-PCR testing of all asymptomatic carriers (residents and employees via universal testing) and implementation of strict infection control and isolation measures are pivotal in containing and thus eliminating a COVID-19 outbreak. Universal and Serial Laboratory Testing for SARS-CoV-2 at a Long-Term Care Skilled Nursing Facility for Veterans Hospital affiliated long term care facility COVID-19 containment strategy by using prevalence testing and infection control practices doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.10.022 id = cord-262069-j3x08scy author = Puglisi, Lisa B. title = Estimation of COVID-19 Basic Reproduction Ratio in a Large Urban Jail in the United States date = 2020-09-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Estimation of COVID-19 Basic Reproduction Ratio in a Large Urban Jail in the United States The basic reproduction ratio ( ) for the virus was estimated to be close to 3 in the prison population, far higher than for the general population (2) . We estimate the of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus in a large urban jail in the United States. We used a dynamic transmission model to calculate for a large urban jail in a U.S. city with an ongoing COVID-19 outbreak. The model is a modified SEIR model and includes the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f following COVID-19 disease states: susceptible ( ), exposed ( ), infected symptomatic ( ), infected asymptomatic ( ), quarantined ( ), hospitalized ( ), recovered ( ), and dead ( ). doi = 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.09.002 id = cord-312795-0e4esl2o author = Puig-Domingo, M. title = COVID-19 and endocrine diseases. A statement from the European Society of Endocrinology date = 2020-04-11 keywords = covid-19; infection; patient summary = People with diabetes in particular are among those in high-risk categories who can have serious illness if they get the virus, according to the data published so far from the Chinese researchers, but other endocrine diseases such as obesity, malnutrition, and adrenal insufficiency may also be impacted by COVID-19. Contacting the healthcare provider team by telephone, email, or videoconference is also mandatory in case of possible symptoms of COVID-19 infection in order to seek advice concerning the measures to avoid risk of deterioration of diabetes control or the possibility to be referred to another specialist (pneumologist or infectious disease doctor) or in the Emergency Services of the referral hospital to avoid the most serious systemic complication of the viral infection itself. For all these reasons, patients with adrenal insufficiency may be at higher risk of medical complications and eventually at increased mortality risk in the case of COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1007/s12020-020-02294-5 id = cord-320315-p85irulf author = Pulia, Michael S. title = COVID-19: An Emerging Threat to Antibiotic Stewardship in the Emergency Department date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Patients with COVID-19 infection can present with a wide spectrum of illness severity and nonspecific clinical features (eg, cough, dyspnea) that overlap substantially with other common acute respiratory conditions such as asthma, congestive heart failure, and bronchitis. 13 Given the lack of widespread access to accurate and rapid COVID-19 diagnostics, including the absence of point-of-care assays, it is incredibly difficult to differentiate COVID-19 from other acute respiratory conditions for which antibiotics are generally indicated (eg, community-acquired pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations). COVID-19: An Emerging Threat to Antibiotic Stewardship in the ED role of host response biomarkers in helping clinicians identify bacterial infections in patients with acute respiratory illnesses. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is exacerbating known challenges to optimal antibiotic stewardship in the ED, representing an additional direct threat to patient safety and public health via antibiotic overprescribing and promotion of bacterial resistance. Role of rapid diagnostics for viral respiratory infections in antibiotic prescribing decision in the emergency department doi = 10.5811/westjem.2020.7.48848 id = cord-320636-mvtux07x author = Pullano, G. title = Underdetection of COVID-19 cases in France in the exit phase following lockdown date = 2020-08-12 keywords = France; case; covid-19 summary = Using age-stratified transmission models parameterized to behavioral data and calibrated to regional hospital admissions, we estimated that 69,115 [58,072-77,449] COVID-19 symptomatic cases occurred, suggesting that 9 out of 10 cases with symptoms were not ascertained. In France, the surveillance strategy implemented by authorities to exit lockdown on May 11, 2020 was multifold 2,3 and based on an expanded case definition for COVID-19 suspect cases to guide clinical diagnosis 4 ; recommendations to the general population to seek healthcare even in presence of mild symptoms; prescription of diagnostic tests to suspect cases by general practitioners for systematic and comprehensive testing; isolation of confirmed cases and tracing of their contacts. Here we estimated the rate of detection of COVID-19 symptomatic cases in France in May-June 2020 after lockdown, through the use of virological and participatory syndromic surveillance data coupled with mathematical transmission models calibrated to regional hospitalizations. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.10.20171744 id = cord-259523-92hz534s author = Pullen, Lara C. title = COVID‐19: transplant works toward adaptation date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = These recommendations state that during the COVID-19 pandemic, deceased donor kidney transplantations should be performed only if it is possible to transplant a SARS-CoV-2 negative organ into a SARS-CoV-2 negative patient, and that renal transplantation should be prioritized for recipients facing urgent clinical conditions "because frequent healthcare contact due to the severity of their underlying disease means that these patients will remain at high risk for acquiring SARS-CoV-2, a risk that might be greater than the risk of SARS-CoV-2 acquisition through successful transplantation," says Dr. Remuzzi. Currently, the American Society of Transplantation and the ISOT do not recommend the use of organs from living donors who are SARS-CoV-2 positive or classifi ed as high risk after screening. Recently, colleagues at Dr. Remuzzi''s institution reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the kidney, and the potential for donor-derived COVID-19 infection remains unknown. Dr. Potena estimates that in a typical winter, 20 to 25% of the transplant center''s patients have COVID-like symptoms. doi = 10.1111/ajt.16298 id = cord-282009-a83mun7u author = Pundir, Hemlata title = Using Chou’s 5-steps rule to study pharmacophore-based virtual screening of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; Mpro; SARS; X77 summary = To identify possible inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2, we applied the Pharmacophore-based virtual screening method following Chou''s 5-step rule [16] , molecular docking, drug-like analysis, and toxicity prediction (Fig. 1) . After the pharmacophore-based screening using Chou''s 5-steps rule, we performed the molecular docking of all screened compounds with crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. After successful completion of MDS, the MD trajectories were used to calculate root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (R g ), hydrogen bonds, solvent accessible surface area (SASA) [28] , principal component analysis (PCA) [29] , and distance to analyze the stability of Mpro and Mpro-ligand complex. Pharmacophore-based screening by Chou''s 5-steps rule X77 binds to the active site of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro with binding energy − 8.4 kcal/mol as shown in Fig. 2 . doi = 10.1007/s11030-020-10148-5 id = cord-355218-eici4eit author = Punn, Narinder Singh title = Automated diagnosis of COVID-19 with limited posteroanterior chest X-ray images using fine-tuned deep neural networks date = 2020-10-17 keywords = COVID-19; CXR; deep summary = Recently, with the release of publicly available datasets of corona positive patients comprising of computed tomography (CT) and chest X-ray (CXR) imaging; scientists, researchers and healthcare experts are contributing for faster and automated diagnosis of COVID-19 by identifying pulmonary infections using deep learning approaches to achieve better cure and treatment. Following from this context, this article presents the random oversampling and weighted class loss function approach for unbiased fine-tuned learning (transfer learning) in various state-of-the-art deep learning approaches such as baseline ResNet, Inception-v3, Inception ResNet-v2, DenseNet169, and NASNetLarge to perform binary classification (as normal and COVID-19 cases) and also multi-class classification (as COVID-19, pneumonia, and normal case) of posteroanterior CXR images. [31] proposed a deep convolutional neural network based automatic prediction model of COVID-19 with the help of pre-trained transfer models using CXR images. Detection of coronavirus (covid-19) associated pneumonia based on generative adversarial networks and a fine-tuned deep transfer learning model using chest x-ray dataset doi = 10.1007/s10489-020-01900-3 id = cord-282687-483ojkbb author = Purcino, Flávia Abranches Corsetti title = Management of benign and suspicious breast lesions during the coronavirus disease pandemic: recommendations for triage and treatment date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19; Society summary = title: Management of benign and suspicious breast lesions during the coronavirus disease pandemic: recommendations for triage and treatment Patients categorized as Priority C have stable conditions for which action can be delayed for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, including routine screening with mammogram, MRI, or breast ultrasound; excision of benign nodules; duct excision; follow-up of discordant biopsies likely to be benign; treatment of high-risk lesions/atypia/papilloma; or prophylactic surgery. Some national specialty societies have also set forth their recommendations on the management of benign and suspicious breast lesions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology (13) considered the impact on prognosis when recommending surgeries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations for Prioritization, Treatment and Triage of Breast Cancer Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Executive Summary Recommendations for prioritization, treatment, and triage of breast cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2097 id = cord-252721-vy6tfer4 author = Purnama, T. B. title = How to handle the deceased body of COVID-19: an insight from Indonesian muslim burial handlers knowledge, perception, and practice date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; burial summary = title: How to handle the deceased body of COVID-19: an insight from Indonesian muslim burial handlers knowledge, perception, and practice Method: This study elaborates qualitative design in exploring the handlers knowledge, perception, and practice in handling the remains dealing with universal precaution during the handling of the deceased body of COVID-19. A qualitative study was employed to explore knowledge, perception, and practice among muslim burial handlers on burial rites in COVID-19 cases. The muslim burial handlers suggests conducting community education about the stages of burial rites, health promotion and the availability of personal protective equipment to be important aspects in preventing transmission of COVID-19 ( Figure 1 ). The limited understanding and perception of muslim burial rites is a new issue in preventing the new COVID-19 cluster in the community. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.03.20167593 id = cord-323910-lms3xw4k author = Putman, Michael title = Antirheumatic Disease Therapies for the Treatment of COVID‐19: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis date = 2020-08-02 keywords = COVID-19; cohort; patient; study summary = In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we identified and summarized published and pre-print original scientific articles that described the use of antirheumatic disease therapies for the treatment of COVID-19. The final eligibility criteria were (1) Included 5 or more people infected with SARS-CoV-2; (2) antirheumatic disease therapy (Supplemental Appendix); (3) published after January 1st, 2019; (4) original research; (5) had one of the following outcomes: Death, ventilator-free days, escalation of care (ICU transfer), length of hospital stay, symptom resolution, viral clearance. For reporting purposes and due to the methodological diversity of the studies, we prioritized results for summary and synthesis based on study design (RCT > cohort studies > case series), risk of bias assessment (low risk > some concerns > high risk) and relevance of the outcome (e.g. mortality > viral clearance). All rights reserved DISCUSSION In this systematic review and meta-analysis of antirheumatic disease therapies for the treatment of COVID-19, the use of hydroxychloroquine was not associated with mortality. doi = 10.1002/art.41469 id = cord-334708-lbmktall author = Putman, Michael S. title = Publication Rate and Journal Review Time of COVID-19 Related Research date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Publication Rate and Journal Review Time of COVID-19 Related Research Anecdotally, academic researchers have noticed a reduction in the amount of time journals require to review COVID-19 manuscripts. In this letter we describe the growth of this literature and the review time of COVID-19 related manuscripts. Bibliographic data were extracted from all articles in the dedicated COVID-19 research sections of the preprint databases medRxiv and bioRxiv (https://connect.medrxiv.org/relate/content/181) and the NCBI section LitCovid (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/research/coronavirus/). Bibliographic data were also extracted from all non-COVID-19 articles published by the journals listed in LitCovid. For published articles, the difference between the date of submission and the date of acceptance ("review time") was compared using the independent samples t-test. Initially, a small cohort study with substantive methodologic flaws was accepted after one day of peer review. The types of published articles could not be assessed and many journals did not list submission or acceptance dates in bibliographic metadata. doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.08.017 id = cord-266750-41gth6o0 author = Puzzitiello, Richard N. title = Inflammatory and Coagulative Considerations for the Management of Orthopaedic Trauma Patients With COVID-19: A Review of the Current Evidence and Our Surgical Experience date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; patient; response summary = A better understanding of this relationship can inform the development of evidencebased management strategies in these patients and limit admissions to overcrowded ICUs. To demonstrate and further define these developing theories on the coagulative and inflammatory risks associated with the surgical treatment of trauma patients with COVID-19, we will present an unexpected outcome on such a patient at our institution. In addition, the hypercoagulable state secondary to COVID-19 and the inflammatory load of intramedullary reaming, fat emboli, and pulmonary embolism resulted in a "second hit" that may have cumulatively pushed our patient past a "tipping point" and into respiratory failure (Fig. 4) . The level of cytokine response, hypercoagulability, and pulmonary dysfunction associated with the COVID-19 virus may predispose to a catastrophic "second hit" after even low-energy trauma. Careful consideration and risk/benefit analysis, including preoperative evaluation of systemic inflammation and respiratory status, is paramount in patients with COVID-19 presenting with orthopaedic trauma injuries. doi = 10.1097/bot.0000000000001842 id = cord-032227-xxa0hlpu author = Pyszczynski, Tom title = Terror Management Theory and the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; TMT; death summary = Although there are many disturbing aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic, from the perspective of terror management theory (TMT; Greenberg et al., 1986; Solomon et al., 2015) , the enormous death toll and highly contagious nature of the virus play especially important roles in spawning the diverse forms of turmoil that have resulted from this crisis. TMT posits that people manage the potential for anxiety inherent in awareness of the inevitability of death by maintaining faith in their cultural worldviews, self-esteem, and close relationships; these anxiety-buffering systems mitigate existential terror by imparting a sense that one is a person of value living in a meaningful world (for a more thorough presentation of these ideas, see Solomon et al., 2015) . doi = 10.1177/0022167820959488 id = cord-261577-h86kidhs author = Páramo, José A. title = Pulmonary Embolism, Pulmonary Microvascular Thrombosis, or Both in COVID-19? date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Páramo, José A. lar damage with focal fibrin clusters mixed with mononuclear inflammatory cells as the primary mechanism of respiratory distress associated with COVID-19 and, therefore, disseminated fibrin deposits occur in the pulmonary microcirculation as a consequence of the ongoing inflammatory stimuli leading to acute lung injury and respiratory damage. 5, 6 Indeed, it has been suggested the acronym MicroCLOTS (microvascular COVID-19 lung vessels obstructive thromboinflammatory syndrome) as the pathophysiological mechanism for the acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by this coronavirus. 7 In line with this pathophysiological approach, a recent study indicates direct viral infection of endothelial cells and diffuse endothelial inflammation in lungs in patients who developed progressive respiratory failure. Acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients on CT angiography and Microvascular COVID-19 lung vessels obstructive thromboinflammatory syndrome (MicroCLOTS): an atypical acute respiratory distress syndrome working hypothesis doi = 10.1177/1076029620933953 id = cord-352871-0xgjpd80 author = Pérez Bartolomé, Francisco title = Manifestaciones oftalmológicas del SARS-Cov-2: Revisión de la literatura date = 2020-08-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = En Diciembre de 2019 se identificaron a los primeros pacientes diagnosticados con la enfermedad causada por el nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV2), denominada COVID-19, en Wuhan, China 1,2 . Se procedió a la combinación de diferentes palabras clave, tales como "SARS-Cov-2", "COVID 19", "2019-nCoV", "Coronavirus 2019", y (término "AND" en el proceso de búsqueda avanzada) "Ophthalmology", "Eye disease", "Conjunctivitis", "Ocular Surface", "Glaucoma", "Orbit", "Tears", "Uveitis", "Retina", "Vasculitis", "ophthalmoparesis", "palsy", "optic nerve", "anterior ischemic optic neuropathy" (AION), "retinal venous occlusion" (RVO), "retinal artery occlusion" (RAO). La primera referencia de conjuntivitis por SARS-CoV-2 figura en una carta al editor, publicada en la revista "The Lancet" 28 , en la que describe el cuadro de enrojecimiento ocular unilateral en un experto neumólogo (ataviado con su equipo de protección y una mascarilla N95, pero sin gafas protectoras), días después de haber visitado un hospital de Wuhan. doi = 10.1016/j.oftal.2020.07.020 id = cord-336614-u6alc6rs author = Pérez-Belmonte, Luis M. title = Differences between Clinical Protocols for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Andalusia, Spain date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COVID-19; patient; protocol; treatment summary = Antiviral treatment, empirical antibacterial agents, adjunctive therapies, anticoagulant treatment, supportive care (oxygen, intravenous fluids, monitoring, high-flow nasal oxygen/noninvasive ventilation, and mechanical ventilation, among others), dosage, method of administration and duration of treatment, drug side effects and interactions, nonrecommended treatment or recommendation for other drugs, hospital circuits, ward organization and care planning, and discharge recommendations were collected from all clinical protocols for COVID-19. This study showed that the COVID-19 protocols of the largest hospitals in Andalusia (Spain) varied widely in several aspects, including antiviral treatment: they used different dosages, durations, and combinations of treatment for the same clinical condition. Several randomized clinical trials on tocilizumab, either alone or in combination, in patients with COVID-19 with severe pneumonia are underway, and its use was included in the Chinese national treatment guidelines [30, 31] . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17186845 id = cord-291756-ejh1r8h4 author = Pérez-Fuentes, María del Carmen title = Threat of COVID-19 and emotional state during quarantine: Positive and negative affect as mediators in a cross-sectional study of the Spanish population date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; negative; threat summary = title: Threat of COVID-19 and emotional state during quarantine: Positive and negative affect as mediators in a cross-sectional study of the Spanish population AIMS: The objective of this study was therefore to analyze the effect of exceptionally stressful situations, such as the current health risk, on the cognitive and emotive state of the individual, that is, perceived threat and emotional state on affect and mood. RESULTS: The results showed that the perception of threat from COVID-19 was related positively to negative affect and emotional signs, that is, sadness-depression, anxiety and anger-hostility. The starting hypothesis was that perception of threat in the exceptional state of health emergency caused by COVID-19, affects one''s emotional situation (Model 1), and this, in turn, affects perception of risk (Model 2), in which positive and negative affect balances act as mediators in these relationships (Fig 1) . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0235305 id = cord-311633-i9ret7bw author = Péré, Hélène title = Unexpected diagnosis of COVID-19-associated disorders by SARS-CoV-2-specific serology date = 2020-08-04 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = We herein evaluated the analytical performances of the CE IVD-labeled Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay (Des Plaines, IL, USA) carried out with the automated Abbott Architect™ i2000 platform at Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France, using serum sample panels obtained from health-workers with COVID-19 history confirmed by positive nucleic acid amplification-based diagnosis and from patients randomly selected for whom serum samples were collected before the COVID-19 epidemic. Interestingly, several inpatients hospitalized in COVID-19 free areas suffering from a wide range of unexplained clinical features including cardiac, vascular, renal, metabolic and infectious disorders, were unexpectedly found seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG by systematic routine serology, suggesting possible causal involvement of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To analytically and clinically validate the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay, we tested pre-epidemic sera, sera from pauci-symptomatic health-worker with SARS-CoV-2 positive RT-PCR and sera from hospitalized patients from both the COVID-positive area and the COVID-free area. doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104568 id = cord-306195-r2rt3upd author = Püschel, Klaus title = Corona deaths in Hamburg, Germany date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; Hamburg summary = In December 2019, the spread of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 began in Hubei, China, and since then, a worldwide devastating pandemic has developed, which is affecting public and social life to a very high degree and overtaxing the medical systems of many countries. Our own experience with the autopsies performed in Hamburg to date shows very different disease courses and correspondingly diverse morphological and virological findings. With regard to other organ systems and the virological findings, our results show that SARS-CoV-2 has an organotropism beyond the respiratory tract that affects the heart, kidney, liver and brain [6] and ultimately contributes to the course of COVID-19 disease and the aggravation of pre-existing comorbidities. So far, we have 1000 unselected deaths with nasopharyngeal swabs in the public mortuary in Hamburg and in the crematorium which led to a relevant number of random discoveries, i.e. COVID-19 cases that would not have been noticed at all in the area of general practitioners, hospitals and public health care and therefore died undetected. doi = 10.1007/s00414-020-02332-x id = cord-324304-3hih17gk author = Qarnain, Syed Shuibul title = Review on government action plans to reduce energy consumption in buildings amid COVID-19 pandemic outbreak date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; G20 summary = Among all these close down scenarios and locked down industries, utility companies and energy distribution sector were operational 24/7 round the clock providing uninterrupted power supply for a comfortable lockdown "stay in home". A study conducted in New York city showed that the industrial and commercial, overall energy consumption was decreased around 7% in pandemic time, But the domestic house hold consumption increased to about 23% in March and 10% in April 2020 [31] .This clearly indicated that in March 2020 and April 2020 the residential electricity consumption globally was high leading to increase in economic and financial burden of families [31] . Although the electricity demand in India will increase in years to come [13, 14, 15] and the power industry is facing huge challenges in terms of electricity pricing [16] , The Indian government announced a three months moratorium for state owned electricity distribution companies to make payments for their power purchased by them it also reduced the payment security to 50% for future power purchases , The government also waived penalties for late payment and it ensured that electricity is not disconnect round the clock in COVID-19 prevalent times [17] . doi = 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.723 id = cord-284217-tv8f1315 author = Qazi, Javaria title = Evolution to Online Education around the globe during a SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Do develop and underdeveloped cope alike? date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; Pakistanis; online summary = Therefore, in this paper, we aimed to assess and compare the access & use of online learning of Bruneians and Pakistanis amid enforced lockdown imposed by the governments using a five-items satisfaction scale underlying existing literature. Outcomes of the survey suggest that Bruneian are more satisfied (50%) with the use of online learning amid lockdown as compared to Pakistanis (35.9%). Living in the Urban area as compared to a rural area is also a major factor contributing to satisfaction with the access and use of online learning for both Bruneian and Pakistanis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the very first study in accessing the student satisfaction with the use of online learning resources amid COVID-19. Outcomes suggest that use and access to online learning resources during novel infectious disease a SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic is crucial for student satisfaction. The study mainly aims to assess the effect of access & use of online learning resources amid the COVID-19 lockdown on student satisfaction. doi = 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105582 id = cord-280521-sqhzcm87 author = Qazi, Saqib Hamid title = Continuing and ensuring surgical care for children during COVID and post-COVID crisis date = 2020-08-21 keywords = covid-19 summary = In the upcoming months, devising recovery plans that suits every specialty or hospital will be challenging but continuous development of guidelines and frameworks to overcome this burden will strengthen and better equip the healthcare system during the post-pandemic phase, and also ensure quality of patient care and adequate training of the young trainees and doctors. Immediate and long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on delivery of surgical services. Global guidance for surgical care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Challenges to delivering pediatric surgery services in the midst of COVID 19 crisis: experience from a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan. Addressing Covid-19 fear to encourage sick patients to seek emergency care. Resuming elective surgical services in times of COVID-19 infection. Roadmap for Restarting Elective Surgery During/After COVID-19 Pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.08.012 id = cord-127759-wpqdtdjs author = Qi, Xiao title = Chest X-ray Image Phase Features for Improved Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Convolutional Neural Network date = 2020-11-06 keywords = CNN; COVID-19; CXR summary = In this study, we design a novel multi-feature convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture for multi-class improved classification of COVID-19 from CXR images. In this work we show how local phase CXR features based image enhancement improves the accuracy of CNN architectures for COVID-19 diagnosis. Our proposed method is designed for processing CXR images and consists of two main stages as illustrated in Figure 1 : 1-We enhance the CXR images (CXR(x, y)) using local phase-based image processing method in order to obtain a multi-feature CXR image (M F (x, y)), and 2-we classify CXR(x, y) by designing a deep learning approach where multi feature CXR images (M F (x, y)), together with original CXR data (CXR(x, y)), is used for improving the classification performance. Our proposed multi-feature CNN architectures were trained on a large dataset in terms of the number of COVID-19 CXR scans and have achieved improved classification accuracy across all classes. doi = nan id = cord-296330-4i02f1ji author = Qi, Xiaolong title = Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of COVID-19 patients with pre-existing cirrhosis: A multicenter cohort study date = 2020-04-28 keywords = April; COVID-19 summary = Methods In this retrospective, multicenter cohort study, we consecutively included all adult inpatients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and pre-existing cirrhosis that had been discharged or had died by 24 March 2020 from 16 designated hospitals in China. Methods In this retrospective, multicenter cohort study, we consecutively included all adult inpatients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and pre-existing cirrhosis that had been discharged or had died by 24 March 2020 from 16 designated hospitals in China. Interpretation Lower lymphocyte and platelet counts, and higher direct bilirubin level might represent poor prognostic indicators in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with pre-existing cirrhosis. Interpretation Lower lymphocyte and platelet counts, and higher direct bilirubin level might represent poor prognostic indicators in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with pre-existing cirrhosis. 9 So far, no studies have reported the clinical features and risk factors for in-hospital death in COVID-19 patients with pre-existing cirrhosis. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.24.20072611 id = cord-263738-8g5ujfaf author = Qian, Jing-Yi title = Acute Kidney Injury in the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease date = 2020-06-18 keywords = AKI; COVID-19; China; SARS summary = COVID-19 is characterized by acute respiratory disease, with 80% of patients presenting mild like flu-like symptoms; however, 20% of patients may have a severe or critical clinical presentation, which likely causes multiple organ injuries (e.g., kidney, heart, blood, and nervous system). Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a newly discovered acute infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is mainly manifested as acute respiratory diseases characterized by acute interstitial and alveolar pneumonia and can affect multiple organs such as the kidneys, the heart, the digestive tract, and blood [1] . In another study of 99 patients with COVID-19, seven cases developed various degrees of kidney injury with elevated serum creatinine (Scr) and/or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, and 3 of them were diagnosed with AKI [4] . These results provide direct evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can directly infect the renal tubular epithelium and podocytes, which may induce AKI in COVID-19 patients [17] . doi = 10.1159/000509086 id = cord-346616-kr500kgj author = Qian, Song-Zan title = Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Severe and Critical Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Wenzhou: A Retrospective Study date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The data on age, sex, exposure history, comorbidity (hypertension, diabetes cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, cerebrovascular disease, hematological diseases), symptoms from onset to hospital admission (fever, cough, expectoration, dyspnea, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, chill, diarrhea, fatigue), laboratory results on admission (hemoglobin, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, monocyte count, platelet, d-dimer, creatine kinase, creatine kinase-mb, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, hypersensitive troponin I, procalcitonin, brain natriuretic peptide, lactate, albumin, total cholesterol, cytokine levels, T lymphocyte cell subsets), treatment [Glucocorticoid therapy, Immunoglobulin therapy, Thymosin, Thaliduan, Antibiotic treatment, Antiviral treatment, Oxygen Treatment, Prone Position Ventilation, Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)], clinical outcome [Sepsis, Septic Shock, Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Acute cardiac injury, Acute kidney injury, Acute liver injury, Secondary infection, Acidosis, Prognosis], and radiological and echocardiography data and as well as living status were collected. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.552002 id = cord-121777-3zrnz9nc author = Qian, Xuelin title = M3Lung-Sys: A Deep Learning System for Multi-Class Lung Pneumonia Screening from CT Imaging date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; H1N1; level; slice summary = Considering the limited training cases and resources (e.g, time and budget), we propose a Multi-task Multi-slice Deep Learning System (M3Lung-Sys) for multi-class lung pneumonia screening from CT imaging, which only consists of two 2D CNN networks, i.e., sliceand patient-level classification networks. Eventually, the number of slices annotated for the four categories is listed in Table I Figure 3 shows the schematic of our proposed Multitask Multi-slice Deep Learning System (M 3 Lung-Sys), which consists of two components, the Image Preprocessing and Classification Network. For the purpose of pneumonia classification and alleviating the limitations discussed in Section I, we improve the network from three aspects, i.e., multi-task learning for radiologist-like diagnosis, weakly-supervised learning for slice-level lesion localization (attention) and coordinate maps for learning location information, as shown in Figure 5 . doi = nan id = cord-302321-6x7hyald author = Qiao, Shan title = Disparity in HIV Service Interruption in the Outbreak of COVID-19 in South Carolina date = 2020-08-27 keywords = HIV; covid-19 summary = Most of clinics reported that the providers and staff were working from home using Virtual Private Network (VPN) for access to Provide Enterprise (Ryan White data reporting " "Restricting face-to-face visits, restricting patients only to building." "Closed for 14 days; M is checking and responding to emails remotely" "Currently, offices are operating on normal hours with some limited closures for evening hours based on staffing per day." "As of May 18, 2020 New Horizon Family Health Services will begin seeing patients in the office setting with continued reduced hours of operation." "Office is closed. We are accepting new referral for HIV treatment and primary care." "Prevention services continue to be available by appt only; however, they began providing testing services at alternative sites on June 1." "Patients who must have face-to-face appointment with provider we are still open." "Are limiting patients coming to the office and exploring other options such as the Healow app and telehealth visits. doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-03013-x id = cord-350016-yxf7ykva author = Qin, Le title = A predictive model and scoring system combining clinical and CT characteristics for the diagnosis of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; PCR summary = RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that history of exposure (β = 3.095, odds ratio (OR) = 22.088), leukocyte count (β = − 1.495, OR = 0.224), number of segments with peripheral lesions (β = 1.604, OR = 1.604), and crazy-paving pattern (β = 2.836, OR = 2.836) were used for establishing the predictive model to identify COVID-19-positive patients (p < 0.05). The main finding of the present study was that we managed to develop a risk prediction model for the presence of COVID-19 in patients presenting with signs and symptoms of pneumonia that was based on clinical, laboratory, and CT imaging findings in a training group of 118 patients, and comprised history of exposure to people infected with COVID-19, normal or decreased leukocyte count, a high number of lung segments with pathologic CT findings including peripheral dominance of lesions and presence of crazy-paving patterns as risk factors for COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-07022-1 id = cord-254152-9wt2za3m author = Qiu, Chenghao title = Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Identifier of COVID-19 in Adults and Children: An International Multicenter Study date = 2020-06-16 keywords = China; covid-19; olfactory summary = authors: Qiu, Chenghao; Cui, Chong; Hautefort, Charlotte; Haehner, Antje; Zhao, Jun; Yao, Qi; Zeng, Hui; Nisenbaum, Eric J.; Liu, Li; Zhao, Yu; Zhang, Di; Levine, Corinna G.; Cejas, Ivette; Dai, Qi; Zeng, Mei; Herman, Philippe; Jourdaine, Clement; de With, Katja; Draf, Julia; Chen, Bing; Jayaweera, Dushyantha T.; Denneny, James C.; Casiano, Roy; Yu, Hongmeng; Eshraghi, Adrien A.; Hummel, Thomas; Liu, Xuezhong; Shu, Yilai; Lu, Hongzhou Data including demographics, COVID-19 severity, patient outcome, and the incidence and degree of olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction were collected and analyzed. Data including demographics, COVID-19 severity, patient outcome, and the incidence and degree of olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction were collected and analyzed. This study aims to systematically characterize and compare olfactory and gustatory symptoms among COVID-19 adult patients and children in 5 epidemic areas in Shanghai, Wuhan, and Shenzhen (China); Paris (France); and Dresden (Germany), emphasizing the importance of these symptoms as an early marker of SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1177/0194599820934376 id = cord-292030-cjz4nuag author = Qiu, Guangyu title = Dual-Functional Plasmonic Photothermal Biosensors for Highly Accurate Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Detection date = 2020-04-13 keywords = COVID; LSPR; PPT; SARS summary = In this work, a dual-functional plasmonic biosensor combining the plasmonic photothermal (PPT) effect and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensing transduction provides an alternative and promising solution for the clinical COVID-19 diagnosis. The two-dimensional gold nanoislands (AuNIs) functionalized with complementary DNA receptors can perform a sensitive detection of the selected sequences from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) through nucleic acid hybridization. 26−29 In this work, we developed a dual-functional LSPR biosensor through combining the photothermal effect and plasmonic sensing transduction for SARS-CoV-2 viral nucleic acid detection. The plasmonic chip with the twodimensional distribution of nanoabsorbers (AuNIs) is capable to generate the local PPT heat and transduce the in situ hybridization for highly sensitive and accurate SARS-CoV-2 detection. According to the phase-sensing diagram in Figure 4b and S6a, the LSPR response of the dual-functional AuNI biosensor started to increase when the RdRp-COVID genes were injected into the microfluidic chamber at about 200 s and attained the maximum phase value after about 800 s hybridization. doi = 10.1021/acsnano.0c02439 id = cord-278256-dmrtsxik author = Qiu, Haiyan title = Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study date = 2020-03-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = title: Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study INTERPRETATION: Although all paediatric patients in our cohort had mild or moderate type of COVID-19, the large proportion of asymptomatic children indicates the difficulty in identifying paediatric patients who do not have clear epidemiological information, leading to a dangerous situation in community-acquired infections. All children with COVID-19 had been infected either by close contact with adults infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or by exposure to the epidemic area. By contrast with findings in adults, children with COVID-19 had milder clinical manifestations; nearly half of paediatric patients were asymptomatic (ie, no fever and no cough). When compared with children with SARS, paediatric patients with COVID-19 had much milder disease in terms of the prevalence of fever, cough, pneumonia, and severe case type. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30198-5 id = cord-313937-uxz9uedr author = Qiu, Jian-Yin title = Mental Wellness system for COVID-19 date = 2020-04-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Here we describe the recent systemic efforts being developed in our center to maintain mental wellness in public population, isolated patients and first-line medical workers. We are setting up a comprehensive system including population level monitoring of mental states, online emergency psychological intervention based on artificial intelligence, community based scientific dissemination and social bond enhancement, virtual reality and neuromodulation based intervention, and human resources training for emergency psychological interventions. The inventories are online based, self-evaluation scales covering basic demographic information, personal and family infection status in this epidemic, major stress events in past 12 months, perceived stress scale, acute stress measurement, depression scale, anxiety scale, sleep quality scale, media reading status, social support status, attitude towards life and death, and trust of others. Scientific knowledge relate to COVID-19 (e.g. the infection mechanism, the population transmission model, the proper prevention method, and the treatment approaches) are provided as online content and social media based dissemination, as well as through community management system to the public population. doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.032 id = cord-341674-q8p187qx author = Qiu, Jianyin title = A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations date = 2020-03-06 keywords = China; covid-19 summary = title: A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations This study is the first nationwide large-scale survey of psychological distress in the general population of China during the COVID-19 epidemic. This study is the first nationwide largescale survey of psychological distress in the general population of China during the COVID-19 epidemic. This study is the first nationwide largescale survey of psychological distress in the general population of China during the tumultuous time of the COVID-19 epidemic. Meanwhile, psychological distress levels were also influenced by availability of local medical resources, efficiency of the regional public health system, and prevention and control measures taken against the epidemic situation. doi = 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213 id = cord-289349-imkgpwn0 author = Qiu, Li title = Strong immunity in the early two years of age links to frequent immunization of routine vaccines date = 2020-08-08 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = In this retrospective study, 25 patients under 10 years old were selected from a total of 186 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients (Materials and methods, Fig. S1 , and Table S1 online). The patient age distribution revealed that children of all ages are susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (Fig. 1a) . Because pediatric COVID-19 patients aged under 2 years were found to have shorter recovery times, we next further analyzed the clinical differences between children under and over 2 years old; several variables were compared between these two groups (Table S7 online). However, a previous epidemiological study revealed that the incidence of seasonal coronavirus infection in children under one year old is not significantly different from that in older children [15] . Pre-existing cross-reactive T-cell immunity to infections or vaccinations alters subsequent T-cell responses to antigens of unrelated pathogens [18] [19] [20] , thus frequently contributing to a protective or pathogenic role in infectious diseases [18, 20] . doi = 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.012 id = cord-252400-fdi132vi author = Qiu, Liru title = A Case of Critically Ill Infant of Coronavirus Disease 2019 With Persistent Reduction of T Lymphocytes date = 2020-04-16 keywords = CD4; COVID-19 summary = However, our understanding of the clinical characteristics and treatment of critically ill pediatric patients and their ability of transmitting the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 still remains inadequate because only a handful pediatric cases of COVID-19 have been reported. RESULTS: The infant had life-threatening clinical features including high fever, septic shock, recurrent apnea, petechiae and acute kidney injury and persistent declined CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In this article, we describe the complete clinical course and follow-up data of a critically ill infant with COVID-19 presenting with life-threatening clinical features including high fever, septic shock, recurrent apnea, petechiae and acute kidney injury. The infant''s severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleic acids tests of rectal and nasopharyngeal swabs turned negative on the 38th day and 49th day of illness, respectively. Data of adults also showed that lymphopenia and reduction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were the clinical features observed in severe COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1097/inf.0000000000002720 id = cord-269792-yth3t2cf author = Qiu, Ruijin title = Core Outcome Set for Clinical Trials of COVID-19 based on Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine date = 2020-03-27 keywords = COVID-19; Delphi summary = Frontline clinicians, as well as nurse, methodologist, evidence based-medicine researcher, and staff from the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry participated by video conference to vote. The stakeholders in the consensus meeting were a TCM clinician, WM clinician, nurse, methodologist, evidence-based medicine researcher and staff from the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry. reporting the results of the Delphi survey of professionals and the public, and the results of the patients'' questionnaire; (iii) discussing the candidate outcomes and their instruments/definition; (iv) voting on the outcomes and reaching a consensus. Six frontline clinicians (one from a WM hospital and five from a TCM hospital) as well as one frontline nurse, one methodologist and one researcher who participated in the design of clinical trials of COVID-19 were invited to attend the consensus meeting. After reporting the results of the Delphi survey and patients'' survey, participants discussed some outcomes they believed should/should not be measured in clinical trials. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.23.20041533 id = cord-292912-ufcvecwo author = Qiu, Ruijin title = Outcome reporting from protocols of clinical trials of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review date = 2020-03-08 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus summary = 1. This review is the first to describe variation in outcomes, outcome measurement instruments and outcome measurement time reporting in clinical trials for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review is the first to evaluate the outcome reporting of protocols of TCM and western medicine clinical trials for treating COVID-19. Clinical Controlled Trial for Traditional Chinese Medicine in the treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia A randomized controlled trial of integrated TCM and Western Medicine in the treatment of severe novel coronavirus pneumonia A single arm study for combination of traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) A single arm study for evaluation of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia Clinical Study for Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Acute Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19) doi = 10.1101/2020.03.04.20031401 id = cord-284833-g914vww5 author = Qiu, Tingting title = Chinese guidelines related to novel coronavirus pneumonia date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; China; Chloroquine; TCM summary = A total of 15 guidelines focusing on pharmacological treatments for all COVID-19 cases were further investigated (Table 1) , including 3 national guidelines: the ''Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia'' released by the National Health Commission, the ''Guideline for the appropriate use of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)'' released by China Association of Chinese Medicine, and ''Notifications on the dosage adjustment of Chloroquine Phosphate'' released by National Health Commission. Twelve were provincial guidelines, including 4 focused on the diagnosis and treatment released in Beijing, Shanghai, Hubei province, Shandong province, and Guangdong province, 6 guidelines for the appropriate use of TCM in the treatment of COVID-19, and 2 guidelines provided recommendations specific to the optimal use of Chloroquine Phosphate. The new dosage adjustment of the Chloroquine Phosphate was included in the 7 th version of the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia and the Guangdong expert consensus. doi = 10.1080/20016689.2020.1818446 id = cord-252423-ojmt4k2w author = Qu, Bing title = Monologue of a physician who tested persistently positive for COVID-19 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The COVID-19, as other new infectious diseases, has presented us unprecedented challenges and put us into huge dilemma. As a physician on clinical frontline, I had been treating patients actively and wishing them an early recovery, but never expecting that I would be infected. As in the early stage we knew little about COVID-19 and the possibility that someone with COVID-19 can transmit the virus even if they are not showing symptoms, many healthcare professionals were infected. According to a Press Conference of the WHO-China Joint Mission on COVID-19 on February 24, 3387 medical staff have been reported to be infected, among which over 90% were from Hubei province. Exploring the reasons for healthcare workers infected with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa551 id = cord-305059-8z54lw2d author = Qu, Jie-Ming title = Chapter 4 Diagnosis of COVID-19 date = 2021-12-31 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS; detection summary = If any one of the following pathogenic or serological tests is positive, the patient is confirmed as COVID-19: (1) positive RT-PCR results for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid; (2) viral gene sequencing highly homologous to the known SARS-CoV-2; or (3) serum samples positive for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG antibodies. The fifth edition of the program was specially designed for Hubei to establish the diagnostic criteria of "clinical diagnosis cases," which include clinical compliance with the characteristics of viral pneumonia, such as corresponding clinical symptoms and imaging CT findings, especially the multiple lobes exudative ground-glass shadow and intermittent consolidation, normal or decreased total count of white blood cells in laboratory examination, and reduced lymphocyte count. The methods are: (1) real-time fluorescence RT-PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid positive and (2) viral gene sequencing, highly homologous with the known novel coronavirus. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824003-8.00004-8 id = cord-337663-ow1l18li author = Qu, Liang G. title = Scoping review: hotspots for COVID-19 urological research: what is being published and from where? date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; SARS; study summary = This comprehensive review aimed to: identify all up-to-date original publications relating to urology and COVID-19, characterise where publications were from, and outline what topics were investigated. Topics of the study included pathophysiological, administrative, and clinical fields: translational (n = 14), COVID-19-related outcomes (n = 5), urology training (n = 4), telemedicine (n = 7), equipment and safety (n = 2), urology in general (n = 4), uro-oncology (n = 3), urolithiasis (n = 1), and kidney transplantation (n = 8). A registered study in France (NCT04341714) is similarly assessing the efficiency and satisfaction of telemedicine consults, aiming to recruit 400 patients from a neuro-urology clinic. 48 studies were included, investigating pathophysiological, administrative, and clinical outcomes relating to COVID-19 and urology. Clinical fields of COVID-19-related urological research seem to focus on uro-oncology, urolithiasis, and kidney transplant recipients. Nevertheless, our review is the first to provide a comprehensive country-level analysis of current original urological research related to COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s00345-020-03434-2 id = cord-287444-vk3fdroq author = Quadri, Nasreen S. title = Deploying Medical Students to Combat Misinformation During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-287444-vk3fdroq cord_uid: vk3fdroq Physicians from the University of Minnesota created the online course "COVID-19: Outbreaks and the Media" to engage students in the COVID-19 pandemic response and teach them skills for communicating medicine with the general public. Students engage in public service to the medical profession, and our patients, by amplifying high-quality information about COVID-19 on social media. The long term goal of this curriculum is to equip students with skills necessary to engage with the general public about COVID-19 and other medical topics in a manner appropriate for our profession. Alternatively, this curriculum could be adapted for more general medical communication training for medical students outside of a pandemic. The impact of students'' social media presence is a unique and scalable contribution to the pandemic response from the medical community; an alternative framework for being on the frontlines. Medical students and pandemic influenza doi = 10.1016/j.acap.2020.05.024 id = cord-317080-kn56oov6 author = Quadri, Sayed. A. title = COVID-19 and Religious Congregations: Implications for Spread of Novel Pathogens date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: COVID-19 and Religious Congregations: Implications for Spread of Novel Pathogens Gathering of large number of people in close approximation could be a fertile ground for the spread of novel pathogens. COVID 19 is spread through droplet and basic reproduction rate, a 23 measure of transmissibility of the virus, ranges from 2.24 to 3.58 (Zhao et al., 2020) . Public 24 gatherings will evidently increase transmission and therefore social distancing was touted as the 25 foremost preventive strategy.  Suspension of communal gatherings must be promptly done as a preventive strategy 196 whenever novel pathogens emerge, in order to contain its spread.  An international regime of containment measures with regards to suspension of religious 198 congregations during infectious disease outbreaks must be devised. Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel 185 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the 186 early phase of the outbreak doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.007 id = cord-283093-9kz7387z author = Quaife, Matthew title = The impact of COVID-19 control measures on social contacts and transmission in Kenyan informal settlements date = 2020-10-05 keywords = Kenya; contact; covid-19 summary = In this study, we collect contact data from residents of informal settlements around Nairobi, Kenya, to assess if control measures have changed contact patterns, and estimate the impact of changes on the basic reproduction number (R(0)). Respondents were asked to report all direct physical and non-physical contacts made the previous day, alongside a questionnaire asking about the social and economic impact of COVID-19 and control measures. Although one social mixing study was conducted in Kilifi, a coastal area of Kenya [21] , outside of one study which collected data from a South African township [16] , no published contact data exist from informal settlements, which may be particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 due to high levels of population density, indoor crowding, and household sizes, alongside intergenerational mixing within the household. doi = 10.1186/s12916-020-01779-4 id = cord-313887-8sabsrgy author = Quandt, Sara A. title = COVID-19 Pandemic among Latinx Farmworker and Nonfarmworker Families in North Carolina: Knowledge, Risk Perceptions, and Preventive Behaviors date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; family; farmworker; sample summary = Taken together, the rapidly changing messages, coupled with public concern, and limited availability of up-to-date information in formats for those with limited English proficiency created a situation in the USA in which Latinx workers such as farmworkers were likely to lack consistent and accurate information and, as a result, practice ineffective behaviors to protect themselves and prevent spreading disease to their social network. This study was designed to describe the knowledge, perceived risk and susceptibility, and preventive behaviors reported by Latinx immigrant farmworker and nonfarmworker families in North Carolina during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic. In total, these results indicate that, despite relatively high knowledge, strong perceptions of risk from COVID-19, and claims of avoiding situations where contracting or spreading infection might be likely, many of the farmworker families included here do not practice safe physical distancing measures as recommended; and their use of masks appears to be confined to work settings. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165786 id = cord-302864-2xnq1oq7 author = Quartuccio, Luca title = Profiling COVID-19 pneumonia progressing into the cytokine storm syndrome: results from a single Italian Centre study on tocilizumab versus standard of care date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; TOCI; patient summary = Patients were divided in two groups: 42 severe cases (TOCI) with adverse prognostic features including raised CRP and IL-6 levels, who underwent anti-cytokine treatments, mostly tocilizumab, and 69 standard of care patients (SOC). Nevertheless, robust data to predict the outcome of COVID-19 pneumonia after the hospital admission are still lacking [6] , though they are urgently needed in order to facilitate the assessment of anti-cytokine treatment efficacy in worse prognosis patient groups and not milder disease. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate baseline laboratory and immunological features in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia and to explore such parameters in relationship to standard of care (SOC group) therapy versus anti-cytokine therapy, mainly tocilizumab, (TOCI group) that was mostly used either in ventilated patients in the ICU or non-invasively ventilated patients, mostly in the ward setting. doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104444 id = cord-273998-e7m5g242 author = Que, Jianyu title = Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study in China date = 2020-06-14 keywords = covid-19; psychological summary = Aims This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of psychological problems in different healthcare workers (ie, physicians, medical residents, nurses, technicians and public health professionals) during the COVID-19 pandemic in China and explore factors that are associated with the onset of psychological problems in this population during this public health crisis. Aims This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of psychological problems in different healthcare workers (ie, physicians, medical residents, nurses, technicians and public health professionals) during the COVID-19 pandemic in China and explore factors that are associated with the onset of psychological problems in this population during this public health crisis. results The prevalence of symptoms of anxiety, depression, insomnia and the overall psychological problems in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in China was 46.04%, 44.37%, 28.75% and 56.59%, respectively. results The prevalence of symptoms of anxiety, depression, insomnia and the overall psychological problems in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in China was 46.04%, 44.37%, 28.75% and 56.59%, respectively. doi = 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100259 id = cord-328916-j2ztk2hk author = Queiroz, Maciel M. title = Impacts of epidemic outbreaks on supply chains: mapping a research agenda amid the COVID-19 pandemic through a structured literature review date = 2020-06-16 keywords = Ivanov; OSCM; covid-19 summary = title: Impacts of epidemic outbreaks on supply chains: mapping a research agenda amid the COVID-19 pandemic through a structured literature review Humanitarian logistics literature has extensively studied epidemic impacts; however, there exists a research gap in understanding of pandemic impacts in commercial SCs. To progress in this direction, we present a systematic analysis of the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on SCs guided by a structured literature review that collated a unique set of publications. Most centrally, we propose a framework for operations and supply chain management at the times of COVID-19 pandemic spanning six perspectives, i.e., adaptation, digitalization, preparedness, recovery, ripple effect, and sustainability. The categories considered during the analysis of papers were Outbreak/Disease reported, Purpose, Main method/Theoretical approach, and Supply chain/Logistics/Operations implications. A decision support system for demand management in healthcare supply chains considering the epidemic outbreaks: A case study of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) doi = 10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7 id = cord-326717-sebzbijm author = Quereshy, Humzah A. title = “Hot zones” for otolaryngologists: Assessing the geographic distribution of aerosol-generating procedures amidst the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; procedure summary = Using the Medicare POSPUF database, aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) were mapped based on hospital referral regions, against up-to-date COVID-19 case distribution data, as of April 24, 2020. Following the interim cancellation of elective surgical procedures, the American College of Surgeons suggested that, in order to reopen elective surgeries, geographic areas should see sustained reductions in rates of new COVID-19 cases and have adequate hospital resources to take care of all patients sufficiently 11 . As the focus shifts to resuming elective procedures in hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers, and outpatient clinics, we must appreciate that otolaryngologists remain at very high risk of exposure due to their unique susceptibility of aerosol-generating procedures. In this J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f way, while health systems across the country have instituted changes to their approach to these procedures during the pandemic, it is critical for all institutions to re-evaluate the risk of certain procedures involving high viral load based on predicted procedural volumes to establish appropriate clinical protocols as we look to restore surgical practices to normalcy. doi = 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102550 id = cord-258675-nh1zu0yu author = Quesada, J. A. title = Período de incubación de la COVID-19: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Se han reportado resultados variables en recientes estudios y, por ello, el objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es proporcionar una estimación más precisa del período de incubación de la COVID-19. Según los datos publicados sobre el período de incubación de la COVID-19, el tiempo medio entre la exposición y la aparición de los síntomas clínicos depende del modelo estadístico utilizado y el percentil 95, de la edad media de los pacientes. Según los datos publicados sobre el período de incubación de la COVID-19, el tiempo medio entre la exposición y la aparición de los síntomas clínicos depende del modelo estadístico utilizado y el percentil 95, de la edad media de los pacientes. Los resultados del presente estudio muestran que el período medio de incubación de la COVID-19 es de 32 5,6 días (IC del 95%: 5,1 a 6,1) y puede variar según el modelo utilizado para su estimación y la calidad 33 del estudio. doi = 10.1016/j.rce.2020.08.005 id = cord-325778-y5miy24f author = Quigley, Ashley L. title = Estimating the Burden of COVID-19 on the Australian Healthcare Workers and Health System date = 2020-10-29 keywords = COVID-19; HCW summary = We aimed to estimate the burden of COVID-19 on Australia healthcare workers and the health system by obtaining and organizing data on HCW infections, analyzing national HCW cases in regards to occupational risk and analyzing healthcare outbreak. METHODS: We searched government reports and websites and media reports to create a comprehensive line listing of Australian healthcare worker infections and nosocomial outbreaks between January 25(th) and July 8(th), 2020. Many studies have also shown that hospitals not only present a high exposure setting for respiratory infections in HCW 17, 18 but that presenteeism is a key risk factor in disease transmission and extension of an outbreak 19 . Analysis of the infection status of the health care workers in Wuhan during the COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional study COVID-19 and the Risk to Health Care Workers: A Case Report COVID-19: the case for health-care worker screening to prevent hospital transmission doi = 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103811 id = cord-315920-9p6ar3cr author = Quigley, Denise D. title = COVID‐19 Preparedness in Nursing Homes in the Midst of the Pandemic date = 2020-05-12 keywords = covid-19 summary = When asked their greatest COVID-19 preparedness concern, administrators cited lack of supplies (43%), staff shortage (34%), and resident health and safety (14%). One administrator lamented, "Not having enough PPE to keep up with a COVID-19 outbreak and sufficient staffing if staff become ill." Another noted, "Not enough available supplies for staff, such as an N-95 masks or respirators or face shields; now we are using cotton-made face masks and…sanitary pads as an additional barrier." Nevertheless, our results do indicate the need for NHs to continue refining their preparedness strategies in response to local virus prevalence, resident population, and local regulations, including state policies on accepting COVID-19 patients discharged from hospitals. Guidance for Infection Control and Prevention of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) in Nursing Homes Infection prevention and control programs in US nursing homes: results of a national survey Covid-19 preparedness in Michigan nursing homes doi = 10.1111/jgs.16520 id = cord-271906-2nm55024 author = Quincho-Lopez, Alvaro title = Case Report: Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum as Uncommon Complications of COVID-19 Pneumonia—Literature Review date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; spontaneous summary = title: Case Report: Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum as Uncommon Complications of COVID-19 Pneumonia—Literature Review We performed a literature review of COVID-19 pneumonia cases that developed pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, or both. 3, 4 Herein, we report two cases of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, who developed pneumomediastinum, and one of them also presented pneumothorax. 14 Table 1 presents a summary of case reports of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 who presented pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, or both. In conclusion, pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum are possible complications of COVID-19 pneumonia, causing acute decompensation that can worsen the prognosis of patients, especially those with underlying lung diseases. Pneumomediastinum and spontaneous pneumothorax as an extrapulmonary complication of COVID-19 disease Spontaneous pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema in COVID-19 patient: case report Secondary tension pneumothorax in a COVID-19 pneumonia patient: a case report Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia and the possible underlying mechanism Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: a probable unusual complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0815 id = cord-317990-61is0hgm author = Quinn, Katherine G. title = Applying the Popular Opinion Leader Intervention for HIV to COVID-19 date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; HIV summary = have recently noted, the spread of medical mistrust and public health misinformation evident in the current COVID-19 pandemic mirrors long-standing challenges in the HIV epidemic [1] . Accordingly, we can take lessons learned from the HIV epidemic about the spread of public health information and its effects on behavior change apply them to the current pandemic. This Note focuses on social networks and the popular opinion leader model, which may be key in disseminating trusted information about COVID-19 in a rapidly changing public health landscape. Yet, engaging trusted community leaders and social influencers to disseminate accurate public health information may help overcome these challenges to address inequities reduce COVID-19 stigma, and strengthen norms that contribute to sustained behavior change (e.g. social distancing, mask wearing, hand washing). Aligned with social distancing guidelines for COVID-19 prevention, we are using online social networks as an efficient and effective way to disseminate accurate information and influence community norms and behaviors [36] . doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-02954-7 id = cord-349954-bozgrzvf author = Quintaliani, Giuseppe title = Exposure to novel coronavirus in patients on renal replacement therapy during the exponential phase of COVID-19 pandemic: survey of the Italian Society of Nephrology date = 2020-07-03 keywords = RRT; SARS; covid-19 summary = During the COVID-19 pandemic, among SARS-Cov-2 positive RRT patients the fatality rate was 32.8%, as compared to 13.3% observed in the Italian population as of April 23rd. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of the 60,441 surveyed RRT patients in Italy were SARS-Cov-2 positive and subsequently died during the exponential phase of COVID-19 pandemic. The urgent need for a better understanding of the epidemic in RRT patients was immediately evident, and therefore we designed a survey of the Nephrology centers in Italy, aimed to capture the main features, impact and geographical distribution of SARS-CoV-2 spread in over 60,000 prevalent RRT patients during the exponential phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. The Italian Society of Nephrology COVID-19 survey confirms and extends previous preliminary observations suggesting that RRT patients, especially those on HD, are at increased risk of developing severe SARS-Cov-2 infections. doi = 10.1007/s40620-020-00794-1 id = cord-279038-ocb1tlzp author = Quispe Flores, María Alejandra title = The COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries: A new opportunity to improve the monitoring of patients with diabetes mellitus date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: The COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries: A new opportunity to improve the monitoring of patients with diabetes mellitus The narrative review published by Macherera et al 1 has been of great interest to us, as it highlights the importance of establishing a personalized educational plan in patients with diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic, based on preventive measures, medications, changes in lifestyle, self-monitoring of glucose, foot care and prevention of complications. In 2018 and 2019, two meta-analyses of controlled clinical trials were carried out with the aim of comparing the results of telemedicine and the usual care for diabetic patients. In conclusion, we highlight that although Peru is one of the countries that is suffering the most from the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, this may be an opportunity to discover tools to improve the control of patients with diabetes and contribute to overcoming barriers to the access of health services. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.09.023 id = cord-262375-1ex2ow07 author = Qun, Sen title = Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratios Are Closely Associated With the Severity and Course of Non-mild COVID-19 date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6 summary = All confirmed patients were clinically classified according to the "Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Treatment Scheme of the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China (version 7)" at the time of admission (4), as follows: (1) general type: symptoms such as fever and respiratory tract complaints were present, and manifestations of pneumonia could be seen on imaging; (2) serious type: any of the following criteria were met: (1) respiratory distress, respiratory rate (RR) ≥ 30 times/min; (2) resting oxygen saturation ≤ 93%; or (3) arterial partial oxygen pressure (PaO 2 )/oxygen absorption concentration (FiO 2 ) ≤ 300 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa); (3) critical type: any of the following criteria were met: (1) respiratory failure and a need for mechanical ventilation, (2) shock, or (3) a combination of factors with other organ failure requiring ICU care. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02160 id = cord-293860-6kz0iws6 author = Qutayba Almerie, Muhammad title = The Association between Obesity and Poor Outcome after COVID-19 Indicates a Potential Therapeutic Role for Montelukast date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; drug summary = HYPOTHESIS: Through a direct anti-viral effect, or by suppression of heightened cytokine release in response to SARS-CoV2, montelukast will reduce the severity of immune-mediated multiorgan damage resulting from COVID-19, particularly in patients with central obesity and metabolic syndrome. Through a direct anti-viral effect, or by suppression of heightened cytokine release in response to SARS-CoV2, montelukast will reduce the severity of immune-mediated multiorgan damage resulting from COVID-19, particularly in patients with central obesity and metabolic syndrome. With its prominent effect in reducing leukotriene-mediated cytokine release montelukast would have the potential to moderate the background inflammation associated with obesity and the body''s inflammatory response to SARS-CoV2. The strong association between the pro-inflammatory state found in metabolic syndrome and obesity and a more aggressive clinical course in COVID-19 suggests a potential treatment role for drugs that inhibit cytokine release and macrophage activation. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109883 id = cord-269873-4hxwo5kt author = R., Mohammadi title = Transfer Learning-Based Automatic Detection of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Chest X-ray Images date = 2020-10-01 keywords = covid-19; model summary = OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to use an automated deep convolution neural network based pre-trained transfer models for detection of COVID-19 infection in chest X-rays. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a retrospective study, we have applied Visual Geometry Group (VGG)-16, VGG-19, MobileNet, and InceptionResNetV2 pre-trained models for detection COVID-19 infection from 348 chest X-ray images. To this end, the present study aimed to use an automated deep convolution neural network based pre-trained transfer models for detection and diagnosis of COVID-19 infection in chest X-rays. In this study, a CNN-based model was used to detect COVID-19 from the chest X-ray images. In this study, we proposed four pre-trained deep CNN models, including VGG-16, VGG-19, MobileNet, and InceptionResNetV2 for discriminating COVID-19 cases from chest X-ray images. In this study, we presented four pre-trained deep CNN models such as VGG16, VGG19, MobileNet, and InceptionResNetV2 are used for transfer learning to detect and classify COVID-19 from chest radiography. doi = 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2008-1153 id = cord-333451-p2plpeew author = Raab, Anja M. title = Significant demands on healthcare resources during the COVID crisis date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Who takes care of all these "Post-COVID-19" patients after they have struggled in ICUs, been intubated for a long time and sedated against the disease and have luckily survived after weeks of mechanical ventilation? Therapists providing respiratory care to patients need to use appropriate personal protective equipment including N95/P2 masks, fluid resistant long-sleeved gowns, googles/ face shields and gloves as [4] . When our first COVID-19-patient was asked at the end of the clinical visit, what he wishes most, he simply answered with the help of a speaking valve, connected to the ventilator "To eat a Cordon bleu!" For those not familiar with this term, it is veal folded and filled with famous Swiss cheese -a lot of proteins to support the respiratory muscles. We hope that this letter has increased readers awareness of the respiratory therapy with COVID-19 to feel supported during these challenging times. doi = 10.1038/s41393-020-0482-y id = cord-335767-omm04fg5 author = Raabe, Vanessa N title = Importance of Pediatric Inclusion in COVID-19 Therapeutic Trials date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Not only do children and the medical community lose out on opportunities to gain the highest level of clinical evidence for efficacy in a vulnerable population, but due to the lack of availability of pediatric trials, many children hospitalized for COVID-19 are receiving off-label use of therapeutic agents with unproven benefit against COVID-19. In addition to offering enhanced safety monitoring, enrollment of children in clinical trials ensures that parents and older children are fully informed of the potential risks and benefits associated with use of the therapeutic agent, a conversation often omitted when medications are prescribed off-label. Inclusion of children in these clinical trials is feasible under current regulations, provides direct benefit to pediatric trial participants from a safety perspective compared to off-label prescribing, and provides systematic collection of the highest quality of evidence for COVID-19 therapeutics in a vulnerable population where SARS-CoV-2 infection behaves differently from adults. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa656 id = cord-258865-sxz39swi author = Rabbani, H. title = Modelling COVID-19 using the Fundamentals of Fluid Dynamics date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; preprint summary = In December 2019, a cluster of cases of pneumonia, subsequently associated with a novel coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome -Coronavirus-2, SARS-CoV-2), named Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO), emerged in Wuhan, China. These measures include physical/social distancing to minimize the rate of person-to-person contact, frequent hand washing, the utilization of masks, gloves and other forms of personal protection equipment (PPE), mass testing, contact tracing and isolation/quarantine of persons with suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection. In pandemic situations where data could be sparse, mathematical modelling can be a powerful tool to understand and predict the course of the outbreak in order to inform the development of potential control strategies 11, 12 . The most frequently used framework in the case of human transmissions is the so-called SIR model 13 is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. Using the fluid transport equation, we derived the following mathematical model to predict the infected cases of COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.24.20139071 id = cord-351567-ifoe8x28 author = Rabi, Firas A. title = SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Disease 2019: What We Know So Far date = 2020-03-20 keywords = ACE-2; COVID-19; China; SARS; Wuhan summary = However, by that time, travelers had carried the virus to many countries, sparking memories of the previous coronavirus epidemics, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and causing widespread media attention and panic. To assess the magnitude of the risk posed by the SARS-CoV-2, we review four parameters that we believe important: the transmission rate, the incubation period, the case fatality rate (CFR), and the determination of whether asymptomatic transmission can occur. A small study of 17 patients showed that nasal viral load peaks within days of symptom onset, suggesting that transmission of disease is more likely to occur early in the course of infection [40] . Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19)-China 2020 Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia doi = 10.3390/pathogens9030231 id = cord-287057-1g5i8li4 author = Rabiller, G title = Radiofarmacia Hospitalaria en Argentina durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Criterios y fundamentos para la organización del trabajo date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; Radiofarmacia summary = En esta publicación se presentan criterios y fundamentos para la organización del trabajo en la práctica segura de la Radiofarmacia Hospitalaria, a fin de minimizar el riesgo de transmisión viral durante la pandemia de COVID-19, en una instalación de referencia de la Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA) de Argentina, mientras se continúan desempeñando servicios esenciales para el sistema de salud. En el escenario actual es posible que pacientes COVID-19 positivos o sospechosos requieran prácticas de Medicina Nuclear para lo cual se tomarán todas las medidas sanitarias adecuadas, con la finalidad de proteger al personal de salud que realice la práctica, asegurando así la continuidad de la prestación del servicio 5 . La utilidad de este criterio, es que, una persona inmunocompetente desarrolla este perfil inmunológico en caso de contagio, por lo cual es importante esta consideración en la organización de los grupos de trabajo. doi = 10.1016/j.remn.2020.08.015 id = cord-354608-1me3nopu author = Rabinowicz, Shira title = COVID-19 in the Pediatric Population—Review and Current Evidence date = 2020-09-19 keywords = MIS; SARS; child; covid-19; disease summary = By mid-August 2020, the World Health Organization reported over 23 million confirmed cases of infection with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), resulting in more than 710,000 death worldwide [1] . We review the current evidence of epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment, and indirect health consequences of SARS-CoV-2 on children. In reports from countries that were severely affected early in course of the pandemic, children comprise 1-2% the diagnosed COVID-19 cases, underrepresented compared with other age groups [3, [13] [14] [15] . In summary, children at any age may be infected with SARS-CoV-2, with reduced frequency and severity compared with adults, although clear epidemiologic data is still missing. Characteristics and outcomes of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Pediatric Patients with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 and hyperinflammation in COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s11908-020-00739-6 id = cord-284671-r4m1wrbk author = Racine, Nicole title = Evidence suggests children are being left behind in COVID-19 mental health research date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To inform policy and practice, our research group conducted a large-scale search across 5 research databases (PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and MEDLINE) to identify the prevalence of mental health difficulties in children and adults since COVID-19. While 25% of the world''s population are children, they make up only ~ 8% of research being conducted on the mental health impacts of COVID-19. Child mental health research is drastically lagging behind research on adults, and there is an urgent need to prioritize funding for research initiatives that explicitly examines children''s mental health. Both disparities in child mental health research and service access are problematic, particularly in the face of COVID-19, which will increase the need for innovative solutions to decrease the mental health burden for children. To date, the available evidence on the impact of COVID-19 and its associated mitigation strategies on child and adolescent mental health is scarce [6] . doi = 10.1007/s00787-020-01672-8 id = cord-258535-2m369sm5 author = Radbel, Jared title = Use of Tocilizumab for COVID-19-Induced Cytokine Release Syndrome: A Cautionary Case Report date = 2020-04-25 keywords = COVID-19; CRS summary = Both patients progressed to sHLH despite treatment with tocilizumab, and one developed viral myocarditis, challenging the safety and clinical usefulness of tocilizumab in the treatment of COVID-19-induced CRS. 7 Tocilizumab is theorized to treat the CRS that can occur in patients with COVID-19, similar to its use in CRS secondary to chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. In this report, we have presented two cases of COVID-19-induced CRS with elevated IL-6 levels and progression to sHLH, despite treatment with tocilizumab. 11 In our first case, the patient developed viral myocarditis, an established presentation of severe COVID-19 on day 10 after symptom onset. However, several clinical trials are actively recruiting subjects to determine the safety and efficacy of tocilizumab in the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia in adult patients. The cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of severe COVID-19 and interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce the mortality doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.04.024 id = cord-324669-qca0uwxo author = Radermecker, Coraline title = Neutrophil extracellular traps infiltrate the lung airway, interstitial, and vascular compartments in severe COVID-19 date = 2020-09-14 keywords = covid-19; net; patient summary = title: Neutrophil extracellular traps infiltrate the lung airway, interstitial, and vascular compartments in severe COVID-19 Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can contribute to inflammation-associated lung damage, thrombosis, and fibrosis. Our study reports that NETs infiltrate distinct compartments and lesions in the lungs of COVID-19 patients with a fatal outcome. Altogether, our study supports the idea that targeting NETs in COVID-19 patients may help the clinical management of severe forms of COVID-19 by alleviating thrombotic events, excessive tissue-damaging inflammation, fibrosis, and airway obstruction. Online supplemental material Fig. S1 shows microscopy pictures of immunofluorescence lung sections from non-COVID-19 patients stained with DAPI, anti-MPO, and anti-Cit-H3 antibodies. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Contribute to Immunothrombosis in COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome COVID-19: Role of neutrophil extracellular traps in acute lung injury (C) Representative confocal microscopy pictures of immunofluorescence staining of lung sections from non-COVID-19 patients (MPO [red] and Cit-H3 doi = 10.1084/jem.20201012 id = cord-343553-07c9ec2b author = Radfar, S. R. title = Reorganization of Substance Use Treatment and Harm Reduction Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Global Survey date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19; September; country; international summary = Based on our findings, we provide a series of recommendations to support countries to be prepared more efficiently for future waves or similar pandemics to 1) help policymakers generate business continuity plans, 2) maintain use of evidence-based interventions for people with SUDs, 3) be prepared for adequate medication supplies, 4) integrate harm reduction programs with other treatment modalities and 5) have specific considerations for vulnerable groups such as immigrants and refugees. Based on our findings, we provide a series of recommendations to support countries to be prepared more efficiently for future waves or similar pandemics to 1) help policymakers generate business continuity plans, 2) maintain use of evidence-based interventions for people with SUDs, 3) be prepared for adequate medication supplies, 4) integrate harm reduction programs with other treatment modalities and 5) have specific considerations for vulnerable groups such as immigrants and refugees. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.21.20199133 id = cord-270509-roc93m4f author = Radhakrishnan, Suma title = Guidelines for Surgical Tracheostomy and Tracheostomy Tube Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review Article date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = We also did explore the current literature and recommendations for tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19 and studied the previous data from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), the virus responsible for the SARS outbreak of 2003. • The benefit of performing early tracheostomy in critically ill COVID-19 patients are unclear from available data [1] . • To reduce time in contact with aerosolized secretionscomplete paralysis of patient to prevent coughing; stopping mechanical ventilation just before entering trachea; reducing use of suction during the procedure [14] . 4. Tracheotomy is performed under direct vision without movement of patient; tracheostomy tube is inserted, followed by inflation of the balloon. Effect of early versus late or no tracheostomy on mortality and pneumonia of critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and metaanalysis Surgical considerations for tracheostomy during the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak doi = 10.1007/s12070-020-01893-y id = cord-312094-czuw4t7i author = Radic, Aleksandar title = Fear and Trembling of Cruise Ship Employees: Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-16 keywords = CDC; COVID-19; cruise; employee; pandemic; ship summary = The findings revealed that COVID-19 pandemic has managed to erase the feeling of joy from cruise ship employees who were stuck at sea while exposing weakness of cruise line companies such as poor human resource management leadership. The CDC''s No Sail Order in combination with poor liquidity of cruise line companies due to the COVID-19 cruise tourism crisis has created an unprecedented event leaving 100,000 cruise ship employees stuck at sea for months without any certainty when they will be repatriated to their homes [45] . In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, cruise ship employees that are stuck at sea are experiencing particularly high levels of stress that may develop mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression. Moreover, cruise line companies do not have a strategy for managing various negative psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ship employees who are stuck at sea. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17186741 id = cord-344270-874i31h8 author = Radke, Robert M title = Adult congenital heart disease and the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-10 keywords = ACHD; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Based on anatomy and additional physiological factors including symptoms, exercise capacity, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension and cyanosis, we propose a pragmatic approach to categorising patients into low-risk, intermediate-risk and high-risk groups. Patients with right heart dilatation or dysfunction are potentially at increased risk of right heart failure as mechanical ventilation and acute respiratory distress syndrome can lead to increase in pulmonary arterial pressures. While this may have ample indirect implications for the regular care of adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) due to postponement of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, the focus of the current review is on the direct impact of SARS-CoV-2 on congenital patients. 31 Infection with SARS-CoV-2 should be suspected in ACHD patients presenting with fever, onset or worsening of dyspnoea, lower than usual peripheral oxygen saturation but also in case of unexplained worsening of ventricular function or new arrhythmia. Patients with Down syndrome (commonly associated with congenital heart disease and immune defects) are at higher risk for pulmonary infections and ARDS. doi = 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317258 id = cord-319333-jwbgytwd author = Radmard, Sara title = Inpatient Neurology Consultations During the Onset of the SARS-CoV-2 New York City Pandemic: A Single Center Case Series date = 2020-07-10 keywords = SARS; covid-19; neurological; patient summary = The encountered neurological problems associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were encephalopathy (12 patients, 36.4%), seizure (9 patients, 27.2%), stroke (5 patients, 15.2%), recrudescence of prior neurological disease symptoms (4 patients, 12.1%), and neuromuscular (3 patients, 9.1%). Adult inpatients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection by nasopharyngeal swab reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and required neurological evaluation by consultation or admission for primary neurological care were included in this single-center retrospective case-series study at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC)-New York Presbyterian Hospital. Most of the patients in our case series developed neurological symptoms several days after COVID-19 symptom-onset and demonstrated elevated inflammatory markers. As in prior literature reviewing neurological manifestations of COVID-19 infection, our case series included instances of both ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage, although our patients also had other cardiovascular risk factors for stroke. Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.00805 id = cord-281945-jvnjzjds author = Radnis, Caitlin title = Radiographic and clinical neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 related hypoxemia date = 2020-09-06 keywords = ARDS; covid-19; patient summary = Survivors of critical illness and ARDS often experience neurocognitive impairment but, to date, there is scant literature correlating radiographic hypoxic brain injury to hypoxemia related to ARDS. In this case series, we describe three cases of hypoxic brain injury seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with hypoxemia secondary to COVID-19-related ARDS. Of patients with severe disease, approximately 16% had acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 14.5% required invasive mechanical ventilation, and 99% had pneumonia [4] . A recent autopsy case series found evidence of hypoxic changes in the brain tissue of patients who had succumbed to COVID-19, but there was no report of whether these patients developed ARDS, duration of mechanical ventilation if required, whether extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was used, presence or absence of cardiac arrest, or cause of death [21] . In this case series, we describe three cases of hypoxic brain injury seen on MRI, along with clinical correlations, in patients with hypoxemia secondary to COVID-19 related ARDS. doi = 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117119 id = cord-259984-csdf1a69 author = Raffiq, Azman title = COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Neurosurgery Practice in Malaysia: Academic Insights, Clinical Experience and Protocols from March till August 2020 date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; Malaysia; N95; PPE; care; case; patient; surgical summary = For emergent/unavoidable case for a known or undetermined COVID-19 patient, the surgeon and all OT personnel in the surgical suite should use PAPR, which filter the air being breathed in addition to face shields and other standard PPE. In routine clinical care of COVID-19 suspected or confirmed infections, surgical masks are acceptable PPE, except in the case of aerosol generating procedures (intubation, high flow nasal cannula, non-invasive ventilation, bronchoscopy, administration of nebulised medications, etc). Hospitals, professional societies and ministries of health could also provide physician and nursing staff with basic ICU and ventilator management refresher education to improve their capacity to care for COVID-19 patients. Designated COVID-19 hospitals may not be able to support all elective cases, in particular those that require post-operative intensive care or significant use of blood and blood products Surgeons, in consultation with anaesthetist, nursing colleagues as well as patients (or legally accepted next of kin), should weigh the risks of proceeding (exposure, lack of resources) against those of deferment, (progression of disease, worse patients outcomes) including the expectation of delay of 2-3 months or more or until the COVID-19 is less prevalent Figure 6 . doi = 10.21315/mjms2020.27.5.14 id = cord-257556-lmws8eed author = Rafiq, Danish title = Three months of COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; Wuhan summary = 2 While several other human coronaviruses such as HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1 cause mild respiratory disease, others like the zoonotic Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV tend to have a higher fatality rate 6 (summarized in Table 1 ). Typical of respiratory viruses like influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2019 can spread through large droplets (with a transmission risk restricted tõ 6 ft from the patient). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: a data-driven Modelling analysis of the early outbreak Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: a data driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak doi = 10.1002/rmv.2113 id = cord-311054-dwns5l64 author = Rafiq, Danish title = Evaluation and prediction of COVID-19 in India: a case study of worst hit states date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; India summary = For example, in [12] , a data-driven estimation method like long short-term memory (LSTM) is used for the prediction of total number of COVID-19 cases in India for a 30-days ahead prediction window. The model is then used for the prediction of the total number of cases and deaths in most affected states of India for the next 30 days. To estimate the spread of COVID-19 in India, we used a Predictive Error Minimization (PEM) based system identification technique to identify a discrete-time, single-input, single-output (SISO) model [19] [20] [21] . The models were then verified on the testing data and upon validation, the models were used to predict the total number of cases and deaths for the next 30-days in the 10 worst hit states in India. As per our prediction based on data up to 17 th May 2020, Delhi along with other states would continue to see marginal surge in the number of COVID-19 cases owing to the relaxations in lock-down measures. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110014 id = cord-285467-uxfk6k3c author = Ragni, Enrico title = Management of osteoarthritis during COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; infection; osteoarthritis; patient summary = Since an effective immune response against viral infections depends on cytotoxic T cells activation (25) , experimental evidence supports the observation that overexpression of inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 during the viral immune response might be associated with a decreased viral clearance by impairing the polarization and functionality of Th1 and CD8 cells (26), contributing to the worsening of the COVID-19 symptoms, and their management may appear an intriguing therapeutical approach. Overall, the administration of drugs for the control of inflammation, inhibiting the response of the immune system, may be detrimental in the initial phases of the viral infection, reducing the ability of the body to react to the presence of SARS-CoV-2, as observed in patients chronically treated for rheumatoid arthritis (27) . All rights reserved This shall prompt orthopaedics and clinicians in general to evaluate with extreme care the clinical conditions of OA patients not only under the perspective of OA symptoms management but also for undercurrent comorbidities, naturally occurring or OA-treatment-related, that, in the era of COVID-19 pandemic, may strongly affect patients outcomes more than the net combination of SARS-CoV-2 infection and OA. doi = 10.1002/cpt.1910 id = cord-298867-hzshnq7b author = Raham, T. F. title = Impact of Duration of Cessation of Mass BCG Vaccination Programs on Covid -19 Mortality date = 2020-08-23 keywords = BCG; covid-19 summary = At early times during COVID-19 pandemic heterogeneous immunity towards (SARS-CoV-2), was hypothesized and statistical correlation between of BCG vaccination practices and COVID-19 mortality variances among countries was statistically proved . Through applying stem-leaf plot for exploring data screening behavior concerning Covid-19 Mortality for obsolescence duration of cessation of mass BCG vaccination programs, as well as (nonlinear regression of compound model) for predicted shape behavior for that group. Results: Slope value shows highly significant effectiveness of obsolescence of cessation of mass BCG vaccination programs on Covid -19 mortality at P-value<0.000. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.20.20178889 doi: medRxiv preprint CoV-2) by different way that is the cessation duration of BCG programs in countries which stopped BCG vaccinations programs. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.20.20178889 id = cord-286419-jyvj3mo2 author = Rahaman Khan, Hasinur title = Countries are Clustered but Number of Tests is not Vital to Predict Global COVID-19 Confirmed Cases: A Machine Learning Approach date = 2020-04-29 keywords = April; covid-19 summary = title: Countries are Clustered but Number of Tests is not Vital to Predict Global COVID-19 Confirmed Cases: A Machine Learning Approach COVID-19 disease is a global pandemic and it appears as pandemic for each and every nation and territory in the earth.This paper focusses on analysing the global COVID-19 data by popular machine learning techniques to know which covariates are importantly associated with the cumulative number of confirmed cases, whether the countries are clustered with respect to the covariates considered, whether the variation in the covariates are explained by any latent factor. Regression tree, cluster analysis and principal component analysis are implemented to global COVID-19 data of 133 countries obtained from the Worldometer website as reported as on April 17, 2020. In this paper, we demonstrated how to implement the basic machine learning techniquesprincipal component, cluster analysis and regression tree to analyse global COVID-19 data that was extracted from the Worldometer website (Max Roser & Ortiz-Ospina, 2020) and reported as of April 17, 2020. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.24.20078238 id = cord-305682-b232ra0j author = Rahaman Khan, Md Hasinur title = COVID-19 Outbreak Situations in Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis date = 2020-04-22 keywords = April; Bangladesh; covid-19 summary = This paper aims at analysing primarily the current situations of Bangladesh and predicting infections and deaths for moderated term intervals by a proposed projection technique called Infection Trajectory-Pathway Strategy (ITPS) and for short term intervals prediction for total infections, deaths along with total number of severe patients and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients by polynomial regression modeling approach. . https://doi.org/10.1101 measure the risk of infectious disease and predict the risk of COVID-19 transmission using Bangladesh data along with other four countries-United States, Australia, Canada and China. Neither of the three research works dealt with the analysis of current COVID-19 situations in Bangladesh and to make direct projections for incidence, deaths, hospital ICU beds, number of severe patients etc that are the main goals of this paper. Our projection believes that total infected people and deaths in the Bangladesh will be more than 5700 and almost 350 respectively by the end of April, while the number of severe and ICU patients will be 775 and 695 respectively. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.16.20068312 id = cord-322776-jg8hqlu7 author = Raharja, Antony title = Association Between Ethnicity and Severe COVID-19 Disease: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis date = 2020-11-12 keywords = asian; covid-19; hispanic summary = This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the association between ethnicity and poor outcomes (mortality, hospitalisation, ICU admission, advanced respiratory support and kidney failure) in patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2. A custom spreadsheet was developed and piloted by AR and AT prior to use for data extraction; this recorded study characteristics (name, date, publication status), aim, location, setting, participant characteristics including age, sex, ethnicity (White, Black, Asian, Hispanic, mixed or missing data), body mass index, smoking status, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, asthma, COPD, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cancer) and whether the study collected any data on socioeconomic factors. Ten cohort studies, not included in meta-analysis, echoed similar findings, and did not support ethnicity as an independent risk factor for poor COVID-19 outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis could not confirm ethnicity as an independent risk factor for poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1007/s40615-020-00921-5 id = cord-291862-8c48m5hf author = Rahi, Manju title = Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Mitigation Steps Provide a Blueprint for Malaria Control and Elimination date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; malaria summary = Nonetheless, we feel that the best facets of COVID-19 public health management can become new guiding principles in malaria-endemic countries to improve malaria control and hasten malaria elimination. 4 The lockdown tactic adopted by many countries to contain COVID-19 is also impacting global health product manufacturing and supply chains, potentially derailing distribution of antimalarial drugs, diagnostic kits, insecticides, and ITNs. 5 A recent modeling analysis by the WHO on the impact of COVID-19 on malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa predicts a > 20% rise in malaria cases and a doubling of malaria deaths, driven by 75% reduction in both routine ITN distribution and access to antimalarials. Although malaria (an old scourge) and COVID-19 (a newly emergent disease) may compete for public health attention, we feel that the best facets of current COVID-19 management provide lessons that may enable faster control and elimination of malaria. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0394 id = cord-035315-j5mknuv5 author = Rahim, Fawad title = Mortality of Patients With Severe COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit: An Observational Study From a Major COVID-19 Receiving Hospital date = 2020-10-12 keywords = ICU; covid-19; patient summary = title: Mortality of Patients With Severe COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit: An Observational Study From a Major COVID-19 Receiving Hospital Objective To determine the mortality of patients with severe COVID-19 in the intensive care unit (ICU) in relation to age, gender, co-morbidities, ventilatory status, and length of stay (LOS). Methods This was a cross-sectional study based on data retrieved for 204 patients admitted to the ICU of Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan, from April to August 2020. The data in terms of mortality, ventilatory support, comorbid conditions, and length of hospital stay is conflicting because different authors have reported the outcomes of a fraction of admitted patients and at variable durations since admission [7] [8] . Study variables were age, gender, comorbidities, ventilatory status, length of stay (LOS), and outcomes in terms of survival and death. doi = 10.7759/cureus.10906 id = cord-303960-86mukxg1 author = Rahimi, Farid title = Tackling the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-24 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Barring the live-animal trade at the markets; revising the regulations and rules of customs, import or export across borders; supporting and expediting projects to develop vaccines and antiviral drugs; immediate quarantine of the involved regions; and also producing and supplying a large number of protective facemasks and preventing its stockpiling or smuggling are the main actions suggested to deal with the present or a forthcoming COVID-19 outbreak. Barring the live-animal trade at the markets; revising the regulations and rules of customs, import or export across borders; supporting and expediting projects to develop vaccines and antiviral drugs; immediate quarantine of the involved regions; and also producing and supplying a large number of protective facemasks and preventing its stockpiling or smuggling are the main actions suggested to deal with the present or a forthcoming COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.012 id = cord-341475-v6ue6hhf author = Rahimi, Farid title = Criticality of physical/social distancing, handwashing, respiratory hygiene, and face‐masking during the COVID‐19 pandemic and beyond date = 2020-08-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = Physical/social distancing, handwashing, respiratory hygiene, and face‐masking have been recommended as realistic counterstrategies to control the COVID‐19 pandemic. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] Outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic inevitably led to realistic, mandatory restrictive countermeasures in many countries, causing uncertainty for millions of people with resultant unprecedented effects on economy and morale-importantly livelihood and job losses-which will require many years to recuperate. Presuming that an effective drug or a preventive vaccine for COVID-19 is distant, one may ask, "how long must the counterstrategies continue globally?" We do not intend here to undermine the importance of developing antiviral drugs or vaccine projects, but to highlight the importance of public''s behavioral, cultural, and habitual changes for the pandemic''s duration and in the immediate future when some restrictions potentially gradually ease in some countries, e.g., Australia 17, 18 and New Zealand. doi = 10.1111/ijcp.13656 id = cord-296682-ugffeegr author = Rahimi, Hoda title = A Comprehensive Review of Cutaneous Manifestations Associated with COVID-19 date = 2020-07-05 keywords = COVID-19; cutaneous summary = In this article, all reported cases to date were collected and classified under 6 major groups: maculopapular rash, urticaria, chilblain, vesicular lesions, livedo reticularis, and petechiae. All articles including case reports and original articles from the emergence of the disease (31 December 2019) to the submission of the article (9 May 2020) were included except for one article in which all 6 cases had neither positive PCR test nor common symptoms of COVID-19, and the authors presumed that their cutaneous manifestations may be related to SARS-CoV-2 without any documented evidence [6] . Although the appearance of skin rash in the prodromal phase or asymptomatic carriers was scarce, it is of great importance for all clinicians to keep in mind that cutaneous lesions might be the only symptom of COVID-19, as it would contribute to sooner diagnosis and management of the patients/carriers and better control of the disease spreading. doi = 10.1155/2020/1236520 id = cord-213187-f1ic63o5 author = Rahman, Akond title = An Exploratory Characterization of Bugs in COVID-19 Software Projects date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19; bug; category; project; section; software summary = The identified bug categories appear for 7 categories of software projects including (i) projects that use statistical modeling to perform predictions related to COVID-19, and (ii) medical equipment software that are used to design and implement medical equipment, such as ventilators. According to Catolino et Fig. 1 : An example of a bug report related to statistical modeling in a software project called ''neherlab/covid19 scenarios''. We answer the following research questions: We conduct an empirical study with 129 open source COVID-19 software projects hosted on GitHub. First, we apply qualitative analysis (Saldana, 2015) on the README files of the collected open source software (OSS) projects to identify what categories of OSS projects exist related to COVID-19. We hypothesize that by systematically analyzing the content of the README files we can derive what types of software projects are developed that are related to In open coding a rater identified and synthesizes patterns within unstructured text (Saldana, 2015) . doi = nan id = cord-283367-azzy2t1a author = Rahman, Asma title = Neurological manifestations in COVID-19: A narrative review date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; CSF; SARS; acute summary = Some patients show neurological manifestations such as headache, dizziness, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral nerve and muscle symptoms and smell and taste impairment. Sarma and Bilello 41 1 Acute transverse myelitis A 28-year-old female patient with SARS-CoV-2 presenting lower back pain, bilateral symmetric upper, and lower extremity numbness. 50 None of the patients with post-COVID-19 GBS tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the CSF, 51 points to an immune mechanism such as inflammation secondary to a cytokine storm as a possible cause. During the COVID-19 pandemic, if a patient has neurological symptoms such as loss of the sense of smell and taste or delirium, testing for SARS-CoV-2 should be considered irrespective of them not having the other typical symptoms. Stroke in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: case series Acute myelitis after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 infection: a cross-sectional study doi = 10.1177/2050312120957925 id = cord-300490-aslvqymx author = Rahman, Md. Estiar title = Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors in the Bangladeshi population during the COVID-19 pandemic: An online cross-sectional survey date = 2020-10-30 keywords = covid-19; physical summary = title: Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors in the Bangladeshi population during the COVID-19 pandemic: An online cross-sectional survey This study aimed to determine the prevalence of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic among Bangladeshi people. Regression analyses revealed that young age, being a student, from a middle-class family, or upper-class family, living with nuclear family, urban living, and suffering from no chronic diseases were all associated with physical inactivity and high sedentary behaviors. During the COVID-19 pandemic coinciding with lockdown measures a sizeable proportion of Bangladeshi people were physically inactive and reported sedentary behaviors ≥8 h/day. We adopted an online cross-sectional survey approach to assess the levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviors among Bangladeshi citizens during the COVID-19 pandemic. For sedentary behaviors, the only significant associations retained in the model included gender, education level, self-reported physical health, and physical inactivity (Table 3) . doi = 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05392 id = cord-315411-11mq8wll author = Rahman, Mohammad Azizur title = Neurobiochemical Cross-talk Between COVID-19 and Alzheimer’s Disease date = 2020-10-19 keywords = Alzheimer; COVID-19; SARS summary = COVID-19 and AD share common links with respect to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and pro-inflammatory markers such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4), galectin-9 (GAL-9 or Gal-9), and APOE4 allele. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that attacks predominantly the human respiratory system and has also central nervous system (CNS) targeting and neuroinvasive capabilities [1, 2] . Among inflammatory markers, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 (IL-1), cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4), and galectin-9 (GAL-9 or Gal-9) had received most attention as the common links between COVID-19 and AD manifestations [18] (Fig. 1 ). Among its three alleles (ε2, ε3, and ε4), individuals carrying the ε4 allele are at a heightened risk of developing AD as the ApoE ɛ4/ɛ4 genotype increases fibrinogenesis in the brains of Alzheimer''s disease patients [41] . doi = 10.1007/s12035-020-02177-w id = cord-283439-hqdq2qrh author = Rahman, Mohammad Tariqur title = Can Zn Be a Critical Element in COVID-19 Treatment? date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS; cell summary = The suggested treatments for COVID-19 are, but not limited to, the use of (i) convalescent plasma for COVID-19 treatment [63] [64] [65] ; (ii) ribavirin, a nucleoside analogue in combination with recombinant interferon showed inhibition of MERS-CoV replication [66] ; (iii) lopinavir/ritonavir-a combination of a protease inhibitor and a booster used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection [67] ; (iv) remdesivir, a nucleotide analogue that inhibit RNA polymerase with a broad spectrum of anti-viral activities; in inhibition of human and zoonotic coronavirus [15, 68, 69] ; (v) favipiravir (also known as T-705, Avigan or favilavir) is a pyrazinecarboxamide derivative known to inhibit RNA polymerase [70] . In the current pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, Zn supplement could play an important role to treat COVID-19 patients such as (i) added immune boosting effects with anti-viral drugs and (ii) stopping SARS-CoV-2 replication in infected cells, if combined with chloroquine. doi = 10.1007/s12011-020-02194-9 id = cord-258399-difauneh author = Rahmani, Amir Masoud title = Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) prevention and treatment methods and effective parameters: A systematic literature review date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19; SLR; disease; method; study summary =  Providing a new-of-the-art taxonomy tree for evaluating the issue based on three baseline fields of treatment, and prevention facing methods, and the effective parameters in the COVID-19 outbreak  Providing a systematic literature review based on the proposed taxonomy tree  Covering detection, prediction, and management approaches against the disease according to three heads of treatment, prevention, and effective parameters  Supporting future scopes according to economic damages, treatment''s injuries, and people''s physical and mental damages after recovery and regarding social distancing''s rules in post-pandemic This tree covers the heads of all studies in the domain of the issue to investigate the effective parameters in the virus outbreak (Individual, ethnic, cultural, and social habits and environmental factors), prevention and detection''s role in facing the disease, and various therapies'' impact on improving patients'' with COVID-19 considering the treatment''s injuries. doi = 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102568 id = cord-326331-g4o3forj author = Rai, Ansaar T title = Neuroendovascular clinical trials disruptions due to COVID-19 potential future challenges and opportunities date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; clinical; trial summary = METHODS: A survey-based study focused on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and single-arm studies for acute ischemic stroke and cerebral aneurysms was developed by a group of senior neurointerventionalists and sent to sites identified through the clinical trials website (https://clinicaltrials.gov/), study sponsors, and physician investigators. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published its guidance on the ''Conduct Of Clinical Trials Of Medical Products During COVID19 Pandemic'' for the industry, investigators, and institutional review boards in March 2020 and updated these on April 2, 2020 (https://www. These were identified by the writing group and fell into four categories: general disruption caused by trial suspensions and missed opportunities of enrollment, compromised trial quality due to inability of timely clinical and imaging follow-up, inability to enroll neurologically debilitated patients because legally authorized representatives were not at hand for face to face consent and dated remote consent procedures did not apply and, finally, personal effect of compensation or working conditions on study staff. doi = 10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-016502 id = cord-325755-n7vjjw9r author = Rai, Deependra Kumar title = Post covid 19 pulmonary fibrosis- Is it real threat? date = 2020-11-10 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; fibrosis summary = This review addressed underlying mechanism, Risk factors, course of disease and treatment option for post covid pulmonary fibrosis. One of the risk factors for the development of lung fibrosis in COVID-19 is advanced age and this finding is same as in MERS and SARS-CoV. The follow-up of 36 MERS patients for average 43 days showed that lung fibrosis developed in a significant number of convalescents, and risk was found highest with patient who were elderly, hospitalised with severe disease in ICU 19 . Nintedanib use associated with increase the risk of bleeding as most of the covid 19 patient are on anticoagulant Evidence is also coming for use of pirfenidone, azithromycin and prednisolone in the management of pulmonary fibrosis post-H1N1 ARDS, based on data from a case report of three patients 25 . Elderly patient, severe disease who require ICU care and mechanical ventilation are highest risk to develop lung fibrosis doi = 10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.11.003 id = cord-279648-ft62m7zz author = Raisi-Estabragh, Z. title = NON-WHITE ETHNICITY, MALE SEX, AND HIGHER BODY MASS INDEX, BUT NOT MEDICATIONS ACTING ON THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) HOSPITALISATION: REVIEW OF THE FIRST 669 CASES FROM THE UK BIOBANK date = 2020-05-15 keywords = BMI; COVID-19; international summary = Non-white ethnicity, male sex, greater BMI, diabetes, hypertension, prior MI, and smoking were independently associated with COVID-19 positivity compared to the remining cohort (test negatives plus untested). Conclusions: Among participants tested for COVID-19 with presumed moderate to severe symptoms in a hospital setting, non-white ethnicity, male sex, and higher BMI are associated with a positive result. The aim of this study is to examine the first-released data from the UKB to establish the association between COVID-19 positivity and demographic factors (age, sex, ethnicity), cardiometabolic factors [body mass index (BMI), diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, prior myocardial infarction (MI), smoking], and ACEi/ARB use. In this analysis of the first release of 1,474 COVID-19 test results from the UKB, non-white ethnicity, male sex, greater BMI, diabetes, hypertension, prior MI and smoking were independently associated with COVID-19 positive test in comparison to rest of the cohort (tested negatives plus untested). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.10.20096925 id = cord-251934-qi2c704c author = Raisi-Estabragh, Zahra title = Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockers Are Not Associated With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Hospitalization: Study of 1,439 UK Biobank Cases date = 2020-07-14 keywords = BMI; COVID-19 summary = This study aims to investigate, factors associated with COVID-19 positivity in hospital for 1,436 UK Biobank participants; compared with individuals who tested negative, and with the untested, presumed negative, rest of the cohort. BAME ethnicity, male sex, greater BMI, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking were independently associated with COVID-19 positivity compared to the remaining cohort (test negatives plus untested). The aim of this study is to investigate the association of demographic factors (age, sex, ethnicity), cardiometabolic profile [body mass index (BMI), diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, prior myocardial infarction (MI), smoking], and ACEi/ARB use with COVID-19 positivity in hospital using data from UKB. In this analysis of 7,099 UKB participants tested for COVID-19 in a hospital setting, BAME ethnicity, younger age, male sex, greater BMI, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking were independently associated with COVID-19 positive test in comparison to the rest of the cohort (tested negatives plus untested). doi = 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00138 id = cord-319268-mqxwwwcd author = Raj, Sumit title = Letter to the Editor Regarding: “Case Volumes and Perioperative COVID-19 Incidence in Neurosurgical Patients During a Pandemic: Experiences at Two Tertiary Care Centers in Washington, DC” date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Letter to the Editor Regarding: "Case Volumes and Perioperative COVID-19 Incidence in Neurosurgical Patients During a Pandemic: Experiences at Two Tertiary Care Centers in Washington, DC" Letter to the Editor Regarding: "Case Volumes and Perioperative COVID-19 Incidence in Neurosurgical Patients During a Pandemic: Experiences at Two Tertiary Care Centers in Washington, DC" W e read the article by Dowlati et al., 1 in which the authors shared their thought-provoking observations to determine the risk of a neurosurgical patient becoming infected with coronavirus disease 2019 in the perioperative period and the effect of COVID-19 on the neurosurgical case volumes. The results and findings from their study have shown that a real risk of perioperative transmission exists and have summarized how the current COVID-19 pandemic has been changing the neurosurgical caseload patterns. Case volumes and perioperative COVID-19 incidence in neurosurgical patients during a pandemic: experiences at two tertiary care centers in doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.117 id = cord-343018-8ghon5nb author = Rajabally, Yusuf A. title = Management challenges for chronic dysimmune neuropathies during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-04-24 keywords = CIDP; COVID-19 summary = Suggested clinical management guidance for incident patients with CIDP, MMN, and anti-MAG neuropathy during the COVID-19 pandemic 11 and its derivative the Overall Neuropathy Limitation Scale (ONLS) 12 are easy and rapid to administer. 20 The need for treatment for a newly identified patient with chronic dysimmune neuropathy also concurrently infected by COVID-19 will likely be a rare occurrence, and treatment delay is probably appropriAlso of concern, the infection risk with immunosuppressants probably lasts for several months after interruption (although there are only few studies of single agents used for sufficiently long to confirm this). 42 In the case of patients at high risk of severe infection and death from COVID-19, but who will remain seronegative, the question of when the re-implementation of routine face-to-face consultations, usual hospital or infusion center treatment and use of immune suppressive therapies, particularly corticosteroids, will become safe again, is, disturbingly, unanswered. doi = 10.1002/mus.26896 id = cord-340114-ycgc6yyc author = Rajagopal, Kalirajan title = Identification of some novel oxazine substituted 9-anilinoacridines as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors for COVID-19 by molecular docking, free energy calculation and molecular dynamics studies date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Identification of some novel oxazine substituted 9-anilinoacridines as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors for COVID-19 by molecular docking, free energy calculation and molecular dynamics studies In this article, some oxazine substituted 9-anilinoacridines (A1–A48) was designed by docking, MM-GBSA and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies for their COVID-19 inhibitory activity. The docking of ligands A1–A48 against SARS-CoV-2 (PDB ID: 5R82) are performed by using Glide module, in silico ADMET screening by QikProp module, binding energy using Prime MM-GB/SA module, MD simulation by Desmond module and atomic charges were derived by Jaguar module of Schrodinger suit 2019-4. Using different modules (Glide, QikProp, Prime and Desmond) of Schr€ odinger suite LLC, various computational methods such as molecular docking, ADMET screening, binding free energy calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to find the interactions responsible for COVID-19 inhibition. doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1798285 id = cord-354658-v451z3jq author = Rajagopal, Keshava title = Advanced Pulmonary and Cardiac Support of COVID-19 Patients: Emerging Recommendations From ASAIO—A “Living Working Document” date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; China; ECMO; SARS; patient summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 is an emerging viral pathogen responsible for the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID)-19 pandemic resulting in significant human morbidity and mortality. We review the rapidly changing epidemiology, pathophysiology, emerging therapy, and clinical outcomes of COVID-19; and based on these data and previous experience with artificial cardiopulmonary support strategies, particularly in the setting of infectious diseases, provide consensus recommendations from ASAIO. It is the specific goal of the present paper to provide a resource document to the clinical community regarding evolving best practice strategies for advanced pulmonary and cardiac support in patients with severe progressive COVID-19. Although central cannulation is hemodynamically advantageous (with respect to higher flow rates; hemodynamic support is not relevant in pure V-V ECMO), in light of its invasiveness, bleeding risks, and specialized training required, it is more reasonable to propose peripheral cannulation as the initial approach of choice for COVID-19-related respiratory failure. doi = 10.1097/mat.0000000000001180 id = cord-287011-yd8ayqgc author = Rajajee, Venkatakrishna title = Use of a Novel Negative-Pressure Tent During Bedside Tracheostomy in COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-08-07 keywords = PDT; covid-19; tent summary = METHODS: Retrospective review of consecutive PDT procedures performed by neurointensivists on intubated adult patients with COVID-19 using the AerosolVE tent during the pandemic under an innovative clinical care protocol. This is a promising low-cost device to decrease risk to healthcare providers during AGPs. As the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic evolves, several patients dependent on mechanical ventilation have required tracheostomy. In this case series, we have demonstrated the feasibility of use of a novel negative-pressure tent during bedside tracheostomy for ventilator-dependent patients with COVID-19. The very high air-exchange rate within the tent may make such disconnections unnecessary, and thereby increase the safety of the procedure for COVID-19 patients who typically have limited pulmonary reserve and suffer oxygen Several other devices designed to decrease transmission risk during AGPs have been reported during the pandemic, in both the medical literature [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] and the lay press [17] [18] [19] . doi = 10.1007/s12028-020-01068-1 id = cord-321461-1s3y9kc5 author = Rajdev, Kartikeya title = Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in COVID-19: Mounting Evidence date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; patient; stroke summary = The novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the binding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors present on various locations such as the pulmonary alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. This case series describes three distinct yet similar scenarios of COVID-19 positive patients with several underlying comorbidities, wherein two of the patients presented to our hospital with sudden onset right-sided weakness, later diagnosed with ischemic stroke, and one patient who developed an acute intracerebral hemorrhage during his hospital stay. A 76-year-old woman with a past medical history of type-II diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on nocturnal 3 L/min home oxygen, obstructive sleep apnea on BiPAP (bilevel positive airway pressure) at home, hypertension, and dyslipidemia was diagnosed with COVID-19 infection eight days prior to her admission. Stroke (both ischemic and hemorrhagic) occurring in the setting of COVID-19 is reported to have a worse patient prognosis, with a substantially higher risk of in-hospital mortality [9] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.10157 id = cord-299495-1z4udo3d author = Rajendram, Rajkumar title = Identifying phenotypes of COVID-19, defining their pathogenesis, and targeting treatments could improve outcomes date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Therefore, defining and targeting treatment to the specific pathologies responsible for the various phenotypes of COVID-19 pneumonia could prevent disease progression and improve outcomes. Radiological phenotype 1 and clinical Type L COVID-19 may be associated with right-to-left (RTL) shunt (Gattinoni et al., 2020a; 2020b; Rajendram et al., 2020; Robba et al., 2020) . So, the anatomical substrate for RTL shunt in patients with COVID-19 could be extrapulmonary (EPS) as well as intra-pulmonary (Rajendram et al., 2020) . Correlating the radiological features of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia with their blood gases and lung mechanics could revolutionize the approach to management. Such a paradigm shift is urgently required because many patients with COVID-19 do not improve with the standard approach to treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (Gattinoni et al., 2020a; 2020b; Rajendram et al., 2020) . Correlation of the radiological features of COVID-19 with clinical phenotypes based on blood gases, lung mechanics and shunt could redefine management. doi = 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103477 id = cord-347504-pkkh9uy4 author = Rajhans, Vidyut title = Impact of COVID-19 on academic activities and way forward in Indian Optometry date = 2020-06-13 keywords = India; covid-19; optometry summary = In the last week of April 2020, on the observation that the majority of optometry institutions have switched their teaching-learning activities on e-learning mode, an online survey was conducted using a validated questionnaire containing a mix of open and close-ended questions. The quick transitions to online mode assisted in keeping continuity of optometry education programs, effectively fitting in the purpose of completion of the current academic year. Social distancing and telemedicine are set to be ''a new normal'' hereafter, imposing a persistent challenge for global optometry educators, to teach various clinical skills to the students 14 . This paper reports the findings of the observational study describing the rapid transition of optometry education in India amid COVID 19 disruptions. Study design: A cross-sectional survey was designed to find changes in optometry training and adaptations of Indian optometry educators amid COVID 19 lockdown. doi = 10.1016/j.optom.2020.06.002 id = cord-238782-z9nb8cwt author = Rajinikanth, Venkatesan title = Firefly-Algorithm Supported Scheme to Detect COVID-19 Lesion in Lung CT Scan Images using Shannon Entropy and Markov-Random-Field date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19; CTI; image summary = The proposed work aims to suggest an automated image processing scheme to extract the COVID-19 lesion from the lung CT scan images (CTI) recorded from the patients. This work implements Firefly Algorithm and Shannon Entropy (FA+SE) based multi-threshold to enhance the pneumonia lesion and implements Markov-Random-Field (MRF) segmentation to extract the lesions with better accuracy. The proposed work helped to attain a mean accuracy of>92% during COVID-19 lesion segmentation and in future, it can be used to examine the real clinical lung CTI of COVID-19 patients. The proposed research executes a sequence of techniques, such as artifact removal, Firefly Algorithm and Shannon-Entropy (FA+SE) based multi-thresholding, Markov-Random-Field (MRF) segmentation and validation of the proposed system using a comparison with respect to the Ground-Truth-Image (GTI). Finally, the extracted COVID-19 lesion is compared against the Ground-Truth-Image (GTI) and based on the attained performance values; the superiority of the proposed image processing tool is confirmed. doi = nan id = cord-301295-kthqb2fs author = Rajkumar, R. P. title = The relationship between demographic, psychosocial and health-related parameters and the impact of COVID-19: a study of twenty-four Indian regions date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; India; international summary = 8 Preliminary research has found that demographic and socioeconomic factors can influence variability in the spread and impact of COVID-19 not only between countries, but within a given country; in an ecological analysis of data from the United States, poverty, number of elderly people and population density were positively correlated with COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates. The results of this preliminary analysis found that certain demographic, socioeconomic and health-related variables were significantly related to the variability in COVID-19 prevalence, mortality and case fatality rates across 24 different regions of India. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.27.20163287 doi: medRxiv preprint by the percentage of DALYs associated with this disorder; COVID-19 mortality was associated with the burden of ischemic heart disease; and COVID-19 case fatality rate was associated with the total population of each region. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.27.20163287 doi: medRxiv preprint Though this could not be confirmed by multivariate analysis, population was positively correlated with the case fatality rate across the different regions of India. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.27.20163287 id = cord-303621-uipazeve author = Rajkumar, R. P. title = Genetic polymorphisms mediating behavioural and immune response to pathogens may moderate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a pilot study date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6 summary = Given the role that these two genetic variants may have played in protecting populations from outbreaks of infectious disease in the past, this pilot study was conducted to examine their potential impact on two measures of the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic: the prevalence and the crude mortality rate. To test the association between the 5-HTTLPR s and IL-6 rs1800795 G alleles and the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, a preliminary analysis of the correlation between the frequencies of these alleles and the prevalence and crude mortality rate reported for COVID-19 across nations was carried out using population-based data. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.03.20120998 doi: medRxiv preprint These results, though preliminary, provide confirmation of the hypothesis that populationlevel variations in allele frequencies, particularly those influence host immune response or favour behaviours that minimize disease spread, may directly influence the spread and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic across nations. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.03.20120998 id = cord-339908-a2r5wzqn author = Rajkumar, Ravi Philip title = Sleep, physical activity and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: complexities and opportunities for intervention date = 2020-10-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = These effects are compounded by the adverse psychological effects produced by fear of infection, social isolation and loneliness caused by quarantine, and disruptions in education, employment, access to health care, and economic stability, leading to symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress in a substantial proportion of the general population [3, 4] . A further mediating variable of interest in this context is physical activity, which has been observed to change in complex manners during the COVID-19 lockdown, and which can influence sleep both by acting as an environmental "timekeeper" and by positively influencing psychological resilience in the face of COVID-19 [7] [8] [9] . In the context of this contemporary scenario, Ernstsen and Havnen have examined the relationship between self-reported sleep disturbances and mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown in Norway. Both depressive and anxiety symptoms were significantly associated with disturbed sleep, but no statistically significant evidence was found for a mediating role of changes in physical activity. doi = 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.10.004 id = cord-348351-naktgl9o author = Rajkumar, Ravi Philip title = Suicides related to the COVID-19 outbreak in India: a pilot study of media reports date = 2020-06-05 keywords = covid-19; suicide summary = title: Suicides related to the COVID-19 outbreak in India: a pilot study of media reports It is of interest that suicidal deaths related to COVID-19 have already been reported in the Asian Journal of Psychiatry (Goyal et al., 2020; Mamun and Griffiths, 2020) . The dissemination of information related to suicide during the COVID-19 outbreak, particularly as it pertains to Asian countries, is of importance to healthcare providers and policy-makers, and is in keeping with the objectives set out by the Journal in its position statement (Tandon, 2020) . The data extracted from the reports included: (a) socio-demographic details, (b) any possible diagnosis of mental illness or substance use disorder, (c) triggering circumstances, (d) remote predisposing factors. Though the results presented here are subject to many limitations, particularly reporting biases (Armstrong et al., 2018) , they provide preliminary information on the factors related to suicide during the COVID-19 outbreak in India. doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102196 id = cord-268011-q24zsyn4 author = Rakshit, Bijoy title = When China sneezes, middle east states get the cold date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = Finally, we explain the case of Middle East states and demonstrate the pathways that explain the economic repercussion of this global pandemic on the region. At the time, when China has experienced a drastic economic slowdown due to the closure of several manufacturing industries, the operations of the global supply chain have also got affected. In such a scenario, there will be an emergence of a global economic slowdown in the first half of 2020 and post the effect, the economies across the world will recover eventually. At the time, when the Chinese economy is already observing an economic slowdown, caused by the sudden disruption in the Apart from the public health crisis, the COVID-19 will affect the economy of the Middle East through the following channels. This is why it has been anticipated that COVID-19 will have an impact on the travel and tourism sector in the Middle East states. doi = 10.1002/pa.2155 id = cord-304450-1ub3xzsv author = Ralph, Paul title = Pandemic programming: How COVID-19 affects software developers and how their organizations can help date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; University; home; productivity; section; wellbeing; work summary = Confirmatory results include: (1) the pandemic has had a negative effect on developers'' wellbeing and productivity; (2) productivity and wellbeing are closely related; (3) disaster preparedness, fear related to the pandemic and home office ergonomics all affect wellbeing or productivity. Research question: How is working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic affecting software developers'' emotional wellbeing and productivity? (2007) found that organizational and job-related factors (e.g. management culture, human resources support, structure of feedback) are more likely to affect teleworking employees'' satisfaction and perceived productivity than work styles (e.g. planning vs. Research on working from home has been criticized for relying on self-reports of perceived productivity, which may inflate its benefits (Bailey and Kurland 2002) ; however, objective measures often lack construct validity (Ralph and Tempero 2018) and perceived productivity correlates well with managers'' appraisals (Baruch 1996) . doi = 10.1007/s10664-020-09875-y id = cord-262708-hctuxrw9 author = Ramachandra, C. title = Outcomes of Cancer Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Preparedness to Practising Continuous Cancer Care date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; cancer; patient summary = We were quick to adopt best practices and guidelines (PRINT ISSN No. 2277-8179/doi: 10.36106/ijsr) for cancer treatment during the pandemic as prescribed by Indian Association of Surgical Oncology (IASO)COVID-19 guidelines [6] and the Tata Memorial Centre COVID-19 working group [7] . At Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology (Regional Cancer Centre at Bengaluru, India) despite having to deescalate operations by about one-third, the department of surgical oncology and allied specialities made the decision to continue graded response in providing cancer care based on, for a centre with an annual registration of more than 25,000 new patients even a slowdown in clinical services is likely to have a deleterious impact on outcomes and a high plausible that surges of population infection, lock downs, resource competition and diagnostic bottlenecks could recur over the next few years and augment the delay in oncological care and its consequences [11] . doi = 10.1007/s13193-020-01250-z id = cord-352215-dhkvh45t author = Ramachandran, Preethi title = Increased serum aminotransferase activity and clinical outcomes in Coronavirus disease 2019 date = 2020-06-30 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = CONCLUSION: Elevated aminotransferases among hospitalized COVID-19 patients is associated with higher rates of mechanical ventilation, but did not achieve statistical significance after controlling for inflammatory markers. Due to these gaps in current knowledge, we aim to measure the prevalence of clinically significant (twice the ULN) elevation of aminotransferase levels in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Elevated aminotransferases were associated with an increased rate of mechanical ventilation, but did not achieve statistical significance after controlling for inflammatory markers. However, we found that the rate of mechanical ventilation was significantly higher in patients with elevated aminotransferases, but the statistical significance was lost when adjusted for confounding variables. The results of our study show that clinically significant elevation of aminotransferases (2 X ULN) was noted in 13.7% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Clinical characteristics of non-ICU hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and liver injury: A retrospective study doi = 10.1016/j.jceh.2020.06.009 id = cord-319575-i5iq5qn4 author = Ramachandran, R. title = Adding insult to injury: kidney replacement therapy during COVID-19 in India date = 2020-04-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Adding insult to injury: kidney replacement therapy during COVID-19 in India Q1 To the editor The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has challenged the resilience of health care systems worldwide. In the current report, we describe the unique hardships confronted by main Q2 tenance of in-center hemodialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients in India during the current lockdown period. As part of the COVID-19 response, governments have taken over management of a number of private hospitals 4 and ordered the closure of down Q3 dialysis units. In some instances, units were closed down and staff were placed in quarantine after a patient or health care worker was found to be COVID-19 positive. Some private dialysis units ask patients to pay for personal protective equipment. 3 The COVID-19 pandemic should force the global health care community and policymakers to anticipate and address the unique needs of different patient groups such as those with kidney failure. doi = 10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.019 id = cord-029466-9sy6icrm author = Ramadan, Ahmad Riad title = Tales of a department: how the COVID-19 pandemic transformed Detroit’s Henry Ford Hospital, Department of Neurology—part I: the surge date = 2020-07-12 keywords = COVID-19; March; NICU; patient summary = In the first 2 weeks, the meetings were focused on ensuring the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE), the shutting down of all neurology outpatient and most inpatient activities, establishment of virtual care activity and seeking volunteers for redeployment openings listed by Incident Command on the daily leadership calls. In order to expand the number of ICU beds, the larger unit, consisting of 18 beds, became an extension of the medical ICU (MICU) for patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 and was staffed by internal medicine (IM) physicians and residents. Neurological checks and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale assessments were performed using video devices to limit exposure to HCPs. Consensus was reached between the stroke team, neurointerventional team and radiology on an amended policy to manage patients receiving thrombectomy during the pandemic. Several neurology residents were redeployed to provide care for patients admitted to the COVID-19 unit under the supervision of an IM staff. doi = 10.1136/bmjno-2020-000070 id = cord-305965-yzx21hp7 author = Ramalingam, HariPrasad title = Delayed Diagnosis of Postintubation Tracheal Stenosis due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Case Report date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; tracheal summary = Later, she developed type 2 respiratory failure and carbon dioxide narcosis because of delay in diagnosis of severe, near-complete postintubation tracheal stenosis due to over suspicion of COVID-19 during the current pandemic. Later, she developed type 2 respiratory failure and carbon dioxide narcosis because of delay in diagnosis of severe, near-complete postintubation tracheal stenosis due to over suspicion of COVID-19 during the current pandemic. 2020;14:e01269.) GLOSSARY ABG = arterial blood gas; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; CT = computed tomography; ETT = endotracheal tube; Fio 2 = fraction of inspired oxygen; ICMR = Indian Council of Medical Research; Paco 2 = partial pressure of carbon dioxide; Pao 2 = partial pressure of oxygen; RT-PCR = reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2 = severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 P ostintubation tracheal stenosis is a rare event, and its incidence is estimated to be 4.9 cases per million per year. doi = 10.1213/xaa.0000000000001269 id = cord-319837-5avoulan author = Raman, Eshwara V. title = Pediatric Airway Surgeries in COVID 19 Era date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID; case summary = To outline a set of recommendations on the management of pediatric cases who requiring airway surgery in the context of COVID 19 pandemic. These recommendations have been made to help other pediatric airway surgeons to manage airway cases, however, this can be changed during this pandemic crisis though this can be changed later due to the evolving nature of COVID 19 and available evidence. As paediatric airway surgeries are aerosol generated procedure where the risk of contracting COVID 19 by the surgeons and support staff is very high, we suggest recommendations to prevent the contact with infected aerosol. As paediatric airway surgeries are aerosol generated procedure where the risk of contracting COVID 19 by the surgeons and support staff is very high, we suggest recommendations to prevent the contact with infected aerosol. doi = 10.1007/s12070-020-01989-5 id = cord-276529-ol2c7f3x author = Ramasamy, Roshan title = Molecular mechanisms for thrombosis risk in Black people: a role in excess mortality from COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We read with interest your recent article by Fogarty et al, in particular their conclusion that differences in thrombotic risk may contribute to ethnic disparities in mortality from Covid-19.(1) This is especially important in the UK, where age-sex adjusted hospital death rates for Covid-19 are 2.17 times higher for people with ethnicity recorded as black compared to those recorded as white, and 1.95 higher for those recorded as Asian.(2) This excess mortality persists after adjustment for deprivation, body mass index (BMI), smoking and comorbidities,(2) and despite correction for region, rural or urban living, deprivation, household composition, socioeconomic status, and health.(3) Similar data from the USA shows that in 14 states, African-Americans represent 33% of hospitalisations for Covid-19, despite only making up 14% of the catchment population.(4) Black ethnicity is a construct incorporating diverse populations of African descent. doi = 10.1111/bjh.16869 id = cord-282825-svgknqud author = Ramaswamy, Swathi Beladakere title = COVID-19 in Refractory Myasthenia Gravis- A Case Report of Successful Outcome date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This is a brief report of a patient who has refractory Myasthenia Gravis, on multiple long-term immunosuppressive therapies and contracted COVID-19 during this 2020 pandemic. This case report describes myasthenic patient who was infected COVID-19 and recovered without myasthenic crisis/exacerbation, and no COVID-19 complications despite chronic immunomodulatory therapy. MG is treatable with immunomodulation from long-term immunosuppressive drugs, IV immunoglobulin (IVIg), and plasmapheresis [1] [2] [3] In approximately 15% of patients, severe weakness of respiratory muscles causes restrictive respiratory failure (ie, myasthenic crisis), a true neurologic emergency that requires prompt treatment in an intensive care setting [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . In the recent global pandemic from novel coronavirus (COVID-19/SARS-CoV2), myasthenic patients can be considered high risk in case of chronic immunosuppression and in case of respiratory muscle weakness [11] [12] [13] [14] . doi = 10.3233/jnd-200520 id = cord-273553-xp4nfnq3 author = Ramatillah, D. L. title = TREATMENT PROFILES AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF COVID-19 PATIENTS AT PRIVATE HOSPITAL IN JAKARTA date = 2020-10-16 keywords = Oseltamivir; SARS; covid-19 summary = Conclusion: The most effective antiviral agent in this study based on treatment duration was the combination of Oseltamivir + Hydroxychloroquine.The higher the patient''s average treatment duration, the lower the average survival rate for COVID-19 patients. Samples used in this study were patients with confirmed COVID-19 who were undergoing treatment and receiving antiviral agent therapy. Patients receiving the combination Oseltamivir + Chloroquine therapy had an average survival rate of about 17% after about 23 days of treatment. Meanwhile, patients who received combination therapy Favipiravir + Oseltamivir + Chloroquine had an average survival rate of about 10% after undergoing treatment for about 39 days. Based on the Chi-Square test, it was found that there was a significant relationship between COVID-19 antiviral agent therapy and the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients (p = 0.025). Based on the Chi-Square test, there was no significant effect between gender (p = 0.174) and age (p = 0.065) on the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.14.20212449 id = cord-031101-6wb1g4dy author = Ramelli, Stefano title = Feverish Stock Price Reactions to COVID-19 date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; China; Fever; January; March; U.S. summary = Market reactions to the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) provide new insights into how real shocks and financial policies drive firm value. First, Figure A2 in the Internet Appendix shows that our main firm characteristics of interest (international trade, cash holdings, and leverage) are positively correlated with the average loading on the market factor returns in 2019. For example, the results in column 3 imply that a one-standard-deviation higher exposure to China (13.36) was associated with 1.36% (= 13.36 × 0.102) lower cumulative returns in the Outbreak period, net of other firm characteristics and market beta. of financial firms for the sake of consistency with the stock return results.) This analysis concerns calls held in the Outbreak and Fever period, because no conference call in the Incubation period discussed the coronavirus (see Section 1). doi = 10.1093/rcfs/cfaa012 id = cord-288679-57ftpsmx author = Ramirez, David A. title = Resident Perspectives on COVID-19: Three Takeaways date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19; resident summary = As we navigated these changes in our personal lives, our residency program also adapted to meet our new educational challenges. In one study, residents who had previously used a surgical simulator demonstrated shorter J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f phacoemulsification times and used less phacoemulsification power 1 . Although our surgical experience during the coronavirus pandemic was limited, our quick transition to a simulation curriculum allowed us to maintain progress in surgical training and to continue resident-faculty interaction. We implemented best practices on how to reduce spread in J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f ophthalmic clinics, published by a group of ophthalmologists in Hong Kong 9 , which involved careful triage of patients with symptoms suggestive of contagious disease, minimizing micro-aerosolizing procedures, and installing protective shields on slit lamps. Influence of surgery simulator training on ophthalmology resident phacoemulsification performance Surgical Simulation Training Reduces Intraoperative Cataract Surgery Complications Among Residents doi = 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.07.028 id = cord-274121-3w6kc0c9 author = Ramiro, Sofia title = Historically controlled comparison of glucocorticoids with or without tocilizumab versus supportive care only in patients with COVID-19-associated cytokine storm syndrome: results of the CHIC study date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19; CSS; group; patient; treatment summary = Objectives To prospectively investigate in patients with severe coVid-19-associated cytokine storm syndrome (css) whether an intensive course of glucocorticoids with or without tocilizumab accelerates clinical improvement, reduces mortality and prevents invasive mechanical ventilation, in comparison with a historic control group of patients who received supportive care only. Objectives To prospectively investigate in patients with severe coVid-19-associated cytokine storm syndrome (css) whether an intensive course of glucocorticoids with or without tocilizumab accelerates clinical improvement, reduces mortality and prevents invasive mechanical ventilation, in comparison with a historic control group of patients who received supportive care only. ► A strategy involving a course of high-dose glucocorticoids, followed by tocilizumab if needed, has shown to accelerate respiratory recovery, lower hospital mortality and reduce the likelihood of invasive mechanical ventilation compared with supportive care only in COVID-19-associated CSS. doi = 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218479 id = cord-343330-wuzts3mt author = Ramos da Silva, S. title = Broad SARS-CoV-2 cell tropism and immunopathology in lung tissues from fatal COVID-19 date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Background Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) prominently manifests with pulmonary symptoms histologically reflected by diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), excess inflammation, pneumocyte hyperplasia and proliferation, and formation of platelet aggregates or thromboemboli. Methods We performed multicolor staining for viral proteins, and lineage cell markers to identify SARS-CoV-2 tropism and to define the lung pathobiology in postmortem tissues from five patients with fatal SARS-CoV-2 infections. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of lung tissues from healthy 120 subjects have revealed that many cell types express SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor and 121 cofactors including angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), transmembrane serine 122 protease 2 (TMPRSS2), and furin, that are involved in viral entry, suggesting 123 susceptibility of these cells to infection. 7-10 Furthermore, scRNA-seq analysis of 124 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), blood, oropharyngeal or lung tissues from COVID-125 19 patients has identified different types of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, including 126 macrophages, neutrophils, type II pneumocytes (AT2), and ciliated and endothelial 127 cells. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.25.20195818 id = cord-348652-7n7rnonw author = Ramos, Roberta Pulcheri title = Thrombosis and anticoagulation in COVID-19 date = 2020 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Therefore, in patients with COVID-19 and a high pre-test probability of thrombotic events, especially in those with disproportionate hypoxemia, D-dimer levels should not contribute to the clinical decision-making to continue the investigation, because this test is more important for excluding the disease in populations with a low prevalence of VTE (< 10%). More importantly, the determination of D-dimer levels is of little use for the diagnosis of VTE when analyzed in isolation, especially in this high-risk population, in which the positive predictive value of the test is low. (12) To date, the best approach to treat patients with COVID-19 is to underscore the approach recommended for diseases with a high thrombotic risk: performing routine thromboprophylaxis in all hospitalized patients and increasing surveillance and clinical suspicion, especially in patients with gas exchange alterations disproportionate to the degree of systemic inflammation and the radiological findings. doi = 10.36416/1806-3756/e20200317 id = cord-338006-z7j6qsjs author = Ramos-Martínez, Antonio title = Hospital-acquired infective endocarditis during Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; HAIE summary = Two patients died during hospital admission Conclusions The incidence of HAIE during COVID-19 pandemic in our institution was higher than usual. Hospital-acquired infective endocarditis (HAIE) is a severe complication of medical procedures that has shown a progressive increase in recent years (9) (10) (11) . Hospital-acquired infective endocarditis (HAIE) is a severe complication of medical procedures that has shown a progressive increase in recent years (9) (10) (11) . Our hospital has an endocarditis team composed of different specialists who actively seek out cases of IE by reviewing patients with fever (infectious disease department) and the information reported daily through microbiology (blood cultures) and cardiology (echocardiography findings). The incidence of HAIE per 1000 days of stay during the study period was 0.119 and during the months of March and April of the previous 5 years it was 0.0194 (p <0.001) According to Duke''s criteria, the first 3 cases were classified as definite IE whereas the 4 th was classified as possible IE (Table 1) . doi = 10.1016/j.infpip.2020.100080 id = cord-337581-3rmrkq1k author = Ramos-Morcillo, Antonio Jesús title = Experiences of Nursing Students during the Abrupt Change from Face-to-Face to e-Learning Education during the First Month of Confinement Due to COVID-19 in Spain date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; University; face; student summary = The objective of this study was to discover the learning experiences and the expectations about the changes in education, in light of the abrupt change from face-to-face to e-learning education, of nursing students enrolled in the Bachelor''s and Master''s degree of two public Spanish universities during the first month of confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The experiences found were differentiated according to the group of students, depending if they had or not practice-based subjects during the education period affected by the state of alarm, the proximity to ending their training as nurses, or if they were health professionals who were conducting post-graduate studies. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17155519 id = cord-253618-bosb7e63 author = Ramteke, Shobhana title = Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: considerations for the biomedical waste sector in India date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; waste summary = During this epidemic condition, expulsion of biomedical waste created from crisis facilities treating COVID-19 patients in like manner demands unprecedented thought as they can be potential bearers of the disease SARS-CoV-2. During December 2019, a novel Beta-coronavirus temporarily named 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), and along these lines authoritatively renamed extreme intense respiratory disorder coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), causing coronavirus ailment 2019 (or COVID19) , was related with a group of respiratory tract diseases in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and has quickly spread across main land''s [3] . From that point forward, the whole world has been found napping by the clueless increment in the number of new cases because of the exponential increment in the pace of transmission of 2019-nCoV, presently formally alluded to as SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, the causative operator of COVID-19 [5] . doi = 10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100029 id = cord-267874-k6tmu5gi author = Ramírez, Ivan J. title = COVID-19 Emergence and Social and Health Determinants in Colorado: A Rapid Spatial Analysis date = 2020-05-29 keywords = April; Colorado; covid-19 summary = Social and health determinants associated with higher COVID-19-related deaths were population density and asthma, indicative of urban areas, and poverty and unemployment, suggestive of rural areas. Using geographic information systems (GIS) and bivariate correlation analyses, this study investigated COVID-19 incidence and deaths from March 14, 2020 to April 8, 2020 at the county-level and the wider social, economic, and health context of emergence. Other indicators, although not as frequent suggest that COVID-19 incidence overlapped with higher rates of chronic conditions like asthma and diabetes, and also influenza, particularly in Denver, Morgan, and Weld counties. Social determinants such as poverty and unemployment, variables which have higher prevalence in rural areas in Colorado, were significantly and positively associated with COVID-19 case fatality rates. Some social and health determinant factors associated (not causal) with patterns of higher COVID-19-related death rates were population density and asthma hospitalization, suggestive of urban areas, and poverty and unemployment, suggestive of rural areas. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17113856 id = cord-308860-llumyzno author = Ramón Martínez Riera, José title = ATENCIÓN DOMICILIARIA Y COVID-19. ANTES, DURANTE Y DESPUÉS DEL ESTADO DE ALARMA date = 2020-05-15 keywords = Atención; COVID-19; Domiciliaria summary = Esta Atención Domiciliaria, desarrollada fundamentalmente desde el ámbito de la APS, ha tenido un desigual desarrollo y consideración tanto antes, como durante la implantación del Estado de Alarma ante la pandemia del COVID-19 en nuestro país, pero sin duda es una intervención que parece ajustarse a las necesidades de muchas personas, familias y de la propia comunidad ante una situación que precisa del confinamiento domiciliario de personas sanas, pero susceptibles de contagio, conviviendo con personas contagiadas y sus cuidadoras en situación de aislamiento. En cualquier caso, es importante destacar algunas las recomendaciones a tener en cuenta en la Atención Domiciliaria, pues, el seguimiento de las mismas minimiza los contagios y favorece el seguimiento de las personas contagiadas y de su familia, centradas en el rol de la persona enferma, su persona cuidadora y el resto de convivientes, así como en las condiciones de higiene de la vivienda (residuos y limpieza), en base a la guía para el manejo domiciliario del COVID-19 del Ministerio de Sanidad de España (5). doi = 10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.05.003 id = cord-353939-vz2bpkyk author = Ranger, Amita title = Interleukin‐6 Blockade Treatment for COVID‐19 associated Cytokine Release Syndrome in a Patient with Poorly Controlled Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Interleukin‐6 Blockade Treatment for COVID‐19 associated Cytokine Release Syndrome in a Patient with Poorly Controlled Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia There have been published case series and reports of the successful treatment of COVID-19 induced CRS with Tocilizumab 4-6 . We describe our experience of the successful treatment of a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and COVID-19 associated CRS with Tocilizumab in a district general hospital setting. Despite overall improved outcomes in haematology patients 8 We describe the successful treatment of COVID-19 associated CRS with Tocilizumab in a patient with an uncontrolled haematological malignancy. Therapies such as this have the potential to change the outcome of severe COVID-19 infection and prevent ICU admission, particularly in patients believed to be unsuitable for critical care or where there is a great demand on critical care resources. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1111/bjh.16901 id = cord-280561-2t72q2ba author = Rani, Uma title = Platform Work and the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; platform; worker summary = The Online Labour Index (OLI), 2 which tracks workers and all the projects and tasks posted on the five largest English-language online web-based labour platforms, shows that since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, the demand for such tasks declined globally in March 2020 before picking up by the end of April 2020 (see Fig. 1 ). In India, in contrast, both online work demand and labour supply increased in April 2020, after a slight decline during mid-March (see Fig. 3a , b). Other occupations such as creative media and clerical activities picked up in mid-May. It is possible that with the decline in revenues many companies in India are looking at online labour platforms as a substitute for on-site work (Stephany et al. Workers engaged in location-based platforms such as those providing delivery or taxi services are particularly at risk due to the nature of their work as they cannot always ensure social distancing. doi = 10.1007/s41027-020-00273-y id = cord-268126-u9z1rir1 author = Ranisch, Robert title = Digital contact tracing and exposure notification: ethical guidance for trustworthy pandemic management date = 2020-10-21 keywords = app; contact; covid-19 summary = The viability of CT apps as a useful pandemic-response measure, depends on a complex interplay of criteria, such as pragmatic assumptions about effectiveness, the likelihood of public health benefit, technological specifications, legal requirements etc. Nevertheless, risks that cannot be easily mitigated or avoided could still be acceptable, considering the severity of a pandemic situation, the importance of effective contact tracing to manage it, and the scope of established measures to stop virus transmission. Predicting future uptake of CT apps is difficult and depends on various factors, such as the penetration range rate of digital technologies in a society, the possibility to download and use the app on different types of smartphones, the credibility of institutions offering these solutions, and viable solutions for ethical concerns such as data security. Ethical considerations to guide the use of digital proximity tracking technologies for COVID-19 contact tracing. doi = 10.1007/s10676-020-09566-8 id = cord-353465-pej4e9z0 author = Ranjan, A. title = FeverIQ - A Privacy-Preserving COVID-19 SymptomTracker with 3.6 Million Reports date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; SMC; vector summary = Unlike other trackers, FeverIQ uses secure multiparty computation (SMC) to cryptographically guarantee user privacy while providing insights to scientists and public health efforts. To address this need while cryptographically protecting the participant''s privacy, the web application used SMC to determine four scores designed to capture the similarity of the user''s symptoms to four preconfigured ''diagnosis'' vectors: COVID-19-base, COVID-19-neuro, cold, and flu. We performed linear estimation on the inner product symptom scores for each of the four diagnosis vectors, by randomly dividing the data with complete input vectors and a reported test result into training and test sets (4:1 ratio). When we run the linear classifier on all participants who reported symptoms and provided complete input vectors, we found 3.4% were predicted positive, in line with results seen in seroprevalence surveys, such as 1.5% in Santa Clara County 24 , although publicly available positivity data vary widely. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.23.20200006 id = cord-319741-vgtd2whz author = Ranjan, Piyush title = Is excess weight a risk factor for the development of COVID 19 infection? A preliminary report from India date = 2020-09-09 keywords = BMI; COVID-19 summary = BACKGROUND AND AIM: This study explored the association between BMI and COVID-19 positive status in a tertiary care hospital from New Delhi. RESULTS: The mean BMI and the prevalence of obesity was observed to be higher in individuals who were detected to be COVID-19 RT-PCR positive as compared to those who were negative. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest a dose-response association between BMI and the odds of COVID-19 infection in individuals with excess weight. Studies suggest that in comparison to COVID-19 patients with normal body weight, obese patients are more likely to be critically ill, require mechanical ventilator support, and suffer increased complications and high mortality. (1) While there is relatively good data to suggest that the course and prognosis of COVID-19 are poorer among obese patients, the association between obesity and risk of COVID-19 infection is not established conclusively. The findings of several studies suggest that obesity is an independent risk factor of protracted course and poor outcome in COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.09.012 id = cord-026336-xdymj4dk author = Ranjan, Rajesh title = Temporal Dynamics of COVID-19 Outbreak and Future Projections: A Data-Driven Approach date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; model summary = Long-term predictions for an ongoing epidemic are typically performed using epidemiological models that predict the timing of the peak in infections followed by its decay using non-linear fits from the available data. For countries, which are not yet in the decline phase, these models use the peak predicted by epidemiological models but correct the infection rate to incorporate a realistic slow decline based on the trends from the recent data. Typically for an ongoing epidemic, epidemiological models estimate the underlying parameters based on fit from available data and then use simple ordinary differential equations to predict the day of the peak and the decay rate. All European countries in Table 1 except UK, where the outbreak is already in the decline phase, show a good convergence of epidemic sizes i.e., predictions from the epidemiological models are not very different as shown in the case of Italy (Fig. 3a) . doi = 10.1007/s41403-020-00112-y id = cord-313480-268xf8i9 author = Ransing, Ramdas title = Infectious Disease Outbreak Related Stigma and Discrimination during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Drivers, Facilitators, Manifestations, and Outcomes across the World date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COS; COVID-19 summary = title: Infectious Disease Outbreak Related Stigma and Discrimination during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Drivers, Facilitators, Manifestations, and Outcomes across the World In this letter, we attempt to explore COS related factors based on the real-life experiences of a group of psychiatrists from thirteen countries using the health stigma and discrimination framework (HSDF) (Stangl et al., 2019) . Also, people who have experienced criminalization (due to breaching public health measures) may find reduced access to employment, housing, and healthcare, and may be exposed exacerbated risks for suicide and violence in the pandemic and post-pandemic period To contribute to reducing COS and its negative impact, we collated recommendations for developing interventions using the HSDF (Table 1 ) (Stangl et al., 2019) . doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.033 id = cord-354715-zofba2b4 author = Ransing, Ramdas title = Can COVID-19 related mental health issues be measured?: Assessment options for mental health professionals date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; OCS summary = A lack of specific robust screening tools or diagnostic instruments to identify relevant symptoms and attempts to study the epidemiology of COVID-19 related mental health issues using traditional assessment tools (e.g. PHQ-9, GAD-7) may lead to under-diagnosis or over-diagnosis due to their poor psychometric properties (e.g. face validity). Both the OCS and CAS can assist with identifying the maintaining factors for COVID-19 anxiety and developing interventions to tackle them. All scales were developed in the pre-peak period of the pandemic and may not be sensitive or specific enough to assess anxiety or dysfunctional thinking during peak or post-peak periods (Ransing et al., 2020) . For interventional research, the combination of scales or tools (e.g. traditional, self-report, and clinical-administered) either parallel or in a predefined sequence may be necessary to assess the change and to improve diagnostic coverage, psychometric properties, and comparative evaluation. doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.049 id = cord-326849-vqpwdlj7 author = Rao US, Vishal title = Mesenchymal Stem Cells -Bridge Catalyst Between Innte And Adaptive Immunity In Covid 19 date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID; cell summary = The resultant cytokine storm is responsible for the severe lung injury leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome seen in COVID 19 patients. The resultant cytokine storm is responsible for the severe lung injury leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome seen in COVID 19 patients. This immuno-modulatory effect of MSCs could hold potential to manage a patient with severe symptoms of COVID 19 infection due to a dysfunctional adaptive immune system. This immuno-modulatory effect of MSCs could hold potential to manage a patient with severe symptoms of COVID 19 infection due to a dysfunctional adaptive immune system. 1, 2, 3 About 80-85% of patients infected with the COVID 19 virus display a mild to moderate course of the disease and spontaneously recover at 14 -20 days from the point of the first contact. 14 This immunomodulatory effect of MSCs could hold the potential to manage a patient at risk of manifesting the severe symptoms of COVID 19 infection due to a dysfunctional adaptive immune system. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109845 id = cord-268761-yr0n5g7i author = Rao, Chalapati title = Medical certification of cause of death for COVID-19 date = 2020-05-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = To guide data recording, compilation and analysis, the World Health Organization (WHO) has published protocols for countries to notify COVID-19 individual case reports as well as aggregated data of newly confirmed cases and deaths. In practice, WHO''s International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (ICD) includes a form for medical certification of cause of death. For COVID-19 cases, the complete sequence, along with all other conditions co-existent with COVID-19 infection at death, would be required for detailed descriptive and analytical epidemiology. Analysis of clinical sequences from the medical certification of cause of death forms with chronology can be useful to guide priorities and resource allocation for critical care management, as well as enhance our understanding of epidemiological patterns and causal pathways to mortality from COVID-19. All current epicentres of the pandemic routinely use WHO''s form for medical certification of cause of death. For better epidemic surveillance, strengthening medical certification of cause of death is needed across most countries in the world. doi = 10.2471/blt.20.257600 id = cord-351340-7y19ystp author = Rao, Gundu H. R. title = Coronavirus Disease and Acute Vascular Events date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = 3 On the other hand, in a study performed in COVID-19 patients in New York, with observed ST-segment elevated myocardial infraction, 64% had normal D-dimer levels according to Dr Bangalore and associates from the New York University Grossman School of Medicine. At the time of admission, COVID-19 patients reported as having at least 1 acute comorbidity: diabetes (10%-20%), hypertension (10%-15%), or other CVD and cerebrovascular diseases (7%-40%). 12 In a seminal article by Bikdeli et al, endorsed by multiple specialty societies, the authors summarize their findings in the following way: "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) , a viral respiratory illness caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), may predispose patients to thrombotic disease, both in the venous and arterial circulations, due to excessive inflammation, platelet activation, endothelial dysfunction, and stasis. Elevated plasmin(ogen) seems to be a common biomarker in people with hypertension, diabetes, CVD, and cerebrovascular diseases, who are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1177/1076029620929091 id = cord-334564-bqh9jkds author = Raony, Ícaro title = Psycho-Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions in COVID-19: Potential Impacts on Mental Health date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; HPA; IL-6; SARS; severe summary = Since COVID-19 is associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (8) , an immune signature shared with several psychiatric disorders, we propose how the relationship between SARS-CoV-2/host can possibly impair interactions between the immune, nervous and endocrine systems, leading to psychiatric symptoms. Several studies have demonstrated psychiatric manifestations in patients with MERS or SARS during the acute phase, such as increased stress levels, impaired memory, symptoms of depression, anxiety, PTSD, psychoses, and suicidal behavior (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) . If the increase in cytokine levels and the manifestation of psychiatric symptoms are related to the severity of the symptoms of SARS-CoV infection, the "cytokine storm" might also be related to the "mental health thunderstorms" seen in patients with COVID-19? Similar to possible mechanisms involved in the impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection on mental health, social isolation may also be associated with dysfunctional psycho-neuroendocrine-immune interactions, which in turn can contribute to the development or the worsening of psychiatric disturbances (Figure 2) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01170 id = cord-104441-zxxg8i1b author = Raoufi, Masoomeh title = Correlation between Chest Computed Tomography Scan Findings and Mortality of COVID-19 Cases; a Cross sectional Study date = 2020-05-14 keywords = CTSS; covid-19 summary = An expert attending radiologist (with 10 years of experience), reviewed the chest CT scans of the patients for involvement and severity of each lobe, pattern of involvement (such as ground glass, consolidation, crazy paving and reverse halo), form of parenchymal involvement (such as round opacity, linear opacity and no specific form), distribution of lung abnormalities (peripheral, peribronchovascular and peri-hilar), associated findings (such as pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, mediastinal and hilar significant adenopathy and pulmonary solid nodules), severity of involvement (based on CTSS), and pulmonary artery diameter (including main pulmonary trunk (MPA), right and left pulmonary arteries (RPA and LPA)). Based on the results of the present study it seems that there is a significant correlation between chest CT scan characteristics and mortality of COVID-19 cases. Based on the results of the present study it seems that there is a significant correlation between chest CT scan characteristics and mortality of COVID-19 cases. doi = nan id = cord-322471-wt7zt6a8 author = Raparelli, Valeria title = Sex differences in clinical phenotype and transitions of care among individuals dying of COVID-19 in Italy date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19; man; sex summary = METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed to assess if sex differences exist in the clinical manifestations and transitions of care among hospitalized individuals dying with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in Italy (February 27–June 11, 2020). As part of the surveillance activity of the Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità-ISS), a sex-stratified analysis was performed with the aim to look for differences in the presentation and clinical course among women and men who died with COVID-19 in Italy. To understand the complexity and the intersection of the clinical features of individuals dying from COVID-19 according to sex, a multivariable analysis adjusted for age, comorbidities, symptoms at onset, treatment received, in-hospital complications, and length of stay was performed (Fig. 1) . A recent registry-based analysis of 4842 COVID-19 Danish hospitalized patients with COVID-19 reported an excess risk (on average more than 50%) of adverse outcomes, including mortality and ICU admission in men versus women regardless of age and comorbidities, questioning the central role of advanced age and multi-morbidities in explaining the male predominance [33] . doi = 10.1186/s13293-020-00334-3 id = cord-304798-j2tyjo1j author = Rapkiewicz, Amy V. title = Megakaryocytes and platelet-fibrin thrombi characterize multi-organ thrombosis at autopsy in COVID-19: A case series date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; case; patient; thrombosis summary = title: Megakaryocytes and platelet-fibrin thrombi characterize multi-organ thrombosis at autopsy in COVID-19: A case series FINDINGS: In seven patients (four female), regardless of anticoagulation status, all autopsies demonstrated platelet-rich thrombi in the pulmonary, hepatic, renal, and cardiac microvasculature. We counted numbers of megakaryocytes in the lungs and the hearts of 7 COVID-19 cases and, for comparison, 9 cases of patients who died with ARDS of other causes, selected as a convenience sample from autopsies previously performed at the National Cancer Institute between 2017 and 2020. Previous pathology studies, identified by searching PubMed on June 7, 2020 for the terms "COVID-19 00 and "autopsy" or "histopathology", have reported findings in multiple organs, including thrombi on gross inspection, but did not use special stains to identify megakaryocytes and platelets in tissues of patients dying with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100434 id = cord-276626-ujbmukj0 author = Rascado Sedes, P. title = Plan de contingencia para los servicios de medicina intensiva frente a la pandemia COVID-19♦ date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19; UCI summary = En esta situación, las sociedades científicas SEMICYUC, representante de los especialistas en Medicina Intensiva, y SEEIUC, representante de las enfermeras de atención al paciente crítico, se plantean la necesidad elaborar un plan de contingencia para dar respuesta a las necesidades que conllevará esta nueva enfermedad, con los siguientes objetivos: Aportar a las autoridades y gestores sanitarios y a los clínicos un documento técnico que aborde todos los aspectos relacionados con la identificación de las necesidades asistenciales de los pacientes graves ante la pandemia del nuevo virus SARS-Cov-2, para una planificación integral y realista de los servicios de medicina intensiva a escala nacional, autonómica y en cada hospital. Así, estima el número de hospitalizaciones y fallecimientos, el número de personas hospitalizadas, el número de pacientes que requieren atención en la UCI, el número de estos que requieren ventilación mecánica y el grado de saturación de los servicios disponibles para atenderlas. • Los pacientes con COVID-19 críticos deben ser atendidos en una UCI por especialistas en medicina intensiva. doi = 10.1016/j.enfi.2020.03.001 id = cord-329821-psv2kvfa author = Rascado Sedes, P. title = Plan de contingencia para los servicios de medicina intensiva frente a la pandemia COVID-19() date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19; UCI; los summary = En esta situación, las sociedades científicas SEMICYUC, representante de los especialistas en medicina intensiva, y SEEIUC, representante de las enfermeras de atención al paciente crítico, se plantean la necesidad elaborar un plan de contingencia para dar respuesta a las necesidades que conllevará esta nueva enfermedad, con los siguientes objetivos: 1. Aportar a las autoridades y gestores sanitarios y a los clínicos un documento técnico que aborde todos los aspectos relacionados con la identificación de las necesidades asistenciales de los pacientes graves ante la pandemia del nuevo virus SARS-CoV-2, para una planificación integral y realista de los servicios de medicina intensiva a escala nacional, autonómica y en cada hospital. • Los pacientes con COVID-19 críticos deben ser atendidos en una UCI por especialistas en medicina intensiva. En cuanto a la protección respiratoria, hacemos las siguientes recomendaciones 14 Plan de contingencia para los servicios de medicina intensiva frente a la pandemia COVID19 5 • Los casos confirmados y en investigación deben llevar, si es posible, mascarillas quirúrgicas. doi = 10.1016/j.medin.2020.03.006 id = cord-298440-0pb8ssj2 author = Rascón-Ramírez, Fernando J title = Supra and infratentorial massive strokes in previously healthy young patients with SARS-CoV-2. The role of neurosurgery date = 2020-09-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = COVID-19 patients can develop large-scale ischemic strokes in previously healthy patients without risk factors, especially in patients who develop an acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 patients can develop large-scale ischemic strokes in previously healthy patients without risk factors, especially in patients who develop an acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). Keywords: Cerebrovascular disease; COVID-19; Coronavirus; stroke; decompressive craniectomy; Cerebellar; SARS-CoV-2. We present two massive supra and infratentorial strokes in people of young age with no known risk factors and with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), requiring Endotracheal Intubation (ETI). COVID-19 patients can develop large-scale ischemic strokes in previously healthy patients without risk factors. To the best of our knowledge, is the first reported case of partial obstruction of a vertebral artery in a patient with COVID-19. To the best of our knowledge, is the first reported case of partial obstruction of a vertebral artery in a patient with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.neucir.2020.08.001 id = cord-301035-dz8642qx author = Rasheed, Jawad title = A Survey on Artificial Intelligence Approaches in Supporting Frontline Workers and Decision Makers for COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-10 keywords = COVID-19; Deep; Learning summary = As the pandemic has caused great disruption to normal day-to-day operations and created a sense of unknown amongst the public, many motivated scientists and citizens have tried to assist in the COVID-19 response by developing their own unique AI-based tools to solve a large number of problems, in a variety of applied domains, such as: COIVD-19 disease detection and classification, mortality rate prediction and severity assessment, outbreak forecasting and tracking, biological insight of SARS-Cov-2 strain, and drug discovery. The investigation of this paper reveals several AI-based approaches that have been proposed as potential ways to help, with the COVID-19 pandemic, covering everything from initial diagnoses via image diagnostics up to the presentation of models that help to understand the spread of COVID-19 and identify potential new outbreak areas. Detection of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Associated Pneumonia based on Generative Adversarial Networks and a Fine-Tuned Deep Transfer Learning Model using Chest X-ray Dataset doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110337 id = cord-033820-3u3uybnt author = Rashid, Alina title = Pandemic anxiety and its correlates among young doctors working frontline in Pakistan date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; doctor summary = Shortage and excessive reuse of personal protective equipment, direct exposure to the disease, concern for personal safety, fear and apprehension of being a probable disease carrier for families, physical distancing from loved ones, long working hours, and increased organizational responsibility altered the quality of life for doctors working frontline toward pandemic in COVID wards. CONCLUSION: The adverse effect on psychological health, personal and social life, and increased professional demands have been some of the major challenges and threats faced by young doctors working frontline toward the pandemic. Therefore, this study explores what it means for young doctors in Pakistan to work frontline toward pandemic, to get in-depth understanding into their psychological, personal, social and occupational state. This study explored how working frontline in the wake of COVID-19 translated for young resident doctors and what effect it had on their personal, professional, psychological, and social life. doi = 10.1017/gmh.2020.22 id = cord-351083-3oy7zuy9 author = Rashid, Sabina Faiz title = Towards a socially just model: balancing hunger and response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh date = 2020-06-01 keywords = Bangladesh; COVID-19; poor summary = ► Responsive and timely research is needed to better understand the challenges faced by poor and vulnerable populations to inform immediate interventions and policies to address this unprecedented COVID-19 modern-day pandemic. ► In the context of COVID-19, the lockdown model is being imported from a different context (western or developed economies) with stronger economic bases and better social safety nets for those in need, but is there a better way forward for low resource contexts? While there is no easy solution or strategy, for Bangladesh and its high proportion of vulnerable populations, continuation of the shutdown has to be accompanied with strong political resolve to ensure that people do not go without food BMJ Global Health and have basic health information and support, given the grounded realities of their lives. doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002715 id = cord-122159-sp6o6h31 author = Raskar, Ramesh title = COVID-19 Contact-Tracing Mobile Apps: Evaluation and Assessment for Decision Makers date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; app; contact; user summary = By comparing the device users'' location trails or the anonymous ID tokens they have collected with those from people who have COVID-19, one can identify others who have been near the person who is infected; this facilitates contact tracing in a more accurate and timely manner than the traditional manual approach. • An authority (public health official, healthcare provider, government official) collects the location history from the person who is infected and makes it available to users of the app. For this reason, we are building not only a contact-tracing app, but also Safe Places, a web-based tool for public health officials working to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. • Fostering trust • Developing key partnerships, including with community officials who can help drive local support for the solution • Creating solutions that meet the needs of public health officials responding to the pandemic • Focusing on the needs of the users • Providing value to the user during a contact-tracing interview even if they choose not to download the app before they have been diagnosed with COVID-19 doi = nan id = cord-274007-zndtddty author = Rasmussen, Sonja A. title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: what obstetricians need to know date = 2020-02-24 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; respiratory summary = For Middle East respiratory syndrome, there were 13 case reports in pregnant women, of which 2 were asymptomatic, identified as part of a contact investigation; 3 patients (23%) died. Principles of management of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy include early isolation, aggressive infection control procedures, oxygen therapy, avoidance of fluid overload, consideration of empiric antibiotics (secondary to bacterial infection risk), laboratory testing for the virus and coinfection, fetal and uterine contraction monitoring, early mechanical ventilation for progressive respiratory failure, individualized delivery planning, and a team-based approach with multispecialty consultations. General principles regarding management of COVID-10 during pregnancy include early isolation, aggressive infection control procedures, testing for SARS-CoV-2 and coinfection, oxygen therapy as needed, avoidance of fluid overload, empiric antibiotics (because of secondary bacterial infection risk), fetal and uterine contraction monitoring, early mechanical ventilation for progressive respiratory failure, individualized delivery planning, and a team-based approach with multispecialty consultations (Box 2). doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.02.017 id = cord-342517-bzmhjvr5 author = Rassouli, Maryam title = COVID-19 Management in Iran as One of the Most Affected Countries in the World: Advantages and Weaknesses date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; Iran summary = This report explores the advantages and weaknesses of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the management of this crisis in regard with political economic and cultural issues, health service coverage, and the transparency of information that can be used as a model for other countries around the world. Considering the fact that using global experience, especially in times of crisis, is one of the best crisis management mechanisms, a review of the strengths and weaknesses of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the COVID-19 management covering the political-economic aspects, Health services coverage, cultural aspect, and the transparency of information can be used as a model by other involved countries, while at the same time benefiting from the strategies of countries with similar experiences. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00510 id = cord-306149-sd0s0jup author = Ratanarat, Ranistha title = Critical Care Management of Patients with COVID-19: Early Experience in Thailand date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; Thailand; patient summary = Case fatality in Thailand has been low (1.7%), at least in part due to early stratification according to risk of disease severity and timely initiation of supportive care with affordable measures. We present our initial experience with COVID-19 in Thailand, focusing on several aspects that may have played a crucial role in curtailment of the pandemic, and elements of care for severely ill COVID-19 patients, including stratification, isolation, and affordable diagnostic approaches and supportive care measures. We also have promising experience with the "Kigali modification of the Berlin definition for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)" in the early detection and management of COVID-19 patients. In Thailand, awaiting definitive results of randomized clinical trials, critically ill COVID-19 patients receive combination therapies with at least three different mechanisms of action, including favipiravir for 10 days, depending on clinical symptoms. Respiratory support in novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients, with a focus on resource-limited settings doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0442 id = cord-276204-ibmnuj5u author = Ratten, Vanessa title = Covid-19 and entrepreneurship education: Implications for advancing research and practice date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; crisis; education; entrepreneurship; student summary = Due to the large global impact COVID-19 has had on society, new entrepreneurial education management practices are required to deal with the change. A recent review article on entrepreneurship research by Ferreira, Fernandes and Kraus (2020 found that entrepreneurial principles can be analysed in many different ways depending on the environmental context including health, technology and social-related concerns. In this commentary, we explore the way to encourage entrepreneurial intention in students by focusing on the effects of COVID-19 on entrepreneurship education. Given that the global management education environment has significantly changed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic the content of entrepreneurship education programs varies with some valuing a practical and immersive experience more than others. Measuring the impact of business management student''s attitudes towards entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention: A case study. doi = 10.1016/j.ijme.2020.100432 id = cord-267296-u4svwcpt author = Rauch, Antoine title = Endotheliopathy Is Induced by Plasma From Critically Ill Patients and Associated With Organ Failure in Severe COVID-19 date = 2020-11-10 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = 4 We further investigated the association of plasma-induced cytotoxicity with levels of circulating biomarkers related to organ dysfunction (Pao 2 [partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood]/Fio 2 [fraction of inspired oxygen], widely used as an indicator of oxygenation requirements, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, and aspartate transaminase), endothelial damage (von Willebrand factor antigen; ADAMTS13; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; syndecan-1), tissue injury (cell-free DNA, a damage-associated molecular patterns marker), and levels of circulating cytokines related to the activation of innate (interleukin [IL]-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and adaptative immune cell responses (soluble IL-2 receptor). Overall, the degree of vascular endothelial cell injury induced by plasma sampled from patients with COVID-19 correlated to both clinical illness severity at admission and the levels of biomarkers related to endothelial injury, tissue injury, and proinflammatory cytokines. Our data shed new light on the pathophysiology of COVID-19 by demonstrating the direct and rapid cytotoxic effect of plasma collected from critically ill patients on vascular endothelial cells. doi = 10.1161/circulationaha.120.050907 id = cord-277936-0ytk77fm author = Rauscher, E. title = Lower State COVID-19 Deaths and Cases with Earlier School Closure in the U.S. date = 2020-05-13 keywords = covid-19 summary = 1,2 Reviews find early school closures can slow influenza transmission when infection rates are higher among children than adults. Using state-ordered school closure dates for each state from EdWeek, time to school closure is the number of days from when the state reached 100 cases until schools were closed. Variation in state prevalence rates on March 13 (zero to 6.6 cases/100,000) allows examination of the relationship between COVID-19 spread and school closure timing. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.09.20096594 doi: medRxiv preprint additional day before schools closed (p<0.01). This study quantifies the relationship between school closure timing and COVID-19 deaths and cases in the general population in all U.S. states. This study quantifies the relationship between school closure timing and COVID-19 deaths and cases in the general population in all U.S. states. Although COVID-19 has higher symptomatic infection rates among the elderly 6 , earlier school closure is still related to fewer deaths per capita and slower growth in deaths per capita. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096594 id = cord-286526-3070a2cy author = Raval, Jay S. title = Viscoelastic testing in COVID‐19: a possible screening tool for severe disease? date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Viscoelastic testing in COVID‐19: a possible screening tool for severe disease? The patient was placed on 7500 units of subcutaneous unfractionated heparin every 8 hours for thrombosis prevention based on his critical illness and viscoelastic testing results. These preliminary findings suggest that viscoelastic testing may have a role in rapidly identifying patients with severe COVID-19. Other viscoelastic methods of assessing clot firmness could also be used in COVID-19, such as thromboelastography and resonance sonorheometry. 8, 9 Measuring D-dimer or fibrinogen concentrations could assess this pathologic phenomenon if viscoelastic testing was unavailable. 10, 11 The utility of viscoelastic testing in COVID-19 needs to be further assessed to better understand the usefulness and limitations of this technology in these critically ill patients with a hypercoagulable state. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic D-dimer is associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis Hypercoagulability of COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit. doi = 10.1111/trf.15847 id = cord-274498-fa16vl9i author = Ravioli, Svenja title = The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis in COVID-19 pneumonia: report of two cases date = 2020-05-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis in COVID-19 pneumonia: report of two cases We report the first two cases of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis complicating COVID-19 pneumonia. We describe the first two cases of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIADH) in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. On the basis of hypo-osmolar hyponatraemia, a decreased serum urea level of 3.3 mmol/L, normal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels together with a high urine osmolality as well as a urine sodium >30 mmol/L in this euvolaemic patient not taking diuretics, the diagnosis of SIADH due to COVID-19 pneumonia was made. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 around the world and the resulting disease COVID-19 led to a high number of cases with severe pneumonia. In conclusion, we report the first two cases of SIADH in COVID-19 pneumonia, showing a new complication of this emerging infectious disease. doi = 10.1093/ckj/sfaa080 id = cord-321990-z83c4e47 author = Ravioli, Svenja title = COVID-19 screening in outpatients with risk factors and healthcare workers date = 2020-07-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = A total of 344 (45%) tests were carried out in HCWs, including 26 with additional risk factors, while 414 (55%) were carried out in PRFs. The mean age of HCWs was 39 years (±17 years) and 254 (74%) were female. In total 44 (5.8%) tests were positive for SARS-CoV-2, 17 (5%) in HCWs and 27 (6.5%) in PRFs. Throughout March 2020 the rate of positive tests increased continuously, correlating with the progress of the COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland. After screening, all persons were initially managed as outpatients, 7 persons with positive test results, 1 HCW and 6 PRFs, needed hospitalization during the course of the disease (0.92%), 6 recovered well, while 1 person is still critically ill and requires intensive care treatment and mechanical ventilation. The present analysis confirms the rise in prevalence of positive tests correlating with the extent of the COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland. Interestingly, the hospitalization rate in the screening population remained relatively low even though the majority of positive test results occurred in PRFs. doi = 10.1007/s00508-020-01714-w id = cord-262787-3a3c8ee1 author = Ray, Debashree title = Predictions, role of interventions and effects of a historic national lockdown in India''s response to the COVID-19 pandemic: data science call to arms date = 2020-04-18 keywords = India; case; covid-19; lockdown summary = Objective: To study the shortand long-term impact of an initial 21-day lockdown on the total number of COVID-19 cases in India compared to other less severe non-pharmaceutical interventions using epidemiological forecasting models and Bayesian estimation algorithms; to compare effects of hypothetical durations of lockdown from an epidemiological perspective; to study alternative explanations for slower growth rate of the virus outbreak in India, including exploring the association of the number of cases and average monthly temperature; and finally, to outline the pivotal role of reliable and transparent data, reproducible data science methods, tools and products as we reopen the country and prepare for a post lock-down phase of the pandemic. Results: Our predicted cumulative number of COVID-19 cases in India on April 30 assuming a 1-week delay in people''s adherence to a 21-day lockdown (March 25 April 14) and a gradual, moderate resumption of daily activities after April 14 is 9,181 with upper 95% CI of 72,245. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.15.20067256 id = cord-354096-x2skguz8 author = Ray, Pradipta R. title = A pharmacological interactome between COVID-19 patient samples and human sensory neurons reveals potential drivers of neurogenic pulmonary dysfunction date = 2020-06-01 keywords = BALF; RNA; covid-19 summary = We hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 infection drives changes in immune cell-derived factors that then interact with receptors expressed by the sensory neuronal innervation of the lung to further promote important aspects of disease severity, including ARDS. We sought to quantify how immune cells might interact with sensory innervation of the lung in COVID-19 using published data from patients, existing RNA sequencing datasets from human dorsal root ganglion neurons and other sources, and a genome-wide ligand-receptor pair database curated for pharmacological interactions relevant for neuro-immune interactions. Additionally, we found that upregulation of transcription factor genes in COVID-19 samples identifies transcription factors associated with alveolar cell types (EHF, PAX9, ELF3, GHRL2) and immune cells (RFX3, SOX5, TP63, HOPX) with functions including regulation of antiviral pathways (NR3C2), based on ARCHS4 database (Lachmann et al., 2018) and the Enrichr gene set enrichment analysis tool (Kuleshov et al., 2016) (Supplementary Table 2 ). doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.078 id = cord-276132-tv5y1eqc author = Ray, Upasana title = COVID-19: The Impact in Oncology Care date = 2020-10-23 keywords = SARS; cancer; care; covid-19; patient summary = The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a critical challenge to the current oncology care and practices including late diagnoses, delayed anti-cancer treatment, and static clinical trials. Delaying anti-cancer treatment in the ongoing pandemic cannot be recommended as a sensible choice to reduce the associated infection risk in patients. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) recommends that in cancer patients diagnosed with the infection, the immunosuppressive therapies should be withheld until the symptoms resolve like complete remission of fever without use of antipyretics along with a negative COVID-19 test. Nevertheless, contact limitation and physical distancing guidelines continue to be an important part of the cancer treatment strategies during the pandemic in order to protect the patients, health-care personnel and non-COVID-19 patients being treated in the same organization. A practical approach to the management of cancer patients during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: an international collaborative group Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00592-7 id = cord-025557-hxn46xnn author = Rayment, Erica title = Pandemic Parliaments: Canadian Legislatures in a Time of Crisis date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; legislature summary = Through an analysis of parliamentary records from all elected federal, provincial and territorial legislatures in Canada, we find that the role of parliaments as sites of citizen representation has suffered the most, whereas the scrutinizing and legislative functions of parliaments have tended to be preserved, albeit in a significantly truncated form. Through an analysis of parliamentary records from all elected federal, provincial and territorial legislatures in Canada, we find that the role of parliaments as sites of citizen representation has suffered the most, whereas the scrutinizing and legislative functions of parliaments have tended to be preserved, albeit in a significantly truncated form. To assess the extent to which these three functions of parliament have been affected, we gathered data for several key indicators: the number of meeting days since the declaration of an emergency, whether the meeting was conducted with a reduced number of legislators, whether the legislation passed, and whether question period has continued. doi = 10.1017/s0008423920000499 id = cord-312861-6ayidmj3 author = Rayner, Craig R. title = Accelerating Clinical Evaluation of Repurposed Combination Therapies for COVID-19 date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; combination summary = As the global COVID-19 pandemic continues, unabated and clinical trials demonstrate limited effective pharmaceutical interventions, there is a pressing need to accelerate treatment evaluations. As the global COVID-19 pandemic continues, unabated and clinical trials demonstrate limited effective pharmaceutical interventions, there is a pressing need to accelerate treatment evaluations. We describe a clinical evaluation strategy using adaptive combination platform trials to rapidly test combination therapies to treat COVID-19. We describe a clinical evaluation strategy using adaptive combination platform trials to rapidly test combination therapies to treat COVID-19. Instead of sequentially testing monotherapies that will likely have modest clinical effects on their own, additive or synergistic effects can potentially be gained by combining antiviral drugs exploiting pharmacology throughout the spectrum of COVID-19 illness. 5, 6 This low success rate might be due to the fact that the majority of COVID-19 clinical trials (87%) are evaluating repurposed drugs as monotherapy. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0995 id = cord-302842-idbmh1uo author = Raza, Ali title = Association between meteorological indicators and COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan date = 2020-10-14 keywords = Pakistan; case; covid-19 summary = This study was designed to investigate the impact of meteorological indicators (temperature, rainfall, and humidity) on total COVID-19 cases in Pakistan, its provinces, and administrative units from March 10, 2020, to August 25, 2020. The contribution of this study is (a) it first time examined the relationship between meteorological indicators and COVID-19 in Pakistan, (b) it first time examined the relationship between meteorological indicators and COVID-19 in four provinces and three administrative units in Pakistan, and (c) it used the generalized models to investigate the impact of average temperature, rainfall, and humidity on COVID-19 cases. A higher correlation coefficient was observed between temperature (minimum, maximum, and Fig. 11 Humidity in provinces and administrative areas Environ Sci Pollut Res average) and COVID-19 cases for all provinces and administrative units (Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Islamabad Capital Territory, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir). doi = 10.1007/s11356-020-11203-2 id = cord-270934-vzsdvrwo author = Raza, Azra title = Rewriting the rules for care of MDS and AML patients in the time of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-20 keywords = AML; COVID-19 summary = The care of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been radically altered by COVID-19, especially in New York City, the epicenter of the pandemic. Ali 1,2, The care of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been radically altered by COVID-19, especially in New York City, the epicenter of the pandemic. Here we summarize how telemedicine, virtual visits, delayed transfusions, and chemotherapy, preferably selecting self-administered medications and visits by home healthcare workers, are employed to minimize exposure of our high-risk population of patients to the virus. COVID-19 impacts every aspect of care for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the City of New York from where we are writing, our hospital is serving as the epicenter of the pandemic within the city. doi = 10.1016/j.lrr.2020.100201 id = cord-269445-dctx9c7w author = Razanamahery, J. title = Predictive factors of poor outcomes in the COVID-19 epidemic: Consider the inflammatory response date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Clinical presentation is heterogenous from benign presentations to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) leading to intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalization or death [3, 4] . We aimed to identify risks factors for poor outcome of COVID-19 infection in hospitalized patients during the first month of the pandemic in Besanç on University Hospital. All patients received complete laboratory tests at admission, including acute phase reactants (i.e., C-reactive protein [CRP], procalcitonin [PCT], ferritin, fibrinogen), complete blood count, liver, and kidney function tests. High levels of CRP, PCT, AST, and LDH were associated with poor outcome (Table 1) . We identified a group of patients with high inflammatory response associated with poor outcomes. Despite no statistical relevance in our study, high ferritin levels have already been described as predictor of acute respiratory distress syndrome [5] . Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.medmal.2020.04.016 id = cord-289542-u86ujtur author = Razavian, Narges title = A validated, real-time prediction model for favorable outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; EHR; model; patient; prediction summary = Here, we use 3345 retrospective and 474 prospective hospitalizations to develop and validate a parsimonious model to identify patients with favorable outcomes within 96 h of a prediction, based on real-time lab values, vital signs, and oxygen support variables. In this article, we describe how a collaboration among data scientists, electronic health record (EHR) programmers (vendorand health system-based), clinical informaticians, frontline physicians, and clinical leadership led to the development, prospective validation, and implementation of a machine learning model for real-time prediction of favorable outcomes within a 96 h window among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Our approach differs from prior work in that we: (1) predict favorable outcomes (as opposed to adverse outcomes), (2) use a large COVID-19 patient cohort admitted across our hospitals, (3) design a model that can easily be extended to other institutions, (4) prospectively validate performance, and (5) integrate our model in the EHR to provide a real-time clinical decision support tool. doi = 10.1038/s41746-020-00343-x id = cord-312677-rwznqiib author = Razmi, Mahdieh title = Immunomodulatory-Based Therapy as a Potential Promising Treatment Strategy against Severe COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review date = 2020-08-29 keywords = COVID-19; NCP; SARS; clinical; patient summary = Sixty-six publications and 111 clinical trials were recognized as eligible, reporting the efficacy of the immunomodulatory agents, including corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, passive and cytokine-targeted therapies, mesenchymal stem cells, and blood-purification therapy, in COVID-19 patients. Various studies have focused on the efficacy of the immunomodulatory agents including corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine, cytokine-targeted therapies (e.g., anakinra, siltuximab, or tocilizumab), passive immunotherapy (convalescent plasma and intravenous immunoglobulin), mesenchymal stem cells, and bloodpurification therapy, mostly as adjuvant therapy for treatment of the patients with severe COVID-19 and partly have reported promising outcomes. Included clinical studies with 1-63 participants have shown that both antagonists, specially TCZ, are effective in reducing the mortality rate specially in the severely ill patients, improving the symptoms including fever resolution, oxygenation and resolved CT scans, reducing the inflammation markers (ferritin, CRP, and D-dimer), weaning from the ICU hospitalization and ventilation, and dampening the risk of disease progression to ARDS by mitigating the cytokine storm in the NCP patients [60, 62] , as applied for CRS controlling in the CAR-T therapy [90] . doi = 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106942 id = cord-255389-2fufd0ba author = Razonable, Raymund R. title = Mayo Clinic Strategies for COVID-19 Clinical Guidance and the Delivery of Care for Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Mayo Clinic Strategies for COVID-19 Clinical Guidance and the Delivery of Care for Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Herein, we describe our strategies for developing and successfully implementing a clinical guidance that assists our health care providers in caring for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Likewise, we developed a COVID-19 Treatment Registry that allows us to monitor our clinical practice and optimize our management guidance on the basis of our evolving clinical experience. The clinical guidance has been continually updated and made available to health care providers on a dedicated institutional COVID-19 webpage. This clinical team rapidly developed expertise in COVID-19 care because they served as consultants to frontline health care providers. The COVID-19 clinical guidance continues to evolve as new information is gathered from our clinical experience and as updated management strategies are published in the literature. doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.05.037 id = cord-320136-k4204pb6 author = Razum, Oliver title = Covid-19 in Flüchtlingsunterkünften: ÖGD jetzt weiter stärken date = 2020-04-23 keywords = Covid-19; Geflüchtete; Sammelunterkünften; die; und; ÖGD summary = So unterschiedlich die lokalen Erfahrungen und die Berichterstattung sind: Außer Frage steht, dass in Sammelunterkünften für Geflüchtete ein hohes Risiko der Übertragung von SARS-CoV2 besteht, dem Erreger von Covid-19. Wir berichten zunächst über die Wohnsituation Geflüchteter in Deutschland und geben einen kurzen Überblick über bereits bestehende Überlegungen für das gesundheitsbezogene Management von Flüchtlingsunterkünften während der Covid-19-Pandemie. Analysen des Robert Koch-Instituts (RKI) zu Ausbrüchen von meldepflichtigen Infektionserkrankungen in Sammelunterkünften für Geflüchtete (2004-2014) zeigen, dass ein Großteil der Ausbrüche auf Tröpfchen-und Schmierinfektionen zurückgehen, die unter besseren Lebens-und Hygienebedingungen (sowie ggf. Ein solches Vorgehen erscheint zielführender, als reflexiv ein "Containment nach innen" umzusetzen und die gesamte Einrichtung unter Quarantäne zu stellen -ganz besonders, wenn Social Distancing und Hygienemaßnahmen innerhalb des Settings nicht ausreichend umgesetzt werden können. Berichte aus den Herkunftsländern der Betroffenen über dort getroffene Vorsorgemaßnahmen oder dort entwickelte innovative Ansätze zur Kontrolle von Covid-19 [10] könnten zudem die Kommunikation vereinfachen und sich positiv auf die Kooperationsbereitschaft auswirken. doi = 10.1055/a-1154-5063 id = cord-350437-dq1il88y author = Reale, Maria Lucia title = SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Cancer Patients: A Picture of an Italian Onco-Covid Unit date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; Onco; SARS; patient summary = This retrospective study aims to collect epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic data from SARS-CoV-2 positive cancer patients hospitalized at the Onco-Covid unit in San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Italy, one of the few oncological wards for cancer patients with SARS-Cov-2 infection, in order to provide a deeper insight into the clinical evolution of infection in cancer patients, particularly in lung cancer patients. This retrospective study included all SARS-CoV-2 oncological patients accepted at the Onco-Covid Unit at San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, between March 27th and April 19th 2020. The mean length of hospitalization at data cut-off was 30 days ±14 (0-53), while it resulted 16 ± 9 days (0-37) when calculated from COVID 19 positivity (characteristics and outcomes of individual patients included in the analysis are reported in Supplementary Table 2) . Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China doi = 10.3389/fonc.2020.01722 id = cord-303514-2ljmkabk author = Recalcati, S. title = Acral cutaneous lesions in the time of COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = 1, 2 We report here on peculiar (perniosis-like) skin lesions, unreported in the previous years, observed in young outpatients visited in our dermatologic unit in the last 4 weeks of COVID-19 pandemic (March-April 2020). 1, 2 We report here on peculiar (perniosis-like) skin lesions, unreported in the previous years, observed in young outpatients visited in our dermatologic unit in the last 4 weeks of COVID-19 pandemic (March-April 2020). 3, 4 Nevertheless, in the hypothesis that these skin lesions were linked to COVID-19 infection, we checked accurately for acral perniotic signs 107 COVID-19-positive patients (average age 72.2 years, 58 males, 49 females) hospitalized in our hospital for acute respiratory illness. The swab negativity could be explained with the disappearance of detectable viral presence after a brief asymptomatic course: according to this hypothesis, the observed skin lesions would represent late manifestations of the COVID-19 infection in young healthy subjects, possibly due to an immunologic response targeting the cutaneous vessels. doi = 10.1111/jdv.16533 id = cord-293557-jcgc93it author = Recalde, Borja title = Histopathological findings in fatal COVID-19 severe acute respiratory syndrome: preliminary experience from a series of 10 Spanish patients date = 2020-08-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Histopathological findings in fatal COVID-19 severe acute respiratory syndrome: preliminary experience from a series of 10 Spanish patients In December 2019, an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome associated to SARS-CoV2 was reported in Wuhan, China. To date, little is known on histopathological findings in patients infected with the new SARS-CoV2. Postmortem multiorgan biopsies in 10 patients who died with SARS COV-2 infection were performed after oral authorisation of a first-degree relative. In this report, we describe the histopathology of lung damage in COVID-19 with DAD in all lung samples, associated with medium size arterial thrombosis in four cases, and the presence of viral RNA in all organs. It is remarkable that 9 out of the 10 patients had at least one organ with significant amount of SARS-CoV2 RNA, being most prevalent in lung tissue. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome doi = 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215577 id = cord-351722-3mw1te94 author = Recalde, M. title = Characteristics and outcomes of 627 044 COVID-19 patients with and without obesity in the United States, Spain, and the United Kingdom date = 2020-09-03 keywords = covid-19; obese; patient summary = Obese COVID-19 patients were more likely to have prior comorbidities, present with cardiovascular and respiratory events during hospitalization, require intensive services, or die compared to non-obese COVID-19 patients. In the diagnosed cohorts, obese patients with COVID-19 consistently had a higher prevalence of comorbidities compared to non-obese patients (upper part of Figure 1 . As in the diagnosed cohort, hospitalized obese patients with COVID-19 had a higher prevalence of comorbidities than non-obese; however, the differences between groups were less obvious (lower part of Figure 1 Although obese COVID-19 patients were younger and less likely to have comorbidities than obese influenza patients in the hospitalized cohorts, they more frequently had adverse outcomes. We provide novel evidence that the prevalence of obesity is higher among COVID-19 patients compared to those with seasonal influenza and that obese hospitalized COVID-19 patients have worse outcomes is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint doi = 10.1101/2020.09.02.20185173 id = cord-290832-zmj59rc3 author = Recinella, Guerino title = Prognostic role of nutritional status in elderly patients hospitalized for COVID-19: a monocentric study date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; GNRI; patient summary = AIMS: To assess the role of nutritional status as an independent prognostic factor for in-hospital death in elderly patients. At univariate analysis, age (HR 1.045 [CI 1.008–1.082]), cognitive impairment (HR 1.949 [CI 1.045–3.364]), C-reactive protein (HR 1.004 [CI 1.011–1.078]), lactate dehydrogenases (HR 1.003 [CI 1.001–1.004]) and GNRI moderate–severe risk category (HR 8.571 [CI 1.096–67.031]) were risk factors for in-hospital death, while albumin (HR 0.809 [CI 0.822–0.964]), PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio (HR 0.996 [CI 0.993–0.999]) and body mass index (HR 0.875 [CI 0.782–0.979]) were protective factors. The main result of our study is that impaired nutritional status, assessed by the GNRI, together with the PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio, is an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in elderly patients with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Future larger and multicentric studies are needed to validate our results on the prognostic value of GNRI in predicting in-hospital death and to further explore the role of other nutritional parameters in elderly patients hospitalized for COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s40520-020-01727-5 id = cord-299333-qu0bmov5 author = Reddy, Gireesh B. title = Clinical Characteristics and Multisystem Imaging Findings of COVID-19: An Overview for Orthopedic Surgeons date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; patient summary = Since December 2019, infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), a novel betacoronavirus strain responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , rapidly progressed from an isolated cluster of cases in the Hubei province of east central China to a pandemic, with significant global health and economic repercussions [4, 5, 10, 24, 25, 27, 28, 44, 58, 80, 91] . Early reports from Italy and China indicated that although pulmonary diseases including ARDS and diffuse pneumonia comprise the predominant lethal complications of COVID-19, patients have also presented with or developed significant cardiac signs and symptoms [50] . COVID-19 musculoskeletal and neurologic manifestations are being reported with increased frequency, particularly in patients with more severe respiratory disease, indicating coronavirus neurotropism possibly directly related with higher viral loads, which are now detectable in cerebrospinal fluid [20] . doi = 10.1007/s11420-020-09775-3 id = cord-325435-b64ijw5o author = Reddy, Pavan Kumar title = Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by COVID-19: A report of two cases and review of literature date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; DKA summary = title: Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by COVID-19: A report of two cases and review of literature BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) and diabetes mellitus is bidirectional. On the other hand, new onset diabetes and severe metabolic complications of pre-existing diabetes, including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) have been observed in patients with COVID-19. In this report, we describe two patient with diabetes mellitus who presented to our hospital with DKA. RESULTS: First patient (30-year-male) had undiagnosed diabetes and no other comorbidities, and COVID-19 precipitated DKA. A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was isolated from patients with this pneumonia [3] . According to a clinical report in China involving 1,099 confirmed COVID-19 patients, diabetes was the second most common comorbidity (16.2%) among severe 173 cases [14] . Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by Covid-19 in a patient with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.07.050 id = cord-272318-8yfg1j0o author = Reddy, Sujan T. title = Cerebrovascular Disease in Patients with COVID-19: A Review of the Literature and Case Series date = 2020-06-11 keywords = CVD; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = To further characterize cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in COVID-19, we review the current literature of published cases and additionally report the clinical presentation, laboratory and diagnostic testing results of 12 cases with COVID-19 infection and concurrent CVD from two academic medical centers in Houston, TX, USA, between March 1 and May 10, 2020. To date, few studies have reported cerebrovascular complications in COVID-19 [3, 4] and 4 small case series have described the clinical and laboratory findings in patients with COVID-19 and concurrent stroke [5] [6] [7] [8] . We review the current literature of published cases and describe our experience of 12 cases with COVID-19 infection and concurrent cerebrovascular disease (CVD) to highlight the clinical presentation and proposed mechanisms of central nervous system (CNS) involvement by SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, we performed a retrospective chart review of all hospitalized cases with confirmed COVID-19 infection (SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive) and CVD (ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke) between March 1 and May 10, 2020 seen at two comprehensive stroke centers in Houston, TX, USA. doi = 10.1159/000508958 id = cord-293559-c78wcr8m author = Rego, Gabriel N. A. title = Current Clinical Trials Protocols and the Global Effort for Immunization against SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; CTP; SARS; Vaccine; figure summary = Two purified inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates, an mRNA-based vaccine mRNA1273, and the chimpanzee adenoviral vaccine ChAdOx1 are currently in phase III clinical trials in the respective countries Brazil, the United Arab Emirates, the USA, and the United Kingdom. Thus, during the pandemic caused by COVID-19, several vaccine candidates with attenuated virus, encoding, or presenting SARS-CoV-2 antigens have been developed globally, reaching clinical trial phases I or II for the evaluation of their safety and immunogenicity. Six protocols are developing phase II and/or III clinical trials using the chimpanzee adenoviral vector ChAdOx1 [50] [51] [52] , purified inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine [53, 54] , and mRNA-1273 vaccine [55] . A Phase I Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerance and Preliminary Immunogenicity of Different Doses of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine in Population Aged 18-59 Years and 60 Years and Above doi = 10.3390/vaccines8030474 id = cord-268390-npuvodd4 author = Rehman, Aziz ul title = The role of primary and secondary bio-molecules in optical diagnosis of pandemic COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = • Raman and fluorescence signature of ACE-2 specific proteins is the basis for real time detection of COVID-19. This letter to the editor aims to introduce primary and secondary biomarkers whose reflectance, transmittance and fluorescence signals can be used for optical diagnosis of COVID-19 to the scientific community and persuade to build portable, cost effective, label free and real time optical devices for its detection. Keeping in view the epidemic nature of COVID-19, we need early stage, cost effective, real time diagnosis and portable devices to detect this disease so that treatment can be started to save the vulnerable population. Similarly, nucleic acid and protein bound coenzymes molecules like NADH, FAD have their own specific fluorescence biomarkers when excited with UV-A light [13] and can be used for label free detection of COVID-19 on early stages employing portable optical detection systems. doi = 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101953 id = cord-324644-sz5n7a5z author = Rehman, Mahin title = Atypical Manifestation of COVID-19-Induced Myocarditis date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = There was a case report that described a patient with COVID-19 with regional wall motion abnormalities who had a biopsy consistent with lymphocytic myocarditis but histopathological and viral genomic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the biopsy did not reveal the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome to be present within the myocytes [3] . With this report, we aim to highlight an atypical presentation of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)induced myocarditis as this patient was completely afebrile and had no respiratory symptoms, both of which are typical characteristics. Current consensus around COVID-19-induced myocardial injury is to maintain conservative management especially in those without suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who have mild troponin elevation, as in our young patient. COVID-19-induced myocardial injury can present as a STEMI or non-STEMI (given the evidence of troponin leak) and without concurrent febrile illness or respiratory symptoms of the disease. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8685 id = cord-348364-jb0lvhq5 author = Rehman, Tyler title = Spontaneous Pneumothorax in an Elderly Patient With Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia date = 2020 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Spontaneous Pneumothorax in an Elderly Patient With Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia Case Report: We present the case of an elderly patient with COVID-19 pneumonia that resulted in a prolonged hospital course because of pneumothorax complication. Her oxygen requirements increased to 15 L nonrebreather mask on day 5 of hospitalization, and repeat chest radiograph demonstrated enlargement of the pneumothorax. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) occurs in patients without known lung disease. Spontaneous pneumothorax associated with COVID-19 in nonintubated patients was not a commonly reported complication in June 2020. 1, 10 When considering other viral pneumonias as reported by Afessa, the superimposed bacterial infection could have potentially increased the patient''s risk for pneumothorax. This case underlines the importance of considering repeat examinations such as chest radiographs or CT imaging for thorough evaluation of COVID-19-positive patients. Spontaneous pneumothorax following COVID-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.31486/toj.20.0072 id = cord-256121-9bl1ztuc author = Reid, Michael J A title = Building a tuberculosis-free world while responding to the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 3 Moreover, the COVID-19 response has reduced access to tuberculosis services worldwide, including in China, 4 India, 5 South Africa, 6 and Nigeria. In India, Kenya, and Ukraine, a 3-month lockdown, followed by a 10-month recovery period, is projected to lead to an estimated 1·65 million, 41 400, and 7960 additional incident tuberculosis cases in the next 5 years, respectively, because of limited access to drugs, diagnostics, and prevention programmes in the past few months. After accounting for annual growth rates, we estimate that a 3-month lockdown, followed by a 10-month recovery, would result in an excess cost of $1·95 billion in India, $29 million in Kenya, and $96 million in Ukraine with an increase of 7·9%, 5·5%, and 4·1% in average annual health spending on tuberculosis in each country over the next 5 years (table) . doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32138-3 id = cord-339864-rv5zw972 author = Reihani, Hamidreza title = Non-evidenced based treatment: An unintended cause of morbidity and mortality related to COVID-19 date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; chinese summary = In Iran, social media accounts circulated false stories of curing COVID-19 by drinking high-proof alcohol, poisoning over 2,000 people due to the inadvertent consumption of methanol with bleach to hide its color [5] . In Madagascar, President Andry Rojoelina launched an herbal coronavirus "cure" produced from the artemisia plant, yet the WHO stated that the tonic is not evidence-based and is potentially toxic [9] . These herbal formulas contain a combination of many herbs and the exact proprietary mixture is not available, posing a major health risk to patients due to their potential toxicity, contamination, or adulteration [10] . The implications of medicating with herbal-based formulas is serious and dangerous because there is no scientific evidence suggesting that these alternative remedies can prevent or cure COVID-19. The spread of nonevidence-based COVID-19 treatments or cures will undoubtedly worsen the magnitude of the pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.001 id = cord-346325-grt67p73 author = Reilev, M. title = Characteristics and predictors of hospitalization and death in the first 9,519 cases with a positive RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 in Denmark: A nationwide cohort date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = Design, Setting, and Participants Nationwide population-based cohort of all 228.677 consecutive Danish individuals tested (positive or negative) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA from the identification of the first COVID-19 case on February 27th, 2020 until April 30th, 2020. In this population-based study of a Danish COVID-19 cohort capturing all individuals with a positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 in Denmark, we provide nationwide data on clinical characteristics and predictors of hospitalization and death for all SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive cases identified from February 27 th , 2020 to April 30 th , 2020. In this nationwide cohort of SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive cases and test-negative individuals from the general population in Denmark, we found that older age (e.g., >70 years), male sex, and number of comorbidities were risk factors for hospitalization and death. In this first nationwide population-based study, increasing age, sex, and number and type of comorbidities were closely associated with hospitalization requirement and death in SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive cases. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.24.20111823 id = cord-316522-fbw9x3ik author = Reiss, Allison B. title = A Telemedicine Approach to Covid-19 Assessment and Triage date = 2020-09-10 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = (1) Temperature Check Temperature checked at time of arrival for all patients and approved visitors: If 100.0 • F or greater, patient/visitor is not permitted to enter the clinic and will be instructed to return home (unless in obvious distress) and provided information to schedule a virtual visit. (1) Temperature Check Temperature checked at time of arrival for all patients and approved visitors: If 100.0 • F or greater, patient/visitor is not permitted to enter the clinic and will be instructed to return home (unless in obvious distress) and provided information to schedule a virtual visit. Assessing clinical stability-it is important to identify patients who need an immediate onsite evaluation at a designated screening center or a hospital emergency department. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis Comorbidities and the risk of severe or fatal outcomes associated with coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.3390/medicina56090461 id = cord-276303-lgywz9ea author = Rello, Jordi title = COVID-19, steroids and other immunomodulators: The jigsaw is not complete date = 2020-10-25 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Effect of corticosteroids on treatment failure among hospitalized patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia and high inflammatory response: a randomized clinical trial Effect of Dexamethasone on Days Alive and Ventilator-Free in Patients With Moderate or Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and COVID-19: The CoDEX Randomized Clinical Trial Effect of Hydrocortisone on 21-Day Mortality or Respiratory Support Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial Effect of Hydrocortisone on Mortality and Organ Support in Patients With Severe COVID-19: The REMAP-CAP COVID-19 Corticosteroid Domain Randomized Clinical Trial Association Between Early Treatment With Tocilizumab and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 Effect of Tocilizumab vs Usual Care in Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 and Moderate or Severe Pneumonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial Effect of Tocilizumab vs Standard Care on Clinical Worsening in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.10.011 id = cord-352065-960xqft4 author = Rello, Jordi title = Update in COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit from the 2020 HELLENIC Athens International Symposium date = 2020-10-22 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; ICU; SARS; patient summary = Experts reviewed the latest literature relating to the COVID-19 pandemic in critically ill patients, such as epidemiology, pathophysiology, phenotypes of infection, COVID-19 as a systematic infection, molecular diagnosis, mechanical ventilation, thromboprophylaxis, COVID-19 associated co-infections, immunotherapy, plasma treatment, Catheter-Related bloodstream infections, artificial intelligence for COVID-19, and vaccination. A major problem of the coronavirus pandemic is the considerable burden imposed on National Health Systems worldwide due to the hyperacute outbreak and the proportional increase of patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) support in an extremely limited period of time, while outcomes vary according to the burden of the disease in each country. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the primary cause of death in COVID-19 [7] and a recent scope review found that for COVID-19, < 5% of patients were reported as experiencing bacterial/fungal coinfection at admission, but development of secondary infections during ICU admission is common [8, 9] . doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.10.008 id = cord-306718-7wp5jmxe author = Remaeus, Katarina title = Characteristics and short‐term obstetric outcomes in a case series of 67 women tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 in Stockholm, Sweden date = 2020-09-27 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = For the care of pregnant women positive for SARS-CoV-2, National Swedish guidelines were published early in the pandemic and recommended individualized antenatal care, mode of delivery based on obstetric considerations, and no routine separation of the mother and newborn after birth. Here, we want to report a case series of 67 women with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2, who gave birth from March 19 until April 26, 2020 in the Stockholm region, Sweden. In this case series of 67 SARS-CoV-2 test-positive delivered women with varying clinical presentation ranging from asymptomatic to manifest COVID19 disease, the majority had a vaginal, term birth and delivered a healthy normal weight neonate that did not test positive for SARS-CoV-2. In this case series of 67 test-positive women few women presented with severe COVID-19 illness, a majority had a vaginal birth at term with a healthy neonate that were test-negative for SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1111/aogs.14006 id = cord-320864-k9zksbyt author = Remes-Troche, J. M. title = Recommendations for the reopening and activity resumption of the neurogastroenterology units in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Position of the Sociedad Latinoamericana de Neurogastroenterología date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; test summary = When health authorities allow a return to normalcy and in the absence of effective treatment or a preventive vaccine for COVID 19 infection, we recommend a strict protocol to classify patients according to their infectious-contagious status through the appropriate use of tests to detect the virus and its immune response, as well as the use of protective measures to be followed by health personnel to avoid contagion during the performance of a gastrointestinal motility test. Positions have already been established on how to work and/or resume activities at those units (e.g., those issued by the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society [ANMS] 4 and the Grupo Español de Motilidad Digestiva [GEMD]) 5 but due to the fact that the epidemiologic behavior, protective equipment avail-ability, serologic diagnostic test performance capacity for corroborating immunity, and socioeconomic context are different throughout Latin America, a group of experts that are members of the Sociedad Latinoamericana de Neurogastroenterología (SLNG) had a virtual meeting to formulate a consensus document with recommendations for the performance of gastrointestinal motility tests. doi = 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2020.07.004 id = cord-259747-sl9q63oc author = Remmelink, Myriam title = Unspecific post-mortem findings despite multiorgan viral spread in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS; patient summary = BACKGROUND: Post-mortem studies can provide important information for understanding new diseases and small autopsy case series have already reported different findings in COVID-19 patients. IHC revealed positive cells with a heterogeneous distribution in the lungs of 11 of the 17 (65%) patients; RT-PCR yielded a wide distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in different tissues, with 8 patients showing viral presence in all tested organs (i.e., lung, heart, spleen, liver, colon, kidney, and brain). In this post-mortem study, we included the first 17 adult patients (> 18 years) who died in our hospital (either in a COVID-19 unit or an intensive care unit) from March 13, 2020, with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (i.e., positive RT-PCR assay on nasopharyngeal swab and/or bronchoalveolar lavage specimen). This post-mortem study showed several histopathological abnormalities in COVID-19 non-survivors; however, none of the findings was specific for direct viral injury, even though SARS-CoV-2 was detected in all examined organs using RT-PCR. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03218-5 id = cord-313984-7wvfnag1 author = Remy, Kenneth E title = Immunotherapies for COVID-19: lessons learned from sepsis date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Although more recent controlled studies indicate that plasma IL-6 concentrations can be in the range seen in bacterial infections, the time course of change is very different; in some cases, concentrations in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seem to increase over time with illness severity and worsening lung function. Indeed, when measured in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, IL-10 concentrations (the most immunosuppressant cytokine in the body) are also elevated, which might lead to a different conclusion for therapeutic approaches and in understanding the disease pathophysiology. In particular, the modest inflammatory response and the progressive and profound suppression of adaptive immunity in COVID-19 relative to sepsis argues for perhaps a different therapeutic approach. However, if SARS-CoV-2 infection is similar to other chronic inflammatory and immune suppressive diseases, such as sepsis, we argue that immune stimulants, and not anti-inflammatory agents, should be considered as the first-line treatment option. doi = 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30217-4 id = cord-285291-pep4opiq author = Remy, Kenneth E. title = Caring for Critically Ill Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a PICU: Recommendations by Dual Trained Intensivists* date = 2020-04-29 keywords = Care; Critical; ICU; acute; adult; covid-19; patient summary = T he worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has already resulted in critical care demands overwhelming resources in nations such as Italy (1) . Prone positioning for at least 12 hours daily in adults with severe ARDS may increase ventilator-free days, reduce in-hospital mortality, and reduce the need for rescue therapies like inhaled nitric oxide and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (16, (65) (66) (67) (68) . Nonpharmacologic approaches to these modifiable risk factors include frequent environmental reorientation, cognitive stimulation, minimizing sleep interruptions, engaging familiar visitors, limiting use of sedative medications, and scheduled sedation "holidays." These strategies have consistently shown improved clinical outcomes in critically ill patients and are now considered standard of care (117) . EPVent-2 Study Group: Effect of titrating positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) with an esophageal pressure-guided strategy vs an empirical high PEEP-FIO 2 strategy on death and days free from mechanical ventilation among patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002429 id = cord-261435-wcn4bjnw author = Ren, Xianwen title = Large-scale single-cell analysis reveals critical immune characteristics of COVID-19 patients date = 2020-10-29 keywords = SARS; cell; covid-19; figure summary = Notably, the percentages of megakaryocytes 207 and monocytes in PBMCs were elevated, particularly in severe COVID-19 patients during 208 the disease progression stage (Figure 2A) The increased plasma B cells in peripheral blood appeared to be derived from active 231 proliferation of plasmablasts and transitions from memory B cells based on the paired BCR 232 sequencing analyses. Similarly, the clonal expansion of 398 a central memory CD4+ T cell cluster highly expressing AQP3 (T_CD4_c02-AQP3) was 399 also associated with the triad interaction by disease severity, age, and sex ( SARS-CoV-2 detected in multiple epithelial and immune cell types with 414 interferon response phenotypes 415 The enrichment of plasma B and proliferative T cells in BALF and the elevation of these 416 cells in PBMCs of COVID-19 patients highlighted the roles of these cells in combating 417 SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.29.360479 id = cord-274326-msbdrp3e author = Ren, Xiaohan title = Multiple Expression Assessments of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 SARS-CoV-2 Entry Molecules in the Urinary Tract and Their Associations with Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 date = 2020-11-04 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; TMPRSS2; cell summary = title: Multiple Expression Assessments of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 SARS-CoV-2 Entry Molecules in the Urinary Tract and Their Associations with Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 We hypothesized that in critically ill patients, an inflammatory cytokine storm could directly attack specific cells in the kidney and testis due to their high expression of ACE2 and cytokine receptors, leading to injury of the urinary tract. Compared with the control group, patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and diabetic Infection and Drug Resistance 2020:13 submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com DovePress 3979 nephropathy, as well as smokers, exhibited higher expression levels of ACE2 in their affected tissues (kidneys or lungs) ( Figure 3A -D). 48 Considering the high level of IL6 in severe COVID-19 patients and the enrichment of the IL6 receptor in various testicular cells, this might be a reason for the potential orchitis caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.2147/idr.s270543 id = cord-334268-n2hon61o author = Ren, Yanfang title = Risk for dental healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 global pandemic: an evidence-based assessment date = 2020-07-18 keywords = N95; SARS; asymptomatic; covid-19 summary = Considering that the primary route of transmission for COVID-19 is from respiratory droplets, and potentially from spatters or aerosols generated during dental treatments, risks of COVID-19 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f transmission from asymptomatic patients to DHPs are dependent on several factors: effectiveness of PPE, specifically the N95 masks in preventing virus transmission, prevalence of asymptomatic cases in the local community, rate of transmission from asymptomatic patients to healthcare providers in close contact, probability for an infection acquired from an asymptomatic patient become symptomatic, and age-adjusted infection fatality rate of symptomatic COVID-19 patients. To understand the potential impact of COVID-19 on dental care and oral health and assess the risks to DHPs from the disease while providing essential services to the community, we periodically searched and reviewed published literature in PubMed and Google Scholar using various combinations of keywords, including SARS CoV-2, COVID-19, Dental, Dentist, Dentistry, Droplets, Aerosols, Healthcare Workers, Symptomatic, Asymptomatic, Saliva, PPE, N95 Masks, Face Shields, and Infection Fatality Rate. doi = 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103434 id = cord-254446-yxqbe1dj author = Ren, Yunzhao R. title = A Comprehensive Updated Review on SARS‐CoV‐2 and COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; Disease; SARS; patient summary = The disease name -COVID-19‖ and the associated virus name -SARS-CoV-2‖ were coined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy, respectively, on February 11 1, 2 . Interestingly, pharyngeal swab viral nucleic acid screening results of 2,510 patients between January 23 and February 25 from a hospital fever clinic in Hunan Province (a neighboring province of Hubei) demonstrated that the positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 (1.3%) was lower than that of Influenza A (2.3%) and Influenza B (3.3%) 42 . Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial doi = 10.1002/jcph.1673 id = cord-290256-mkfg7nar author = Ren, Zhigang title = A Randomized, Open‐label, Controlled Clinical Trial of Azvudine Tablets in the Treatment of Mild and Common COVID‐19, A Pilot Study date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; FNC; group summary = Patients meeting the following criteria were enrolled in the study: 1) age 18 and over, regardless of gender; 2) respiratory or blood samples that were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), or respiratory or blood samples that were tested highly homologous with the known SARS-CoV-2 by viral gene sequencing; 3) the confimation of COVID-19 according to the diagnostic criteria of "the latest Clinical guidelines for novel coronavirus" issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 28, 2020, and the diagnostic criteria from the "Diagnosis and treatment program trial version 5 (or 6) guidelines" issued by the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China. According to the Diagnosis and treatment program trial version 5 guidelines, the criteria for release and discharge were as follows: body temperature returned to normal for more than 3 days, respiratory symptoms showing obvious improvement, pulmonary imaging showing that the inflammation was obviously absorbed, and negative respiratory pathogenic nucleic acid testing for two consecutive assessments (with a sampling interval of at least 1 day). doi = 10.1002/advs.202001435 id = cord-324270-8rgkop42 author = Renaud-Picard, Benjamin title = Delayed pulmonary abscess following COVID-19 pneumonia: a case report date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The chest radiography showed bilateral diffuse ground-glass opacities that were consistent with a COVID-19 infection ( Figure 1A) . A nasopharyngeal swab, using RT-PCR, tested positive for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Between Days 8 and 25 of hospitalization, three specific serologies for SARS-CoV-2 were performed, all of which strongly demonstrated positive IgM and IgG levels (BIOSYNEX COVID-19 BSS rapid test, Strasbourg, France). We believe that patients that present with a severe form of COVID-19 pneumonia would benefit from a well-defined and specific followup after hospital discharge, including early clinical examination, chest CT, and pulmonary-function tests. Figure 1 : A: Chest radiography showing bilateral diffuse ground-glass opacities, which are consistent with a COVID-19 infection, four days after symptom onset. B: Axial chest CT, one month after symptom onset, revealing one pulmonary abscess in the right lower lobe, which is associated with sub-pleural bilateral ground-glass opacities that are consistent with partially resolved moderate-to-severe COVID-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1016/j.resmer.2020.100776 id = cord-273587-nja58vxw author = Rendeiro, A. F. title = Longitudinal immune profiling of mild and severe COVID-19 reveals innate and adaptive immune dysfunction and provides an early prediction tool for clinical progression date = 2020-09-09 keywords = cell; covid-19; figure; patient summary = By profiling mild and severe COVID-19 patients and healthy donors with flow cytometry, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 is associated with broad dysregulation of the circulating immune system, characterized by the relative loss of lymphoid cells coupled to expansion of myeloid cells. While we observed no significant differences in the relative abundance of KIR receptors among COVID-19 patients with mild disease and healthy controls (Figure 3f) , a significantly higher proportion of cells expressed CD158i (NKG2A) in severe patients compared with mild or convalescent individuals. Despite the backdrop of a relative decrease in B cell numbers as disease progresses, we observed only a mild, non-significant increase in plasmacytoid cells in patients with severe COVID-19 compared with healthy donors (Figure 4a) . The resulting network of significant effects identified several clinical factors associated with specific immune cell populations, highlighting how age, sex, and disease severity jointly influence the circulating immune systems in patients with COVID-19 (Figure 6a) . doi = 10.1101/2020.09.08.20189092 id = cord-266183-uzuda3ir author = Renieris, Georgios title = Serum Hydrogen Sulfide and Outcome Association in Pneumonia by the SARS-CoV-2 Corona virus date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; day; h2s summary = In light of these observations suggesting a pivotal role of H2S in the pathogenesis of Covid-19, we studied the serum levels of H2S and its association with final outcome in a cohort of patients with Covid-19 pneumonia. Due to the described anti-inflammatory properties, we hypothesize that elevated levels of H2S in serum are associated with a favourable outcome of Covid-19 pneumonia. Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) (9); (iii) absolute blood cell counts and biochemistry on admission and follow-up; and 28-day survival. Following ROC curve analysis, it was found that serum levels of H2S on day 1 lower than 150.44μΜ had the best trade-off for sensitivity and specificity for death (Figure 3Aand B ). Forward stepwise Cox regression analysis showed that serum H2S on day 1 above 150.44μM is an independent protective factor for unfavourable outcome of COVID-19 even in the presence of severity scores (Table 1) . doi = 10.1097/shk.0000000000001562 id = cord-264907-y4vefr98 author = Renke, Christine title = Utilization of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners as Adult Critical Care Providers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Novel Approach date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; care summary = Detroit-area hospitals were tasked with mobilizing institutional resources including personnel, personal protective equipment (PPE) , and the necessary medical supplies required to provide care for the surge of COVID-19 patients. To meet the challenge of the frontline provider deficit, Pediatric Nurse Practitioners (PNPs), with experience in the management of acute and critically ill patients, were a valuable resource to the COVID-19 ICU. This group of PNPs, equipped with evolving global and institutional COVID-19 standards of care and adult critical care guidelines, combined with support from adult critical care medicine faculty, provided frontline care to critically ill COVID-19 patients. An initial call for volunteers to staff the COVID-19 ICU was sent to inpatient advanced practice providers (APPs), including NPs, certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), and physician assistants (PAs). Following deployment, an email survey was sent to all APPs who worked in the COVID-19 ICU regarding their background, education, usual scope of practice, and overall experience during deployment. doi = 10.1016/j.pedhc.2020.06.005 id = cord-352524-g7khma2j author = Rennard, Stephen I. title = Chicken soup in the time of COVID date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; soup summary = Some years ago, we conducted a limited study of a potential anti-inflammatory effect of chicken soup. Sadly, in the Ebola crisis, the lack of welldesigned rigorous clinical trials resulted in very little knowledge gained about which medicines are effective and which are not [3] . The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for certain COVID-19 patients [6] . Of course, chicken soup has benefits beyond its potential medicinal value. Chicken soup, often made by a lengthy and loving process, can provide real psychosocial support. People will seek out these ''chicken soups'' as they provide social support together with the reassurance associated with doing something. Nevertheless, when added to all the other efforts required to address the COVID-19 crisis, the ''chicken soups'' may have something to offer. Treating COVID-19-Off-Label Drug Use, Compassionate Use, and Randomized Clinical Trials During Pandemics doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.04.044 id = cord-318194-m4vu77v6 author = Rentsch, Christopher T. title = Patterns of COVID-19 testing and mortality by race and ethnicity among United States veterans: A nationwide cohort study date = 2020-09-22 keywords = covid-19; hispanic summary = We evaluated associations between race/ethnicity and receipt of COVID-19 testing, a positive test result, and 30-day mortality, with multivariable adjustment for a wide range of demographic and clinical characteristics including comorbid conditions, health behaviors, medication history, site of care, and urban versus rural residence. a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 associations between race/ethnicity and receipt of COVID-19 testing, a positive test result, and 30-day mortality, with multivariable adjustment for a wide range of demographic and clinical characteristics including comorbid conditions, health behaviors, medication history, site of care, and urban versus rural residence. Notably, our analysis found that underlying health conditions did not explain any of the disparity between racial/ethnic groups in the odds of testing positive for COVID-19 or subsequent mortality in models already accounting for demographics, principally age, rural/urban residence, and VA site of care-essential information to help guide effective interventions. doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003379 id = cord-292987-e481oa2i author = Repici, Alessandro title = Endoscopy units and the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Multi-Center Experience from Italy date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The aim of this survey was to investigate the burden of COVID-19 on endoscopic activity in a highrisk area of COVID-19 outbreak, approaches to evaluating patients, adoption and compliance of HCP with protective measures, and initial possible viral transmission outcomes from endoscopy units within a large, community-based setting (both between patients and healthcare personnel and between healthcare personnel). Most routine procedures have been cancelled or postponed, limiting endoscopy to urgent cases; we outline here the variability of approaches taken in different centers. In addition, all endoscopy units are in hospitals with at least one case of COVID-19, and in more than half of the Departments, procedures were performed in infected/high-risk patients. Most endoscopy units limited their activity to urgent cases, including also patients at high-risk of cancer, such as FIT+. The second relevant result of our survey is the fact that at least one in every 2 endoscopy units is directly involved in emergent or urgent procedures in COVID-19 cases. doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.003 id = cord-270475-mkpn9tz6 author = Requena, Manuel title = COVID-19 and Stroke: incidence and etiological description in a high-volume center. date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; stroke summary = Although COVID-19 pandemic has produced an enormous collateral damage over stroke systems of care leading to a drop of mild strokes admissions and late arrival of severe strokes, only incidental cases of large vessel occlusion (LVO) in young adults infected by SARS-CoV-2 have been reported without a clear causative relationship (4) . The presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been associated with worse functional outcome and higher mortality among patients with acute stroke (11) ; in parallel, history of stroke has also been associated with more severe clinical symptoms and poorer outcomes in patients with COVID-19 (12) . From March 2 nd to April 30 th , 2050 patients were admitted to our center with RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection; of them 21 (1.02%) presented an acute ischemic stroke 21 and 4 (0.2%) suffered an ICH. Our study shows that the frequency of acute stroke in patients with COVID-19 requiring hospital admission is low (1%) and in most cases a usual cause of stroke was identified. doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105225 id = cord-254256-8jhaxcn1 author = Ressaire, Quentin title = Low total cholesterol blood level is correlated with pulmonary severity in COVID-19 critical ill patients date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Low total cholesterol blood level is correlated with pulmonary severity in COVID-19 critical ill patients Every patient admitted in Saint-Louis Hospital''s Surgical Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France) for respiratory failure related to COVID-19 and who had an exploration of lipid abnormalities at ICU admission was included. All patients or their surrogate had information about the data collection and gave their nonopposition to the study (Ethical committee of the French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care [SFAR] IRB 00010254 -2019 -203). Of 54 COVID-19 patients admitted in our ICU from March 20, 2020 to April 15, 2020, thirtyone had an exploration of lipid abnormalities at admission (LDL-c, HDL-c, TC, apolipoproteins A1 and B (ApoA1 and B)). Association of Elevated Plasma Interleukin-18 Level With Increased Mortality in a Clinical Trial of Statin Treatment for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome*: Critical Care Medicine doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.07.015 id = cord-331797-05kcygis author = Restauri, Nicole title = Burnout and PTSD in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Intersection, Impact and Interventions date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; PTSD; pandemic summary = Summary sentence Individual physicians and hospital administration should take proactive steps to minimize the compounding effects of high baseline burnout and the acute stressors of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to promote wellness among health-care providers. As much as social distancing is being leveraged as a critical method of COVID-19 disease containment, both individual and system based practices will be required to reduce workplace stress and burnout and minimize the acute stress response and risk of subsequent PTSD. Support an infrastructure that allows radiologists and staff to work from home Decrease exposure and mitigate concerns about contracting the virus and promotes schedule flexibility Increase education treatment about burnout, ASD, and PTSD, via expert panel discussions and access to mental health Increase awareness and early intervention, reduce stigma Employ non-traditional methods of physician engagement (eg narrative medicine) doi = 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.05.021 id = cord-347013-nt6jmmcw author = Retzlaff, Kimberly J. title = COVID‐19 Emergency Management Structure and Protocols date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; team summary = Perioperative leaders have shown agile responses, including quickly pulling together and mobilizing incident command centers, augmenting and modifying existing emergency management protocols, working together to agree on COVID-19 clinical protocols, and enhancing communication efforts with their teams to keep everyone apprised of the rapidly changing situation. Protocol changes included new requirements for staff member, patient, and visitor screening; conversions of physical spaces; careful consideration when determining which surgeries are urgent or emergent and must proceed; and updated PPE requirements. During the pandemic response, staff members manning the doors to health care facilities have relied on screening tools and questionnaires-such as the one developed at Roper St. Francis Hospital in Charleston, South Carolina (Sidebar 1)-to help determine whether visitors might be infected. These changes required perioperative and other nursing leaders to collaborate with the information technology team members to convert rooms and ensure nursing staff members could document patient care in the electronic health record. doi = 10.1002/aorn.13149 id = cord-311635-hf6vrbyx author = Reuken, Philipp Alexander title = Between Fear and Courage: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behavior of Liver Transplantation Recipients and Waiting List Candidates during the COVID‐19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; SOT summary = We evaluated fears, attitudes, and opinions associated with COVID‐19 in 365 SOT recipients (95% liver, 5% pancreas/kidney), 112 SOT candidates, and 394 immediate household contacts in two German transplant centers. Thus, we assessed COVID-19 prevalence/exposure, perception, compliance and behavior of transplant recipients and candidates on the waiting list in two German liver transplant centers in April 2020 using a crosssectional anonymous survey in patients and their household members. Responding to the item "I am afraid to become infected with the Coronavirus", SOT recipients reported a significantly greater fear of being infected with SARS-CoV-2 than their household controls ( Figure 1A and Supplementary Table S1). Here we demonstrate that fears associated with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic are frequently expressed by liver transplantation recipients and candidates as well as by their household members. While fears and concerns associated with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic are frequently expressed by SOT recipients and candidates, measures to prevent infection were frequently followed in the vast majority of patients. doi = 10.1111/ajt.16118 id = cord-256051-87alqfkd author = Revzin, Margarita V. title = Multisystem Imaging Manifestations of COVID-19, Part 1: Viral Pathogenesis and Pulmonary and Vascular System Complications date = 2020-10-01 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; Coronavirus; Fig; SARS; patient summary = Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) results in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was declared an official pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Although SARS-CoV-2 disease (or coronavirus disease 2019 ) primarily manifests as a lung infection, with symptoms ranging from those of a mild upper respiratory infection to severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), other multisystemic manifestations of this disease and related complications are becoming more commonly recognized (3) . Thromboembolic complications, including pulmonary embolism (PE), peripheral venous and arterial thrombosis, and acute stroke (seen also in patients older than 50 years without risk factors) have all been reported (50-57). On the basis of the pattern and distribution of the opacities and the presence or absence of certain clinical signs (such as obesity), the authors developed a chest radiography severity scoring system that could be used as a prognostic factor of outcomes in young adult patients with COVID-19 (Fig 3) . doi = 10.1148/rg.2020200149 id = cord-127860-9fngwsh3 author = Reyad, Omar title = Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 Strike on Arab Countries and Territories: A Situation Report I date = 2020-03-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 Strike on Arab Countries and Territories: A Situation Report I The novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a new virus called COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV that first identified in Wuhan, China. Covid-19 is considered as the second Coronavirus outbreak that affects the Middle East region, following the MERS-CoV which was reported in Saudi Arabia in the year 2012. United Arab Emirates (UAE) was the first Middle East Arab country to report a Coronaviruspositive case, following the Wuhan city Coronavirus outbreak in China. In this work, the up-to-date information about COVID-19 is provided and the situation in Arab countries and territories regarding the COVID-19 outbreak is presented. The disease causes respiratory illness (such as the flu) with other symptoms such as a cough, fever, and in more severe cases, difficulty breathing. The disease causes respiratory illness (such as the flu) with other symptoms such as a cough, fever, and in more severe cases, difficulty breathing. doi = nan id = cord-266713-rghowch1 author = Reyes-Bueno, JA title = Case fatality of COVID-19 in patients with neurodegenerative dementia date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = DISCUSSION Our results suggest that case fatality of COVID-19 is significantly higher among patients with primary degenerative dementia than in other patients with similar mean ages and comorbidities. S a m p l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s COVID-19 was diagnosed according to the classification of the Spanish Ministry of Health: confirmed cases (patients with positive RT-PCR results for SARS-CoV-2) and probable cases (patients with a severe acute respiratory infection requiring hospitalisation and with clinical and radiological characteristics compatible with COVID-19, in the absence of RT-PCR confirmation). 13 These results are similar to our own: we found a COVID-19-associated case fatality rate of 43.4% in patients with dementia; this was significantly higher than the rate in the control group. Heart diseases were more prevalent in the group of patients with primary degenerative dementia, and were associated with a statistically significant increase in the mortality rate. Our study suggests that the case fatality of COVID-19 is significantly higher in patients with primary degenerative dementia than among other patients with similar ages and comorbidities. doi = 10.1016/j.nrleng.2020.07.006 id = cord-321402-7a04kx5n author = Rezakhani, Leila title = Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes as a cell-free therapy for Patients Infected with COVID-19: Real Opportunities and Range of Promises date = 2020-11-12 keywords = Mesenchymal; cell; covid-19 summary = title: Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes as a cell-free therapy for Patients Infected with COVID-19: Real Opportunities and Range of Promises exosomes derived from allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (ExoFlo) were used for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive patients. Despite the potential of MSC-derived exosomes for treatment of SARS-CoV-2, the use of exosomes for any purpose in SARS-CoV-2, including but not limited to reducing cytokine storm, exerting regenerative effects or delivering drugs are currently pending the generation of appropriate manufacturing and quality control provisions (49) .Current clinical trials highlight the potential benefits of stem cell secretome therapies for COVID-19 patients. Mesenchymal stem cells as a potential treatment for critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 Treatment of severe COVID-19 with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as treatment for severe COVID-19. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes: a Nano Platform for Therapeutics and Drug Delivery in Combating COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.105009 id = cord-297395-5r4fxcuq author = Rezende, Leandro F. M. title = Adults at high-risk of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) in Brazil date = 2020-05-15 keywords = covid-19; risk summary = We estimated the proportion and number of adults (≥ 18 years) at risk of severe Covid-19 by sex, educational level, race/ethnicity, and state based on the presence of one or more of the following risk factors: age ≥ 65 years or medical diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, stroke, chronic kidney disease and moderate to severe asthma, smoking status, and obesity. Herein, we propose a calculation of the proportion and total number of the general adult population who may be at higher risk for severe Covid-19, based on routinely collected data from a nationwide, household-based survey in Brazil. Information on covariates including sex, race/ethnicity, educational level, and Brazilian state (26 states and the Federative District) were obtained to describe the proportion of adults at risk of severe Covid-19 by population strata. Compared with younger participants, older adults (≥ 65 years) were less educated, more likely women, white and presented higher prevalence of risk factors for severe Covid-19, except for smoking. doi = 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002596 id = cord-281276-rffp6qe2 author = Rhazi, Karima El title = Ethical issues related to the hydroxychloroquine treatment prescription for Covid-19 date = 2020-06-17 keywords = covid-19; label; patient summary = The paper conclude that, since health authorities in some countries recommended this off-label use treatment, physicians are challenged by the requirement of veracity while providing care to their patients and the implications of such a requirement; they are facing the challenge of balancing this guideline and their own conviction. To date and after the fifth months into the novel coronavirus pandemic, no drugs have demonstrated safety and efficacy in randomized controlled trials for patients with COVID-19. This decision has raised many questions and some ethical issues related to the hydroxychloroquine treatment prescription might emerge during the Covid-19 patients'' management. Reluctancy regarding the use of this drug for the treatment of patients with Covid-19 is justified by the absence of a high level of scientific evidence namely randomized controlled clinical trials proving the superiority of this drug for this indication, as we discussed above. doi = 10.1016/j.jemep.2020.100547 id = cord-256634-gg8hptfg author = Rhodes, N. J. title = Multicenter point-prevalence evaluation of the utilization and safety of drug therapies for COVID-19 date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19; patient; therapy summary = Conclusions: While we observed high rates of supportive care for patients with COVID-19, we also found that ADRs were common among patients receiving drug therapy including in clinical trials. The objective of this point-prevalence study was to characterize the drug therapies used in the management of COVID-19, including supportive care and combination therapies, in an attempt to identify safety signals among acutely ill hospitalized patients. Data elements collected included facility demographics, total number of hospital and ICU beds prior to the pandemic, U.S. Census region location, patient populations served, facility type (e.g., academic, community, inpatient rehabilitation), and active clinical trial site status. In addition to whether patients were receiving supportive care or drug therapies targeted at SARS-CoV-2, we collected basic patient demographic information and vital status (e.g., age, sex, comorbidities, oxygen requirement, and ICU status). Patients were significantly more likely to receive COVID-19 directed drug therapy if they were enrolled in a clinical trial (26.9% vs 3.2%; P <0.001). doi = 10.1101/2020.06.03.20121558 id = cord-253556-p1y0zeo1 author = Rhodes, Scott D. title = A rapid qualitative assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a racially/ethnically diverse sample of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men living with HIV in the US South date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; HIV; PLWH; participant summary = Our community-based participatory research partnership collected and analyzed semi-structured interview data to understand the early impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a sample of racially/ethnically diverse gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men living with HIV. Interventions are needed to ensure that PLWH have updated information and adhere to medication regimens, and to reduce the impact of COVID-19 on social isolation, economic stability, healthcare access, and other social determinants of health within this vulnerable population. Our long-standing community-based participatory research (CBPR) partnership sought to qualitatively explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic within a racially/ethnically diverse sample of GBMSM living with HIV. Another participant commented, "I am working out less to avoid public settings." (P9, White, 23 years old) However, some participants reported positive changes they had made in their health behaviors as a result of staying home and other adaptations related to COVID-19 prevention. doi = 10.21203/rs.3.rs-57507/v1 id = cord-282261-wcmc5mh6 author = Rhodus, Elizabeth K. title = COVID-19 and geriatric clinical trials research date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; clinical; trial summary = The COVID-19 crisis affects every aspect of clinical trial research engagement including: recruitment and retention; ability to ensure participant safety while engaged in experimental interventions; study procedures, including consideration of remote assessments, impact on populations with health disparities, and generalizability of future results; outcome measures, including biomarker assessment; impact on the clinical trial workforce, including attrition; impact on dissemination of results and scientific collaborations, which move the clinical trial infrastructure forward; current and future funding allocations; and regulatory considerations in regards to management of altered study conduct and change of outcome measures (Fig. 1) . The purpose of this article is to highlight the impact of disasters such as the COVID-19 pandemic on geriatric clinical trials research and propose approaches for the scientific community to continue pushing forward. The vulnerability of older adults to COVID-19 is a critical reminder for the need to prepare for disasters during clinical trial design. doi = 10.1007/s40520-020-01705-x id = cord-255695-10stetqg author = Riad, Abanoub title = Oral Candidiasis in Non‐Severe COVID‐19 Patients: Call for Antibiotic Stewardship date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Bacterial/fungal coinfection is a suggested etiological theory for the COVID‐19 related oral manifestations that may trigger overprescribing of broad‐spectrum antibiotics for COVID‐19 patients, especially for the ones who experience a longer course of the infection. Rigorous reporting of the clinical scenarios of fungal complications such as oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) which could cause life‐threatening candidemia may help in understanding the ongoing pandemic and the potential role of dentists in frontline teams.(1,2) Therefore, we aim to describe a non‐severe COVID‐19 case with oral candidiasis according to the CARE guidelines.(3) Dear Editor, Bacterial/fungal coinfection is a suggested etiological theory for the COVID-19 related oral manifestations that may trigger overprescribing of broad-spectrum antibiotics for COVID-19 patients, especially for the ones who experience a longer course of the infection. Heretofore, only one cohort of 53 hospitalised COVID-19 cases with OPC was reported where cardiovascular diseases and diabetes were the most common underlying conditions in addition to other risk factors such as old age, ICU admission, lymphocytopenia, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and corticosteroids. doi = 10.1111/ors.12561 id = cord-315343-ywgoqlxj author = Ribeiro, Haroldo V. title = City size and the spreading of COVID-19 in Brazil date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; case; city summary = Our results indicate small towns are proportionally more affected by COVID-19 during the initial spread of the disease, such that the cumulative numbers of cases and deaths per capita initially decrease with population size. However, during the long-term course of the pandemic, this urban advantage vanishes and large cities start to exhibit higher incidence of cases and deaths, such that every 1% rise in population is associated with a 0.14% increase in the number of fatalities per capita after about four months since the first two daily deaths. Investigating whether this behavior generalizes to other places and how different quantities such as the number of cases and deaths scale with city size are thus important elements for a better understanding of the spreading of COVID-19 in urban areas. To test for an increasing urban advantage for the treatment of COVID-19 during the initial spread of the disease, we investigate the scaling relation between the number of hospital intensive care unit (ICU) beds and city population. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239699 id = cord-343122-lppdauei author = Ribeiro, Helena title = Does Vitamin D play a role in the management of Covid-19 in Brazil? date = 2020-05-22 keywords = covid-19; vitamin summary = The study discusses the possible role of adequate vitamin D status in plasma or serum for preventing acute respiratory infections during the Covid-19 pandemic. Our arguments respond to an article, published in Italy, that describes the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in older Italian women and raises the possible preventive and therapeutic role of optimal vitamin D levels. (Isaia and Medico, 2020, p.1) a Reference studies show the role of optimal vitamin D levels in the prevention and control of severe respiratory infections. 12 hypothesize that supplementation with vitamin D, to increase concentrations in the general population, above 38 ng/ml, would result in significant health benefit, by reducing the burden of viral infections of the respiratory tract in healthy adults living in temperate climates. Adequate vitamin D status may play a role in prevention and management of respiratory tract infections, which might include the Covid-19 pandemic, especially among the older population and health professionals worldwide. doi = 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002545 id = cord-281887-b511bjdy author = Ribeiro, Reitan title = Perioperative Cancer Care in the Context of Limited Resources during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology Recommendations date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS; patient summary = DISCUSSION: The rational use of resources to reduce the risk of surgical cancer patients being operated on during the incubation period of a corona virus infection is important in this context. CONCLUSIONS: We present a protocol, focused on the patients'' outcomes, for safe and rational use of resources to reduce the risk of surgical cancer patients being operated on during the virus incubation period, in the context of areas with limited resources. Our objective was to present the Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology (BSSO) protocol for rational use of resources and for reducing the risk of surgical cancer patients being operated on during the coronavirus incubation period, in the context of areas with limited resources, and focused on patient outcomes. In light of all the previous considerations, Table 3 presents our suggested protocol for the rational use of resources to reduce the risk of surgical cancer patients from being operated on during the COVID-19 incubation period, in the context of areas with limited resources. doi = 10.1245/s10434-020-09098-x id = cord-298817-q29br2o5 author = Ribera, Aida title = El riesgo competitivo puede explicar en gran medida la disminución de los ingresos por enfermedad cardiovascular aguda durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Respuesta date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: El riesgo competitivo puede explicar en gran medida la disminución de los ingresos por enfermedad cardiovascular aguda durante la pandemia de COVID-19. La existencia de riesgos competitivos es también una de nuestras principales hipótesis para explicar la reducción de ingresos por enfermedad cardiovascular aguda durante la pandemia de COVID-19 1 . El exceso de mortalidad por cualquier causa de más del 50% que hubo en Cataluña (11.568 defunciones), especialmente de mayores de 74 años (9.749) 2 , explicaría también el ligero descenso de la media de edad de los pacientes atendidos 3 . El riesgo competitivo puede explicar en gran medida la disminución de los ingresos por enfermedad cardiovascular aguda durante la pandemia de COVID-19 Reducción de los ingresos por infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en Cataluña durante la pandemia de COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.recesp.2020.08.015 id = cord-011482-c2jdjh2u author = Riccardo, Bertolo title = Re: Reflections on the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-011482-c2jdjh2u title: Re: Reflections on the COVID-19 Pandemic cord_uid: c2jdjh2u To date, real-time polymerase chain reaction in respiratory samples is the gold standard method for diagnosing COVID-19 (6) . Nevertheless, molecular tests are time consuming, requiring specialized operators, thus limiting widespread use in real-life. This is why we adopted VivaDiagTM COVID-19 IgM/IgG test. Reflections on the COVID-19 Pandemic Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Urologist''s clinical practice in Brazil: a management guideline proposal for low-and middle-income countries during the crisis period Robotic Urology Section) guidelines during COVID-19 emergency. Performance of VivaDiag COVID-19 IgM/ IgG Rapid Test is inadequate for diagnosis of COVID-19 in acute patients referring to emergency room department Development and clinical application of a rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody test for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis To the president Ettore Sansavini, who offered the health-care professionals of San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, to undergo the test. doi = 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2020.0306 id = cord-275978-pezm1tnw author = Riccardo, Flavia title = Epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases in Italy and estimates of the reproductive numbers one month into the epidemic date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; SARS; case summary = Methods We analysed data from the national case-based integrated surveillance system of all RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 infections as of March 24th 2020, collected from all Italian regions and autonomous provinces. However, once interventions are introduced or the susceptibility in the population decreases, the transmission potential at a given time t is measured as the net reproduction number Rt. In this paper, we estimated both R0 and Rt for Italian regions in different epidemiological situations (high, intermediate and low age-adjusted attack rates), selected among those with highest data robustness. In this paper, we summarize key epidemiological findings from data on the first 62,843 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Italy, including 5,541 associated deaths, and initial findings on SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility across different regions. In this paper, we summarize key epidemiological findings from data on the first 62,843 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Italy, including 5,541 associated deaths, and initial findings on SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility across different regions. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.08.20056861 id = cord-274470-82nhmusm author = Ricciardi, Gabriella title = Go back to the basics: Cardiac surgery residents at the time of COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; resident summary = Eventually, due to the inhospital risk of disease transmission, the number of working doctors has been restricted and some providers have been moved to hospital areas in dire need of physicians experienced in caring for critically ill patients. The SOcial MEdia platforms (SoMe), such as LinkedIn or Twitter, provide an excellent example of the unique opportunity of coupling personal professional advancement with up-to-date technological breakthroughs. 5 The role of these networks is undisguised also from the pandemic perspective since they have been used by world-famous iconic surgeons and doctors to popularize educational daily tips in form of "tweets" or short messages about the disease itself, the way it spreads, the measurements to minimize its diffusion and other related virus-issues. To the point, The COVID-19 era is teaching us, as doctors and Residents, that we are scientists before anything else. doi = 10.1111/jocs.14680 id = cord-035290-ungilw9s author = Rice, Louis title = After Covid-19: urban design as spatial medicine date = 2020-11-11 keywords = covid-19; health; urban summary = The entire world is facing the same acute health emergency of Covid-19 which is already impacting half of the global population, and as the majority of the world now inhabits urban settings, urban dwellers are the most affected. After Covid-19, urban design ought to become a form of spatial medicine, whereby the design of built environments positively contributes and facilitates human and planetary health and wellbeing. During the Covid-19 lockdown, there are changes to the determinants of health, the diverse range of environmental, economic and social factors that impact on human wellbeing, compared to the pre-Covid period. The Covid-19 event is perhaps an appropriate juncture for ''health'' to be considered as a new tenet for the urban design profession? The post-Covid-19 practice of urban design may be described as a form of ''spatial medicine'' (Fig. 1) . Temporal dimension These sub-categories comprise the wide range of issues that impact on humans, the natural world and planetary health. doi = 10.1057/s41289-020-00142-6 id = cord-011793-hlktpla4 author = Rice, Todd W. title = In Defense of Evidence-based Medicine for the Treatment of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Although the desire to try to treat these patients with already approved drugs is understandable, what is less understandable is the desire in medical publications and on social media to abandon the principles of evidence-based critical care that we have established over the last 3 decades (9), because "I have never seen patients with ARDS act like this." Large, well-designed, multicenter randomized trials have set the foundation of an evidence-based practice of how to produce the best outcomes for critically ill patients. Instead, improved outcomes are seen through understanding and implementing best practices derived via strong scientific evidence generated from well-designed randomized controlled trials into the routine care of critically ill patients. Maintaining other principles of good critical care, as demonstrated in large, multicenter randomized trials, will also improve outcomes in these critically ill patients with COVID-19, even if "COVID-19 is completely different from other intensive care unit syndromes." Conservative fluid management once out of shock and without renal failure increases time alive and free from ventilation (15) . doi = 10.1513/annalsats.202004-325ip id = cord-031818-lawd185l author = Rich, Robert Soler title = Expanded mesenchymal stem cells: a novel therapeutic approach for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (COVID-19). Concepts regarding a first case() date = 2020-09-12 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = title: Expanded mesenchymal stem cells: a novel therapeutic approach for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (COVID-19). Letter to the Editor Expanded Mesenchymal Stem Cells: a novel therapeutic approach for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (COVID-19). Concepts regarding a first case in Spain To the Editor: When the natural immune response does not control the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, it induces the production of macrophages and granulocytes with the consequent massive release of CD4 + T cells that produce IL-6 and other proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in lung tissue damage 1,2 . This challenge was faced by researchers from the University of Shanghai, intravenously infusing a suspension of mesenchymal cells (MSC), reporting rapid clinical, radiological and laboratory improvements, comparing them with those of the untreated control group 5 ; effects attributable to the massive release of anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative cytokines from these cells that are trapped in the pulmonary capillaries. doi = 10.1016/j.medcle.2020.06.011 id = cord-024073-243addff author = Richards, Guy title = COVID-19 and the Rationale for Pharmacotherapy: A South African Perspective date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; patient summary = doi = 10.18772/26180197.2020.v2nsia2 id = cord-033660-rbhs15og author = Richards-Belle, Alvin title = Critical care outcomes, for the first 200 patients with confirmed COVID-19, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: A report from the ICNARC Case Mix Programme date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; care; critical summary = 5 To help inform planning of critical care services, both centrally and locally, the Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre (ICNARC), was well placed to rapidly collate, analyse and report data, weekly, on patients critically ill with confirmed COVID-19 by virtue of its co-ordination of the Case Mix Programme (CMP), the national clinical audit for adult critical care covering England, Wales and Northern Ireland. This paper presents a new analysis of 60-day outcomes for the first 200 consecutive patients critically ill with confirmed COVID-19 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and explores the potential bias in the ICNARC weekly reports. ICNARC was well placed to rapidly collate, analyse and report data on patients critically ill with confirmed COVID-19 by virtue of its co-ordination of the CMP, the national clinical audit for adult critical care covering England, Wales and Northern Ireland. doi = 10.1177/1751143720961672 id = cord-300192-fgueg4mo author = Richardson, David P. title = Nutritional status of micronutrients as a possible and modifiable risk factor for COVID-19: a UK perspective date = 2020-08-20 keywords = covid-19; vitamin summary = Recent scientific evidence has indicated that the elderly have increased risk of COVID-19 infections, with over 70s and 80s being hardest hit – especially residents of care homes and in clinical settings, ethnic minorities, people who work indoors and those who are overweight and obese. Many of the risk factors identified so far that are related to viral infections and deaths from COVID-19 have underlying associations with nutritional status and specific essential nutrients that are known to contribute to the normal functions of the immune system. Furthermore, consumption of excessive quantities of some micronutrients can have adverse metabolic and health effects, and total intakes of each nutrient from all food and food supplement sources must take into account the tolerable upper safe level set by expert scientific committees such as European Food Safety Authority (78) , the Food and Nutrition Board/Institute of Medicine in the USA (31, 47, 79) and the UK Expert Vitamin and Mineral Group (80) . doi = 10.1017/s000711452000330x id = cord-352096-cc3dzycl author = Richman, Douglas D. title = Antiviral Drug Discovery To Address the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Regardless of whether or when a vaccine becomes available, antivirals for SARS-CoV-2 will still be needed for several reasons: the unlikelihood that a vaccine will be 100% effective, the incompleteness of vaccine coverage because of both vaccine hesitancy and the numerous logistical challenges to accomplishing prompt large-scale immunization of the majority of the population, the possibility of limited durability of vaccine protection, the need for additional prophylaxis for high-risk subjects and poor vaccine responders, and the future value of effective antiviral treatment for Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and new coronaviruses that will likely emerge from zoonoses. suggest that the purported activity against SARS-CoV-2 of the two HIV protease inhibitors, lopinavir and nelfinavir, is probably attributable to cellular toxicity. Structurebased design of antiviral drug candidates targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease AT-527 is a potent in vitro replication inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1128/mbio.02134-20 id = cord-024564-ff5ex004 author = Ricoca Peixoto, Vasco title = Epidemic Surveillance of Covid-19: Considering Uncertainty and Under-Ascertainment date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; case summary = Addressing under-ascertainment of cases is relevant in most surveillance systems, especially in pandemics of new diseases with a large spectrum of clinical presentations as it may influence timings of policy implementation and public risk perception. From this perspective, this article presents and discusses early evidence on under-ascertainment of COVID-19 and its motifs, options for surveillance, and reflections around their importance to tailor public health measures. In the case of COVID-19, systematically addressing and estimating under-ascertainment of cases is essential to tailor timely public health measures, and communicating these findings is of the utmost importance for policy making and public perception. One document of the European Centre of Disease Control (ECDC) [10] reports that "the detection of CO-VID-19 cases and/or deaths outside of known chains of transmission is a strong signal that social distancing mea-sures should be considered." However, with restrictive testing strategies, these signals may be missed. doi = 10.1159/000507587 id = cord-034690-x8lkngra author = Ridge, Carole A title = Dual-Energy CT Pulmonary Angiography (DECTPA) Quantifies Vasculopathy in Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia date = 2020-10-29 keywords = COVID-19; PBV; patient summary = Qualitative and quantitative analysis of perfused blood volume (PBV) maps recorded: i) perfusion defect ''pattern'' (wedge-shaped, mottled or amorphous), ii) presence of PT and CT obstruction index (CTOI) and iii) PBV relative to pulmonary artery enhancement (PBV/PAenh); PBV/PAenh was also compared with seven healthy volunteers and correlated with D-Dimer and CTOI. Accordingly, in the present study we aimed to evaluate the relationships between a quantitative measure of perfusion on DECTPA (relative perfused blood volume, PBV/PAenh) (22) , and i) disease duration, ii) right ventricular dysfunction on echocardiography iii) Ddimer levels and (iv) obstruction score (23) in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. This early data demonstrated perfusion defects on perfused blood volume (PBV) maps, when available, as well as the presence of vascular dilatation on conventional CT, hypercoagulability and an increased dead space in 39 patients suggesting that pulmonary angiopathy was accountable for hypoxia observed in patients requiring mechanical ventilation for severe COVID-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1148/ryct.2020200428 id = cord-291697-wpnq9wc0 author = Riechelmann, Rachel P title = Evidence-based recommendations for gastrointestinal cancers during the COVID-19 pandemic by the Brazilian Gastrointestinal Tumours Group date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; EOR; cancer; patient; treatment summary = RESULTS: Overall and tumour-specific recommendations were made by stage (including surgical, locoregional, radiotherapy, systemic treatments and follow-up strategies) for the most common gastrointestinal malignancies: esophagus, gastric, pancreas, bile duct, hepatocellular, colorectal, anal cancer and neuroendocrine tumours. All the recommendations proposed in this manuscript, besides being evidencebased, aimed at the following objectives: (1) to prioritise curative-intent cancer treatments during the pandemic; (2) to support the treatment of aggressive tumours when effective therapies are available; (3) to decrease the number of or delay oncological non-priority surgeries; (4) to decrease hospital visits (e.g., substitute intravenous for similarly effective oral drugs; propose when and to whom treatments delays/ interruption/watchful waiting can be offered); (5) to minimise anticancer therapy-related immunosuppression in specific high-risk groups (here defined as: elderly, comorbid illnesses [especially diabetes, cardiovascular and/or pulmonary concurrent diseases], fragility, ECOG 2 or higher). doi = 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1048 id = cord-322704-0suc6pt6 author = Riffe, T. title = COVeAGE-DB: A database of age-structured COVID-19 cases and deaths. date = 2020-09-23 keywords = age; covid-19 summary = COVerAGE-DB is an open access database including cumulative counts of confirmed COVID-19 cases, deaths, and tests by age and sex. Centralization, standardization, and harmonization of data is critical to enable comparisons of the demographic impact of COVID-19 vis-à-vis differences in the age-compositions of confirmed infections and deaths. At this writing, the database contai ns daily counts of COVID-19 cases, deaths, and tests performed by age and sex for 87 national and 195 subnational populations around the world, depending on the available data for each source. Generally, COVID-19 cases, deaths and tests are reported as counts in 10-year age groups, but some sources report data in other metrics (fractions, percents, ratios) or as summary indicators such as case fatality ratios by age. The main strength of COVerAGE-DB is to provide a centralized, open-access, and fully reproducible repository of age-and sex-specific case, death, and test counts from COVID-19, collected from official sources, and harmonized to standard output formats. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.18.20197228 id = cord-298894-t5hyfum3 author = Rifino, Nicola title = Neurologic manifestations in 1760 COVID-19 patients admitted to Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy date = 2020-10-07 keywords = CSF; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = Neurological manifestations were classified as: (a) cerebrovascular disease [53 pts (38.7%)] including 37 ischemic and 11 haemorrhagic strokes, 4 transient ischemic attacks, 1 cerebral venous thrombosis; (b) peripheral nervous system diseases [31 (22.6%)] including 17 Guillain–Barrè syndromes; (c) altered mental status [49 (35.8%)] including one necrotizing encephalitis and 2 cases with RT-PCR detection of SARS-Cov-2 RNA in CSF; (d) miscellaneous disorders, among whom 2 patients with myelopathy associated with Ab anti-SARS-CoV-2 in CSF. COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed: (1) by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) on nasopharyngeal specimens [13] ; or (2) by RT-PCR on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) obtained by bronchoscopy in case of high clinical suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 infection and negative test results on at least two nasopharyngeal swabs performed at least 24 h apart; or (3) in the presence of characteristic radiological interstitial pneumonia associated with typical symptoms (fever, dry cough, dyspnea), even with negative RT-PCR, with no other possible aetiologic explanation. doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-10251-5 id = cord-346539-kxnrf5g5 author = Riggioni, Carmen title = A compendium answering 150 questions on COVID‐19 and SARS‐CoV‐2 date = 2020-06-14 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; cell; clinical; figure; infection; patient; respiratory; severe summary = This paper answers pressing questions, formulated by young clinicians and scientists, on SARS‐CoV‐2, COVID‐19 and allergy, focusing on the following topics: virology, immunology, diagnosis, management of patients with allergic disease and asthma, treatment, clinical trials, drug discovery, vaccine development and epidemiology. The first cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), were reported in China in December 2019 1 and rapidly led to pandemic. 40, 41 A seroconversion study in COVID-19 patients has found and association between disease severity and SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA levels. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy may potentiate the low IFN-I and -III levels and moderate IFN-stimulated gene response reported in SARS-CoV-2-infected ferrets and COVID-19 patients. Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial doi = 10.1111/all.14449 id = cord-305000-yx4fu9ds author = Riley, Matthew J. title = Hereditary haemochromatosis, haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and COVID-19 date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19; HFE summary = Background Syndromes of iron overload have been shown to increase the risk of severe clinical disease in viral infections. We present here the case of a 51-year-old man who developed severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) complicated by suspected haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). What does exist, however, is an evidence base for the detrimental impacts iron overload has on viral infections in general and the negative effects of HH on the immune system. Loss of structural integrity of the mutant HFE protein results in reduced expression on the extracellular surface and causes cellular uptake of iron to increase [7] . Homozygous and heterozygous mutations in HFE C282Y have been shown to cause hepatic iron overload promoting steatosis and liver fibrosis in HCV-infected patients [1] . The case shows a patient with hyperinflammation and COVID-19 with an underlying diagnosis of HH that was treated with Anakinra, that went on to develop hepatotoxicity, possibly as a result. doi = 10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100052 id = cord-335720-pfo5oup7 author = Riley, William T title = National Institutes of Health social and behavioral research in response to the SARS-CoV2 Pandemic date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; NIH; health summary = Research: The National Institutes of Health has developed a range of behavioral and social science research initiatives to address the evaluation of COVID-19 mitigation strategies, their economic, social, and health impacts, interventions to bridge health care access disruptions, and the uptake and interpretation of virus testing, particularly in vulnerable and underserved communities. Early in the pandemic, NIH institutes, centers, and offices issued several calls for research using rapid funding mechanisms to communicate interest and priorities addressing research questions regarding mitigation effects, economic, and social impacts, downstream health effects, and the disproportionate effects in vulnerable and health disparities populations. The Social, Behavioral, and Economic Impacts of COVID-19, Particularly in Vulnerable and Health Disparities Populations Workgroup has developed funding opportunities to implement and evaluate digital and community-based interventions to extend the health care workforce, bridge health care access limitations, and engage communities to understand and reduce the adverse impacts of the pandemic on the health of underserved and vulnerable populations (NOT-MH-20-53, https://grants.nih. doi = 10.1093/tbm/ibaa075 id = cord-342599-558yn6pu author = Rinchai, Darawan title = A modular framework for the development of targeted Covid-19 blood transcript profiling panels date = 2020-05-22 keywords = SARS; covid-19; figure; module; transcript summary = Here we aimed to develop an approach to support the design of focused blood transcriptome panels for profiling the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. As a proof of principle, we designed three targeted blood transcript panels, each with a different translational connotation: therapeutic development relevance, SARS biology relevance and immunological relevance. In this proof of principle study, we used the available transcript profiling data from two separate studies to select Covid-19 relevant sets of modules (8, 9) . One of these applications provides access to module-level transcript abundance profiles for available Covid-19 blood transcriptome profiling datasets. Despite large differences between the two studies in terms of design, range of clinical severity, technology platforms and module coverage, the combined overall changes (detected at a high-level perspective) are consistent with those observed in known acute infections, such as those caused by influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or S. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.20.107243 id = cord-279480-nqp1pc9v author = Ring, Laurence E. title = What Obstetricians should know about Obstetric Anesthesia during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-26 keywords = covid-19; delivery; patient summary = Suggested modifications include an added emphasis on avoiding general anesthesia, a strong encouragement to infected individuals to opt for early neuraxial analgesia, and the prevention of emergent cesarean delivery, whenever possible. Compared to standard care in noninfected patients, the anesthesiologist may be more likely to replace a questionably functional epidural catheter in COVID-19 infected patients, in hopes to avoid urgent situations that may increase the odds for patient adverse outcomes (e.g. accidental dural puncture during a replacement of epidural catheter, or general anesthesia if urgent cesarean delivery) or avoidable exposures for healthcare providers (rushed replacement of neuraxial analgesia/anesthesia or general anesthesia in the operating room). If there does need to be a cesarean delivery on a patient who does not have an epidural catheter and is COVID-19 positive, the anesthesia team will need to weigh the risk of general anesthesia, including the risk staff exposure, to the possible risk of delay due to placement of a neuraxial block (typically a single shot spinal). doi = 10.1016/j.semperi.2020.151277 id = cord-267624-v6e9zzfg author = Rinkel, L. A. title = Impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on acute stroke care date = 2020-07-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = We included consecutive patients who presented to the emergency departments with a suspected stroke and assessed the change in number of patients as an incidence-rate ratio (IRR) using a Poisson regression analysis. We assessed the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on trends in hospital admissions for (suspected) stroke, patient characteristics, and workflow parameters of acute stroke care in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Study outcomes were: (1) change in the number of emergency department presentations; (2) change in proportion of stroke patients treated with IVT and EVT; (3) change in IVT and EVT treatment times; and (4) in-hospital complications. We observed a 24% decrease in the number of patients with a suspected stroke in the hospitals in the Amsterdam area during the height of the COVID-19 outbreak compared to a pre-COVID-19 control period. In summary, we found a substantial decrease in the number of suspected stroke presentations during the COVID-19 outbreak in the Amsterdam area, but no evidence for a change in quality of acute stroke care. doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-10069-1 id = cord-280722-glcifqyp author = Rios, V. title = Is there a link between temperatures and COVID-19 contagions? Evidence from Italy date = 2020-05-19 keywords = BMA; contagion; covid-19; international; model; temperature; variable summary = From an empirical perspective, the strand of literature analyzing its determinants has highlighted the relevance of different factors in shaping regional reactions to COVID-19 epidemic, such as air pollution (AQR, 2020a; Pansini and Fonaca, 2020; Setti et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020) , social mobility and connectedness (Arenas et al., 2020; Pluchino et al., 2020; Kuchler et al., 2020) , population density (Fang and Wahba, 2020; AQR, 2020b) , the level of policy stringency and the timings of the lockdowns Orea and Alvarez, 2020; Casares and Khan, 2020) , or the effects of proactive testing (Wang et al., 2020b; Romer, 2020) among others. (2020) investigate the link between climate factors within a sample of 50 cities of different countries all over the world by means of linear regression techniques finding that temperatures 2 meters above the surface, exert a negative and statistically significant effect on the total number of contagions whereas humidity increases them. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.13.20101261 id = cord-299104-kb5gsig5 author = Riou, Marianne title = Clinical characteristics of and outcomes for patients with COVID-19 and comorbid lung diseases primarily hospitalized in a conventional pulmonology unit: a retrospective study date = 2020-11-12 keywords = CLD; COVID-19; ICU summary = title: Clinical characteristics of and outcomes for patients with COVID-19 and comorbid lung diseases primarily hospitalized in a conventional pulmonology unit: a retrospective study Background: Scant data are currently available about a potential link between comorbid chronic lung diseases and the risk and severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Methods: To describe the clinical characteristics of and outcomes for patients with COVID-19 infection, including patients with comorbid respiratory diseases, who have been primarily hospitalized in the pulmonology department of Strasbourg University Hospital, France. Further studies are warranted to determine the risk of COVID-19 for patients with comorbid chronic lung diseases. Despite a relative poor characterization of the mechanisms of COVID-19, known complications including pneumonia and acute respiratory failure led pulmonologists to prepare for the worst for their patients with comorbid chronic lung diseases (CLD) [2, 3] . doi = 10.1016/j.resmer.2020.100801 id = cord-252783-iw3hgkpj author = Risch, Harvey A title = Response to: Comment on “Early Outpatient Treatment of Symptomatic, High-Risk Covid-19 Patients That Should be Ramped-Up Immediately as Key to the Pandemic Crisis” date = 2020-07-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Response to: Comment on "Early Outpatient Treatment of Symptomatic, High-Risk Covid-19 Patients That Should be Ramped-Up Immediately as Key to the Pandemic Crisis" However, the tested Marseille subjects were all self-referred individuals, many from lower socioeconomic strata or recent immigrants, mostly with disease symptoms or known to have had exposure to people with symptoms, and their 152/1,061=14% "conventional unit" hospitalization suggests that at least this number would have been at high risk. Early outpatient treatment of symptomatic, high-risk Covid-19 patients that should be ramped-up immediately as key to the pandemic crisis Early outpatient treatment of symptomatic, high-risk Covid-19 patients that should be ramped-up immediately as key to the pandemic crisis Early treatment of 1061 COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin Early treatment of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: A retrospective analysis of 1061 cases in Outcomes of 3,737 COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin and other regimens in Marseille, France: a retrospective analysis doi = 10.1093/aje/kwaa156 id = cord-355023-68lp7i5v author = Rishi, Praveen title = Diet, Gut Microbiota and COVID-19 date = 2020-09-28 keywords = India; covid-19; diet; gut; microbiota summary = In this context, a plant based rich fiber diet, which happens to be consumed by a majority of the Indian population, appears to be advantageous, as it replenishes the host gut microbiota with beneficial microbes thereby leading to a symbiotic association conferring various health benefits to the host including enhanced immunity. Further, implementation of the lockdown which has proven to be a good non-pharmacological measure, seems to have resulted in consumption of home cooked healthy diet, thereby enriching the beneficial microflora in the gut, which might have resulted in better prognosis of COVID-19 patients in India in comparison to that observed in the western countries. Here, it may be inferred that plant based, home cooked, rich fiber diet consumed by the Indian population during lockdown, might have resulted in generation of symbiotic microflora, thereby eliciting anti-inflammatory responses. doi = 10.1007/s12088-020-00908-0 id = cord-325649-zzhsrytw author = Rispoli, Rossella title = Spine surgery in Italy in the COVID-19 era: Proposal for assessing and responding to the regional state of emergency date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = By the time of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of the novel coronavirus as a global pandemic (1) , many hospitals in northern Italy were already overcrowded by COVID-19 patients, especially intensive care units, where about 50% of all available ICU beds were occupied by COVID-19 patients ( 2 ) . These include postponing elective surgical procedures until a more appropriate time, putting in place strategies to ensure urgent/emergency operations during the pandemic, defining type of hospital and the assistance pathways, designating COVID-19 operating rooms for urgent procedures with guidance information posted conspicuously to all the professionals, ensuring systematic and correct use of appropriate PPE, controlling and limiting the number of patients'' visitors, developing support strategies for healthcare professionals, and treating outpatients through telemedicine (teleorientation, telemonitoring, and teleinterconsultation) (5) . doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.001 id = cord-294537-wpq1492g author = Ritschl, Paul V. title = Solid organ transplantation programs facing lack of empiric evidence in the COVID‐19 pandemic: A By‐proxy Society Recommendation Consensus approach date = 2020-05-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; transplant summary = title: Solid organ transplantation programs facing lack of empiric evidence in the COVID‐19 pandemic: A By‐proxy Society Recommendation Consensus approach 6 As no consensus guidelines or international recommendations have been published on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) and organ transplant, the aim of this study was to offer a consensus-based approach to manage transplant programs until reliable data on risk and benefits of conducting organ transplants in times of a viral pandemic are available. the United Kingdom recommend a low threshold for SARS-CoV-2testing in transplant patients after contact with a positively tested person or subject to a broader spectrum of COVID-19-associated symptoms. Although SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal PCR shows reasonable sensitivity, a recently published study demonstrates that of 51 COVID-19 patients only 36 were initially positive in NAT. Until now, no solid organ transplant procedure has reportedly been performed on a SARS-CoV-2-infected patient. Solid organ transplantation programs facing lack of empiric evidence in the COVID-19 pandemic: A By-proxy Society Recommendation Consensus approach doi = 10.1111/ajt.15933 id = cord-296306-xcomjvaa author = Rivett, Lucy title = Screening of healthcare workers for SARS-CoV-2 highlights the role of asymptomatic carriage in COVID-19 transmission date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; HCW; PPE; SARS; test summary = Significant differences exist in the availability of healthcare worker (HCW) SARS-CoV-2 testing between countries, and existing programmes focus on screening symptomatic rather than asymptomatic staff. Table 3 outlines the total number of SARS-CoV-2 tests performed in each screening group (HCW asymptomatic, HCW symptomatic, and HCW symptomatic household contact) categorised according to the ward with the highest anticipated risk of exposure to high; ''amber'', medium; ''green'', low; . Three subgroups of SARS-CoV-2 positive asymptomatic HCW Each individual in the HCW asymptomatic screening group was contacted by telephone to establish a clinical history, and COVID-19 probability criteria ( Table 1) were retrospectively applied to categorise any symptoms in the month prior to testing ( Figure 2 ). 12/30 (40%) individuals from the HCW asymptomatic screening group reported symptoms > 7 days prior to testing, and the majority experiencing symptoms consistent with a high probability of COVID-19 had appropriately self-isolated during that period. doi = 10.7554/elife.58728 id = cord-263061-ocplcdiv author = Rivetti, Luigi title = Management of Pacemaker Implantation during COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-10-24 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = This is the first case of complete atrioventricular block in a symptomatic patient affected by the COVID-19 infection treated with early pacemaker implantation to minimize the risk of virus contagion. Recently, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidance [2] and Italian position paper [3] about the treatment of cardiovascular (CV) disease in COVID 19 infection patients have been published; however, the suggested management of atrioventricular (AV) conduction disorder patients is not matching between the two proposed guidelines. Hence, the ESC recommendation [2] suggested a medical drug approach with isoprenaline and atropine and the implantation of temporary PM (tPM), leading the potential pPM after recovery from the COVID-19 infection. Conversely, the Italian position paper [3] recommends avoiding in any cases the tPM for risk infection, thus preferring early pPM implantation. doi = 10.1155/2020/8833660 id = cord-254014-jowjkd12 author = Rivillas, J. C. title = Social response to early-stage government control measures of COVID-19 in Colombia: population survey, April 8-20 2020. date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; Colombia; June summary = These recommendations directly affected the entire population and included: reducing physical contact; reducing mobility and cancelling unnecessary travel; working from home; cancelling mass events; a 14 day at-home isolation period for people who arrived from international trips, or in cases in which someone in the household experienced a high temperature and sustained coughing; as well as increasing the frequency of hand washing and the use of face masks on public transport. o In the group of people who are resisting 40% are men; 68% are under 39 years old; 40% have savings and one out ten reported mental health problems; and 64% supported the government measures. • People who had a favourable perception of national and local government response to control the transmission of COVID-19 adopted preventive isolation measures (voluntary and mandatory) in percentages over 85%. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.18.20135145 id = cord-182237-brzv7z2n author = Rizk-Allah, Rizk M. title = COVID-19 forecasting based on an improved interior search algorithm and multi-layer feed forward neural network date = 2020-04-06 keywords = COVID-19; ISACL; MFNN summary = title: COVID-19 forecasting based on an improved interior search algorithm and multi-layer feed forward neural network The proposed forecasting model, named ISACL-MFNN, integrates an improved interior search algorithm (ISA) based on chaotic learning (CL) strategy into a multi-layer feed-forward neural network (MFNN). The process of algorithm is continued for updating the solutions (parameters) iteratively until the stop condition is reached, and then the achieved best parameters are invoked for configuring the structure of the MFNN model to perform the forecasting and analyzing the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19. The proposed ISACL algorithm is developed via two improvements which are the composition group based on individuals'' experience to emphasize the diversity of the population, and chaotic learning strategy is carried out on the best solution to improve its quality during the optimization process. doi = nan id = cord-263321-pzmo4hja author = Roach, P. title = Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on well-being and virtual care for people living with dementia and care partners living in the community date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; care; dementia; social summary = To understand the lived experience of social and physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada we remotely interviewed 21 participants who normally attend a dementia specialty clinic in Calgary, Alberta, during a period where essential businesses were closed and healthcare had abruptly transitioned to telemedicine. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.04.20122192 doi: medRxiv preprint Social distancing and cognitive decline A number of participants also expressed concern that the person living with dementia was experiencing more cognitive decline since the start of the public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strengths of the study include that it was embedded in a prospective clinic registry which enabled us to quickly contact people living with dementia and their care partners during the COVID-19 pandemic, and link their data to physician collected information on cognitive assessment and disease diagnosis. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.04.20122192 id = cord-334311-i88ccp9w author = Robb, Catherine E. title = Associations of Social Isolation with Anxiety and Depression During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of Older Adults in London, UK date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; depression; report summary = We conducted separate multinomial logistic regression models to assess the association between each of the following factors: sex (men, women), age (continuous, years), marital status (married/partnered, single/widowed/divorced), smoking (no, yes), alcohol consumption (continuous, units per week), sleep quality (not ever, < once per week, 1-2 times per week, ≥3-times per week), feelings of loneliness (never, rarely, sometimes, often), household composition (not living alone, living alone), level of remote friend/family contact via technology (daily, 2-6 times per week, ≤ once per week) and their association with risk of change in components of anxiety and depression since lockdown as separate outcomes (worsened, improved, no change). To our awareness, only one other study of a much smaller sample (n=236) reported on the associations of COVID-19-related social isolation on mental health among older people exclusively (44) , but the authors did not investigate the risk of age. doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591120 id = cord-329985-5rji08p7 author = Robba, Chiara title = Distinct phenotypes require distinct respiratory management strategies in severe COVID-19 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = ARDS; covid-19; patient summary = The abnormalities observed on chest computed tomography (CT) and the clinical presentation of COVID-19 patients are not always like those of typical acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and can change over time. Few data are available on the efficacy of noninvasive support-which includes continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), noninvasive ventilation (NIV), and high flow nasal oxygen (HFNO)-in COVID-19 pneumonia. When hypoxemia and respiratory failure persist or worsen after oxygen therapy or within a short time (1 hour) of placement of HFNO or NIV support, or in case of persistent hypercapnia, organ failure, coma, risk or aspiration, or hemodynamic instability, invasive mechanical ventilation should J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f be implemented as soon as possible (Fig. 2) . As noted above, we have found that chest CT findings in COVID-19 fall into three different phenotypes, each warranting unique mechanical ventilation settings and management strategies, which should thus be individualized based on clinical and CT features (Fig. 1, Additional File 1, Fig. S1 ). doi = 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103455 id = cord-324722-hcil0kj3 author = Robbins, Shira L. title = Economic impact on pediatric ophthalmologists in the time of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; practice summary = For private practices (solo, multispecialty, and pediatric only), 43% of physicians (122/282) applied for the EIDL, and 40% received the loan. In contrast, for private practices, with 90% responding to the question, 50% (157/315) reported a reduction of >51% in staff through furlough or dismissal; 36% (112/315) reduced staff by >76 %. Within the private practice subgroups, each reported similar rates of respondents who will limit Medicaid patients. Disproportionate staff reduction by multispecialty groups may result from the AAO recommendation to cease all nonemergent care in contrast to pediatric ophthalmology practices, which may have been more influenced by the AAP''s directive to remain available for patients. 9 This survey revealed that a large number (nearly 90%) of pediatric ophthalmologists were either furloughed or had their salary reduced, and approximately 10% of those in private practice filed for unemployment. Although all sectors of pediatric ophthalmology were affected by the reduction in patient volume, at the 1-month juncture, the effect on private practices was greatest. doi = 10.1016/j.jaapos.2020.06.002 id = cord-346062-q0trgj12 author = Robert, René title = Ethical dilemmas due to the Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; care; family; patient summary = The devastating pandemic that has stricken the worldwide population induced an unprecedented influx of patients in ICUs, raising ethical concerns not only surrounding triage and withdrawal of life support decisions, but also regarding family visits and quality of end-of-life support. As a result, four new options never applied to date were considered with the common aim of saving a maximum number of lives: to prioritize ICU beds for patients with the best prognosis; to increase at all costs the number of ICU beds, thereby creating stepdown ICUs; to organize transfer to distant ICUs with more beds available, or to accelerate withdrawal of life support in ICUs. Additionally, to protect the patients'' relatives, visits for families were prohibited or strongly limited and adequate communication between caregivers and families was disrupted, counteracting more than 20 years of research aimed at improving interaction with families and quality of care during EOL [1] . doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00702-7 id = cord-276249-9opsg7p2 author = Roberto, Katrina T. title = Electroencephalographic findings in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review date = 2020-09-15 keywords = EEG; covid-19; patient summary = Patients with critical medical illnesses are known to be at risk for neurological complications like seizures and status epilepticus; however, the evidence is substantially limited in the context of COVID-19 infection (3) . Thus, the objective of this study was to review the EEG findings in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection through a systematic review of published relevant articles. We considered case reports/series, cross-sectional and cohort studies that reported on descriptive EEG findings in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection. Other electroencephalographic findings reported in the available literature include isoelectric EEG consistent with brain death in two cases (1.1%) in one study and fast activity superimposed on slow waves in three patients (1.7%) (22, 23) . Although it is well known that critically ill patients are at high risk for seizures and Focal non-epileptic slowing is another EEG abnormality seen in a number of COVID-19 cases. EEG findings in acutely ill patients investigated for SARS-CoV2/COVID-19: a small case series preliminary report doi = 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.09.007 id = cord-291397-look6ddt author = Roberto, Palumbo title = Current treatment of COVID-19 in renal patients: hope or hype? date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; HCL; SARS; patient summary = Given the lack of specific therapy about the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infection, we conducted a brief review to summarize the mechanism of action and the potentially side effects of the treatment currently available, focusing on the effects of the drugs on renal disease at different stages in terms of therapeutic management and survival. A randomized clinical trial, handled by a Chinese group, suggested that in hospitalized adult patients with severe infection, no benefit was observed with lopinavir/ritonavir beyond standard care in terms of time to clinical improvement, reduction of mortality and safety (side effects and discontinuation of treatment) [29, 30] . Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02510-0 id = cord-337061-nefb7a8c author = Roberts, Stephanie A. title = Considerations for Providing Pediatric Gender-Affirmative Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-14 keywords = covid-19; gender summary = As interdisciplinary professionals working with gender diverse youth, it is crucial that we continue to provide access to gender-affirming care (GAC) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Before the pandemic, telemedicine was an effective delivery method of mental health services and consultation in GAC, particularly for those living in more rural areas, and has been successfully used for gender diverse adolescents [1e4]. While professionals may find that the guidelines and laws of their respective state licensing and regulatory boards (e.g., practicing telemedicine across state lines) vary, it is imperative to overcome these challenges to provide continuity in care to support transgender and nonconforming youth during this time. Here we review considerations for optimizing GAC care of gender diverse youth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, gender diverse youth and their guardians should be reminded that fertility preservation does not have to occur before gender-affirming hormone therapy and studies have documented both successful pregnancy and oocyte retrieval after discontinuation of testosterone, and sperm retrieval after discontinuation of estrogen [17e19]. doi = 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.018 id = cord-302937-3yivxfi8 author = Robertson, Christopher T title = Indemnifying precaution: economic insights for regulation of a highly infectious disease date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; cost; individual; precaution; risk summary = For insights, we review health insurance moral hazard, agricultural infectious disease policy, and deterrence theory, but find that classic enforcement strategies of punishing noncompliant people are stymied. Under a strategy of social distancing, lockdown, or quarantine, individuals are directed or suggested to exercise precautions including staying home, closing businesses, wearing masks, and avoiding physical proximity to other persons. 17 For health insurance design, primary moral hazard may have a relatively small effect on risk-taking behavior, because individuals personally suffer many of the other risks associated with illness or injury (including pain, suffering, lost work, chance of death). In this case, although the risk does not approach zero, it is as if relative youth provides partial indemnity insurance against not only the healthcare costs, but also the pain, suffering, lost work, and chance of death that are associated with COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1093/jlb/lsaa032 id = cord-272566-rtnhndw3 author = Robertson, M. title = A national prospective cohort study of SARS/COV2 pandemic outcomes in the U.S.: The CHASING COVID Cohort date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COV2; COVID; SARS summary = Following baseline questionnaire completion, study participants will be contacted monthly (for 6 months) to complete assessments of engagement in non-pharmaceutical interventions (e.g., use of cloth masks, avoiding large gatherings); COVID-19 symptoms; SARS/COV2 testing and diagnosis; hospitalizations; healthcare access; and uptake of health messaging. 2, 3 In response to the COVID-19 pandemic the CUNY Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH) launched the Communities, Households and SARS/COV-2 Epidemiology (CHASING) COVID Cohort "C 3 " study on March 28, 2020 . For analyses to assess subsequent disease after Month 1, incident COVID-19 disease will be defined as development of new COVID-like symptoms > 7 days after the first (positive or negative) SARS/COV2 serologic test result. The C 3 cohort is geographically and socio-demographically diverse, and includes participants from many active hotspots during the recruitment period (March 28-April 20, 2020), as well as frontline health care workers and other essential employees, and individuals who are vulnerable to severe outcomes associated with SARS/COV2 infection. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.28.20080630 id = cord-316845-k9zvsfvj author = Robertson, Mary M. title = Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: advice in the times of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; GTS; SARS; patient summary = These include the coronaviruses, which have caused multiple major public health events that resulted in global pandemics such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS; or "bat SARS"), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) (Kandeel et al., 2020). GTS, as a complex neuropsychiatric disorder, offers many angles of attack for the current COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences (social distancing, home schooling, confinement/quarantine, and living in a general climate of fear). The authors discuss similarities of COVID-19 and tics in GTS and outline specific problems that may result from the pandemic for this group of patients. I like this small paper and find it interesting to read, since it alerts us that the current pandemic may be much more challenging for patients with GTS compared to healthy people. Also in Table 1 : "Viral infection -Coronavirus 19" please change in "SARS-CoV-2".The authors describe the different symptoms associated with COVID-19 including neurological complications. doi = 10.12688/f1000research.23275.2 id = cord-317450-tp2ckb6r author = Robillard, R. title = Social, Financial and Psychological Stress during an Emerging Pandemic: Observations from a Population Web-Based Survey in the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; June; outbreak summary = Factors hypothesized a priori to be associated with stress changes were: pre-outbreak stress level, time elapsed since the pandemic declaration by the WHO, age, sex, education level, total family income, employment status, working with the general public, political views, having underage children, having travelled abroad in the past 60 days, index reflective of the number and severity of potential COVID-19 symptoms, the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS) contamination subscale, Big5 personality subscales, Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS), having a mental disorder, alcohol and drugs use, having a physical condition at risk for COVID-19, sleep duration, quality of family relationships, and amount of time spent outdoors, interacting with other people, following the news on COVID-19, and engaging in physical and artistic activities. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.29.20142638 id = cord-288070-qwax5tg9 author = Robilotti, E. V. title = Determinants of Severity in Cancer Patients with COVID-19 Illness date = 2020-05-08 keywords = ICI; SARS; covid-19 summary = Population-based studies from China and Italy suggested a higher COVID-19 death rate in patients with cancer2,3, although there is a knowledge gap as to which aspects of cancer and its treatment confer risk of severe COVID-19 disease4. On multivariate analysis, age ≥ 65 years and treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) within 90 days were predictors for hospitalization and severe disease, while receipt of chemotherapy within 30 days and major surgery were not. Overall, COVID-19 illness is associated with higher rates of hospitalization and severe outcomes in patients with cancer. Overall, COVID-19 illness is associated with higher rates of hospitalization and severe outcomes in patients with cancer. In this study, we report on the epidemiology of COVID-19 illness experienced at our cancer center over the last month, during the height of incident cases in New York City, and offer an analysis of risk factors for severe infection that is pertinent to cancer patient populations. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.04.20086322 id = cord-310457-l3d1dc93 author = Robinson, A. J. title = A modification to the Maquet Flow-i anaesthesia machinefor ICU ventilation date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19; Flow; ICU summary = The authors present an easily manufactured modification of the Getinge Group Maquet Flow-i anaesthesia machine that gives it potential to be used long-term as an Intensive Care ventilator for emergency circumstances. The authors believe this modification has potential as a solution to increasing ventilator numbers for the COVID-19 pandemic, in hospitals where the Flow-i is underutilised for its designed purpose during this emergency. This makes Flow-i low flow undesirable for longer term use in COVID-19, as decanting will require loss of Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) and increase potential for aerosol contamination with viral particles. In order to avoid the circuit rainout issue, the machine could be used in high flow modeand used as a total loss system like an ICU ventilator by setting the Fresh Gas Flow (FGF) above Minute Volume and thus allowing all unused air, oxygen, and carbon dioxide from cellular respiration to be vented to atmosphere or AGS. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.06.20054882 id = cord-321976-ao3bg8xi author = Robinson, Philip C title = Management of autoimmune disease during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = So far there has not been any increase in the risk of hospitalisation for COVID-19 in rheumatic disease patients taking disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs alone (e.g. methotrexate) or in combination with biologics or Janus kinase inhibitors, compared to patients who were not taking these drugs. 1 Another study of people infected with COVID-19 compared 52 patients with rheumatic disease, including 39 taking immunosuppressants, with 104 matched COVID-19 positive controls. 3 In a series of 525 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, poorer outcomes with COVID-19 were associated with increasing age, comorbidities and systemic glucocorticoids. 4 When advising patients taking immunosuppressive drugs during the pandemic, a comprehensive risk assessment should consider the consequences of changing treatment. When coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged, there was concern regarding the potential for poor outcomes in patients taking immunosuppressive drugs for rheumatic diseases. American College of Rheumatology guidance for the management of rheumatic disease in adult patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: Version 1 doi = 10.18773/austprescr.2020.058 id = cord-302067-yyw1he5j author = Roblyer, Darren title = Perspective on the increasing role of optical wearables and remote patient monitoring in the COVID-19 era and beyond date = 2020-10-21 keywords = covid-19; rpm; wearable summary = Significance: The COVID-19 pandemic is changing the landscape of healthcare delivery in many countries, with a new shift toward remote patient monitoring (RPM). Conclusions: The biomedical optics community has a potentially large role to play in developing, testing, and commercializing new wearable and RPM technologies to meet the changing healthcare and research landscape in the COVID-19 era and beyond. 1 Remote patient monitoring (RPM) is a broad term that refers to the combination of medical devices, including wearables or portable home health monitors, with information technology solutions that allow health data to be communicated to a healthcare provider without in-person contact. 2 RPM also includes telemedicine, in which a healthcare provider communicates and potentially tracks patient health using data streams from wearable or home monitoring technologies. New optical wearables and RPM technologies have the potential to address many clinical scenarios related to the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1117/1.jbo.25.10.102703 id = cord-333262-xvfl7ycj author = Robson, B. title = COVID-19 Coronavirus spike protein analysis for synthetic vaccines, a peptidomimetic antagonist, and therapeutic drugs, and analysis of a proposed achilles’ heel conserved region to minimize probability of escape mutations and drug resistance date = 2020-04-11 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; KRSFIEDLLFNKV; SARS; Wuhan; bind; peptide; protein; spike; virus summary = The Wuhan and related isolates revealed a coronavirus that resides in the subgenus Sarbecovirus of the genus Betacoronavirus [2] , and although genetically distinct from its predecessor SARS-CoV it appeared to have similar external binding proteins, meaning here the spike glycoprotein discussed extensively in the present paper. In brief summary, the justifications for the ensemble pharmacophore in the coronavirus case, i.e. the contributions to "fuzziness", include parsimony, that proteins and parts of proteins sometimes have more than one function [12] encouraged by limited numbers of accessible sites (due to e.g. glycosylation) and exemplified by parallel alternative mechanisms of cell entry, multiple methods of drug action, escape from scientific defense measures by virus mutation, polymorphism of human proteins involved, different expression levels of human proteins involved, and the potential problem of the "specter of vaccine development" (concerns about missing the appropriate region of the virus that allows common cold viruses to escape the appropriate immune response). doi = 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103749 id = cord-275637-ea6w2kqv author = Roca-Fernandez, A. title = HIGH LIVER FAT ASSOCIATES WITH HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING SYMPTOMATIC COVID-19 INFECTION - INITIAL UK BIOBANK OBSERVATIONS date = 2020-06-05 keywords = covid-19; liver summary = Conclusions UK Biobank data demonstrated an association between pre-existing liver disease and obesity with severe COVID-19, with higher proportions of liver fat in obese individuals a likely risk factor for symptomatic disease and severity. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that liver disease, and specifically liver fat accumulation, is a risk factor for developing symptomatic COVID-19. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.04.20122457 doi: medRxiv preprint Furthermore, the 32.7% of obese patients with liver fat ≥10% had a higher likelihood of being symptomatic and testing positive for COVID-19 (OR: 2.96, p=0.02). Our study demonstrates that in addition to the previouslyreported risk factors of male gender, non-white-British ethnicity, and obesity (1-3), liver fat is also a significant risk factor for having symptomatic COVID-19, with a person testing positive for COVID-19 being 1.85 times more likely to have pre-existing severe fatty liver disease. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.04.20122457 id = cord-254538-vcf44w1k author = Rocha Filho, C. R. title = PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR CLINICAL COURSE OF PATIENTS WITH COVID-19: PROTOCOL FOR A RAPID LIVING SYSTEMATIC REVIEW date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavírus; Wuhan summary = title: PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR CLINICAL COURSE OF PATIENTS WITH COVID-19: PROTOCOL FOR A RAPID LIVING SYSTEMATIC REVIEW We will perform the critical appraisal of included studies with the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool and the certainty of evidence will be evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Thus, the purpose of this rapid living systematic review is to identify the evidence about prognostic factors in patients with COVID-19, considering the following research questions: This rapid living review will systematically evaluate the best available evidence to identify the risk and protective factors of COVID-19, which we expect will help the front line on their decision making processes. We believe that the strengths of this rapid systematic review include the transparency, the strict methods, the evaluation of the quality of evidence, and the extensive and more sensitive searches. Assessing Bias in Studies of Prognostic Factors doi = 10.1101/2020.05.06.20087692 id = cord-289445-t9qnsddo author = Rocha, Breno Amaral title = Why it is crucial to maintain oral care for patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Why it is crucial to maintain oral care for patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic In prevent those complications, the prophylaxis and management of RT''s potentially toxic effects require dental teams specialized in caring for patients with cancer, which can, in turn, help to improve the quality of cancer care. At that stage, consultation with the patient should be performed with the aim of diagnosing and treating existing oral diseases, as well as planning preventative measures for possible complications (e.g., mucositis) [1] , [3] . Nevertheless, the adequacy of oral care that accommodates infection control measures currently recommended by competent [10] entities can allow dental care for patients with cancer to be maintained. Altogether, we believe that maintaining oral care for patients with HNC in RT is possible, as long as biosafety guidelines for preventing COVID-19 are followed and respected [10] . Provision of Continuous Dental Care for Oral Oncology Patients during & after COVID-19 Pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.jormas.2020.07.009 id = cord-322483-up3738e7 author = Rocha, Hermano Alexandre Lima title = Dealing with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a Rapid Response Team operation in Brazil: Quality in practice date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; RRT summary = We aimed to assess an intervention to deal with the impact of the COVID19 pandemic on the operations of a rapid response team (RRT). The number of critically-ill cases and the number of treated patients increased two-fold in relation to the pre-pandemic period, but the effectiveness of the RRT in relation to mortality was not affected. LESSONS LEARNED: The observation of these data is important for hospital managers to adjust the size of their RRTs according to the new scenario, aiming to maintain the intervention effectiveness. The rapid response teams (RRTs) consist of health professionals exclusively dedicated to providing care to hospitalized patients identified at being high risk of worsening, using criteria of the severity of illness and clinical deterioration, with MEWS (Modified Early Warning Score) being one of the most frequently used scores (4) . This brief report seeks to present the analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a rapid response team operation from a large quaternary hospital in Brazil. doi = 10.1093/intqhc/mzaa114 id = cord-258221-pn8gh73b author = Rocha, José Lucas Martins title = Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Viral Infections: Implications for COVID-19 date = 2020-09-07 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; IDO; MSC; SARS; cell; stem summary = Abbreviations: ANG, Angiogenin; ANGPT1, Angiopoietin 1; bFGF, Basic fibroblast growth factor; BV/BR, Biliverdin and Bilirubin; COX2, Cyclooxygenase-2; DAMPs, Damage-associated molecular pattern; EGF, Epidermal growth factor; ESM1, Endothelial Cell Specific Molecule 1; FAS/FASL, apoptosis antigen 1 receptor and ligand; HGF, Hepatocyte growth factor; HLA-G, Human leukocyte antigen G; HO-1, Heme oxygenase 1; IDO, Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; ISGs, Interferon-stimulated genes; Kyn, Kynurenin; LIF, Leukemia inhibitory factor; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; miRNAs, micro RNA; MMPs, Matrix metalloproteinases; MSC-EV, Extracellular vesicles from MSC; PAMPs, Pathogen-associated molecular pattern; PGE2, Prostaglandin E2; PD-1/PD-L1, Programmed death receptor and ligand; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; sHLA-G, Soluble human leukocyte antigen G; sPD-L1/2, Soluble Programmed death ligands 1 and 2; TGF-β, Transforming growth factor β; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor α; Trp , Tryptophan; TSG-6, TNFstimulated gene 6 Similarly, long-lasting FASL interactions enable MSCs to induce T cell apoptosis [39] . doi = 10.1007/s12015-020-10032-7 id = cord-274100-0d2u23nv author = Rochon, Paula A. title = The Missing Pieces of the COVID‐19 Puzzle date = 2020-06-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = We focus here on laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and fatalities by sex, age, and the intersection of the two, because these data are fundamental and routinely collected. We use publicly reported data from the 10 countries with the most reported COVID-19 cases to help understand patterns associated with sex and how they link to age, while considering gendered explanations. Only 3 of the 10 countries-Italy, Spain, and Germanyreport data on confirmed COVID-19 cases and fatalities disaggregated by sex and age in a usable format. Although the United States did not report national data disaggregated by sex and age, a study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in New York City 5 also found that men were more likely to die in each age group. Important differences between women and men become visible when data are reported by sex and age. doi = 10.1111/jgs.16646 id = cord-266440-69l9c3my author = Rochwerg, Bram title = Misinformation During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak: How Knowledge Emerges From Noise date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; pandemic; research summary = This review summaries the many potential sources of information that clinicians turn to during pandemic illness, the challenges associated with performing methodologically sound research in this setting and potential approaching to conducting well done research during a health crisis. CONCLUSIONS: Pandemics and healthcare crises provide extraordinary opportunities for the rapid generation of reliable scientific information but also for misinformation, especially in the early phases, which may contribute to public hysteria. Major contributors to research delays include competing interests of investigators, regulatory barriers, time taken for protocol development, ethics approval, peer review and delays related to the publication process. Given the rapidity of new research data associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, the next question for bedside practitioners becomes which data are of sufficient quality and trustworthiness that it should inform clinical practice ( Table 1) . Pandemics and healthcare crises provide extraordinary opportunities for the rapid generation of reliable scientific information but also for misinformation, especially in the early phases, which may contribute to public hysteria. doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000098 id = cord-331206-m938suxh author = Rodgers, F. title = Missing clinical trial data: the knowledge gap in the safety of potential COVID-19 drugs date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; June; result; trial summary = However, availability of safety information is limited by a lack of timely reporting of clinical trial results on public registries or through academic publication. We aimed to analyse the knowledge gap in safety data by quantifying the number of missing clinical trial results for drugs potentially being repurposed for COVID-19. Relevant clinical trials for any prior indication were listed by identifier (NCT number) and checked for timely result reporting (within 395 days of the primary completion date). We reviewed the number of completed or terminated trials that have not reported results for an extensive, list of medications being repurposed for COVID-19, looking at all previous indications for these drugs. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.30.20117523 doi: medRxiv preprint Discussion 40.4% of the completed clinical trials for drugs that may be repurposed for COVID-19 were not found to report results on either ClinicalTrials.gov or through academic publication (Table 2 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.30.20117523 id = cord-317167-hzcl1hw3 author = Rodgers, Rachel F. title = The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on eating disorder risk and symptoms date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = The current COVID‐19 pandemic has created a global context likely to increase eating disorder (ED) risk and symptoms, decrease factors that protect against EDs, and exacerbate barriers to care. Media use, including social media, is associated with increased risk for disordered eating in particular through exposure to thin idealand diet culture-related content as well as food advertising (Boswell & Kober, 2016; Levine & Murnen, 2009; Rodgers & Melioli, 2016) . In addition to these specific fears created by the COVID-19 pandemic, the situation has substantially increased general levels of stress and emotional distress (Brooks et al., 2020) , which are key risks for disordered eating (Puccio, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Ong, & Krug, 2016) , including in the context of traumatic societal events (Harada et al., 2015; Rodgers et al., 2012) . doi = 10.1002/eat.23318 id = cord-281039-a7q5nzwn author = Rodilla, Enrique title = Association of Hypertension with All-Cause Mortality among Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-28 keywords = ACEI; COVID-19; patient summary = Multivariate analysis showed that after adjusting for gender (males, OR: 1.5, p = 0.0001), age tertiles (second and third tertiles, OR: 2.0 and 4.7, p = 0.0001), and Charlson Comorbidity Index scores (second and third tertiles, OR: 4.7 and 8.1, p = 0.0001), hypertension was significantly predictive of all-cause mortality when this comorbidity was treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) (OR: 1.6, p = 0.002) or other than renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockers (OR: 1.3, p = 0.001) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) (OR: 1.2, p = 0.035). First, a previous diagnosis of HT increased the risk of all-cause death in COVID-19 patients who required hospitalization on the order of approximately 20% and independently of age and other cardiovascular comorbidities, such as HF and atrial fibrillation. Second, previous treatment with ACEIs/ARBs in hypertensive patients was not associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality in hypertensive hospitalized COVID-19 patients compared to other antihypertensive drugs. doi = 10.3390/jcm9103136 id = cord-267243-ewivbfib author = Rodrigues, J.C.L. title = An update on COVID-19 for the radiologist - A British society of Thoracic Imaging statement date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Suspected cases are primarily those with a febrile respiratory illness and history of travel to a country or region reporting local transmission of COVID-19 disease during the 14 days prior to symptom onset. 6 An elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and lymphopenia (<1,100 m/L) are characteristic 7 Radiology departments should be prepared for an increase in the number of cases of COVID-19 and new diagnoses or risk stratification may be imaging based. have reported radiological abnormality, predominantly ground-glass opacity (GGO), in subclinical disease, where 15 patients were imaged using CT before symptom onset. In the event of a major UK outbreak of COVID-19, infection imaging will be critical in the assessment of disease severity, progression, and potentially screening for initial diagnosis. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases doi = 10.1016/j.crad.2020.03.003 id = cord-321030-isc3p46t author = Rodriguez Socarrás, Moises title = Telemedicine and Smart Working: Recommendations of the European Association of Urology date = 2020-07-10 keywords = covid-19; patient; telemedicine summary = EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Telemedicine refers to the use of electronic information and telecommunications tools to provide remote clinical health care support. It is time for us to formalize the place of telemedicine in routine urological practice, and it is our responsibility to adapt and learn about all the tools and possible strategies for their optimal implementation during the pandemic to ensure that the quality of care received by patients and the outcomes of patients and their families are of the highest standard. CONCLUSIONS: Telemedicine facilitates specialized urological clinical support at a distance, solves problems of limitations in mobility, reduces unnecessary visits to clinics, and is useful for reducing the risk of viral transmission in the current COVID-19 outbreak. As telemedicine has been used in previous epidemic outbreaks, it has rapidly been incorporated into solutions to manage COVID-19 patients and in several countries for continuation of specialty care such as urology. doi = 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.06.031 id = cord-334532-r5lnjsvl author = Rodriguez, Lindsey M. title = Drinking to Cope with the Pandemic: The Unique Associations of COVID-19-Related Perceived Threat and Psychological Distress to Drinking Behaviors in American Men and Women date = 2020-06-27 keywords = alcohol; covid-19; drinking; psychological summary = title: Drinking to Cope with the Pandemic: The Unique Associations of COVID-19-Related Perceived Threat and Psychological Distress to Drinking Behaviors in American Men and Women Derived from the self-medication hypothesis, this research explored how perceived threat and psychological distress related to the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with drinking behavior among an American sample of adults. Results suggested that psychological distress related to the COVID-19 pandemic was consistently related to alcohol use indices, and moderation results indicated this pattern was significant only among women for number of drinks consumed during the recent heaviest drinking occasion and number of drinks consumed on a typical evening. Given that during COVID-19related social distancing, individuals may be faced with increased stress and uncertainty (Taylor, 2019) as well as anxiety and depressive symptoms (Brooks et al., 2020) , those who experience more perceived threat and/or psychological distress may be those most likely to use alcohol to cope. doi = 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106532 id = cord-347090-sqw7n1v2 author = Rodriguez-Gonzalez, Moises title = New onset severe right ventricular failure associated with COVID-19 in a young infant without previous heart disease date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We present our recent experience with a 6-month-old infant with a personal history of short bowel syndrome that presented with fever, cyanosis, and cardiogenic shock secondary to severe pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure without pulmonary thromboembolism. We present our recent experience with a 6-month-old infant with a personal history of short bowel syndrome that presented with fever, cyanosis, and cardiogenic shock secondary to severe pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure without pulmonary thromboembolism. If this presentation is confirmed in future research, the severe cardiovascular impairment in children with COVID-19 could be also attributable to the primary pulmonary infection, not only to a multisystem inflammatory syndrome but also in children without heart disease. If this presentation is confirmed in future research, the severe cardiovascular impairment in children with COVID-19 could be also attributable to the primary pulmonary infection, not only to a multisystem inflammatory syndrome but also in children without heart disease. doi = 10.1017/s1047951120001857 id = cord-349263-mmfrqyrc author = Rodríguez, A. title = Severe infection due to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus: Experience of a tertiary hospital with COVID-19 patients during the 2020 pandemic date = 2020-11-09 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; IMV; patient summary = 1 Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 can develop serious viral pneumonia known as COVID-19, characterized by severe respiratory failure, and which has placed a heavy burden on Spanish Intensive Care Units (ICUs) and the national healthcare system as a whole. Taking into account that both the characteristics of the patients admitted to the ICU due to COVID-19 and the care received ---and hence the resulting crude mortality rate ---can differ considerably among different centers 7 and countries, 3,5,7---10 the present study was carried out to describe the clinical and respiratory characteristics of a series of consecutive patients with severe COVID-19 in a Spanish tertiary hospital, differentiating the subjects according to ICU outcome after 28 days. A prospective, observational cohort study was made, including all consecutive patients admitted to the Department of Intensive Care Medicine (DICM) from 14 March to 16 April 2020 with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, based on RT-PCR testing of nasopharyngeal swab and/or bronchial aspirate samples according to the criteria of the WHO. doi = 10.1016/j.medine.2020.05.005 id = cord-313157-wzz3dasn author = Rodríguez-Chagolla, José M. title = Peritoneal Dialysis Is an Option for Acute Kidney Injury Management in Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-05 keywords = AKI; COVID-19; RRT summary = Peritoneal dialysis is a modality of RRT at least as efficient as other extracorporeal RRT options with important cost-effective advantages, making it a key instrument in countries without access to all RRTs. There is no theoretical justification for it to be not used in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome as those observed in COVID-19 disease. Coronavirus disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China Comparing continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration and peritoneal dialysis in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a pilot study Acute kidney injury in critically Ill patients: a prospective randomized study of tidal peritoneal dialysis versus continuous renal replacement therapy Effect of peritoneal dialysis on respiratory mechanics in acute kidney injury patients Urgent peritoneal dialysis in patients with COVID-19 and acute kidney injury: a single-center experience in a time of crisis in the United States doi = 10.1159/000511390 id = cord-296811-zelkkw1f author = Rodríguez-Padial, Luis title = El riesgo competitivo puede explicar en gran medida la disminución de los ingresos por enfermedad cardiovascular aguda durante la pandemia de COVID-19 date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Aunque se ha reconocido que puede haber distintas explicaciones para esta situación, como evitar la asistencia médica a causa del distanciamiento social, la disminución del diagnóstico del IAM con elevación del segmento ST y la existencia de otros riesgos competitivos con el contagio y la gravedad de la COVID-19 2 , lo cierto es que parece haberse asumido como causa más probable que los pacientes hayan evitado acudir a los servicios de urgencias por miedo a la pandemia. En resumen, aunque diversos factores han podido tener cierto papel en la reducción de los ingresos por IAM durante la pandemia de COVID-19, los datos indican que la mayor parte de esta disminución se ha debido a una situación de riesgos competitivos entre la mortalidad por la COVID-19 y la cardiopatía isquémica aguda. Reducción de los ingresos por infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en Cataluña durante la pandemia de COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.recesp.2020.07.022 id = cord-281038-h5iew8oo author = Rodríguez-Pardo, Jorge title = Atención al ictus agudo durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Recomendaciones Plan Ictus Madrid date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; los summary = Resultados: Las recomendaciones se estructuran en cinco líneas fundamentales: (1) Coordinar la actuación para garantizar el acceso a la asistencia hospitalaria de los pacientes con ictus, (2) Reconocer a los pacientes con ictus potencialmente infectados por COVID-19, (3) Organización adecuada para garantizar la protección de los profesionales sanitarios frente al riesgo de contagio por COVID-19, (4) la realización de Neuroimagen y otros procedimientos que conlleven contactos de riesgo de infección COVID-19 hay que procurar reducirlos y asegurar la protección, y (5) alta y seguimiento seguros procurando optimizar la ocupación hospitalaria. Las recomendaciones se estructuran en cinco líneas fundamentales: (1) Coordinar la actuación para garantizar el acceso a la asistencia hospitalaria de los pacientes con ictus, (2) Reconocer a los pacientes con ictus potencialmente infectados por COVID-19, (3) Organización adecuada para garantizar la protección de los profesionales sanitarios frente al riesgo de contagio por COVID-19, (4) la realización de Neuroimagen y otros procedimientos que conlleven contactos de riesgo de infección COVID-19 hay que procurar reducirlos y asegurar la protección, y (5) alta y seguimiento seguros procurando optimizar la ocupación hospitalaria. doi = 10.1016/j.nrl.2020.04.008 id = cord-354031-j4qlvm60 author = Rodríguez-Pérez, Celia title = Changes in Dietary Behaviours during the COVID-19 Outbreak Confinement in the Spanish COVIDiet Study date = 2020-06-10 keywords = MedDiet; adherence; covid-19; spanish summary = For that purpose, an online questionnaire, based on 44 items including socio-demographic data, Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) Adherence Screener (MEDAS) as a reference of a healthy diet, processed foods intake, changes in their usual food choices and weight gain was distributed using social media and snowball sampling. Multivariate logistic regression models, adjusted for age, gender, region and other variables, showed a statistically significant higher likelihood of changing the adherence to the MedDiet (towards an increase in adherence) in those persons who decreased the intake of fried foods, snacks, fast foods, red meat, pastries or sweet beverages, but increased MedDiet-related foods such as olive oil, vegetables, fruits or legumes during the confinement. Multivariate-adjusted models showed that those participants who reported a lower intake of fried foods, alcohol, fast-food, and snacks during the COVID-19 Spanish confinement had a statistically significant higher likelihood of turning into a higher adherence to the MedDiet compared to those who kept their usual intake as before the confinement (OR: 4.71; 2.15; 3.12; 3.53, respectively). doi = 10.3390/nu12061730 id = cord-011637-1ojind95 author = Roffi, Marco title = The Obstacle Course of Reperfusion for ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; STEMI summary = In addition, shared experiences estimate an up to 60-minute increase in intrinsic delay from diagnosis to reperfusion with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in regions deeply affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, because of suboptimal EMS availability and the implementation of personal protective equipment at any level of care (prehospital, emergency department, and cardiac catheterization laboratory). Key Words: COVID-19 ◼ emergency medical services ◼ reperfusion ◼ ST elevation myocardial infarction treated successfully with no complications, the additional coronary lesions are easily accessible, and the patient is hemodynamically stable, immediate complete revascularization may be an attractive guideline-conforming option to avoid a staged procedure, which would prolong the hospital stay or require a second admission and additional personnel exposure if the patient is COVID-19 positive. The regional STEMI network was quickly changed into a model of macrohubs to concentrate personnel and urgent activities, such as primary PCI for STEMI or interventional stroke management, while expanding health resources for patients with COVID-19 in all remaining hospitals. doi = 10.1161/circulationaha.120.047523 id = cord-033505-bv705puy author = Rogado, Jacobo title = Characteristics and outcome of lung cancer patients and Covid-19 infection in a second-level hospital during the first 3 months of the pandemic() date = 2020-10-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Characteristics and outcome of lung cancer patients and Covid-19 infection in a second-level hospital during the first 3 months of the pandemic() Title: Characteristics and outcome of lung cancer patients and Covid-19 infection in a secondlevel hospital during the first 3 months of the pandemic. Furthermore, we ourselves have observed a higher cumulative incidence of cases among the general cancer population in our centre during the first month of the pandemic 4 , with an increase in mortality 1-4 , which was even higher in patients with lung cancer, as shown in the TERAVOLT study 5 . The most common subtype of lung cancer was non-small cell carcinoma (n░=░21, 87.5%), with the majority presenting metastatic disease (n░=░14, 58.3%). In our study, we found a greater risk of mortality in diagnosed lung cancer patients with Covid-19. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan doi = 10.1016/j.medcle.2020.07.005 id = cord-259673-z7kvf8n8 author = Rogerson, Stephen J. title = Identifying and combating the impacts of COVID-19 on malaria date = 2020-07-30 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; control; malaria summary = These gains are largely attributable to expanding the distribution of insecticidetreated bed nets (ITNs), indoor spraying of residual insecticides (IRS) and other vector control strategies; access to early diagnosis (e.g. rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)); and more effective antimalarial treatments [1] , together with targeted interventions such as intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC). Key interventions and innovative approaches, such as targeted MDA programmes and enhanced distribution of ITNs, will be critical in preventing dramatic increases in malaria deaths [12] , but their implementation and prioritisation will bring logistic and financial challenges given COVID-19 disruptions and the competing needs of other health issues and services. To reduce the impact of COVID-19 disruptions, it is essential that the supply of diagnostics and treatments for malaria are maintained and that there is strong support of ITN distribution, IRS and other preventive interventions. Support malaria-endemic countries both in fighting COVID-19 disease and in controlling malaria through an integrated health care programme and community engagement. doi = 10.1186/s12916-020-01710-x id = cord-321787-6k4c6zei author = Rogo, Tanya title = Systemic Inflammation With Cardiac Involvement in Pediatric Patients With Evidence of COVID-19 in a Community Hospital in the Bronx, New York date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Systemic Inflammation With Cardiac Involvement in Pediatric Patients With Evidence of COVID-19 in a Community Hospital in the Bronx, New York To the Editor-On April 27, 2020, the Paediatric Intensive Care Society of the United Kingdom reported cases of critically ill children presenting with features of Kawasaki disease or toxic shock syndrome, associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our initial clinical experience of mostly mild COVID-19 illness in children changed with the presentation of children with systemic inflammation and cardiac involvement, all of whom tested negative at presentation for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with subsequent positive antibody testing. We propose that in addition to simultaneous SARS-CoV-2 PCR and antibody testing, inflammatory markers, cardiac enzymes, and electrocardiography should be considered in lymphopenic pediatric patients presenting with fever, significant tachycardia, and gastrointestinal symptoms in areas with widespread community transmission of COVID-19. doi = 10.1093/jpids/piaa087 id = cord-305568-8seufdv0 author = Rohani, Pejman title = Protein losing enteropathy and pneumatosis intestinalis in a child with COVID 19 infection date = 2021-01-31 keywords = COVID summary = According to first adult studies association of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms with COVID 19 infection was as high as 79% (1).But later study showed lower association around 18% (2).As the pandemic of COVID 19 is going on, different clinical presentation of disease especially in children are well appeared. Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is known as COVID 19 seems to be one of the most contagious and dangerous infection in children and adults. Acute appendicitis like presentation associated with COVID 19 infection has been reported in literature especially in children. After management of infection children discharged without surgical intervention [10] .There are several case reports about acute appendicitis like presentation and acute surgical abdomen in adults [11] [12] [13] [14] . Thus during pandemic of COVID 19 surgeons should consider this infection and use radiologic studies beside The results of abdominal CT were pneumatosis intestinalis in ascending colon, colon dilatation and recurrent small bowel intussusceptions were seen. doi = 10.1016/j.epsc.2020.101667 id = cord-346075-q4jbqsh1 author = Rohith, G. title = Dynamics and control of COVID-19 pandemic with nonlinear incidence rates date = 2020-06-25 keywords = covid-19 summary = This work attempts to analyse the dynamics of COVID-19 outbreak using the SEIR model, with nonlinear incident rate, with the help of bifurcation theory. Motivated from this, this paper also presents a model-based closed-loop solution to control COVID-19 pandemic by the synthesis of appropriate threshold on Government control variable α, using the technique of sliding mode control (SMC). If one can adopt a methodology to gradually introduce some relaxations to the public (as incentives) in the Government action (α) with a specific target (like limiting the number of exposed/infected people to a smaller threshold value), that could serve as a better alternative to control a global pandemic like COVID-19. Figure 9 presents the comparison between the COVID-19 transmission trend as suggested by the SEIR model with a nonlinear incidence rate function and real-time data for India [37] . doi = 10.1007/s11071-020-05774-5 id = cord-285979-ha5nszxi author = Rojas, Manuel title = Convalescent plasma in Covid-19: Possible mechanisms of action date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = CP early administered after symptoms onset showed a reduction in mortality compared with placebo or no therapy in severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology like influenza and SARS-CoV, however, a similar response in Ebola disease was not observed [20, 25] . This was demonstrated in B cells, where the upregulation of FCRIIB was associated with treatment efficacy for acute rejection after kidney transplantation [81] , and was J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f a key determinant for IVIg response in patients with Kawasaki disease [82] . Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection doi = 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102554 id = cord-290960-0kdv91j0 author = Rojas-Marte, G title = Outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19 disease treated with tocilizumab: a case–controlled study date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, case–control, single-center study in patients with severe to critical COVID-19 disease treated with tocilizumab. CONCLUSION: Our study showed a non-statistically significant lower mortality in patients with severe to critical COVID-19 disease who received tocilizumab. 9, 10 Studies have reported that patients with severe COVID-19 disease have experienced rapid resolution of fever and improvement in oxygenation after treatment with tocilizumab. No clinical study has reported the use of tocilizumab among hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 infection in the USA. A control group of 97 patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 disease who had not received tocilizumab was included. We analyzed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of 96 patients with severe to critical COVID-19 disease who received a single dose of the IL-6 inhibitor tocilizumab as part of their treatment. Our study showed a non-significant trend toward lower mortality in patients with severe to critical COVID-19 disease treated with tocilizumab. doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa206 id = cord-335951-m1e9raz3 author = Rojek, A. title = A cross-sectional study of patients presenting for hospital-based screening for COVID-19: risk of disease, and healthcare access preferences. date = 2020-04-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We assessed the proportion of patients who met screening criteria; self-reported symptom severity; reasons why they came to the ED for screening; views on community-based models of care; and sources of information accessed about COVID-19. Conclusions: if we are to ensure that emergency departments can cope with the likely surge in presentations requiring resuscitation or inpatient care COVID-19, we should strengthen access to alternative services to triage patients to prevent unnecessary presentations at health services, and to direct those who are well but require screening away from EDs. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) risks placing "overwhelming demands on our health system". Unnecessary presentations for testing during this phase places additional strain on the public health service, including EDs. As we enter the pandemic phase of SARS-CoV-2, it will become critically important that the right patient is assessed, and then if necessary, treated at the right facility. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.15.20067207 id = cord-283758-0z3jwwby author = Rokadiya, S. title = COVID-19: Outcomes of patients with confirmed COVID-19 re-admitted to hospital. date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We aimed to investigate clinical outcomes of patients with confirmed COVID-19 who were readmitted to hospital, in order to identify risk factors for patients discharged and subsequent management of COVID-19 in clinical practice. In the re-admission group, the average time before being re-admitted to hospital was 10 days (IQR 6 -15), with dyspnoea the presenting complaint in 13/25 (52%). As far as we are aware, this is the first study looking at clinical outcomes for patients with COVID-19 who were readmitted to hospital. However, the high mortality rate (24%), and the median and prevalence of low SpO2 results in patients re-admitted is concerning and warrants further studies to evaluate reasons for re-admission, ensuring appropriate safety-netting when discharged. Based on our data on the average time before re-presentation at 10 days, enhanced, personalised follow up at 7 days in a formalised COVID-19 clinic with radiological imaging and oxygen saturation recording using pulse oximetry probes may help early identification of those at risk of deterioration, thus preventing re-admission. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.007 id = cord-322456-5at1euqm author = Rokohl, Alexander C. title = Die Rolle der Augenheilkunde in der COVID-19-Pandemie date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS; und summary = Im Dezember 2019 wurde Dr. Li Wenliang, ein Augenarzt aus der Volksrepublik China, in seinem Krankenhaus auf 7 Patienten, die alle unter einem schweren akuten Atemnotsyndrom litten und vorher einen Großmarkt in Wuhan besuchten, aufmerksam. Das COVID-19 auslösende Severe-Acute-Respiratory-Syndrome-related Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) wurde durch die Coronavirus-Studiengruppe des Internationalen Komitees zur Taxonomie von Viren (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) aufgrund der sehr engen Verwandtschaft zum Sars-Virus (Sars-CoV), an dem 2002/2003 Hunderte Menschen gestorben waren, benannt. Auch Dr. Li Wenliang, der Augenarzt, der die COVID-19 als einer der Ersten entdeckte und später auch an der Krankheit verstarb, könnte von einem asymptomatischen Patienten infiziert worden sein [23] . Zudem konnte in mehreren Studien mit hospitalisierten COVID-19-Patienten SARS-CoV-2-RNA in der Tränenflüssigkeit nachgewiesen werden [2, 28, 30, 32] . Although isolated conjunctival involvement is highly unlikely, at the current point in time of the COVID-19 pandemic, practically every patient examined by an ophthalmologist could be infected with SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1007/s00347-020-01148-9 id = cord-327600-xa6uibi8 author = Roland, Lauren T. title = In Reply: Challenges in interpreting the diagnostic performance of symptoms to predict COVID‐19 status: the case of anosmia date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The research done to date regarding olfactory dysfunction as a disease predictor was performed during the outbreak and ongoing evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. 1,2 Early work was valuable in drawing attention to the common symptoms of COVID-19 presentation in the setting of limited testing access and enhancing advocacy for adequate personal protective equipment. For example, rapid antigen detection for influenza testing has also been shown to be limited by the timing of testing in relation to symptoms. 2. While the authors focus on the single symptom of anosmia for predicting COVID-19, several of the included studies evaluated multiple symptoms as predictors. 3. As we move into influenza season, more work can be done to improve our understanding of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 as compared to other viral infections. Again, we thank the authors for their comments and caution regarding interpretation of the COVID-19 literature on anosmia based on disease prevalence with respect to time and location. doi = 10.1002/alr.22648 id = cord-350992-l6l24pco author = Roldan, Eugenia Quiros title = The possible mechanisms of action of 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine) against Sars-Cov-2 infection (COVID-19): A role for iron homeostasis? date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; Cov-2; HCQ; Sars; iron summary = Here we review what is currently known on the mechanisms of action of CQ and HCQ as anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic drugs and discuss the up-to-date experimental evidence on the potential mechanisms of action of CQ/HCQ in Sars-Cov2 infection and the current clinical knowledge on their efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. We also propose a different insight into some of CQ and HCQ effects, suggesting a potential role of iron homeostasis in Sars-Cov-2 disease (COVID-19), similarly to several other human viral infections [2] [3] [4] . The search strategy was to use different search terms alone and in any combination, such as "Sars-Cov-2 disease", "COVID-19", "Sars-Cov-2", "coronavirus", "clinical trial", "treatment", "drug", "chloroquine", "hydroxychloroquine", "iron", "virus", "viral entry", "viral spread", "anti-viral activity", "infection", "inflammation", "immunity", "innate immunity", "cytokine", "IL-6", "TNF-", "IL-1", "adaptive immunity", "thrombosis", "in vitro". doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104904 id = cord-293822-axr9qu58 author = Rolland, John S. title = COVID‐19 Pandemic: Applying a Multi‐Systemic Lens date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; family; member; pandemic; risk summary = Highlighting the pattern of psychosocial issues of COVID‐19 over time, discussion emphasizes the evolving interplay of larger systems public health pandemic challenges and mitigation strategies with individual and family processes. The paper addresses issues of coping with myriad Covid‐19 uncertainties in the initial crisis wave and evolving phases of the pandemic in the context of individual and family development, pre‐existing illness or disability, and racial and socioeconomic disparities. In addition to communication processes and organizational/structural patterns, particular emphasis includes: family and individual life course development in relation to the time phases of a disorder; multigenerational legacies related to illness and loss; and belief systems (including influences of culture, ethnicity, race, spirituality, and gender) (Figure 1 ). As the pandemic continues to evolve, these discussions will need to be revisited -relating to new COVID-19 data and to changing family circumstances, such as life cycle transitions or altered economic and health status. doi = 10.1111/famp.12584 id = cord-283175-kh2rm2ir author = Roma, Paolo title = How to Improve Compliance with Protective Health Measures during the COVID-19 Outbreak: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model and Machine Learning Algorithms date = 2020-10-04 keywords = Question; compliance; covid-19; efficacy; measure summary = Perceived efficacy has been studied in relation to a variety of general health measures, including engaging in physical activity, receiving vaccinations, and complying with medical treatment among psychiatric outpatients [11] [12] [13] ; the literature suggests that it is a key determinant for compliance with preventive health behaviors and that "only when a person feels that the recommended behavior is likely to lead to the desired outcome will adoption of the recommendations occur" ( [14] , p. In this vein, the present study sought to explore the relationship between civic engagement (specifically, civic attitudes), perceived efficacy, self-efficacy, and compliance with protective health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this vein, the present study sought to explore the relationship between civic engagement (specifically, civic attitudes), perceived efficacy, self-efficacy, and compliance with protective health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17197252 id = cord-335593-cjb0daps author = Romagnolo, Alberto title = Neurological comorbidity and severity of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; neurological; patient summary = However, no data have been reported yet on the prevalence and the association with infection severity of pre-existing neurological comorbidities in COVID-19 patients. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of neurological pre-existing comorbidities in a large cohort of patients admitted to ER and diagnosed with COVID-19, estimating their association with infection severity. Patients with neurological comorbidity showed an OR of 2.3 of suffering from severe COVID-19, even after including age and other clinical and demographic characteristics in the multivariate analysis. In conclusion, our study reports the prevalence of different neurological diseases in a large cohort of patients with COVID-19, assessing their association with the infection severity. In our sample, patients with pre-existing neurological diseases showed a significantly higher risk for severe infection, in particular when associated with other comorbidities, suggesting that this population deserves a thorough evaluation since the earliest phases of overt or suspected COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-10123-y id = cord-257718-72b0edg6 author = Romanelli, John title = The COVID-19 reset: lessons from the pandemic on Burnout and the Practice of Surgery date = 2020-10-13 keywords = Burnout; COVID-19; surgeon; work summary = Although many mechanisms to address Burnout are from a defensive standpoint—including coping mechanisms, problem solving, and identification of a physician having wellness difficulties—offensive mechanisms such as pursuing purpose and meaning and finding joy in one''s work can serve as reset points that promote thriving and fulfillment. Strategies such as mindfulness training, exercise, taking time-off and ways to improve work/life integration seemed to say that the problem was with the doctors, failing to target significant underlying problems related to the electronic medical record (EMR), performance metrics and lack of flexibility and autonomy that diverted us from activities to improve patient care while taking care of ourselves [1] . The objectives were to identify strategies that promote joy in the practice of surgery, both through identification of surgeon habits that support optimal performance but also through encouraging institutions to commit to healthier, more efficient and positive work environments. Surgeons may be vulnerable to a lack of joy, even Burnout when professional pursuits lose their meaning and purpose, a negative influence which can impact personal lives and relationships. doi = 10.1007/s00464-020-08072-8 id = cord-029172-fctcfoak author = Romano, John L. title = Politics of Prevention: Reflections From the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; States; United; intervention; prevention summary = Two theoretical perspectives that may help to inform effectiveness of COVID-19 prevention measures, Health Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior, are summarized. Studies of COVID-19 preventive interventions offer rich potential to prevention scientists, researching topics such as effectiveness of recommended behaviors, compliance across different demographic groups, and effectiveness of varying media messages. Systemic prevention interventions that enhance personal, social, and physical well-being across institutions, communities, and larger entities, such as cities, states, or countries, have been advocated across many different problem areas (American Psychological Association [APA], 2014). Interestingly, APA has a very active advocacy initiative within its structure, reporting regularly to the membership about its work with policy makers on topics such as promoting social justice and human rights, reducing health disparities, addressing violence prevention, and encouraging members to do likewise. In a school-based example, some parents will accept and deem important prevention programs that teach sex education to develop healthy sexual behavior, reduce teen pregnancy, and promote respect and acceptance of different sexual identities. doi = 10.1177/2632077020938360 id = cord-257867-3j6o1nko author = Romano, Nicola title = Pneumomediastinum related to Covid-19 pneumonia date = 2020-06-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = We herein report two cases of pneumomediastinum related to Covid-19 pneumonia, in patients who underwent chest-CT scan in our Hospital. Unenhanced chest CT-scan revealed the presence of some small ground-glass opacities bilaterally, in particular in paracardiac regions of superior and inferior lobes, findings compatible with Covid-19 pneumonia. Surprisingly, an amount of free air bubbles was present in the superficial cervical soft tissue (around sternocleidomastoid muscles and thyroid gland) and descending into the mediastinal cavity (around trachea, esophagus and great vessels) [ Figure 1A , known, a spontaneous pneumomediastinum may be caused by a pressure gradient between the alveoli and pulmonary interstitium leading to alveolar breakdown as described by Macklin. In cases of infection by SRAS-COV, pneumomediastinum may be related to damage and rupture of alveolar membrane caused by the virus [3, 5] . COVID-19 with spontaneous pneumomediastinum Spontaneous pneumomediastinum occurring in the SARS-COV-2 infection Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: 41 cases doi = 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.06.003 id = cord-355905-av03suua author = Romero Starke, Karla title = The Age-Related Risk of Severe Outcomes Due to COVID-19 Infection: A Rapid Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression date = 2020-08-17 keywords = covid-19; risk summary = Because not all important age-related risk factors were included in the analysis, and because they adjusted for biomarkers which were reflective of disease severity/COVID-19 infection, the study was rated as having a high risk of bias. Due to the lack of age-related risk factors included in the analysis and the adjustment for fever, which is reflective of COVID-19 infection/disease severity, this study was determined to have a high risk of bias. This study received a high risk of bias rating because only patients older than 60 years of age were considered, because of missing risk factors, and because biomarkers were used that might indicate a COVID-19 infection/disease severity. All the studies included in the meta-analysis for mortality were rated as having a high risk of bias because not all age-dependent risk factors were considered and because the variables used in the analysis may have already indicated COVID-19 disease severity. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165974 id = cord-286552-4ip0yl0n author = Romero, Carolina S. title = COVID-19 psychological impact in 3109 healthcare workers in Spain: The PSIMCOV group date = 2020-05-14 keywords = PSAS; covid-19 summary = title: COVID-19 psychological impact in 3109 healthcare workers in Spain: The PSIMCOV group The objective is to assess the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spanish healthcare workers. A Psychological Stress and Adaptation at work Score (PSAS) was defined combining four modified versions of validated psychological assessment tests (A) Healthcare Stressful Test, (B) Coping Strategies Inventory, (C) Font-Roja Questionnaire and (D) Trait Meta-Mood Scale. CONCLUSIONS: The psychological impact in healthcare workers in Spain during COVID-19 emergency has been studied. For analytical purposes, the Spanish Tertiary hospital workers showed a higher level of stress, PSAS 43.9 (16.6) along with ambulance services, PSAS 43.7 (15) when compared to other groups ( p < 0.0001). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in healthcare workers in Spain, has been evaluated. Stress at work in healthcare environment and adaptative coping strategies (in Spanish) doi = 10.1017/s0033291720001671 id = cord-275395-w2u7fq1g author = Romero-Severson, Ethan Obie title = Change in global transmission rates of COVID-19 through May 6 2020 date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; country; model summary = In this report, we developed a deterministic-stochastic hybrid model and fitted the model to case incidence and death incidence time series data from 55 countries. We model the spread of COVID-19 as a partially observed Markov process with real-valued states S (susceptible), E (exposed), I (infected), and R (removed) to describe the latent population dynamics, and integer-valued states C 0 (to be counted), Y 1 (counted cases), D 0:3 (dying), and Y 2 (counted deaths) to model sampling into the data. Generally, countries that were found to have both variable transmission rates and variable detection probabilities (model 3 in Table 1) show a pattern of level or increasing deaths coupled with a level or slightly declining incidence in number of reported cases. The deaths due to COVID-19 in Europe are lower than the average number of reported deaths in a period of the same length for all countries in the data set that also had all-cause death counts from previous years. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0236776 id = cord-268940-8th4ij8i author = Romito, Francesca title = Psychological Distress in Outpatients With Lymphoma During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; HADS; IES summary = In this context, we have evaluated the psychological status of onco-hematological outpatients receiving infusion and not deferrable anti-neoplastic treatment for lymphoproliferative neoplasms, with the aim of both measuring the levels of post-traumatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety during the pandemic and also of investigating the perception of risk of potential nosocomial infection. Psychological distress and post-traumatic stress symptoms in cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic have not yet been evaluated in Chinese or other national studies. In this context, we conducted a prospective evaluation of the psychological status of outpatients receiving anti-neoplastic treatment for lymphoproliferative diseases during lockdown in our non-COVID Cancer Center Institute in southern Italy, pursuing the following aims: (i) to measure the levels of post-traumatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety during the pandemic; and (ii) to investigate the perception of the risk of potential nosocomial infection. doi = 10.3389/fonc.2020.01270 id = cord-333805-xmqs2ax7 author = Romoli, Michele title = A systematic review of neurological manifestations of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: the devil is hidden in the details date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; CSF; PCR; SARS summary = BACKGROUND: We systematically reviewed available evidence for reports of neurological signs and symptoms in Coronavirus disease (COVID)‐19 patients to identify cases with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection or immune‐mediated reaction in the nervous system. This study therefore aimed to identify clinical cases of confirmed nervous system invasion or postinfectious neurological disease in the available COVID-19 literature on the basis of a systematic review. A systematic review was carried out to study all cases reporting nervous system involvement in patients with proven SARS-CoV2 infection. There were just 2 cases with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR in CSF among 27 patients with potential neurologic symptoms and proven COVID-19. In this regard, we see a clear need for the use of precise case definitions and focused diagnostic work-up to distinguish nonspecific complications of severe disease and focused reporting of neurological involvement in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1111/ene.14382 id = cord-302886-5zjghwkq author = Ronit, Andreas title = Compartmental immunophenotyping in COVID-19 ARDS: A case series date = 2020-10-23 keywords = BALF; CD8; COVID-19 summary = OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to phenotype leukocyte subpopulations and the cytokine milieu in the lungs and blood of critically ill patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although the available evidence favors the presence of severe immunopathology during COVID-19 ARDS, the compartmental transmission of immunoinflammatory processes between blood and lungs remains unexplored, and characterization of distinct leukocyte subpopulations and their cytokine mediators could thus potentially reveal both novel therapeutic targets and guide the timing of treatment. In the present study, we immunophenotyped bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood of mechanically ventilated patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 ARDS. [33] [34] [35] A recent study performed genome-wide transcriptome sequencing of RNA obtained from BALF in 3 patients with COVID-19 with unknown disease severity; it reported different expression of 1004 genes, including a high expression of cytokines such as MCP-1, IP-10, MIP-1A, and MIP-1B. In conclusion, our study provides novel phenotypic insight into the cell composition and inflammatory mediators simultaneously present in the lungs and blood in patients with COVID-19 ARDS. doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.009 id = cord-279667-ikfduu2k author = Ronnje, Louise title = Complicated COVID-19 in pregnancy: a case report with severe liver and coagulation dysfunction promptly improved by delivery date = 2020-09-04 keywords = covid-19; liver; patient; pregnancy summary = title: Complicated COVID-19 in pregnancy: a case report with severe liver and coagulation dysfunction promptly improved by delivery Severe COVID-19 promptly improved by the termination of the pregnancy or atypical HELLP (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes and Low Platelet Count) exacerbated by concomitant COVID-19 infection could not be ruled out. CONCLUSIONS: This case adds to the growing body of evidence which raises concerns about the possible negative maternal outcomes of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and advocates for pregnant women to be recognized as a vulnerable group during the current pandemic. We report a case of severe COVID-19 during in third trimester pregnancy, which led to an emergency Caesarean section and preterm delivery at 32 + 6 weeks of gestational age. Atypical presentation of HELLP could not be ruled out and the importance of a multidisciplinary team in the treatment and management of severe COVID-19 during pregnancy is critical for positive patient outcome. doi = 10.1186/s12884-020-03172-8 id = cord-281713-3iu8qx7n author = Ronquillo, Jay G title = Using informatics to guide public health policy during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; USA summary = METHODS: Cross-sectional study of all COVID-19 cases and deaths in the USA on a populationand resource-adjusted basis (as of 24 April 2020) by applying biomedical informatics and data visualization tools to several public and federal government datasets, including analysis of the impact of statewide stay-at-home orders. 6 Resource-adjusted characteristics were calculated by dividing state-level cases by (i) estimated state-level physician totals from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2018 Compendium of US Health Systems (https://www.a hrq.gov/chsp), and (ii) published state-level estimates for mechanical ventilators as described in the Society of Critical Care Medicine report on US ICU Resource Availability for COVID-19. Using information from available publication and news sources, we identified states with and without stay-at-home or similar nonpharmaceutical intervention (NPI) orders that were implemented statewide as of the study date. 1 Looking beyond raw case and death counts by adjusting for publicly accessible data on populations and resource estimates can help clarify risks and inform public health policy. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa081 id = cord-267691-whn49c79 author = Rooney, L. title = ‘Policing’ a pandemic: Garda wellbeing and COVID-19 date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; Garda; Síochána; psychological summary = Furthermore, research not only indicates that heighted levels of psychological distress are an occupational hazard associated with the law enforcement profession, but that members of the Garda Síochána feel their mental health needs are largely unmet by their organisation. Given the pandemic''s propensity to expose officers to indeterminate echelons of physical and psychological threat; there has never been a more appropriate time to explore the potential burdens associated with ''policing'' a pandemic, question the governments capacity to address the psychological support needs of frontline professionals, and plan future research for best practice. Given the minimal amount of media gratitude expressed to the Garda Síochána for their role in COVID-19, this research not only infers that officers are excluded access to certain sociocultural factors that mitigate environmental stressors but highlights an additional level of vulnerability that should be considered when developing support services for the Gardaí. doi = 10.1017/ipm.2020.70 id = cord-274628-xu18zf4l author = Ros, Maxime title = Increasing global awareness of timely COVID-19 healthcare guidelines through FPV training tutorials: Portable public health crises teaching method date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; FPV; worker summary = METHODS: In order to address this need, we created a downloadable pedagogical video content through first-person point-of-view to rapidly train users on COVID-19 procedures in the Revinax® Handbook mobile App. Eight new tutorials were designed through this technology platform to assist healthcare workers/responders caring for COVID-19 patients. This is also consistent with the social distance requirements to reduce unnecessary close proximity of a formal in-person educational classroom in order to educate and train students as well as J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f communication sought to provide COVID-19 healthcare workers/responders a means to rapidly create educational content that can be deployed (i.e., at any time including just before any medical/surgical procedure) adequately, efficiently, and meaningfully to best alleviate the issues faced by hospitals, health-care workers/responders, and patients. doi = 10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104479 id = cord-257944-a59ph9c5 author = Rosa, Marcela Emer Egypto title = COVID-19 findings identified in chest computed tomography: a pictorial essay date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = (3) Some studies have demonstrated an initial non-negligible false-negative rate, even in symptomatic patientspart of them already presenting characteristic imaging abnormalities in chest computed tomography (CT) and only later becoming positive on laboratory results. (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) The objective of this article was to present examples of tomographic findings described in pneumonia caused by COVID-19, so that healthcare professionals working during this pandemic can be familiar with the disease and identify suspected patients quicker. (14, 15) Ground-ground-glass opacities are the most common and early finding (approximately zero to 4 days after onset of symptoms) in COVID-19 patients; they often present bilateral, peripheral and subpleural distribution in the lower lobes (Figures 1 and 2) . (14, 15) It was originally described as a specific finding for cryptogenic organizing pneumonia; however, it was later observed in patients with several other diseases, such as COVID-19 (11) (Figures 7 and 8 ). doi = 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020rw5741 id = cord-301283-5bta8woj author = Rosa, William E. title = LGBTQ+ Inclusive Palliative Care in the Context of COVID-19:Pragmatic Recommendations for Clinicians date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; LGBTQ+ summary = Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, gender-nonconforming, queer and/or questioning (LGBTQ+) identified persons are particularly vulnerable to health inequities across settings, including palliative care and at end-of-life. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, gender-nonconforming, queer and/or questioning (LGBTQ+) identified persons are particularly vulnerable to health inequities across settings, including palliative care and at endof-life. We aim to fill this gap by providing essential health inequity and social support background pertaining to LGBTQ+ persons and practical recommendations for immediate implementation that support inclusive and respectful care for these populations. As hospitals worldwide respond to an influx of patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, gender-nonconforming, and queer/questioning-identified (LGBTQ+) individuals remain particularly vulnerable to health inequities in all settings, including palliative and end-of-life (EOL) care. Specifically, we 1) describe important health inequity and social support background pertaining to LGBTQ+ individuals and 2) provide practical, accessible strategies for palliative care clinicians for immediate implementation to ensure doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.155 id = cord-306733-df36w6l7 author = Rosales-Mendoza, Sergio title = What Does Plant-Based Vaccine Technology Offer to the Fight against COVID-19? date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; plant; protein; vaccine; virus summary = Transient nuclear genome transformation Rapid production; high productivity; implemented at the industrial level Seed bank cannot be generated; requires purification of the antigen to eliminate toxic compounds from the host and ag-robacteria residues S protein; multiepitope vaccines A chimeric protein of GFP and amino acids 1-658 of the SARS-CoV-1 S protein (S1:GFP) was transiently expressed in tobacco leaves and stably transformed in tobacco and lettuce. No immunization assays were performed The SARS-CoV-1 N protein was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, which induced in mice high levels of IgG1 and IgG2a and up regulation of IFN-γ and IL-10 in splenocytes. The precedents of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS antigens expressed in recombinant systems leading to the formation of VLPs constitute important guides for the topic of COVID-19 vaccine development. Thus, VLPs based on the main SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins is an attractive approach for vaccine development against coronavirus infections. doi = 10.3390/vaccines8020183 id = cord-289272-bhq4t850 author = Rosario, Denes K.A. title = Relationship between COVID-19 and weather: Case study in a tropical country date = 2020-06-19 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Relationship between COVID-19 and weather: Case study in a tropical country This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between weather factors (temperature, humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, and rainfall) and COVID-19 infection in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Solar radiation showed a strong (-0.609, p < 0.01) negative correlation with the incidence of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Temperature (maximum and average) and wind speed showed negative correlation (p < 0.01). Therefore, in this studied tropical state, high solar radiation can be indicated as the main climatic factor that suppress the spread of COVID-19. The data on daily 88 cases of the COVID-19 showed non-normal distribution, so the relationship between weather 89 and COVID-19 incidence was studied using the Spearman rank correlation test. Between nine climatic factors studied, 117 five were significant (temperature maximum, minimum and average, radiation and wind speed). doi = 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113587 id = cord-261455-uejtwgar author = Roschewski, Mark title = Inhibition of Bruton tyrosine kinase in patients with severe COVID-19 date = 2020-06-05 keywords = BTK; Fig; IL-6; covid-19; oxygen; patient summary = Acalabrutinib, a selective BTK inhibitor, was administered off-label to 19 patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 (11 on supplemental oxygen; 8 on mechanical ventilation), 18 of whom had increasing oxygen requirements at baseline. This prospective off-label clinical study includes 19 hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 who received off-label acalabrutinib between March 20, 2020 (date of treatment of the first patient) through April 10, 2020 with formal data collection completed on April 23, 2020 (Table S1 ). Our laboratory studies of ex vivo blood samples from patients hospitalized with COVID-19 revealed significantly elevated BTK phosphorylation in peripheral blood monocytes compared with healthy volunteers, demonstrating that the target of acalabrutinib is activated in these innate immune cells. BTK activation occurs in macrophages when TLRs bind single-stranded RNA, as may occur in SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to NF-κB-dependent expression of multiple inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL-6 which we observed was induced in COVID-19 monocytes and decreased in plasma following acalabrutinib treatment (Fig. 1) . doi = 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd0110 id = cord-280410-j32tuj5s author = Rose, Adam J. title = COVID-Related Disruption—Finding the Silver Lining date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Growing evidence shows that many non-COVID patients have stayed home with obvious heart attack symptoms rather than coming into the hospital, for fear of catching This has led to patients dying at home, increases in otherwise rare complications such as ventricular wall rupture, 2 and generally to unnecessarily severe complications from events that might have been easily managed under usual circumstances. Cancer treatment has been delayed or disrupted in many cases, despite valiant efforts by healthcare workers to continue it. COVID-19 has not been good for medical care delivery, for patients, or for healthcare workers. While some (or even many) disruptions have been bad for patients and the healthcare system, others seem to have been helpful. Certainly, readers can furnish many examples of how COVID-19 has been bad for care delivery in their area of expertise, their clinic, or their hospital. doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-06173-7 id = cord-305363-4msd8mqo author = Roselli, Lucia Reis Peixoto title = Utility-Based Multicriteria Model for Screening Patients under the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; decision summary = In this paper, a utility-based multicriteria model is proposed to support the physicians to deal with an important medical decision—the screening decision problem—given the squeeze put on resources due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that uncertainty is an inevitable factor that is inherently present in medical diagnostics and treatment decisions [6] , a decision analysis (DA) model based on the multiattribute utility theory (MAUT) is developed in order to aid physicians when they make such decisions. In this context, this paper is aimed at presenting a multicriteria model for screening patients with suspected COVID-19, based on a DA approach within the multiattribute utility theory. To apply the proposed model for aiding the screening of patients with suspected COVID-19, the physician should first input information about the patient''s chances of survival in three scenarios: isolation at home, a hospital stay, or in an intensive care unit (ICU). doi = 10.1155/2020/9391251 id = cord-327821-c6ncyge7 author = Rosemary HM Lim, Dr title = The experiences of the community pharmacy team in supporting people with dementia and family carers with medication management during the COVID-19 pandemic. date = 2020-10-17 keywords = England; covid-19 summary = METHODS: An interpretivist/constructivist research paradigm was used; semi-structured one-to-one telephone interviews were conducted with any member of the community pharmacy team who had been involved in providing medication services to people with dementia in England before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: The study provided a unique and important first insights to our understanding of how the community pharmacy team in England supported people with dementia and their family carers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Empirical research on the experiences of the community pharmacy team in providing medication services to people with dementia and their carers in England during the COVID-19 pandemic is scarce. The study provided a unique and important first insights to our understanding of how the community pharmacy team in England respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, specific to the provision of medication services to people with dementia and their informal carers. doi = 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.10.005 id = cord-293634-4rryqbnu author = Rosen, Kelsey title = Delivering Telerehabilitation to COVID-19 Inpatients:A Retrospective Chart Review Suggests It Is a Viable Option date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Based on the algorithm, COVID-19 inpatients were selected to receive telerehabilitation if they could ambulate independently, could use technology, had stable vital signs, required minimal supplemental oxygen, and were cognitively intact. The purpose of the inpatient telerehabilitation PT program for COVID-19 patients was to safely assess barriers to discharge, deliver patient education, and provide a home exercise program (HEP) all while minimizing staff exposure. Success of the inpatient telerehabilitation program was determined based on the ability to create an algorithm, train staff, deliver education efficiently, maintain patient and staff safety during interventions, and ensure patients discharged home safely. Despite these limitations, we believe that this retrospective review provides preliminary data on how to implement an inpatient telerehabilitation program and suggests that selected COVID-19 patients can be discharged successfully after this method of treatment. doi = 10.1007/s11420-020-09774-4 id = cord-351189-56am76lb author = Rosen, Melissa H title = Management of Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis in a Pregnant Woman With COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report and Review of the Literature date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = As the patient was improving on steroids and given the rapidly increasing rate of COVID-19 infected patients at our institution, the decision was made to discharge the patient home on an oral prednisone taper on hospital day 5 with plans to start infliximab as an outpatient. Although intravenous steroids are the mainstay of treatment for acute severe UC in the hospitalized patient, the use of steroids in the first trimester of pregnancy may be associated with a risk of cleft lip or cleft palate. The necessity for guidance was addressed by the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IOIBD) in their publication, "Management of Patients with Crohn''s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of an International Meeting." 9 The recommendation is to continue biologic therapy in the absence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes doi = 10.1093/ibd/izaa109 id = cord-308263-stnv5oip author = Rosen, Raphael J. title = Thrombotic complications in critically ill patients with COVID 19 date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID summary = key: cord-308263-stnv5oip title: Thrombotic complications in critically ill patients with COVID 19 They report an alarmingly high number of thrombotic complications (combination venous and arterial thromboembolism) in critically ill patients with COVID 19. They note an overall incidence of 31% composite outcome, much higher than the rate of thrombotic complications in prior series of critically ill patients prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (2). Additionally, they noted an incidence of DVT that was only 1.6% (albeit without screening) while the majority of their outcomes were due to pulmonary embolism. It is quite possible that were as many CT angiograms performed on general critically ill patients that a similar proportion would be found to have pulmonary embolism, as was found by Minet et al when all thoracic CTs obtained were performed with contrast enhancement -19% in their series (3) . Deep venous thrombosis in medical-surgical critically ill patients: Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors doi = 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.032 id = cord-274761-c2hgkbg6 author = Rosenberg, Eli S. title = Cumulative incidence and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in New York date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; NYS; SARS summary = SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence was estimated from antibody reactivity by first post-stratification weighting then adjusting by antibody test characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: From the largest US serosurvey to date, we estimated > 2 million adult New York residents were infected through late March, with substantial disparities, although cumulative incidence remained below herd immunity thresholds. Cumulative incidence among non-institutionalized adults, by geographic and demographic features, was estimated from weighted reactivity rates that were adjusted for validated test characteristics. We estimated SARS-Cov-2 cumulative incidence from observed antibody reactivity using two sequential steps: 1) post-stratification weighting to standardize to the New York State population and 2) adjustment by estimated antibody test characteristics. Test-characteristic adjusted cumulative incidence values were multiplied by the one-and two-way non-institutionalized adult populations (e.g. excluding settings such as prisons and nursing homes) from the American Community Survey 2014-2018 Public Use Microdata Sample file [23] . doi = 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.06.004 id = cord-332218-4bumy47f author = Rosenthal, Jamie A. title = Asthma Is Associated with Increased Risk of Intubation but Not Hospitalization or Death in COVID-19 date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Asthma Is Associated with Increased Risk of Intubation but Not Hospitalization or Death in COVID-19 While studies from China suggested that 3 asthma was not a risk factor for severe COVID-19, other studies have shown higher rates of asthma 4 among hospitalized patients 1, 2 . Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to assess the associations 5 between asthma and hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, or death among patients with 6 COVID-19. . We were unable to 53 evaluate the association between biologic medications for asthma and COVID-19 outcomes, as only one 54 patient with asthma was receiving a biologic (omalizumab) and did not require hospitalization. 55 56 This study assessed whether asthma was associated with COVID-19 severity with regards to outcomes 57 and laboratory biomarkers. In conclusion, there was no association between asthma and risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, or 81 death among patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.anai.2020.10.002 id = cord-356009-emn2w8if author = Roshandel, M. R. title = What Specimen Urologists Should Be Most Concerned About ? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; RNA; SARS summary = Conclusions: Our review concludes that not only the SARS-CoV-2 can be excreted in the urine in eight ?percent of patients but also its incidence may have associations with the severity of the ?systemic disease, ICU admission, and fatality rates. The searches included medical subject headings (MeSH) and keywords for SARS-CoV-2, COVID, Corona, together with shedding, persistence, urine, urinary, specimen, viral load, or RNA body fluids. We completed the data abstraction process using created forms to record study characteristics, clinical data, and laboratory data including study year and design, country of study origin, total initial population size, test type for disease diagnosis, test type for samples (urine/stool/rectal swab/blood), patients age (including mean and range), number of positive and total patients and/or (wherever applicable) number of positive and total specimens collected for each test category, disease severity, ICU admission, and fatality rate. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.08.20209544 id = cord-286403-gdkwabcj author = Rosovsky, Rachel P. title = Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Position Paper from the National PERT Consortium date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Position Paper from the National PERT Consortium However, the unique aspects of this virus confound both the diagnosis and treatment of PE, and thus require modification of established algorithms.1-6 Important considerations include adjustment of diagnostic modalities, incorporation of the pro-thrombotic contribution of COVID-19, management of two critical cardio-respiratory illnesses in the same patient, and protecting patients and health care workers while providing optimal care. The National Pulmonary Embolism Response Team (PERT) Consortium, the largest organization in the world specifically dedicated to improving outcomes in PE and advancing the science around this disease, recently published consensus recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up for patients with acute PE. Diagnosis, Treatment and Follow Up of Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Consensus Practice from the PERT Consortium Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.2064 id = cord-262198-3slh8aha author = Rossell, S. title = An overview of current mental health in the general population of Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the COLLATE project date = 2020-07-18 keywords = Australia; July; covid-19 summary = Participants ranked their top ten current primary concerns about COVID-19, and completed standardized measures to ascertain levels of negative emotions (specifically, depression, anxiety and stress). Modelling of predictors of negative emotions established several risk factors related to demographic variables, personal vulnerabilities, financial stresses, and social distancing experiences; particularly being young, being female, or having a mental illness diagnosis. . https://doi.org/10.1101 /2020 (described below) focuses on identifying the current concerns, emotional experiences and risk factors for adverse COVID-19-related mental health outcomes in people currently living in Australia. Levels of negative emotion (depression, anxiety, and stress) were examined and compared with existing Australian population norms; and were modelled as an outcome to identify possible risks factors related to demographic variables, personal vulnerabilities, financial stresses, and social distancing experiences. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.16.20155887 id = cord-325315-m3do6t1j author = Rossi, Carlo Maria title = A case report of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in a patient with COVID-19 treated with hydroxychloroquine: are these two partners in crime? date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; drug; toxic summary = Given the activation of the immune system syndrome induced by the virus and the widespread off-label use of this drug, we suggest a careful monitoring of skin and mucous membranes in all COVID-19 positive patients treated with hydroxychloroquine in order to early detect early signs of toxicities. Another salient aspect of the case is the favorable evolution of the patient given that this type of SCAR is typically associated with a bad prognosis [35] [36] [37] , even more so because the patient displayed all the negative typical prognostic factors also for COVID-19 [38] [39] [40] [41] , indeed the calculation of the severity-of-illness score for toxic epidermal necrolysis (SCORTEN) in our patient led to an estimated mortality rate of 58.3% (CI 36,6 -77,59) ( Table 2 ) [42, 43] . doi = 10.1186/s12948-020-00133-6 id = cord-289524-jw4i2ccd author = Rossi, Esther Diana title = International perspectives: Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on cytology date = 2020-04-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: International perspectives: Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on cytology Cytology laboratories also are being impacted by this pandemic in several ways. 2 Specimens, especially respiratory samples, may be submitted for cytologic evaluation. Now is the time to leverage digital imaging technology in order for cytopathologists to perform telecytology remotely, even from home if required. To allow for social distancing, cytotechnologists who are screening cases should be allowed to spread out as much possible. Can cytotechnologists screen cases at home? The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak The COVID-19 pandemic: implications for the cytology laboratory COVID-19): information for laboratories Emerging infections and the cytology laboratory Going remote: maintaining normalcy in our pathology laboratories during the COVID-19 pandemic International Perspectives in Cytology represents the opinions and views of the author and does not reflect any policy or opinion of the doi = 10.1002/cncy.22275 id = cord-307745-8dq3vyw9 author = Rossi, Rosario title = PROTECTIVE ROLE OF CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH DIRECT ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS IN ELDERLY PATIENTS AFFECTED BY INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA IN COVID-19 ERA date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: PROTECTIVE ROLE OF CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH DIRECT ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS IN ELDERLY PATIENTS AFFECTED BY INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA IN COVID-19 ERA • Elderly COVID-19 patients with chronic heart disease have a worse prognosis; • Cardio-active treatment has a protective role in COVID-19 pneumonia; • Anticoagulant chronic assumption in elderly with heart disease reduce mortality. Elderly patients affected by chronic heart disease showed a high mortality risk in the setting of COVID-19 interstitial pneumonia [3] . This study aimed to assess if pharmacological cardio-active treatment reduce mortality risk in the setting of COVID-19 interstitial pneumonia. Following our assumption, we should not interrupt cardio-active drugs in elderly patients affected by cardiovascular disease and COVID-19. Further studies on a larger population of patients, possibly randomized, are needed to confirm the protective role of DOAC in reducing the mortality risk in COVID-19 patients with pre-existing cardiac diseases. doi = 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.06.006 id = cord-325476-38lg4a1u author = Rossman, Hagai title = A framework for identifying regional outbreak and spread of COVID-19 from one-minute population-wide surveys date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19; Israel summary = Here we propose that daily population-wide surveys that assess the development of symptoms caused by the virus could serve as a strategic and valuable tool for identifying such clusters and informing epidemiologists, public-health officials and policymakers. We expect such data will allow the following: faster detection of spreading zones and patients; acquisition of a current snapshot of the number of people in each area who have developed symptoms; prediction of future spreading zones several days before an outbreak occurs; and evaluation of the effectiveness of the various social-distancing measures taken and their contribution to reducing the number of symptomatic people. Since then, Israel has gradually imposed several additional measures (Extended Data Fig. 1 ): on 9 March, the 14-day home isolation was extended to people arriving from anywhere of international origin, and those who were in close contact with a patient with confirmed COVID-19 were instructed similarly. doi = 10.1038/s41591-020-0857-9 id = cord-273869-buavj9mm author = Rosés-Gibert, Pau title = Acral lesions in a pediatric population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case series of 36 patients from a single hospital in Spain date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Acral lesions in a pediatric population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case series of 36 patients from a single hospital in Spain METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study was performed collecting data on 36 patients under 14 years old, presenting suspicious acral skin manifestations for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The management of patients presenting chilblain-like lesions and acral purpuric macules is not well established. Varicella-like exanthem as a specific COVID-19-associated skin manifestation: multicenter case series of 22 patients COVID-19) infection-induced chilblains: a case report with histopathological findings Chilblain and acral purpuric lesions in Spain during covid confinement: retrospective analysis of 12 cases Chilblain-like lesions during COVID-19 epidemic: a preliminary study on 63 patients Chilblains-like lesions in children following suspected COVID-19 infection Assessment of acute acral lesions in a case series of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1007/s12519-020-00390-0 id = cord-266799-t7lqlv41 author = Rotejanaprasert, Chawarat title = Preliminary estimation of temporal and spatiotemporal dynamic measures of COVID-19 transmission in Thailand date = 2020-09-24 keywords = Thailand; covid-19 summary = This study thus aims to estimate and compare disease dynamic measures in several dimensions that can be augmented with epidemiological summary statistics to monitor the COVID-19 situation for each location and time at different stages of the epidemic. The data in this study were from confirmed COVID-19 cases in 77 provinces of Thailand from January 12 th 2020 through June 30 th 2020 provided in the daily reports of the Department of Disease Control, Thai Ministry of Public Health (MOPH). During the early stage of an epidemic curve caused by emerging diseases, the exponential growth (EG) rate, denoted by r, can be related to the initial reproduction rate and can be described as the change in number of new cases per time unit [15] . We wanted to provide information that could be used to help design effective control strategies for the current COVID-19 situation in Thailand after the disease has spread to different provinces across the country much of which was from cluster outbreaks originating from several super spreader events. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239645 id = cord-294571-qd0qjo3y author = Rothan, Hussin A. title = Molecular Aspects of COVID-19 Differential Pathogenesis date = 2020-07-06 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) represents the primary SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, and its physiological role is crucial in the progress of COVID-19 illness. Previous studies on SARS-CoV-1 reported that the binding of viral spike (S) protein to ACE2 downregulates the expression of ACE2, resulting in a diminished protective role of ACE2 and, subsequently, acute respiratory failure [52] . The levels of ACE2 expression, which could be sex-and age-dependent, have a protective role against lung and kidney injuries that could impact the severity of COVID-19 illness in male vs. The susceptibility of cardio-metabolic patients to develop severe COVID-19 illness and the high mortality rate could be linked to the ACE2 function during SARS-CoV-2 infection and the cardio-metabolic treatments that may interfere with ACE2-virus interaction. Previous studies on SARS-COV-1 reported that the binding of viral S protein to ACE2 downregulates the expression of ACE2, resulting in a diminished protective role of ACE2 and, subsequently, acute respiratory failure [52] . doi = 10.3390/pathogens9070538 id = cord-288493-i15rb8d2 author = Rother, N. title = Hydroxychloroquine inhibits trained immunity - implications for COVID-19 date = 2020-06-09 keywords = Fig; HKCA; June; covid-19 summary = Similar to what we observed at the time of admission, we found enhanced transcription of interferon-stimulated genes five days after admission to be associated with poor outcome (Fig. 3i,j) Taken together, these immune profiling data show that the inflammatory response in SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by marked alterations in the innate immune system, a result that corroborates previous reports 14 . To investigate the effect of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on trained immunity, we adapted a previously described in vitro protocol in which human PBMCs are stimulated with RPMI (control) or HKCA for 24 hours 21 . This effect was abrogated when cells were treated with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for 24 hours during HKCA stimulation, indicating that these compounds prevent the induction of trained immunity (Fig. 4b, Extended Data Fig. 4b) . Since interferons play a central role in viral immune responses, and our monocyte transcriptome data from COVID-19 patients revealed enhanced interferon-stimulated gene expression, we investigated how inflammatory monocytes respond to restimulation with IFN. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.08.20122143 id = cord-297777-lnr4w3ek author = Rothman, S title = The mental health impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on immigrants and racial and ethnic minorities date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; York; population summary = Disease spread has been tracked by the CDC and geographic differences can be viewed through the lens of epidemiologic and population-level factors which include: the timing of COVID-19 introductions, population density, age distribution and prevalence of underlying medical conditions among COVID-19 patients, the timing and extent of community mitigation measures, diagnostic testing capacity and finally, public health reporting practices. 3 In New York City, specifically in the Bronx where it is estimated that 29% of individuals live below poverty level 4 and the population is composed mainly of Hispanics and African Americans who may have a number of psychosocial issues including: poverty, homelessness, issues with access to health care, education and immigration concerns. Many of these workers are young and healthy, however diabetes affects 22% of the Latino population and this medical comorbidity is a significant risk factor for severe COVID-19 disease course. doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa203 id = cord-273522-ygd19p05 author = Rothrock, Robert J. title = By the Numbers Analysis of COVID-19’s Effect on a Neurosurgical Residency at the Epicenter date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Objective To present areal-world analysis of neurosurgical volumes, resident deployment, and unique challenges encountered during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak peak in New York City. Methods Daily census and case volume data were prospectively collected throughout the Spring 2020SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Conclusion These data provide real-world guidance on neurosurgical infrastructure needs during a COVID-19 outbreak. Daily census and case volume data were prospectively collected throughout the Spring 12 2020SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. These data provide real-world guidance on neurosurgical infrastructure needs during a COVID-27 19 outbreak. 55 We report numerical real-world analysis of our neurosurgical resident experience during 56 the peak of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in New York City. Understanding volume and case mix 57 of operative and neurointerventional procedures, daily patient census, ICU coverage needs, and 58 rate of resident safety concerns and sick days during this period will aid in understanding 59 resource allocation during future outbreaks. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.07.063 id = cord-292698-w7wrwj95 author = Rothstein, Rachel title = School Nurses on the Front Lines of Healthcare: The Approach to Maintaining Student Health and Wellness During COVID-19 School Closures date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; Table; school summary = The extended durations of these closures present unique challenges, as many families rely on the school as a source of physical activity, mental health services, psychosocial support, child care, and food security. NASN also provides, "Guidance for School Nurses to Safely Send and Receive Resources Between School and Home During COVID-19," to ensure safe transfer of both student and school property, including backpacks, student medication, school supplies, electronic devices, and ongoing food services to socially and medically disadvantaged families (NASN, 2020). On the national level, the Families First Coronavirus Response Act includes a provision that expands protection for employees that during a public health emergency are unable to work due to a need for leave to care for their child because the school or day care has been closed or the child care provider is unavailable (Moss et al., 2020) . To provide families in your community with outdoor physical activities that follow social distancing guidelines, visit the Healthy Children website in Table 1 . doi = 10.1177/1942602x20935612 id = cord-296806-pep4vlj1 author = Rotulo, Gioacchino Andrea title = Giant Urticaria and Acral Peeling in a Child with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-296806-pep4vlj1 title: Giant Urticaria and Acral Peeling in a Child with COVID-19 cord_uid: pep4vlj1 Several clinical cases of suspected COVID-19 with skin involvement have been described in pediatric age, but most of them were unconfirmed cases (Appendix). The presence of acral peeling, not yet clearly described as a sign of COVID19, in association with giant urticaria, should be emphasized in our confirmed pediatric case. Moreover, the skin manifestation was the first presenting sign of COVID-19, before the onset of fever. This must be taken into consideration to recognize a pediatric COVID-19 case early. COVID toes"): Histologic, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical study of 17 cases Timing of PCR and Antibody Testing in Patients with COVID-19 associated dermatologic manifestations COVID-19 and cutaneous manifestations: a systematic review All that glisters is not COVID: low prevalence of seroconversion against SARS-CoV-2 in a pediatric cohort of patients with Chilblain-like lesions doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.10.039 id = cord-282982-dc5m81bx author = Rouillard, Smita title = COVID-19: Long-term Planning for Procedure-based Specialties During Extended Mitigation and Suppression Strategies date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; procedure; risk summary = 1 Given varying degrees of mitigation and suppression may persist for 1-2 years, there is a critical need for pragmatic approaches for reopening procedural and surgical units, addressing backlogs, and establishing standards of care which balance patient risk and benefit, while maintaining the procedural volumes needed for patient care during this time of ongoing disease control measures. At Kaiser Permanente in Northern California (KPNC), a Kaiser Permanente region serving 4.5 million members, early surges of COVID-19 inpatients in two medical centers led to regional mitigation/suppression measures and the rapid cancellation of elective procedures/surgeries throughout our 21 hospital system in March 2020, aligned with recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), gastrointestinal specialty societies, and the American College of Surgery. We will initially focus on prioritizing procedures among patients with high medical urgency/likely benefit (based on internal expert opinion, gastrointestinal society guidelines, and the ACS "Elective Case Triage Guidelines for Surgical Care" 20 ) and low COVID-19 and procedural-risk. doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.047 id = cord-309983-lpawbk7s author = Rousan, Liqa A. title = Chest x-ray findings and temporal lung changes in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Information on chest x-ray findings in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia is still limited in the literature and the majority of the reports described the lung changes on chest CT scan. This study aimed to report the chest x-ray findings in 88 patients with confirmed COVID-19 and to describe the temporal changes of the chest radiological findings throughout the disease course. The most common chest x-ray finding in our patients was GGO in a peripheral distribution with bilateral lung involvement, there was a lower lobe predilection of the opacities, with the right lower lobe more common than the left lower lobe (70% vs. Also, in our study the presence of symptoms correlated significantly with abnormal chest x-ray findings suggesting that chest x-ray may be helpful as an aiding tool in the diagnosis and follow up in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The total severity score decreased over time as the chest x-ray findings regressed at days 10-15 from onset of symptoms (n = 9) doi = 10.1186/s12890-020-01286-5 id = cord-336677-h62angfw author = Rousseau, Antoine title = Sars-Cov-2, Covid-19 Et Œil: Le Point Sur Les Données Publiées date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; des summary = Par ailleurs, la protéine Spike de SARS-CoV-2 comprend aussi un site de clivage compatible avec l''action de la furine, une autre protéase membranaire déjà connue pour être impliquée dans la pénétration d''autres coronavirus [14, 20] , et là encore, des inhibiteurs spécifiques de la furine sont à l''étude pour connaître leur propriété antivirale sur SARS-CoVUn second récepteur cellulaire semble jouer un rôle important dans la sensibilité au virus, il s''agit du récepteur CD147, aussi nommé basigine ou encore EMMPRIN (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer). Les propriétés antivirales de l''hydroxychloroquine ont d''ailleurs été suspectées pour un grand nombre d''autres virus que SARS-CoV-2, mais jusqu''à présent, aucun des essais thérapeutiques chez l''homme n''a montré son efficacité dans ces autres infections [25] . Les essais thérapeutiques visant à réguler cette réaction immunitaire exacerbée représentent une part importante de l''effort de recherche clinique sur les formes sévères de COVID-19, et c''est d''ailleurs dans ce domaine que l''un des premiers essais randomisés contrôlé a montré des résultats préliminaires encourageants, (mais qui restent encore à confirmer) à propos d''un inhibiteur de l''interleukine 6 (le tocilizumab) [38] . doi = 10.1016/j.jfo.2020.05.003 id = cord-305262-23qylbmg author = Rowan, Neil J. title = Unlocking the surge in demand for personal and protective equipment (PPE) and improvised face coverings arising from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic – Implications for efficacy, re-use and sustainable waste management date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; N95; PPE; Rowan; SARS summary = Important countermeasures for preventing COVID-19 transmission include mitigating potential high risk aerosol transmission in healthcare setting using medical PPE (such as filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs)) and the appropriate use of face coverings by the general public that carries a lower transmission risk. Given that disposable, plastic-based, PPE (gowns, eye protection, gloves, face masks, filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs)) are heat sensitive, existing healthcare technologies were considered to be either not available, unsuitable or not configured for reprocessing of PPE in healthcare for emergency use (Rowan and Laffey, 2020) . However, potential solutions for effective reprocessing of PPE that considered virus inactivation, material compatibility and device functionality (filtration efficacy, penetration, fit test and so forth) post processing included use of low temperature hydrogen peroxide vapour (VH2O2), ultraviolet germicidal light (UVGI), moist heat, and use of weak bleach for liquid decontamination (Rowan and Laffey, 2020; CDC, 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142259 id = cord-289078-wauwq841 author = Roxby, Alison C title = Lessons from Sweden: where can older adults shelter from COVID-19? date = 2020-10-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = Older adults living in care homes had the greatest increase in risk of death among all categories of household. The authors conclude that contact with working-age adults, whether in a household, a care home, or in a neighbourhood with high population density, was associated with higher mortality from COVID-19 among older adults. The findings also support a mathematical model of COVID-19 transmission and mortality, which predicted that without significant social distancing in other age groups, sheltering behaviours for older adults are not expected to be protective. Despite the considerable emotional and physical support that caregivers and family can offer older adults, isolating at home with younger household members appears to still confer considerable risk for COVID-19 exposure. Residential context and COVID-19 mortality among adults aged 70 years and older in Stockholm: a population-based, observational study using individual-level data doi = 10.1016/s2666-7568(20)30035-0 id = cord-268816-nth3o6ot author = Roy, Satyaki title = Factors affecting COVID-19 infected and death rates inform lockdown-related policymaking date = 2020-10-23 keywords = covid-19; death; feature; lockdown summary = The features in the order shown under "Feature name" are: GDP, inter-state distance based on lat-long coordinates, gender, ethnicity, quality of health care facility, number of homeless people, total infected and death, population density, airport passenger traffic, age group, days for infection and death to peak, number of people tested for COVID-19, days elapsed between first reported infection and the imposition of lockdown measures at a given state. Unless otherwise stated, the feature set comprises GDP, gender, ethnicity, health care, homeless, lockdown type, population density, airport activity, and age groups, whereas the output labels consist of infected and death scores on a scale of 0-6. Although proposing a machine learning algorithm that works best on COVID-19 data is not the purpose of this study, it is worth reporting that decision tree classifier (DT) slightly outperforms the other algorithms for both cases of infected and death scores. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241165 id = cord-354835-o0nscint author = Roy, Sayak title = Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19-Related Patient Outcomes in Different Countries and Plan of Action: A Retrospective Analysis date = 2020-06-04 keywords = covid-19; number summary = The correlation coefficient was calculated by plotting dependant variables the number of COVID-19 cases and the number of deaths due to COVID 19 on the Y-axis and independent variables critical-care beds per capita, the median age of the population of the country, the number of COVID-19 tests per million population, population density (persons per square km), urban population percentage, and gross domestic product (GDP) expense on health care on the X-axis. We retrieved data between January 2020 and April 8, 2020, related to population and population density, the median age of the population of a country, urban population, number of COVID-19 testing employed per million population, GDP expense of each country on health, critical care beds available per capita, from various sources as mentioned in the reference section, stated next to each of these variables in Table 1 , along with the total number of COVID-19 cases and the case fatality rate (as per WHO Situation Report, 78 [2] ). doi = 10.7759/cureus.8440 id = cord-274043-ifr0oo7u author = Rozzini, Renzo title = The COVID Grim Reaper date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID summary = key: cord-274043-ifr0oo7u authors: Rozzini, Renzo title: The COVID Grim Reaper date: 2020-05-08 journal: J Am Med Dir Assoc cord_uid: ifr0oo7u This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. The COVID Grim Reaper Author: Head, Geriatric Dept Reference 23 COVID-19 in Italy: Ageism and Decision Making in a Pandemic The geriatrician: the frontline specialist in the treatment of 26 covid-19 patients -Gemelli against COVID-19 Geriatrics Team doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.05.001 id = cord-270290-i4p4p0o4 author = Ruamviboonsuk, Paisan title = Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Retinal Toxicity Consideration in the Treatment of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ summary = The proposed doses of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for treatment of COVID-19 (1000 mg/day for 10 days, CQ; 800 mg first day then 400 mg/day for 5 days, HCQ) in many guidelines worldwide, are considerably higher than the maximum recommended daily safe doses of both agents (≤2.3 mg/kg/day, CQ; ≤5.0 mg/kg/day, HCQ) for development of retinal toxicity. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] As the therapeutic doses of CQ and HCQ recommended in the trials and guidelines are relatively high compared with the maximum daily safe dose that is related to CQ and HCQ retinal toxicity, this issue of retinal toxicity should be taken into consideration when employing these 2 medications for treatment of COVID-19 worldwide. According to the recommendation by the American Academy of Ophthalmology, the most significant major risk factors for CQ and HCQ retinal toxicity are high dose and long duration of use. doi = 10.1097/apo.0000000000000289 id = cord-347926-63w578b2 author = Ruan, Pei-sen title = COVID-19 in Children: Clinical Characteristics and Follow-Up Study date = 2020-09-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = We recorded patients'' epidemiological, clinical features, and follow-up data after discharging in order to improve the awareness and treatment of children with COVID-19. Since December 2019, multiple patients of pneumonia infected with the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 disease (COVID-19) had been detected in Wuhan city, China [1] . So, analysis of the clinical characteristics, epidemiological characteristics, and follow-up results after discharge of pediatric patients with confirmed COVID-19 in this area was aimed at improving the awareness and treatment of children with COVID-19. Diagnosis and discharge standards were performed according to the content of the "Diagnosis and treatment guidelines for 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (Trial Version 7) (In Chinese) [3] ." We observed and recorded the patient''s epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, radiography, treatment methods, and transfer return. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00502-x id = cord-356033-zzernh1d author = Ruan, Wenly title = Changes in Pediatric Endoscopic Practice during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from an International Survey date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; North summary = 4 This is the first study to explore the impact of COVID-19 on pediatric endoscopic practice worldwide and to compare differences across regions and between areas with differing COVID-19 case burdens. The pre-tested survey anonymously recorded information regarding institutional demographics, current pediatric endoscopic practice patterns, and changes in endoscopic practice, including COVID-19 screening processes and PPE utilization. Fewer North American institutions admitted patients for emergent/urgent cases compared to Europe (p=0.00001) or other countries (p=0.0171). Compared to North America, countries in other continents were less likely to classify procedural urgency using guidelines (p=0.0065), and to postpone emergent/urgent cases (p=0.0129) and advanced endoscopic procedures (p=0.0059). Our study demonstrates significant pediatric endoscopic practice variation across institutions worldwide and highlights relevant differences in practice across geographic regions and differential COVID-19 case burdens. This study provides real-world data highlighting the drastic impact COVID-19 has had on pediatric endoscopic practice worldwide. doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.068 id = cord-275595-q1hyxevb author = Ruan, Xiaofeng title = Mechanism of Dayuanyin in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 based on network pharmacology and molecular docking date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; DYY; Fig; target summary = This study demonstrated that the use of DYY in the treatment of COVID-19 involved a variety of biological processes, and DYY acted on key targets such as IL6, ILIB, and CCL2 through signaling pathways such as the IL-17 signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, and cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction. The top 20 pathways involved in DYY treatment of COVID-19 and the genes enriched in these pathways were imported into Cytoscape software to build a KEGG relationship network diagram (see Fig. 6 ). Through functional enrichment analysis of target genes for DYY treatment of COVID-19, GO biological process and KEGG pathway enrichment maps were obtained (see Fig. 5 ). the before treatment groups(A1, B1, C1) By combining the core target gene bar chart (Fig. 3b ) and the KEGG relationship network diagram (Fig. 6) , we can see that IL6 is one of the most critical genes for anti-inflammatory and immune regulation in COVID-19 patients treated with DYY. doi = 10.1186/s13020-020-00346-6 id = cord-272200-wkifto2o author = Rubin, G James title = Improving adherence to ‘test, trace and isolate’ date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; symptom summary = Unless people are convinced that they will be fully and quickly recompensed for any financial cost and that their use of the test, trace and isolate system is both expected and respected by their community, then, particularly where symptoms are mild, it may be tempting for some to accept their first assumption that their symptoms are probably unrelated to COVID-19. Reducing the costs associated with use of the service will be essential to improving its uptake; this could include an early release from isolation if a negative test result is obtained. Ensuring that a test, trace and isolate system links people up with community support mechanisms may help promote adherence. When the period of isolation is over, people who have tested positive will need to be warned that we still do not know if people can develop COVID-19 more than once and that they must still be careful to avoid spreading infection. doi = 10.1177/0141076820956824 id = cord-316918-mz5r7yiy author = Rubin, Geoffrey A. title = Performance of electrophysiology procedures at an academic medical center amidst the 2020 coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic date = 2020-04-20 keywords = PPE; covid-19 summary = In this proposal, we detail the specific protocol changes that our EP department has adopted during the COVID‐19 pandemic, including performance of only urgent/emergent procedures, after hours/7‐day per week laboratory operation, single attending‐only cases to preserve PPE, appropriate use of PPE, telemedicine and video chat follow‐up appointments, and daily conferences to collectively manage the clinical and ethical dilemmas to come. In this proposal, we detail the specific protocol changes that our EP department has adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic, including performance of only urgent/emergent procedures, after hours/7-day per week laboratory operation, single attending-only cases to preserve PPE, appropriate use of PPE, telemedicine and video chat follow-up appointments, and daily conferences to collectively manage the clinical and ethical dilemmas to come. Unless urgent/emergent, we have avoided performing procedures on COVID-19 infected patients in the EP laboratory to prevent transmission not only during transport to the laboratory, but also to prevent seeding the lab itself in the case of a prolonged operation. doi = 10.1111/jce.14493 id = cord-338666-gg9qcpmz author = Rubin, Geoffrey A. title = Restructuring Electrophysiology During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Practical Guide From a New York City Hospital Network date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; New; patient; staff summary = The aims of these recommendations are to outline: (1) essential practical steps to approaching procedures, as well as outpatient and inpatient care of EP patients, with relevant examples, (2) successful strategies to minimize exposure risk to patients and clinical staff while also balancing resource utilization, (3) challenges related to redeployment and restructuring of clinical and support staff, and (4) considerations regarding continued collaboration with clinical and administrative colleagues to implement these changes. • Understand and appreciate the broader institutional picture, including the scope of the pandemic and its impact on the network • Discuss resource use and capacity • Discuss staff allocation, challenges, and illnesses • Troubleshoot daily clinical and administrative challenges • Provide and receive feedback in the setting of altered workflows • Convey that EP practices are relatively smaller compared with other services, and deployment needs of the hospital should be balanced with the need for availability of a core number of EP staff with specialized skills necessary to perform urgent/emergent EP procedures • Coordinate staffing changes regarding ill/exposed staff members from Workforce Health & Safety and Infection Prevention & Control departments. doi = 10.1097/hpc.0000000000000225 id = cord-303483-wendrxee author = Rubin, Geoffrey D. title = The Role of Chest Imaging in Patient Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multinational Consensus Statement from the Fleischner Society date = 2020-04-07 keywords = CXR; covid-19; patient summary = Thoracic imaging with chest radiography (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) are key tools for pulmonary disease diagnosis and management, but their role in the management of COVID-19 has not been considered within the multivariable context of the severity of respiratory disease, pre-test probability, risk factors for disease progression, and critical resource constraints. Thoracic imaging with chest radiography (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) are key tools for pulmonary disease diagnosis and management, but their role in the management of COVID-19 has not been considered within the multivariable context of the severity of respiratory disease, pre-test probability, risk factors for disease progression, and critical resource constraints. The severity of respiratory disease and pre-test probability of COVID-19 infection are specified for each scenario, with additional key considerations including the presence of risk factors for disease progression, evidence of disease progression, and the presence of significant critical resource constraints ( Table 1) . doi = 10.1148/radiol.2020201365 id = cord-256891-as6tbfrh author = Rubin, Samuel J. S. title = Clinical characteristics associated with COVID-19 severity in California date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Given the rapidly progressing COVID-19 pandemic, this report on a US cohort of 54 COVID-19 patients from Stanford Hospital and data regarding risk factors for severe disease obtained at initial clinical presentation is of high importance and is immediately clinically relevant. We identified low presenting oxygen saturation as predictive of severe disease outcomes, such as diagnosis of pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and admission to the ICU, and also replicated data from China suggesting a link between hypertension and disease severity. Use of ACE-I or ARB was not significantly associated with recommendation for further hospital care, admission to ICU, diagnosis of pneumonia, or progression to ARDS. When analyzed by logistic regression to control for age, the only factor independently significantly associated with recommendation for further in-hosptial care, diagnosis of pneumonia, and progression to ARDS was initial oxygen saturation measurement as a continuous variable. Clinical characteristics of US COVID-19 patients and factors from initial presentation that associate with disease severity were identified. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.27.20043661 id = cord-294190-s337jpbo author = Rubinstein, Samuel title = The COVID-19 & Cancer Consortium (CCC19): a collaborative effort to understand the effects of COVID-19 on patients with cancer date = 2020-04-29 keywords = ccc19; covid-19 summary = The COVID-19 & Cancer Consortium (CCC19) aims to collect and analyze observational data at scale to inform clinical practice in real-time. Further analyses suggest that cancer patients may also be at increased risk of severe complications from COVID-19, including hospitalization, respiratory failure, and death (Dai et al. Compared to the general population, cancer patients tend to be older, are more often smokers, and have more comorbid medical conditions; all of which are reported risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection (Jordan et al. Given the above, it is imperative that real-world evidence about the effects of COVID-19 on cancer patients is collected and disseminated rapidly to inform clinical decisions. The outcomes for patients receiving various potential anti-COVID19 therapies are useful in determining which agents are most rational to investigate in future prospective clinical trials. Driven by the need to harmonize data, CCC19 has the potential to collect large scale, timely real-world data on cancer patients infected with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.04.018 id = cord-029654-pq2y6eek author = Rubio, José Luis Callejas title = One world, one health: The novel coronavirus COVID-19 epidemic() date = 2020-07-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: One world, one health: The novel coronavirus COVID-19 epidemic() recently published in your journal on the coronavirus COVID-19 epidemic 1 . But what can be inferred from its reading, especially by readers who are not involved in the diagnosis, clinical monitoring and treatment of this disease, is that it is a purely an infectious disease, which basically produces a viral condition that can be complicated by a more or less severe pneumonia with respiratory distress, and whose treatment is based on the use of antiviral drugs. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 infection represents, in our opinion, the paradigm of a systemic disease, with an infectious trigger, in this case, the virus, and an immune response with systemic manifestations, which requires the use of an immunosuppressant treatment. One world, one health: The novel coronavirus COVID-19 epidemic Digestive Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients With Mild Disease Severity: Clinical Presentation, Stool Viral RNA Testing, and Outcomes doi = 10.1016/j.medcle.2020.05.008 id = cord-311044-kjx0z1hc author = Rubio-Pérez, Inés title = COVID-19: key concepts for the surgeon date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; case; patient summary = Abstract In view of the current pandemic by SARS-CoV-2 it deems essential to understand the key concepts about the infection: its epidemiological origin, presentation, clinical course, diagnosis and treatment (still experimental in many cases). The authors have provided a narrative review of the literature available for certain key aspects of COVID-19 epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment, which are of special interest to the readers of the journal. Decisions on whether or not to proceed with elective surgery in cancer patients currently depend on the local epidemiological situation, availability of operating rooms J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f and ICU at the corresponding hospital, disease status and the risk of progression or complications (individualized), assessment of surgical risk and potential complications of the procedure. doi = 10.1016/j.cireng.2020.05.009 id = cord-273811-ymnvwwjw author = Rubio-Rivas, M. title = Beneficial and Harmful Outcomes of Tocilizumab in Severe COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19; September; TCZ summary = Two investigators (M.R-R., J.M.M-L.) independently abstracted the following details: study characteristics, including setting; intervention or exposure characteristics, including medication dose and duration; patient characteristics, including severity of disease; and outcomes, including mortality, admission to ICU, adverse events such as secondary infections, and length of hospital stay. More restrictive analysis excluding studies with <20 included patients, NOS <7 and studies with important risk of bias, showed pooled mortality in the TCZ-group to be 18.9% ( is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint Pending published evidence from RCTs, this systematic review and meta-analysis focused on available real-world observational studies, revealing a beneficial effect of TCZ use in preventing mortality in hospitalized adults with COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.05.20188912 id = cord-287507-1xb2hipt author = Rubio-San-Simón, A. title = Challenges in early phase clinical trials for childhood cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic: a report from the new agents group of the Spanish Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (SEHOP) date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; trial summary = title: Challenges in early phase clinical trials for childhood cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic: a report from the new agents group of the Spanish Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (SEHOP) METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to all five ITCC-accredited Spanish Paediatric Oncology Early Phase Clinical Trial Units, including questions about impact on staff activities, recruitment, patient care, supply of investigational products, and legal aspects. Cancer research is particularly challenging, because patients are remarkably vulnerable: their baseline condition needs close surveillance and delays in diagnosis or treatment are potentially fatal [9] ; in parallel, cancer patients are at increased risk for severe COVID-19 disease [10] [11] [12] We evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the early phase clinical trial activity in paediatric oncology during the first month of state of alarm in Spain (14th March-12th April 2020). doi = 10.1007/s12094-020-02399-3 id = cord-300712-gc8770l9 author = Ruch, Yvon title = Rapid Radiological Worsening and Cytokine Storm Syndrome in COVID-19 Pneumonia date = 2020-07-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = BACKGROUND: In June 2020, a large randomised controlled clinical trial in the UK found that dexamethasone was effective in reducing the number of deaths in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe a patient with rapid worsening of COVID-19 pneumonia and its dramatic improvement under corticosteroids. COVID-19, coronavirus, cytokine storm syndrome, computed tomography, corticosteroids CASE DESCRIPTION In March 2020, a 48-year-old man with a history of diabetes and former smoking presented with a 5-day history of fever and abdominal pain. Our patient experienced rapid worsening of COVID-19 pneumonia after 2 weeks of evolution, with a dramatic increase in thoracic CT lesions within hours. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China Low-cost dexamethasone reduces death by up to one third in hospitalised patients with severe respiratory complications of COVID-19 doi = 10.12890/2020_001822 id = cord-312721-e6532xrl author = Ruck, D. J. title = Cultural values predict national COVID-19 death rates date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; figure summary = Here we show that aggregated cultural values of nations, derived from World Values Survey data, have been at least as important as top-down government actions in predicting the impact of COVID-19. Applying a two-stage factor analysis to World and European Values Survey data [19, 20] we previously derived cultural value factors-including secularrationality (RAT), cosmopolitanism (COS) and institutional trust (INST)-in over one hundred countries [14, 15] . Figure 3 shows how COVID deaths correlate positively with PC 1 (Adj. r 2 = 0.390, p < 0.0001) and negatively PC2 (Adj. Having explored the principal components of variation, a multivariate regression helps disentangle the joint effects of cultural values, government efficiency and economic incentives. The cultural value of secular-rationalism (RAT) predicted fewer deaths in the first 10 days of the pandemic (Table 1) , but had lost this effect after two weeks ( Figure S3 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.07.17.20156091 id = cord-331762-b0yufidn author = Rudski, Lawrence title = Multimodality Imaging in Evaluation of Cardiovascular complications in Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19; ECG; patient summary = Routine history, physical examination, laboratory testing, electrocardiography and plain x-ray imaging may often suffice for such patients but given overlap between COVID-19 and typical cardiovascular diagnoses such as heart failure and acute myocardial infarction, need frequently arises for advanced imaging techniques to assist in differential diagnosis and management. This document provides guidance in several common scenarios among patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection and possible cardiovascular involvement, including chest discomfort with electrocardiographic changes, acute hemodynamic instability, newly-recognized left ventricular dysfunction, as well as imaging during the sub-acute/chronic phase of COVID-19. In patients with a clinical presentation of acute MI, normal or non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA), which may present as STEMI or NSTEMI, with normal or abnormal LV systolic function, cardiac MRI can help confirm the diagnosis of MI or provide alternate diagnosis including myocarditis, stress cardiomyopathy, and embolic infarction (26) (Table 2, Table 3) . doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.06.080 id = cord-338086-87wfjiqm author = Rueda-Garrido, Juan Carlos title = Return to work guidelines for the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; work summary = Occupational physicians can play key roles in monitoring workers'' health and developing effective return to work guidelines. The combined use of SARS-CoV-2 viral-RNA detection and serological antibody determination could improve the management of COVID-19 patients, but timing is important. Therefore, best practice for safe return to work after COVID-19 requires accurately identifying the final phases of the disease, where the worker is clinically recovered and no longer contagious. Therefore, to develop evidence-based return to work guidelines, articles based on coronavirus diagnosis using genomic and serological testing and articles related to infectivity and immunity were reviewed with the same dates and criteria. Return to work guideline for higher risk workers with COVID-19. For return to work of COVID-19 close contacts, we propose the algorithms summarized in Figure 3 . NY STATE Protocols for Essential Personnel to Return to Work Following COVID-19 Exposure or Infection doi = 10.1093/occmed/kqaa099 id = cord-343252-mtcqawxc author = Ruggieri, P. title = COVID-19 strategy in organizing and planning orthopedic surgery in a major orthopedic referral center in an area of Italy severely affected by the pandemic: experience of the Department of Orthopedics, University of Padova date = 2020-07-23 keywords = Italy; covid-19 summary = title: COVID-19 strategy in organizing and planning orthopedic surgery in a major orthopedic referral center in an area of Italy severely affected by the pandemic: experience of the Department of Orthopedics, University of Padova CONCLUSIONS: Extensive swab test of all people (even if asymptomatic) and proactive tracing and quarantining of potential COVID-19 positive patients may diminish the virus spread. On the contrary, in Lombardia, swab tests were performed only in severe symptomatic cases, increasing the risk that asymptomatic patients (possibly COVID-19 positive) could spread the virus in the community. We feel that, if the COVID-19 pandemic persists, in every single hospital, it could be possible to continue the orthopedic surgical activity and also to restart elective surgery [16] , using a strategy that implies testing all the healthcare staff and all the patients (possibly before the admission or surgical treatment). Extensive swab test of all people (even if asymptomatic), and a proactive tracing and quarantining of potential COVID-19 positive patients may diminish the virus spread. doi = 10.1186/s13018-020-01740-4 id = cord-347834-skj40pmi author = Ruggiero, Antonio title = Diagnosis of COVID‐19 infection in children: less nasopharyngeal swabs, more saliva date = 2020-06-07 keywords = covid-19 summary = The conclusion was that COVID‐19 infection can occur in children, but they seemed to have a lower incidence as well as a milder disease course and better prognosis than adults. The conclusion was that COVID-19 infection can occur in children, but they seemed to have a lower incidence as well as a milder disease course and better prognosis than adults. All rights reserved To date, none of these theories fully explain the low incidence of COVID-19 infection in children. Upper respiratory tract nasopharyngeal swabs are widely used as nucleic acid detection samples to diagnose COVID-19 infection. Recently, it has been reported that the positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test carried out in saliva samples in adults with confirmed COVID-19 infection is higher than in nasopharyngeal swabs and feces (38.13% and 9.83%, respectively). Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults doi = 10.1111/apa.15397 id = cord-344361-amhc0ryh author = Ruggiero, Giuseppe title = Reply to: “Characterization of acute acro-ischemic lesions in non-hospitalized patients: a case series of 132 patients during the COVID-19 outbreak” date = 2020-06-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Reply to: "Characterization of acute acro-ischemic lesions in non-hospitalized patients: a case series of 132 patients during the COVID-19 outbreak" We read with interest "Characterization of acute acro-ischemic lesions in non-hospitalized patients: a case series of 132 patients during the COVID-19 outbreak" [1] . in their letter described an increased number of acro-ischemic lesions in young patients from Spain [1] . In Italy, after the outbreak onset, many general pediatricians reported on our pediatric dermatology network unusual foot injuries, similar to chilblains and without any other symptoms. The Spanish authors found 132 cases in 41 days, while our patients were collected in 10 days. Almost the same number of positive SARS-CoV-2 tests (1 vs 2 patients) was described in both cohorts. Pernio-like" acrolocated lesions onset and COVID-19. Characterization of acute acro-ischemic lesions in non-hospitalized patients: a case series of 132 patients during the COVID-19 outbreak doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.05.122 id = cord-348026-t1jkeu3d author = Ruhnke, Gregory W. title = Physician Supply During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Crisis: the Role of Hazard Pay date = 2020-06-10 keywords = covid-19; physician summary = 7 As a result, hazard pay offered to medical students willing to risk exposure to COVID-19 now may reduce their debt burden and potentiate the creation of more primary care physicians, a dearth of whom has been a significant health policy concern. However, there are several ways in which hazard pay might be financed based on local considerations and institutional structures: (a) small compulsory contributions from physicians (perhaps exempting those required to take unpaid furloughs) at a given institution not caring for COVID-19 patients by choice or due to risk factors for bad outcomes if infected; (b) public funding, such as the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2020; and (c) private foundations offering funding for COVID-19 response efforts. Hazard pay could of course be considered for all physicians risking their health to care for infected patients. doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-05931-x id = cord-346067-zly8p0y7 author = Ruiz-Irastorza, Guillermo title = Second week methyl-prednisolone pulses improve prognosis in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia: An observational comparative study using routine care data date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Second week methyl-prednisolone pulses improve prognosis in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia: An observational comparative study using routine care data Our therapeutic protocol was updated on April 3 rd 2020, including the recommendation of MP for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia with altered/worsening inflammatory parameters (lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, rising ferritin, D-dimers and or C-reactive protein) and clinical deterioration, particularly those showing impending respiratory failure with decreasing SpO2/FiO2 values. Other independent predictors of death included a previous diagnosis of arterial hypertension, the use of non-pulse glucocorticoids, a high-risk CURB65 category and SpO2/FiO2 at week 2 ( Table 2 ). Glucocorticoid use, however, should not be indiscriminate, but rather restricted to patients with laboratory evidence of inflammation and progressing respiratory compromise, and best used as short-course pulse therapy (125-250 mg/d of methyl-prednisolone during 3 days) administered during the second week after the onset of symptoms, where the hyperinflammatory reaction takes usually place. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239401 id = cord-353548-kf4om6iu author = Ruiz-Manriquez, J. title = Knowledge of Latin American gastroenterologists and endoscopists regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = An electronic questionnaire was applied that was designed to evaluate the knowledge of symptoms, risk groups for severe disease, prevention measures, and the reprocessing of endoscopes utilized in patients with COVID-19. [10] [11] The aim of the present study was to evaluate the knowledge of Latin American gastroenterology and endoscopy professionals in relation to the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the prevention measures recommended during patient care and the performance of endoscopic procedures, including the reprocessing of equipment utilized on patients with the disease. We conducted a cross-sectional study on gastroenterologists and endoscopists (residents and specialists) working in public hospitals from nine Latin American countries (Mexico, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Guatemala, Uruguay, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic). The present study described the current knowledge of 133 Latin American residents and specialists in gastroenterology and endoscopy about symptoms, risk groups, transmission, and endoscopic equipment reprocessing in relation to COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2020.04.002 id = cord-290636-x8cevt8d author = Ruiz-Quinonez, J. A. title = Features of patients that died for COVID-19 in a Hospital in the south of Mexico: A observational cohort study date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Features of patients that died for COVID-19 in a Hospital in the south of Mexico: A observational cohort study The aim of this study was to evaluate demographic features, clinical characteristics, and the pharmacological treatment of individuals who died by COVID-19 in the south of Mexico. Conclusions: Mexican individuals who died of COVID-19 had shorter hospital stays, higher frequency of shortness of breath, and higher prevalence of diabetes compared with individuals from other countries. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.21.20199117 doi: medRxiv preprint 5 This was an observational retrospective study performed at the High Specialty 86 Regional Hospital "Dr. Juan Graham Casasús" (HJGC) in Villahermosa, Tabasco, 87 Mexico. Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalized 296 Patients: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series doi: medRxiv preprint (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies 301 from 9 countries doi = 10.1101/2020.09.21.20199117 id = cord-322787-dbtc0bo3 author = Runkle, Jennifer D. title = Short-term effects of weather parameters on COVID-19 morbidity in select US cities date = 2020-06-09 keywords = New; covid-19; humidity summary = Experimental and observational studies demonstrate the influence of meteorological parameters on the seasonal transmission of influenza, human coronavirus (HCoV), and human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which are often characterized by distinct increases in incident cases and detection frequency in the winter months (Lowen and J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 3 in the US. Research on the seasonality and influence of meteorological parameters on COVID-19, such as temperature and specific humidity, can be used to inform the timing of effective interventions to mitigate SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 transmission at the local scale to save countless lives and resources. In this study, we examined whether daily meteorological patterns in humidity, temperature, and solar radiation were associated with the transmission of COVID-19 in U.S. cities that emerged as early hot spots for infection. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140093 id = cord-252833-0lb60y12 author = Rusch, Valerie W. title = The American College of Surgeons Responds to COVID-19 date = 2020-07-14 keywords = ACS; COVID-19; pandemic summary = infections escalated exponentially across many areas of the US, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the Surgeon General and the American College of Surgeons (ACS) recommended that hospitals and surgeons postpone non-urgent operations in order to provide care to COVID-19 patients. One of the first and most important ACS initiatives was the creation of guidelines for the selection of patients needing urgent operations (including some cancer procedures) during the immediate, temporary suspension of non-urgent surgery. Modeled on experience in South Texas and Washington state, the COT developed a guidance document for setting up a regional medical operations center and worked closely with the FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) Healthcare Resilience Task Force to promote this approach and identify potential sources for funding. 23 Conclusions Through an intensive and cohesive group effort by ACS staff, leadership and Fellows, the College has successfully managed the unprecedented challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and supported its members in continuing to provide high quality patient care. doi = 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.06.020 id = cord-350492-1s6wtj25 author = Ruscitti, Piero title = Severe COVID-19, Another Piece in the Puzzle of the Hyperferritinemic Syndrome. An Immunomodulatory Perspective to Alleviate the Storm date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; HLH; severe; syndrome summary = On these bases, we aimed to review the similarities between severe COVID-19 and diseases included in hyperferritinemic syndrome, from a pathogenic, clinical, and therapeutic point of view, thus proposing new insights to improve the management of those patients. In addition, it has been shown that increased amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, IP-10, and MCP1, were associated with pulmonary inflammation and extensive lung damage in SARS patients (25) , thus suggesting a further pathogenic loop in inducing the cytokine storm. The final result is the uncontrolled proliferation of activated immune cells, the massive production of pro-inflammatory mediators, and the development of cytokine storm syndrome, either in severe COVID-19 or SJIA. Considering the lack of efficacy of antiviral therapy for severe coronavirus infection, it is reasonable to postulate the clinical usefulness of specific immunomodulatory therapies (Figure 1) , as observed for other diseases included in hyperferritinemic syndrome such as intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) and tocilizumab, the humanized monoclonal antibody against IL-6 receptor (7). doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01130 id = cord-291505-vt5vpp60 author = Rusconi, Chiara title = SARS-CoV-2 Interstitial Pneumonia Treated With Tocilizumab in a Patient Affected by Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma date = 2020-09-01 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = [5] [6] [7] We therefore report a case of SARS-CoV-2 interstitial pneumonia in a patient with classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL) successfully treated with tocilizumab. 6, 7 More recently, a series of hematological cancer patients SARS-CoV-2 infected has been described: 3 out of 25 patients received tocilizumab, in 2 cases together with steroids, and a successful outcome has been reported for two of them. The first cHL patient affected by COVID-19 has been described by O''Kelly and colleagues: at symptoms onset, a PD-1 inhibitors induced pneumonitis was suspected, and treatment against SARS-CoV-2 was started after NPS test resulted positive. 14 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first extended report on successful tocilizumab treatment for a lymphoma patient affected by COVID-19; immunocompromised subjects may mount an antibody response and overcome SARS-CoV-2 infection, even in case of severe interstitial pneumonia. doi = 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000472 id = cord-029813-o2uzcuai author = Rusconi, Stefano title = COVID-19: studying the global pandemic – foreword date = 2020-07-27 keywords = CoV-2; SARS; covid-19 summary = This special issue of Future Virology contains nine articles on diverse aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic and its causative agent, SARS-CoV-2. The topics range from basic virology on coronavirus evolution and replication to identification of repurposed therapeutics for clinical testing to public health issues including the conundrums of asymptomatic viral transmission and risks to homeless populations. The Commentary by Parvez [1] briefly reviews the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in fecal samples, including its persistence, and the finding of gastrointestinal complaints in a minority of hospitalized patients. While it is clear that this phytochemical has multiple pharmacological activities, as reviewed previously [10] , this in silico report does not provide biologic data on rutin''s possible effects in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Detection of relatively high SARS-CoV-2 RNA loads in upper respiratory tract samples has been reported in both presymptomatic (late incubation period) and truly asymptomatic infected persons. Transmission and clinical characteristics of asymptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection doi = 10.2217/fvl-2020-0211 id = cord-289890-sf2uxubd author = Rushworth, S. A. title = Performance and health economic evaluation of the Mount Sinai COVID-19 serological assay identifies modification of thresholding as necessary to maximise specificity of the assay date = 2020-06-12 keywords = Mount; SARS; covid-19 summary = We evaluated the FDA approved SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay (developed at Mount Sinai, by Krammer and colleagues) for the identification of COVID-19 seroconversion and potential cross-reactivity of the assay in a United Kingdom (UK) National Health Service (NHS) hospital setting. In summary, we report that the Mount Sinai IgG ELISA assay is highly sensitive test for SARS-Cov-2 infection, however modification of thresholding was required to minimise false positive results. Figure 2A shows that 42/47 samples from this group were established as negative for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody in the first RBD screening test step, and 5/47 required confirmatory assessment with the second dilution assay. On testing of the control group, 70/72 patient samples were identified as being negative for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody following the RBD step of the assay using the 5 SD threshold. To conclude, here we report that the Mount Sinai IgG ELISA assay is highly sensitive and apparent cost-effective test for SARS-Cov-2 infection in a UK NHS acute hospital laboratory setting. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.11.20128306 id = cord-336940-6rgmpy5r author = Russell, B. S. title = Initial Challenges of Caregiving During COVID-19: Caregiver Burden, Mental Health, and the Parent–Child Relationship date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; caregiver; child; parent summary = Results indicate significant linkages between parents'' caregiver burden, mental health, and perceptions of children''s stress; these in turn are significantly linked to child-parent closeness and conflict, indicating possible spillover effects for depressed parents and compensatory effects for anxious parents. The hypothesized path model examined the direct and indirect associations among caregiver burden, generalized anxiety, depression symptomology, perceived child stress, and child-parent conflict and closeness, with parent gender and focal child age categories as controls. Path analysis results report of significant linkages between parents'' caregiver burden and mental health and perceptions of children''s stress; these in turn are significantly linked to child-parent closeness and conflict. The results of a multigroup path analysis, organized by parent gender, indicates good fit to the data [X 2 (10) = 159.04, p < 0.01], such that parents who reported higher rates of caregiver burden also reported higher rates of generalized anxiety, depression, and parent perceived child stress, with male caregivers reporting higher rates overall than female caregivers and stronger associations across the linkages between variables at each step in the model. doi = 10.1007/s10578-020-01037-x id = cord-270245-zziwb2jy author = Russell, Beth title = Factors Affecting COVID-19 Outcomes in Cancer Patients: A First Report From Guy''s Cancer Center in London date = 2020-07-22 keywords = cancer; covid-19; patient summary = Being of Asian ethnicity [3.73 (1.28–10.91)], receiving palliative treatment [5.74 (1.15–28.79)], having an initial cancer diagnosis >24 months before [2.14 (1.04–4.44)], dyspnea [4.94 (1.99–12.25)], and increased CRP levels [10.35 (1.05–52.21)] were positively associated with COVID-19 death. During a median follow-up of 37 days, the following cancer patient characteristics were found to be positively associated with COVID-19 death: Asian ethnicity, palliative treatment, initial cancer diagnosis >24 months, dyspnea at presentation, and high CRP levels. Apart from the CCC-19 Consortium (16) , no study to date has specifically looked at COVID-19 severity at presentation in COVID-19 positive cancer patients and hence our observation of an association with time since cancer diagnosis and presenting symptoms needs further validation in other large cohorts with homogenous definitions of inclusion criteria, testing strategies, and outcome measures. doi = 10.3389/fonc.2020.01279 id = cord-324210-zpb9jicw author = Russell, Beth title = Anosmia and ageusia are emerging as symptoms in patients with COVID-19: What does the current evidence say? date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Whilst more data is currently needed to strengthen our knowledge of the symptoms of COVID-19, oncology patients who are concerned about anosmia or ageusia in the context of their systemic anti-cancer therapy should contact their acute oncology support line for advice. The purpose of this report was to summarise the evidence on the existence of anosmia and ageusia an emerging COVID-19 symptoms in order to better inform both oncology patients and clinicians. The purpose of this report was to summarise the evidence on the existence of anosmia and ageusia an emerging COVID-19 symptoms in order to better inform both oncology patients and clinicians. Whilst more data is currently needed to strengthen our knowledge of the symptoms of COVID-19, oncology patients who are concerned about anosmia or ageusia in the context of their systemic anticancer therapy should contact their acute oncology support line for advice. doi = 10.3332/ecancer.2020.ed98 id = cord-318470-2plv75os author = Russell, Matthew R. title = COVID-19 in a pediatric heart transplant recipient: Emergence of Donor Specific Antibodies date = 2020-04-29 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: COVID-19 in a pediatric heart transplant recipient: Emergence of Donor Specific Antibodies Early reports have suggested severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) generally causes mild disease in children. 1 Pediatric solid organ transplant recipients are generally more susceptible to viral respiratory infections and have increased morbidity and mortality. Potential for COVID-19 disease was considered but community incidence was low at the time, the patient had no Center for Disease Control risk factors for infection, and testing was not widely available. Repeat SARS-CoV-2 nasal PCR was planned for two weeks with repeat anti HLA antibody testing and IVIG administration repeated every month for two more months. 5 This patient tolerated IVIG administration with concurrent COVID-19 infection without any notable reaction. Although mechanisms and relationship between allosensitization and COVID-19 remain uncertain, we suggest careful measurement of donor specific antibodies be undertaken in heart transplant survivors of this infection. doi = 10.1016/j.healun.2020.04.021 id = cord-284274-9uu7yflt author = Russi, Christopher S. title = Emergency Medicine Telehealth for COVID-19: Minimize Front-Line Provider Exposure and Conserve Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; PPE summary = This has opened a time-sensitive opportunity for novel, digital approaches to acute emergency and intensive patient care that should reduce healthcare risk by mitigating exposure and save highly valuable PPE. The Mayo Clinic Emergency Medicine Telehealth (TeleEM) program is an ongoing network serving rural emergency departments across our large Midwest practice, using both synchronous video and telephonic tools for complex or critically ill patients. Whether in symptomatic patients'' homes for remote monitoring, ambulances in the field for transport, tents outside healthcare facilities for screening and testing, EDs for diagnosis and treatment, or in the hands of all acute care providers for consultation, telehealth tools are being deployed across the continuum of EMS and emergency medicine to help limit disease spread, reduce HCW exposure and conserve valuable PPE. doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.025 id = cord-223560-ppu6idl2 author = Russo, Daniel title = Predictors of Well-being and Productivity among Software Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic -- A Longitudinal Study date = 2020-07-24 keywords = covid-19; people; productivity; time; variable; work summary = Results include (1) the quality of social contacts predicted positively, and stress predicted an individual''s well-being negatively when controlling for other variables consistently across both waves; (2) boredom and distractions predicted productivity negatively; (3) productivity was less strongly associated with all predictor variables at time two compared to time one, suggesting that software engineers adapted to the lockdown situation over time; and (4) the longitudinal study did not provide evidence that any predictor variable causal explained variance in well-being and productivity. Therefore, there is a compelling need for longitudinal applied research that draws on theories and findings from various scientific fields to identify variables that uniquely predict the well-being and productivity of software professionals during the 2020 quarantine, for both the current and potential future lockdowns. Second, this approach simultaneously allows us to test whether models developed in an organizational context such as the two-factor theory [48] can also predict people''s well-being in general and whether variables that were associated with well-being for people being quarantined also explain productivity. doi = nan id = cord-344714-0cam9ipf author = Russo, Maria title = Roles of flavonoids against coronavirus infection date = 2020-07-28 keywords = 3CL; ACE2; COVID-19; CoV; RNA; SARS summary = Here, we reviewed the capacity of well-known (e.g. quercetin, baicalin, luteolin, hesperetin, gallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate) and uncommon (e.g. scutellarein, amentoflavone, papyriflavonol A) flavonoids, secondary metabolites widely present in plant tissues with antioxidant and anti-microbial functions, to inhibit key proteins involved in coronavirus infective cycle, such as PL(pro), 3CL(pro), NTPase/helicase. Inhibition of TMPRSS2 and Furin protease activities can be considered an interesting therapeutic option against coronavirus infection, especially COVID-19, allowing the block and/or prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as recently reported [28] . Based on these observations, it is not surprising that molecular docking approach, summarized in Fig. 3 , supports the role of flavonoids in the inhibition of SARS-CoV 3CL pro by binding His41 and Cys145 of the catalytic site and other active site residues (e.g., Met49, Gly143, His163, His164, Glu166, Pro168, and Gln89), stimulating their validation by in vitro and in vivo studies. doi = 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109211 id = cord-330089-926y1hfj author = Russo, Vincenzo title = Effect of Triple Combination Therapy With Lopinavir-Ritonavir, Azithromycin, and Hydroxychloroquine on QT Interval and Arrhythmic Risk in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-10-08 keywords = AZT; covid-19 summary = INTRODUCTION: No data are provided about the effect of triple combination therapy with Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPN/RTN), hydroxychloroquine (HQ) and azithromycin (AZT) on corrected QT (QTc) interval and arrhythmic risk, in COVID-19 patients. No data are provided about the effect of triple combination therapy with Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPN/RTN), hydroxychloroquine (HQ) and azithromycin (AZT) on corrected QT (QTc) interval and arrhythmic risk, in COVID-19 patients. The concomitant use of three or more QT prolonging drugs twice increases the risk of QT prolongation in hospitalized patients on cardiology ward (Khan et al., 2017) ; however, no data on the effect of triple combination therapy with LPN/RTN, HQ and AZT on corrected QT (QTc) interval and arrhythmic risk have been still provided. We observed a high incidence of extreme QTc interval prolongation among COVID-19 patients on triple combination therapy with lopinavir-ritonavir, azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine, leading to discontinuation of pharmacological treatments in about half the cases. doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.582348 id = cord-351931-i9xenu3r author = Ruszkiewicz, Dorota M title = Diagnosis of COVID-19 by analysis of breath with gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry - a feasibility study date = 2020-10-24 keywords = Dortmund; Edinburgh; IMS; covid-19 summary = Analysis of exhaled volatile organic compounds in the breath using gas chromatography with either mass spectrometry (GCÀMS) or ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) has been proposed for diagnosis of COVID-19 8 and pneumonia [9] . A panel of volatile organic compounds (ethanal, octanal, acetone, butanone, methanol, heptanal and a feature yet to be identified) is hypothesised to provide the basis of a COVID-19 rule-in/rule-out breath-test. A higherpowered study with time series data may establish how a volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile develops with infection, incubation and disease-progression, enabling the development of a COVID-19 breath-test. The compounds identified by PCA multi-variate analysis indicated that changes in breath-biochemistry followed the same pattern in both studies with elevated ketone and aldehyde signals accompanied by a suppressed methanol signal, and an unidentified feature 144 also noted as potentially significant. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100609 id = cord-316209-juvmabdq author = Rutayisire, Erigene title = What works and what does not work in response to COVID-19 prevention and control in Africa date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; african summary = The lower number of COVID-19 cases in most African countries is attributed to inadequate health systems, low-to-absent testing capacity, poor reporting system and insufficient number of medical staff. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) had declared COVID-19 a pandemic, pointing to the over 118,000 cases of the coronavirus illnesses in over 110 countries and territories around the world and the sustained risk of further global spread. Africa Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), World Health Organization and other international agencies are providing support and guidance to many African countries in response to COVID-19 pandemic. Despite reported low case-fatality of COVID-19, the pandemic is likely to cause more deaths in Africa if the compliance to COVID-19 prevention and control measures continues to be ignored as observed in some African countries. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.024 id = cord-263300-qfquedya author = Ruthberg, Jeremy S. title = Geospatial analysis of COVID-19 and otolaryngologists above age 60() date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; New summary = CONCLUSIONS: Based on our models, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Michigan represent states where older ENTs may be the most susceptible to developing severe complications from nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 due to a combination of high COVID-19 case volumes and a high proportion of ENTs over 60 years. The novel coronavirus'' dramatic impact on medical personnel parallels the epidemiology of the 2003 severe acute respiratory disease (SARS) outbreak in which 21% of global cases were health care worker infections [4] . The present study compares the geospatial distribution of COVID-19 confirmed cases against the distribution of ENTs over the age of 60 to highlight the potential risks to this segment of vulnerable health care providers. The highest risk states for older ENTs, defined by the ratio of total confirmed COVID-19 case volume to the total number of ENT providers over 60, were New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Michigan, among others ( Table 2 ). doi = 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102514 id = cord-329580-eef8mem7 author = Rutter, Matthew D title = Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on UK endoscopic activity and cancer detection: a National Endoscopy Database Analysis date = 2020-07-19 keywords = covid; covid-19 summary = title: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on UK endoscopic activity and cancer detection: a National Endoscopy Database Analysis CONCLUSION: This national analysis demonstrates the remarkable impact that the pandemic has had on endoscopic services, which has resulted in a substantial and concerning reduction in cancer detection. The aim of this paper was to use NED to examine in detail the historical changes in endoscopy service provision and cancer diagnosis in the immediate pre-COVID-19 era and during the early phase of the pandemic. For this current research, the NED IT team developed a dedicated COVID-19 module (Microsoft.Net, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Analysis Services OLAP; Microsoft Corporation) incorporating procedure-level data on all endoscopic procedures, including date of the procedure, procedure urgency, indication and cancer diagnosis, patient age and sex, endoscopist and endoscopy service, segmented in weekly intervals. Using the UK''s NED, we have performed the first national analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on endoscopy services and endoscopic cancer diagnosis. doi = 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322179 id = cord-325055-todb1d4x author = Rychter, Anna Maria title = Should patients with obesity be more afraid of COVID‐19? date = 2020-06-24 keywords = SARS; covid-19; obesity summary = Furthermore, obesity is increasingly considered as a yet another risk factor, particularly, because it has been observed that people suffering from excessive body weight may experience a more severe course of COVID‐19 infection. Although the data regarding the impact of SARS-CoV-2 in individuals with obesity are limited and their association has not been fully defined yet, it has been observed that people suffering from excessive body weight may experience a more serious COVID-19 infection. 68 Whether the obesity paradox will be present among COVID-19 patients remains to be seen, nevertheless, the phenomenon was reported among other respiratory diseases, such as COPD or ARDS. 53, 69 Its pathophysiological basis remains unknown; however, an increased BMI seems to be associated with a better survival and a slower decline in the lung function in patients with a mild course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease Association of obesity with disease severity among patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1111/obr.13083 id = cord-322474-izguwscl author = Rylett, R. J. title = Covid-19 and Priorities for Research in Aging date = 2020-09-02 keywords = CIHR; covid-19 summary = The key research priority areas are as follows: response of older adults to disease, vaccination, and therapeutics; mental health and isolation; and supportive care environments. The CIHR-IA priority identification process resulted in three key areas and four cross-cutting themes for research on the impact of Covid-19 on older adults and aging, as illustrated in Figure 2 . To advance our mandate to improve the health and lives of older adults, CIHR-IA reacted rapidly, including by consulting stakeholders and experts, to identify priority research needs related to older adults and Covid-19. The key research areas laid out in this article, ranging from the response of older adults to disease, vaccination, therapeutics, and clinical trials, to mental health and supportive care environments, will continue to inform the responses made by CIHR-IA over the longer term. doi = 10.1017/s0714980820000331 id = cord-315181-emf4i6ir author = Ryoo, Nayoung title = Coping with Dementia in the Middle of the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-27 keywords = SARS; covid-19; dementia; patient summary = • Home based exercise and planned outdoor activities, avoiding densely populated areas, with caregivers are encouraged • Have more organized daily plans that include enjoyable therapeutic activities • Create a new routine which fits within the context of the current circumstances • Prevent overuse or addiction to TV/video by scheduling and restricting daily use • Counselling for behavioural management of FTD via telephone hotlines is helpful • Providing self-help guidance for reducing stress through electronic media can result in beneficial effects for FTD patients ADL = activities of daily living, PPE = personal protective equipment, COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, BPSD = behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, VD = vascular dementia, AD = Alzheimer''s disease, FTD = frontotemporal dementia, ICU = intensive care unit, DLB = diffuse Lewy body. doi = 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e383 id = cord-267482-afqfymbq author = Ryu, Seungjin title = Ketogenesis restrains aging-induced exacerbation of COVID in a mouse model date = 2020-09-12 keywords = A59; COVID-19; SARS; cell; figure; mouse summary = Aged mCoV-A59-infected mice have increased mortality and higher systemic inflammation in the heart, adipose tissue and hypothalamus, including neutrophilia and loss of γδ T cells in lungs. Also, initial studies that employ lung ciliated epithelial cell-specific HFH4/FOXJ1 promoter driven hACE2 transgenic mice show SARS-CoV-2 infection induces weight loss, lung inflammation and approximately 50% mortality rate, suggesting the usefulness of this model to understand the mechanism of immune dysregulation (Jiang et al., 2020) . Moreover, given our recent findings that ketogenesis inhibits inflammation and expands tissue resident ϒδ T cells (Goldberg et al., 2019) while SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients is associated with depletion of ϒδ T cells (Lei et al., 2020; Rijkers et al., 2020) , we next tested whether elevating BHB by feeding a ketogenic diet (KD) protects against mCoV-A59-driven inflammatory damage in aged mice. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.11.294363 id = cord-292898-6m97l2uz author = Ríos-Silva, Mónica title = COVID-19 mortality among pregnant women in Mexico: A retrospective cohort study date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; pregnant summary = The variables included in this database were sex; age; whether the patient received outpatient care or required hospitalization; presence of pregnancy; smoking history; date of onset of symptoms, admission to hospital, and death if applicable; history of diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, immunosuppression, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, chronic kidney disease, or diagnosis of other unspecified comorbidity; presence of complications, such as diagnosis of pneumonia, mechanical ventilation required, and intensive care in intensive care unit (ICU). In the bivariate analysis, a χ 2 test was used to establish the association between the presence of pregnancy or a positive test and the presence of comorbidities reported in the database (DM, COPD, asthma, immunosuppression, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, smoking, and other comorbidity), as well as the association of pregnancy with the presence of complications (pneumonia, admission to ICU, need for mechanical ventilation, and/or death), the association between the presence of comorbidities and the type of care required by the patient (outpatient vs hospitalization), and the association of comorbidities and death. doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.020512 id = cord-309378-sfr1x0ob author = Röst, Gergely title = Early Phase of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Hungary and Post-Lockdown Scenarios date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; case; number summary = COVID-19 epidemic has been suppressed in Hungary due to timely non-pharmaceutical interventions, prompting a considerable reduction in the number of contacts and transmission of the virus. We incorporate various factors, such as age-specific measures, seasonal effects, and spatial heterogeneity to project the possible peak size and disease burden of a COVID-19 epidemic wave after the current measures are relaxed. Moreover, closing schools postpones the peak of the epidemic (by about one month in case of the above setting), suggesting that children may play a significant role in transmission due to their large number of contacts, even though they give negligible contribution to the overall mortality, cf. As control measures are being successively relaxed since May 4, we established an age-structured compartmental model to investigate several post-lockdown scenarios, and projected the epidemic curves and the demand for critical care beds assuming various levels of sustained reduction in transmission. doi = 10.3390/v12070708 id = cord-318983-rmvqf6s9 author = SCHMIDT, HARALD title = Vaccine Rationing and the Urgency of Social Justice in the Covid‐19 Response date = 2020-05-28 keywords = covid-19; percent; vaccine summary = In addition, when supplies are "insufficient for patients in the highest risk categories-those over 60 years of age or with coexisting conditions-then equality supports using random selection, such as a lottery, for vaccine allocation." 13 Younger people, whom the overall framework otherwise generally favors (as they stand to gain more life years, and societal investments such as education would otherwise be wasted) should be prioritized only if "epidemiologic modeling shows that this would be the best way to reduce viral spread and the risk to others." 14 Using a lottery for allocating scare vaccines in the general population, as proposed here, is one way of treating people equally, and it is certainly superior to a first-come-firstserved approach (or, perhaps more accurately, a let-me-usemy-connections-and-pointy-middle-class-elbows approach) that likely explains why better-off and whiter groups typically get tested more frequently for Covid-19 than lowerincome people and people of color, as noted above. doi = 10.1002/hast.1113 id = cord-345480-w5zxzpj7 author = SHI, C. title = Clinical observations of low molecular weight heparin in relieving inflammation in COVID-19 patients: A retrospective cohort study date = 2020-04-01 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; LMWH summary = D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), peripheral blood lymphocyte percentage, interleukin-6, and other indices in 42 patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia were retrospectively analyzed to compare and evaluate the progress of patients before and after LMWH treatment. Compared to the control group, patients in the heparin group had a higher percentage of lymphocytes after treatment and lower levels of interleukin-6; these differences were statistically significant. This study aims to review and analyze the treatment course of patients with COVID-19 to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of heparin and delay disease progression to provide guidance for subsequent clinical practice. In addition, the changes in lymphocyte percentages in patients in the heparin group before and after LMWH treatment were significantly different to those in the control group. As shown in Figure 2O , there were no significant differences in CRP levels between the two groups of patients before and after LMWH treatment, and both were significantly lower compared to before treatment. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.28.20046144 id = cord-338189-j4hnldk4 author = Saadat, Saeida title = Environmental perspective of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; China; coronavirus; people summary = The easy spread of this virus made people to wear a mask as precautionary route, use gloves and hand sanitizer on a daily basis that resulted in generation of a massive amount of medical wastes in the environment. However, the lock down of the COVID-19 pandemic caused the air quality in many cities across the globe to improve and drop in water pollutions in some parts of the world. There are some factors that contribute to the risk of COVID-19 but they are probably felt differently by different socioeconomic groups (Lipsitch et al., 2020) -People who have had medical problems of diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, or even high blood pressure and cancer are at higher risk from coronavirus (Giannis et al., 2020; Fang et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2020) . The major death cases of coronavirus outbreak are happening mainly in old people probably because of a poor immune system that allows rapid growth of viral infections. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138870 id = cord-296494-6kn4mr04 author = Saban-Ruiz, J. title = COVID-19: A Personalized Cardiometabolic Approach for Reducing Complications and Costs. The Role of Aging Beyond Topics date = 2020-05-12 keywords = ACE2; CMM; COVID-19; SARS; age; patient summary = Bearing this in mind, it is quite likely, that if we have fewer complications, particularly severe ones (cardiac arrest, ventricular tachyarrhythmia, acute heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, haemorrhagic or massive ischaemic stroke), this integrated approach could cut down the elevated mortality in the highest risk group (cancer, COPD and oldest subjects with comorbidities), usually preceded by a multi-organ failure. In aged COVID-19 patients or with history of coronary artery disease (CAD) an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) can also be seen for plaque vulnerability in the presence of a pro-inflammatory state with cytokine release (71) but from the experience in animals, could it be plausible that any of them could be due to arteritis? The third aspect would be the combination of T2DM and Heart failure (HF) (the most frequent cardiac complication in any of the phases of the disease), which is present in a high percentage of patients, especially those at higher risk. doi = 10.1007/s12603-020-1385-5 id = cord-320773-zisujjsx author = Sabat, Iryna title = United but divided: policy responses and people''s perceptions in the EU during the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-06-22 keywords = France; Italy; covid-19; european summary = It was particularly pronounced for intrusive policy measures, such as mobile data use for movement tracking, economic concerns, and trust in the information from the national government. In order to understand the public sentiment towards the COVID-19 containment measures and to inform future policy development, we collected information on people''s support for these policies, their worries in relation to the unfolding epidemic, and their trust in different sources of information. Overall, a north-south gradient could often be noticed in the EU regarding policy support: people living in the southern states (Portugal, Italy, and France) tended to approve of the containment policies more than residents in the northern countries (Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands). The first insights obtained from the data showed that containment and mitigating policies undertaken by national governments in response to the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic were generally wellreceived by the population in all countries covered by the survey. doi = 10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.06.009 id = cord-296214-xeezt6f7 author = Sabatino, Jolanda title = Women''s perspective on the COVID-19 pandemic: Walking into a post-peak phase date = 2020-08-13 keywords = ACHD; COVID-19; SARS summary = Therefore, we discussed the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on women, children and young patients, particularly those with underlying cardiovascular comorbidities or congenital heart disease. Although the so far evidence suggests that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is likely to have a lower fatality rate in women, the course of the disease during pregnancy is not fully understood. Indeed, in rat lungs a higher expression of ACE2 has been observed in younger females animals than in adult males [26] Despite adult patients with cardiovascular co-morbidities have a worse course of the disease, and higher mortality rate, when we look at children infected by SARS-CoV-2 with concomitant congenital heart disease (CHD), they seem to have the same clinical trend and mortality of peers without CHD. An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women with COVID-19, Their Newborn Infants, and Maternal-Fetal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes doi = 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.08.025 id = cord-261485-0ke5nqy0 author = Sabir, A. M. title = Effects of Anticoagulants and Corticosteroids therapy in patients affected by severe COVID-19 Pneumonia date = 2020-06-29 keywords = ICU; covid-19; patient summary = Severe COVID-19 pneumonia group were 63 patients who received methylprednisolone, enoxaparin, antiviral drugs, empirical antibiotics for pneumonia, and standard treatment for comorbidity. Conclusion Early use of a combined anti-inflammatory (corticosteroids and Enoxaparin) and antiviral drugs treatment in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 pneumonia prevent complications of the disease and improve clinical outcomes. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a combination treatment of anti-inflammatory (corticosteroids and Enoxaparin) and antiviral drugs to treat severe COVID-19 pneumonia. There is one patient in medical ward needs low flow oxygen therapy and methylprednisolone for more than 21 days due to unknown reason or confirmed significant lung disease or infection, but Bactrim was given empirically for possible pneumocystis pneumonia, then improved and discharged home. Extra days of length of stay, and virus clearance time, higher oxygen therapy among patients with comorbidity and moderate COVID-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.22.20134957 id = cord-290522-icjt8bbw author = Sablerolles, Roos S G title = COvid MEdicaTion (COMET) study: protocol for a cohort study date = 2020-06-25 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19 summary = Various theories about drugs such as ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in relation to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 are circulating in both mainstream media and medical literature. Various theories about drugs such as ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in relation to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 are circulating in both mainstream media and medical literature. 8 The fact that patients with previous cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension and diabetes have an increased mortality risk due to SARS-CoV-2-induced infection could be explained by the common factor of use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs. 9 10 This was suggested by several authors and also reached the mainstream media including CNN. Therefore, the COMET study aims to evaluate the relationship between use of certain drugs, starting with ACE inhibitors and ARBs, on clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1136/ejhpharm-2020-002329 id = cord-294440-zd0arwmr author = Sacco, Guillaume title = COVID-19 in seniors: Findings and lessons from mass screening in a nursing home date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; resident summary = CONCLUSIONS: The pauci-symptomatic expression of COVID-19 in older residents, together with the high prevalence of asymptomatic forms in caregivers, justifies mass screening in nursing homes, possibly prioritizing residents with suggestive combinations of clinical signs including dyspnea, falls, anorexia and/or altered consciousness. The objective of the present study was to clarify symptoms and chronological aspects of the propagation of the SARS-CoV-2 in a nursing home, both in residents and staff members. The study consisted in a five-week retrospective observational cohort study in a middle-sized nursing home in Maine-et-Loire, West of France, having performed COVID-19 mass screening of residents (n=87) and staff members (n=92). The present report of COVID-19 mass screening in a nursing home showed a high prevalence of asymptomatic infected staff members, and confirmed that older residents exhibit few and mainly nonspecific symptoms. doi = 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.06.023 id = cord-261222-762nqkbg author = Sachdeva, Sonali title = Admission Hyperglycemia in Non-diabetics Predicts Mortality and Disease Severity in COVID-19: a Pooled Analysis and Meta-summary of Literature date = 2020-10-12 keywords = covid-19 summary = Our results showed that hyperglycemia in non-diabetics was associated with higher risk of severe/critical illness (OR 1.837 (95% CI 1.368–2.465, P < 0.001) and mortality (2.822, 95% CI 1.587–5.019, P < 0.001) compared with those with normal values of blood glucose. A literature search was performed in August and September 2020 using databases PubMed, Google scholar, and Scopus to identify studies reporting an association between blood This article is part of the Topical Collection on Covid-19 glucose levels and COVID-19 disease outcomes in patients without a history of diabetes. Our pooled analysis showed an increased risk of critical illness or severe COVID-19, as well as mortality in patients who presented with raised glucose levels and no prior history of diabetes compared with those with normal glucose levels. It has been observed that there exist varying magnitudes of association between fasting blood glucose levels and severe/critical COVID-19 illness among patients presenting with hyperglycemia without a known diagnosis of diabetes. doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00575-8 id = cord-179749-qdbmpi7j author = Sacks, Daniel W. title = What can we learn about SARS-CoV-2 prevalence from testing and hospital data? date = 2020-08-01 keywords = SARS; covid; test summary = We estimate upper and lower bounds on the prevalence of the virus in the general population and the population of non-COVID hospital patients under weak assumptions on who gets tested, using Indiana data on hospital inpatient records linked to SARS-CoV-2 virological tests. In this paper, we propose a new approach to measuring the point-in-time prevalence of active SARS-CoV-2 infections in the overall population using data on patients who are hospitalized for non-COVID reasons. The combination of these assumptions with linked testinghospital data leads to relatively tight upper and lower bounds on the prevalence of active SARS-CoV-2 infections in the overall population in Indiana in each week from mid-March to mid-June. We maintain the test monotonicity assumption throughout, and we derive upper and lower bounds on prevalence in the population under two alternative assumptions about the representativeness of non-COVID hospitalizations for the broader population. Equivalently, the independence assumption implies that SARS-CoV-2 prevalence is the same among people who are hospitalized for non-COVID conditions and the general population. doi = nan id = cord-354959-0iwdqbu6 author = Saddik, B. title = Increased levels of anxiety among medical and non-medical university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates. date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; student summary = The findings from our study can be used to support the development of effective screening strategies and interventions to build psychological resilience among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic or any other public health emergencies in the future. When we 201 compared GAD-7 scores for medical students by gender, specialty (dental or medical), contact 202 with COVID-19, rotation type and clinical phase of study, we found that females, dental medicine 203 students, students who had been in contact with COVID-19 patients and students in their clinical 204 phase of study reported statistically significant higher anxiety levels. Furthermore, this study assessed anxiety 282 levels at three different time points: during hospital visits for medical and dental students, before 283 online learning and after switching to the online learning for all students. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.10.20096933 id = cord-266456-10tjzqep author = Sadeghipour, Parham title = Management of ST‐segment‐elevation myocardial infarction during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak: Iranian“247” National Committee''s position paper on primary percutaneous coronary intervention date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Management of ST‐segment‐elevation myocardial infarction during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak: Iranian"247" National Committee''s position paper on primary percutaneous coronary intervention Such safety concerns, along with the acceptable mortality benefit of the new generation of fibrinolytic agents, have placed thrombolytic therapy as a potential first choice on several occasions during the outbreak. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients Primary versus tenecteplase-facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (ASSENT-4 PCI): randomised trial Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction care in Hong Kong The management of antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndrome patients with thrombocytopenia: a clinical conundrum Management of ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak: Iranian"247" National Committee''s position paper on primary percutaneous coronary intervention doi = 10.1002/ccd.28889 id = cord-273641-8l57mnjt author = Sadr, Sara title = Isolated severe thrombocytopenia in a patient with COVID-19: A case report date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = A narrow diagnostic approach where only febrile patients with pulmonary symptoms are evaluated for a COVID-19 diagnosis will result in many missed diagnoses; so it is important that physicians are familiar with atypical and rare presentations of COVID-19, such as isolated thrombocytopenia. The emerging disease caused by a novel coronavirus with a high transmission rate, predominantly pulmonary symptoms and a reported mortality rate ranging between 2.0-4.4% has become a global pandemic [1, 7, 8] , and the infection can cause systemic involvement including respiratory, neurological and hematopoietic complications [3, 4] . In another study which observed the hematologic impacts of COVID-19, 20 % of patients showed abnormalities that included mild thrombocytopenia as severe as it has been reported in other viral infections such as dengue fever [14] . Severe thrombocytopenia has been reported in one case of COVID-19 that was associated with pulmonary symptoms as well as neurological complications [15] . doi = 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00820 id = cord-338819-wkb318sq author = Saez, Marc title = Effects of long-term exposure to air pollutants on the spatial spread of COVID-19 in Catalonia, Spain date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; Catalonia; abs; case summary = Our objective was to investigate, at a small area level, whether long-term exposure to air pollutants increased the risk of COVID-19 incidence and death in Catalonia, Spain, controlling for socioeconomic and demographic factors. Our objective in this paper was to investigate, at a small area level and controlling for socioeconomic and demographic factors, whether long-term exposure to air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM 10 , coarse particles with a diameter of 10 µm or less) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), increased the risk of COVID-19 incidence and death in Catalonia, Spain. In Tables 2 and 3 we show the estimation results of the GLMM models with which we specified the association between air pollutants and the daily incident positive cases and daily deaths, controlling, in both cases, for socioeconomic and demographic variables, unobserved confounders and the spatial and the temporal dependency. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110177 id = cord-345304-n74m5ucs author = Safadi, Marco Aurelio Palazzi title = THE CHALLENGING AND UNPREDICTABLE SPECTRUM OF COVID-19 IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS date = 2020-09-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = 6 Based on current evidence, older adults and people of all ages with underlying medical conditions, including severe obesity, chronic lung disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, active cancer, transplantation and immunocompromised have been associated with poor clinical outcomes and higher fatality rates from COVID-19. One of the largest pediatric cancer programs in the USA, in New York city, reported that 20/178 (11%) children and adolescents with cancer had positive test for SARS-CoV-2. 11 The overwhelmed public health systems by the COVID-19 pandemic represents a serious risk for pediatric general health, limiting access of children and adolescents to basic health care, compromising immunization coverages and postponing consultations for patients with underlying conditions. Clinical characteristics of 58 children with a pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized and critically Ill children and adolescents with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at a tertiary care medical center in New York City doi = 10.1590/1984-0462/2020/38/2020192 id = cord-104507-xx7t26rl author = Safari, Saeid title = Extracorporeal Hemoperfusion as a Potential Therapeutic Option for Severe COVID-19 patients; a Narrative Review date = 2020-08-22 keywords = SARS; covid-19; inflammatory; patient summary = Based on previous experience of blood purification to treat cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), here we aimed to review the current literature on extracorporeal hemoperfusion as a potential therapeutic option for CSS-associated conditions, with a focus on severe COVID-19. To date, various centers in different countries including Italy, China, USA, Germany, and Iran have reported or are investigating the beneficial effects of different hemoperfusion systems, including HA380/HA330 cartridges, CytoSorb, and polymyxin B immobilized fiber column in treatment of critically-ill COVID-19 patients. To date, a large number of experimental and clinical data, mostly from case reports and case series, have introduced CytoSorb as an effective rescue therapy for removal of inflammatory cytokines and achievement of hemodynamic stabilization in critically ill patients with septic shock and kidney failure (47) (48) (49) . doi = nan id = cord-300776-owrrwd08 author = Safavi, Farinaz title = B-cell depleting therapies may affect susceptibility to acute respiratory illness among patients with Multiple Sclerosis during the early COVID-19 epidemic in Iran date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To determine if any variable was independently associated with the COVID-19suspect status, we fit a multivariable Poisson regression model with robust error variance with the COVID-19-suspect status as the dependent variable and the following variables as predictors: age, sex, MS type, disease duration, PDDS category, the level of compliance with "stay at home recommendations," report of recent contact with a person with respiratory symptoms, report of a recent contact a patient with COVID-19 diagnosis, and DMT category (categorized as B-cell depleting antibodies, immune-cell trafficking inhibitors, other DMTs, and no DMT). In the multivariable Poisson regression model, MS disease duration, the DMT category, and the report of contact with a person with respiratory symptoms were all independently associated with the risk of being in the COVID-19-suspect group (Table 2) . doi = 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102195 id = cord-255376-nqq5ieyg author = Safdar, Muhammad title = COVID‐19: A threat to educated Muslim women''s negotiated identity in Pakistan date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; Nisa; Pakistan; muslim; woman summary = It has been found that the pandemic has similarity in its impacts for the women in their familial lives, despite their being variously situated and resistive, due to the general religio-culturally defined patriarchal social behaviour of the place (Pakistan) toward women and lack of will and action on the part of the state for implementing its laws of women''s empowerment. Though gender-defining intersectional factors like social status, class, education, economic independence, locality, interpretation of religion and physical beauty usually intervene to influence a woman''s empowerment in the family, this study finds that, in addition to the influence of these factors, the general dominant social behaviour toward women and the lack of will and action/infrastructure on the part of the government to ensure women''s empowerment are major factors which even worsen their condition during a crisis like COVID-19. doi = 10.1111/gwao.12457 id = cord-347199-slq70aou author = Safta, Cosmin title = Characterization of partially observed epidemics through Bayesian inference: application to COVID-19 date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; Sect; datum; model summary = The method is cast as one of Bayesian inference of the latent infection rate (number of people infected per day), conditioned on a time-series of Developing a forecasting method that is applicable in the early epoch of a partially-observed outbreak poses some peculiar difficulties. This infection rate curve is convolved with the Probability Density Function (PDF) of the incubation period of the disease to produce an expression for the time-series of newly symptomatic cases, an observable that is widely reported as "daily new cases" by various data sources [2, 5, 6] . 2, with postulated forms for the infection rate curve and the derivation of the prediction for daily new cases; we also discuss a filtering approach that is applied to the data before using it to infer model parameters. doi = 10.1007/s00466-020-01897-z id = cord-282675-s4zmffj3 author = Sagaon-Teyssier, Luis title = Assessment of mental health outcomes and associated factors among workers in community-based HIV care centers in the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in Mali date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; HCW; HIV; Mali; Santé summary = title: Assessment of mental health outcomes and associated factors among workers in community-based HIV care centers in the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in Mali Mental health in ARCAD Santé PLUS''s CHW in Mali seemed to be associated with uncertainty about COVID-19 at the beginning of the outbreak, as suggested by the relationship between the (un)availability of face masks and insomnia, depression, and anxiety. The relationship discovered between the density of nurses in HIV care services and workers'' psychological outcomes not only highlights areas for improvement in the management of mental health among ARCAD Santé PLUS''s HCW during the current COVID-19 outbreak, but also provides insight into how these workers'' performance in HIV-related care could be improved in the short and long terms. doi = 10.1016/j.hpopen.2020.100017 id = cord-318317-x12fblc5 author = Sagaon-Teyssier, Luis title = The COVID-19 response must integrate people living with HIV needs in Sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Mali date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; Mali summary = To the Editor, Mali announced its first two cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on March 25, 2020, almost 1 month after Algeria (first reported case in the African continent) and Nigeria (first reported case in Sub-Saharan Africa). This is despite the fact that Malian authorities were more proactive in implementing a response than their counterparts in these other countries when the WHO declared COVID-19 to be an international public health emergency. Given this context, actions targeting cultural and social dimensions of vulnerable populations-including the homeless [7] and individuals with endemic [8] and chronic diseases, especially people living with HIV (PLWH) [9] -are needed to reinforce COVID-19 prevention. The long-established trustful relationship between ARCAD-Santé PLUS and users of its HIV/AIDS prevention and care services is indispensable to disseminate key messages to protect vulnerable populations in Mali against COVID-19. doi = 10.1186/s41182-020-00228-5 id = cord-296708-b37jcj4f author = Sagar, Rajesh title = Is it correct to estimate mental disorder through online surveys during COVID-19 pandemic? date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Is it correct to estimate mental disorder through online surveys during COVID-19 pandemic? Since then, there have been multiple research articles on psychological impact of COVID-19 and the situation associated with it (e.g. quarantine, social isolation, physical distancing, etc.). 2, 3 The rates of psychiatric disorders through various online surveys have come out to be much higher than general population. [2] [3] [4] However, it is important to note that the validity of diagnosis based on checklist items in online surveys is not similar to face-to-face interviews, as psychiatric diagnosis are different form medical diagnosis, which is largely pathophysiological. It was emphasized in the UNIVERSAL online survey of World Mental Health International College Student (WMH-ICS) that overestimation is likely. 4 In the same study the term "depressive symptoms" was used but also mentioned generalised anxiety disorder without significant dysfunction/distress criterion . Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113251 id = cord-286269-vrjyj2y1 author = Sagheb, Setareh title = Two seriously ill neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 pneumonia- a case report date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COV-2; COVID-19; SARS summary = They evaluated cord blood, amniotic fluid and even breast milk samples of mothers diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia, but SARS-COV-2 tests were negative in all cases. Consequently, because of performing all the aforementioned droplet and contact precautions during hospitalization, having high LDH, lymphopenia and SIADH soon after birth may be due to early-onset infection of SARS-COV-2. Furthermore, another study conducted on a limited number of patients showed a high level of SARS-COV-2 IgM in neonates born from COVID-19 infected mothers within 2 first hours of their birth [7] , which may indicate infection transmission from mother to fetus. It is worth noting that, although our neonates'' RT-PCR tests'' results for SARS-COV-2 were negative 1 hour after their birth, they tested positive on day 7 and 12. Neonatal Early-Onset Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in 33 Neonates Born to Mothers With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1186/s13052-020-00897-2 id = cord-283730-rshlenku author = Sah, Ranjit title = Impact of COVID-19 on tourism in Nepal date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; Nepal summary = We read the recent article by Shrestha et al., 1 about Nepal''s first case of COVID-19 and public health response with great interest. Despite recent progress and the government''s commitment to reduce the absolute poverty rate to 16.7% from 18.7% last year, 2 the World Bank forecasts that 31.2% of Nepalis are at risk of falling into extreme poverty, primarily because of reduced remittances from overseas workers, foregone earnings of potential migrants, collapse of the tourist industry, job losses in the informal sector and increased cost of essential commodities, all as a result of COVID-19. 6 The government is currently investigating the repatriation of workers stranded in COVID-19 affected countries, even though this may place extra strain on the nation''s health system. Healthcare systems of any country depend on the economy and Nepal''s lost remittances and tourism revenues have crippled the nation''s finances. Nepal''s first case of COVID-19 and public health response Covid-19 pandemic: public health implications in Nepal doi = 10.1093/jtm/taaa105 id = cord-300817-cxc00k0d author = Saha, Jay title = Indoor air pollution (IAP) and pre-existing morbidities among under-5 children in India: are risk factors of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)?() date = 2020-07-15 keywords = Coronavirus; India; covid-19 summary = title: Indoor air pollution (IAP) and pre-existing morbidities among under-5 children in India: are risk factors of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)?() To find out the risk factor zones associated with Coronavirus disease among under-five children using pre-existing morbidity conditions and indoor air pollution (IAP) environmental factors and also with current fatality and recovery rate of COVID-19 disease in India. So, compared to the other previous studies in India, this type of study is yet not done, considering this huge research gap and novelty, this study also aims to find out the risk factors associated with the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among under-five children using pre-existing morbidity conditions and indoor air pollution environmental factors which are solid biomass cooking fuel and indoor smoking cigarettes and also with current case fatality ratio (CFR) and recovery rate (RR) of the COVID-19 disease in the high focusing states and union territories of India which are in a risk zone. doi = 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115250 id = cord-331449-0sow1im8 author = Saha, Shivangi title = Managing Burns During COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-05-30 keywords = burn; covid-19; patient summary = The burn patients are usually debilitated and require a prolonged hospital stay and multiple operative procedures which put them and everyone involved in their care at increased risk of coronavirus infections and transmission. However, in view of the risk of viral transmission, the goal should be to provide safe care to our patients as well as to maintain the safety of our burns team to preserve the capacity of the health system. 2, 3 In this review of our clinical experience and published literature, we highlight the key considerations for burn care teams while dealing with burn patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the institutional COVID testing capacity, the burn team members may be screened weekly to prevent onward disease transmission in hospitals through asymptomatic infected healthcare staff. Guide for prioritization of procedures and surgeries on burn patients (adapted from the clinical guide to surgical prioritization during the coronavirus pandemic). doi = 10.1093/jbcr/iraa086 id = cord-317604-j8b64a1a author = Sahay, Sandeep title = Management of hospitalized patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and COVID-19 infection date = 2020-06-15 keywords = PAH; covid-19; patient summary = title: Management of hospitalized patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and COVID-19 infection However, one should keep in mind that a lower respiratory tract infection, such as COVID-19 infection, may lead to hypoxemia leading to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, which increases pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) resulting in decompensation of a high-risk PAH patient who was previously stable. In patients who are mildly hypoxemic, providers could consider a pulsed inhaled nitric oxide delivery system (currently approved by FDA for expanded access use as a part of clinical trial for COVID -19 infected patients, NCT04305457). Management of PAH patients in intensive care unit (ICU) is challenging regardless of COVID-19 infection. Incidence and risk of respiratory tract infection associated with specific drug therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a systematic review Intensive care unit management of patients with severe pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure doi = 10.1177/2045894020933480 id = cord-340121-ytw82yyp author = Sahin, Dilek title = An effective protective equipment to use in the vaginal delivery of the pregnant women with suspected/diagnosed COVID-19: Delivery Table Shield date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: An effective protective equipment to use in the vaginal delivery of the pregnant women with suspected/diagnosed COVID-19: Delivery Table Shield In this article, we describe the usage of a novel delivery table shield in the second stage of labor. 13.5% of asymptomatic pregnant women who applied for delivery were found to be positive for COVID-19 in a study 4 . Similarly, another recent study has reported 13.3% COVID-19 positivity in asymptomatic pregnant women 5 . Therefore, we conclude that use of delivery table shield and other personal protective equipments would be more reasonable only in the suspected or definitely diagnosed cases. Delivery table shield exactly suits the delivery table due to its unique design effectively protects the health-care staff from infected respiratory droplets during the pushing and second stage of labor. The opening in the posterior side of the delivery table shield provides comfortable respiration fort he mother during the labor. doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.06.021 id = cord-330261-8sb9sc7o author = Sahoo, D. P. title = Hospital based contact tracing of COVID-19 patients and health care workers and risk stratification of exposed health care workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Eastern India date = 2020-11-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = Number of high risk contacts was more in Non-COVID area (15.84) as compared to COVID area (0.27); p value < 0.001), amongst IPD patients (6.61) as compared to staff (4.02) and OPD (0.22) ; p value = 0.009 and when clustering of cases present (14.35) as compared to isolated cases (8.21); p value < 0.001 Conclusion: The case identification, risk stratification and contact tracing have helped in reducing the number of contacts with due course of time, so preventing the depletion of human resources for continuing health care. In our hospital which caters to both COVID-19 patients and other patients, we adopted the contact tracing and risk stratification approach based on these guidelines to categorize exposed HCWs into high and low-risk contacts. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.01.20220475 doi: medRxiv preprint have reported the yield of hospital-based contact tracing of patients and HCWs tested positive for COVID-19 and risk stratification of exposed HCWs in the hospital a statutory body under the aegis of MOHFW, Government of India. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.01.20220475 id = cord-276300-6xy8bwfl author = Sahoo, Swapnajeet title = Lived experiences of the Corona Survivors (patients admitted in COVID wards): A Narrative real-life documented summaries of internalized guilt, shame, stigma, anger date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID; covid-19 summary = title: Lived experiences of the Corona Survivors (patients admitted in COVID wards): A Narrative real-life documented summaries of internalized guilt, shame, stigma, anger During the initial few days, it was seen that most patients admitted with the infection had some or other mental health issues such as anxiety, excessive worries, irritability, low mood, frustration, distress, feeling isolated/loneliness, etc. The 3 summaries discussed in this report are the mental health issues and other experiences shared by 2 persons and a family admitted in the COVID center. Besides supportive sessions with the patient, one of his cousin (uninfected) with whom the patient was in constant touch was involved in the treatment, who was asked to motivate the patient to stay active and remain busy watching videos/movies on YouTube channels, read things of his likings on the internet and pray to God. He was discharged after his repeat tests came out to be negative. doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102187 id = cord-268840-m3fp9q3p author = Sahu, Ankit Kumar title = Lung sonographic findings in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-09-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = Sonographic characteristics like bilateral lung involvement, B – profile, spared areas and confluent B – lines or waterfall sign were significantly associated (p < 0.01) with clinical severity (more frequent with increasing disease severity). [2] The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 patients range from asymptomatic to critical illness, which can include severe acute respiratory distress (ARDS) requiring ventilatory support [3] [4] [5] [6] . [12] Confirmed COVID-19 patients were categorised by the treating physician (also performed the ultrasound) according to their severity of illness according to Chinese CDC definitions (mild disease: patients with respiratory tract infection, not fulfilling criteria for severe and critical disease, severe disease: any of the following signs or symptoms like shortness of breath, respiratory rate > 30/min or oxygen saturation < 93%, and critical disease: patients requiring intensive care for organ failure or invasive ventilation) [11] . doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.08.080 id = cord-340433-h86cufyp author = Sahu, Bikash R title = C-reactive protein: a promising biomarker for poor prognosis in COVID-19 infection date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; CRP summary = Although increased C reactive protein (CRP) has been associated with death due to COVID-19 infections, results from different populations remain inconsistent. The results of the meta-analysis demonstrated a significant role of CRP in COVID-19 infection outcome (Standard difference in means= 1.371, P=0.000). Inclusion of a report in the current meta-analysis must have a) added analysis for death and survivors, b) plasma/serum CRP concentrations, c) data must be presented in mean± standard deviation (S.D) or median (interquartile range). Two authors BRS and AP extracted data such as authors'' details, years of publication, population, number of COVID-19 infected subjects, death and survivors, CRP concentrations in mean± S.D. or median (interquartile range), significance value. Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study doi = 10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.013 id = cord-339727-q8pjwl3s author = Sahu, Kamal Kant title = Mesenchymal Stem Cells in COVID-19: A Journey from Bench to Bedside date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cell summary = Recently, research exploring the therapeutic application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in critically ill patients suffering from COVID-19 has gained momentum. Recently, research exploring the therapeutic application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in critically ill patients suffering from COVID-19 has gained momentum. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Recently, a few studies have examined the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Because H7N9 and SARS-CoV-2 share similar complications-ARDS, hypoxic respiratory failure, severe inflammation, overt immune response, and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome-MSCs therapy may be beneficial for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia as well. Rationale for the clinical use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for COVID-19 patients Expanded umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) as a therapeutic strategy in managing critically ill COVID-19 patients: the case for compassionate use Expanded umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) as a therapeutic strategy in managing critically ill COVID-19 patients: the case for compassionate use doi = 10.1093/labmed/lmaa049 id = cord-356271-k4ux9yey author = Sai Thejeshwar, S. title = Precise Prediction of COVID-19 in Chest X-Ray Images Using KE Sieve Algorithm date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The advancements in the area of machine learning and pattern recognition has resulted in intelligent systems that analyze CT Scans or X-ray images and classify between pneumonia and normal patients. This paper proposes KE Sieve Neural Network architecture, which helps in the rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 using chest X-ray images. So, in this study, we propose an AI-based pattern recognition system using the KE Sieve Neural Network model [1] [2] for the detection of coronavirus infected patients, pneumonia and healthy patients using chest X-ray radiographs. [25] , proposed a classification model that classifies COVID-19 from viral pneumonia and healthy cases using pulmonary CT images using deep learning techniques. Though the number of COVID-19 images available is too small, it had no effect on the model as a whole as transfer learning-based feature extraction is implemented and SNN [1] mathematically could separate each data point. A deep learning algorithm using CT images to screen for CoronaVirus Disease (COVID-19) doi = 10.1101/2020.08.13.20174144 id = cord-124618-51235tn2 author = Said, Ahmed Ben title = Predicting COVID-19 cases using Bidirectional LSTM on multivariate time series date = 2020-09-10 keywords = LSTM; covid-19 summary = Materials and Methods: This paper presents a deep learning approach to forecast the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases using Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) network applied to multivariate time series. Unlike other forecasting techniques, our proposed approach first groups the countries having similar demographic and socioeconomic aspects and health sector indicators using K-Means clustering algorithm. The cumulative cases data for each clustered countries enriched with data related to the lockdown measures are fed to the Bidirectional LSTM to train the forecasting model. Conclusion: Using data of multiple countries in addition to lockdown measures improve accuracy of the forecast of daily cumulative COVID-19 cases. Our contribution consists of first grouping countries having similar demographic and socio-economic properties and health sector indicators then using COVID-19 data from each cluster to build the prediction model. The multivariate time series is used to train a deep learning Bi-LSTM network to forecast future cumulative number of cases. doi = nan id = cord-307671-f9l2l8fi author = Said, Mohammed title = The Forgotten Element in the Resumption of Elective Bariatric Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic: the Patient Consent! date = 2020-09-19 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = The aim was to assess their knowledge and expectations regarding bariatric surgery and the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. A total of 233 (87.6%) candidates believed that they were prone to a higher risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 24.4% of them believed that bariatric surgery, during the pandemic, would improve their immunity. The present study aims to help in answering these questions through an assessment of patients'' concepts regarding bariatric surgery resumption after the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The following four questions assessed the patient opinion regarding bariatric surgery and the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Bariatric teams need to ensure that candidates for surgery share the required knowledge regarding the methods of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection and are willing to follow the protective measures. doi = 10.1007/s11695-020-04976-5 id = cord-265721-wmz3wywi author = Saini, Kamal S. title = Repurposing anticancer drugs for COVID-19-induced inflammation, immune dysfunction, and coagulopathy date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; Roche; patient summary = Three cardinal manifestations of neoplasia, namely inflammation, immune dysfunction, and coagulopathy are also seen in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing a biological rationale for testing selected anticancer drugs for their ability to control the symptoms and/or modify the course of COVID-19. The pharmaceutical industry, contract research organisations (CROs), and academia have spent decades developing drugs for cancer-induced inflammation, immune dysfunction, and coagulopathy; given that this triad is also seen in patients affected by COVID-19, it is reasonable to consider testing selected anticancer agents in a rational manner against this viral illness. doi = 10.1038/s41416-020-0948-x id = cord-263301-7gw6a6nv author = Sakelliadis, Emmanouil I. title = Impact of Covid-19 Lockdown on Characteristics of Autopsy Cases in Greece. Comparison between 2019 and 2020 date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; Greece summary = Frequency of fatal myocardial infarction seems to remain unaffected by the COVID-19 pandemic while deaths resulting from road traffic accidents exhibit a significant decrease. Our study sample includes only cases which were referred for autopsy, that obviously account only for a small fraction of the total number of deaths in our area of jurisdiction during the previously specified time frame. Per directions of the National Organization for Public Health, suspected and confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were not submitted to medicolegal investigation, as all morgues in Greece are not suitably equipped to perform autopsies of highly contagious cases [16] . The rapid adoption of emergency measures in Greece, in all relevant sectors of life (health system, education, public safety, economy), prevented hospitals from being overwhelmed and allowed prompt and correct medical care of cases, not limited only to the COVID-19 outbreak. Frequency of fatal MI seems to remain unaffected by the COVID-19 pandemic while deaths resulting from road traffic accidents exhibit a significant decrease. doi = 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110365 id = cord-287781-bvintr10 author = Sakka, Mehdi title = Association between D-Dimer levels and mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and pooled analysis date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; Dimer summary = title: Association between D-Dimer levels and mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and pooled analysis Abstract Background: Several observational studies have reported elevated baseline D-dimer levels in patients hospitalized for moderate to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Conclusions: Despite high heterogeneity across included studies, the present pooled analysis indicates that D-Dimer levels are significantly associated with the risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients. In a recent pooled analysis of 4 studies including 553 patients, baseline D-Dimer levels were associated with COVID-19 severity. [12, 13] In the present study, we reviewed all current available data on the association between D-Dimer levels and mortality in COVID-19 patients in order to assess the potential of D-dimer testing for predicting outcomes in patients admitted to hospital. [17] reported that D-Dimer levels were significantly associated with 28-days mortality (OR 1.058, 95 % CI 1.028-1.090; p<0.001) in a retrospective cohort of 449 patients with severe COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.jdmv.2020.05.003 id = cord-339455-b8nu34vv author = Sakr, Yasser title = The clinical spectrum of pulmonary thromboembolism in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: A European case series date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; PTE; patient summary = title: The clinical spectrum of pulmonary thromboembolism in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: A European case series PURPOSE: To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)-associated pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is a potentially fatal complication that has been frequently reported in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) [1] [2] [3] [4] . Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is associated with coagulation abnormalities [4] [5] [6] [7] , which predispose to considerable procoagulant effects [4, 5, 8] . Another important observation in patient #1 was that the severe disease progression was associated with concomitant increases in IL-6, ferritin, and D-Dimer levels, which highlights the potential role of these markers for identifying severe cases of COVID-19 who may warrant a more meticulous diagnostic assessment to exclude the presence of PTE. Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in High incidence of venous thromboembolic events in anticoagulated severe COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.09.021 id = cord-291954-wormplcu author = Sakulkonkij, Parichart title = A family cluster of diagnosed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) kidney transplant recipient in Thailand date = 2020-08-08 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = A novel betacoronavirus, the seventh member of coronaviruses, which is shown to infect humans and lately named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes an ongoing outbreak of respiratory illness that began in December 2019 in China called coronavirus disease 2019 . On admission, a nasopharyngeal and throat swabs for SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed a positive result, other laboratory findings included white blood cell count (WBC) 2480 cells/mm 3 , lymphocyte (L) 18%, neutrophil (N) 78%, and C-reactive protein (CRP) 62.7 mg/L. Although acute hypoxemic respiratory failure from COVID-19 in elderly and KT recipients in our cohort seemed to be prominent, early investigation in high-risk populations, prompt initiation of potential therapy, and intensive supportive care are important to prevent adverse consequences and mortality. Case report of COVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient: Does immunosuppression alter the clinical presentation? doi = 10.1002/iid3.337 id = cord-269511-bfd1dmt3 author = Salacup, Grace title = Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of COVID‐19 Patients in an Underserved‐Inner City Population: A Single Tertiary Center Cohort date = 2020-07-03 keywords = CRRT; covid-19; patient summary = Multivariate logistic regression was Accepted Article used to look at the factors associated with inpatient mortality as primary outcome, and need for vasopressors, CRRT/HD, and mechanical ventilation as secondary outcomes. In this retrospective single center study, clinical characteristics were described, and risks factors were determined in association with inpatient death, need for intubation, need for CRRT/HD, and vasopressor use among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in an underserved minority population. Multivariate regression analysis showed that age as a continuous variable is significantly associated with inpatient mortality (p<0.001) with mean age higher amongst patient who died compared to those who survived (73 years old vs 64 years old; p<0.0001). Although African American patients, who were 70% of our study population, tended to have higher rates of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, there were no significant difference compared to other races (see Table S2 ). Patients in this study who received COVID-19 specific treatment (steroid, tocilizumab, and hydroxychloroquine) had poor clinical outcomes. doi = 10.1002/jmv.26252 id = cord-348806-yi9vbgwj author = Saladino, Valeria title = The Psychological and Social Impact of Covid-19: New Perspectives of Well-Being date = 2020-10-02 keywords = COVID-19; psychological summary = Research has highlighted the impact on psychological well-being of the most exposed groups, including children, college students, and health workers, who are more likely to develop post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and other symptoms of distress. The following article has two focuses of interest: (1) the evaluation of the psychological and social effects of the pandemic on the population, mostly children, college students, and health professionals; and (2) the identification of new perspectives of intervention based on digital devices and in line with the social security measures and mental health promotion. One of the future goals of public and private psychological organizations should be the promotion of specific training for psychologists and psychotherapists, with the following aims: (1) developing the basic skills in managing the effects of a pandemic and of emergency situations; and (2) sensitizing patients to online therapeutic relationship, providing the main rules and benefits of the process (Stoll et al., 2020 ; Joint Task Force for the Development of Telepsychology Guidelines for Psychologists, 2013). doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577684 id = cord-331765-pk0fr0a1 author = Salaffi, Fausto title = The role of a chest computed tomography severity score in coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The aim of this study was to investigate chest CT findings in COVID-19 patients in order to determine the optimal cut-off value of a CT severity score that can be considered a potential prognostic indicator of a severe/critical outcome. The study involved 165 COVID-19 patients (131 men [79.4%] and 34 women [20.6%] with a mean age of 61.5 ± 12.5 years), of whom 30 (18.2%) had severe/critical disease and 135 (81.8%) mild/typical disease. [24, 25] Like those of a number of recent studies, the findings of this study show that CT evidence of consolidation, a crazy-paving pattern, reticular opacity, interlobular septal thickening, air bronchogram, and extra-pulmonary lesions are imaging features of severe/critical COVID-19 pneumonia, [26] [27] [28] and their number and frequency make the total whole-lung severity score significantly higher in severe/critical cases. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000022433 id = cord-337089-ksh62ni0 author = Salajegheh Tazerji, Sina title = Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to animals: an updated review date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; MERS; SARS summary = In addition to the considerable COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths in humans, several cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections in animal hosts (dog, cat, tiger, lion, and mink) have been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to gather information about the reported cases of COVID-19 transmission in animals through a literary review of works published in scientific journals and perform genomic and phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from animal hosts. However, based on recently published findings, other authors hypothesized that an immunological cross-protection between SARS-CoV-2 and canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) exists due to the high homology between the spike protein epitopes of the two taxonomicallyrelated coronaviruses [21] . The objective of the present study was to gather, present, and discuss information on the reported cases of COVID-19 in animals focusing on the virus transmission cases in pets and perform genomic and phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from animal hosts. doi = 10.1186/s12967-020-02534-2 id = cord-329863-r2vqsg5r author = Salamanna, Francesca title = Overt and non-overt disseminated intravascular coagulation and the potential role of heparin in the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19; DIC; patient summary = reviewing the data on coagulation abnormalities that occur in patients with COVID-19 suggested that this association is a consequence of the inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection that leads to thrombo-inflammation and drives thrombosis. 22, 23 The screening and diagnosis of non-overt DIC in patients with mild/moderate COVID-19 disease could be of key importance in order to optimize treatment and also prevent the organ failure representative of the most severe form of COVID-19. Since, as previously reported, COVID-19 is frequently complicated by coagulopathy and different forms of DIC can occur in patients, an active application of anticoagulants, such as low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), for patients with severe COVID-19 has been recommended by some expert consensus in China. Concerning the therapeutic use of LMWH in the presence of the most serious form of systemic activation of coagulation, DIC, or, more generally, for the treatment of specific hematological and/or clinical manifestation in patients with COVID-19, to date, there are still incomplete data and significant uncertainties with regard to safety. doi = 10.1177/2040620720951655 id = cord-321784-nubu5fuz author = Salazar, E. title = Treatment of COVID-19 Patients with Convalescent Plasma in Houston, Texas date = 2020-05-13 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = Patients were transfused with convalescent plasma obtained from donors with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and had been symptom free for 14 days. At day 7 post-transfusion with convalescent plasma, nine patients had at least a 1-point improvement in clinical scale, and seven of those were discharged. 22 We performed the present study to provide additional data on these initial clinical observations of patients'' clinical course and subsequent improvement after receiving convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19. Although our study has limitations, the data indicate that transfusion of convalescent plasma is a safe treatment option for those with severe COVID-19 disease. Our study was performed to evaluate the safety and potential benefit of transfusing convalescent plasma to patients with severe COVID-19 disease. Outcomes from this case series of 25 patients indicates that administration of convalescent plasma is a safe treatment option for those with severe COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.08.20095471 id = cord-274860-7ec2jcoq author = Salazar, Eric title = Significantly decreased mortality in a large cohort of COVID-19 patients transfused early with convalescent plasma containing high titer anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG date = 2020-11-04 keywords = covid-19; day; patient summary = title: Significantly decreased mortality in a large cohort of COVID-19 patients transfused early with convalescent plasma containing high titer anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG We recently reported results from interim analysis of a propensity-score matched study suggesting that early treatment of COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma containing high titer anti-spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG significantly decreases mortality. In the aggregate, the analysis confirms and extends our previous preliminary finding that transfusion of COVID-19 patients soon after hospitalization with high titer anti-spike protein RBD IgG present in convalescent plasma significantly reduces mortality. In our previous study, interim analysis revealed that, relative to matched controls, patients transfused with convalescent plasma containing high titer anti-spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG within 72 hrs of hospital admission had significantly reduced mortality at 28 days post-transfusion. The data confirm our previous findings that transfusion of patients soon after hospital admission with high titer anti-spike protein RBD IgG present in convalescent plasma significantly decreases mortality. doi = 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.008 id = cord-263993-gbbkcwo7 author = Salazar, Leonardo Alberto title = CONSENSO ECMO COLOMBIANO PARA PACIENTE CON FALLA RESPIRATORIA GRAVE ASOCIADA A COVID-19 date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; ECMO; con summary = Resultados: EL CONSENSO COLOMBIANO PARA UN PACIENTE CON FALLA RESPIRATORIA GRAVE ASOCIADO a COVID-19 proporciona un resumen de la evidencia sobre el uso de membranas de oxigenación extracorpórea en insuficiencia respiratoria hipoxémica aguda grave asociada con la infección SARS CoV-2, dando recomendaciones sobre sus indicaciones, Contraindicaciones, consideraciones y la implementación del grupo ECMOred Colombia. El grupo ECMOred Colombia brinda accesoria y consulta telefónica dirigida de forma central y coordinada con el centro de ECMO de influencia en la región donde se requiera, y de acuerdo a la demanda de esta tecnología, ayuda en la gestión de la remisión al centro ECMO y/o definir como puede llevarse a cabo el mejor proceso para contar con un equipo de transporte en ECMO que pueda ir a la institución donde se encuentra el paciente para iniciar la terapia en la Unidad de cuidado intensivo y ser trasladado al centro ECMO más cercano para aquellos pacientes con COVID 19 y síndrome de dificultad respiratorio aguda grave refractaria al manejo y/o con choque asociado a disfunción miocárdica. doi = 10.1016/j.acci.2020.09.001 id = cord-289188-hf9sh9vs author = Salazar, M. R. title = EFFECT OF CONVALESCENT PLASMA ON MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 PNEUMONIA date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = Logistic regression analysis identified age, ICU admission with and without MV requirement, diabetes and preexistent cardiovascular disease as independent predictors of 28-day mortality, whereas convalescent plasma administration acted as a protective factor. Conclusions Our study suggests that the administration of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to the hospital might be associated with decreased mortality. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.08.20202606 doi: medRxiv preprint administered early in the course of COVID-19 [14] [15] .Convalescent plasma is currently being evaluated in 126 clinical trials [16] . Accordingly, the objective of the present study is to compare the epidemiological characteristics, outcomes and independent predictors of mortality among patients who received convalescent plasma and those who did not receive it, who were admitted to hospitals in Buenos Aires Province for COVID-19 throughout the pandemic. The main finding of our study was that the administration of convalescent plasma to patients with COVID-19 pneumonia was associated with a decrease of 24.4% in adjusted mortality. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.08.20202606 id = cord-343333-4krrmjio author = Salazar, Martín title = COVID-19, Hipertensión y Enfermedad cardiovascular date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Las comunicaciones provenientes de China en el inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19 mostraron una marcada asociación de los casos severos y la mortalidad con la edad avanzada, la hipertensión arterial, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y la diabetes. Las estimaciones de China coinciden con estos datos: que mientras la mortalidad sin comorbilidades fue de 0,9%, se incrementó a 10,5% con enfermedad Page 4 of 13 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 4 cardiovascular, 6,3% con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, 6% con hipertensión arterial y 5,6% con cáncer. En el reporte Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), con datos al 28 de marzo, 78% de los pacientes internados en terapia intensiva por COVID-19 tenían comorbilidades, las más frecuentes eran la enfermedad cardiovascular (29%) y la enfermedad pulmonar crónica (21%). peor evolución del COVID-19, encontrando que la prevalencia de esta patología entre quienes fallecen o requieren cuidados críticos debido a la infección por SARS-CoV-2 es elevada, rondando entre un 7,5 y 39,5%, según los distintos reportes. doi = 10.1016/j.hipert.2020.06.003 id = cord-318390-uuz37610 author = Saleem, Tayyaba title = COVID-19 containment and its unrestrained impact on epilepsy management in resource-limited areas of Pakistan date = 2020-09-25 keywords = Pakistan; covid-19; epilepsy summary = The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that led to an unprecedented crisis with significant health, social, and economic repercussions presented more serious concerns for those living with some chronic conditions such as epilepsy. The current study, which holds 77% of the respondents from rural areas and 23% from urban settings, showed that partial measures of lockdown taken to stop or slow the spread of COVID-19 resulted in adverse economic and health outcomes in the said population including cancelation of follow-up visits, worsening of seizures, job loss, burden of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) costs, and discontinuation of medicines. The present study was aimed to find out the impact of COVID-19 containment measures on the management strategy of low literate caregivers of patients living in resource-limited areas of Pakistan, one of the active hotspots of the pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107476 id = cord-331030-3icwei3e author = Saleknezhad, N. title = COVID-19 and heart medications: What''s the connection? date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; preprint summary = Aim: To determine association between clinical outcome of COVID-19 and prior usage of cardiovascular and metabolic drugs, including, Aspirin, ACEIs, ARBs, Clopidogrel, metformin, and Statins. Therefore, we conducted a study based on our registry of COVID-19 patients to evaluate the effect of those drugs, which are widely used in chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease, on the clinical outcome and mortality rate of the patients inflicted with the novel coronavirus. With regards to the clinical manifestations of the disease it is noteworthy that, as our data suggests, previous use of aspirin is correlated with decreased level of consciousness upon admission (p < 0.05), and on the other hand, patients who were under treatment with ACEIs are more probable to be symptom-free (p < 0.05). The outcome of patients, including mortality, ventilation requirement and ICU admission showed no correlation with receiving ARBs, ACEIs, statins, or Clopidogrel. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.24.20174367 id = cord-292312-cwrqorn1 author = Sales, M. J. T. title = Fernando de Noronha: how an island controlled the community transmission of COVID-19 in Brazil date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19; FNA; PCR summary = Conclusion: Despite high levels of COVID-19 in Pernambuco, continued exposure through the provision of essential services from the mainland, and lack of direction from national authorities, FNA was able to implement a series of prevention measures unique in Brazil that contained the epidemic on the island. These included imposing a lockdown, promoting physical distancing and providing emergency assistance to the neediest families; enhancing testing for Sars-Cov-2, including monitoring of arriving travelers, restricting access to the island and the initiation of the cohort study described here to estimate the incidence and prevalence of Covid-19. First we reviewed data extracted from the following sources: 1) demographic and socioeconomic data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics 8 ; 2) state and district decrees and 4 ordinances; 3) number of cases and deaths from COVID-19 reported by the Pernambuco State Health Department; 4) flights and passengers from the National Aviation Agency 5 ; and 5) information provided by local authorities and residents. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.22.20216010 id = cord-285484-owpnhplk author = Salfi, F. title = Changes of evening exposure to electronic devices during the COVID-19 lockdown affect the time course of sleep disturbances date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; sleep; time summary = We investigated the relationship between the changes in evening screen exposure and the time course of sleep disturbances during the home confinement period due to COVID-19. Results: Participants who increased electronic device usage showed decreased sleep quality, exacerbated insomnia symptoms, reduced sleep duration, higher sleep onset latency, and delayed bedtime and rising time. 33, 34 Based on this evidence, the present study aimed to shed light on the relationship between the longitudinal changes of sleep disturbances between the third and the seventh week of home confinement in Italy and the retrospectively reported modifications of the exposure to electronic devices before falling asleep during the same lockdown period. In the present study, we showed a strong relationship between the changes in evening screen exposure and the time course of sleep parameters during the COVID-19 lockdown. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.20.20215756 id = cord-294427-6eiligyy author = Salimi, Ali title = The North American Layman''s Understanding of COVID-19: Are We Doing Enough? date = 2020-07-03 keywords = Americans; COVID-19; SARS summary = Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, an online survey targeted to North Americans focused on the public''s knowledge of COVID-19, risk perception, and precautionary behaviors taken in response to this pandemic. The results of this study highlight that this relatively young and educated sample of North Americans had a high level of knowledge about COVID-19 and a large proportion of them were taking the precautionary measures against this pandemic. To that end, this study aimed to compare and contrast the level of knowledge, risk perception, and precautionary measures taken in response to COVID-19, between populations of the United States of America (US) and Canada. To date, the US has reported the highest rate of COVID-19 positive cases in the world and therefore, by understanding the public''s attitude and risk perception toward the current pandemic, we hope to provide valuable information to help develop adequate populationtailored communication protocols that are effective in disease prevention and containment. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00358 id = cord-318332-krgsd5z3 author = Sallam, M. title = COVID-19 misinformation: mere harmless delusions or much more? A knowledge and attitude cross-sectional study among the general public residing in Jordan date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; July summary = Abstract Since the emergence of the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its spread as a pandemic, media was teeming with misinformation that led to psychologic, social and economic consequences among the global public. Misinformation about the origin of the pandemic (being part of a conspiracy, biologic warfare and the 5G networks role) was also associated with higher anxiety and lower knowledge about the disease. The results of the current study clearly delineate the existence of an association between misinformation about COVID-19 and the combination of higher anxiety and lower knowledge about the disease among the public in Jordan. An association was seen between belief in the role of conspiracies, biological warfare, and 5G networks in the origin and spread of the disease with lower levels of knowledge regarding COVID-19 and higher level of anxiety. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.13.20152694 id = cord-335203-reek3z4e author = Salman, M. title = The psychological effects of COVID-19 on frontline healthcare workers and how they are coping: a web-based, cross-sectional study from Pakistan date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The generalized anxiety scale (GAD-7), patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Brief-COPE were used to assess anxiety, depression and coping strategies of the respondents. In the present study, respondents'' achieving score ≥ 10 on GAD-7 and PHQ-9 were considered as having anxiety and depression, respectively. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.03.20119867 doi: medRxiv preprint Independent t-test and ANOVA test were performed, where applicable, to compare difference of anxiety, depression and coping strategies scores among demographic variables. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.03.20119867 doi: medRxiv preprint Similar to findings of recently published studies [18, 19] , stressors related to COVID-19 in our respondents included fear of getting infected with the deadly virus and transmitting it to their family members, poor relationship between family/relatives/friends and them induced by COVID-19, worry about public not complying with disease control measures, fear that the disease will not be controlled and persist in the country for a very long time, shortage of protective equipment, and apprehension over large-scale COVID-19 diagnostic testing not being done. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.03.20119867 doi: medRxiv preprint Table 1 : Anxiety and depression assessments based on respondents'' demographics *P-value < 0.05; **P-value < 0.01; † P-value ≤ 0.001; One-way ANOVA was applied for three or more groups. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.03.20119867 id = cord-325988-of3exw6a author = Salman, Muhammad title = Knowledge, attitude and preventive practices related to COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in two Pakistani university populations date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19; attitude summary = title: Knowledge, attitude and preventive practices related to COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in two Pakistani university populations OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess COVID-19-related knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices of two Pakistani university populations. CONCLUSION: Pakistani university students and employees have good knowledge and attitudes regarding COVID-19, but unsatisfactory preventive practices. As there is no vaccine or approved cure for COVID-19, it is of immense importance that the public have good knowledge about the individual measures (physical distancing, proper hand hygiene, use of a face mask and respiratory etiquette) that will serve as the first line of defense against this disease. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices of COVID-19 among Pakistani university students and employees. Pakistani university students and employees have satisfactory knowledge and attitudes to COVID-19, however their preventive practices related to the disease are inadequate. doi = 10.1007/s40267-020-00737-7 id = cord-310293-0s7l0l4k author = Salman, Saima title = Inter-hospital communication and transfer practices during COVID-19 Pandemic in Karachi, Pakistan. A brief overview date = 2020-05-17 keywords = COVID; Pakistan summary = OBJECTIVE: To discuss the referral mechanisms established for safe and expeditious inter-facility transfer of COVID 19 positive patients to ensure their referrals through establishing proper communication channels. RESULT: The establishment of these groups has been successful in ensuring referral to and from The Indus Hospital to various healthcare facilities across Karachi using appropriate ambulance services. 2, 3 With Pakistan facing double burden of disease under normal environmental conditions and total expenditure on health just 2.6% of the Gross domestic product (GDP), the situation calls for a wise utilization of existing resources and prompt decision making on part of healthcare officials in Emergency departments (ED) as well as inpatient admissions. Keeping in mind the problems related to referrals of COVID 19 patients with our limited resources and challenges in Karachi, mobile phone and WhatsApp based groups called, "COVID unit Coordination" and a subgroup "COVID Karachi Daily updates", were established that became operational on 20 April, 2020, with six hospitals on board. doi = 10.12669/pjms.36.covid19-s4.2803 id = cord-268662-mw8ec7u2 author = Salton, Francesco title = Prolonged low-dose methylprednisolone in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, observational study to explore the association between exposure to prolonged, low-dose, MP treatment and need for ICU referral, intubation or death within 28 days (composite primary endpoint) in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to Italian respiratory high-dependency units. [6] We hypothesized that early MP treatment in hypoxemic patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia at higher risk for ARF progression requiring invasive MV, may quicken disease resolution, reducing the need for ICU support and mortality. Multivariable Cox proportional-hazard models estimated the hazard ratio (HR) of both the primary composite endpoint and all-cause death, with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), taking into account the confounding factors (i.e., sex, age, and baseline values of SOFA score, PaO 2 :FiO 2 , CRP levels) potentially associated with the outcome. In our multicenter study, patients exposed to MP encountered the primary composite endpoint of ICU referral, need for invasive MV or in-hospital all-cause death significantly less compared to the control group (adjusted HR 0.41). doi = 10.1093/ofid/ofaa421 id = cord-319408-841c0g1c author = Salvatore, Christine M title = Neonatal management and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observation cohort study date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; neonate summary = [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] We aimed to follow up neonates born to mothers positive for SARS-CoV-2 at time of delivery, to elucidate best practices regarding infection control and identify potential risk factors associated with transmission. For this observational cohort study, we identified all neonates born between March 22 and May 17, 2020, at New York Presbyterian-Komansky Children''s Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian-Lower Manhattan Hospital, and New York Presbyterian-Queens in New York City to mothers who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 from a nasopharyngeal swab sample at the time of delivery. Data collected included demographics, neonatal and maternal clinical presentation at time of delivery, during hospit alisation, and once discharged, microbiology results (SARS-CoV-2 rtPCR testing), and infection control practices in the hospital and at home. doi = 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30235-2 id = cord-343919-n8884bli author = Salvio, Gianmaria title = Bone Metabolism in SARS-CoV-2 Disease: Possible Osteoimmunology and Gender Implications date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; RANKL; SARS summary = We present a brief review of the molecular mechanisms linking inflammatory diseases to increased fracture risk/osteoporosis and of the therapeutic strategies that can prevent bone resorption in patients with inflammatory disease, focusing on the RANK-RANKL system. A subsequent in vitro study showed that a specific SARS-CoV protein, 3a/X1, directly promotes osteoclastogenesis, accelerating osteoclast differentiation from monocyte/macrophage precursors, enhancing the expression of receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, which indirectly promote osteoclastogenesis [20] . As will be explained later in the text, IL-6 represents an important cofactor for bone resorption in inflammatory diseases; therefore, during SARS-CoV-2 infection, men, though less affected by osteoporosis, may experience more bone metabolism alterations than women for higher levels of IL-6 resulting from the lack of suppression by estrogen. doi = 10.1007/s12018-020-09274-3 id = cord-313684-61hkogdh author = Samaddar, Arghadip title = Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Candidates for COVID-19: A Poorly Understood Arena date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; IFN; MERS; RNA; SARS; cell; patient; treatment summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an acute onset pneumonia caused by a novel Betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in the Wuhan City of China in December 2019 and evolved into a global pandemic. These include antivirals (remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, umifenovir, and favipiravir), interferon, antimalarials (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine), antiparasitic drugs (ivermectin and nitazoxanide), biologics (monoclonal antibodies and interleukin receptor antagonist), cellular therapies (mesenchymal stem cells and natural killer cells), convalescent plasma, and cytokine adsorber. Though several observational studies have claimed many of these agents to be effective based on their in vitro activities and extrapolated evidence from SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemics, the currently available data remains inconclusive because of ill-defined patient selection criteria, small sample size, lack of concurrent controls, and use of intermediary outcomes instead of patient-relevant outcomes. doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.585888 id = cord-334550-xb0alubj author = Samaddar, Arghadip title = The Enigma of Low COVID-19 Fatality Rate in India date = 2020-07-28 keywords = BCG; CoV-2; SARS; covid-19; indian summary = These include some ongoing mutations that can alter the virulence of the circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains, host factors like innate immunity, genetic diversity in immune responses, epigenetic factors, genetic polymorphisms of ACE2 receptors, micro RNAs and universal BCG vaccination, and environmental factors like high temperature and humidity which may alter the viability and transmissibility of the strain. Researchers from Translational Bioinformatics Group at International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) in collaboration with the Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India, performed an integrated mutational analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes from different geographical locations, including India, Italy, United States, Nepal and Wuhan, and observed a novel mutation in S protein (A930V, 24351C>T) of the Indian strain, which was absent in other strains (Sardar et al., 2020) . While this apparent protection among Indians is largely attributed to non-heritable influences as discussed earlier, a safe and effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 can reduce disease severity, control transmission, and prevent future infections across all populations. doi = 10.3389/fgene.2020.00854 id = cord-026792-jsqa4pmu author = Samanta, Jayanta title = 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection: Gastrointestinal Manifestations date = 2020-05-16 keywords = IBD; SARS; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1712077 id = cord-297693-lqyc49t6 author = Samec, Matthew J title = 80-year-old man with dyspnoea and bilateral groundglass infiltrates: an elusive case of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = COVID-19 is a novel viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 virus, first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. COVID-19 is a novel viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 virus, first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. We present a case of a patient with minimal respiratory symptoms but prominent bilateral groundglass opacities in a ''crazy paving'' pattern on chest CT imaging and a negative initial infectious workup. We present a case of a patient with minimal respiratory symptoms but prominent bilateral groundglass opacities in a ''crazy paving'' pattern on chest CT imaging and a negative initial infectious workup. The case was reviewed with the institutional infection prevention and control team who recommended repeating SARS-CoV-2 PCR 48 hours from the initial test. 14 There have been three published case reports of initially negative COVID-19 PCR tests in patients subsequently new disease determined to have COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-236069 id = cord-259229-e8m8m4ut author = Samidurai, Arun title = Cardiovascular Complications Associated with COVID-19 and Potential Therapeutic Strategies date = 2020-09-16 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = Emerging evidence reveals a direct interplay between COVID-19 and dire cardiovascular complications, including myocardial injury, heart failure, heart attack, myocarditis, arrhythmias as well as blood clots, which are accompanied with elevated risk and adverse outcome among infected patients, even sudden death. Respiratory illness and acute cardiac injury are major clinical manifestations observed in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the late stage complications of the disease [38] . Based on the available clinical data, potential myocardial injury is a relevant challenge among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 with increased risk of mortality; therefore, it is essential for multidisciplinary assessment, including blood pressure control in hypertensive patients as well as cardiovascular evaluation and therapy to reduce the morality for COVID-19 infection. Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in Patients with Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.3390/ijms21186790 id = cord-284888-bkee6isv author = Samies, Nicole L title = Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Renal Failure in an Adolescent With Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; rhabdomyolysis summary = Herein, we describe an adolescent with COVID-19 without respiratory symptoms or abnormal chest radiography who presented with rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first published report of a pediatric patient with COVID-19-associated rhabdomyolysis requiring hemodialysis due to acute renal failure. Despite fluid resuscitation, the patient became anuric and was transferred to a tertiary care children''s hospital on the same day as his initial presentation for further management of rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury (AKI). These patients also presented with respiratory distress or were noted to have abnormal chest radiography, with only one of these reports progressing to renal failure requiring hemodialysis due to rhabdomyolysis. In this report, additional virological data provided by serial sampling for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by PCR documents continued viral shedding from the respiratory tract even after improvement of rhabdomyolysis and renal function. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a pediatric patient with COVID-19-associated rhabdomyolysis requiring hemodialysis due to AKI. doi = 10.1093/jpids/piaa083 id = cord-317196-3bub3fy0 author = Sammons, Morgan T. title = Psychological Practice and the COVID-19 Crisis: A Rapid Response Survey date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; National; practice summary = One of those articles was a survey of 596 practicing psychologists about the nature and extent of psychologists'' involvement in telepsychology (VandenBos & Williams, 2000) , reporting that only 2% had ever used internet or satellite technology to deliver health care. We wanted to learn more about psychologists'' prior telepsychology experiences, the current use of telepsychology since the onset of the COVID-19 crisis, and the nature of the psychological services currently being provided. We asked about psychologists'' prior telepsychology experiences, the use of telepsychology since the onset of the COVID-19 crisis, and the nature of the psychological services currently being provided. In contrast, psychologists licensed for 15 years or fewer were more likely to report primary employment in an agency, clinic, or organized health care setting. Respondents mostly provided services to established patients and did not perform initial intakes via telepsychology at this point (just a couple of weeks into the COVID-19 crisis). doi = 10.1007/s42843-020-00013-2 id = cord-271887-blwrpf38 author = Sampa, Masuda Begum title = Redesigning Portable Health Clinic Platform as a Remote Healthcare System to Tackle COVID-19 Pandemic Situation in Unreached Communities date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; PHC; health; patient summary = Our initial examination of the suitability of the PHC and its associated technologies as a key contributor to public health responses is designed to "flatten the curve", particularly among unreached high-risk NCD populations in developing countries. Portable Health Clinic (PHC) services, which is an RHS, have proven efficacy in providing necessary information and preventive measures for people without access to healthcare facilities [17] [18] [19] . No previous study to date has examined the scopes of designing and developing an RHS based on the general requirements to facilitate primary screening and triaging COVID-19 and primary healthcare services for preventing COVID-19 and controlling NCDs. However, such screening and triaging COVID-19 by an RHS is important for cost-effective check-ups and for reducing the risk of transmission for unreached communities with various needs. In its existing functional form, deploying the PHC and related RHS technologies for socially distanced populations during a public health emergency, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, is beneficial in reducing the risk of transmission to frontline healthcare professionals. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17134709 id = cord-323439-z6rghua1 author = Sampaio, Pedro Paulo N. title = Rescue Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation After Cardiac Arrest in COVID-19 Myopericarditis: A Case Report date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; ECMO summary = Optimal management strategies are still unclear, including the role of immunomodulatory therapies and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the context of cardiogenic shock. This case highlights the potential role of ECMO, convalescent plasma and immunomodulatory therapies in the management of cardiogenic shock associated with COVID-19 myopericarditis. We report a case of COVID-19 myopericarditis complicated by tamponade and cardiac arrest, successfully managed with venoarterial ECMO, convalescent plasma and immunomodulatory therapies. In addition, only 1 report of emergency ECMO cannulation after cardiac arrest in a patient with COVID-19 has been formerly documented, despite a subsequent unfavourable outcome [6] . We describe the first case of fulminant COVID-19 myopericarditis and tamponade successfully treated with venoarterial ECMO, neutralizing antibodies and anti-inflammatory therapies, after recovery from cardiac arrest. Our report illustrates the importance of appropriate supportive measures in fulminant COVID-19 myopericarditis, particularly the potential role of timely venoarterial ECMO support for circulatory shock following recovery from cardiac arrest. doi = 10.1016/j.carrev.2020.09.038 id = cord-313494-a4pms2ub author = Sampedro, Ana Diez title = COVID-19 and Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs): Frontline update #1 date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; aprn; care; patient summary = The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has compelled all health care providers, including Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) to provide care to patients in unprecedented ways. Due to the highly contagious nature of SARS-CoV-2, APRNs must be prepared to alter their normal practice to take into account the reluctance of patients to seek care for fear of exposure, the added need for personal protective equipment (PPE) and any resulting alterations to patient assessment, new policies, testing guidelines, and more. While the regulatory and policy changes that have occurred as a result of the current pandemic provide a pathway forward for promoting full practice authority for APRNs, these changes are occurring at a time when most practitioners are facing daunting challenges in establishing and maintaining safe clinical care. In light of the impact this pandemic has had globally, APRNs on the frontline are best advised to remain current with evidence based practice protocols, testing indications and procedures, current treatments and treatment challenges, updates to patient education guidelines to promote prevention, protecting vulnerable populations, and promoting mental health. doi = 10.1016/j.nurpra.2020.06.014 id = cord-320964-1gg33gdn author = Sampieri, Clara Luz title = Revisión de nuevas evidencias acerca de la posible transmisión vertical de la COVID-19 date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = En el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 se ha generado nueva evidencia tras la publicación de la guía de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el 13 de marzo de 2020 14 , por lo que efectuamos una revisión sistemática de la literatura en PubMed de estudios revisados por pares publicados entre el 27 de marzo y el 21 de mayo de 2020, enfocándonos en aquellos trabajos que incluyeran análisis de muestras clínicas de líquido amniótico, placenta o membranas, sangre del cordón umbilical y Se identificaron 107 registros, de los cuales dos condujeron a la misma referencia y uno indicó una ruta de acceso no válida. En los estudios incluidos se identificó la etapa en que la madre tuvo la confirmación de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 o el diagnóstico clínico de COVID-19, el pronóstico del binomio madre-hijo/a, los resultados del análisis de SARS-CoV-2 del bebé, y las muestras clínicas de líquido amniótico, placenta o membranas, sangre del cordón umbilical o leche humana. doi = 10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.06.005 id = cord-319920-vn5si7xm author = Sampogna, Gianluca title = Spinal cord dysfunction after COVID-19 infection date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; SCD summary = INTRODUCTION: We observed individuals affected by spinal cord dysfunction (SCD) after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Case 1, aged 69 years, experienced T10 AIS B paraplegia upon awakening due to spinal cord ischemia from T8 to conus medullaris, besides diffuse thromboses, 27 days after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. Prior to SCD, all three individuals suffered from respiratory failure due to COVID-19, required mechanical ventilation, had cardiovascular risk factors, experienced lymphopenia, and received tocilizumab (TCZ). The aim of our report is to provide our initial experience with people experiencing SCD after COVID-19 in a referral USU in the Northern Italian region most affected by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. As a consequence of the neurotropic and neuro-invasive potential of this virus, it has been reported that 36.4% of patients with COVID-19 suffer from neurological complications, and up to 45.5% patients in case of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection [14] . doi = 10.1038/s41394-020-00341-x id = cord-313084-l7odplqg author = Sampson, Victoria title = Could there be a link between oral hygiene and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections? date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; oral summary = The risk factors already identified for developing complications from a COVID-19 infection are age, gender and comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity and cardiovascular disease. This paper investigates the potential link between SARS-CoV-2 and bacterial load, questioning whether bacteria may play a role in bacterial superinfections and complications such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis. 1 While COVID-19 has a viral origin, it is suspected that in severe cases, bacterial superinfections may contribute to causing complications such as pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). 18 It is common for respiratory viral infections to predispose patients to bacterial superinfections, leading to increased disease severity and mortality; for example, during the influenza pandemic in 1918, where the primary cause of death was not from the virus itself but from bacterial superinfections. Bacteria present in patients with severe COVID-19 are associated with the oral cavity and improved oral hygiene may play a part in reducing the risk of complications. doi = 10.1038/s41415-020-1747-8 id = cord-325933-1qvpofvp author = Samrah, Shaher M title = Depression and Coping Among COVID-19-Infected Individuals After 10 Days of Mandatory in-Hospital Quarantine, Irbid, Jordan date = 2020-10-06 keywords = covid-19; depression; patient summary = Although variable degrees of fear, anxiety, anger, and depression are suspected to be observed in COVID-19-infected population during their quarantine, most studies in the literature focused on the psychosocial disturbances among health-care providers and potential contacts of COVID-19 patients. Data indicated high rates of depression, anxiety, and insomnia, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSD), and substance use disorders among health-care workers dealing with COVID-19 patients. To date, this is the first study that aims to evaluate depression, various stressors, and associated factors and coping mechanisms among individuals with confirmed COVID-19 infection during their obligatory and prolonged in-hospital quarantine. 12, 19, 20 This study demonstrates that symptoms of depression were commonly reported among hospitalized COVID-19 patients during their mandatory quarantine, regardless of the severity of their illness. Symptoms of depression were commonly reported among COVID-19 patients during their in-hospital obligatory Receiving the support of family, friends, and medical staff was an essential alleviating factor, and connecting with them was the most preferred coping method. doi = 10.2147/prbm.s267459 id = cord-289588-n61gz7pi author = Samudrala, Pavan Kumar title = Virology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and in-line treatment of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS summary = Literature reported a significant mutation in receptor binding sites and membrane proteins of the previous SARS-CoV to turned as SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for most dreadful pandemic COVID-19. As far as safety is a major concern, 424 Gilead Sciences announced phase III clinical trial of remdesivir to prove its safety and 425 efficacy in COVID-19 infection (Keown, 16 .03.2020). Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and 687 diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early 688 outbreak period: a scoping review First known person-to-784 person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 785 the USA Clinical 803 features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccine Development and Production: An 817 Severe acute respiratory 845 syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The 846 epidemic and the challenges Unique epidemiological and clinical features 949 of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control 950 measures doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173375 id = cord-260857-oxxle915 author = Samuel, Sharmeen title = INCIDENCE OF ARRHYTHMIAS AND ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES IN SYMPTOMATIC PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH PCR POSITIVE SARS-CoV-2 INFECTION INCLUDING DRUG INDUCED CHANGES IN THE CORRECTED QT INTERVAL (QTc). date = 2020-07-01 keywords = HCQ; covid-19; patient summary = BACKGROUND: There is limited data regarding the electrophysiological abnormalities and arrhythmias in children with COVID-19, including those associated with treatment using potentially pro-arrhythmic Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and Azithromycin (AZN). Additionally, some of the medications that have been used for treatment of COVID-19 infection, such as Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and Azithromycin (AZN), are known to cause corrected QT (QTc) interval prolongation, therefore potentially predisposing patients to malignant ventricular arrhythmia.s 6, 7 However, there is little current data on the electrophysiologic consequences of these drugs in the setting of active COVID-19 in pediatric patients. As per hospital protocol, COVID-19 specific medications including HCQ with or without AZN were initiated at the discretion of the Infectious Disease team for patients needing supplemental oxygen for hypoxia in the setting of positive SARS-CoV-2, if the baseline QTc was less than 480 milliseconds (msec) measured on lead II via 15 lead ECG or telemetry. doi = 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.06.033 id = cord-298914-d6k3tagt author = Samuels, Elizabeth A. title = Innovation During COVID-19: Improving Addiction Treatment Access date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; opioid summary = In order to address restricted treatment access during COVID-19, guidance from the Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration, the US Drug Enforcement Administration, and the US Department of Health and Human Services has allowed for use of audio-only telehealth encounters for buprenorphine induction without requiring an in-person evaluation or video interface. In this new regulatory environment, we established the Rhode Island Buprenorphine Hotline, a phone hotline which functions as a "tele-bridge" clinic where people with moderate to severe opioid use disorder can be linked with a DATA 2000 waivered provider who can provide an initial assessment and, if appropriate, prescribe buprenorphine for unobserved induction and linkage to outpatient treatment. This phone hotline functions as a 24 hour "tele-bridge" clinic where people with moderate to severe opioid use disorder can be linked with a DATA 2000 waivered provider who can provide an initial assessment and, if appropriate, prescribe buprenorphine for unobserved induction and linkage to outpatient maintenance treatment. doi = 10.1097/adm.0000000000000685 id = cord-334425-6zrmavps author = SanJuan-Reyes, Sindy title = COVID-19 in the environment date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; Goh; SARS summary = The WHO has named it COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2). New studies provide information of the role of the environment in COVID-19 transmission process, mortality related to this infectious disease and the impact on human health. The following review aims to analyze information on the implications of COVID-19 infection on human health and the impact of its presence on the environment, from its transmission capacity and the role of air pollutants and climatological factors to reducing the air pollution during confinement. Until now, there are no specific pharmacological treatment or vaccines against COVID-19 infection 104 for potential therapy in humans, so extensive isolation measures and the use of disinfection products 105 have been implemented to reduce their transmission from person to person. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute 593 respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA doi = 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127973 id = cord-283372-c20i99qa author = Sanchis-Gomar, Fabian title = Amiodarone in the COVID-19 Era: Treatment for Symptomatic Patients Only, or Drug to Prevent Infection? date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; amiodarone summary = Amiodarone, one of the most widely prescribed antiarrhythmic drugs to treat both ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias, has been identified as a candidate drug for use against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We present the rationale of using amiodarone in the COVID-19 scenario, as well as whether or not amiodarone administration represents a potential strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, rather than simply used to treat patients already symptomatic and/or with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), based on current evidence. However, amiodarone is not free of secondary adverse effects, contraindications and interactions with other drugs, including the potential to cause pulmonary toxicity and fibrosis, thyroid disease, hepatic toxicity, increased creatine levels, QT interval prolongation, and bradyarrhythmia [9] . We present here the rationale for amiodarone use in the COVID-19 scenario, as well as whether or not amiodarone administration represents a potential strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, rather than simply used to treat patients already symptomatic and/or with severe COVID-19, based on current evidence. doi = 10.1007/s40256-020-00429-7 id = cord-329779-5sauq4gp author = Sanchis-Gomar, Fabian title = In Reply – Association of Renin Angiotensin System Blockers with Outcomes in Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To the Editor: Current guidelines and health professional recommendations endorse the continuation of both anti-hypertensives angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (ACEIs) and/or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) for managing hypertension (HTN) during the COVID-19 pandemic. 1, 2 In the meta-analysis of Garg et al., 3 which included studies published until May 31, 2020, both mortality or severe disease risk were not increased among J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f patients using ACEIs/ARBs. However, it was noted that administration of these drugs might reduce mortality in patients with HTN. 4 in which no beneficial association of ACEI/ARB use was found for COVID-19 severity or mortality, as would be expected given the normal circulating J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f levels of AngII. Only retrospective observational studies regarding the potentially deleterious effects of ACEIs/ARBs in COVID-19 patients have been conducted to-date, and these findings need to be confirmed in prospective randomized controlled trials (RCT). doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.09.011 id = cord-330641-pxvc2nw5 author = Sanchis-Gomar, Fabian title = Should atrial fibrillation be considered a cardiovascular risk factor for a worse prognosis in COVID-19 patients? date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = diseases are included in the CVD generic group or serious heart conditions, and there is no information at present to conclude whether atrial fibrillation (AF) would contribute to increasing the risk for severe forms of COVID-19, worse prognosis, or even higher mortality. 1 have collected demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, and outcomes of 53 COVID-19 patients with pneumonia and with a history of cardiac disease hospitalized in Brescia, Lombardy (Italy). 3 In effect, some forms of arrhythmia were present in 60% of 85 fatal cases, which suggests that cardiac arrhythmia is associated with an increased risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients. Interestingly, it has been previously described that plasma ACE2 activity levels are increased in AF and have been suggested as a better marker of disease severity in human AF. Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and cardiac disease in Northern Italy doi = 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa509 id = cord-336283-3q0ujnjq author = Sanderson, William C. title = The Nature and Treatment of Pandemic-Related Psychological Distress date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID; COVID-19; increase; individual; pandemic; result summary = Scientific data are not available to fully understand the nature of the resulting mental health impact given the very recent onset of the pandemic, nevertheless, there is a need to act immediately to develop psychotherapeutic strategies that may alleviate pandemic-related distress. The psychological distress, in particular fear and sadness, is a function of the pandemic''s negative impact upon people''s ability to meet their most basic needs (e.g., physical safety, financial security, social connection, participation in meaningful activities). Once we created this list we developed strategies that would allow people to manage these negative emotional states using a self-help format (this guide can be accessed at www.psych rescu e-covid 19.com or at the permanent DOI address provided in the reference section). While there has been progress, as outlined above, in understanding the nature and interventions for COVID related psychological distress, an additional problem has emerged as a result: the already overburdened mental health system must now provide treatment for a substantial wave of persons in need. doi = 10.1007/s10879-020-09463-7 id = cord-294422-hsqphc3t author = Sandesh, Ram title = Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Healthcare Professionals in Pakistan date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; stress summary = The psychological response of HCPs to an epidemic could be dependent on many factors which may cause anxiety and stress such as feeling vulnerable to infection, lack of control over the situation, the spread of the virus, health of their family, and being isolated [11] . It can be also seen that many of the factors due to which HCPs suffer from these ill-effects can be potentially modified, for example, such as free provision of PPEs to all healthcare workers, promoting general public awareness about COVID-19, and building better infrastructure to encourage lighter work hours can all be carried out by the government and thus have a positive impact on the mental health of HCPs. In our study, high levels of anxiety, stress and depression among health care professionals were noted, which is a cause for concern. Since there is a high prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among HCPs treating COVID-19 patients, it is imperative to invest resources to promote the mental health welfare of frontline professionals. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8974 id = cord-322552-95bj65qf author = Sang, Charlie Joseph title = ST Elevations in the Era of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Myocardial injury, represented by elevated cardiac enzymes, has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. The mid and distal segments of the inferior, inferoseptal, anterior, and anteroseptal left ventricular walls were severely hypokinetic, consistent with acute myocardial infarction (Video1). This scenario also raises important questions in the management of COVID-19 patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction in the United States, where percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the standard of care. Severe disease in COVID-19 is also associated with sepsis-induced coagulopathy and increased mortality [19] , and ticagrelor''s antiinflammatory and anti-platelet effects may prove useful in reducing this phenomenon [20] . SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 COVID-19: Association of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors with severity or risk of death in patients with hypertension hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1155/2020/8845627 id = cord-315176-xafk1flg author = Sang, Hao title = A familial cluster of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by one family member during his asymptomatic incubation period date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We report a familial cluster of COVID-19 caused by one family member before his onset of illness, indicating that it seems to be potentially infectious during the incubation period, even earlier than we expected. For the central air conditioner was always running at home, the infection risk of COVID-19 would have increased when Patient 1 gathered with other family members during his incubation period, which indicated that close contact, especially in a small enclosed space, might be the cause of familial transmission. Family members, especially of whom the confirmed cases contacted with since one incubation period before onset rather than 2 days before onset, should be regarded as close contact and centrally isolated in case of asymptomatic infection already existed in the family. Family members, especially of whom the confirmed cases contacted with since one incubation period before onset rather than 2 days before onset, should be regarded as close contact and centrally isolated in case of asymptomatic infection already existed in the family. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa098 id = cord-326996-va073yuz author = Sang, Ling title = The incidence, risk factors and prognosis of acute kidney injury in severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19 in mainland China: a retrospective study date = 2020-11-09 keywords = AKI; covid-19 summary = title: The incidence, risk factors and prognosis of acute kidney injury in severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19 in mainland China: a retrospective study (See figure on previous page.) Fig. 1 Association between the minimal PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio, time from admission to AKI diagnosis, right heart failure and the outcomes of renal disorders in patients with Covid-19 who had acute kidney injury during hospitalization. a. Association between the minimal PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio, time from admission to AKI diagnosis and the outcomes of renal disorder and the severity of acute kidney injury in patients with Covid-19 during hospitalization. b. Association between the minimal PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio, time from admission to AKI diagnosis and the outcomes of renal disorders and the presence of right heart failure in patients with Covid-19 who had acute kidney injury during hospitalization. doi = 10.1186/s12890-020-01305-5 id = cord-325534-psv7v78z author = Sangalli, Davide title = A single-centre experience of intravenous thrombolysis for stroke in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-07-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The sudden worldwide outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has certainly provided new challenges in the management of acute ischaemic stroke, and the risk-benefit ratio of intravenous thrombolysis in COVID-19 positive patients is not well known. We describe four COVID-19 patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. The sudden worldwide outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has certainly provided new challenges in the management of acute ischaemic stroke. In this communication, we describe our preliminary experience of a Stroke Hub in Lombardia (Italy) in treating COVID-19 patients with intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke. The patient experienced an initial improvement of right hemiparesis, but a second brain CT scan showed a left frontotemporal and parietal ischaemic lesion complicated by haemorrhagic transformation. A 53-year-old man with a history of hypertension and dyslipidaemia developed acute left sensorimotor hemisyndrome: intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke was administered. Intravenous thrombolysis for stroke in a COVID-19 positive filipino patient, a case report doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04591-3 id = cord-254686-pclq855r author = Sanmugam, Anand title = Assess, adapt and act: a paediatric surgery division’s initial approach in a rapidly evolving pandemic date = 2020-06-27 keywords = UMMC; covid-19; surgical summary = The challenges faced by surgical specialties include, but are not limited to the risk of exposure to non-COVID-19 patients, transmission to healthcare workers (HCWs), judicious use and allocation of valuable resources such as ventilators, personal protective equipment (PPE), and blood products. The members of the paediatric surgery division of University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) assumed additional responsibilities to provide assistance to both frontline HCWs and the management, in areas in need of support. This study describes the adaptive measures taken and evolving roles of the members of this paediatric surgery division upon the characterisation of COVID-19 as a pandemic. The biggest challenge we faced were to formulate a set of guidelines that ensured the safety of patients and healthcare personnel alike, at a time when there was limited published literature on the delivery of paediatric surgical service during a pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s00383-020-04704-1 id = cord-322571-8u4c2xqg author = Sannigrahi, Srikanta title = Examining the association between socio-demographic composition and COVID-19 fatalities in the European region using spatial regression approach date = 2020-08-01 keywords = Fig; GWR; covid-19; spatial summary = In this study, the global and local spatial association between the key socio-demographic variables and COVID-19 cases and deaths in the European regions were analyzed using the spatial regression models. The main objectives of this study are: (1) to identify the key socio-demographic driving factors that have a substantial impact on the overall pattern of COVID-19 casualties; (2) implementing global and local spatial regression models to assess the spatial association between the driving factors and COVID-19 cases/death. In this study, total four spatial regression models, i.e., Geographically weighted regression (GWR), Spatial Error Model (SEM), Spatial Lag Model (SLM), and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) models were implemented to evaluate how the socio-demographic factors are shaping the pattern of COVID-19 case/deaths across Europe. doi = 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102418 id = cord-263292-qjfe2t9v author = Sansone, A. title = Addressing male sexual and reproductive health in the wake of COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Despite being a trivial matter for patients in intensive care units (ICUs), erectile dysfunction (ED) is a likely consequence of COVID-19 for survivors, and considering the high transmissibility of the infection and the higher contagion rates among elderly men, a worrying phenomenon for a large part of affected patients. Testicular function in COVID-19 patients requires careful investigation for the unclear association with testosterone deficiency and the possible consequences for reproductive health. However, independently of whether testosterone is a friend or foe for COVID-19, it should be acknowledged that the testis is a target for SARS-CoV-2 and the possibility for long-lasting consequences on the endocrine function exists, even for recovered patients. Drugs such as β-blockers and antihypertensive agents, routinely used in COVID-19 patients, have the potential to impair sexual function [41] ; therefore, both the cardiovascular consequences and their treatment might ease progression from subclinical to a clinically overt ED [42, 43] . doi = 10.1007/s40618-020-01350-1 id = cord-353697-ocxextfj author = Santana, Monique Freire title = Confirmed Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis and COVID-19: the value of postmortem findings to support antemortem management date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; IPA; patient summary = We present postmortem evidence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in a patient with severe COVID-19. A retrospective multicenter cohort study showed that influenza infection was an independent risk factor for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) 4 . 2 reported a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), who died of aspergillosis after prolonged treatment with corticosteroids. 8 reported fatal cases of IPA in immunocompetent patients with severe COVID-19, whose bronchoalveolar aspirate grew Aspergillus fumigatus and had a positive serum galactomannan (GM) antigen. Therefore, testing for the presence of Aspergillus spp in lower respiratory secretions and GM (not routinely positive in peripheral blood) in patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit (ICU) should be considered to allow timely treatment and avoid potential immunosuppression with the use of medications 5,6 . As the outbreak of COVID-19 continues to spread around the world, further reports are needed to assess the occurrence and frequency of IPA in severe SARS-CoV-2 infections, and their clinical interaction. doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0401-2020 id = cord-329123-ytezkugu author = Santi, Aura Daniella title = Atrial fibrillation in a child with COVID-19 infection date = 2020-10-19 keywords = child; covid-19 summary = A multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children has been described in association with COVID-19 infection, with 80% involving cardiovascular sequelae. Criteria were met for severe multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children given the cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, mucocutaneous, and pulmonary involvement with history of COVID-19 infection. 6 Current guidelines for multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children treatment include starting low-dose aspirin, steroids, and intravenous immunoglobulin for all patients (dose dependent on severity) and biologic treatment with tocilizumab, anakinra, or infliximab for severe cases. 7 Monitoring for cardiovascular complications via serial troponin with early intervention is essential for multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children patients. Cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 in children remain a topic of novel investigation as literature in this population is lacking. The case highlights the importance of developing management strategies in patients with multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children in the setting of viral infection with COVID-19. doi = 10.1017/s1047951120003893 id = cord-025608-pj5qg98a author = Santillán-García, Azucena title = Living evidence in response to controversies about the use of antimalarials in COVID-19 date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = doi = 10.1016/j.rec.2020.05.016 id = cord-341577-txadxh13 author = Santos García, D. title = Impact of COVID‐19 Pandemic on Parkinson´s Disease: A Cross‐sectional Survey of 568 Spanish Patients date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Impact of COVID‐19 Pandemic on Parkinson''s Disease: A Cross‐sectional Survey of 568 Spanish Patients BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to know the impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on Spanish Parkinson''s Disease (PD) patients. The main objective of the present study was to know how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected Spanish PD patients based on data from a sample of patients interviewed through an anonymous and voluntary online survey. An important observation is that up to 66% of the patients perceived a worsening of their symptoms during confinement and up to 70% answered that the pandemic had had a negative impact on them. In conclusion, although the present study has limitations due to the methodology, it demonstrates that Spanish patients with PD perceive the COVID-19 pandemic with concern and great responsibility. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Parkinson''s disease and movement disorders doi = 10.1002/mds.28261 id = cord-315959-glaaaqbt author = Santos Leite Pessoa, Mariana title = Multisystemic Infarctions in COVID-19: Focus on the Spleen date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To date, cases of splenic infarction associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection are rare in the literature. However, arteriolar thrombosis and splenic infarction were observed in one patient in a study that evaluated splenic pathological changes identified on autopsy in 10 cases of COVID-19 [11] . Patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with splenic infarction and/or other multisystemic infarctions were selected from a hospital database in Ceará-Brazil, based on computed tomography (CT), CT angiography (CTA) and ultrasound findings Although thrombotic events are one of the main complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection, reports and imaging findings of splenic infarction are scarce in the literature. In the current pandemic, clinicians should be aware of thrombotic disease as a complication of COVID-19 and radiologists should monitor patients for thrombosis to facilitate early diagnosis. Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: a meta-analysis doi = 10.12890/2020_001747 id = cord-254382-xy8se56o author = Santos, C. title = Comparative Incidence and Outcomes of COVID-19 in Kidney or Kidney-Pancreas Transplant Recipients Versus Kidney or Kidney-Pancreas Waitlisted Patients: A Pilot Study date = 2020-07-25 keywords = COVID-19; kidney; patient summary = In this retrospective cohort pilot study, we determined the incidence and outcomes of COVID-19 in kidney or kidney-pancreas transplant recipients and kidney or kidney-pancreas waitlisted patients in our center. We hypothesize that these patients have an incidence proportion of COVID-19 similar to the general population, but that transplanted patients have greater occurrences of hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation and death compared to waitlisted patients due to chronic immunosuppression. Demographic data, vital signs (temperature and body mass index), laboratory results, hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, and death were captured from the electronic datasets, whereas comorbidities, organ type, cause of renal disease, induction and maintenance immunosuppression, presenting symptoms for COVID-19, oxygen supplementation, chest radiographic findings, and treatments tried for COVID-19 were collected by manual chart review. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.20.20157990 doi: medRxiv preprint Previous epidemiologic studies on COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients focused on assembling cohorts of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and describing their clinical features and outcomes. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.20.20157990 id = cord-305299-vbhilmve author = Santos, C. Sieiro title = Determinants of COVID-19 disease severity in patients with underlying rheumatic disease date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; IQR; disease summary = CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that comorbidities, rheumatic disease activity and laboratorial abnormalities such as C-reactive protein (CRP), D-Dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum ferritin elevation significantly associated with mortality whereas previous use of rheumatic medication did not. It is not clear whether the use of immunosuppressive medication for rheumatic pathology may suppose a risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection, if rheumatic patients have a higher mortality rate than general population or what factors may be associated with COVID-19 severity [5] . Age, sex, comorbidities, rheumatic disease diagnosis, treatment for rheumatic disease and disease activity prior to infection, duration of hospital stay, symptoms before admission, radiographic abnormalities and laboratorial results at arrival were analysed. Our results suggest that comorbidities, rheumatic disease activity and laboratorial abnormalities such as C-reactive protein (CRP), D-Dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin serum elevation significantly associated with mortality whereas previous use of hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroid, dcDMARDS and biologic therapy did not. doi = 10.1007/s10067-020-05301-2 id = cord-311679-m6poosn3 author = Santos, Glenn-Milo title = Economic, Mental Health, HIV Prevention and HIV Treatment Impacts of COVID-19 and the COVID-19 Response on a Global Sample of Cisgender Gay Men and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men date = 2020-07-11 keywords = COVID-19; HIV; MSM; man summary = There is an urgent need to examine the economic, mental health, HIV prevention and testing, and HIV treatment and care impacts of COVID-19 among gay men and other MSM in order to understand how this marginalized population is uniquely affected by this pandemic and the COVID-19 response, and to help inform the targeting of strategies to ameliorate these impacts. Furthermore, there is a need to examine whether sub-populations of gay men and other MSM are disproportionately impacted by COVID-19, including among people living with HIV, racial/ethnic minorities, immigrants, sex workers, and socio-economically disadvantaged groups. Moreover, more than four in five gay men and other MSM not living with HIV reported less than definite access to PrEP and PEP during the COVID-19 pandemic, with access for these HIV prevention tools being similar across all groups, including among racial minorities, immigrants, and people who engage in sex work. doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-02969-0 id = cord-323424-86wh4u6l author = Santos, M. M. title = Survival and predictors of deaths of patients hospitalised due to COVID-19 from a retrospective and multicentre cohort study in Brazil date = 2020-09-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The co-variables used to compare survival curves were socioeconomic factors (age, sex, race, education and area of residence), clinical signs and symptoms (fever, cough, sore throat, diarrhoea and vomiting), hospital variables (influenza-like outbreak, hospital-acquired infection, dyspnoea, respiratory distress, O 2 saturation <95%, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, ICU length of stay and X-ray result), chronic disease (heart disease, haematology, Down''s syndrome, liver disease, asthma, diabetes mellitus, neurological disease, pneumopathy, immunodepression, kidney disease and body mass index (BMI)), if the patient has had a flu vaccine, use of antiviral against influenza and what is the type of such antiviral. This multicentre retrospective cohort study of patients hospitalised with COVID-19 found important differences in survival times, as well as risk factors or protection for the death of patients in Brazilian hospitals. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002034 id = cord-189256-72eumkal author = Santosh, Roshan title = Detecting Emerging Symptoms of COVID-19 using Context-based Twitter Embeddings date = 2020-11-08 keywords = COVID-19; symptom; word summary = More generally, the method can be applied to finding context-specific words and texts (e.g. symptom mentions) in large imbalanced corpora (e.g. all tweets mentioning #COVID-19). We evaluate our graph-based approach on 2 different datasets, with each dataset having a different context -1) COVID-19 Symptom Detection; and 2) Adverse Drug Reaction Identification. With the 1 million COVID-19 tweet dataset, we use cough as the seed word, k = 0.3, maxDepth = 3 and n = 5 to test our approach. Evaluation Similar to COVID-19 symptom detection evaluation, we evaluate the model''s performance for ADR detection, where a positive word represents an adverse reaction to a drug (Table 3) . In this study, we present an iterative learning approach to generate such a "master" list of COVID-19 symptoms, using the identification of words matching a specific symptom context. doi = nan id = cord-284545-vn60yd46 author = Sanyaolu, Adekunle title = Comorbidity and its Impact on Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; China; patient summary = Furthermore, older patients, especially those 65 years old and above who have comorbidities and are infected, have an increased admission rate into the intensive care unit (ICU) and mortality from the COVID-19 disease. This article is part of the Topical Collection on Covid-19 * Adekunle Sanyaolu sanyakunle@hotmail.com 1 Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria A retrospective study of middle-aged and elderly patients with COVID-19 found that the elderly population is more susceptible to this illness and is more likely to be admitted to the ICU with a higher mortality rate [3] . Authorities speculate that subjects with comorbidities were linked to a more severe disease outcome when infected with the novel coronavirus when compared with patients with no underlying disease [31] . Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00363-4 id = cord-269202-re2djjrc author = Sapino, Anna title = The autopsy debate during the COVID-19 emergency: the Italian experience date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = "in patients dying with SARS-CoV-2 infection, the autopsies can confirm laboratory and radiological findings and can contribute to an accurate diagnosis and to a better understanding of mechanisms of the disease." In the meantime, the SIAPC Board accepted to collaborate with the Scientific Society of Hospital Forensic Medicine of the National Health System (COMLAS) to produce a joint document, which was available on the SIAPEC web site on March 22 [2] . In addition, in cases of autopsies without apparent SARS-CoV-2 infection, we recommend (i) to discuss with the clinicians the reason why the post-mortem examination is requested; (ii) and if available, to perform nasal-oropharyngeal swabs on corpses This article is part of the Topical Collection on Quality in Pathology * Mattia Barbareschi mattia.barbareschi@apss.tn.it within 2 h of death to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection to implement the safety measures [3] . doi = 10.1007/s00428-020-02828-2 id = cord-034181-ji4empe6 author = Saqib, Mohd title = Forecasting COVID-19 outbreak progression using hybrid polynomial-Bayesian ridge regression model date = 2020-10-23 keywords = Bayesian; India; covid-19; model summary = The model is formulated using Bayesian Ridge Regression hybridized with an n-degree Polynomial and uses probabilistic distribution to estimate the value of the dependent variable instead of using traditional methods. Furthermore, one issue occurs when working with time-series data (as COVID-19 confirmed cases) is over-fitting particularly when estimating models with large numbers of parameters over relatively short periods and the solution to the over-fitting problem, is to take a Bayesian approach (using Ridge Regularization) which allows us to impose certain priors on depended variables [26] . In the Bayesian regression approach, we can take into account Other models are developed with good accuracy but as well as data become available, those entire algorithms will not able to survive without a few evaluations due to the dynamic nature of pandemic escalation of the COVID-19 but the proposed model corrects the distributions for model parameters and forecasting results using parameters distributions. doi = 10.1007/s10489-020-01942-7 id = cord-335175-7rvv2kzk author = Saqlain, M. title = Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Healthcare Professionals regarding COVID-19: A cross-sectional survey from Pakistan date = 2020-04-17 keywords = April; COVID-19; international summary = Therefore, the aim of study is to assess knowledge, attitude and practice among HCPs in Pakistan regarding COVID-19. Currently, there is scarce information regarding the awareness level of HCPs in Pakistan, Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the current status of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding COVID-19 among healthcare professionals in Pakistan. The questionnaire was consisted of questions assessing demographics, information source, knowledge, attitude, practice toward COVID-19 and perceived barriers in infection control practice (Supplementary file 1). Despite of a prioritized global health emergency and availability of easily accessible sources provided by both national (National Institute of Health (NIH, Islamabad)) and international (WHO) healthcare authorities, these findings have shown knowledge gap among HCPs. This proportion (20%) is higher than other study that stated only 9.1% respondents have answered that flu vaccine could provide protection against COVID-19 [10] . Findings providing confidence as HCPs have good knowledge, positive attitude and good practice regarding COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.13.20063198 id = cord-338467-7om13u87 author = Saqlain, M. title = Public Knowledge and Practices regarding COVID-19: A cross-sectional survey from Pakistan date = 2020-06-02 keywords = June; covid-19; international summary = Effective mitigation of coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) pandemic required true adoption of precautionary measures by the masses, that primarily depends upon their knowledge and practices behaviors. Positive practices were significantly (OR>1.00, p<0.05) related to the older age ([≥]50 years), higher education, higher income and good knowledge regarding COVID-19. The study concluded that Pakistani residents had good knowledge and practices towards COVID-19 yet there are gaps in specific aspects of knowledge, and practice that should be focused in future awareness and educational campaigns. In context of the explanation above, the current study aimed to evaluate the current level of awareness regarding transmission, symptoms, and preventive measures of COVID-19 among the general population in Pakistan. Findings indicated that 80.55% (n=555) participants had good practice in following precautionary measures regarding COVID-19. A possible reason for less knowledge reported in this study could be explained by the fact that the majority of respondents attained COVID-19 related information from social media. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.01.20119404 id = cord-311085-jmuyi53x author = Saqlain, Muhammad title = Is Pakistan prepared to tackle the coronavirus epidemic? date = 2020-03-20 keywords = COVID-19; Pakistan summary = Also on 26 February 2020, the Pakistan Federal Health Minister confirmed the first two cases of COVID-19 in Karachi and Islamabad [2, 6] . First, the federal government, in collaboration with the Civil Aviation Authority, established a system to screen every passenger who had traveled directly or indirectly from China and other infected countries, including South Korea, Japan, and Thailand [8] . Currently, Pakistan is capable of testing samples from suspected cases within the country at the main diagnostic laboratory at the NIH [11] , and also at WHO-designated COVID-19 test centers in seven hospitals countrywide (two centers each in Karachi and Quetta, and one center each in Peshawar, Islamabad and Lahore) [12] . Unfortunately, Pakistan is located between two main coronavirus centers, i.e. China and Iran, with considerable traffic to and from these countries. Pakistan ''concerned'' over Iran coronavirus outbreak, closes border doi = 10.1007/s40267-020-00721-1 id = cord-278609-zxdd06ur author = Sarac, Benjamin A. title = The Impact of COVID-19-based Suspension of Surgeries on Plastic Surgery Practices: A Survey of ACAPS Members date = 2020-08-03 keywords = COVID-19; surgery summary = Data on individual and plastic surgery practice demographics, COVID-19 prevention measures, and procedures or services that were being performed or delayed were collected and analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Plastic surgeons have seen a drastic decrease in the variety of procedures and services they are allowed to offer during the COVID-19 pandemic. 7 Survey results showed that of the surgeons who normally offer aesthetic services, up to 8% are continuing to perform some of these procedures, which may be a result of the pandemic-caused financial strain. Multiple national societies released recommendations on the approach to breast cancer and reconstructive surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2 Survey results showed that oncologic breast surgery continued during the COVID-19 outbreak, which highlights a need for clear guidelines on breast reconstruction. Plastic surgeons have seen a drastic decrease in the variety of procedures and services they are allowed to offer during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1097/gox.0000000000003119 id = cord-317707-r0q7ipa6 author = Saracco, Margherita title = Carrying on with Liver Transplantation during the COVID-19 emergency: Report from Piedmont Region date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We aimed to analyze the number of LT performed between February 24 th , 2020 and April 17 th , 2020 with the same period of time in 2019, in our high-volume transplant Center (median 150 LT/year). Furthermore, among the 5 intensive care units of our hospital, the one dedicated to transplants was maintained COVID-free, by testing each transplant recipient in advance with SARS-CoV-2 RNA in NPS or BAL, starting from the 22 nd of March. Between February 24 th , 2020 and April 17 th , 2020, among 22 admissions in our 7-bed sub-intensive liver unit, a 40-year-old woman, who was listed during hospitalization, developed fever during hospitalization and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in NPSs. Immediately transferred to a COVID unit, she came back to our unit after 7 days and 2 negative SARS-CoV-2 RNA in NPS and underwent LT the day after readmission to our unit. Despite all our efforts to maintain a transplant COVID-free pathway, two transplant patients, one before and one after LT were tested SARS-CoV-2 virus positive during hospitalization and both were safely discharged home. doi = 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.07.017 id = cord-291146-f3e5ynhu author = Sarangarajan, Rangaprasad title = Ethnic Prevalence of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Deletion (D) Polymorphism and COVID-19 Risk: Rationale for Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers date = 2020-09-08 keywords = Ang; ace; covid-19 summary = The specificity of hypertension and cardiovascular disease as underlying causes for severity of COVID-19 infection, the inherent role of ACE-mediated generation of Ang-II and downstream signalling to potentially exacerbate inflammation and organ damage along with genotypic impact on ACE status provide compelling support of the use of ACE-I and ARBs in the clinical management of patient with positive diagnosis of COVID-19. The significant genetic, scientific and clinical data supporting a potential role for increased ACE levels and associated Ang-II effect in target organs provides compelling argument for use of ACE-I and ARBs in the clinical management of patients with COVID-19 infections to improve outcomes. In summary, this study describes the biological relevance of genetic polymorphism of ACE deletion with higher prevalence in certain ethnic populations including African Americans in context of COVID-19 infection and rationale for the use of ACE-I/ARBs for therapeutic management of severity of morbidity and improving outcomes associated with COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s40615-020-00853-0 id = cord-355047-ri43d5wk author = Sarangi, Bhakti title = Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 in Indian Children in the Initial Phase of the Pandemic date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = METHODS: Clinical and laboratory profile and outcomes were studied for children (aged 1 month — 18 years) presenting between 1 April, 2020 and 20 May, 2020 with positive nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. All children between one month and 18 years of age who tested positive by the RT-PCR technique for nasopharyngeal swab were included in the study -these also included asymptomatic children as per the management guidelines in force. High CRP values have now become synonymous with severe COVID-19 infection among adults as seen in majority of the studies [13] . In conclusion, our study shows that there is a higher disease burden in lower-socioeconomic groups with majority of children having a positive household contact. • Majority of Indian children with SARS-CoV-2 infection had a mild course of disease during the initial stages of the pandemic Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: An observational cohort study doi = 10.1007/s13312-020-1994-4 id = cord-354349-hbk2p6ej author = Sardar, Sundus title = COVID-19 and Plasmodium vivax malaria co-infection date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = With its variety of clinical manifestations including, but not limited to, fever, cough, diarrhea, vomiting, headache, myalgia and fatigue, it may be challenging to distinguish COVID-19 from a spectrum of diseases with similar presentations, such as malaria, especially in endemic areas. The coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has since reached pandemic proportions affecting more than 8 million cases worldwide with total deaths exceeding 400,000 [1] . SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, malaria, Plasmodium vivax, co-infection, artesunate In this case, artesunate and artemether were initiated as the treatment regimen; whether these agents offered protective effects from respiratory deterioration or multi-organ involvement despite SARS-CoV-2 infection is unclear and should be further explored. Our case highlights the importance of identifying possible underlying secondary infections in concurrence with SARS-CoV-2, which may be otherwise overlooked amidst the challenges of the current unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00879 id = cord-275260-xuhxqkyj author = Sardu, Celestino title = Hyperglycaemia on admission to hospital and COVID-19 date = 2020-07-06 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = The analysis of the data obtained on a very large population (1317 patients) provided important information, highlighting a role for BMI in disease severity, but did not correctly interpret the data on the role of hyperglycaemia at admission to hospital. Moreover, increased plasma glucose on admission to hospital was associated with poorer outcomes in patients with mild, moderate and severe COVID-19 [2] [3] [4] . To investigate the role of early glycaemic control in the outcomes of patients with COVID-19, we studied 132 consecutive hospitalised hyperglycaemic patients with moderate disease, admitted to Infectious diseases departments (Vanvitelli University, Naples Italy; San Sebastiano Caserta Hospital, Caserta, Italy). Fig. 1 (a) Blood glucose levels on admission to hospital and after 24 h for patients with (n = 60) and without severe disease (n = 72) at 20 days after hospitalisation. doi = 10.1007/s00125-020-05216-2 id = cord-323906-ro078y52 author = Sardu, Celestino title = Implications of AB0 blood group in hypertensive patients with covid-19 date = 2020-08-14 keywords = blood; covid-19; group; patient summary = CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our data indicate that non-0 covid-19 hypertensive patients have significantly higher values of pro-thrombotic indexes, as well as higher rate of cardiac injury and deaths compared to 0 patients. Actually, although hypertension is known to trigger endothelial dysfunction and a pro-thrombotic status [9] , no data are currently available exploring the association of AB0 group with inflammatory/thrombotic status in hypertensive patients with diagnosis of covid-19.Therefore, in this study we investigated the inflammatory/thrombotic status and clinical outcomes as cardiac injury and death in hypertensive patients with covid-19,comparing 0 vs. Then, we performed a multivariate analysis, which revealed that interleukin-6 (IL-6, 1.118, CI 95% 1.067-1.171) and non-0 blood group (2.574, CI 95% 1.207-5.490) were identified as independent predictors of cardiac injury in hypertensive patients with covid-19 (Table 2) . In this sense, it is critical to note that we found that the non-0 blood group results in 2.6-fold and 3.7-fold increased risk to develop cardiac injury and death in hypertensive patients with covid-19. doi = 10.1186/s12872-020-01658-z id = cord-028444-bl9ahsxk author = Sarfo, Anthony Kwabena title = Application of Geospatial Technologies in the COVID-19 Fight of Ghana date = 2020-07-04 keywords = Accra; COVID-19; Ghana; case summary = This research sought to highlight the use of geospatial technologies in the fight against COVID-19 in Ghana with best practices from China where the infections originated from; present the trends in Ghana and model near future trends of the virus. This app coupled with WorldPop analyses aided in the mapping of mobility patterns and tracking of infected cases or pandemics, hence, giving credence to how powerful spatial analysis methods are in modeling the spread of disease, pattern detection, delineating and hotspots and determination of possible future occurrences (Gardner 2020) . Comparing population distribution and COVID-19 cases (Fig. 5) , there is seemingly a link in infection trends and the regional level of Ghana''s population distribution.. The modeling was based on mobility dynamics, current COVID-19 cases, population dynamics, and the rate of SARS-CoV2 infection in Ghana. doi = 10.1007/s41403-020-00145-3 id = cord-272757-pyl89jqk author = Sarhan, A. R. title = Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak in Iraq: The First Wave and Future Scenario date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; Iraq summary = By 24 May 2020, the confirmed cases of COVID-19 reached 4469 and reported 160 deaths, while 2738 patients recovered from the infection (22) . While the incidence rates (IR) were calculated as the total number of COVID-19 confirmed cases (tc) divided by the population (p) of each province times 100,000 (25) . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.23.20138370 doi: medRxiv preprint cities, the fatalities of COVID-19 infection in Baghdad was high (97 deaths), followed by Basra (18 deaths) and Kerbala with 8 deaths ( Figure 1C ). Among the confirmed cases of COVID 19, cure rates have shown a promising trend in some cities ( Figure 3 ). In Iraq, as of 24 May, 4469 COVID 19 confirmed cases, 160 deaths and 2738 patients who have recovered from the virus and discharged from hospitals. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.23.20138370 id = cord-269428-0cusg8d1 author = Sari, Dina Keumala title = Positive Correlation Between General Public Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding COVID-19 Outbreak 1 Month After First Cases Reported in Indonesia date = 2020-06-24 keywords = Indonesia; attitude; covid-19 summary = title: Positive Correlation Between General Public Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding COVID-19 Outbreak 1 Month After First Cases Reported in Indonesia The increasing number cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infections in the general population in Indonesia raises questions concerning the public''s knowledge and attitudes regarding this pandemic. To determine the correlation between the general public''s knowledge and attitudes regarding the COVID-19 outbreak 1 month after the first cases were reported in Indonesia. The objective of this research was to illustrate the correlation between the general public''s knowledge and attitudes regarding the COVID-19 outbreak 1 month after the first cases were reported in Indonesia. The questionnaire was compiled based on questions relating to people''s knowledge and attitudes regarding COVID-19 infection in Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that the general public has good knowledge and a positive attitude toward the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s10900-020-00866-0 id = cord-280975-9hgtvm6d author = Sarkar, Kankan title = Modeling and forecasting the COVID-19 pandemic in India date = 2020-06-28 keywords = COVID-19; India summary = A sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the robustness of model predictions to parameter values and the sensitive parameters are estimated from the real data on the COVID-19 pandemic in India. [27] extended the SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-removed) compartment model to study the dynamics of COVID-19 incorporating public perception of risk and the number of cumulative cases. Here, we developed 70 a new epidemiological mathematical model for novel coronavirus or SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in India that extends the standard SEIR compartment model, alike to that studied by Tang et al. We develop here a classical SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered)-type epidemiological model 75 by introducing contact tracing and other interventions such as quarantine, lockdown, social distancing and isolation that can represent the overall dynamics of novel coronavirus or COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). The square of sum of 185 the error computed as Σ n i=1 (C(i) − S(i)) 2 , where C(i) represents the observed daily new COVID-19 cases on i-th day, S(i) is the SARII q S q model simulation on i-th day and n is the sample size of the observed data. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110049 id = cord-351665-6gwb900b author = Sarkar, Priyanka title = Coupled human-environment system amid COVID-19 crisis: A conceptual model to understand the nexus date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; India; che; human; impact summary = The specific objectives of the study were to (i) perform a meta-analysis of existing literature reporting various impacts of COVID-19 on human society and the natural environment, and (ii) develop a conceptual model to illustrate and understand the complex nexus of CHES amid the pandemic. In addition to the impact of COVID-19 in terms of infection and death as discussed in section 4.1, extended lockdown and stay-at-home regulations against the pandemic has associated human health risks such as weight gains due to sedentary lifestyle, psychological/behavioral changes, etc. The main purpose of the study was to propose a conceptual model to portray and address how the interaction of the existing elements of both sub-components of CHES -human society and natural environment -are impacted by the various governmental interventions i.e., lockdown, social distancing, quarantine, etc. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141757 id = cord-340394-yzkl0chl author = Sarkis, Joseph title = Overcoming the Arrogance of Ignorance: Supply-Chain Lessons from COVID-19 for Climate Shocks date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; climate; shock summary = title: Overcoming the Arrogance of Ignorance: Supply-Chain Lessons from COVID-19 for Climate Shocks We offer a supply-chain perspective and a set of pragmatic actions to increase resilience to climate shocks. We should contemplate and consider the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic to better prepare economies and societies for climate shocks. We end on a series of recommended responses-a call to action-to better prepare for and avoid the potentially irreversible consequences of climate shocks. The COVID-19 pandemic has showcased the diverse and extreme consequences of crisis shocks, causing waves of social, political, economic, environmental, and technological change. Although the current crisis has brought Commentary One Earth 3, July 24, 2020 11 ll lessons from which we can learn to better prepare our economies and societies for climate shocks, overcoming the ''''arrogance of ignorance'''' is a crucial first step. Here''s how global supply chains will change after COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.06.017 id = cord-313151-coqbcrwc author = Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu title = Global assessment of environment, health and economic impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; GDP; economic summary = title: Global assessment of environment, health and economic impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) The institution of social distancing and punitive measures to contain the spread of COVID-19 through human-to-human transmission has environmental, health and economic impact. We report the health system policies, environmental sustainability issues, and fiscal, monetary and exchange rate measures introduced during lockdown across countries. The emergence of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) as a global pandemic has triggered the necessity of environment-health-economic nexus. These containment measures put in place to reduce health outcomes of the global pandemic have affected environmental sustainability and economic development. Several measures to support and significantly impact the health system have been instituted across countries to provide an immediate response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The intensity of the global pandemic (COVID-19) has affected global economic development, resulting in several fiscal measures, monetary policies and private sector economic burden-sharing across countries. doi = 10.1007/s10668-020-00801-2 id = cord-291501-9dhldjjp author = Sarraf, David title = Is virtual existence our new reality? date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; rate summary = A culture that more and more is moving in the direction of a virtual existence with a preference to limit human contact and only communicate through a digital interface that eliminates our deepest anxieties and fears. In an effort to urge greater resiliency of her constituency in the fight against the coronavirus which continues to infect thousands of people every day, just here in the state of California, she noted: "…this is not the end. Roosevelt: "We have nothing to fear but fear itself." The political policies to fight COVID-19 and "flatten the curve" of infection have been successful and have reduced conversion rates so that hospital ERs and ICUs are not overburdened, ensuring that patients with coronavirus throughout the world receive optimal care. It is clear that one of the reasons for the higher death rate in Italy may relate to severely ill COVID patients who did not receive necessary supportive care in time because hospitals were overwhelmed by deathly sick coronavirus patients. doi = 10.1007/s00417-020-04750-4 id = cord-308184-w8ewm8ve author = Sarzi-Puttini, Piercarlo title = How to handle patients with autoimmune rheumatic and inflammatory bowel diseases in the COVID-19 era: An expert opinion date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; infection; patient; risk summary = Disease activity, co-morbidities, immunosuppressive drugs including glucocorticoids (GCs), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), conventional synthetic (csDMARDs), biological (bDMARDs), targeted synthetic DMARDs (tsDMARDs), and the biological agents currently available for treating patients with IBD are all considered risk factors for infective complications. This has raised concerns about the potential risk of COVID-19 infection in IBD patients (particularly those who are taking immunosuppressants or biological drugs) because of the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in the old and frail with co-morbidities. As a result of the early warning and strict preventive measures, none of the patients developed any significant clinical manifestation of COVID-19 infection, not even those being treated with corticosteroids (12.6%), immunosuppressants (11%) and biological agents (6%), or those with co-morbidities. The first challenge for rheumatologists is to decide whether to interrupt or continue a treatment: although it is true that the treatment is designed to control disease activity, it is also undeniable that the same treatment may expose patients, such other infection, to an increased risk for COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102574 id = cord-327697-80msva10 author = Sarı, Cenk title = The outcomes of the postulated interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the renin-angiotensin system on the clinician’s attitudes toward hypertension treatment date = 2020-11-09 keywords = ACE; arb; covid-19 summary = Concern has arisen about the role played in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). In the first half of 2020, it was speculated that angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-i)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may make patients more susceptible to COVID-19 disease and lead to worse outcomes. Observational studies have reported that patients taking ACE-i/ARBs treatment are at increased risk of becoming infected with SARS-CoV2 and developing severe forms of COVID-19 disease. The strategy for repeating therapy was the same in all physicians, and the practice of starting new ACE-i/ARBs reported by the cardiologists was statistically different from that of both internal medicine and family medicine/general practitioners (8.0 ± 4 vs 8.0 ± 4 vs 9.0 ± 3, p < 0.05) ( Table 2) . The present survey is the first study to have provided a snapshot showing behaviors of Turkish physicians toward prescribing ACE-i/ARBs treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1038/s41371-020-00436-w id = cord-310104-1c7q9m06 author = Sasangohar, Farzan title = Provider Burnout and Fatigue During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned From a High-Volume Intensive Care Unit date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; HMH; PPE; care summary = T he novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic has resulted in an overall surge in new cases of depression and anxiety and an exacerbation of existing mental health issues, with a particular emotional and physical toll on health care workers. In this article, we share the lessons learned collectively by an interdisciplinary team of ICU leadership and collaborating scientists at the Center for Outcomes Research at HMH about the experience of occupational fatigue and burnout of intensive care personnel as a result of responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. Several factors may have exacerbated occupational fatigue and burnout in ICUs. Given our overarching roles across various facets of the health care system and our first-hand experiences with the response, the "lessons learned" documented here provide a holistic overview of major system-level problems exposed by the pandemic. doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000004866 id = cord-287336-jvc1e8cq author = Sass, J. title = The German Corona Consensus Dataset (GECCO): A standardized dataset for COVID-19 research date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; GECCO summary = Here, we introduce the "German Corona Consensus Dataset" (GECCO), a uniform dataset that uses international terminologies and health IT standards to improve interoperability of COVID-19 data. Methods: Based on previous work (e.g., the ISARIC-WHO COVID-19 case report form) and in coordination with experts from university hospitals, professional associations and research initiatives, data elements relevant for COVID-19 research were collected, prioritized and consolidated into a compact core dataset. Results: A core dataset consisting of 81 data elements with 281 response options was defined, including information about, for example, demography, anamnesis, symptoms, therapy, medications or laboratory values of COVID-19 patients. To improve interoperability of COVID-19 data, we developed the German Corona Consensus Dataset (GECCO), which uses international health IT standards and terminologies for interoperable data exchange. By using standardized data structures (HL7 FHIR profiles) and international terminologies, the GECCO dataset is an important step towards interoperability of COVID-19 research data. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.27.20162636 id = cord-288526-5zag3krb author = Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu title = Normal weight obesity and COVID-19 severity: A poorly recognized link date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = People with obesity (those with high body mass index (BMI)) and coronavirus disease 2019 are at increased risk of requiring intensive care admission and mechanical ventilation, and death [1] . Although BMI is a commonly used measure of obesity in clinical settings, it cannot delineate fat-free mass from adipose tissue [2] . Indeed, emerging evidence shows that visceral adiposity, independent of BMI, is associated with a high risk of critical illness in patients with COVID-19 [4, 5] . The use of the sagittal image of chest computed tomography (done routinely to diagnose COVID-19 pneumonia) to assess visceral adiposity [7, 8] , along with BMI, is a promising strategy to identify NWO individuals in clinical settings. Computed Tomography Highlights Increased Visceral Adiposity Associated With Critical Illness in COVID-19 The impact of ethnicity on clinical outcomes in COVID-19: A systematic review Obesity Is a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19 Infection: Multiple Potential Mechanisms doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108521 id = cord-284160-sgr8p78v author = Satici, Begum title = Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its Association with Psychological Distress and Life Satisfaction in Turkey date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; Fear summary = Therefore, this study aims to adapt the Fear of COVID-19 Scale into Turkish and investigate the relationships between fear of COVID-19, psychological distress, and life satisfaction. In the adaptation process of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, confirmatory factor analysis, Item Response Theory, convergent validity, and reliability (Cronbach''s α, McDonald''s ω, Guttmann''s λ6, and composite reliability) analyses were performed. After establishing the factorial structure of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the discrimination, difficulty, and informativeness of the scale was examined using the Item Response Theory (IRT; Chalmers 2012), which allows us to have more detailed and reliable information at the individual and item level than classical test theory. The correlations between fear of COVID-19, depression, anxiety, stress, and life satisfaction were examined to establish the concurrent validity of the scale. Data analysis revealed significant positive correlations between the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and depression (r = .38, p < .001), anxiety (r = .55, p < .001), and stress (r = .47, p < .001). doi = 10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0 id = cord-290085-gsma97ja author = Satici, Begum title = Intolerance of Uncertainty and Mental Wellbeing: Serial Mediation by Rumination and Fear of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; rumination; uncertainty summary = Therefore, the present study examined whether intolerance of uncertainty was related to mental wellbeing and whether this relationship was mediated by rumination and fear of COVID-19. The sample comprised 1772 Turkish individuals (aged between 18 and 73 years) from 79 of 81 cities in Turkey, who completed measures of mental wellbeing, intolerance of uncertainty, rumination, and fear of COVID-19. The relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing will be serially mediated by rumination and fear of COVID-19. Therefore, in the present study, the relationships between intolerance of uncertainty, rumination, fear of COVID-19, and mental wellbeing were investigated. The findings indicated that rumination and fear of COVID-19 mediated the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing. Overall, in the present study, it was shown with a nationwide participant sample that the inability to tolerate uncertainty in the current pandemic might provoke fear of COVID-19 via rumination, and consequently impacting negatively on psychological wellbeing. doi = 10.1007/s11469-020-00305-0 id = cord-305782-gnzwe2z2 author = Satici, Celal title = Performance of Pneumonia Severity Index and CURB-65 in Predicting 30-day mortality in patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-14 keywords = COVID-19; CURB-65; PSI summary = Abstract Objective The aim of the study was to analyze the usefulness of the CURB-65 and pneumonia severity index (PSI) in predicting 30-day mortality in patients with COVID-19 and to identify other factors associated with higher mortality. Conclusion In a large group of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, we found that PSI performed better than CURB-65 in predicting mortality. According to the Health Ministry Guideline, any suspected case who is over 50 years old or has any comorbidity should be hospitalized irrespective of vital signs, laboratory results and computed tomography (CT) findings (Bilim Kurulu, 2020) Thus, a large proportion of patients with COVID-19 meet criteria for admission as an inpatient. In this study, we aimed to assess whether CURB-65 or PSI is useful tool to predict 30-day mortality and to identify other factors that are associated with higher mortality in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.038 id = cord-343183-5jlnw6e0 author = Sato, Ana Paula Sayuri title = Pandemic and vaccine coverage: challenges of returning to schools date = 2020-11-05 keywords = Brazil; covid-19; vaccination summary = In Brazil, administrative data indicate the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on this downward trend, which was already an important challenge of the National Immunization Program in recent years. In 2020, due to the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), face-to-face attendance in health services dropped dramatically in many countries; this included child vaccination, given the measures of social distancing to mitigate viral transmission [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that at least 80 million children will be susceptible to immunopreventable diseases such as measles, diphtheria and polio because of the decrease in vaccination coverage during the covid-19 pandemic 29 . The pandemic of the new coronavirus has challenged health systems around the world in providing essential services, including immunization programs, as routine vaccination and mass vaccination campaigns could contribute to the spread of covid-19 32 . doi = 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054003142 id = cord-342786-dl8vjwfn author = Sattar, Yasar title = COVID-19 Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Cellular Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations and Management date = 2020-07-14 keywords = ACE-2; COVID-19; Disease; SARS; patient summary = Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly progressing global pandemic that may present with a variety of cardiac manifestations including, but not limited to, myocardial injury, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, shock, thromboembolism, and cardiac arrest. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly progressing global pandemic that may present with a variety of cardiac manifestations including, but not limited to, myocardial injury, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, shock, thromboembolism, and cardiac arrest. The infected patients may also present with cardiovascular disease (CVD) like acute coronary syndrome(ACS) and congestive cardiac failure(CHF) [6] . The systemic inflammation in COVID-19 may also dysregulate the post-translational modification of cardiac ion channels resulting in arrhythmia [25, 26] It is also noteworthy that viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2, ORF3 and ORF8, activate NLRP3 inflammasomes which inturn promotes atrial fibrillation [27, 28] . doi = 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100589 id = cord-328071-ulj2gtn3 author = Sattari, Mahtab title = Evaluating Clinical Course and Risk Factors of Infection and Demographic Characteristics of Pregnant Women with COVID-19 in Hamadan Province, West of Iran date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; pregnant; woman summary = title: Evaluating Clinical Course and Risk Factors of Infection and Demographic Characteristics of Pregnant Women with COVID-19 in Hamadan Province, West of Iran Examination of the signs and symptoms of pregnant women with COVID-19 upon admission to the hospital showed that the average oxygen saturation percentage was 91.62 ± 7.58 and their most common symptoms at the time of admission were fever (60.0%). In this regard, all pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19 in Hamadan Province referred to hospitals or were hospitalized during different periods of pregnancy with different gestational ages were examined. In line with these results, other studies have regularly reported these two findings in the CT scan and examination of the lungs of infected pregnant women while hospitalized 8, 17, 20, 21 . Among them, fever, cough, shortness of breath, and pneumonia were the most common symptoms of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women, respectively. doi = 10.34172/jrhs.2020.22 id = cord-262780-ilu5oskk author = Sattui, Sebastian E. title = Swinging the pendulum: lessons learned from public discourse concerning hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19 date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; Hydroxychloroquine; patient; study summary = The use of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for COVID-19 exemplifies the risks of both overinterpreting and amplifying preliminary data by those outside of the scientific community and was followed by swift corrective measures by researchers. By early March, interest in HCQ abruptly transitioned from mechanistic plausibility that would support its study in a clinical trial setting to rapid off-label use in patients with COVID-19, primarily fueled by promotion on social media, lay press, and celebrity influence [8] . By late March, two new studies became publicly available: a second study from the group of IHU-Méditerranée Infection using HCQ and AZM in 80 patients with mild COVID-19 infection released on their webpage, and a preprint of the first randomized controlled trial of 62 patients from Wuhan reporting a difference in clinical time to recovery and radiologic findings with HCQ treatment [22, 23] . doi = 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1792778 id = cord-275438-drywzvx8 author = Satış, Hasan title = Prognostic value of interleukin-18 and its association with other inflammatory markers and disease severity in COVID-19 date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; IL-18; IL-6; SARS summary = Serum IL-18 levels were remarkably higher in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy subjects with being highest in severe pneumonia group (p < 0.001). According to the disease course, COVID-19 patients may be roughly divided into two groups; asymptomatic or mild cases that usually recover and severe cases that develop multi organ failure, primarily respiratory failure, requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission [5, 6] . In this study, we found that both IL-6 and serum IL-18 concentrations are remarkably increased in patients with COVID-19 and correlated with other inflammatory markers and disease severity. There are differences in cytokine production among COVID-19 patients, such as men are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection than women and children, in whom it could present as Kawasaki disease [29, 30] , as well as serum cytokine levels tend to be higher in men explaining their worse prognosis [29] . doi = 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155302 id = cord-273356-1ius4ksa author = Sauceda, John A title = Findings From a Probability-Based Survey of United States Households About Prevention Measures Based on Race, Ethnicity, and Age in Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 date = 2020-08-29 keywords = COVID-19; Latinos summary = title: Findings From a Probability-Based Survey of United States Households About Prevention Measures Based on Race, Ethnicity, and Age in Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 We investigated individual behaviors taken by white, African American, and Latino United States (US) households in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and likelihood of using digital tools for symptom surveillance/reporting. In general, all groups engaged in the same prevention behaviors, but whites reported being more likely to use digital tools to report/act on symptoms and seek testing, compared with African Americans and Latinos. We tested for differences between non-Latino white, African American, and Latino respondents on prevention control measures, likelihood of using surveillance/reporting strategies, and household size. In a probability-based household survey, non-Latino white, African American, and Latino respondents engaged in nearly identical patterns and frequencies of individual prevention measures taken in response to SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiaa554 id = cord-032240-xswtx940 author = Sauer, François title = Pericardial effusion in patients with COVID-19: case series date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; Day summary = Case 1 was a COVID-19 cardiac tamponade without myocarditis, confirmed by a positive chest computed tomography (CT) scan. Case 3 was a cardiac tamponade due to COVID-19 pericarditis, with a positive polymerase chain reaction on pericardial fluid. Since the outbreak of clusters of viral pneumonia due to the novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China in December 2019, 1 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread worldwide infecting more than 5.4 million people and causing more than 349 095 deaths as of 27 May 2020. • Three cases of pericardial effusions (PEs) comprising two tamponades occurred in a single cardiology centre, suggesting a higher cardiac risk than expected during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] We hereby report a case series of three patients with cardiac and pericardial manifestations of COVID-19 at our institution. Acute myopericarditis with pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade in a patient with COVID-19 doi = 10.1093/ehjcr/ytaa287 id = cord-288675-d4p3sj7u author = Sauer, François title = Tamponnade & COVID-19 date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19; IEC summary = Les limites de ce case report sont l''absence de confirmation diagnostique de COVID-19 au frottis naso-pharyngé (sensibilité de 59 % [4]) et l''absence d''analyse virologique du liquide péricardique. Le traitement par IEC/ARA 2 pourrait donc potentiellement aggraver les manifestations respiratoires du Covid-19 avec un surrisque de syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë et mortalité [2] . L''objectif de notre étude était d''évaluer l''impact du traitement par IEC/ARA2 à l''admission sur la mortalité à 28 jours chez les patients hospitalisés pour Covid-19. Le traitement par IEC/ARA2 n''impactait pas la mortalité à 28 jours (19,7 % vs 13,8 % log rank p = 0,54) comme représenté sur la Fig. 1 . Le traitement par IEC ARA2 a été arrêté à l''admission pour 28 (41,8 %) patients. Conclusion Le traitement par IEC/ARA2 n''était pas associé à une augmentation de la mortalité après un suivi de 28 jours chez les patients hospitalisés pour Covid-19. doi = 10.1016/j.ancard.2020.09.014 id = cord-324041-lqokztor author = Saussez, Sven title = Anosmia: an evolution of our understanding of its importance in COVID-19 and what questions remain to be answered date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; olfactory; patient summary = RESULTS: In terms of the etiology of olfactory dysfunction, several hypotheses were proposed at the outset of the pandemic; that olfactory cleft inflammation and obstruction caused a localized conductive loss, that there was injury to the sustentacular supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium or, given the known neurotropic potential of coronavirus, that the virus could invade and damage the olfactory bulb. While self-reported new onset loss of smell is important from an infection control perspective, as it allows patients to recognize COVID infection and self-isolate at an early stage; however, psychophysical testing has demonstrated that self-reporting underestimates the true prevalence of olfactory dysfunction [7, 8] . Despite this potential mechanism for epithelial injury, nasal cytological studies in 18 COVID-19 patients, of which 12 reported smell impairment, lacked typical findings of viral induced cellular injury [15] , suggesting that direct effects of the virus on the olfactory epithelium cannot likely account for the severity of loss seen in many patients. doi = 10.1007/s00405-020-06285-0 id = cord-282384-qbcqbhk4 author = Savastano, Alfonso title = Peripapillary Retinal Vascular Involvement in Early Post-COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-09-08 keywords = RPCP; SARS; covid-19 summary = Furthermore, we performed an additional analysis within the post-COVID-19 group correlating the primary outcome measures with the other examined variables to detect potential risk factors for RPCP impairment in post SARS-CoV-2 patients. Spearman''s Test revealed a statistically significant linear correlation between RNFL average thickness and both RPCP perfusion density (p < 0.001) ( Figure 3 ) and RPCP flow index (p < 0.001) (Figure 4) within the post-COVID-19 group. Our study examined this aspect outlining the correlation of the RPCP perfusion density and RPCP flow index with the RNFL average thickness also in early post-COVID-19 patients. In this regard, it is interesting to notice that patients in the post-COVID-19 group showed a lower mean age, a lower prevalence of diabetes and systemic arterial hypertension, and a higher prevalence of females (typically affected by milder manifestations of the disease) compared to the reported SARS-CoV-2 epidemiologic data [38] . doi = 10.3390/jcm9092895 id = cord-013035-7sfj0czv author = Savinelli, Stefano title = Reply date = 2020-09-20 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = We read with great interest the article by McCarthy et al., 1 regarding the favourable use of tocilizumab in a series of patients presenting with cytokine storm related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Reducing short-term mortality from cytokine release syndrome may come at the expense of long-term fatality rate, due to secondary healthcare or ventilator-associated bacterial or fungal infections, especially in critically ill patients with increased length of hospitalization in intensive care units (ICU). However, observational studies demonstrate favourable outcomes regarding mortality and risk of proceeding to endotracheal intubation when IL-6RA are used in a pre-critical (pre-intensive care unit (ICU)) setting, such as that described in our report, before the onset of severe respiratory failure. To address these questions, our group has designed a phase 2, open-label, two-stage, multicentre, randomized trial comparing different doses of single-dose administration of tocilizumab in adults with severe, non-critical, COVID-19 with evidence of hyperinflammatory state. doi = 10.1111/resp.13940 id = cord-279750-if9vphb2 author = Savić, Dragan title = Ruptured cerebral pseudoaneurysm in an adolescent as an early onset of COVID-19 infection: case report date = 2020-07-27 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = title: Ruptured cerebral pseudoaneurysm in an adolescent as an early onset of COVID-19 infection: case report We are presenting a case of a 13-year-old girl with a ruptured cerebral pseudoaneurysm of the left middle cerebral artery (M2 segment) with severe intracerebral hemorrhage as the earliest manifestation of COVID-19 infection. There are rare case reports of adult patients (the youngest was a 31-year-old male, other patients over 60 years old) with COVID-19 infection and ruptured cerebral aneurysm with subarachnoid hemorrhage [1, 16, 19] . In this paper, we present an adolescent girl with COVID-19 infection, who developed an intracerebral hematoma due to cerebral pseudoaneurysm rupture. As far as we know, this is the first reported case of an adolescent with ruptured cerebral pseudoaneurysm as the initial presentation of COVID-19 infection. As a consequence of the infection, a multisystem inflammatory syndrome or the direct damage by the virus has resulted in severe brain hemorrhage attributable to the ruptured pseudoaneurysm. doi = 10.1007/s00701-020-04510-7 id = cord-329268-0zhabgkt author = Savoia, E. title = Factors Associated with Access and Use of PPE during COVID-19: A Cross-sectional Study of Italian Physicians date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; PPE summary = This study aimed to understand physicians access to personal protective equipment (PPE) and to information about their use, risk perception and strategies adopted to prevent contracting the infection. This study aimed to understand physicians'' access to PPE, reception of information about their use, ability to perform donning and doffing procedures, risk perception and strategies adopted to prevent contracting the infection. Questions were designed to inform the development of training and policies in response to the crisis and included questions about the physician''s work experience (years of experience, specialty, experience in COVID-19 units and geographic area of work), and questions related to the use of PPE divided in four parts: 1) Access to PPE and strategies to cope with shortage, 2) Information received on the use of PPE, 3) Self-reported ability to perform donning and doffing procedures, and 4) Risk perception of contracting the disease. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.24.20073924 id = cord-331830-vr2eqsbq author = Sawalha, Khalid title = Systematic Review of COVID-19 Related Myocarditis: Insights on Management and Outcome date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; case; myocarditis summary = Methods Using a combination of search terms in the PubMed/Medline, Ovid Medline and the Cochrane Library databases and manual searches on Google Scholar and the bibliographies of articles identified, we reviewed all cases reported in the English language citing myocarditis associated with COVID-19 infection. Results Fourteen records comprising a total of fourteen cases that report myocarditis/myopericarditis secondary to COVID-19 infection were identified. Infection with the novel pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also referred to as COVID-19, was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020 (1). Pulmonary involvement is the most dominant clinical manifestation of COVID-19 including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which is associated with higher mortality, up to 52.4% in one series (3). Until prospective studies and trials establish guidelines for the management of COVID-19 myocarditis, treatment has to be catered to individual case presentations. doi = 10.1016/j.carrev.2020.08.028 id = cord-308270-343r91km author = Sawlani, V. title = COVID-19-related intracranial imaging findings: a large single-centre experience date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; MRI summary = The most consistent neuroradiological finding was microhaemorrhage with a predilection for the splenium of the corpus callosum (12/20, 60%) followed by acute or subacute infarct (5/20, 25%), watershed white matter hyperintensities (4/20, 20%), and susceptibility changes on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) in the superficial veins (3/20, 15%), acute haemorrhagic necrotising encephalopathy (2/20, 10%), large parenchymal haemorrhage (2/20, 10%), subarachnoid haemorrhage (1/20, 5%), hypoxic–ischaemic changes (1/20, 5%), and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like changes (1/20, 5%). Conclusion Various imaging patterns on MRI were observed including acute haemorrhagic necrotising encephalopathy, white matter hyperintensities, hypoxic-ischaemic changes, ADEM-like changes, and stroke. Recent studies have described abnormal brain imaging findings of microhaemorrhages, multifocal white matter hyperintense lesions with variable enhancement, infarcts, haemorrhagic lesions, acute haemorrhagic necrotising encephalopathy, inflammatory CNS syndromes including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), and medial temporal lobe abnormalities [2] [3] [4] . doi = 10.1016/j.crad.2020.09.002 id = cord-267209-m0fvv1t7 author = Sawyer, Michala R. title = Establishing Better Evidence on Remote Monitoring for Postpartum Hypertension: A Silver Lining of the Coronavirus Pandemic date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; postpartum summary = 2 Shifting from a strategy of in-person office visits to televisits in response to the COVID-19 pandemic may actually increase access to postpartum follow-up among women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. 20 As remote monitoring is more widely implemented during COVID-19, research is needed to examine the impact of telehealth and home blood pressure cuff Medicaid coverage on access to postpartum hypertension care as well as on maternal morbidity and mortality. However, research is needed to assess the efficacy and impact of remote blood pressure monitoring in the postpartum period on clinical outcomes including hospital readmissions, short-term medical complications of hypertension, and long-term cardiovascular health for patients with hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Closely evaluating the clinical outcomes and health care disparities that follow the rapid implementation of home blood pressure monitoring in the postpartum period during COVID-19 will provide valuable lessons for research and clinical care after the pandemic. doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1715169 id = cord-024133-zv0ysi8m author = Saxena, Shailendra K. title = Current Insight into the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a pandemic that causes novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (World Health Organization 2020a). In addition, the scientific fraternity worldwide has been continuously working on COVID-19 from the beginning by publishing the genome and developing highly specific diagnostic tools for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. There is no specific treatment available for SARS-CoV-2 and the current treatment relies on supportive care of the infected patients (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention 2020b). Fig. 1.3 Steps needed to be taken by COVID-19 patients in order to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection Interim guidelines for collecting, handling, and testing clinical specimens from persons for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2020b) Interim clinical guidance for management of patients with confirmed coronavirus disease (COVID-19). doi = 10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_1 id = cord-343927-s54n1cmn author = Sayad, Babak title = Leukocytosis and alteration of hemoglobin level in patients with severe COVID‐19: Association of leukocytosis with mortality date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Leukocytosis and alteration of hemoglobin level in patients with severe COVID‐19: Association of leukocytosis with mortality The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 pandemic announced by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020 1 may be presented by a severe form of pneumonia in some patients (10%-15%) which might progress toward acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure and death. Also, the WBCs count was 10.5 ± 6 × 10 9 /L in patients required intubation compared to 8.3 ± 4.1 × 10 9 /L (P = .098) in those patients did not require intubation. In summary, our study indicated a significant association between leukocytosis and the rate of mortality in patients with COVID-19. Also, our findings indicated the higher rate of mortality among COVID-19 patients with higher Hb level. Leukocytosis and alteration of hemoglobin level in patients with severe COVID-19: Association of leukocytosis with mortality doi = 10.1002/hsr2.194 id = cord-327776-bxpay7ic author = Sayari, Arash J. title = Personal Health of Spine Surgeons Can Impact Perceptions, Decision-Making and Healthcare Delivery During the COVID-19 Pandemic - A Worldwide Study date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; surgeon summary = Questions addressed demographics, impacts and perceptions of COVID-19, and the presence of surgeon comorbidities, which included cancer, cardiac disease, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, respiratory illness, renal disease, and current tobacco use. When grouped by number of comorbidities in the multivariate regression model, spine surgeons with more comorbidities were more likely to cite personal health as a current stressor (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.07-1.63; p = 0.09) and more likely to be performing elective surgery (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.02-1.71; p = 0.030), though also perceived their hospital''s management unfavorably (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.60-0.91; p = 0.005), were less likely to currently use telecommunication clinical visits (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.67-1.00; p = 0.05), and would less likely warn their patients of a personnel COVID-19 infection (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.58-0.93; p = 0.010) ( Table 6 ). doi = 10.14245/ns.2040336.168 id = cord-332179-du1zjupf author = Sayed, Shomoita title = COVID-19 and Diabetes; possible role of polymorphism and rise of telemedicine date = 2020-08-31 keywords = ACE2; SARS; covid-19; t1d summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry is facilitated by interaction with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) and possible polymorphisms in ACE2 can be a determining factor in host-viral protein interaction. Another population study in England showed a 31.4% mortality rate for type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients suffering from COVID-19 infection [17] . So, increased viral entry via increased ACE2 expression and circulating proteases, lymphocytopenia and concurrent increase of inflammatory cytokines can exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with diabetes [23] . Diabetic patients on medication with abovementioned drugs with their elevated ACE2 expression can be susceptible to facilitated SARS-CoV-2 entry, leading to increased chances of disease severity. Whether the polymorphisms have more pronounced effects among diabetic patients with COVID-19 infection should be taken into consideration while exploring the possible role of viral entry in hosts. doi = 10.1016/j.pcd.2020.08.018 id = cord-339737-7qdjea6f author = Sbidian, E. title = Hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin and in-hospital mortality or discharge in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection: a cohort study of 4,642 in-patients in France date = 2020-06-19 keywords = AZI; HCQ; covid-19; patient summary = -Using a large non-selected population of inpatients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection in 39 hospitals in France and robust methodological approaches, we found no evidence for efficacy of HCQ on 28-day mortality -Our results suggest an excess risk of mortality in patients treated by a combination of HCQ and AZI, but not with HCQ alone -Significantly higher rates of discharge home were observed in patients treated by HCQ, a novel finding warranting further confirmation in replicative studies . Results from competing risks multivariable analyses for 28-day mortality and hospital discharge are displayed in Table 3 , showing both raw unadjusted estimates for the average treatment effect of ''HCQ alone ''or ''HCQ plus AZI'', and AIPTW results from double robust estimation accounting for confounders for the outcome and the treatment allocation. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.16.20132597 id = cord-293690-pxiv0m7n author = Scala, Raffaele title = Italian pulmonologist units and COVID-19 outbreak: “mind the gap”! date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Scala, Raffaele; Renda, Teresa; Corrado, Antonio; Vaghi, Adriano One fourth of > 1500 COVID-19 patients died after the admission in Lombardia ICUs; in only 11% of them, noninvasive ventilation (NIV) and/ or high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) was attempted early to prevent respiratory deterioration and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). The delayed admission in Lombardia overcrowded ICU of severely hypoxemic COVID-19 patients meeting the criteria for IMV without being offered a HFNC/NIV trial must have played a crucial role. Respiratory high-dependency care units (RHDCUs) are specialised cost-effective environments offering an "intermediate" level of care between ICU and ward, where NIV/HFNC, weaning from IMV and discharge of ventilator-dependent patients are provided [4] . The "gap" between the Italian RHDCU network and pre-COVID-19 respiratory needs might largely explain ICU network failure in Lombardia [4] . The expanded IPU network together with national more restrictive measures against virus dissemination after the Lombardia outbreak has contributed to the mitigation of COVID-19 impact on mortality in other regions. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03087-y id = cord-277941-8twjdyjc author = Scarci, Marco title = Commentary: The double responsibility of the thoracic surgeon at the time of the pandemic: a perspective from the North of Italy date = 2020-04-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = The rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the north of Italy at the end of February 2020 10 has taken the local healthcare system by surprise because of exponential increase in the number of daily 11 cases and sheer number of those needed admission to ICUs (1). 14 Although China was ahead of us in terms of experience there were no data available regarding thoracic 15 surgery and the potential post-operative increase in morbidity and mortality. This article has certainly the merit to raise awareness of the problem among thoracic surgical 39 community; unfortunately, the small sample size and the heterogeneity of surgical interventions (lung 40 and esophageal cancer, non-malignant diseases) weakens the recommendations that can be drawn. Covid-19: Italy confirms 11 deaths as cases spread from north Clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 in 11 patients after thoracic surgery 58 and challenges in diagnosis Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Role of Chest CT in Diagnosis and 60 doi = 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.04.003 id = cord-252506-8u9oiqoc author = Scarfò, Lydia title = COVID-19 severity and mortality in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a joint study by ERIC, the European Research Initiative on CLL, and CLL Campus date = 2020-07-09 keywords = CLL; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = authors: Scarfò, Lydia; Chatzikonstantinou, Thomas; Rigolin, Gian Matteo; Quaresmini, Giulia; Motta, Marina; Vitale, Candida; Garcia-Marco, Jose Antonio; Hernández-Rivas, José Ángel; Mirás, Fatima; Baile, Mónica; Marquet, Juan; Niemann, Carsten U.; Reda, Gianluigi; Munir, Talha; Gimeno, Eva; Marchetti, Monia; Quaglia, Francesca Maria; Varettoni, Marzia; Delgado, Julio; Iyengar, Sunil; Janssens, Ann; Marasca, Roberto; Ferrari, Angela; Cuéllar-García, Carolina; Itchaki, Gilad; Špaček, Martin; De Paoli, Lorenzo; Laurenti, Luca; Levin, Mark-David; Lista, Enrico; Mauro, Francesca R.; Šimkovič, Martin; Van Der Spek, Ellen; Vandenberghe, Elisabeth; Trentin, Livio; Wasik-Szczepanek, Ewa; Ruchlemer, Rosa; Bron, Dominique; De Paolis, Maria Rosaria; Del Poeta, Giovanni; Farina, Lucia; Foglietta, Myriam; Gentile, Massimo; Herishanu, Yair; Herold, Tobias; Jaksic, Ozren; Kater, Arnon P.; Kersting, Sabina; Malerba, Lara; Orsucci, Lorella; Popov, Viola Maria; Sportoletti, Paolo; Yassin, Mohamed; Pocali, Barbara; Barna, Gabor; Chiarenza, Annalisa; dos Santos, Gimena; Nikitin, Eugene; Andres, Martin; Dimou, Maria; Doubek, Michael; Enrico, Alicia; Hakobyan, Yervand; Kalashnikova, Olga; Ortiz Pareja, Macarena; Papaioannou, Maria; Rossi, Davide; Shah, Nimish; Shrestha, Amit; Stanca, Oana; Stavroyianni, Niki; Strugov, Vladimir; Tam, Constantine; Zdrenghea, Mihnea; Coscia, Marta; Stamatopoulos, Kostas; Rossi, Giuseppe; Rambaldi, Alessandro; Montserrat, Emili''; Foà, Robin; Cuneo, Antonio; Ghia, Paolo Of the 190 patients studied, four Spanish cases were previously published in extenso [12] , 47 patients were included in a report describing the impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic infection on the practical management of CLL in Italy with only limited clinical data [18] . doi = 10.1038/s41375-020-0959-x id = cord-345204-ch0e6lzl author = Scarlata, S. title = Design Of A Rapid And Reversible Fluorescence Assay To Detect COVID-19 And Other Pathogens date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; beacon summary = The method uses fluorescent sensors (i.e. molecular beacons) designed to detect COVID-19 RNA or any RNA of interest, concurrent with an internal control without the need for amplification. The molecular beacons are stem-loop structures in which a ~10 nucleotide loop region has the complementary sequence of a region of the target RNA, and a fluorophore and quencher are placed on the 5'' and 3'' ends of the stem. Here, we designed a COVID-19 beacon that is completely quenched in its native form and undergoes a 50-fold increase in fluorescence when exposed to nanomolar amounts of synthetic viral oligonucleotide. Fluorescence increases from beacon responses signals are rapid and can be reversed by the addition of inexpensive ssDNA with a sequence identical to the loop region, or high salt if attached to a matrix. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.02.20196113 id = cord-307761-luzs56k5 author = Scarmozzino, Federico title = Covid-19 and the Subsequent Lockdown Modified Dietary Habits of Almost Half the Population in an Italian Sample date = 2020-05-25 keywords = consumption; covid-19; figure summary = The Covid-19 pandemic led to lockdowns in several parts of the world and, hence, changed several daily habits, including social interactions, the ability to perform sports, and-possibly-diet. Diet being one of the foremost contributors to health [1] , it is conceivable that a situation in which food availability, access to it, and a shift from eating out to mandatory in-house consumption could have change the dietary profiles of several people. Finally, lockdowns greatly reduce the amount of physical activity, sport, exercise, creating vicious cycles by which sub-optimal diets increase the noxious health effects of sedentarism [4] . We aimed at assessing the effects of Covid-19-induced confinement policies on self-reported food consumption of self-selected Italians by means of a questionnaire that was created and diffused by the Internet. We aimed at assessing the effects of Covid-19-induced confinement policies on self-reported food consumption of self-selected Italians by means of a questionnaire that was created and diffused by the Internet. doi = 10.3390/foods9050675 id = cord-340010-t1m7dxzc author = Schaefer, Esperance A. K. title = Interrelationship Between Coronavirus Infection and Liver Disease date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Several published studies have characterized the frequency and severity of liver biochemistry abnormalities on presentation, and a few have determined whether these abnormalities are associated with increased disease-related morbidity or death, as summarized in Table 1 . 9, 10, [12] [13] [14] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] The largest published study to date encompassed 5700 hospitalized patients in New York and examined admission serologies: aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were both frequently elevated (58.4% and 39.0% of subjects, respectively), and a separate large cohort found elevations to be more common in severe disease. 28 Thus, the liver injury observed in COVID-19 may reflect a direct viral effect, but other potential contributors must be considered, both at the time of initial presentation and during disease progression and management. Hepatic injury from SARS-CoV2 infection is observed from the time of initial contact with the medical system, suggesting that the primary insult is unrelated to medical management but rather due to either direct effect of the virus or a consequence of the systemic disease. doi = 10.1002/cld.967 id = cord-313282-z5cues67 author = Schaefer, Inga-Marie title = In situ detection of SARS-CoV-2 in lungs and airways of patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; DAD; Fig; SARS summary = Among five patients with acute-phase DAD (≤7 days from onset of respiratory failure), SARS-CoV-2 was detected in pulmonary pneumocytes and ciliated airway cells (N = 5), and in upper airway epithelium (N = 2). The findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection of epithelial cells in lungs and airways of patients with COVID-19 who developed respiratory failure can be detected during the acute phase of lung injury and is absent in the organizing phase. The aim of this study was to examine the gross and histologic patterns of tissue injury in correlation with viral protein expression in the conducting airways and lungs at autopsy in a series of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall, the different stages of DAD observed histologically correspond to the estimated time interval from onset of respiratory failure to death; however, the exact timing of severe lung injury may be difficult to determine in certain cases given reports of silent hypoxemia in COVID-19 infected patients [27, 28] . doi = 10.1038/s41379-020-0595-z id = cord-326497-458mnekj author = Schaible, Jan title = Sharp margin and geographic shape: systematic evaluation of two novel CT features in COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; PCR summary = Advances in knowledge: The newly described CT features "sharp margin" and "geographic shape" of opacifications in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia might help to increase specificity of CT. Advances in knowledge: The newly described CT features "sharp margin" and "geographic shape" of opacifications in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia might help to increase specificity of CT. The aim of this study was to evaluate CT morphology of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) proven COVID-19 pneumonia in a German cohort with special emphasis on the frequency of the empirically observed but so far not systematically evaluated novel CT features. We evaluated two more CT signs which might increase specificity of CT for COVID-19 pneumonia: In the presented cohort, a sharp margin of opacifications with respect to the surrounding healthy tissue was observed in a high proportion of patients (n = 85, 79%). The newly described CT features "sharp margin" and "geographic shape" of opacifications were frequently observed in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and might help to increase specificity of CT. doi = 10.1259/bjro.20200026 id = cord-293333-mqoml9o5 author = Scharbarg, Emeric title = From the hospital scale to nationwide: observability and identification of models for the COVID-19 epidemic waves date = 2020-10-03 keywords = covid-19; model; patient summary = The second local model refers to a single node of the health system network, i.e. it models the flows of patients with a smaller granularity at the level of a regional hospital care center for COVID-19 infected patients. In particular apart the high transmission rate, other two aspects were immediately pointed out by the physicians which did strongly influence the diffusion of the disease and the medical resources: first it was estimated that a large delay of time (10 to 14 days) is present between the moment in which a person becomes infected and can infect, and the instant in which symptoms become evident and the person is isolated and sent to quarantine. The subsystem (2) consisting by I q , R and D q is then further discussed in Section 4: a group of people who are aware of their infection define the flow of admissions in a local hospital and are split into two populations, the patients admitted in conventional hospitalization and the patients admitted in intensive care. doi = 10.1016/j.arcontrol.2020.09.007 id = cord-027027-2vxnmiyj author = Schartau, Patricia title = Male mortality and the German response: lessons from COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; Germany summary = The current COVID‐19 outbreak has raised many questions, amongst them the higher mortality rates in men and the low overall mortality rates in Germany compared to other European countries. Over time this was confirmed by data collected by Global Health 50/50 (May 6th) in countries that had a high COVID-19 caseload; with death rates of 62% men and 38% women in Italy, 58% and 42% (respectively) in Spain, and 80% and 20% (respectively) in Greece. In the next section, we will move to discuss how governmental and public The current COVID-19 outbreak has raised many questions, amongst them the higher mortality rates in men and the low overall mortality rates in Germany compared to other European countries. 5 As it happens, one of the authors (PS) of this article was in the small town of Landsberg for a meeting on the day when Germany''s first COVID-19 case was recorded there: the patient was a male who worked for a company that has two car plants in Wuhan in China. doi = 10.1002/tre.752 id = cord-034371-j3xxmkjd author = Schellack, Natalie title = COVID-19: Guidelines for pharmacists in South Africa date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = This evidence-based review is aimed at providing guidance for pharmacists in community, hospital and other settings in South Africa, on the management of patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19. • Epidemiology • The virus, its modes of transmission and incubation period • Symptom identification, including the differentiation between influenza, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis and COVID-19 • Social media myths and misinformation • Treatment guidelines and medicines that may need to be kept in stock • Treatment and prevention options, including an update on vaccine development • The case for and against the use of NSAIDs, ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in patients with COVID-19 • Interventions and patient counselling by the pharmacist. The current NDoH/NICD guidelines do not recommend the use of chloroquine (CQ)/ hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), due to insufficient evidence, in the treatment of patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. doi = 10.4102/sajid.v35i1.206 id = cord-344011-w9zn7hb2 author = Schiffrin, Ernesto L title = Response to COVID-19 and ACEI/ARB: NOT ASSOCIATED? date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Hajra and Bandyopadhyay have cited recent retrospective studies 6,7 that were published after our Editorial in the last month that support our conclusion that there is no evidence of harm of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in patients with COVID-19. As well, among a total of 18,472 patients tested for COVID-19 in the Cleveland Clinic Health System in Ohio and Florida between March 8 and April 12, 2020, there was no association of use of ACEIs and ARBs with testing positive A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 3 for COVID-19, 9 which suggests that taking these agents did not increase susceptibility to infection by the novel virus RAS-CoV-2. Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1093/ajh/hpaa077 id = cord-308431-l4sv28hj author = Schindler, Seth title = Covid-19, China and the future of global development date = 2020-08-04 keywords = China; World; american; chinese; country; covid-19; development summary = This article lays out the origins and distinctive features of China''s development policies and vision, and argues that in a post-Covid world these may constitute an appealing alternative to the US-led development paradigm for many developing countries. We conclude by outlining three factors which may impact the future of Chinese leadership in the field of global development; a reconciliation of global financial governance and China''s development lending, the outcome of the upcoming American presidential election and domestic discontent within China over the Belt and Road Initiative. A recent global survey confirmed that the vast majority of people around the world think that China''s response to Covid-19 has been far more effective than the United States'' (Wintour, 2020) . The dollar is likely to remain the global reserve currency by default, but as countries grapple with the health impacts and economic fallout from Covid-19, many will turn to China for leadership given the effectiveness of its response. doi = 10.1016/j.resglo.2020.100020 id = cord-031106-h1h5q9qo author = Schivardi, Fabiano title = Identifying the Real Effects of Zombie Lending date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; firm; zombie summary = Second, and more importantly, we argue that the empirical framework commonly applied in the literature to estimate the effects of zombie lending on healthy firms suffers from a serious identification problem that can bias the results toward finding a negative spillover, even when this is not actually the case. We show that this correlation can arise naturally from standard shocks which, by shifting the distribution of firms performance to the left, mechanically increase the share of zombies and reduce the relative performance of healthy firms, absent any spillover. An adverse demand shock in sector j is bound to increase the share of zombies, while negatively affecting the performance of healthy firms operating in the same sector. In particular, we want to know how exogenous changes in Z jt , the share of zombies in sector j at t, affect µ N Z − µ Z through possible spillover effects, such as distortions of competition or lower credit supply to healthy firms. doi = 10.1093/rcfs/cfaa010 id = cord-281551-0aj2zwx8 author = Schlagenhauf, Patricia title = Repurposing antimalarials and other drugs for COVID-19 date = 2020-04-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = A French paper reporting on the use of drug combinations in infected patients highlighted the possibility that hydroxychloroquine is effective in the treatment of COVID-19 patients [4] particularly in combination with azithromycin. For instance, teicoplanin was proposed as a potential treatment in COVID-19 patients and has already shown inhibitory effects on cell entry of Ebola virus, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in the past. However, it has to be acknowledged that in this and other cases, it is a long, expensive and time-consuming way, even if there is an accelerated avenue to expedite promising developments, from in vitro assays indicative of antiviral effects to the initiation steps of safety and efficacy assessments in humans, Finding compounds that can block the entry of the virus into the cell could be an important approach to find potential therapies for COVID-19. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101658 id = cord-294057-fbox3a5q author = Schlegl, Sandra title = Bulimia nervosa in times of the COVID‐19 pandemic—Results from an online survey of former inpatients date = 2020-08-07 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = It was divided into seven parts: (a) Sociodemographic and other information such as age, sex, current self-reported height and weight, occupational situation during the COVID-19 pandemic, and contact history with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that is, current or previous own confirmed infection or infection of others (yes/no answers); (b) Overall impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ED symptoms and general well-being, that is, deterioration of symptomatology and quality of life, adverse effects on therapy, incidence of new symptoms (5-point scale with 1 = strongly agree to 5 = strongly disagree); (c) Worries, for example, regarding infections, relapses, food insecurity, finances, and job (5-point scale with 1 = extremely worried to 5 = not at all worried); (d) General psychopathology and interpersonal conflicts (5-point scale with 1 = significantly worsened to 5 = significantly improved); (e) Specific ED symptoms and behaviours (5-point scale from 1 = significantly worsened/much more to 5 = significantly improved/much less); (f) Health care utilisation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (yes/no answers); (g) Use and helpfulness of strategies as suggested by Fernandez-Aranda et al. doi = 10.1002/erv.2773 id = cord-303453-9nsk6vdi author = Schlosser, Michael title = COVID-19 testing processes and patient protections for resumption of elective surgery date = 2020-07-18 keywords = COVID-19; testing summary = The testing of patients for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been proposed as a mechanism for protecting patients and healthcare workers during the current Despite this, testing of pre-surgical patients, both emergent and elective, has quickly become common practice due to fear of exposure, the desire to reassure patients that areas of the hospital are "COVID-free", and competitive pressures within markets. (6) As elective and non-emergent procedures resume amid COVID-19, providers are challenged with determining the best pre-surgical testing processes to balance safety of patients and healthcare workers with other factors, such as delays to needed procedures and the cost of testing, and frameworks have been proposed for evaluating the changing regulatory guidelines and societal pressures. The two testing processes consisted of the following: 1) algorithm-based testing according to risk of exposure (figure 1); 2) expanded testing of all pre-surgical and pre-procedural cases. doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.07.009 id = cord-338571-1pp8v6nk author = Schmidt, Charles W. title = Lack of Handwashing Access: A Widespread Deficiency in the Age of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 1, 2 A new study in Environmental Health Perspectives reports that billions of people lack access to the handwashing resources needed for protection against this and other viruses. 7 For the current study, Brauer''s team set out to estimate how many people in the world have access to handwashing facilities with soap and water. Where observational data were lacking, the team predicted access to handwashing stations based on surveys that documented the presence of piped water. Based on these analyses, the investigators estimated that approximately 2 billion people globally lacked handwashing Should the COVID-19 pandemic coincide with water shortages in such areas, the study authors wrote, "access will be further restricted and will disproportionately harm those who can least afford to pay for water." Hand sanitizers may provide a temporary alternative, and evidence from prior epidemics shows they can slow viral transmission. Global access to handwashing: implications for COVID-19 control in low-income countries doi = 10.1289/ehp7493 id = cord-321149-hffj7s4o author = Schmidt, Matthieu title = Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-08-13 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; ECMO; ICU; patient summary = Methods This retrospective cohort study was done in the Paris–Sorbonne University Hospital Network, comprising five intensive care units (ICUs) and included patients who received ECMO for COVID-19 associated ARDS. This retrospective study, with 83 patients included and a complete follow-up until day 60 post-ECMO initiation is, to our knowledge, the largest to date reporting the outcomes after rescue ECMO for the most severe forms of COVID-19 ARDS, in the Paris-Sorbonne University Hospital Network (Paris, France), the principal hospital referral network for ICU care in Greater Paris, including one of the largest European ECMO centres (Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital). Following early reports of severe COVID-19 associated coagulopathy [16] [17] [18] and frequent thromboembolic events on ECMO, inclu ding massive pulmonary embolism, 19, 20 we decided to increase the targeted activated partial thromboplastin time for anticoagulation of venovenous ECMO with unfractionated heparin to 60-75 s or anti-Xa activity 0·3-0·5 IU/mL (respective values were 40-55 s or 0·2-0·3 IU/mL in the EOLIA trial 3 ) before we treated our first patients with COVID-19 ARDS. doi = 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30328-3 id = cord-024782-ffl4qtmb author = Schmitt, Willian title = Covid-19: round and oval areas of ground-glass opacity date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-024782-ffl4qtmb authors: Schmitt, Willian; Marchiori, Edson cord_uid: ffl4qtmb The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to express. Patients infected with COVID-19 typically present with fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia, and the infection may cause severe pneumonia. Although test results are normal for many patients, the predominant laboratory abnormalities include the elevation of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Additionally, lymphopenia is consistently present in more than 40% of patients [1-3]. Currently, realtime reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction is the reference standard test for the definitive diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. COVID-19): A Perspective from China Imaging Profile of the COVID-19 Infection: Radiologic Findings and Literature Review A role for CT in COVID-19? Chest Imaging Appearance of COVID-19 Infection CT Imaging Features of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) CT Imaging Features of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Time course of lung changes on chest CT during recovery from 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia CT Features of Coronavirus Disease doi = 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.04.011 id = cord-326971-jekqhslx author = Schnepper, Rebekka title = Being My Own Companion in Times of Social Isolation – A 14-Day Mobile Self-Compassion Intervention Improves Stress Levels and Eating Behavior date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; self summary = In this study, N = 65 participants that wanted to lose weight or develop a healthier eating behavior were randomized to either a 14-day self-compassion intervention arm or a waitlist control arm. Before and after the intervention phase, questionnaires on self-compassion, eating, dieting, health behavior, stress, and emotion regulation were completed and body weight was determined. Future studies should replicate these findings outside of the COVID-19 crisis and test the effect of self-compassion in samples with eating disorders or weight problems. Although a review showed beneficial effects of SC on eating behavior, body image, and weight loss (Rahimi-Ardabili et al., 2018) , previous studies suffered from several limitations like failing to include a control group (Pinto-Gouveia et al., 2019) , combining SC with other helpful components like mindfulness, yoga, and psychoeducation, or only assessing short-term effects. In this study, participant who wanted to lose weight or change their eating behavior received a 2-week, smartphonebased self-compassion intervention. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.595806 id = cord-294789-07hto8qn author = Schoch-Spana, Monica title = The public’s role in COVID-19 vaccination: human-centered recommendations to enhance pandemic vaccine awareness, access, and acceptance in the United States date = 2020-10-29 keywords = COVID-19; Health; SARS; public; vaccination; vaccine summary = Members of the working group-listed as authors on this paper-included national figures in public health and social science with research, policy, and practice expertise in vaccinology, vaccine hesitancy/confidence, health disparities, infectious disease, bioethics, epidemiology, bioinformatics, public health law, pandemic mitigation, public health preparedness, mass vaccination campaigns, community engagement, and crisis and emergency risk communication. A combination of literature reviews on vaccination, pandemic planning, and health crisis communication; an assessment of current news and social media trends regarding COVID-19 vaccines; and key informant interviews with each working group member focusing on their respective expertise formed the basis of the research presented in this article. To ensure a successful COVID-19 vaccination campaign, it is necessary for sponsors to invest in time-critical investigations on human factors related to vaccine acceptance, and for public health authorities and other stakeholders to act on the social and behavioral findings of this research. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.059 id = cord-293990-h2o3v5gp author = Schoenbrunner, Anna title = Considerations for Pediatric Craniofacial Surgeons During the COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-05-11 keywords = Tier; covid-19 summary = One week later, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) issued a statement that ''''all elective, nonessential medical, surgical, and dental procedures be delayed'''' during the COVID-19 outbreak to minimize spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and preserve personal protective equipment (PPE). 1 The CMS recommendations created a tiered framework to guide surgeons and healthcare systems in their determination of which procedures are elective based on acuity, risk of progression, and symptomatology. As of this time, the only state to mention consideration of patient age is Arizona, which recommends surgeons ''''consider the health and age of the patient.'''' 2 The pediatric population has been largely spared during the COVID-19 outbreak, with incidence of COVID-19 infection of less than 1% in children under 10 years of age and less than 2% in children under 19 years of age. Primary cleft lip and palate repair is a low acuity surgery performed in a healthy patient, making this a Tier 1a procedure; CMS recommends these surgeries be postponed. doi = 10.1097/scs.0000000000006565 id = cord-253908-zgk5d4c1 author = Schrack, Jennifer A title = After the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Next Wave of Health Challenges for Older Adults date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Although this is an encouraging and necessary step, not all older patients may be amenable to telemedicine and providers need to be aware of the potential long-term impacts of the absence M a n u s c r i p t of direct patient contact, as well as the potential for a second wave of chronic health conditions fueled by the current pandemic. In these uncertain times, research on remote monitoring of physical activity, sleep, anxiety/stress levels, nutrition, and access to care may help quantify the potential impact of COVID-19 on chronic health conditions and identify future intervention/treatment targets. Perhaps more importantly, telemedicine and wearable technology can increase our knowledge about the potential side effects of social distancing for older populations, informing future preparedness research and providing a more comprehensive understanding of ways to minimize the effects of future pandemics on long-term health in older adults. doi = 10.1093/gerona/glaa102 id = cord-351305-6vtv2xuh author = Schramm, Markus A. title = COVID-19 in a Severely Immunosuppressed Patient With Life-Threatening Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The current pandemic with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) compels clinicians to develop recommendations for successful clinical management and surveillance of immunocompromised patients at high risk for severe disease progression. With only few case studies published on SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with rheumatic diseases, we report a 25-year-old male who developed moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with fever, mild dyspnea, and no major complications despite having received high-dose prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab for the treatment of highly active, life-threatening eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). Thus, due to severity and refractory disease the previously healthy patient was continuously hospitalized from January to March 2020, receiving intravenous cyclophosphamide (CYCLOPS-protocol, cumulative dose 4.76 g), rituximab (4 × 375 mg/m 2 ), and a long-term, slowly tapered high-dose prednisolone treatment (up to 1 g/day). Long-term coexistence of SARS-CoV-2 with antibody response in COVID-19 patients doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02086 id = cord-312955-gs65c3fy author = Schreiber, Gideon title = The Role of Type I Interferons in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; IFN; SARS; cell; interferon; type summary = Although SARS-CoV-2 inhibits the production of IFNβ and thus obstructs the innate immune response to this virus, it is sensitive to the antiviral activity of externally administrated IFN-Is. In this review I discuss the diverse modes of biological actions of IFN-Is and how these are related to biophysical parameters of IFN-I–receptor interaction and cell-type specificity in light of the large variety of binding affinities of the different IFN-I subtypes towards the common interferon receptor. Thereby, it inhibits the nuclear transport of phosphorylated STAT1, rendering cells refractory to IFN-Is. Another example of viral mechanisms that evolved to eliminate IFN-I functions in inducing innate immunity is given by the SARS corona virus, where both the production of IFNb and the IFN-I induced signaling are attenuated. This gene was found to preferentially cleave the ubiquitin-like modifier interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), FIGURE 4 | SARS-CoV-2 has multiple effects on the immune system, including inhibition of IFNb production, which results in ISGs not to be produced, CD4+ and CD8+ exhaustion and increased levels of pro-inflammatory proteins (TNFa, IL6, NF-kB). doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595739 id = cord-307273-pplky6g4 author = Schrooyen, Loïc title = Homeless people hospitalized with COVID-19 in Brussels date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; homeless summary = To the editor, Compared to the general population, homeless people have higher mortality, both related to communicable and non-communicable diseases, partly explained by higher exposure to risk factors including alcoholism, illicit drug abuse and smoking(1,2). Between 3 rd March and 26 th May 2020, 14 homeless people were identified among 238 patients hospitalized for a COVID-19 pneumonia resulting in a homelessness prevalence of 5.88%. Incidences of COVID-19 among homeless and non-homeless patients were calculated using homeless census report and our hospital catchment population. For the reporting period, incidences were 650 and 194/100.000 hospitalized homeless and non-homeless patients for COVID-19, respectively. We found a high but similar proportion of comorbidities (arterial hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases) in both populations hospitalized with COVID-19. The high prevalence of comorbidities and the increased exposure to risk factors in the homeless population could increase their risk of more severe disease and mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.002 id = cord-270983-2m38duq4 author = Schuivens, Puck M.E. title = Impact of the COVID-19 lock down strategy on vascular surgery practice: more major amputations than usual date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown period on the number and type of vascular procedures performed in the operating theatre. RESULTS: Our study shows that the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant increase in number of major amputations (42% in 2020 vs 18% and 15% in 2019 and 2020 respectively; p-value .019). CONCLUSION: Measurements taken during the lockdown period have a significant effect on non-COVID-19 vascular patient care, which leads to an increased severe morbidity. Our study shows that the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant 46 increase in number of major amputations (42% in 2020 vs 18% and 15% in 2019 and 2020 47 respectively; p-value .019). During the COVID-19 lockdown period, 10 patients underwent surgery for an aortic 156 aneurysm. doi = 10.1016/j.avsg.2020.07.025 id = cord-319615-p2labgd8 author = Schulman, Sam title = Coronavirus Disease 2019, Prothrombotic Factors, and Venous Thromboembolism date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = Several studies have shown that the severely ill patients have high or very high Ddimer values, and a hypercoagulable state has been described with, in some cases, development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). 2, 3 Subsequently, European physicians have reported a higher incidence of thromboembolic events, mainly venous, in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in the intensive care unit (ICU). • Does the hypercoagulability result in a higher incidence of thromboembolism than in other patients with severe infection in the ICU? 6 A meta-analysis of 30 studies and 53,000 patients reported that increased D-dimer was associated with severe COVID-19 infection, with a p-value of < 0.001. At three hospitals in the Netherlands, all patients with COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to the ICU were evaluated for venous and arterial thromboembolic complications. In most of the studies from China, it is not reported whether, and in such cases how many, patients received chemoprophylaxis against venous thromboembolism and at what dose. doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1710337 id = cord-271032-imc6woht author = Schulte-Schrepping, Jonas title = Severe COVID-19 is marked by a dysregulated myeloid cell compartment date = 2020-08-05 keywords = Fig; HLA; PBMC; Table; cell; cluster; covid-19 summary = Given the dramatic changes in various immune cell populations (Fig. 1C+D) , we next 171 assessed their composition and activation state by droplet-based scRNA-seq in 27 samples 172 from 18 COVID-19 patients (8 mild & 10 severe, cohort 1, Table S1 ) collected between day 173 3 and day 20 after symptom onset. All LDNs also expressed high levels of alarmins S100A8 and S100A9 (Fig. 5D) , whereas 343 other S100 genes (e.g. S100A4, S100A12) were strongly induced in selected neutrophil 344 Alterations of the neutrophil compartment were further interrogated by mass cytometry of 362 whole blood samples of COVID-19 patients (n=8 mild + 9 severe, cohort 1), FLI patients 363 (n=8), and age-and gender-matched controls (n=9) (Table S1), using a panel designed to 364 detect myeloid cell maturation and activation states as well as markers of 365 immunosuppression or dysfunction (Table S2) . doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.001 id = cord-347262-q88g1561 author = Schutzer‐Weissmann, J. title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection risk during elective peri‐operative care: a narrative review date = 2020-07-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; respiratory; transmission summary = Whilst none of these were anaesthetists or intensivists, 53/1718 (3.1%) healthcare workers performing or involved in tracheal intubation of patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 subsequently reported laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection [4] . Here, we review the evidence from SARS and contemporaneous data from COVID-19 to inform assessment and management of the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to healthcare workers involved in elective peri-operative care. The WHO list of aerosol-generating procedures is based on epidemiological evidence of transmission to healthcare workers caring for SARS patients [30, [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] . The studies upon which the WHO list of aerosol-generating procedures is based do not provide any direct evidence that tracheal intubation itself increases the risk of SARS transmission. Aerosol Generating Procedures and Risk of Transmission of Acute Respiratory Infections to Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review doi = 10.1111/anae.15221 id = cord-351022-8y43jhmu author = Schwartz, Carmela title = A dynamic response to exposures of healthcare workers to newly diagnosed COVID-19 patients or hospital personnel, in order to minimize cross transmission and need for suspension from work during the outbreak date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; hcw summary = title: A dynamic response to exposures of healthcare workers to newly diagnosed COVID-19 patients or hospital personnel, in order to minimize cross transmission and need for suspension from work during the outbreak Jerusalem and its surroundings is the area with the highest prevalence of COVID-19 patients in Israel (2) .Health care workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of exposure to infected persons (3) , and concern aroused early in the course of the epidemic that a substantial number of HCWs might need to be suspended from work. After two weeks (on March 20), during which over 250 HCWs were sustained from work, the need A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 8 for home isolation was redefined according to the following principles: 1) if the index case was symptomatic at the time of exposure (e.g., fever or chills, respiratory symptoms, loss of smell or taste), all close contacts were sent to home isolation for 14 days following exposure date. doi = 10.1093/ofid/ofaa384 id = cord-328667-r5w09lb6 author = Schwartz, David A title = The Effects of Pregnancy on Women with COVID-19: Maternal and Infant Outcomes date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; woman summary = In contrast, some pregnant women might be asymptomatic or have only mild or nonspecific symptoms from an infectious disease, resulting in their escaping detection as having infection even when the embryo or fetus is severely affected. [9] evaluated for the first time the effects of being pregnant on COVID-19 disease and pneumonia using a case-control experimental design conducted at the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, a 1900-bed tertiary medical center in Wuhan, China. To accomplish this, the authors enrolled two cohorts of pregnant women with COVID-19 and pneumonia -one consisting of 16 pregnant women with pneumonia and rt-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the other with 18 pregnant women with pneumonia who were clinically and radiologically suspected of having COVID-19 but had negative rt-PCR test results. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia: a case-control study doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa559 id = cord-323054-m8hkj1dm author = Schwartz, Rachel title = Addressing Postpandemic Clinician Mental Health: A Narrative Review and Conceptual Framework date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; care; clinician; health summary = In a narrative review of 96 articles addressing clinician mental health in COVID-19 and prior pandemics, 7 themes emerged: 1) the need for resilience and stress reduction training; 2) providing for clinicians'' basic needs (food, drink, adequate rest, quarantine-appropriate housing, transportation, child care, personal protective equipment); 3) the importance of specialized training for pandemic-induced changes in job roles; 4) recognition and clear communication from leadership; 5) acknowledgment of and strategies for addressing moral injury; 6) the need for peer and social support interventions; and 7) normalization and provision of mental health support programs. Seven themes, and associated interventions, emerged from the literature (Figure) : 1) the need for resilience and stress reduction training; 2) providing for clinicians'' basic needs (food, drink, adequate rest, quarantine-appropriate housing, transportation, child care, PPE); 3) the importance of specialized training for pandemic-induced changes in job roles; 4) recognition and clear communication from leadership; 5) acknowledgment of and strategies for addressing moral injury; 6) the need for peer and social support interventions and; 7) normalization and provision of mental health support programs. doi = 10.7326/m20-4199 id = cord-283059-lq0pqmcv author = Schwarzkopf, Ran title = The Response of An Orthopedic Department and Specialty Hospital at the Epicenter of a Pandemic: The NYU Langone Health Experience date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID; NYU summary = As part of a major academic tertiary medical center in New York City, the orthopedic department at New York University (NYU) Langone health has evolved and adapted to meet the challenges of the COVID pandemic. Among the steps taken, the department has reconfigured its staff''s assignments to help both with the institution''s efforts and our patients'' needs, from reassigning operating room nurses to medical COVID floors to having attending surgeons cover urgent care locations. Each surgeon worked with his staff to reach out to their patients that had scheduled surgery dates 155 and discuss the current situation, answer questions and help decrease anxiety. At the graduate medical education (GME) level, NYU initially sought to minimize house staff 165 involvement with COVID patients by creating new non-teaching pulmonology and critical care 166 teams in the hospital. doi = 10.1016/j.arth.2020.04.041 id = cord-331666-iwkuwnun author = Schweitzer, Wolf title = Implications for forensic death investigations from first Swiss post-mortem CT in a case of non-hospital treatment with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; PMCT; SARS; case summary = Comment: With the pandemic impact of SARS-COV-2, a range of issues unfolds, also for medicolegal investigations into deaths, as we report the first Swiss case with post-mortem CT where death had occurred due to a SARS-COV-2 infection, with features of a severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, as an outpatient. Control: Case of a 24 year old woman who had no acute respiratory distress syndrome related findings at all; there was post-mortem hypostasis dorsally at the right lung. While this man''s subjective report apparently did not include dyspnea, even less than a day prior to his death, the pulmonary pathology of this outpatient, as evidenced by PMCT, appears to extend beyond the severity shown in descriptions of currently published SARS-CoV-2-related fatalities, all of which apparently had obtained prior hospital and intensive-care treatment [39] [40] [41] . As post-mortem RT-PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 in a forensic setting may not be available or too slow, PMCT may identify lung changes possibly related to COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.fri.2020.200378 id = cord-012898-1jl6zcwa author = Schäfer, Sarah K. title = Impact of COVID-19 on Public Mental Health and the Buffering Effect of a Sense of Coherence date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; SOC; symptom summary = OBJECTIVE: This prospective study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and to investigate the ability of pre-outbreak SOC levels to predict changes in psychopathological symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Although mental health was stable in most respondents, a small group of respondents characterized by low levels of SOC experienced increased psychopathological symptoms from preto post-outbreak. In the current study, we aimed to examine the number of respondents who experienced a clinically significant change in psychopathological symptom levels from preto post-outbreak assessment or significant levels of CO-VID-19-related traumatic distress. Based on previous studies on COVID-19-related traumatic distress [5, 25] , we expected significant levels of traumatic distress in 10-20% of the sample and stronger stress responses in females, younger respondents, and those reporting a poor sleep quality. In the low-stress group, psychopathological symptoms decreased from pre-to post-outbreak assessment and SOC levels increased. doi = 10.1159/000510752 id = cord-265293-l9omunq4 author = Schönegger, Carmen Maria title = Smell and Taste Disorders in COVID-19 Patients: Objective Testing and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Five Cases date = 2020-10-24 keywords = COVID-19; MRI summary = title: Smell and Taste Disorders in COVID-19 Patients: Objective Testing and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Five Cases Those with objectifiable alteration in taste or smell were subjected to MRI with contrast agent to investigate possible involvement of the central nervous system. We encourage medical professionals to conduct specialized examinations and MRIs in the acute stage of disease, which guarantees an optimum patient care. The study was conducted on five patients reporting impairment of taste and smell with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in East Tyrol. In case objective testing revealed alterations in taste or smell, patients were subjected to MRI in a timely manner. Three weeks after the first olfactory and gustatory examination, a follow-up testing was conducted with the three patients who also had a second MRI. The first MRI images showed slight alterations in one patient, which could be associated with a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Magnetic resonance imaging alteration of the brain in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and anosmia doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00606-4 id = cord-324919-ciamusjs author = Scialo, Filippo title = ACE2: The Major Cell Entry Receptor for SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-11-10 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, hypertension and diabetes have been correlated with higher risk of mortality, and initial reports speculated that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), which are commonly used therapeutic agents for these conditions, would up-regulate ACE2 expression, thus increasing the risk of severe illness [37] . Binding of S1 subunit of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to the ACE2 receptor triggers the cleavage of ACE2 by ADAM17/tumor necrosis factorconverting enzyme (TACE) at the ectodomain sites [41] and a soluble form that retains its catalytic activity (sACE2) is produced [42] . ACE2 shedding can be stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and endotoxin [47] that could result in a positive effect reducing SARS-CoV-2 entry, but at the same time, may cause an increase in AngII and further activation of the AngII/AT1R axis worsening inflammation (discussed below) (Fig. 1) . Tumor necrosis factor-alpha convertase (ADAM17) mediates regulated ectodomain shedding of the severe-acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) doi = 10.1007/s00408-020-00408-4 id = cord-317500-ufo2qgj4 author = Scialpi, Michele title = Pulmonary thromboembolism in criticall ill COVID-19 patients date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Dear Editor, the outbreak of novel Coronavirus disease 2019 in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province of China, has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 21 st , and has since then forced the scientific community to consider two fundamental aspects: first off, SARS-CoV-2 does not only cause pneumonia and second, the death of many critical ill patients is caused by multiple organ failure (involving the heart, liver, kidneys, blood and immune system). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China Acute pulmonary embolism and COVID-19 pneumonia: a random association? COVID-19 Complicated by Acute Pulmonary Embolism Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging Findings of Acute Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Patients Management strategy of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in the radiology department: a Chinese experience The Authors declare no conflicts of interest associated for the manuscript entiltled "Pulmonary thromboembolism in criticall ill COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.056 id = cord-346461-eqyte6ko author = Scialpi, Michele title = Pneumonia misinterpretation in COVID-19: revisitation and update date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In patients who died from COVID-19, autopsy studies revealed pneumonia from 0 to 48% of cases (17) (18) (19) . Finally, the histopathological findings in the lung of patients who died of COVID-19 are similar to those described in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (22,23), suggesting similarities in the pathogenesis and the mechanisms of lung tissue damage. The Author does not declare any conflict of interest associated for the manuscript entiltled "Pneumonia misinterpretation in COVID-19: revisitation and update". Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan Early clinical and CT manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia CT manifestations of two cases of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia The clinical and chest CT features associated with severe and critical COVID-19 pneumonia Emerging 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia Temporal changes of CT findings in 90 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a longitudinal study doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.067 id = cord-034660-g28qmyh8 author = Sciamanna, Christopher title = Using Persuasion Science to Improve COVID-19 Contact Tracing date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Since its first call with a COVID-19 patient ("case") on March 27, the Contact Tracing program at Penn State Health, previously described in this journal 1 , has completed calls with 87% of all cases. In New York City, only 42% of people with COVID-19 gave information about close contacts to tracers 3 , whereas Penn State Health''s success rate in this regard is 62.5% since its inception. Hi, this is _____ calling from Penn State Health (Designed to incorporate the tactics of conveying expertise and trustworthiness of a health care provider and University, on the one hand, which increases a communicator''s influence and enhancing feelings of unity of place, on the other, which increases survey participation 4 ). We would also like to talk to you about your own quarantining measures and ways that we may be able to help (Designed to incorporate the tactic of reciprocity, in which people feel obligated to help to those who seek to help them and their close others 8 ). doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.11.004 id = cord-316943-ef3i96bo author = Sciberras, Justine title = The burden of type 2 diabetes pre-and during the COVID-19 pandemic – a review date = 2020-10-19 keywords = Health; T2DM; covid-19; diabetes; type summary = Whilst people with diabetes are more susceptible to COVID-19, enforcing lockdown regulations set by the Public Health department to reduce risk of infection brought about its own challenges to T2DM management. The pathophysiology and the underlying risk factors have long been established, yet the incidence of diabetes is still on a progressive incline [7] The 2019 coronavirus SARS-COV2 pandemic has further increased the burden on the diabetes population, those at risk of dyglcyaemic changes as well as the healthcare services [8] . Additionally, reports from the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention stated that patients with diabetes and metabolic syndrome might be 10 times more likely to die due to COVID-19 [20] . Factors leading to high morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 in patients with type 2 diabetes Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? doi = 10.1007/s40200-020-00656-4 id = cord-269090-o93gxlzx author = Sciortino, Rosalia title = Towards A Comprehensive Narrative and Response to COVID-19 in Southeast Asia date = 2020-09-01 keywords = Asia; COVID-19; Southeast; social summary = The dominant narrative of the COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia barely gives attention to the many social and cultural dimensions of the crisis, and humanities and social science experts remain at the margins of containment decisions. It argues that we can help broaden the current epidemiological approach to understand and impact on the social drivers of vulnerability and risk for diverse populations in specific contexts, while promoting transformative change. Based on our disciplinary core principles and what has been learned from other epidemics, foremost HIV, we can help shift a purely epidemiological approach to addressing the social drivers of vulnerability and risk for diverse populations in specific social contexts, and build agency of these groups while promoting social transformative change. doi = 10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100058 id = cord-310288-onr700ue author = Sciubba, Daniel M. title = Scoring system to triage patients for spine surgery in the setting of limited resources: Application to the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; case; system summary = title: Scoring system to triage patients for spine surgery in the setting of limited resources: Application to the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond Methods Using a modified Delphi technique, a cohort of 16 fellowship-trained spine surgeons from 10 academic medical centers constructed a scoring system for the triage and prioritization of emergent and elective spine surgeries. Results The devised scoring system included 8 independent components: neurological status, underlying spine stability, presentation of a high-risk post-operative complication, patient medical comorbidities, expected hospital course, expected discharge disposition, facility resource limitations, and local disease burden. Conclusion Here we present the first quantitative urgency scoring system for the triage and prioritizing of spine surgery cases in resource-limited settings. The devised scoring system included 8 independent components: neurological status, underlying 19 spine stability, presentation of a high-risk post-operative complication, patient medical 20 comorbidities, expected hospital course, expected discharge disposition, facility resource 21 limitations, and local disease burden. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.233 id = cord-314829-tmgmqtjq author = Scohy, Anaïs title = Low performance of rapid antigen detection test as frontline testing for COVID-19 diagnosis date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; Respi summary = title: Low performance of rapid antigen detection test as frontline testing for COVID-19 diagnosis Recently, several easy to perform rapid antigen detection tests were developed and recommended in some countries as the first line of diagnostic. We performed a comparison study by testing nasopharyngeal samples with RT-qPCR and antigen rapid test. Amongst the 106 positive RT-qPCR samples, 32 were detected by the rapid antigen test, given an overall sensitivity of 30.2%. All the samples detected positive with the antigen rapid tests were also positive with RT-qPCR. The aim of this study was to assess the performances of COVID-19 Ag Respi-Strip as a frontline testing in comparison to molecular technique. In the ongoing pandemic context of COVID-19, diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2 is crucial in order to limit the spread of the virus as well as appropriately manage infected patients. doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104455 id = cord-345762-khvcoqti author = Scott, Ian A. title = COVID‐19 pandemic and the tension between the need to act and the need to know date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; patient; trial summary = The false promise of rushed science A pandemic as serious as COVID-19 will compel some clinicians and patients to try unproven therapies based on theory, in vitro data, animal models, clinical anecdotes, observational studies and uncontrolled trials that may later be shown to be misleading. Hopefully, the same problems will not occur with remdesivir, whichdespite limited and conflicting evidence of clinical improvement from only two placebo-controlled RCT 19, 20 and one non-controlled cohort study 5has now become a ''standard of care'' in the United States for COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia. Separating out these effects, and determining which drugs to use and when (early in the disease course or only at deterioration), will likely require large-scale trials with multiple treatment arms that are sufficiently powered to enable analyses of primary and, where indicated, secondary outcomes across different patient subgroups. doi = 10.1111/imj.14929 id = cord-341948-9w8od50e author = Scott, Michael title = Rare encounter: hydrocoele of canal of Nuck in a Scottish rural hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; Nuck; canal summary = title: Rare encounter: hydrocoele of canal of Nuck in a Scottish rural hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic We report the case of a 32-year-old woman who presented with reducible indirect inguinal hernia and a challenging constellation of symptoms, signs and radiographic findings. We report the case of a 32-year-old woman who presented with reducible indirect inguinal hernia and a challenging constellation of symptoms, signs and radiographic findings. We aim to provide insights into surgical patient management for a rare entity during the COVID-19 outbreak, from the unique perspective of a small rural hospital in Scotland. We aim to provide insights into surgical patient management for a rare entity during the COVID-19 outbreak, from the unique perspective of a small rural hospital in Scotland. Surgery simultaneously forms the definitive management of hydrocoele of canal of Nuck as well as providing an intraoperative, revised diagnosis. ► Radiology and ultrasonography findings distinguish hydrocoele of canal of Nuck from inguinal hernias. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-237169 id = cord-032239-uoy0ywvw author = Scotto di Uccio, Fortunato title = ANMCO POSITION PAPER: Network Organization for the Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients during the Emergency COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; STEMI summary = In a patient presenting with ST elevation (STEMI) myocardial infarction or STEMI-like, if positive to COVID-19, the reperfusion therapeutic strategy depends on the local organization and on the possibility to access without delay a PCI COVID Center, on the basis, obviously, of the risk/benefit assessment of the individual case. In a patient presenting with ST elevation (STEMI) myocardial infarction or STEMI-like, if positive to COVID-19, the reperfusion therapeutic strategy depends on the local organization and on the possibility to access without delay a PCI COVID Center, on the basis, obviously, of the risk/benefit assessment of the individual case. 16, 17 In a patient presenting with ST-elevation (STEMI) myocardial infarction or ''STEMI-like'', if positive to COVID-19, the reperfusion therapeutic strategy depends on the local organization and on the possibility to access without delay a Coronary Angioplasty (PCI) COVID Center, on the basis, obviously, of the risk/benefit assessment of the individual case. doi = 10.1093/eurheartj/suaa111 id = cord-275979-cx2h5bsw author = Scutelnic, Adrian title = Vascular Events, Vascular Disease and Vascular Risk Factors—Strongly Intertwined with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-08 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient; risk summary = According to the INTERSTROKE study, the 10 most frequent modifiable vascular risk factors are arterial hypertension, physical inactivity, overweight, dyslipidaemia, smoking, unhealthy diet, cardiac pathologies, diabetes mellitus, stress/depression and overconsumption of alcohol. Also, a higher rate of infection with COVID-19, severe COVID-19 and bad outcome has been demonstrated in patients with pre-existing vascular disease and vascular risk factors. A higher rate of infection with COVID-19, severe COVID-19, and worse outcome has been demonstrated in patients with pre-existing vascular disease and risk factors, compared with young and healthy persons [1, 6, 8-11, 28, 29] . Several potential mechanisms increasing this risk of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus have been proposed: (1) higher affinity of cellular binding of SARS-CoV-2 and higher levels of circulating furin facilitating virus entry, (2) increased ACE2 expression in the lungs, (3) decreased viral clearance, (4) diminished T cell function, (5) increased susceptibility to inflammation and cytokine storm syndrome and (6) co-existence of vascular disease and risk factors [5] . doi = 10.1007/s11940-020-00648-y id = cord-301852-9nza3po0 author = Sears, David title = Occupational Health: A Key to the Control of COVID-19 in Correctional Facilities date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 has swept through prisons in much the same way it has nursing homes: after being introduced by staff or newly arrived residents, it spreads efficiently, including to many with medical vulnerabilities. The authors believe that ensuring community-standard occupational health for correctional staff during COVID-19 will protect prison residents, staff, and their communities. As COVID-19 transmission continues unabated in these settings, protecting the health and safety of correctional workers is a moral imperative and an underappreciated requirement to mitigate the pandemic''s effect on incarcerated persons and surrounding communities. Although occupational health interventions should focus primarily on correctional officers given their numbers and close, sustained contact with incarcerated persons, interventions should be adapted to reduce risk for infection for all staff. To protect correctional staff and ensure that community standards of care are afforded to incarcerated populations during the COVID-19 pandemic, prisons must: Ensuring community-standard occupational health for correctional staff during COVID-19 will protect us all. doi = 10.7326/m20-4543 id = cord-284234-9cd2v6bt author = Sebastian, S title = Safety of drugs during previous and current coronavirus pandemics: Lessons for IBD date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; IBD; MERS; SARS summary = Understandable concerns have been raised on the safety of steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and biologics used in patients for a variety of indications including immune mediated inflammatory disease such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which do increase the risk of opportunistic bacterial, viral and fungal infections (5) . Therefore, continuing concerns remain both from IBD patients and the A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t clinicians managing them, regarding the potential of IBD related drugs causing more frequent infections by SARS-CoV2, and increased risk of severe complications from COVID-19 (13) . Corticosteroids are thought to have a divergent effect on viral infections including SARS COV viruses; on one hand they inhibit host immune response acting on migration and chemokines production leading to impaired viral clearance and the resultant prolonged Moreover, a prospective, randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial compared early hydrocortisone treatment (before day seven of the illness) with a placebo and found that early hydrocortisone therapy was associated with a higher subsequent plasma viral load (61) . doi = 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa120 id = cord-260693-8mfuwx8l author = Seelig, Frederik title = The COVID-19 pandemic should not derail global vector control efforts date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; control summary = However, a similar approach should also be adopted for the control of arboviral diseases of global importance, including dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever, as recommended by the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) in their interim guidance on control of Aedes aegypti mosquitos during the COVID-19 pandemic [2] . The combined impact of both COVID-19 and epidemics of dengue or other vector-borne diseases (VBDs) could have potentially devastating consequences [6] . • Continue the implementation of the WHO''s global vector control response 2017-2030 (GVCR) strategy and regional policies for vector control [7, 8] , with respect to inter-and intrasectoral collaboration, engagement and mobilisation of communities, and scaling up of vector control if required, according to the implementation plan of vector control activities, while adapting activities as necessary to prevent further spread of COVID-19, in particular vector surveillance, which may need to be scaled down [9, 10] . It is vital that the COVID-19 response does not increase VBD threats in these communities by derailing global vector control efforts. doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008606 id = cord-297565-m6wnj83d author = Seese, Laura title = Programmatic Responses to the Coronavirus Pandemic: A Survey of 502 Cardiac Surgeons date = 2020-04-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = In response, there have been systems-based changes within US cardiac surgical programs in efforts to enhance containment measures and to preserve essential resources needed to treat an influx of COVID-19 patients. The World Health Organization identified COVID-19 as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020 and within days, many cardiac surgical programs made drastic changes to their clinical practices with reductions in surgical volume due to delayed elective cases, reassignment of providers to intensive care settings outside their usual scope of practice, and the integration of virtual clinics for patient evaluation (1) . In conclusion, this survey of 502 cardiac surgeons demonstrates major changes in practice as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lessons from the early US cardiac surgery response to COVID-19 that can be extrapolated to future pandemics include the importance of involving cardiac surgeons in policy decisions regarding cardiovascular patients, the need for enhanced communication between hospital leadership and service lines as well as improved access to PPE for all providers. doi = 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.04.014 id = cord-309418-dx6e0lri author = Segalés, Joaquim title = Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a cat owned by a COVID-19−affected patient in Spain date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = Several models for SARS-CoV-2 infection have been so far developed in animals, including Egyptian fruit bat, ferret, golden Syrian hamster, cat, humanized angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transgenic mice (hACE2 mice), and some nonhuman primate species (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) . The clinical condition was finally attributed to a feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but the animal was also infected by SARS-CoV-2. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in several samples of C1, all of them with Ct values over 30 (low viral load), and presence of antibodies (neutralizing and nonneutralizing) in both C1 and C2, indicated both animals suffered from a productive viral infection, probably linked to the exposure of the cats to COVID-19−affected owners. These experimental results, together with the few reports on SARS-CoV-2 detection in domestic cats and wild felids, indicate that felines are susceptible to infection by the novel coronavirus. doi = 10.1073/pnas.2010817117 id = cord-312178-tojgojjf author = Segars, James title = Prior and Novel Coronaviruses, COVID-19, and Human Reproduction: What Is Known? date = 2020-04-16 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; Coronavirus; MERS; SARS summary = Evidence suggests that COVID-19 infection has a lower maternal case fatality rate than SARS or MERS, but anecdotal reports suggest that infected, asymptomatic women may develop respiratory symptoms postpartum. The rapid spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) across the globe. The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads rapidly, with 2-3 people infected from every index case, a reproduction number (R 0 ) or transmission rate of 2.24 -3.58 (2) . The aim of this review is to summarize what is currently known about the impact of prior coronaviruses and the novel SARS-CoV-2 infection on reproduction and pregnancy. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: Report of two cases & review of the literature An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women with COVID-19, Their Newborn Infants, and Maternal-Fetal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes doi = 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.025 id = cord-295794-glcg36si author = Seghers, Victor J. title = After the initial COVID-19 surge: a phased radiology departmental re-opening plan date = 2020-08-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; radiology summary = Social distancing, stay home/work safe orders, protective measures for vulnerable individuals (e.g., immunocompromised patients), masking protocols, visitation policies, testing and many more measures resulted in an accelerated but necessary ramping down of elective hospital services [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . While the radiologist-in-chief also participates in daily meetings with other clinical service chiefs and executive leadership for the hospital, the radiologist-in-chief is an integral member of the systemwide "Phased Recovery and Redesign Team" as well, which includes team captains for infection control, surgery, anesthesia, emergency and urgent care centers, radiology, pathology, ambulatory medicine, specialty care centers, e-health, revenue cycle and billing, and marketing and public relations. This can include patient-directed online scheduling and expanded access to imaging, offering same-day service with hours and locations adapted to the patient and family lifestyle; improved use of virtual dashboards to more easily track various metrics including MR efficiency, sedation utilization, and length of patient stay in the imaging department; and investment in Table 2 Radiology: the opportunity to re-design operations post COVID-19 doi = 10.1007/s00247-020-04792-0 id = cord-322417-9e95m4kz author = Segovia-Juarez, Jose title = High altitude reduces infection rate of COVID-19 but not case-fatality rate date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = authors: Segovia-Juarez, Jose; Castagnetto, Jesús M.; Gonzales, Gustavo F. title: High altitude reduces infection rate of COVID-19 but not case-fatality rate It is suggested that life at high altitude may reduce COVID infections and case-fatality rates (cases/deaths). A recent paper with data as of April 7th from the Tibet, Bolivia and Ecuador suggests that high-altitude (HA) may provide protection from pathogenesis of SAR-CoV-2 infection (Arias-Reyes et al, 2020). The current study has been designed to determine COVID-19 cases, deaths by COVID-19 and case-fatality rates in Peru in an altitude range from 3 to 4,342 meters above sea level. The sex ratio (male/female) for positive cases of COVID-19 is maintained at any altitude of residence ( Figure 1D ). Another important finding from our study is that the cumulative case-fatality rate (cumulative deaths/cumulative positive cases) by COVID-19 does not appear to change with altitude of residence ( Figure 3 ). doi = 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103494 id = cord-035327-p2c6q1zj author = Segura de la Cal, Teresa title = Unexpected Favourable Course of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Patients date = 2020-11-11 keywords = COVID-19; CTEPH summary = 1, 2 The clinical picture of the new coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) varies greatly, ranging from asymptomatic cases to a severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) responsible for most COVID-19 fatalities. We considered four main physiopathological pathways potentially involved in this paradoxical behaviour: (1) reduced viral entrance to the pulmonary endothelium, (2) weakened ability to mount a severe inflammatory response, (2) dysregulation of pulmonary vasoactivity and (4) chronic anticoagulation to offset SARS-CoV-2 induced coagulopathy. Respiratory pathophysiology of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19: a cohort study Prone positioning improves oxygenation in spontaneously breathing nonintubated patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: a retrospective study Is the prone position helpful during spontaneous breathing in patients with cOVID-19? Use of prone positioning in nonintubated patients with COVID-19 and hypoxemic acute respiratory failure Respiratory parameters in patients with COVID-19 after using noninvasive ventilation in the prone position outside the intensive care unit doi = 10.1016/j.arbr.2020.06.012 id = cord-308075-1ftswsm8 author = Segura, Patricia Sanz title = Involvement of the digestive system in COVID-19. A review date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; gastrointestinal; patient summary = 4 Recent studies have indicated detection of SARS-CoV-2 by PCR in the faeces of infected patients, with a higher prevalence in those with gastrointestinal symptoms, in particular diarrhoea. Moreover, the cohort studies that have analysed the course of COVID-19 in patients with viral hepatitis (hepatitis B) 41 and those that have assessed the impact of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on the disease due to the novel coronavirus, especially in the absence of obesity, have concluded that there is a higher risk of developing a serious form of pneumonia and having more prolonged hospital stays, 42 although the available data in this regard remain insufficient. doi = 10.1016/j.gastre.2020.06.004 id = cord-316579-p6pz14eo author = Seheult, Jansen N. title = Fibrinolysis Shutdown and Thrombosis in Severe SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Fibrinolysis Shutdown and Thrombosis in Severe SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Q1 Q3 Jansen N Seheult, Anupamaa Seshadri, Matthew D Neal Pittsburgh, PA The coagulopathy associated with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has emerged as a key driver of morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with severe disease. The markedly elevated D-dimer concentrations described in cases of severe COVID-19 is strongly suggestive of plasmin-mediated hyperfibrinolysis, which appears to be inconsistent with the finding of fibrinolysis shutdown on TEG. 10 In the setting of fibrinolysis shutdown observed in viscoelastic tests in patients with severe COVID-19, the source of the (often markedly) elevated D-dimer levels remains unclear. 13 Future research should profile the changes in activators and inhibitors of fibrinolysis, including tPA, PAI-1, and plasmin-antiplasmin complex levels over time, to further characterize the dynamic process of fibrinolysis in COVID-19, and should also study the role of neutrophil and monocyte activation in promoting thrombosis and altering fibrinolysis in patients with severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.05.021 id = cord-256226-hzgvioq6 author = Sehgal, Vishal title = Sex, Sleep, Steroids, and Lifestyle: Unraveling the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Conundrum date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; inflammation summary = [6] Obesity being a state of chronic inflammation has been known to induce the alteration of the immune system with proinflammatory M1 macrophages being activated and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages being suppressed. [7] Aging of the immune system is accompanied by a proinflammatory state with a marked increase in cytokines, namely IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). [12] In fact, individuals with any proinflammatory state would potentially be at risk for COVID-19 related complications. The proinflammatory state may be related to hypothyroidism, [13] hyperthyroidism, [14] or any common chronic autoimmune pathology like rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, or gout. [20] A metanalysis of 20 randomized controlled trials reported that mindfulness meditation is associated with reduced inflammation as shown by reduced CRP, improved CD4+ T-cell count, and increased telomerase activity. The anti-inflammatory monoclonal antibodies work by predominantly limiting the proinflammatory state and potentially reducing the cytokine storm, which could be fatal. doi = 10.2478/jtim-2020-0021 id = cord-301276-eer1l8vg author = Sehrawat, Sharvan title = Opinion: Does the hygiene hypothesis apply to COVID-19 susceptibility? date = 2020-07-09 keywords = covid-19; infection summary = In this commentary we argue that the hygiene hypothesis may apply to COVID-19 susceptibility and also that residence in low hygienic conditions acts to train innate immune defenses to minimize the severity of infection. In this commentary we argue that the hygiene hypothesis may apply to susceptibility and also that residence in low hygienic conditions acts to train innate immune defenses to minimize the severity of infection. We advocate that approaches, which elevate innate immune functions, should be used to minimize the consequences of COVID-19 infection at least until effective vaccines and antiviral therapies are developed. We advocate that approaches, which elevate innate immune functions, should be used to minimize the consequences of COVID-19 infection at least until effective vaccines and antiviral therapies are developed. The hygiene hypothesis has satisfactorily explained the increased frequency of some disease syndromes, but could it also explain why some individuals are more susceptible to the severe consequences of COVID-19 infection than are others? doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.07.002 id = cord-353373-zhkqnu0w author = Seidu, Samuel title = The impact of obesity on severe disease and mortality in people with SARS‐CoV‐2: A systematic review and meta‐analysis date = 2020-08-14 keywords = BMI; COVID-19; SARS summary = BACKGROUND: Obesity accompanied by excess ectopic fat storage has been postulated as a risk factor for severe disease in people with SARS‐CoV‐2 through the stimulation of inflammation, functional immunologic deficit and a pro‐thrombotic disseminated intravascular coagulation with associated high rates of venous thromboembolism. METHODS: Observational studies in COVID‐19 patients reporting data on raised body mass index at admission and associated clinical outcomes were identified from MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library up to 16 May 2020. 2 Recent studies have increasingly described obesity as an associating factor for people at an increased risk of severe disease. 15 In order to attempt to quantify the relationship between raised body weight and severe outcomes from COVID-19, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether people with overweight or obesity and with SARS-CoV-2 have different outcomes compared to those within normal weight thresholds. doi = 10.1002/edm2.176 id = cord-329900-lq91rb8c author = Seiffert, Moritz title = Temporal trends in the presentation of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular emergencies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: an analysis of health insurance claims date = 2020-08-04 keywords = Germany; January; covid summary = CONCLUSIONS: Admission rates for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular emergencies declined during the pandemic in Germany, while patients'' comorbidities and treatment allocations remained unchanged. n.s. The percentage of patients admitted for cardiovascular or cerebrovascular emergencies, who underwent interventional or open-surgical procedures during the hospital stay, were similar between pre-COVID and COVID periods for STEMI (84.7-86.3%), NSTEMI (58.0-60.5%), acute limb ischemia (81.9-82.8%), aortic rupture (51.5-56.7%), stroke (18.4-19.1%), and TIA (2.1-2.2%) (Fig. 2 and Table 1 ). This analysis of a large dataset of routinely collected health insurance claims demonstrated a marked decrease in hospital admission rates for several cardiovascular and cerebrovascular emergencies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. In this large-scale retrospective analysis of health insurance claims, we observed a marked decrease of in-hospital admission rates for acute cardiovascular and cerebrovascular emergencies including myocardial infarction, acute limb ischemia, stroke, and transient ischemic attack during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. doi = 10.1007/s00392-020-01723-9 id = cord-273897-hkt322bt author = Seijts, Gerard title = The Myriad Ways in Which COVID-19 Revealed Character date = 2020-05-14 keywords = Canada; Trump; character; covid-19; leader summary = As Crossan and her colleagues articulated in their research and outreach, truly great leaders demonstrate strength in each of the character dimensions and, coupled with excellent judgment, are able to call upon and deploy the character dimensions to suit any particular situation: (1) transcendence to visualize the needed end state and to remain optimistic while journeying the often long and difficult road to get there; (2) integrity to recognize what needs to be done and to report candidly on the progress to those directly and indirectly impacted by the measures; (3) drive to deliver results despite obstacles, setbacks, and criticism; (4) courage to make tough and often unpopular decisions; (5) humanity to do what needs to be done, all the while caring about and taking steps to assist the many people affected; (6) justice to recognize and issue the support needed by individuals and/or organizations to help mitigate the negative consequences born of a situation outside of their control; (7) humility to learn and actively seek the best practices to lead teams, organizations, communities, cities, and nations through the crisis; (8) temperance to show calm and restraint even under the most dire of situations, especially as emotions, like a virus, tend to be contagious; (9) accountability to the various stakeholders and bearing responsibility for decisions and the subsequent consequences; (10) collaboration with a very large and diverse group of parties to achieve the desired outcome; and, finally, (11) judgment, to bring all these dimensions together into an effective, efficient, and principled process to work through the crisis. doi = 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2020.100765 id = cord-281209-gm3aaofn author = Seiler, Pascal title = Weighting bias and inflation in the time of COVID-19: evidence from Swiss transaction data date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID; CPI; inflation summary = Using public data from debit card transactions, I quantify these changes in consumer spending, update CPI basket weights and construct an alternative price index to measure the effect of the COVID-induced weighting bias on the Swiss consumer price index. The CPI is compiled on the basis of expenditure weights that are kept constant within a given year, reflecting the purpose of the index to measure changes in prices only without accounting for adjustments in consumption patterns. For this purpose, I use high-frequency estimates of spending based on transactional data to update CPI basket weights and compute an alternative price index based on such "COVID weights. In Section 2, I describe how I measure changes in consumer spending, update CPI weights, and construct the alternative COVID price index. doi = 10.1186/s41937-020-00057-7 id = cord-279056-mmcoqtb5 author = Seirafianpour, Farnoosh title = Cutaneous manifestations and considerations in COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; cutaneous; patient; skin summary = BACKGROUND: COVID‐19 had a great impact on medical approaches among dermatologist OBJECTIVE: This systematic review focuses on all skin problems related to COVID‐19, including primary and secondary COVID‐related cutaneous presentations and the experts recommendations about dermatological managements especially immunomodulators usage issues METHOD: Search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, Embase and ScienceDirect. Totally 5 article were about skin drug reactions of COVID-19 treatments; two of them were original studies as case reports that were summarized in Table 7 (in the supplement file). In overall, non-infected non-at risk patients with immune-medicated dermatologic disorders under usage of immunosuppressive immunomodulator drugs like biologic agents are not needed to be alter regimen or discontine the therapies during pandemic, even these drugs may control the deteriorating cytokine storms also prevented disease flare-ups which both were associated with poorer outcomes and more complications in COVID-19 course, although strict adherence to quarantine and personal-social preventive hygiene performances are highly recommended especially in these groups of patients. doi = 10.1111/dth.13986 id = cord-302667-ei151qpd author = Sekar, Raghul title = Challenges Faced by an Otolaryngology Resident During Covid-19 Pandemic: An Indian Perspective date = 2020-09-01 keywords = covid; patient summary = title: Challenges Faced by an Otolaryngology Resident During Covid-19 Pandemic: An Indian Perspective SARS-CoV-2 virus causing COVID-19 disease has brought tremendous strain on health care sectors around the world. Being a respiratory disease, COVID-19 has tremendous implications on the otolaryngology residency. Otolaryngology residents are dealing with great apprehension of getting infected while working with both COVID-19 and non-COVID patients. Outpatient and Inpatient care, elective and emergency surgeries which are a crucial part of the residency training have taken a back seat. This article enumerates the challenges faced by an otolaryngology resident during COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary care hospital in India. COVID-19 being primarily a respiratory disease, has tremendous implications in otolaryngology training and patient care. Surgical procedures in otolaryngology are associated with high risk of virus transmission due to the following reasons a. Otolaryngology residents have a high risk of contracting the disease during the continuing pandemic that has no sight in end. doi = 10.1007/s12070-020-02096-1 id = cord-256008-lwki1rzc author = Sekeroglu, Boran title = Detection of COVID-19 from Chest X-Ray Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks date = 2020-09-18 keywords = AUC; COVID-19; Pneumonia; ROC summary = When the images fed ConvNets directly (Experiments 11-17), we observed that the increment of the convolutional layer number of ConvNets reduces the scores obtained by the neural network up to 4%, similar to COVID-19/Normal results. Similar results were obtained in the experiments, and nB produced the highest mean ROC AUC, mean sensitivity, and mean accuracy scores (88.92, 80.00, and 96.96%, respectively) for statistical measurement experiments of COVID-19/Pneumonia classification. Inception-V3 produced higher results than other pre-trained networks; however, the highest mean ROC AUC score in transfer learning experiments was obtained by DenseNet121 (96.48%). In COVID-19/Normal classification, the highest mean specificity (when the 100.0% scores of pre-trained networks are not considered because of not learning another class) and the highest mean accuracy results were obtained in Exp.14 (99.78 and 99.11%, respectively), which consisted of the deepest architecture in ConvNet experiments ( Table 4 ). doi = 10.1177/2472630320958376 id = cord-343985-0p2j5hzc author = Self-Brown, Shannon title = The Impact of COVID-19 on the Delivery of an Evidence-Based Child Maltreatment Prevention Program: Understanding the Perspectives of SafeCare® Providers date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19; Providers; SafeCare; child; delivery summary = The goals of these programs, whether delivered in child protection or prevention service settings, is to promote childhood health, safety, and development and improve parenting skills and responsible parenting among mothers and fathers, which correspond with decreases in maltreatment risk (Howard and Brooks-Gunn 2009; Supplee and Adirim 2012) . Thus, this study has two research aims: 1) examine active SafeCare Providers'' opinions on the feasibility and effectiveness of SafeCare via virtual delivery, and 2) better understand workforce concerns for human service professionals within the context of COVID-19 mitigation efforts. This study is the first to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the delivery of an evidence-based child maltreatment home visiting program that has transitioned to virtual delivery, as well as the impact of COVID-19 on the workforce responsible for delivering these programs. Given the risks impacting our world''s most vulnerable families during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative to ensure effective and sustainable delivery of evidence-based programs that can reduce maltreatment risk for young children. doi = 10.1007/s10896-020-00217-6 id = cord-326843-ehw4x5vv author = Sellal, François title = Manifestations neurologiques dans la pandémie de Covid-19 date = 2020-08-14 keywords = Covid-19; des summary = Résumé La Covid-19 peut comporter des troubles neurologiques qui se partagent en 5 grands groupes : Des encéphalopathies, souvent avec agitation, confusion, troubles psychotiques, dont la physiopathogénie est sans doute multiple (syndrome inflammatoire général lié au sepsis, hypoxie, insuffisance rénale, hypercoagulabilité, agression directe du virus). En faveur de cette hypothèse militent la fréquence de l''anosmie dans le Covid-19, mais aussi le fait que dans des modèles murins exprimant ACE2 l''inoculation intranasale de SARS-CoV-1 permet une invasion virale du SNC via la lame criblée [3] . Dans une étude rétrospective sur 214 patients menée à Wuhan (Chine), il s''agissait des symptômes neurologiques les plus fréquents (16,8% des cas pour l''instabilité ; 13% des cas pour les céphalées), sans être influencés par la sévérité du tableau clinique. Les crises épileptiques, quoique considérées comme fréquentes chez les malades réanimés lors d''une infection à coronavirus [17] , n''ont pas souvent été rapportées dans la Covid-19. doi = 10.1016/j.praneu.2020.08.011 id = cord-336177-p7b7yw28 author = Selvi, Valeria title = Convalescent Plasma: A Challenging Tool to Treat COVID-19 Patients—A Lesson from the Past and New Perspectives date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; convalescent; plasma summary = Regarding the pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1, the results from the prospective cohort study by Hung and colleagues showed that plasma treatment reduced mortality (the patients involved in the study were seriously ill and required intensive care); no adverse events were observed [4, 8, 20] . A meta-analysis by Mair-Jenkins and colleagues, including 32 studies of SARS coronavirus and severe influenza, reported that convalescent plasma reduced mortality and it was safe (no relevant adverse events or complications after treatment were reported). Based on the evidence from past experience in passive immunization, the BRN explained that there was a considerable possibility that the application of whole blood (as well as plasma, serum, or immunoglobulin concentrates) from convalescent persons could be effective in the treatment/prevention of infectious disease. Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection doi = 10.1155/2020/2606058 id = cord-355919-e8fhlo37 author = Semaan, Aline title = Voices from the frontline: findings from a thematic analysis of a rapid online global survey of maternal and newborn health professionals facing the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-24 keywords = Ebola; MNH; care; covid-19; health summary = ► In addition to lack of healthcare worker protection, staffing shortages, heightened risk of nosocomial transmission and decreased healthcare use described in previous infectious disease outbreaks, maternal and newborn care during the COVID19 pandemic has also been affected by large-scale lockdowns/curfews. This online survey is part of a larger study seeking to: (1) understand how health professionals and health facilities prepare and respond to COVID-19 in regard to the care provided to women and their babies; and (2) document and analyse the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the services available to pregnant, labouring and ► Healthcare providers are worried about the impact of rapidly changing care practices on health outcomes: reduced access to antenatal care, fewer outpatient visits, shorter length of stay in facilities after birth, banning birth companions, separating newborns from COVID-19 positive mothers and postponing routine immunisations. doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002967 id = cord-299021-dbu05gyy author = Semedo, Edimir title = Drug-induced ‘Torsade de Pointes’ in a COVID-19 patient despite discontinuation of chloroquine. Importance of its long half-life: a case report date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = BACKGROUND: Early studies have led to the repositioning of a subgroup of antimalarial agents (e.g. chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) as antiviral treatment in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. 3 We present a case of severe QT interval prolongation leading to ''Torsade de Pointes'' (TdP) in a COVID-19 patient in the intensive care unit (ICU). Because of QTc prolongation (QTc interval 482 ms), treatment with chloroquine was discontinued on the fifth day of admission. This case is a unique presentation of a critically ill COVID-19 patient who developed TdP despite cessation of chloroquine treatment but after the start of erythromycin. 10 Recently 11 This case illustrates that even for shorter periods of time, chloroquine can become a potent risk factor for QTc interval prolongation in the critically ill COVID-19 patient, especially when other potentially QT-prolonging drugs are introduced. Despite early reports, more recent studies have shown that there is increased mortality and adverse effects in the critically ill COVID-19 patient treated with chloroquine. doi = 10.1093/ehjcr/ytaa218 id = cord-280922-w6a5ec06 author = Sen, Sanjana title = Predicting COVID-19 Severity with a Specific Nucleocapsid Antibody plus Disease Risk Factor Score date = 2020-10-29 keywords = SARS; abs; covid-19; ep9 summary = Here, ELISA and coronavirus antigen microarray (COVAM) analysis mapped antibody epitopes in the plasma of COVID-19 patients (n = 86) experiencing a wide-range of disease states. Here, ELISA and coronavirus antigen microarray (COVAM) analysis mapped antibody epitopes in the plasma of COVID-19 patients (n = 86) experiencing a wide-range of disease states. Furthermore, a recent review on antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 stated, "At present, there are no known clinical findings, immunological assays or biomarkers that can differentiate any severe infection from immune-enhanced disease, whether by measuring antibodies, T cells or intrinsic host responses (7) ." This conclusion inspired our study. The results demonstrate that Abs to a specific epitope from N protein plus disease risk factors strongly correlate with COVID-19 disease severity. The DRFS of patients with αEp9 Abs strongly correlates with COVID-19 disease severity (Pearson''s r = 0.72, p-value <0.0001, and R 2 = 0.52) (Fig. 4A) . doi = 10.1101/2020.10.15.341743 id = cord-334416-4tslee57 author = Sen-Crowe, Brendon title = Social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: Staying home save lives date = 2020-04-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: Staying home save lives With the incidence of COVID-19 increasing, it may only be time before the healthcare system becomes overwhelmed and forces physicians to triage treatment among critically ill patients. Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between people in order to decrease the chance of spreading illness. Nationwide measures taken to minimize contact with potentially infected individuals include cancelling travel from China and Europe [10] . Social distancing has the potential to slow the rate of infection and reduce the peak of incidence, and then fewer critically ill patients would need care on any one day. Delaying the peak incidence to the summer holds potential for healthcare facilities to dedicate more resources to those ill with COVID-19. Social distancing is a realistic solution that all individuals can take part in to reduce the risk of infection while increasing available resources to critically ill patients, during this pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.03.063 id = cord-350473-f47i7y5h author = Sen-Crowe, Brendon title = COVID-19 laboratory testing issues and capacities as we transition to surveillance testing and contact tracing date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; test summary = The sensitivity of PCR tests have been estimated at 71%, resulting in ~30% of infected patients having a negative finding. The second type of test is serologic, which detects immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) specific for SARS-CoV-2 and provides an estimation of population virus exposure 4 . Many FDA-approved serologic tests have high sensitivity and specificity. To address the development of a reliable test, the Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) provided funding for the development of Simplexa COVID-19 Direct Assay and to QIAGEN to accelerate development of their RPS2 test 15 . Additionally, HHS is purchasing the ID NOW COVID-19 rapid point-of-care test (Abbott Diagnostics Scarborough Inc.) for public health labs (Table 1) 16 . Saliva is more sensitive for SARS-CoV-2 detection in COVID-19 patients than nasopharyngeal swabs doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.071 id = cord-131975-9z3skg4n author = Senapati, Abhishek title = Impact of intervention on the spread of COVID-19 in India: A model based study date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; India; March summary = We consider the initial phase of the outbreak situation in India and our proposed model is fitted to the daily cumulative new reported cases during the period $2^{nd}$ March, 2020 to $24^{th}$ March, 2020. Our study suggests that higher intervention effort is required to control the disease outbreak within a shorter period of time in India. We consider the situation of India during the initial outbreak period and fitted our model to the daily cumulative new cases reported between 2 nd March, 2020 to 24 th March, 2020. Since we do not incorporate any intervention in our model (2.1), we fit our model to the daily cumulative new reported COVID-19 cases of India during the period 2 nd March, 2020 to 24 th March, 2020. We considered the initial phase of outbreak of the disease COVID-19 in India and fitted our proposed model to the cumulative new reported cases during the period 2 nd March, 2020 to 24 th March, 2020. doi = nan id = cord-035113-bhnv2qbi author = Senapati, Apurbalal title = A novel framework for COVID-19 case prediction through piecewise regression in India date = 2020-11-10 keywords = COVID-19; India summary = The linear regression model has been fitted into the dataset to deal with the total number of positive cases, and the number of recoveries for different states in India such as Maharashtra, West Bengal, Kerala, Delhi and Assam. Different types of COVID-19 related issues has been addressed in this study, with the help of the piecewise regression Model, such as total number of positive cases, and the number of recoveries for different states in India such as Maharashtra, West Bengal, Kerala, Delhi and Assam. In this section, we have discussed in details of our proposed scheme based linear regression model for prediction of the number of total confirmed cases, active positive cases, and recoveries. In this study, we have proposed the piecewise linear regression based machine learning approach for the prediction of actual positive cases and recovery cases of five different states in India. doi = 10.1007/s41870-020-00552-3 id = cord-266569-cf3mfp3e author = Senefeld, J. title = Therapeutic use of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 patients with immunodeficiency: A systematic review date = 2020-11-10 keywords = COVID-19; convalescent summary = This review highlights 40 reports including 104 COVID-19 patients with primary immunosuppression due to Agammaglobulinemia (X-linked or autosomal) or Common Variable Immunodeficiency, and secondary immunodeficiencies related to hematological malignancies and solid organ transplants who were transfused with convalescent plasma. Among nine peer-reviewed articles and two media reports we identified a total of 29 COVID-19 patients transfused with convalescent plasma whom were receiving immunosuppressive therapies for previous solid organ transplants. 37-47 In a cohort of 13 transplant recipients transfused with convalescent plasma concomitant to hydroxychloroquine, steroids and anticoagulants therapies for COVID-19, eight patients demonstrated improved oxygen requirements and were promptly discharged 37 . These data provide evidence and encouraging anecdotal statements (panel) supporting the efficacy of convalescent plasma in patients with primary or secondary immunodeficiency, and are consistent with the historical evidence demonstrating that passive antibody therapies for infectious diseases are especially effective when given early in the course of disease prior to an endogenous antibody response. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.08.20224790 id = cord-340138-u8hxyfml author = Seneviratne, Chaminda Jayampath title = The Role of Dentists in COVID-19 Is Beyond Dentistry: Voluntary Medical Engagements and Future Preparedness date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Singapore; dental summary = Keywords: COVID-19, dentistry, voluntary work, preparedness, infection control BACKGROUND The emergence of the highly infectious novel coronavirus has led to a global pandemic in a span of just 3 months. Thus, the robust training of clinical medicine in dentistry strengthens the candidature of dentists to volunteer services for COVID-19 control and spread. Many dentists have therefore discontinued the provision of elective dental treatment, in accordance with guidelines released by national-level government healthcare authorities such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the US and National Health Service (NHS) in the UK. In this context, dental clinics that are well equipped with facilities to control aerosol spread of infections, such as negative pressure rooms and high-volume excavators, can offer help to augment the capacity for COVID-19 screening. Precautions when providing dental care during Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00566 id = cord-301547-d4wt9dqp author = Seng, J. J. B. title = Pandemic related Health literacy - A Systematic Review of literature in COVID-19, SARS and MERS pandemics date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; health summary = Study selection Studies which evaluated health literacy related to novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Data extraction Data on the characteristics of study designs, instruments, participants and level of health literacy were collected. Keywords employed in the search strategy included terms related to health literacy as well as the viruses and syndromes implicated in the three coronavirus pandemics which were namely COVID-19, MERS and SARS. Studies which evaluated health literacy related to COVID-19, SARS or MERS among adult participants aged ≥ 18 years old from the general population, healthcare sectors and infected patients were included. Questions from instruments used across included studies were classified into three main themes, which were 1) knowledge, 2) attitudes and 3) practices, to help guide future development of standardised COVID-19 and pandemic health literacy tools. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.07.20094227 id = cord-342756-rgm9ffpk author = Senger, Mario Roberto title = COVID-19: molecular targets, drug repurposing and new avenues for drug discovery date = 2020-10-02 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; Fig; MERS; RNA; SARS; clinical; drug; protein summary = Here, we aimed at presenting a critical view of ongoing drug repurposing efforts for COVID-19 as well as discussing opportunities for development of new treatments based on current knowledge of the mechanism of infection and potential targets within. In the following topic, we will review SARS-CoV-2 structure and mechanism of infection in order to discuss molecular targets from the virus or its human host that are being considered for drug repurposing and perhaps future development of new drugs. (128) Its role as a functional receptor of SARS-CoV-2 S protein in host cells makes this protein a potential drug target to treat COVID-19. (138) TMPRSS2 has a major role in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and replication, and thus represents an interesting therapeutic target since its inhibitors could potentially block virus infection in its initial stages. (199) A robust preclinical drug discovery pipeline comprising in vitro, and in vivo models of SARS-CoV-2 infection is particularly important to identify new antivirals for human COVID-19 treatment. doi = 10.1590/0074-02760200254 id = cord-330656-y6m47tq4 author = Seo, Eunhye title = Fighting the COVID-19 pandemic: onsite mass workplace testing for COVID-19 in the Republic of Korea date = 2020-07-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Fighting the COVID-19 pandemic: onsite mass workplace testing for COVID-19 in the Republic of Korea We believe it is time that the current health examination system for workers in the ROK considered the risk of transmissible diseases. Due to the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, regular health examinations for workers in the ROK have been pending for several months. The most important reason for this uncertainty is that the current system does not consider the effects of transmissible disease outbreaks on the regular health examination system of Korean workers. In fact, the legal grounds for onsite COVID-19 testing is weak, although the Korean Medical Service Act allows physicians to practice outside hospitals when it is officially sanctioned by authorities in public interest, which could be the case with the current regular health examination system for workers. doi = 10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e22 id = cord-269440-6x19xuy3 author = Seo, Min Young title = Trend of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients in a Quarantine Facility date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; olfactory summary = This study evaluated olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in mild COVID-19 patients using validated assessment methods. 5, 6 Subsequent studies have reported that olfactory and gustatory dysfunction may be characteristic symptoms of COVID-19 infection, but there are limitations in assessments by validated methods. Therefore, this study was designed to assess olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in mild COVID-19 patients using validated olfactory and gustatory evaluation methods and endoscopic examination. This prospective surveillance study included mild COVID-19 patients who were isolated at Gyeonggi International Living and Treatment Support Center (LTSC) after confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 by SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using respiratory samples; all patients were interviewed daily regarding changes in olfactory and gustatory symptoms and their medical records were reviewed. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assess both olfactory and gustatory function with validated methods, with simultaneous nasal and oral endoscopic examination in mild COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e375 id = cord-336204-zz99v3ht author = Seo, Wan Seok title = Yeungnam University type drive-through (YU-Thru) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) screening system: a rapid and safe screening system date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The Yeungnam University Hospital (YU) set up a conventional screening system (CSS) on February 17, 2020, under the guidance of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). In addition, under the CSS procedures, there was a possibility of medical staff being infected by confirmed COVID-19 patients. Third, the amount of time required to clean and ventilate test rooms after sampling was considerable: with the CSS procedure, at least 30 minutes was required to achieve > 99% airborne-contaminant removal efficacy, which is incompatible with the large-scale screening required by COVID-19 [9] . As a result, the possibility of transmission from one subject to another was completely eliminated, and we prevented or dramatically reduced the infection of medical staff by tested individuals. Although the YU-Thru system has enabled faster and safer screening tests compared with the CSS, and none of the staff were confirmed to be COVID-19 positive, additional complementation is necessary to further reduce the chances of infection. doi = 10.12701/yujm.2020.00640 id = cord-316692-r04cqr8e author = Seo, Yoshihiro title = Review of the efforts of the Japanese Society of Echocardiography for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the initial outbreak in Japan date = 2020-09-05 keywords = COVID-19; JSE summary = We summarized the six parts as follows: (1) the initial actions for COVID-19 of JSE, (2) JSE''s actions for infection control-associated echocardiographic examinations, (3) statements from the American Society of Echocardiography during the COVID-19 pandemic and their Japanese translation by JSE, (4) making videos for explaining the practice of echocardiography during the COVID-19 pandemic, (5) attempts with the JSE members'' opinions by the communication platform and surveys, and (6) efforts of final statement during the initial spread of COVID-19. Under the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography (JSE) has been working to protect medical staff involved in echocardiographic examinations and to prevent secondary infections caused by the examinations since mid-March 2020. Under the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography (JSE) has been working to protect medical staff involved in echocardiographic examinations and to prevent secondary infections caused by the examinations since mid-March 2020. doi = 10.1007/s12574-020-00487-5 id = cord-330626-0aidit63 author = Sepulveda, Jorge title = Bacteremia and Blood Culture Utilization during COVID-19 Surge in New York City date = 2020-07-23 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = A surge of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presenting to New York City hospitals in March 2020 led to a sharp increase in blood culture utilization, which overwhelmed the capacity of automated blood culture instruments. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of 88,201 blood cultures from 28,011 patients at a multicenter network of hospitals within New York City to evaluate order volume, positivity rate, time to positivity, and etiologies of positive cultures in COVID-19. Clear communication with ordering providers is necessary to prevent overutilization of blood cultures during patient surges, and laboratories should consider shortening the incubation period from 5 days to 4 days, if necessary, to free additional capacity. Frequent ordering of blood cultures for patients with COVID-19 may overwhelm a laboratory''s capacity to perform and process these tests, which may negatively impact the overall benefit of testing for the entire medical center. doi = 10.1128/jcm.00875-20 id = cord-034438-9kdmljoq author = Sepúlveda-Loyola, W. title = Impact of Social Isolation Due to COVID-19 on Health in Older People: Mental and Physical Effects and Recommendations date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; old; physical; social summary = title: Impact of Social Isolation Due to COVID-19 on Health in Older People: Mental and Physical Effects and Recommendations OBJECTIVES: To review the impact of social isolation during COVID-19 pandemic on mental and physical health of older people and the recommendations for patients, caregivers and health professionals. MEASUREMENTS: Articles since 2019 to 2020 published on Pubmed, Scielo and Google Scholar databases with the following MeSh terms (''COVID-19'', ''coronavirus'', ''aging'', ''older people'', ''elderly'', ''social isolation'' and ''quarantine'') in English, Spanish or Portuguese were included. Thus, the decreasing of social interaction produced by social distancing could have a negative impact on mental and physical health in older people (22) (23) (24) , since it has limited the social participation in community organizations and in family activities (23, 25) . Hence, the aim of this review is to analyse the potential effects of social isolation caused by COVID-19 pandemic on mental and physical health in older adults. doi = 10.1007/s12603-020-1500-7 id = cord-283260-9uo0hsst author = Sepúlveda-Vildósola, Ana Carolina title = Scientific Publications During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; research summary = México, México; E-mail: ana.sepulvedav@imss.gob.mx COVID-19 pandemics has shocked our world in a few months, not only by attacking individual health, but also public health and economic systems, the way people relate to each other, but has also changed scientific and editorial practices. The flaws of peer review, slow traditional publication times, and the urgent need to share information have led to the rise of Pre prints, (manuscripts submitted to publicly accessible repositories, which may or may not be later submitted to a formal Scientific Journal). COVID-19 pandemics has shocked our world in a few months, not only by attacking individual health, but also public health and economic systems, the way people relate to each other, but has also changed scientific and editorial practices. COVID-19 pandemics has shocked our world in a few months, not only by attacking individual health, but also public health and economic systems, the way people relate to each other, but has also changed scientific and editorial practices. doi = 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.05.019 id = cord-343684-z63qn66b author = Serge, Rozenberg title = Are we equal in adversity? Does Covid-19 affect women and men differently? date = 2020-05-15 keywords = covid-19; man; woman summary = We review only some of the currently available data, notably the sex-difference in susceptibility to the Covid-19 infection and the concomitant risk of death. The proportion of males tested positive to J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Covid-19 was higher as compared to females in Asia (with the exception of South Korea), in South America, in the New York area (9-11, 26, 27) , but not in Canada and in some European countries (Estonia and in Belgium) (9-11, 14, 16, 18) where more women tested positive than men ( Table 1 ). But almost all of the data that broke numbers down by gender, reported a higher proportion of deaths among men than among women (ranging between 59% and 69%). Similarly, in all countries reporting death rates from Covid19 infections, by sex, more men died than women (60%-70% of men) ( These data need also to be interpreted cautiously. doi = 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.05.009 id = cord-346370-jdfsacds author = Sergi, Consolato M. title = The Facemask in Public and Healthcare Workers– A Need not a Belief date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Strict isolation and social distancing measures can flatten the coronavirus infectious curve, and the use of facemask needs to be encouraged and facilitated in crowded places, particularly in hospitals where the 6-feet social distancing cannot be adopted because of physical barriers. I If most people wear a mask in public at any time the transmission rate can easily decrease beneath 1.0, thus stopping the spread of the disease and limit the long-standing Lockdown measures 13 . It is important to emphasize that while a protective mask may reduce the likelihood of infection, it will not eliminate the risk, particularly when a disease has more than one route of transmission, as identified in SARS-Cov-2. While strict isolation and social distancing measures can flatten the infectious curve, the use of facemask needs to be encouraged and facilitated where the 6-feet social distancing cannot be implemented because of physical barriers. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.009 id = cord-301921-i1o18nmw author = Sernicola, Alvise title = How to Deal With Post-viral Cutaneous Eruptions in the Era of Coronavirus Infection date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In our routine clinical practice during the COVID-19 outbreak, we are observing a growing number of post viral cutaneous eruptions in apparently healthy individuals in the second or third decade of life that we feel is remarkable compared to the usual local epidemiology of this season. A dermatopathologist from our country has shared the report of skin biopsies performed on two patients with COVID-19 disease, matching the histology of Giannotti-Crosti syndrome, that is a non-specific manifestation of a viral infection (11) . These observations hint at the possible role of specific genetic factors that, while a predisposition to the development of skin eruptions, may protect from severely symptomatic presentations of coronavirus infection. In our current cases of atypical skin eruptions, in which a relationship with conventional viral agents has been ruled out by laboratory testing and clinical history, molecular testing with PCR could be performed on pharynx swabs to support the hypothesis of a possible association with the novel coronavirus. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00224 id = cord-311201-y0lk9zet author = Serrano, Francisco title = The future of airport post COVID-19 date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19; airport; operation; passenger summary = Furthermore, this document highlights the future of airport and air transport industry based on revenue generation sources, cost control strategies and integration of innovations with respect to variable demand and capacity during and post COVID-19. From Figure 2 , it is apparent that the worst-case scenario is when the annual passenger numbers are lower and the peak volume is higher which results in a challenging situation for the airports, where the focus must be on optimization of processes to avoid building more infrastructure. Currently, most of the airports are implementing their business continuity plans that outline how service and essential operations are maintained during this COVID-19 crisis. COVID-19 is a unique opportunity for airports to adapt their current operation with a focus on improved processes and planning and could ease the change of management effort. doi = 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101900 id = cord-261558-szll3znw author = Serrano-Ripoll, M. J. title = Effect of a Mobile-based Intervention on Mental Health in Frontline Healthcare Workers Against COVID-19: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial date = 2020-11-06 keywords = COVID-19; health; intervention; mental summary = However, their effectiveness in this specific context and population is largely unknown: As observed by a recent review 19 , only 27% of the studies about mental health apps to assist HCW during COVID-19 included empirical evaluation of the reported interventions. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.03.20225102 doi: medRxiv preprint these exceptional circumstances, we received funding to develop and evaluate a CBT and mindfulness-based intervention using an mHealth, to protect mental health of Spanish HCWs attending the COVID-19 emergency. Each section contains multiple modules, covering the following areas: i) monitoring mental health status; ii) educational materials about psychological symptoms (e.g. anxiety, worry, irritability, mood, stress, moral distress, etc.); iii) practical tips to manage pandemic-related stressors (e.g., is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint doi = 10.1101/2020.11.03.20225102 id = cord-035275-lfyxbg92 author = Servotte, Jean-Christophe title = Development and implementation of an end-of-shift clinical debriefing method for emergency departments during COVID-19 date = 2020-11-11 keywords = covid-19; debriefing; discover summary = A novel ED-based clinical debriefing tool was implemented and titled Debriefing In Situ COVID-19 to Encourage Reflection and Plus-Delta in Healthcare After Shifts End (DISCOVER-PHASE). A period of remote work with iterative feedback through four videoconferences incorporated the DISCERN tool [10, 15, 19, 21] in the Debriefing In Situ COVID-19 to Encourage Reflection and Plus-Delta in Healthcare After Shifts End (DIS-COVER-PHASE), developed the overall structure and the scripted language of the debriefing form. The first section concerning the "Background" collects demographic data, including the date and time of the debrief, team members present, debriefing facilitator name, and location of the clinical unit, as well as the number of COVID cases (confirmed and suspected) treated during the shift, any related deaths, and the clinical interventions performed by the team. This article reports on the development, format, implementation, and initial results of a clinical debriefing program after a shift ends: DISCOVER-PHASE. doi = 10.1186/s41077-020-00150-0 id = cord-338951-wu1ofih9 author = Sestili, Piero title = Paracetamol-Induced Glutathione Consumption: Is There a Link With Severe COVID-19 Illness? date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; GSH; PAC summary = However, a warning from some research reports and National Authorities raised NSAIDs safety concerns because of the supposed induction of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) levels (the receptor used by SARS-CoV2 to enter host airways cells), the increased risk of bacterial superinfections and masking of disease symptoms. This warning was grounded on a wide number of studies reviewed in (Micallef et al., 2020b) including a recent report of the French Pharmacovigilance Network conducted in 2019 (Crpv De Tours, CRPV de Marseille, 2019) showing that the use of NSAIDs (even if given for short times and/or associated to antibiotics) for the treatment of fever and nonrheumatic pain (which may be indicative of an underlying infection) increases the risk of severe bacterial complications, particularly of the lungs, and on the supposed ibuprofen-induced A angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) overexpression. doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.579944 id = cord-338741-gy3ovkrt author = Sethi, Atin title = Evaluation of Current Therapies for COVID-19 Treatment date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; study summary = No survival benefit for those not requiring respiratory support [22] Convalescent plasma n = 10 severely ill patients Treatment: 200 mL IV In all 10 patients, fever, cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain disappeared or largely improved within 1-3 days of therapy initiation [23] In vitro study determining the activity of convalescent plasma from a recovered SARS-1 patient against SARS-CoV-2 Although the focus of this study was not to explore the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin, it outlines the importance of appropriate risk-benefit analysis while treating patients with COVID-19. This randomized control trial [10] of 199 patients explored the efficacy of lopinavir-ritonavir in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with relatively mild respiratory illness. Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: Results of a randomized clinical trial Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: A pilot observational study doi = 10.3390/microorganisms8081097 id = cord-263285-89zqgqx1 author = Sethi, Sanjum S. title = Right Ventricular Clot in Transit in COVID-19: Implications for the Pulmonary Embolism Response Team date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; acute; patient summary = After presenting a case of right ventricular thrombus in a COVID-19 patient, we discuss the unique challenges in the workup and treatment of COVID-19 patients highlighting our COVID-19 modified pulmonary embolism response team (PERT) algorithm. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19related critical illness and multiorgan dysfunction in a subset of those infected. Given these findings, the pulmonary embolism response team (PERT) was consulted and the patient was given 100 mg (over 2 hours) of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and systemic anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin once the tPA infusion was complete. The usual risk stratification schema for acute pulmonary embolism rely on a combination of hemodynamic clinical parameters, such as hypoxemia, tachycardia, and hypotension along with serum biomarkers, such as troponin or brain natriuretic peptide followed by confirmatory imaging tests. doi = 10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.05.034 id = cord-201798-doi5w7tb author = Seto, Christopher title = Commuting Network Spillovers and COVID-19 Deaths Across US Counties date = 2020-10-02 keywords = case; county; covid-19 summary = We utilized 3-level mixed effects negative binomial regression models to estimate the impact of network COVID-19 exposure on county confirmed cases and deaths over time. We utilize 3-level mixed effects negative binomial models, analyzing COVID-19 cases and deaths of county-time periods (N=31,380), nested within counties (N=3,139), nested within states (N=51, includes DC). The weighted outcome regression model determines the causal effect of each county level characteristic on deaths by COVID-19 through statistical hypothesis testing. To aid our causal inference, we also conducted several analyses using different weighting strategies on a cross-sectional version of our data in which outcomes are cumulative counts of a county''s cases or deaths, and network and spatially lagged measures are based on these cumulative counts. Negative binomial models (with state and county random intercepts) predicting COVID-19 outcomes across 10 time periods based on network, spatial, and time lagged cases. doi = nan id = cord-304802-44m7u1oz author = Settersten, Richard A. title = Understanding the Effects of COVID-19 Through a Life Course Lens date = 2020-07-22 keywords = course; covid-19; life; pandemic summary = We explore the pandemic''s implications for the organization and experience of life transitions and trajectories within and across central domains: health, personal control and planning, social relationships and family, education, work and careers, and migration and mobility. Because Covid-19 is a viral pandemic, we begin with its implications for health and then turn to matters of personal control and planning, social relationships and family, education, work and careers, and migration and mobility. In many countries, there have been increases in volunteering or helping others, especially The greater uncertainty created by the pandemic over the short and long term is likely to have somewhat different effects by age, social class, gender, and race/ethnicity and be modified by a country''s welfare system and the emergency interventions of its institutions. doi = 10.1016/j.alcr.2020.100360 id = cord-280848-z0sbztkw author = Setzen, Michael title = COVID-19 and rhinology: A look at the future date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19; patient; visit summary = These include protocols pertinent to safety, in-office Rhinologic procedures, the substitution of imaging for endoscopy, and understanding the appropriate role of telemedicine. There has been controversy and significant concern regarding endoscopic evaluation of patients in the office, especially nasal endoscopy and flexible laryngoscopy, since performing these procedures puts one in direct contact with the virus as it resides primarily in nose and nasopharynx. To decrease nasal endoscopy procedures and minimize risk, organizations such as the American Rhinologic Society (ARS) should consider guidelines examining when it is appropriate to go straight to CT in select cases of possible COVID-19 now and in the future. In-Office CT sinus will continue to play an important role as a point of service procedure in lieu of nasal endoscopy in patients with COVID-19 or suspected thereof. This makes nasal endoscopy and other in-office rhinologic procedures a concern for the Otolaryngologist with increased risk for infection. doi = 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102491 id = cord-354774-uoewzkjt author = Setzen, Michael title = The novel corona virus and rhinology: Impact on practice patterns and future directions date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; impact summary = OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of the novel coronavirus pandemic on practice patterns, clinical behavior, personal health, and emotional/psychological concerns of rhinologists. CONCLUSION: In addition to severely impacting volume and the perception of future decreases in patients and revenue, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a physical and emotional impact on rhinologists in ways that need to be further studied. Having guidelines released by organizations and societies such as the American Academy of Otolaryngology -Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAO-HNSF) and the ARS codifying which situations are appropriate for telemedicine versus which patients require in person evaluation may be helpful for rhinologists as the COVID-19 pandemic progresses and with future waves in mind. In addition to severely impacting practice volume and the perception of future decreases in patients and revenue, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a physical impact and significant emotional impact on rhinologists in ways that need to be further studied. doi = 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102569 id = cord-316440-xt9tl7td author = Severo, Eliana Andrea title = Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on environmental awareness, sustainable consumption and social responsibility: evidence from generations in Brazil and Portugal date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19; Pandemic summary = title: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on environmental awareness, sustainable consumption and social responsibility: evidence from generations in Brazil and Portugal This study aims to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on environmental awareness, sustainable consumption and social responsibility, in the perception of Baby Boomers, X and Y generations, residents in Brazil and Portugal. The results confirm the H4a and H4c hypotheses, so the multigroup analysis reveals that there is a difference in Chi-square and SE values, showing that in Portugal the COV EA and COV SR relations are higher compared to Brazil, highlighting them It is noted that the influence of COVID-19 Pandemic on Social Responsibility is considered a high intensity among residents in Portugal. doi = 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124947 id = cord-011808-ev7qv94b author = Sfeir, Maroun M title = Frontline workers sound the alarm: be always sure you’re right, then go ahead date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; worker summary = Amid personal protective equipment shortage, clinicians, nurses, and other frontline workers across the world have faced threatening and/or firing for self-protection during this coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. On 30 December 2019, Dr Wenliang Li, a Chinese ophthalmologist at Wuhan Central Hospital, was the first medical professional who raised a concern in an online chatroom alarming the healthcare personnel of an outbreak related to a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like infection in seven inpatients admitted with severe respiratory tract infections after they visited the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China. 2 For instance, early during the pandemic and before the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended wearing face coverings in public settings on 3 April 2020, many clinicians and nurses in the USA confessed that they faced intimidation, threatening or termination for wearing self-supplied masks in the hospitals. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa066 id = cord-347718-qctii42h author = Sgura, Fabio Alfredo title = Complicated myocardial infarction in a 99-year-old lady in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: from the need to rule out coronavirus infection to emergency percutaneous coronary angioplasty date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; coronary summary = Although acute coronary syndrome (specifically non-STsegment elevation myocardial infarction) was considered as the most probable diagnosis, watchful waiting was initially applied, taking into account patient''s history and the very advanced age and, above all, the need to rule out COVID-19 infection in view of the presence of fever, cough and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the strenuous effort to counteract COVID-19 pandemic, it is anyway mandatory to continue to ensure appropriate care to all the patients, including the elderly, and this case of an old-old lady shows that invasive treatment of non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction can be practiced even in this complex situation of our health-care system and the patient close to 100 years of age. Despite the general perception, strengthened during the COVID-19 pandemic, that elderly people, and especially the old-old, have severe outcomes in case of acute cardiovascular diseases, leading to uncertainties about the value of intensive care and invasive interventions, our case stresses the need for individualized and shared decision making, involving the patient and relatives, and not excluding percutaneous coronary intervention when the situation is highly unstable. doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02362-8 id = cord-344824-myaiilra author = Sha, D. title = Spatiotemporal Analysis of Medical Resource Deficiencies in the U.S. under COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-25 keywords = CCS; COVID-19; ICU; U.S. summary = A data-driven approach is developed to estimate medical resource deficiencies or medical burden at county level during the COVID-19 pandemic from February 15, 2020 to May 1, 2020 in the U.S. Multiple data sources were used to extract local population, hospital beds, critical care staff, COVID-19 confirmed case numbers, and hospitalization data at county level. Then we develop two medical resource deficiency indices that measure the local medical burden based on the number of accumulated active confirmed cases normalized by local maximum potential medical resources, and the number of hospitalized patients that can be supported per ICU beds per critical care staff, respectively. In this report, three fundamental elements or features, i.e. ventilators, ICU beds, and critical care staff (CCS) were identified as medical resources to plan for or manage a COVID-19 pandemic, and it would be wise to consider the interconnections among these factors in a spatiotemporal data analysis framework. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.24.20112136 id = cord-301815-83qbmc7q author = Shabani, Mahsa title = Reporting, Recording and Communication of COVID-19 Cases in Workplace: Data Protection as a Moving Target date = 2020-04-22 keywords = covid-19 summary = In response to concerns related to privacy in the context of COVID-19, recently European and national Data Protection Authorities (DPA) issued guidelines and recommendations addressing variety of issues related to processing of personal data for preventive purposes. National Data Protection Authorities in some cases adopted different approaches regarding duties in reporting and communicating the COVID-19 cases, however, they unanimously stressed importance of adopting privacy preserving approaches to avoid raising concerns about surveillance and stigmatization. One of the recurring questions in these guidelines has been related to duties and responsibilities of employers regarding recording the COVID-19 cases and disclosing the relevant information to the staff for preventive purposes. 8 9 Notably, a potential duty of the employees to report is closely related to the responsibilities of the employers in recording such cases, and eventually communicating to staff and health authorities. doi = 10.1093/jlb/lsaa008 id = cord-326565-s62inw07 author = Shacham, E. title = Association of County-Wide Mask Ordinances with Reductions in Daily CoVID-19 Incident Case Growth in a Midwestern Region Over 12 Weeks date = 2020-10-30 keywords = covid-19; mask summary = Importance: This study assessed the longitudinal impact of new COVID-19 cases when a mask ordinance was implemented in 2 of a 5-county Midwestern U.S. metropolitan region over a 3-month period of time. The average daily percent growth in incident COVID-19 cases was similar between M+ and Mcounties in the 3 weeks prior to implementation of mandatory mask policies (0.90% [sd 0.68] vs. Crude modeling with a difference-in-difference indicator showed that after 3 weeks of mask mandate implementation, M+ counties had a daily percent COVID-19 growth rate that was 1.32 times lower, or a 32% decrease. 1 Mask wearing has transitioned to a politically nuanced behavior, and this has been particularly true in the region surrounding the Midwestern city of St. Louis, providing a natural experiment to understand the longitudinal impact of a variable mask mandate policies has on county-level changes in incident CoVID-19 rates over a 12-week period. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.28.20221705 id = cord-257613-o0q7hvn3 author = Shafiee, Abbas title = Coronavirus disease 2019: A tissue engineering and regenerative medicine perspective date = 2020-08-21 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; SARS; cell summary = To date, numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) products, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and their derivatives (eg, exosomes) for coronavirus infections, which could be applied for the COVID‐19. Over the COVID-19 outbreak, the funding for many TERM projects is being cut, which has a significant impact on the present and future of Current clinical trials highlight the potential benefits of stem cell therapies for COVID-19 patients. Effective multi-institutional collaboration and adequate funding from government and nongovernment sources are also needed to collect and analyze the data from ongoing and new human trials, to better understand the potential benefits of stem cell therapies for COVID-19 patients. Clinical study of mesenchymal stem cell treating acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by epidemic Influenza A (H7N9) infection, a hint for COVID-19 treatment. Treatment with allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells for moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (START study): a randomised phase 2a safety trial doi = 10.1002/sctm.20-0197 id = cord-300750-huyl21vz author = Shagam, Lev title = Untangling factors associated with country-specific COVID-19 incidence, mortality and case fatality rates during the first quarter of 2020 date = 2020-04-27 keywords = CFR; covid-19 summary = Using multivariate linear regression we show that incidence and mortality rates correlate significantly with GDP per capita (p = 2.6×10-15 and 7.0×10-4, respectively), country-specific duration of the outbreak (2.6×10-4 and 0.0019), fraction of citizens over 65 years old (p = 0.0049 and 3.8×10-4) and level of press freedom (p = 0.021 and 0.019) which cumulatively explain 80% of variability of incidence and more than 60% of variability of mortality of the disease during the period analyzed. Country-specific COVID-19 incidence (rows 1 and 3) and mortality rate (rows 2 and 4) depending on explanatory variables: outbreak duration ( a,d ), number of tests performed ( b,e ), GDP per capita ( c,f ), press freedom ranking measure (countries with limited press freedom have higher rank; g,j ), fraction of senior citizens ( h,k ) and position of the country''s centroid ( i,l ). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.22.20075580 id = cord-310561-67kp743f author = Shah, Akshay title = Systemic hypoferremia and severity of hypoxemic respiratory failure in COVID-19 date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Therefore, we sought to characterise iron parameters, including serum iron, in COVID-19 intensive care unit (ICU) patients and relate these to disease severity. We retrospectively evaluated any serum iron profiles that were measured in critically ill patients with COVID-19 within 24 h of admission to the ICU, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK, between March 31, 2020, and April 25, 2020. Our data suggest that serum iron may be a useful biomarker for identifying disease severity in COVID-19, whilst also being a potential therapeutic target. Serum iron was lower when compared with other cohorts of non-COVID-19 ICU patients reported previously, including those with sepsis [4] . Abbreviations: APACHEII Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, CRP C-reactive protein, ICU intensive care unit, IQR interquartile range, SD standard deviation Fig. 1 Associations between markers of iron status, lymphocyte count and severity of hypoxemia. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03051-w id = cord-303991-pjycxlse author = Shah, M. R. T. title = Finding the real COVID-19 case-fatality rates for SAARC countries date = 2020-10-27 keywords = CFR; COVID-19 summary = In this study, we estimated both survival interval and underreporting adjusted CFR of COVID-19 for the SAARC countries and observed the CFR changes due to the imposition of fees on COVID-19 tests in Bangladesh. Using the daily records up to 9th October, we implemented a statistical method to remove both the bias in crude CFR, i.e., the delay between disease onset and outcome bias and due to asymptomatic or mild symptomatic cases, reporting rates lower than 50% (95% CI: 10%-50%) bias. However, no study has thoroughly investigated COVID-19 adjusted CFR of SAARC countries, a regional union of eight nations-Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Therefore, this study''s objective was to calculate and compare the COVID-19 CFR for SAARC countries adjusted by the disease''s survival interval and reporting rates. Therefore, in this study, we estimated the adjusted CFR of COVID-19 outbreak for the selected SAARC countries, i.e., Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.24.20218909 id = cord-332729-f1e334g0 author = Shah, Nirav R. title = An Impact-Oriented Approach to Epidemiological Modeling date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; model summary = 5 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently added policy development as a sixth item in its list of the major tasks of epidemiology in public health, but there remains no mention of the impact on the general public. For instance, the Covid Act Now (CAN) model is fully open-source, along with its data inputs (available at https://covidactnow.org). Both the New York Times and Georgetown University''s Center for Global Health, Science, and Security (available at https://covidamp.org/) have begun to collect data on COVID-19 policies by state and effective dates, including shelter-in-place and reopening orders. These eight considerations may enable COVID-19 data and models to become better harbingers of actionable, behavior-changing, and even life-saving information; to bridge the gap between scientific public health expertise and mainstream, layperson Are the data and model''s mechanisms and data sources publicly available for fact-checking and validation? doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-06230-1 id = cord-265372-vytmwmoj author = Shah, Nita H title = Control Strategies to Curtail Transmission of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-07 keywords = COVID-19; individual summary = During the initial stages of COVID-19 outbreak, such human transmissions were taking place because, wide-range of public was unaware of these risk factors, and the infected individuals were also not isolated and were spreading the virus unknowingly to other individuals. Moreover, to minimise mortality rate of COVID-19, 3 u control variable is taken which helps to reduce critically infected cases by taking extra medical care of infected individuals. [1] In this section, the COVID-19 model is simulated numerically, wherein the parametric values for simulation are taken from recent pandemic outbreak of coronavirus (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports). Figure 6 (e) shows that mortality rate due to COVID-19 can be reduced effectively within three weeks of outbreak by applying 1 u , 2 u and 3 u control strategies. That means self-quarantine for an exposed individual, isolation of an infected individual and reducing critical cases by taking extra care of infected individuals are effective strategies to control further transmission of COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.04.20053173 id = cord-026334-n8ek9fw3 author = Shah, Pooja title = Prevention is Better than Cure: An Application of Big Data and Geospatial Technology in Mitigating Pandemic date = 2020-06-06 keywords = GIS; city; covid-19 summary = While the city planners are still struggling to maintain balance between logistic planning and resource management, dense urban built up, affordable housing and other factors are challenging the planners to find out potential site for COVID-19 patients and quarantine. The predicting strength of the software is explored by developing model to predict the cases of COVID-19 using explanatory variables like population density, building density, building heights and types of use of land like housing, commercial or industrial and positive cases of COVID based on above parameters the prediction model will help to show the probable area of containment Using this model, the severity of the pandemic can be tracked and can be monitored to avoid further spread of diseases. The use of such data in Surat city has helped in managing the spread of the COVID-19 effect. doi = 10.1007/s41403-020-00120-y id = cord-258498-0mvxwo3w author = Shah, Saleha title = COVID-19 and paediatric dentistry- traversing the challenges. A narrative review date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; DHCP; N95; NSAID; PPE; care; dental; patient; risk summary = This review article informs about measures which reduce facility risk, manage symptomatic patients and protect personal health care and management with reference to paediatric dentistry. 5, 6, 7 The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aerosols generated during dental procedures cannot be eliminated when practicing in the absence of Airborne Precautions (airborne infection isolation rooms or single-patient rooms, respiratory protection program, N95 respirators). 47 Primary prevention encompasses prenatal health care, avoidance of night time bottle feed with sugary drinks or milk, restricting sugar intake and frequency for children younger than 24 months, avoiding frequent/nocturnal breast or bottle feeding after 1 year, exposure to dietary fluoridate (water, milk, salt), use of an age appropriate amount of fluoride toothpaste containing at least 1000ppm fluoride for brushing at least twice a day, dental visit in the first year of life and regular applications of 5% fluoride. doi = 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.08.007 id = cord-282867-kbyxdegu author = Shah, Sayed Zulfiqar Ali title = Scaling the Need, Benefits, and Risks Associated with COVID-19 Acute and Postacute Care Rehabilitation: A Review date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; USWT; patient; respiratory summary = The main aim of this study is to review and summarize the evidence regarding the supportive role of physical rehabilitation techniques in managing COVID-19-associated pneumonia. In this review, we also emphasize the use of rehabilitation techniques in the management of pneumonia in COVID-19-infected patients. The purpose of this study was to review the evidence regarding the supportive role of treatment options available in physical rehabilitation to manage COVID-19 pneumonia effectively. Evidence strongly supports that many rehabilitation techniques including chest physiotherapy and physical therapy modalities can be of great support to manage COVID-19-associated pneumonia [9, 10] . Common problems identified in COVID-19 patients that could be managed by rehabilitation specialists in the postacute phase include musculoskeletal pain, joint pain, reduced range of motion, muscular weakness, neuropathy and myopathy, pulmonary dysfunction, dysphagia, dyspnea, confusion, and impaired activities of daily living. doi = 10.1155/2020/3642143 id = cord-298325-2gm4fnqi author = Shah, Sonia title = Novel use of home pulse oximetry monitoring in COVID‐19 patients discharged from the emergency department identifies need for hospitalization date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Novel use of home pulse oximetry monitoring in COVID‐19 patients discharged from the emergency department identifies need for hospitalization OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to evaluate patient‐reported oxygen saturation (SpO(2)) using pulse oximetry as a home monitoring tool for patients with initially non‐severe COVID‐19 to identify need for hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that home pulse oximetry monitoring identifies need for hospitalization in initially non‐severe COVID‐19 patients when a cut off of SpO(2) 92% is used. Our objective was to evaluate patient-reported oxygen saturation using pulse oximetry as a home monitoring tool for patients with initially non-severe COVID-19 to identify need for hospitalization. Our results found that pulse oximetry as a home monitoring tool identifies need for hospitalization in initially non-severe COVID-19 patients when a cut off of SpO 2 92% is used. This study found that home pulse oximetry monitoring identifies need for hospitalization in initially non-severe COVID-19 patients when resting home oxygen saturation drops below 92%. doi = 10.1111/acem.14053 id = cord-268483-joiajgs4 author = Shah, Vibhuti Kumar title = Overview of Immune Response During SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lessons From the Past date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; MERS; SARS; cell; coronavirus summary = As there are no specific treatments available for this novel coronavirus, numerous small molecular drugs that are being used for the treatment of diseases like SARS, MERS, HIV, ebola, malaria, and tuberculosis are being given to COVID-19 patients, and clinical trials for many such drugs have already begun. An ELISA-based time kinetics study to detect the COVID-19 specific humoral immune response showed that the patients produced IgM and IgG antibodies that did not cross-react with other human coronaviruses except SARS-CoV. A case study on pediatric patients reports that 5 out of 6 children showed a protective humoral response, with neutralizing IgG and IgM antibodies targeting the N and S-RBD proteins of SARS-CoV-2 (65) . T cell responses are required for protection from clinical disease and for virus clearance in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected mice doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01949 id = cord-259281-4w1tyqw9 author = Shah, Vishank Arun title = Acute Encephalopathy Is Associated With Worse Outcomes In COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-09-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = CONCLUSION: Among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, acute encephalopathy is common and more likely to occur in patients with medical co-morbidities and are more likely to need critical care, intubation and have higher 30-day mortality even after adjusting for age and underlying medical co-morbidities. De-identified patient information for COVID-19 patients with and without acute encephalopathy were extracted using TriNetX, a global health collaborative clinical research platform collecting real-time electronic medical record data from a network of health care organizations across U.S.A. and some outside US territories. Then, baseline demographics, co-morbidities and clinical outcomes, including need for critical care services, intubation and mortality within 30 days from COVID-19 diagnosis were compared in patients with and without encephalopathy. We found that need for critical care services, intubation and 30-day mortality were significantly higher in patients who had acute encephalopathy and this difference persisted even after propensity-score matching for age, demographics and medical co-morbidities. doi = 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100136 id = cord-331472-kd4uxcve author = Shahid, Zainab title = COVID‐19 and Older Adults: What We Know date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = Studies have shown that this virus causes worse outcomes and a higher mortality rate in older adults and those with comorbidities such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). 5 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that although individuals older than age 65 comprise 17% of the total population in the United States, they make up 31% of COVID-19 infections, 45% of hospitalizations, 53% of intensive care unit admissions, and 80% of deaths caused by this infection. 15, 16 These symptoms are also common in older adults; one study on 21 critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a mean age of 70 years, found that the most common presenting symptoms were shortness of breath (76%), fever (52%), and cough (48%). 19 One study on 46 fatal cases of SARS-CoV-2, in which 84% of patients were older than age 60, found that diabetes is likely associated with increased mortality. doi = 10.1111/jgs.16472 id = cord-207180-k6f6cmyn author = Shahrezaye, Morteza title = COVID-19''s (mis)information ecosystem on Twitter: How partisanship boosts the spread of conspiracy narratives on German speaking Twitter date = 2020-09-27 keywords = Twitter; conspiracy; covid-19 summary = We also found that the political orientation of users correlates with the volume of content users contribute to the dissemination of conspiracy narratives, implying that partisan communicators have a higher motivation to take part in conspiratorial discussions on Twitter. We speculate that more of the conspiracy-related tweets are deleted because of Twitter''s content moderation efforts that have been enforced due to recent public debates about misinformation on OSNs. There is a long list of laboratory studies that show a correlation between conspiracy mentality and extreme political orientation [Enders et al., 2020; van Prooijen et al., 2015] . Using more than 38,000 tweets and 36,000 unique Twitter users, we formed the contingency table of political orientation and of contribution to COVID-19 conspiracy narratives (Table 8) . doi = nan id = cord-287196-re4sosff author = Shahzad, Fakhar title = Perceived Threat of COVID-19 Contagion and Frontline Paramedics’ Agonistic Behaviour: Employing a Stressor–Strain–Outcome Perspective date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; PSS; anxiety; behaviour; emotional; threat summary = The results found that the perceived threat of COVID-19 contagion (emotional and cognitive threat) was positively correlated with physiological anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion, which led toward agonistic behaviour. Further, perceived social support was a key moderator that negatively affected the relationships between agonistic behaviour and physiological anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion. Therefore, our study also examined the moderating role of PSS on the association between selected strain factors (physiological anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion) and the agonistic behaviour of frontline paramedics. Moreover, the sequential process of the SSO model has been used to test the theoretical avowals made in this study, which includes how perceived threat of COVID-19 affect the agonistic behaviour of frontline paramedics by creating physiological anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion. Our study concludes that the effect of perceived COVID-19 threat on predicting greater levels of physiological anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion among frontline healthcare paramedics may contribute to their agonistic behaviour. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17145102 id = cord-354339-tchu91av author = Shahzad, Naeem title = Rapid assessment of COVID-19 suspected cases: A community based approach for developing countries like Pakistan date = 2020-05-06 keywords = country; covid-19 summary = Photo: Nurse wearing locally produced low cost COVID-19 kit and filling the score card from a suspected patient for initial screening and triage at the emergency control room (from the collection of Dr Naeem Shahzad, used with permission). Therefore, this study has made an effort to design a rapid assessment score card using bottom up approach starting from community level which will help the low-income and developing countries to ascertain the suspected COVID-19 cases at community level. To develop an effective tool for patient screening without overburdening the health care infrastructure while still not compromising the control over the spread of the disease and preventive measures, an effective score card has been developed covering numerous effective parameters for rapid assessment of the probable COIVD-19 cases, as shown in Figure 1 . doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.010353 id = cord-356056-82bvcuvd author = Shaikh, Aasef G. title = Cerebellar Scholars’ Challenging Time in COVID-19 Pandemia date = 2020-04-16 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, has caused pandemic of highly contagious disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with epicenters in China, Italy, Spain, and the USA. There is an urgent need to develop novel platforms to assess and follow ataxic patients remotely, especially because cerebellar patients often require ambulatory care to maintain their autonomy. The source of the current global challenge is the malignantly pathogenic coronavirus that emerged from Wuhan, China, leading to highly contagious and novel condition called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Fast tracked literature revealed that in its acute phase, compared with the impact on the respiratory system, the human brain appears relatively spared, generally causing confusion (9%), dizziness (17%), impaired consciousness (8%), propensity to develop acute strokes (3%), anosmia (6%), hypogeusia (6%), acute cerebrovascular diseases (3%), ataxia (1%), epilepsy (1%), and neuralgia [3] . There is an urgent need to develop novel platforms to assess and follow ataxic patients remotely. doi = 10.1007/s12311-020-01131-9 id = cord-271469-lozvq3y6 author = Shaikh, Faiq title = Current landscape of Imaging and the potential role for Artificial intelligence in the management of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The clinical presentation of COVID-19 COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory tract infection caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus. Currently, the imaging features related to the neurologic complications of the virus are consistent with stroke related to large vessel occlusion and encephalopathy (Fig. 5) with reported leptomeningeal enhancement and cranial nerve palsies [25, 26] , which in the vast majority are seen in subjects with severe alternate manifestations of Covid-19 infection [27, 28] . Given that it has been shown to be useful for imaging lung infections, such as tuberculosis and atypical pneumonia [33] , its potential role in COVID19 management, albeit small may be extrapolated (Fig. 6) . Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure and host response Severity assessment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using quantitative features from chest CT images doi = 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2020.06.009 id = cord-346346-h09pn9sh author = Shaikh, Sana title = Management of Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-06 keywords = AKI; COVID-19; KRT summary = Management of COVID-19 associated AKI with kidney replacement therapy (KRT) should follow existing recommendations regarding modality, dose, and timing of initiation. Escalating dosages of intravenous loop diuretics in patients with volume overload, intravenous sodium bicarbonate solution in patients with severe metabolic acidosis, and use of rapid acting potassium binders like sodium zirconium cyclosilicate for Continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) is the recommended modality for management of AKI in patients with hemodynamic instability 20 . KRT during acute surge in the hospitals has been extremely challenging, as institutions Continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) is the recommended modality for management of AKI in patients with hemodynamic instability 20 . Effect of a Buffered Crystalloid Solution vs Saline on Acute Kidney Injury Among Patients in the Intensive Care Unit: The SPLIT Randomized Clinical Trial Delayed versus early initiation of renal replacement therapy for severe acute kidney injury: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials doi = 10.1053/j.ackd.2020.08.002 id = cord-324246-liyk6mna author = Shakoor, Hira title = Be well: A potential role for vitamin B in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-15 keywords = SARS; covid-19; vitamin summary = Vitamin B assists in proper activation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, improves respiratory function, maintains endothelial integrity, prevents hypercoagulability and can reduce the length of stay in hospital [7, 8] . In a recent preprint it is suggested that PLP supplementation mitigates COVID-19 symptoms by regulating immune responses, decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, maintaining endothelial integrity and preventing hypercoagulability [22] . J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Vitamin B not only helps to build and maintain a healthy immune system but it could potentially prevent or reduce COVID-19 symptoms or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. In particular, vitamin B modulates immune response by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation, reducing breathing difficulty and gastrointestinal problems, preventing hypercoagulability, potentially improving outcomes and reducing the length of stay in the hospital for COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.007 id = cord-234918-puunbcio author = Shalu, Hrithwik title = A Data-Efficient Deep Learning Based Smartphone Application For Detection Of Pulmonary Diseases Using Chest X-rays date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; Network; image summary = The scarcity of training data and class imbalance issues were effectively tackled in our approach by the use of Data Augmentation Generative Adversarial Network (DAGAN) and model architecture based as a Convolutional Siamese Network with attention mechanism. In [9] the authors proposed a modified CNN based on class decomposition, termed as Decompose Transfer Compose model to improve the performance of pre-trained models on the detection of COVID-19 cases from chest x-ray images. In [34] the authors proposed a pneumonia chest x-ray detection based on generative adversarial networks (GAN) with a fine-tuned deep transfer learning for a limited dataset. Detection of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Associated Pneumonia based on Generative Adversarial Networks and a Fine-Tuned Deep Transfer Learning Model using Chest X-ray Dataset doi = nan id = cord-312029-xsojdbdk author = Sham, Lauren title = The COVID-19 pandemic and Community Health Workers: An opportunity to maintain delivery of care and education for families of children with epilepsy in Zambia date = 2020-10-02 keywords = CHW; COVID-19 summary = title: The COVID-19 pandemic and Community Health Workers: An opportunity to maintain delivery of care and education for families of children with epilepsy in Zambia As requirements for physical distancing have led to restrictions on the availability of health care services, many countries have adapted methods of telemedicine to sustain care access for patients [1] , while making difficult decisions surrounding which aspects of direct clinical care can be deferred and the time span acceptable for delaying chronic medical care [2] . The COVID-19 pandemic and Community Health Workers: An opportunity to maintain delivery of care and education for families of children with epilepsy in Zambia Beyond our original goals, this program has provided a unique model of health care access for a chronic medical condition during times of infectious disease outbreaks requiring physical distancing, which is feasible to implement in a developing region where telehealth mechanisms are limited. doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.020329 id = cord-306227-63qvvkvk author = Shammi, Mashura title = Strategic assessment of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: comparative lockdown scenario analysis, public perception, and management for sustainability date = 2020-07-18 keywords = Bangladesh; covid-19; increase; lockdown; pandemic; people; scenario summary = This article, therefore, focuses on the public perception of comparative lockdown scenario analysis and how they may affect the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the strategic management regime of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh socio-economically as well as the implications of the withdrawal of partial lockdown plan. First of all, the government should come up with a comprehensive strategic plan accompanied by non-governmental and social organizations and law enforcement to analyse the spread of the virus, identifying the most vulnerable hosts, properly tracked the movement of general people, precise estimation of economic losses from different financial and industrial sectors, educational diminutions and professional and informal employment disruption to picture an integrated scenario of the current situation and future predictions by which the revival of the negative aspects of the country could be managed. doi = 10.1007/s10668-020-00867-y id = cord-348422-werg9ofa author = Shamsah, Mohammed A title = Right atrial thrombus in a patient with COVID-19 pneumonia: a case report date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 3 However, the case reported here represents an example of the need for therapeutic anticoagulant therapy in a specific group of severe COVID-19 pneumonia patients. We started the patient on high-dose norepinephrine, dobutamine, and vasopressin infusions, but his systolic pressure barely reached 90 mmHg. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) was performed because of refractory shock, and catheter-directed thrombolysis with a 24-h infusion of alteplase was administered, followed by an infusion of unfractionated heparin. Some emerging case reports suggest that critically ill patients with COVID-19 develop complications from hypercoagulability, 5 including both pulmonary emboli 6 and microscopic thrombi. Thus, the hypercoagulable state in patients with COVID-19 is similar to that found in compensated DIC and might explain the absence of VA-ECMO was a lifesaving rescue therapy for our patient because of the high-risk, acute, massive pulmonary embolism. We believe that this is the first reported case of COVID-19 pneumonia with massive pulmonary embolism that was managed successfully with VA-ECMO and thrombolysis. doi = 10.1093/ehjcr/ytaa296 id = cord-259793-pue0mv99 author = Shamshiripour, Ali title = How is COVID-19 reshaping activity-travel behavior? Evidence from a comprehensive survey in Chicago date = 2020-09-06 keywords = Fig; covid-19; pandemic; travel summary = Combining stated preference (SP) and revealed preference (RP) methods, the survey was structured to collect information in three major categories: 1) socio-demographic details such as residential location, age, gender, race, as well as the economic factors including individual job categories and annual household income; 2) health-related factors such as weight and height, and physical exercise habits, as well as COVID-19 exposure risk factors such as having pre-existing medical conditions and being in close contact with a confirmed case; and 3) an extensive set of questions about people''s attitudes and perceptions, habits, and daily activity-travel behavior. The previous sections discussed the dynamics of various aspects of activity-travel behavior and perceptions impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and this section seeks to put the results into perspective for transportation planning and offer insights for future research. doi = 10.1016/j.trip.2020.100216 id = cord-273646-ne7qfjd6 author = Shan Chan, Christine Hui title = Safeguarding Non-COVID-19 Research: Looking Up from Ground Zero date = 2020-05-30 keywords = covid-19 summary = Worldwide, as resources are directed toward accelerating the research into unravelling the mechanism of COVID-19 pathophysiology, concerns have been raised regarding the future of clinical research in United Kingdom and elsewhere during the current pandemic. However, the real immediate impact of these restrictions due to lock-down is most acutely felt by scientists working on non-COVID-19 biomedical research bench and clinical researchers whose drug trials have to be delayed, suspended or ceased. However, the real immediate impact of these restrictions has been most acutely felt primarily by biomedical scientists working on non-COVID-19 bench research and clinical researchers whose drug trials have to be delayed, suspended or ceased (4). However, in implementing safe guarding measures and processes for non-COVID-19 biomedical research during this pandemic, the voices from ground zero deserve to be heard. doi = 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.05.023 id = cord-159554-50077dgk author = Shan, Fei title = Lung Infection Quantification of COVID-19 in CT Images with Deep Learning date = 2020-03-10 keywords = covid-19; infection summary = For fast manual delineation of training samples and possible manual intervention of automatic results, a human-in-the-loop (HITL) strategy has been adopted to assist radiologists for infection region segmentation, which dramatically reduced the total segmentation time to 4 minutes after 3 iterations of model updating. By reducing and combining feature map channels, not only the model size and inference time are greatly reduced, but also cross-channel features are effectively fused via convolusion, which makes VB-Net more applicable to deal with large 3D volumetric data than traditional V-Net. Training samples with detailed delineation of each infection region are required for the proposed VB-Net. However, it is a labor-intensive work for radiologists to annotate hundreds of COVID-19 CT scans. To quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of segmentation and measurement, infection regions on 300 CT scans of 300 COVID-19 patients were manually contoured by two radiologists (W.S. and F.S., with 12 and 19 years of experience in chest radiology, respectively) to serve as the reference standard. doi = nan id = cord-322099-mb17dnf2 author = Shanahan, Lilly title = Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; distress; emotional; pandemic summary = Emotional distress (perceived stress, internalizing symptoms, and anger), COVID-19-related stressors, and coping strategies were measured during the pandemic/lockdown when participants were aged 22. CONCLUSIONS: In our community sample, pre-pandemic distress, secondary consequences of the pandemic (e.g. lifestyle and economic disruptions), and pre-pandemic social stressors were more consistently associated with young adults'' emotional distress than COVID-19-related health risk exposures. In addition, we assessed stressors related to secondary consequences of the pandemic (e.g. economic and lifestyle disruptions); and also hopelessness, low trust in societal responses to the pandemic, and frequent COVID-19-related news-seeking as factors that could be associated with increased emotional distress. In addition, pre-pandemic social stressors, stressful life events, low generalized trust, poor self-rated health, and concurrent pandemic-related stressors (i.e. during-pandemic lifestyle and economic disruptions, loss of occupation/education) and other risks (e.g. hopelessness and low trust in responses) were associated with during-pandemic distress. doi = 10.1017/s003329172000241x id = cord-345725-8ijgmbmr author = Shang, Jingjing title = COVID-19 Preparedness in U.S. Home Healthcare Agencies date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Abstract Objectives In the U.S., home health agencies (HHAs) provide essential services for patients recovering from post-acute-care and older adults who are aging in place. Many HHAs reported accessing supplemental PPE from state/local resources, 23 donations, and do-it-yourself efforts; more rural HHAs had accessed these additional resources 24 compared to urban HHAs. 25 Conclusions/Implications: This survey reveals challenges that HHAs are having in responding 26 to the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among urban agencies. 2 During the COVID-19 pandemic, 35 caring for this group of vulnerable patients at home is complicated and issues may differ in urban 36 and rural settings. Our objective was to explore the COVID-19 preparedness of U.S. home 37 healthcare agencies (HHAs) and examine any urban and rural differences. Most HHAs had an emergency preparedness plan in place, and despite regional 143 differences in COVID-19 cases, the majority of responding agencies were caring for (or had The current/anticipated shortages of PPE and other supplies remain the largest concern. doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.06.002 id = cord-292296-nocmabcg author = Shang, L. title = Fangcang shelter hospitals in COVID-19 pandemic: the practice and its significance date = 2020-05-01 keywords = Fangcang; covid-19 summary = This paper was the first to report the clinical characteristics of individuals with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in a Fangcang shelter hospital. As Fangcang shelter hospitals or their equivalents are being built worldwide, it is important to investigate the laboratory characteristics of individuals with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 to optimise patient management. Identifying risk factors for disease progression in individuals with mild-to-moderate disease is important for optimal triage and management of patients in Fangcang shelter hospitals or their equivalents around the world. Although the names and admission criteria may differ among facilities, the core concept is to completely isolate mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients in Fangcang shelter hospitals, not in homes, thus reducing household and community transmission. Fangcang shelter hospitals are a novel approach for responding to the COVID-19 pandemic and have provided isolation, triage, timely and high-quality medical care, disease monitoring and referral, and social engagement for mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.038 id = cord-272796-7br822q3 author = Shang, Luxiang title = Diabetes Mellitus is Associated with Severe Infection and Mortality in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Methods We systematically searched the PubMed, Web of Science, MedRxiv and COVID-19 academic research communication platform for studies reporting clinical severity and/or overall mortality data on DM in patients with COVID-19 published up to July 10, 2020. Forth, the majority of the included studies in our meta-analysis were retrospective case-control studies, as the disease spreads around the world, it is hoped that other cohort studies and randomized studies will report more clinical data to verify our results, and further examine the effect of DM type, DM duration, presence of DM-related complications and glycaemic controls on prognosis of COVID-19. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Mortality of COVID-19 Patients With Diabetes in Wuhan, China: A Two-Center doi = 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.07.005 id = cord-316647-jj8anf5g author = Shang, You title = Management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in ICU: statement from front-line intensive care experts in Wuhan, China date = 2020-06-06 keywords = AKI; ARDS; China; ICU; SARS; clinical; covid-19; patient summary = RESULTS: A comprehensive document with 46 statements are presented, including protection of medical personnel, etiological treatment, diagnosis and treatment of tissue and organ functional impairment, psychological interventions, immunity therapy, nutritional support, and transportation of critically ill COVID-19 patients. Statement 8 Convalescent plasma therapy should probably be used for severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19 (Grade 2+, weak recommendation). However, critically ill patients with COVID-19 have a longer mechanical ventilation time, and daily sedatives interruption is not suggested for patients receiving deep sedation in order to reduce lung damage during early stage of severe ARDS. Light sedation is suggested for severe COVID-19 patients receiving HFNC oxygen therapy and non-invasive mechanical ventilation, and also for critically ill patients in the recovering stage (expert opinion). Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00689-1 id = cord-306690-s5mxes4r author = Shangguan, Ziheng title = What Caused the Outbreak of COVID-19 in China: From the Perspective of Crisis Management date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; China; January; Wuhan summary = Since the first known case of a COVID-19 infected patient in Wuhan, China on 8 December 2019, COVID-19 has spread to more than 200 countries, causing a worldwide public health crisis. This article attempts to fill this research gap through analysis of big data, officially released information and other social media sources to understand the root cause of the crisis as it relates to China''s current management system and public health policy. Since the first known case of a COVID-19 infected patient in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China on 8 December 2019 [1] , COVID-19 has spread to more than 200 countries and infected over three million people worldwide (as of 28 April 2020), causing a worldwide public health crisis. This article attempts to fill this research gap through analysis of big data, officially released information and other social media sources to understand the root cause of the crisis from the aspects of China''s current management system and public health policy. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17093279 id = cord-305856-xt3zxajf author = Shanmugam, Chandrakumar title = COVID-2019 – A comprehensive pathology insight date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; SARS; acute summary = Corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS CoV-2), a highly contagious single stranded RNA virus genetically related to SARS CoV. Pathologically, the lungs show either mild congestion and alveolar exudation or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with hyaline membrane or histopathology of acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia (AFOP) that parallels disease severity. The current pandemic of corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS CoV-2) led to complete lockdown in many countries contributing to major socio-economic crisis and irreparable recession, globally. [22, 31, 32, 33] Similar to SARS CoV, a recent study reported non-O blood group specifically group A had higher infection and death rates due to COVID-19 owing to absence of protective anti-A IgM antibodies. Pulmonary pathology of early phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer The clinical pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a report from China doi = 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153222 id = cord-269280-1zbxjmxu author = Shao, Connie title = The COVID trolley dilemma date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; pandemic; patient summary = As the first wave of this pandemic subsides, hospital systems are faced with prioritizing which surgical services can resume while simultaneously minimizing the disruption of ongoing care for the remaining COVID-19 patients. Patients requiring oncologic surgery now face a "double jeopardy" of increased exposure to COVID-19 due to frequent interactions with medical facilities, but also worse outcomes associated with delaying surgery. As the immediate wave of morbidity and mortality associated directly with the COVID-19 pandemic subsides, the effects of delaying both diagnosis and surgery will be revealed. Guidelines, such as those created by ACS, for careful and precarious resumption of local "elective" surgeries are moot when conservation efforts are overrun by an uncontrolled Ro. At a time that we do not have herd immunity and a vaccine does not yet exist, government-mandated orders are necessary to protect our patients, ourselves, and those who will become our patients. doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.05.012 id = cord-254727-d1pgjtjh author = Shao, Fei title = In-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China date = 2020-04-10 keywords = IHCA; covid-19 summary = OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe COVID-19 and in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) in Wuhan, China. CONCLUSION: Survival of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia who had an in-hospital cardiac arrest was poor in Wuhan. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to present the clinical characteristics; clinical outcomes, including return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC); and 30-day survival of patients with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia after IHCA at the west campus of Union Hospital in Wuhan. We collected demographic, clinical, and outcome data of treated patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and IHCA from an electronic medical record according Utstein style guidelines during the 40 days. In our study, there were numerous patients with severe pneumonia who were resuscitated in the general ward, resulting in a poor outcome when compared with those who received intensive care in the ICU. The overall ROSC and 30-day survival rates of IHCA patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan were poor. doi = 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.04.005 id = cord-298127-zp8kze6t author = Shao, Fei title = Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of inpatients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: the Wuhan experience date = 2020-05-11 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of inpatients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: the Wuhan experience We have previously reported outcomes for in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. 1 Here we report our personal experience of prevention, treatment and staff safety for IHCA patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. All critically-ill patients with COVID-19 should be evaluated for the risk of cardiac arrest. In addition assessment of myocardial injury caused by COVID-19 by monitoring myocardial enzymes, brain natriuretic peptides, and ultrasound, and ECG for arrhythmia may have prevented some cardiac arrests. We observed that cardiac arrest In our opinion, medical personnel should wear high-level personal protection equipment (PPE), including N95 masks, gowns, gloves, goggles, visors, and a powered air-purifying respirator at the beginning of each work shift and during CPR. In our experience, the PPE can loosen and the mask can slip during chest compression. In-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan doi = 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.05.009 id = cord-320460-7b8lqhl8 author = Shapira, G. title = Ethnic differences in SERPINA1 allele frequencies may partially explain national differences in COVID-19 fatality rates date = 2020-08-26 keywords = August; covid-19 summary = We present preliminary evidence that these variations may in part reflect ethnic differences in the frequencies of polymorphic alleles of SERPINA1, coding for alpha-1 antitrypsin, the major blood serine protease inhibitor. We examined if population variations in human serine protease inhibitor (serpin) genes may help explain the lower COVID-19 infection rates and fatalities in East and Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, compared to other regions. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.24.20179226 doi: medRxiv preprint carrier frequency of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency PiZ and PiS alleles in East and Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African countries may help explain the lower COVID-19 infection and mortality rates in these regions. It is made available under a perpetuity.is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprintThe copyright holder for this this version posted August 26, 2020. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.24.20179226 id = cord-347360-l1v93av4 author = Shapira, Guy title = Ethnic differences in alpha‐1 antitrypsin deficiency allele frequencies may partially explain national differences in COVID‐19 fatality rates date = 2020-09-22 keywords = antitrypsin; covid-19 summary = Our study compared reported national estimates for the major alpha‐1 antitrypsin deficiency alleles PiZ and PiS (SERPINA1 rs28929474 and rs17580, respectively) with the Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center dataset. We found a significant positive correlation (R = .54, P = 1.98e−6) between the combined frequencies of the alpha‐1 antitrypsin PiZ and PiS deficiency alleles in 67 countries and their reported COVID‐19 mortality rates. We examined if population variations in human serine protease inhibitor (serpin) genes may help explain the lower COVID-19 infection rates and fatalities in East and Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, compared to other regions. Considering the above, we propose that the low carrier frequency of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency PiZ and PiS alleles in East and Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African F I G U R E 1 Demographics of national alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency and COVID-19 fatality rates per 1,000 population. doi = 10.1096/fj.202002097 id = cord-305025-pqye1ebh author = Sharifi, Majid title = Rapid diagnostics of coronavirus disease 2019 in early stages using nanobiosensors: challenges and opportunities date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS; detection summary = The rapid outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world is a tragic and shocking event that demonstrates the unpreparedness of humans to develop quick diagnostic platforms for novel infectious diseases. In conclusion, it can be deduced that as rapid COVID-19 detection infection can play a vital role in disease control and treatment, this review may be of great help for controlling the COVID-19 outbreak by providing some necessary information for the development of portable, accurate, selectable and simple nanobiosensors. Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus nucleocapsid 637 protein in human serum using a localized surface plasmon coupled fluorescence fiber-optic 638 RNA as a control for multiplex real-time reverse transcription-PCR detection of influenza 790 virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Development and evaluation of a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification 829 method for rapid detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Rapid COVID-19 detection causative virus (SARS-CoV-2) in human 933 nasopharyngeal swab specimens using field-effect transistor-based biosensor doi = 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121704 id = cord-314826-usfvulc2 author = Sharifipour, Ehsan title = Evaluation of bacterial co-infections of the respiratory tract in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = In total, all patients were found positive for bacterial infections, including seventeen Acinetobacter baumannii (90%) and two Staphylococcus aureus (10%) strains. Although COVID-19 associated deaths have mainly occurred in the elderly with serious underlying diseases [3] , nosocomial pneumonia (NP) in intensive care units remains a major risk factor for the patients and the health of patients, especially when intubated, may deteriorate in the presence of lower respiratory tract infections. Some studies have shown that viral agents such as influenza viruses can be associated with secondary bacterial pneumonia that might occur throughout hospitalization and lead to the death of individuals with or without preexisting respiratory diseases [8] . Therefore, our aim was to evaluate secondary bacterial infections and their antibiotic resistance in COVID-19 positive patients admitted to ICUs in Qom, the first city in Iran to report COVID-19 disease [14] . However, further work is required to investigate whether there are increased mortality rates associated with patients co-infected with COVID-19 and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05374-z id = cord-268470-dgxn32ls author = Sharma, Abhishek title = Obesity is Associated with More Critical Illness in COVID-19 date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To the Editor: In follow-up to recent major state-of-the-art review on Obesity and Outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), 1 we have additional data regarding the relationship of obesity with outcomes in patients with COVID-19. We performed a rapid review and meta-analysis to evaluate whether obesity is associated with worse outcomes in patients with COVID-19. The following key words were used for search in different combinations: "Coronavirus 2019", "Covid-19", "SARS-CoV2", "Obesity", "Body mass index", and "Outcomes". The primary outcome was critical illness In this rapid review and meta-analysis, obesity was associated with a 39% increased risk of critical illness, defined by individual study protocol as ICU admission, need for IMV, or hospice admission or death. Despite these study limitations, however, our data of a 39% increase in worse outcomes associated with obesity strongly supports the recent paper in Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Factors associated with hospitalization and critical illness among 4,103 patients with COVID-19 disease in New York City doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.046 id = cord-026130-ki7bn67o author = Sharma, Anand Kumar title = Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; people; virus summary = In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that are typically mild, such as some cases of the common cold (among other possible causes, predominantly rhinoviruses), though rarer forms such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and COVID-19 can be lethal [4] . Based on currently available information and clinical expertise, older adults of over 60 years and people of any age who have serious underlying medical conditions (comorbidities) might be at higher risk of developing the severe disease with SARS-CoV-2, which may even lead to death. As of April 22, 2020, more than 2.5 million people all over the world have tested positive for COVID19 countries including India have evaluated the pandemic situation and have taken the "extraordinary measures" of complete lockdown to contain the virus. doi = 10.1007/s12045-020-0981-3 id = cord-335272-jypxi99z author = Sharma, Anupam Joya title = A cross-sectional study of psychological wellbeing of Indian adults during the Covid-19 lockdown: Different strokes for different folks date = 2020-09-03 keywords = AJS; LGBT; covid-19; indian; lockdown summary = Moreover, both qualitative and quantitative study findings suggested that greater frequency of calling family members during lockdown could strengthen social relationships and increase social empathy. In response, our study of Indian adults unpacks how social factors such as sexual orientation, relationship status, and residence in high-infection areas, could be linked with several psychological outcomes during the lockdown. Next, we fitted separate multivariable linear regression models to estimate the association of the independent variables (sexual orientation, relationship status, high-risk group, and living in a state with high number of cases) with psychological outcomes (anxiety, depressive symptoms, Internet addiction and pornography consumption) adjusted for the sociodemographic covariates-age, gender, annual income, educational qualification, place of residence-and for individual personal resources (optimism and resilience). Our quantitative and qualitative findings both suggest that LGBT adults, compared to the heterosexuals, are at a higher risk of developing anxiety, depressive symptoms, and using pornography during the lockdown. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238761 id = cord-283120-hyzk59qv author = Sharma, Ashish title = Liver disease and outcomes among COVID-19 hospitalized patients- a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; liver summary = In this meta-analysis, we aim to study the occurrence and association of liver injury, comorbid liver disease and elevated liver enzymes in COVID-19 confirmed hospitalizations with outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from observational studies describing comorbid chronic liver disease, acute liver injury, elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalized patients from December 1, 2019, to June 30, 2020 was extracted following PRISMA guidelines. The aim of the study is to evaluate the role of the comorbid chronic liver disease (CM-CLD), elevated liver enzymes and COVID-19 associated acute liver injury (COVID-19 ALI) in predicting the outcomes in confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized patients. The Maentel-Haenszel formula was used to calculate dichotomous variables to obtain odds ratios (ORs) along with its 95% confidence intervals to describe the association of comorbid liver disease, elevated liver enzymes, acute liver injury and outcomes of COVID-19 patients in each study. doi = 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.10.001 id = cord-299155-94jplecb author = Sharma, Dhruva title = Rationale of anticoagulation among patients of COVID-19 undergoing cardiac surgery date = 2020-07-21 keywords = covid-19 summary = In the current times when we are about to restart our elective cardiovascular thoracic surgical procedures and knowing that COVID-19 is significantly associated with abnormalities of coagulation axis, the author wants Indian Association of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgeons through the editor to come out with strict recommendation and guidelines regarding "Do''s and Dont''s" of surgical procedures for the next 6 months to 1 year till the time vaccine is available or adequate herd immunity develops. Nonetheless, after surgical procedure the patient will be discharged and will be sent back to community where he may develop asymptomatic as well as symptomatic COVID-19 infection, which may affect coagulation cascades of the body which might result in increased incidence of thrombosis associated with biprosthetic grafts, mechanical prosthetic valves, etc. Autopsy findings and venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 doi = 10.1007/s12055-020-00989-y id = cord-308762-lxhq9ga4 author = Sharma, Manoj Kumar title = Researcher Burnout: An Overlooked Aspect in Mental Health Research in times of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; research summary = The COVID-19 related lockdown has also decreased the accessibility to research participants, in addition to existing challenges such as funding not coming through in time, the pressure to achieve results, to write grants, revise grant applications, and face non-acceptance of research grants proposals. The on-going uncertain situations concerning COVID-19 and uncertainties related to research progress appear to be a major contributor towards stress which is likely manifesting itself in researchers and their teams in terms of sleep disturbance, poor appetite, increased interpersonal problems, decreased motivation to continue with research demands, procrastination, absence of other offline leisure activities and experiencing guilt feelings for not completing work. Besides, a mental health pandemic may emerge which results from the experience of trauma, grief, social isolation, loneliness and as well from secondary impact of COVID-19 related quarantine and its associations with abrupt changes in lifestyle. doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102367 id = cord-353410-tbmtg88k author = Sharma, Shreela V. title = Using a rapid assessment methodology to identify and address immediate needs among low-income households with children during COVID-19 date = 2020-10-01 keywords = Bites; COVID-19; family summary = Due to COVID-19-related school closures, states were under "shelter in place" orders, and Brighter Bites administered a rapid assessment survey to identify social needs among their families. While overall results of the qualitative thematic analysis for the n = 1048 participants are presented elsewhere (Sharma et al., under review) , a qualitative analysis of participant responses in the high-risk group revealed four major themes presented in Table 2 : fear of contracting COVID-19, disruption of employment status, financial hardship, and exacerbated food insecurity. Conducting a COVID-19 rapid response survey was a purposeful decision on part of Brighter Bites to identify those with highest need during this time of crisis and develop a framework to immediately address a variety of social needs among those in the "high risk" category. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240009 id = cord-258137-np62exds author = Sharma, Surbhi title = Indians vs.COVID-19: The scenario of mental health date = 2020-09-07 keywords = India; covid-19 summary = COVID-19 pandemic is accompanied by increased stress, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and panic amongst the people [9] . J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Healthcare workers, unemployed/ poverty-stricken individuals, elderly people, children, pregnant women and those suffering from a pre-existing mental condition like obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD) and depression are likely to feel more distressed [5, [14] [15] [16] [17] . COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown: cause of sleep disruption, depression, somatic pain, and increased screen exposure of office workers and students of India Mental health of family, friends, and co-workers of COVID-19 patients in Japan Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic-A review COVID 19 pandemic: Mental health challenges of internal migrant workers of India Effect of covid-19 pandemic on mental health among Albanian people residing in the country and abroad -Implications for mental care doi = 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100038 id = cord-255405-o8ilxqo1 author = Sharma, V. K. title = Modelling of Covid-19 cases in India using Regression and Time Series models date = 2020-05-25 keywords = ARIMA; India; covid-19 summary = In this article, we analyze the growth pattern of Covid-19 pandemic in India from March 4th to May 15th using regression analysis (exponential and polynomial), auto-regressive integrated moving averages (ARIMA) model as well as Exponential Smoothing and Holt-Winters models. Further, we have searched the best fitting ARIMA model for the data using the AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) and CAIC (Consistent Akaike Information Criterion) and forecasted the number of cases for future days. Ceylan [4] suggested the use of Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to develop and predict the epidemiological trend of Covid-19 for better allocation of resources and proper containment of the virus in Italy, Spain and France. In this article, we first study the growth curve using regression methods (exponential, linear and polynomial etc.) and propose an optimal model for fitting the cases till May 15 th . doi = 10.1101/2020.05.20.20107540 id = cord-349840-xs2chzmn author = Sharma, Varun Kumar title = COVID-19 and Anticoagulant based therapeutics: an approach with great promise date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Outcome based clinical observation revealed that about 46% patients with COVID-19 (globally) suffered coagulopathy condition and elevated levels of D-dimer (>0.5 mg/L) (Levi et al., 2020 , Guan et al., 2020 . Additionally, COVID-19 infected patients have higher risk of thrombotic disease including acute coronary syndrome, venous thromboembolism or pulmonary embolism, or stroke and increase risk of mortality (Watson et al., 2020) . Therefore, it has been assumed that suppressed coagulopathy based approach using anticoagulant could be one of the best options to improve the therapeutic possibilities to control COVID-19 pathogenesis and support the quality of life of patients. Anticoagulant therapy, mainly with low molecular weight heparin boost the survival rate of COVID-19 infected patients with coagulopathy (Tang et al., 2020) . Al, suggests that coagulopathy in COVID-19 infected patients is associated with antiphospholipid antibodies which include anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-β2-glycoprotein I (aβ2GPI) (Zhang et al., 2020) . Figure 1: Anticoagulant based therapeutic could add health benefit to COVID-19 patients via suppressing coagulopathy. doi = 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.09.014 id = cord-031460-nrxtfl3i author = Sharma, Vikas Kumar title = Modeling and Forecasting of COVID-19 Growth Curve in India date = 2020-09-05 keywords = ARIMA; India; covid-19; model summary = In this article, we analyze the growth pattern of COVID-19 pandemic in India from March 4 to July 11 using regression analysis (exponential and polynomial), auto-regressive integrated moving averages (ARIMA) model as well as exponential smoothing and Holt–Winters models. Further, we search the best-fitting ARIMA model for the data using the AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) and provide the forecast of COVID-19 cases for future days. Ceylan (2020) suggested the use of Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to develop and predict the epidemiological trend of COVID-19 for better allocation of resources and proper containment of the virus in Italy, Spain and France. In this article, we first study the growth curve using regression methods (exponential, linear and polynomial etc.) and propose an optimal model for fitting the cases till July 10. In order to find the optimal value of µ, i.e. the turning point between the exponential and polynomial growth, we will use the technique of minimizing the residual sum squares in "Analysis of COVID-19 Cases in India". doi = 10.1007/s41403-020-00165-z id = cord-275228-952w7vx5 author = Sharma, Yuvraj title = COVID-19–Associated Collapsing Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: A Report of 2 Cases date = 2020-06-06 keywords = covid-19; kidney summary = We report 2 African American patients who developed acute kidney injury and proteinuria in temporal association with COVID-19 infection. Kidney biopsy specimens showed collapsing glomerulopathy, endothelial tubuloreticular inclusions, and acute tubular injury, without evidence by electron microscopy or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in situ hybridization of viral infection of kidney cells. 3, 4 We describe 2 African American patients with COVID-19 infection who presented with acute kidney injury and proteinuria. The incidence of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection varies from 3% to 29% and is a negative prognostic marker. The temporal association with SARS-CoV-2 infection and the presence of endothelial tubuloreticular inclusions, in the absence of any known autoimmune or other identified viral causes in our patients, strongly favor that COVID-19 infection has mediated collapsing glomerulopathy. Acute kidney injury due to collapsing glomerulopathy following COVID-19 infection doi = 10.1016/j.xkme.2020.05.005 id = cord-300396-kea01a27 author = Sharpe, Richard E title = Special Report of the RSNA COVID-19 Task Force: The Short- and Long-Term Financial Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Private Radiology Practices date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; pandemic; practice summary = The resulting reduction in demand for imaging services had an abrupt and substantial impact on private radiology practices, which are heavily dependent on examination volumes for practice revenues. The goal of this article is to describe the specific experiences of radiologists working in various types of private radiology practices during the initial peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Private practices have crafted tiered strategies to respond to the impact of the pandemic by pulling various cost levers to adjust service availability, staffing, compensation, benefits, time off, and expense reductions. Private practice radiology groups were especially vulnerable to abrupt financial losses as demand for imaging services greatly declined during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic. After reflecting on their values and priorities, private radiology practices crafted tiered strategies to respond to the impact of the pandemic by pulling various cost levers to adjust service availability, staffing, compensation, benefits, time off, and expense reductions. doi = 10.1148/radiol.2020202517 id = cord-345338-pf4tsh3v author = Shaw, Brian title = The lingering manifestations of COVID-19 during and after convalescence: update on long-term pulmonary consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; PCR summary = Improvement in imaging findings may include reduction in the number and size or resolution of GGOs, decrease in the consolidation density, melted sugar sign (gradual reduction in the density of pulmonary consolidation and transition to ground glass opacity), and residual fibrous stripes/ fibrotic bands. Studies on radiologic progression of severe COVID-19 infection categorize the timeline of imaging findings anywhere from two to six stages with highly variable interval times and number of repeat CT scans. do not divide the radiologic progression of COVID-19 into stages, patients who underwent repeat imaging showed median times of 7 and 14 days after admission for worsening and improvement, respectively, on CT. However, no large sample longitudinal follow-up of patients recovered from COVID-19 has been reported to date to provide a statistical estimate of the prevalence of different imaging manifestations, such as organizing pneumonia, fibrotic bands, reticulation, or honeycombing. Thus, continued surveillance of discharged COVID-19 patients with repeat pulmonary function testing, RT-PCR, and HRCT is recommended. doi = 10.1007/s11547-020-01295-8 id = cord-351593-84xpllwh author = Shaw, Jane A. title = Lung Ultrasound in COVID-19: Not Novel, but Necessary date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This has rightly been driven by the recognition that COVID-19 is a novel disease, with a multitude of clinical manifestations and some unexpected respiratory phenotypes [1] .The overwhelming number of severely ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia has generated a lot of information. The ideal imaging modality for them will be one that is useful for early triaging of patients into mild, moderate, and severe pneumonia; it will be highly specific for COVID-19, and sensitive in ruling it out. Data show that computed tomography (CT) chest is a useful diagnostic tool for COVID-19 with a high sensitivity when applied during an outbreak, at times identifying the disease before the gold standard test becomes positive [3] [4] [5] . Relation between chest CT findings and clinical conditions of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia: a multicenter study Lung ultrasound in COVID-19 pneumonia: correlations with chest CT at hospital admission. doi = 10.1159/000509763 id = cord-027036-lvcxrmih author = Shaw, Ken title = The impact of diabetes on COVID‐19 infection date = 2020-06-09 keywords = covid-19; diabetes summary = For example, studies are described reporting defects of cell-mediated immunity and diminished lymphocyte transformation response in people with poorly-controlled diabetes, while impaired leucocyte function, the first line of defence against secondary bacterial infection, can be demonstrated from observation of reduced phagocytic activity with increasing levels of blood glucose. These early reports of COVID-19 infection included observations of 52 critically ill adult patients with coronavirus pneumonia admitted to the ICU at the Wuhan Jin Yin-tan hospital, where diabetes was found in twice the number of individuals who died compared to those who survived (22% vs 10%). 5 This outcome has since been replicated on a wider scale from 552 hospitals across China 6 where, in a total of 1099 patients with established COVID-19 infection, diabetes was present in 7.4% of cases overall, but recorded in a significantly greater proportion of those with severe compared to non-severe disease (16.2% vs 5.7%). doi = 10.1002/pdi.2272 id = cord-349276-viq01q8l author = Shaw, Rajib title = Governance, technology and citizen behavior in pandemic: Lessons from COVID-19 in East Asia date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; China; February; January; March; Wuhan summary = The above description shows that within two months (from 13th of January, when first case was reported in Thailand, outside China to 13th of March, when USA declared emergency), the virus has taken a significant number of lives, affected a large number of people, and brought down many countries, including the economic hubs under lockdown. (1) The occurrence of first confirmed case and subsequent successful initial management: From the beginning of the COVID-19 situation, the Korean government, centered around the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), has shared information with related organizations and established an effective response system. On top of that, as the government-wide response became more vital due to the rapid increase in the number of confirmed cases, MoIS took charge of the monitoring and management of people self-isolating, finding and surveying those who had visited the Wuhan region and may be contagious, locating and securing temporary living facilities and lifetime treatment centers through Countermeasures Support Headquarters (CSHQs). doi = 10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100090 id = cord-278389-cgktbqf9 author = Shaw, William S. title = Opening the Workplace After COVID-19: What Lessons Can be Learned from Return-to-Work Research? date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; work summary = Just as injury and illness have variable effects on workability, the COVID-19 crisis is likely to impact workers differently because of issues like threat of viral infection, health vulnerability, organizational perceptions, income levels, and seniority/job tenure. The existing occupational rehabilitation literature has shown how return-to-work and other worker health and safety outcomes are stratified by income, language, immigration status, social rank, and other measures of socioeconomic advantage or disadvantage. Successful opening of workplaces during the COVID-19 pandemic will require significant changes to organizational health and safety policies and practices to show flexibility to individual worker needs, to be fair to workers with less socioeconomic advantage, and to understand the backdrop of stress and social disruption being experienced at all levels of society. doi = 10.1007/s10926-020-09908-9 id = cord-300608-eju7wnb9 author = Sheervalilou, Roghayeh title = COVID‐19 under spotlight: A close look at the origin, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of the 2019‐nCoV disease date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; patient summary = 2.1 | Respiratory system SARS-CoV-2 tends to infect the respiratory tract, thus, pneumonia is a primary clinical finding in patients with COVID-19 Li, Guan, et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2020) . A number of investigations recently conducted on COVID-19 have reported that IL-6 levels was actually higher in the patients with severe disease (Cai, 2020; Chen, Liu, et al., 2020; Xiang et al., 2020) . Impaired liver function tests have been reported for a number of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting hepatic damage as an extrapulmonary complication of COVID-19 in almost one half of the patients (Chen, Zhou, et al., 2020; Wang, Hu, et al., 2020) . Since H7N9 and SARS-CoV-2 can result in similar complications, for example, ARDS and respiratory failure, MSC-based therapy might lead to a new path in treatment of COVID-19-associated pneumonia . Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan doi = 10.1002/jcp.29735 id = cord-306790-82nltfk3 author = Sheikh, Abu Baker title = Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction in Severe COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report date = 2020-09-28 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = The infection is severe in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, and a systemic inflammatory response due to a cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 cases can lead to acute myocardial infarction. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a 56-year-old man with cardiovascular risk factors including coronary artery disease, hypertension, ischemic cardiomyopathy, and hyperlipidemia, who had COVID-19-induced pneumonia complicated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: In high-risk patients with COVID-19-induced pneumonia and cardiovascular risk factors, a severe systemic inflammatory response can lead to atherosclerotic plaque rupture, which can manifest as acute coronary syndrome. A systemic inflammatory response due to a cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 cases can lead to acute myocardial infarction. Here, we report the case of a 56-year-old man with multiple comorbidities and pre-existing cardiovascular disease; he was COVID-19-positive and hospitalized with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). doi = 10.12659/ajcr.926101 id = cord-284353-f7zkp9cf author = Sheikh, Aziz title = Reopening schools after the COVID-19 lockdown date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = W ith nationwide school closures currently operating in 191 countries, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has estimated that 1.6 billion (90.2%) students are currently out of primary, secondary and tertiary education (henceforth schools) as a result of the global COVID-19 lockdown [1] . In the absence of a robust evidence base on lockdown exit strategies, we consider the range of options being taken globally to reopen schools with a view to informing the formulation of national plans. Although COVID-19 tends to be less severe in children and adolescents, and thankfully relatively few students have died of the condition, a key policy concern has been that young people may be important community reservoirs for the transmission of the virus to household members. A recent (unpublished) systematic review concluded that children and young people under 20 are 56% less likely to contract SARS-COV2 from infected individuals than adults this suggesting they may play a smaller part in transmission than originally thought [6] . doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.010376 id = cord-011413-yv4x8viu author = Shekar, Kiran title = Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Coronavirus Disease 2019 Interim Guidelines: A Consensus Document from an International Group of Interdisciplinary Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Providers date = 2020-05-12 keywords = ECMO; ELSO; PPE; covid-19; patient summary = doi = 10.1097/mat.0000000000001193 id = cord-282868-yd7pzcbz author = Shelmerdine, Susan C. title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children: a systematic review of imaging findings date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; China; child summary = MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched four databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar) for articles describing imaging findings in children with COVID-19. Whilst several systematic reviews of imaging findings in COVID-19 cases have been performed for adults [7, 8] , none has specifically focused on children. Inclusion criteria encompassed all studies investigating and describing imaging findings of confirmed COVID-19 infection in children, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. The same two reviewers (S.C.S., S.T.) independently extracted data from the full articles into a database (Excel; Microsoft, Redmond, WA), which included the following factors: study design, study setting/country, population demographics (e.g., gender, age, underlying comorbidities), sample size, patient outcomes (number of mortalities), imaging modality and imaging findings (pattern and location of involvement of disease) and results of any follow-up imaging. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children: a systematic review of imaging findings doi = 10.1007/s00247-020-04726-w id = cord-299156-1dwsm3ie author = Shemer, Asaf title = Ocular involvement in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical and molecular analysis date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and molecular ocular involvement among patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary care facility. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients admitted to a tertiary referral center with confirmed COVID-19, active conjunctival injection was noted in one out of five cases, and was associated with loss of smell and taste. Among patients with COVID-19, active conjunctival injection was associated with loss of smell and loss of taste as part of the clinical presentation (66.7% vs 7.7%, p = 0.018). In this study, we evaluated the ocular signs and symptoms, as well as the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in conjunctival swab samples among patients with COVID-19 in one tertiary referral center during March and April of 2020. To conclude, among patients admitted to a tertiary referral center with confirmed COVID-19, active conjunctival injection was present in 19% of cases and was associated with loss of smell and taste as part of the clinical presentation. doi = 10.1007/s10792-020-01592-1 id = cord-269981-xm0by310 author = Shen, Cheng title = Perioperative preparation in thoracic day surgery: Battle against COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-17 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = The day surgery center of West China Hospital is a hospital-based surgical setting that has nine operating rooms, a post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), 33 beds, and two nurse stations. Patients have to visit appropriate specialist clinics to evaluate whether they qualify for thoracic day surgery. In this scenario, patients must complete a thoracic specialist clinic evaluation and a COVID-19 epidemic survey. For the first time, patients must bring all their test results and anesthesia consultation to the Day Surgery Appointment Center for the surgeon to review and confirm whether all the tests have been completed prior to surgery. Generally, postoperative patients will transfer to the day surgery center ward after PACU for stage II recovery. To our knowledge, our data provide the first direct program and clinical pathway for thoracic day surgery to prevent the spread of COVID-19. doi = 10.1111/1759-7714.13500 id = cord-295237-kdwcnav6 author = Shen, Cong title = Evaluation of dynamic lung changes during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by quantitative computed tomography date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COVID-19; lesion summary = title: Evaluation of dynamic lung changes during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by quantitative computed tomography OBJECTIVES: This study aims to trace the dynamic lung changes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using computed tomography (CT) images by a quantitative method. The lesions are detected automatically and the parameters including lesion volume (LeV/mL), lesion percentage to lung volume (LeV%), mean lesion density (MLeD/HU), low attenuation area lower than – 400HU (LAA-400%), and lesion weight (LM/mL*HU) are computed for quantification. The dynamic changes in the lesion volume for each patient were plotted according to the course of the disease and were learned by the spline insertion method, as shown in Fig. 4-A. Based on our knowledge, this is the first study for tracing the dynamic lung changes of COVID-19 by an accurate quantitative way in the aspect of lesion size and lesion density, as well as the distribution among the five lobes and the changes trending in the five lobes. doi = 10.3233/xst-200721 id = cord-351580-129608e4 author = Shen, J. title = A Recursive Bifurcation Model for Predicting the Peak of COVID-19 Virus Spread in United States and Germany date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: A Recursive Bifurcation Model for Predicting the Peak of COVID-19 Virus Spread in United States and Germany By using this r value, we predict the infected population, , which is very close to the true data, y, as shown in Figure 2 author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20059329 doi: medRxiv preprint Furthermore, by using 1 in cycle 2 of Korea data, we also achieve an accurate prediction of infected population and validate to be close to unity (Figure 3) . Use a termination condition (Eq. 6) to estimate the peak time of virus spread Figure 4 shows the prediction result of infected population in United States. Our model predicts that the COVID-19 virus spread will approximately peak on April 26 and May 1, 2020, respectively for United States and Germany in terms of infected population. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.09.20059329 id = cord-273907-58jufmx7 author = Shen, Kun-Ling title = Global Pediatric Pulmonology Alliance recommendation to strengthen prevention of pediatric seasonal influenza under COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-13 keywords = COVID-19; influenza summary = The WHO, the United Nations International Children''s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), and various nations have called for strengthening of prevention and control of seasonal influenza while making every effort to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. The US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) stated that in the coming winter influenza and COVID-19 may spread simultaneously and recommended vaccination for all children older than 6 months [10] . Brazil initiated early vaccination to reduce influenza cases in the midst of COVID-19, with children from 6 months to 6 years of age being the priority target population [14] . To control the pandemic situation more effectively, the Global Pediatric Pulmonology Alliance (GPPA), based on best-practices and evidence from various countries, recommends that all global and regional organizations, medical societies, and health agencies join hands in the prevention of seasonal influenza in children. doi = 10.1007/s12519-020-00389-7 id = cord-274264-s477tw3x author = Shen, M. title = Projected COVID-19 epidemic in the United States in the context of the effectiveness of a potential vaccine and implications for social distancing and face mask use date = 2020-10-30 keywords = covid-19; vaccine summary = We evaluated the vaccine effectiveness and coverage required to suppress the COVID-19 epidemic in scenarios when social contact was to return to pre-pandemic levels and face mask use was reduced. But relaxing social distancing restrictions to the pre-pandemic level without changing the current face mask use would lead to a new COVID-19 outbreak, resulting in 0.8-4 million infections and 15,000-240,000 deaths across these four states over the next 12 months. In the state of California, if the current face mask use rate was maintained and the vaccine was weak, 50% coverage could avert 1 CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. However, the state of California, in particular, will need a vaccine coverage of close to 80% to suppress the COVID-19 epidemic, such that both social distancing restrictions and the requirement for face mask use can be relaxed. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.28.20221234 id = cord-276327-wyevh4xv author = Sheng, Calvin C title = Canakinumab to reduce deterioration of cardiac and respiratory function in SARS‐CoV‐2 associated myocardial injury with heightened inflammation (canakinumab in Covid‐19 cardiac injury: The three C study) date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; study summary = We designed a proof‐of‐concept randomized controlled trial to evaluate whether treatment with canakinumab prevents progressive respiratory failure and worsening cardiac dysfunction in patients with SARS‐CoV2 infection, myocardial injury, and high levels of inflammation. The three C Study is a prospective, IRB approved, blinded randomized-controlled Phase II study designed to evaluate whether treatment with canakinumab prevents progressive heart and respiratory failure in patients with Covid-19 associated myocardial injury and increased inflammation. This blinded randomized controlled trial is designed as a proof of concept study to demonstrate whether IL-1β antagonism can dampen the deleterious autoinflammatory response to SARS-CoV2 infection in patients with myocardial injury and heightened inflammation. In evaluating this hypothesis, the Three C study will help inform whether targeting inappropriate activation of the innate immune system should be investigated in larger clinical trials to improve survival in patients with Covid-19 and myocardial injury. doi = 10.1002/clc.23451 id = cord-325042-fp6pib7u author = Sheng, Lingshuang title = Clinical characteristics of moderate and severe cases with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Clinical characteristics of moderate and severe cases with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study We consider age, comorbidities, platelet count, albumin, D-dimer, LDH, CRP and IL-6 level might be more meaningful marks for COVID-19 prognostic evaluation. Our aim was to retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics of these cases and compare the differences between moderate and severe cases and between survived and death cases, respectively, so as to find some early warning clues for future clinical treatment. Age, leucocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, platelet, total protein, albumin, globulin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), D-dimer, fibrinogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) of all subjects were recorded as clinical characteristics for further analysis. Blood count analysis showed that the levels of leukocytes and neutrophils in the severe group were significantly higher than those in the moderate group (all P < 0.001). Therefore, we summarized the clinical characteristics of 232 COVID-19 patients and analyzed the differences between moderate and severe cases, survivors and deaths. doi = 10.1007/s10238-020-00662-z id = cord-320247-123v1ddf author = Sheng, Wang-Huei title = SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The World Health Organization (WHO) had announced a new name for the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on February 11, 2020 and potential of pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 on March 11, 2020. However, the rapidly increasing number of COVID-19 cases suggests that this virus might transmit more effectively among humans compared to prior strains of coronavirus and that mild illness might be quite common in infected individuals. reported the preventive strategies in hospitals for managing the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan. suggested interruption of COVID-19 transmission by implementing enhanced traffic control bundling, based on the 2003 SARS outbreak in Taiwan. 6 A significantly lower proportion of COVID-19 cases without travel history to China were reported in countries with lower Healthcare Access and Quality Index (HAQ-Index). The data indicated that the countries with lower HAQ-index might have under-reported COVID-19 cases, which could lead to new local epicenters of the disease. 7 The actions of Taiwan''s emergency epidemic response plan developed after the 2003 SARS outbreak. doi = 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.033 id = cord-355558-r6r1t47c author = Shenoy, Akhil title = Diabetes and covid-19: a global health challenge date = 2020-04-27 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = 2 3 The clinical manifestations of the pneumonia have ranged from mild lower respiratory tract symptoms to the more severe manifestations of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and associated high mortality, 4 and the new disease has been named 2019 coronavirus disease or covid-19 by the WHO. Thus, almost one-third of patients with covid-19 admitted to the ICU with severe disease in USA have diabetes as an underlying health condition. The authors demonstrate that compared with non-diabetics, patients with diabetes and severe covid-19 exhibited a severe inflammatory response and were more likely to receive mechanical ventilation and have a higher mortality (and a reduced survival duration). Indeed, the mortality rate of 81% in patients with diabetes with severe covid-19 disease (and 48% in those without diabetes) is alarming, although the authors caution that the patient population hospitalized was sicker and with an overall higher mortality (56%) as compared with other published analysis. doi = 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001450 id = cord-333897-isodrtly author = Shenoy, Niraj title = Considerations for target oxygen saturation in COVID-19 patients: are we under-shooting? date = 2020-08-19 keywords = ACE2; SARS; covid-19 summary = Finally, it discusses potential implications of specific clinical observations and considerations in COVID-19 patients on target oxygen saturation, such as diffuse systemic endothelitis and microthrombi playing an important pathogenic role in the wide range of systemic manifestations, exacerbation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the setting of pulmonary vascular endothelitis/microthrombi, the phenomenon of "silent hypoxemia" with some patients presenting to the hospital with severe hypoxemia disproportional to symptoms, and overburdened health systems and public health resources in many parts of the world with adverse implications on outpatient monitoring and early institution of oxygen supplementation. -The LOCO-2 trial [2] where ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) patients were randomized to conservative (target partial pressure of arterial oxyHere, we examine the above two studies guiding current target oxygen saturation recommendations for COVID-19; discuss, with supporting transcriptomic analyses, the influence of hypoxia on ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme-2, target receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry) expression; reflect on relevant clinical observations and considerations in COVID-19 patients; and propose a reevaluation of target oxygen saturation in these patients-both in the inpatient and outpatient settings. doi = 10.1186/s12916-020-01735-2 id = cord-325784-zs1qmfjy author = Sher, Leo title = Are COVID-19 survivors at increased risk for suicide? date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Psychological factors that may increase suicide risk among COVID-19 patients include learning about their diagnosis, anxiety, and distress related to symptoms of the disease and stress related to hospitalisation and hospital treatment. Individuals who needed an admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) are at especially high risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, sleep abnormalities, and cognitive impairments (McGiffin et al., 2016) . A recent study in China indicated that 96.2% of recovering COVID-19 patients had significant post-traumatic stress symptoms (Bo et al., 2020) . A recent review of the effect of COVID-19 on the central nervous system indicates that neurological manifestations are present in about 25% of the patients (Asadi-Pooya & Simani, 2020). Neurological conditions including ischaemic stroke and headache are associated with increased suicide risk (Hudzik & Marek, 2014) . Many coronavirus disease survivors will need long-term psychological interventions. doi = 10.1017/neu.2020.21 id = cord-325799-v1egyqt4 author = Sher, Leo title = The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; U.S.; suicide summary = Studies indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with distress, anxiety, fear of contagion, depression, and insomnia in the general population and among health care professionals. Social isolation, anxiety, fear of contagion, uncertainty, chronic stress, and economic difficulties may lead to the development or exacerbation of depressive, anxiety, substance use, and other psychiatric disorders in vulnerable populations including individuals with pre-existing psychiatric disorders and people who reside in high COVID-19 prevalence areas. Suicidal behavior in the COVID-19 era Social isolation, anxiety, fear of contagion, uncertainty, chronic stress, and economic difficulties may lead to the development or exacerbation of stress-related disorders and suicidality in vulnerable populations including individuals with pre-existing psychiatric disorders, low-resilient persons, individuals who reside in high COVID-19 prevalence areas, and people who have a family member or a friend who has died of COVID-19 (Fig. 1) . doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa202 id = cord-255435-mr239gai author = Sher, Yelizaveta title = A CASE REPORT OF COVID-19 ASSOCIATED HYPERACTIVE ICU DELIRIUM WITH PROPOSED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = Delirium, which is highly prevalent in general intensive care unit (ICU) populations, is expected to be frequent and prominent in COVID-19 patients hospitalized with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in ICU. Delirium, which is highly prevalent in general intensive care unit (ICU) populations, is expected to be frequent and prominent in COVID-19 patients hospitalized with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in ICU. In addition to case presentation, we discuss a proposed delirium pathophysiology in COVID-19 associated delirium and a systematized approach to evaluation and management of such patients. Intravenous valproic acid (VPA; titrated to 1250 mg per day) was also started for management of agitation and symptoms of hyperactive delirium and to facilitate tapering of multiple other sedative deliriogenic medications. At our center, the following medications have been used in management of agitation in patients with COVID-19 ICU-associated hyperactive delirium, including the described patient, with following considerations. doi = 10.1016/j.psym.2020.05.007 id = cord-266051-my2wj1uu author = Sheridan Rains, Luke title = Early impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health care and on people with mental health conditions: framework synthesis of international experiences and responses date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; health; mental; report; service summary = • Effects on people with mental health problems resulting from infection control measures, including potential impacts of social isolation, and lack of access to usual supports, activities and community resources [8] . We aim to begin addressing this by searching for and summarising relevant material in the public domain early in the pandemic, including accounts published by people with relevant lived experience, practitioners, mental health organisations and policy makers, and also by journalists who have investigated experiences and perspectives of service users, carers and service providers. Our aim was to conduct a document analysis to create an initial mapping and synthesis of reports, from a number of perspectives, on the early impacts of and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health care and people with mental health conditions. doi = 10.1007/s00127-020-01924-7 id = cord-260585-ovmko655 author = Sherman, Allen C. title = Mental Health Outcomes Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prevalence and Risk Factors in a Southern US State date = 2020-09-24 keywords = covid-19; pandemic summary = In separate multivariable analyses that accounted for a number of demographic and pandemic-related covariates, individuals who reported greater pandemic-related disruption in daily life, and those with a prior history of mental health concerns, were more likely to screen positive for depressive, anxiety and trauma-related symptoms. We anticipated that heightened levels of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress would be associated with specific situational factors, including perceived viral exposure or infection, food and financial insecurity, reduced access to routine medical care, greater disruption in daily life, more stringent social distancing, and diminished daily structure. Preliminary bivariate analyses evaluated associations of elevated scores on the primary outcomes (i.e., scores above thresholds for depression, anxiety, and trauma) with demographic variables (e.g., age, ethnicity, gender, comorbidities) and situational risk factors (e.g., perceived exposure and infection, COVID-19 symptoms, food and financial insecurity, access to routine medical care, pandemic-related employment changes, illness or loss of loved ones, reduced daily structure, social activity, and disruption in daily activities,), using t-tests, or chi-square or Fisher Exact tests, as appropriate. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113476 id = cord-306293-miyc5kok author = Sherman, Courtney B title = In‐Person Outreach and Telemedicine in Liver and Intestinal Transplant: A Survey of National Practices, Impact of COVID‐19 and Areas of Opportunity date = 2020-08-09 keywords = covid-19; telemedicine summary = During the COVID-19 pandemic, among 55 of the 73 original responding programs (75%) from all 11 OPTN regions, telemedicine use increased from 16% to 98% and was used throughout all phases of transplant care. We conducted a national survey of all liver and intestinal adult and pediatric transplant programs active in 2018 in UNOS to assess practice patterns of in-person outreach clinics and telemedicine from January to March 2019. We assessed the use of outreach clinics as well as live video and asynchronous telemedicine (e.g. electronic consultation by review of medical records or imaging studies), including the frequency of telemedicine, duration of use, phase of transplant care in which it was used, providing care across state lines, and reimbursement. Given high clinical demands during the COVID-19 pandemic, our follow-up survey asked targeted questions limited to: 1) use of synchronous telemedicine modality (live video, telephone, both), 2) type of provider using telemedicine, 3) phase of transplant care for which telemedicine was used. doi = 10.1002/lt.25868 id = cord-256696-leqakx22 author = Sherratt, K. title = Evaluating the use of the reproduction number as an epidemiological tool, using spatio-temporal trends of the Covid-19 outbreak in England date = 2020-10-20 keywords = England; covid-19; estimate summary = We estimated Rt using a model that mapped unobserved infections to observed test-positive cases, hospital admissions, and deaths with confirmed Covid-19, in seven regions of England over March through August 2020. We compared differences in Rt with the demographic and social context of transmission, and found the differences between Rt may be linked to biased representations of sub-populations in each data source: from uneven testing rates, or increasing severity of disease with age, seen via outbreaks in care home populations and changing age distributions of cases. We compared the divergence between Rt estimates with spatio-temporal variation in case detection, and the proportion at risk of severe disease, represented by the age distribution of test positive cases and hospital admissions and the proportion of deaths in care homes. We estimated the time-varying reproduction number for Covid-19 over March through August across England and English NHS regions, using test-positive cases, hospital admissions, and deaths with confirmed Covid-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.18.20214585 id = cord-353354-34tqy9tb author = Sheshah, Eman title = Prevalence of Diabetes, Management and Outcomes among Covid-19 Adult Patients Admitted in a Specialized Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date = 2020-11-13 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; covid-19 summary = title: Prevalence of Diabetes, Management and Outcomes among Covid-19 Adult Patients Admitted in a Specialized Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia This retrospective study aimed to characterize comorbidities and associated with mortality among hospitalized adults with Covid-19 managed as per the Saudi Ministry of Health protocol in a specialized tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The present retrospective study aims to determine the common comorbidities and risk factors that are associated with mortality among hospitalized patients admitted for Covid-19 and managed as per the Saudi MoH protocol for patients suspected of/confirmed with COVID-19 in a single specialized tertiary hospital in the capital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Nonetheless, the high prevalence of T2DM and hypertension among hospitalized Covid-19 patients have already been observed not only in majority of industrialized countries with high cases of SARS-CoV2 infection, but have also been associated with higher risk for severe outcomes, including death [11] [12] [13] . doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108538 id = cord-260826-1n96pz86 author = Shet, Anita title = Differential COVID-19-attributable mortality and BCG vaccine use in countries date = 2020-04-06 keywords = BCG; country; covid-19 summary = Using publicly available data we built a simple log-linear regression model to assess the association of BCG use and COVID-19-attributable mortality per 1 million population after adjusting for confounders including country economic status (GDP per capita), and proportion of elderly among the population. Notwithstanding limitations due to testing constraints in LMICs, case ascertainment bias and a plausible rise of cases as countries progress along the epidemiological trajectory, these analyses provide intriguing observations that urgently warrant mobilization of resources for prospective randomized interventional studies and institution of systematic disease surveillance, particularly in LMICs. Novel SARS-CoV2 continues to wreak global havoc. To evaluate the effect of BCG vaccine on mortality attributable to COVID-19, we built a simple log-linear regression model using crude COVID-19-attributable mortality data per 1 million population for each country as outcome, BCG vaccine inclusion in the national immunization schedule as exposure, and adjusted for the effects of the following variables on mortality: country-specific GDP per capita, the percentage of population 65 years and above, and the relative position of each country on the epidemic timeline (days since 100 th case reported as of 29 March 2020). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.01.20049478 id = cord-255867-moriv0va author = Sheth, Parth D. title = Development of a Surgical Workforce Access Team (SWAT) in the Battle Against COVID-19 date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; team summary = We set out to answer the following three We ultimately decided that creating a vascular access team would allow us to best 17 address each of these questions, while utilizing our unique skillset to assist the hospital''s efforts with ICU providers in heavily affected areas such as Italy, New York, and Washington, we 5 became aware that these line placement procedures consumed a large portion of time for critical 6 care providers. We worked with our institutional leadership to establish a 9 vascular access team with clear, strong guidelines to signal our commitment to the critical care 10 teams; in particular, we established the following key parameters (Table I) : 11 12 • The team will be responsible 24/7 for placing all central venous lines, arterial lines, and 13 temporary dialysis catheters for inpatients on the main campus of our hospital system. doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.04.493 id = cord-346711-2k736hvr author = Shetty, Rohit title = Stem cell therapy in COVID-19 – current evidence and future potential date = 2020-11-09 keywords = COVID-19; Mesenchymal; SARS; cell summary = Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by an unregulated host inflammatory response towards the viral infection, followed by multi-organ dysfunction or failure, is one of the primary causes of deaths in severe cases of COVID-19 infection. Expanded Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UC-MSCs) as a Therapeutic Strategy in Managing Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: The Case for Compassionate Use Clinical remission of a critically ill COVID-19 patient treated by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells FDA approved mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatments as compassionate use in the very sickest COVID-19 patients Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation. Treatment with allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells for moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (START study): a randomised phase 2a safety trial, The Lancet Therapeutic Effects of Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Acute Lung Injury Mice doi = 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.11.001 id = cord-275253-6pwqa8zk author = Shetty, Sameep S title = 10 “C” in COVID19 date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; contact summary = The contrast in the degree of hypoxia ("silent hypoxia") and the pattern of infections in high-risk individuals who are unable to mount a stable immune response with modest symptoms explains the lethal spectrum of the novel coronavirus. In contrast, initial data on the role of ACE inhibitors augmenting the onset of severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection has discouraged their use and triggered the onset of severe cardiovascular events 7,8 . Covid19 in high risk individuals display severe respiratory symptoms, multi organ involvement and may require a long term rehabilitation as in a chronic disease. SARS-CoV-2 Isolation From Ocular Secretions of a Patient With COVID-19 in Italy With Prolonged Viral RNA Detection Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) threat for patients with cardiovascular disease and cancer The oral surgery response to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) doi = 10.1111/ors.12527 id = cord-320689-upxsdgqd author = Shetty, Sameep S. title = Vicissitudes in oncological care during COVID19 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The biological world war "C" against the novel coronavirus has impacted our resources and time-sensitive oncological surgeries. Sensitization, awareness, telephonic triage, refurbishing the operating rooms, and a comprehensive holistic approach using the existing evidence is essential to enhance the clinical decision in the interest of our patients. Robots can turn out to be effective resources in combating COVID-19 by offering (a) Clinical care: telemedicine, navigating high-risk zones and disinfection, automated swab collection, optimal smoke evacuation. COVID-19 can also be a catalyst for integrating robots and Artificial intelligence into the health care system and minimize the exposure risk to health care workers. Endoscopic Skull Base and Transoral Surgery During the COVID -19 Pandemic: Minimizing Droplet Spread with a Negative-Pressure Otolaryngology Viral Isolation Drape ( NOVID ) Combating COVID-19-The role of robotics in managing public health and infectious diseases Robot assisted surgery during the COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104782 id = cord-268884-oi5l5f7f author = Shevlin, Mark title = Anxiety, depression, traumatic stress and COVID-19-related anxiety in the UK general population during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-10 keywords = PTSD; anxiety; covid-19 summary = 10 The primary aim of this study was to assess the levels of anxiety, depression and traumatic stress, based on validated selfreport measures, in a large, representative community sample during an early stage of the pandemic, between 23 and 28 March 2020. Our secondary aim was to identify groups that are psychologically vulnerable during the pandemic, by assessing the relationship between levels of anxiety, depression and traumatic stress and (a) age; (b) household income; (c) economic threat due to COVID-19; (d) health-related risk factors (being male, self or close friend or relative having a pre-existing serious health condition); (e) COVID-19 infection status; (f) anxiety specifically related to COVID-19; (g) perceived risk of COVID-19 infection; (h) living in an urban area; (i) living as a lone adult and (j) living with children in the home. doi = 10.1192/bjo.2020.109 id = cord-270591-0szbkhiz author = Shi, Chen title = Comprehensive Landscape of Heparin Therapy for COVID-19 date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; SARS; heparin summary = Clinical observations found that systemic symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection are attenuated when using the anticoagulant agent heparin, indicating that heparin may play other roles in managing COVID-19, in addition to prevention of pulmonary thrombosis. This review discusses the pharmacological mechanisms of heparin regarding its anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory and direct antiviral activities, providing current evidence concerning the effectiveness and safety of heparin therapy for this major public health emergency. In addition to its anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory activity, heparin may possess a direct antiviral effect to SARS-CoV-2, based on the preclinical studies for other viral infections. There are both preclinical evidence and clinical data to demonstrate the benefits of heparin therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection.With anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory effects, heparin can offer supportive treatment and alleviate the systematic symptoms of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117232 id = cord-254494-wbfgrez1 author = Shi, Chunhong title = Barriers to Self-Management of Type 2 Diabetes During COVID-19 Medical Isolation: A Qualitative Study date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; diabetes; patient; self summary = RESULTS: Barriers to diabetes self-management identified by patients with diabetes during isolation were categorized into five major themes: inadequate knowledge and behavioral beliefs, shortage of resources, suffering from health problems, negative emotions, and lack of support. Studies in developed countries such as the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Singapore have found that common barriers to self-management include poor communication between patients and healthcare providers, limited accessibility to healthcare facilities, lack of family support, inadequate disease knowledge and limited disease treatment methods, lack of motivation for change, physical and cognitive disorders, limited access to diabetes education, and financial barriers. This study addressed a gap in this field by interviewing patients with diabetes subjected to medical isolation after recovering from COVID-19 to gain a deeper understanding of the barriers to diabetes self-management, and provide new perspectives and approaches for the design of interventions and formulation of policies. doi = 10.2147/dmso.s268481 id = cord-347984-iqsbrw88 author = Shi, Feng title = Review of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Imaging Data Acquisition, Segmentation and Diagnosis for COVID-19 date = 2020-04-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In the pre-scan preparation stage, each subject is instructed and assisted by a technician to pose on the Review of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Imaging Data Acquisition, Segmentation and Diagnosis for COVID-19 patient bed according to a given protocol. Recent AI-empowered applications in COVID-19 mainly include the dedicated imaging platform, the lung and infection region segmentation, the clinical assessment and diagnosis, as well as the pioneering basic and clinical research. [57] propose a two-stage pipeline for screening COVID-19 in CT images, in which the whole lung region is first detected by an efficient segmentation network based on UNet++. [58] propose a VB-Net for segmentation of lung, lung lobes and lung infection, which provide accurate quantification data for medical studies, including quantitative assessment of progression in the follow-up, comprehensive prediction of severity in the enrollment, and visualization of lesion distribution using percentage of infection (POI). [11] propose a deep convolutional neural network based model (COVID-Net) to detect COVID-19 cases using X-ray images. doi = 10.1109/rbme.2020.2987975 id = cord-264673-67zopf7s author = Shi, Hongbo title = The inhibition of IL-2/IL-2R gives rise to CD8(+) T cell and lymphocyte decrease through JAK1-STAT5 in critical patients with COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-06-08 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = The count and percentage of lymphocytes were significantly decreased in critical patients compared to common and severe patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The absolute lymphocyte count in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia was remarkably decreased compared with normal controls (Fig. 1a) . In addition, the percentage of lymphocyte in white blood cells (WBC) decreased in turn in common, severe, and critical patients, and the differences among them were statistically significant (Fig. 1d) . In addition, the expression of IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc in common, severe, and critical patients was significantly lower than that in normal Table 1 Clinical categorization of the patients with COVID-19 pneumonia by National Health Commission of China. The most significant finding of this study was the low level of IL-2 in plasma and low expression of IL-2R in PBMC of critical patients, which may result in the remarkable decrease of CD8 + T cell and lymphocytes in critical patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1038/s41419-020-2636-4 id = cord-279566-27wmd3g5 author = Shi, Li title = Is neutrophilia associated with mortality in COVID‐19 patients? A meta‐analysis and meta‐regression date = 2020-07-24 keywords = covid-19 summary = Considering the inherent differences among studies, we calculated the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for continuous variables by using random-effects model to evaluate the relationship between changes in neutrophil counts and mortality of COVID-19 patients. Although meta-regression did not identify the sources of heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis indicated that our results were reliable and robust. In conclusion, neutrophilia is a risk factor for mortality of COVID-19 patients, and our results are required to be verified by a study analyzing the adjusted effect estimates in the future. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China (2019): a single-centered, retrospective study Clinical and laboratory predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19: a cohort study in Wuhan, China Risk factors for mortality in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies doi = 10.1111/ijlh.13298 id = cord-338231-uni4aqxo author = Shi, Puyu title = Clinical characteristics of imported and second-generation coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Shaanxi outside Wuhan, China: a multicentre retrospective study date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan summary = title: Clinical characteristics of imported and second-generation coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Shaanxi outside Wuhan, China: a multicentre retrospective study In this study, we focused on Shaanxi province as a region with imported and second-generation cases and described the clinical and laboratory characteristics of 134 COVID-19 cases in this province with a hope to provide some insight into the prevention and treatment of the disease in China and elsewhere. This retrospective study included 134 confirmed cases of COVID-19 admitted and treated in 10 designated hospitals across nine cities (Xi''an, Ankang, Baoji, Hanzhong, Weinan, Xianyang, Shangluo, Yan''an and Tongchuan) in Shaanxi province from 23 January 2020 to 7 March 2020 (Supplementary Table S1 ). Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002332 id = cord-295700-lzaxzuwe author = Shi, Shaobo title = Characteristics and clinical significance of myocardial injury in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = CONCLUSION: The risk of in-hospital death among patients with severe COVID-19 can be predicted by markers of myocardial injury, and was significantly associated with senior age, inflammatory response, and cardiovascular comorbidities. The major findings of the present study are as follows: (i) myocardial injury is not uncommon among patients with severe COVID-19, especially among those who die; (ii) elevated levels of myocardial markers predict risk for in-hospital death; and (iii) senior age, inflammatory response, and underlying cardiovascular-related comorbidities are associated with myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19. To further analyse related factors of myocardial injury by multivariable regression, senior age, comorbidities (e.g. hypertension, coronary heart disease, chronic renal failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and inflammatory markers (e.g. PCT and C-reactive protein) were predictors of in-hospital myocardial injury in patients with severe COVID19 . cTnI and CK-MB levels predict risk for in-hospital death, and myocardial injury is associated with senior age, inflammatory response, and cardiovascular-related comorbidities. doi = 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa408 id = cord-268948-1ns6zi27 author = Shi, Yaling title = Immunopathological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in Guangzhou, China date = 2020-03-16 keywords = covid-19 summary = In the current study, we analyzed multiple cytokines and immune cell populations in the blood of Chinese COVID-19 patients. Total T cell number was significantly decreased in COVID-19 patients, but no significant difference was observed between mild and severe patients ( Figure 1G ). Similarly, CD4+ T helper cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells were diminished in COVID-19 patients as compared with the control group, but no significant difference was found between mild and severe patients ( Figure 1H & 1I) . We found that Tregs were increased in mild COVID-19 patients as compared with controls ( Figure 3B ). In the present clinical study, we analyzed almost all immune cell types in both mild and severe COVID-19 patients. IL-10 acts as an anti-inflammatory cytokine deriving from alternatively activated macrophages, Th2 cells, Tregs, etc 16 In conclusion, our study shows that the comprehensive decrease of lymphocytes, and the elevation of IL-2 and IL-6 are reliable indicators of severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.12.20034736 id = cord-325966-0g7a9s5z author = Shih, Hsin-I. title = Fighting COVID-19: a quick review of diagnoses, therapies, and vaccines date = 2020-05-30 keywords = BCG; COVID-19; CoV-2; RNA; SARS; vaccine summary = Some candidate drugs targeting different levels and stages of human responses against COVID-19 such as cell membrane fusion, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, viral protease inhibitor, interleukin 6 blocker, and convalescent plasma may improve the clinical outcomes of critical COVID-19 patients. However, these clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings are nonspecific and cannot differentiate COVID-19 from other viral respiratory infections; viral diagnostic methods specific for SARS-CoV-2 should be applied for disease confirmation. An open-label study published in 2004 suggested, by comparison with a control group that received only ribavirin, that the addition of lopinavir-ritonavir (400 mg and 100 mg, respectively) to ribavirin reduced the risk of adverse clinical outcomes (acute respiratory distress syndrome or death) and viral load among patients with SARS [29] . Some available candidate drugs targeting different levels of human responses to COVID-19, such as cell membrane fusion, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, viral protease inhibitor, IL-6 blocker and convalescent plasma, may improve the clinical outcomes of critical COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.021 id = cord-336954-rh88lod0 author = Shim, Eunha title = Transmission potential and severity of COVID-19 in South Korea date = 2020-03-18 keywords = COVID-19; Korea summary = OBJECTIVES: Since the first case of 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) identified on Jan 20, 2020 in South Korea, the number of cases rapidly increased, resulting in 6,284 cases including 42 deaths as of March 6, 2020. However, the number of confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection started to increase rapidly on February 19, 2020 with a total of 6,284 confirmed COVID-19 cases including 42 deaths reported as of March 6, 2020 according to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) (KCDC, 2020) ( Table 1 ). Under the empirical reporting delay distribution from early Korean cases with available dates of onset, the intrinsic growth rate (r) was estimated at 0.6 (95% CI: 0.6, 0.7) and the scaling of growth parameter (p) was estimated at 0.8 (95% CI: 0.7, 0.8), indicating sub-exponential growth dynamics of COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.031 id = cord-303661-etb19d6y author = Shin, Hyoung-Shik title = Empirical Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; treatment summary = Though the COVID-19 showed pandemic spread and unexpected clinical manifestations characterized by various symptoms throughout the whole body, SARS-CoV-2 seems to be less virulent especially in children and adolescents, in whom the disease mimics common cold caused by seasonal coronaviruses [7] . At the early stage of the epidemic, it had been recommended to apply the treatment regimen of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in the case of the patients with severe symptoms [23] . Considering that the infection can be asymptomatic and as it can rapidly spread across national borders, studies-to elucidate the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2, innate and adaptive immune responses to the virus, and side effects of medicationsshould be conducted on a global scale; this would help in developing appropriate treatment strategies. doi = 10.3947/ic.2020.52.2.142 id = cord-350679-69lv4wbz author = Shinde, Rajesh S. title = To Do or Not to Do?—A Review of Cancer Surgery Triage Guidelines in COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cancer; patient summary = In the absence of actual data on cancer surgery care during this pandemic, clinical decisions should be based on careful consideration of disease-related and patient-related factors. As cancer surgeries involve significant healthcare resources in terms of infrastructure, intensive care unit beds, blood products and manpower, surgical oncologists face a dilemma regarding the triage of surgical patients during this period of uncertainty. A particular concern for a cancer surgeon is to weigh the risk of deferring cancer surgery versus the risk of COVID-19 exposure and infection to patients as well as health care providers. Smoking, one of the commonest risk factors in lung cancer, has not been independently shown to affect the mortality in SARS-CoV-2 patient; however, pre-existing chronic obstructive lung disease is associated with increased mortality [4] . Clinical management of lung cancer patients during the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) doi = 10.1007/s13193-020-01086-7 id = cord-254464-6l7fwylu author = Shingare, Ashay title = COVID‐19 in recent kidney transplant recipients date = 2020-06-08 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Younger age, absence of other comorbidities and lower dose of anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG) used as induction possibly contributed to good outcome in our recent LDKT recipients compared with earlier published cases of recent deceased donor kidney transplant recipients with COVID‐19. Sooner or later we would need to restart transplant programs, both LDKT & deceased donor kidney transplant (DDKT), as dust settles on the acute era to a post-COVID-19 new normal, where severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection will be a possibility. During the further follow-up over next 2 months, 2 of these 7 patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by nasopharyngeal swab real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), 3 tested negative and 2 were not tested as they were asymptomatic. Due to intensive immunosuppression, recent transplant recipients (< 3 months post-transplant) are at increased risk of developing severe disease due to COVID-19. doi = 10.1111/ajt.16120 id = cord-267748-uzt8a5nx author = Shiohara, Tetsuo title = Comment on “Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome in a patient with COVID‐19”: Involvement of herpesvirus reactivations and adverse drug reactions in diverse cutaneous manifestations and overall disease severity of COVID‐19 date = 2020-09-24 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Comment on "Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome in a patient with COVID‐19": Involvement of herpesvirus reactivations and adverse drug reactions in diverse cutaneous manifestations and overall disease severity of COVID‐19 We have read with great interest the publication by Herman, et al., which reported occurrence of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), also known as drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DiHS), in a COVID-19 patient: 1 the patient developed DiHS/DRESS 17~18 days after starting azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine. Indeed, diverse clinical symptoms in DiHS/DRESS have been also reported as COVID-19-related cutaneous manifestations without confirming viral or drug etiologies: they include erythema multiforme, varicella, herpes zoster, pityriasis rosea, Kawasaki disease and urticaria, 5~7 in which herpesviruses, such as varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), have been suggested to play a role. doi = 10.1111/jdv.16959 id = cord-311342-523zrpbl author = Shipe, Maren E. title = Modeling the Impact of Delaying the Diagnosis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer during COVID-19 date = 2020-10-19 keywords = covid-19; delay; resection summary = The purpose of this study was to compare the effect on 5-year overall survival of delayed surgical biopsy of a lung nodule suspicious for cancer with possible perioperative COVID-19 infection within an early phase infection environment. Five-year overall survival was chosen for the outcome in order to model the impact of cancer progression as well as potential long-term effects of perioperative COVID-19 infection. For the base case scenario, choosing immediate VATS resection of the suspicious lung nodule resulted in improved 5-year overall survival when compared to delayed VATS resection after three months to allow for COVID-19 prevalence to decrease (0.77 and 0.74, respectively). Proceeding with immediate VATS resection of a suspicious lung nodule during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a similar but slightly improved 5-year overall survival when compared to resection after a three-month delay in our base case scenario. doi = 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.08.025 id = cord-288174-w7rw9bej author = Shirai, Tsuyoshi title = COVID-19 pneumonia complicated by bilateral pneumothorax: a case report date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-288174-w7rw9bej title: COVID-19 pneumonia complicated by bilateral pneumothorax: a case report BACKGROUND: Pneumothorax is a rare but life-threatening complication associated with pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). CONCLUSIONS: Pneumothorax is a notable complication in cases of severe COVID-19 pneumonia, especially in those who require positive-pressure ventilation. According to a report analys ing the 49 clinical characteristics of 1099 patients in China, 15.7% exhibited 50 severe pneumonia, and 2.3% needed invasive mechanical 51 ventilation [2] . As several cases have been reported, pneumothorax is a 106 rare but lif e-threatening complication of COVID-19 pneumonia [8, 9] . Pneumothorax in a COVID-19 Pneumonia 206 Patient: A Case Report Secondary Tension Pneumothorax in a 209 COVID-19 Pneumonia Patient: A Case Report. Clinical Course and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients 219 W ith SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in W uhan Distress Syndrome in Critically Ill Patients W ith Severe Acute 228 doi = 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101230 id = cord-328307-378cfb23 author = Shirazi, Samira title = Sudden cardiac death in COVID-19 patients, a report of three cases date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Sudden cardiac death in COVID-19 patients, a report of three cases Recently, an Italian group reported that during the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 a 58% increase in out-ofhospital cardiac arrest cases occurred when compared with the same period in 2019. In the present study, we reported sudden cardiac death, which is not the dominant mode of death, in three patients with COVID-19 infection admitted to Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital of Ilam in March and April 2020. Many studies have reported pneumonia and acute respiratory distress as the main causes of death in COVID-19 patients. reported death due to cardiac failure in a patient with COVID-19 who had no history of cardiovascular problems. Death due to sudden cardiac arrest is not common, but possible, in COVID-19 patients. • Herein we reported three sudden cardiac deaths among 353 proved COVID-19 patients in our institution. Cardiac involvement in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) doi = 10.2217/fca-2020-0082 id = cord-342631-ryibszjm author = Shoer, S. title = Who should we test for COVID-19?A triage model built from national symptom surveys date = 2020-05-21 keywords = covid-19 summary = Here, we devised a model that estimates the probability of an individual to test positive for COVID-19 based on answers to 9 simple questions regarding age, gender, presence of prior medical conditions, general feeling, and the symptoms fever, cough, shortness of breath, sore throat and loss of taste or smell, all of which have been associated with COVID-19 infection. This version of the survey included information on respondents'' age group, gender, presence of prior medical conditions, general feeling and a partial list of symptoms, including fever, cough, shortness of breath, sore throat and loss of taste or smell (see Section 1b in the supplementary appendix). To assess the contribution of reported symptoms and prior medical conditions to both the primary model and the extended features model (in both the Logistic Regression and the Gradient Boosting Decision Trees versions), we constructed baseline models using only age group and gender information to predict our outcome. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.18.20105569 id = cord-271295-24rn45rf author = Shoja, Esmail title = Covid-19 effects on the workload of Iranian healthcare workers date = 2020-11-02 keywords = NASA; TLX; covid-19 summary = BACKGROUND: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the workload and mental health of Iranian medical staff using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and NASA -Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) Questionnaire between March and April 2020, respectively. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the workload and mental health of Iranian medical staff using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and NASA-TLX Questionnaire between March and April 2020, respectively. This questionnaire included the subjects'' sociodemographic information such as age, marital status, sex, job title, shift working (fixed morning, fixed evening, fixed night or rotational), type of employment (contractual or permanent), over times per month (hrs.), duration of employment (in years), educational level (diploma, bachelor''s, master''s, doctoral, and higher), Governmental workplace (yes or no), having contact with COVID-19 patients at workplace (yes or no), interest in job (yes or no), the increased working hours due to COVID-19 prevalence (yes or no), ward of work (ICU, operating room, laboratory, emergency, radiology, nursing station, COVID-19 service center, or others). doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-09743-w id = cord-271483-33kuvpl7 author = Shojaei, Amirahmad title = COVID-19 and off label use of drugs: an ethical viewpoint date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; label; patient summary = Based on USFDA regulation, investigational use of off-label medications helps the development of their safety and efficacy which needs to be used in the context of a clinical study protocol [18] . Likewise, we would like to define pseudo-research as using off-label medications in clinical practice without obtaining the patient''s informed consent, and finally publishing the results of drug efficacy as a research article. To do this, the national and international regulatory bodies such as USFDA, and EU, as well as the national ones such as the National Committee of Ethics in Biomedical Research of Iran, should step out of their routine and codify a range of guidelines to address therapeutic and/or investigational use of off-label medications by highlighting the safety concerns of the off-label uses as well as respecting patients autonomy especially in critical situations such as the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the physicians should be careful that the information about the efficacy and safety of off-label medication in clinical practice should not be published as a research article. doi = 10.1007/s40199-020-00351-y id = cord-278933-bwhi4hcl author = Shoji, Hamilton title = Structured thoracic computed tomography report for COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The most relevant pieces of information to be conveyed are presence (or not) of pulmonary involvement, if the findings are compatible with infectious process, and, in positive cases, if the changes are suggestive of viral etiology, particularly COVID-19, even if there is overlapping of findings with other infectious diseases (including other viruses). (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) In these cases, we have highlighted in our reports that "the possibility of COVID-19 should be considered in the differential diagnoses", and also included the estimated extent of parenchyma involvement (greater or lesser than 50%). Computed tomography images of a case with initial clinical suspicion of COVID-19 and its respective report, with tomographic findings suggestive of infectious process, but with characteristics that are not usual in COVID-19. (12) Implementing a structured report should be beneficial, particularly in the current scenario of COVID-19 pandemic, for increasing productivity of radiologists and enabling better understanding of the requesting physicians, with a potential positive impact in management of patients. doi = 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020ed5720 id = cord-295536-dbpt4dhr author = Shook, Natalie J. title = Disease avoidance in the time of COVID-19: The behavioral immune system is associated with concern and preventative health behaviors date = 2020-08-20 keywords = BIS; COVID-19; health summary = This study examined whether individual differences in BIS reactivity (germ aversion, pathogen disgust sensitivity) were associated with concern about COVID-19 and engagement in recommended preventative health behaviors (social distancing, handwashing, cleaning/disinfecting, avoiding touching face, wearing facemasks). Germ aversion and pathogen disgust sensitivity were the two variables most consistently associated with COVID-19 concern and preventative health behaviors, while accounting for demographic, health, and psychosocial covariates. In general, younger age, higher income, more populated location of residence, more recent illness, better perceived health, having/had COVID-19, greater religiosity, greater extraversion, greater conscientiousness, greater perceived infectability, greater germ aversion, and greater pathogen disgust sensitivity were associated with engaging in most (at least three) of the preventative health behaviors more frequently. When demographic, health, social, personality, and BIS variables were considered simultaneously, greater germ aversion and pathogen disgust sensitivity were most consistently associated with COVID-19 concern and preventative behaviors. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238015 id = cord-258170-kyztc1jp author = Shorfuzzaman, Mohammad title = Towards the sustainable development of smart cities through mass video surveillance: A response to the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-11-05 keywords = CNN; COVID-19; fast summary = In particular, we make the following contributions: (a) A deep learning-based framework is presented for monitoring social distancing in the context of sustainable smart cities in an effort to curb the spread of COVID-19 or similar infectious diseases; (b) The proposed system leverages state-of-the-art, deep learning-based real-time object detection models for the detection of people in videos, captured with a monocular camera, to implement social distancing monitoring use cases; (c) A J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f perspective transformation is presented, where the captured video is transformed from a perspective view to a bird''s eye (top-down) view to identify the region of interest (ROI) in which social distancing will be monitored; (d) A detailed performance evaluation is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed system on a video surveillance dataset. doi = 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102582 id = cord-275974-uqd30v7b author = Shorfuzzaman, Mohammad title = MetaCOVID: A Siamese neural network framework with contrastive loss for n-shot diagnosis of COVID-19 patients date = 2020-10-17 keywords = CXR; covid-19; siamese summary = In summary, following are the contributions of our work: (a) A meta learning framework called MetaCOVID based on Siamese neural network is presented for diagnosis of COVID-19 patients from chest X-ray images, (b) The proposed work focuses on the benefit of using contrastive loss and n-shot learning in framework design, (c) A fine-tuned pre-trained VGG encoder is used to capture unbiased feature representations to improve feature embeddings from the input images, (d) The COVID-19 diagnosis problem is formulated as a k-way, n-shot classification problem where k and n represent the number of class labels and data samples used for model training, (e) Performance evaluation is presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed framework with a limited dataset. In contrast, we have proposed an end-to-end trainable nshot deep meta learning framework based on Siamese neural network to classify COVID-19 cases with limited training CXR images. doi = 10.1016/j.patcog.2020.107700 id = cord-285202-aiap6z9u author = Short, Briana title = Rapid implementation of a mobile prone team during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-25 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19 summary = CONCLUSION: The rapid development of a mobile prone team safely provided prone positioning to a large number of COVID-19 patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS. The rapid implementation of the mobile COVID-19 Prone Team that travelled to multiple ICUs at our institution during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, increased the ability to prone patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS. By utilizing OTs and PTs who were familiar with critical illness and positioning patients, and by developing a careful but efficient training program, the COVID-19 Prone Team was able to safely provide an evidence-based intervention to critically ill patients with ARDS in a variety of ICU settings. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the rapid development and implementation of a mobile prone team allowed for increased capacity to prone patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS in ICUs beyond the MICUs to meet the surge of critically ill patients during the height of the pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.08.020 id = cord-255909-m94j1rh4 author = Shree, Priya title = Targeting COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease through active phytochemicals of ayurvedic medicinal plants – Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) and Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) – a molecular docking study date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; Giloy; SARS summary = title: Targeting COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease through active phytochemicals of ayurvedic medicinal plants – Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) and Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) – a molecular docking study Molecular docking study showed six probable inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) (Main protease), two from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) (Withanoside V [10.32 kcal/mol] and Somniferine [9.62 kcal/mol]), one from Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) (Tinocordiside [8.10 kcal/mol]) and three from Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) (Vicenin [8.97 kcal/mol], Isorientin 4′-O-glucoside 2″-O-p-hydroxybenzoagte [8.55 kcal/mol] and Ursolic acid [8.52 kcal/mol]). Active phytoconstituents of Ayurvedic medicinal plants Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) and Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) predicted to significantly hinder main protease (M(pro) or 3Cl(pro)) of SARS-CoV-2. Through molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation study, Withanoside V, Somniferine, Tinocordiside, Vicenin, Ursolic acid and Isorientin 4′-O-glucoside 2″-O-p-hydroxybenzoagte were anticipated to impede the activity of SARS-CoV-2 M(pro). doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1810778 id = cord-258846-v6aaflzc author = Shruti, V.C. title = Reusable masks for COVID-19: A missing piece of the microplastic problem during the global health crisis date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; mask summary = In developing countries such as Thailand, Japan, Mexico, Vietnam, and South Africa, where surgical and N95 masks have been reserved for health care providers or are scarce, the main alternative for the general public seems to be the use of nonmedical reusable masks made up of fabric or cloth. Considering that plastic pollution in the marine environment is a global issue, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic-induced changes, an increasing number of research papers have raised concerns about plastic waste management and the improper disposal of PPE (Sharma et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2020) . As textiles have become an important source of microplastics, arguably, it is important to consider including reusable masks in microplastic research to address questions concerning its contribution to microfiber generation during machineand hand-laundering. Covid-19 face masks: a potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment doi = 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111777 id = cord-032383-2dqpxumn author = Shuja, Junaid title = COVID-19 open source data sets: a comprehensive survey date = 2020-09-21 keywords = covid-19; data; datum; set summary = Our survey is motivated by the open source efforts that can be mainly categorized as (a) COVID-19 diagnosis from CT scans, X-ray images, and cough sounds, (b) COVID-19 case reporting, transmission estimation, and prognosis from epidemiological, demographic, and mobility data, (c) COVID-19 emotional and sentiment analysis from social media, and (d) knowledge-based discovery and semantic analysis from the collection of scholarly articles covering COVID-19. Automated CT scan based COVID-19 detection techniques work with training the learning model on existing CT scan data sets that contain labeled images of COVID-19 positive and normal cases. Triggered by this challenge limiting the adoption of AI/ML-powered COVID-19 diagnosis, forecasting, and mitigation, we make the first effort in surveying research works based on open source data sets concerning COVID-19 pandemic. The authors enlist the application of deep and transfer learning on their extracted data set for identification of COVID-19 while utilizing motivation from earlier studies that learned the type of pneumonia from similar images [47] . doi = 10.1007/s10489-020-01862-6 id = cord-317761-tkqmu1va author = Shukla, Ashutosh M title = Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the context of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; SARS; chloroquine summary = This review aims to present the available in vitro and clinical data for the role of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 and attempts to put them into perspective, especially in relation to the different risks/benefits particular to each patient who may require treatment. 1 These agents have also shown a promising role in viral infections, and with the recent declaration on March 12th, 2020, by the World Health Organization that coronavirus disease (COVID) of 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic, these compounds have rapidly gained worldwide attention for their ability to control the causative virus, severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). 1 These include inhibition of ligand-based toll-like receptor stimulation, inhibition of nuclear factor kappalight-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFkB) pathways in macrophages with resultant reduction in the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced processing of the endogenous and exogenous ligands through lysosomes and endosomes with resultant reduction in the availability of processed antigens for presentation to the major ISSN: 1740-4398 REVIEW -Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and COVID-19 drugsincontext.com histocompatibility complex-T cell receptor interactions, and downstream activation of cellular immunity. doi = 10.7573/dic.2020-4-5 id = cord-348717-qgny6f6y author = Shumba, Constance title = Reorienting Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya: A Review date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; ECD; Kenya; child; health; impact summary = Anecdotal evidence in Kenya shows that the COVID-19 pandemic is contributing to deteriorating optimal environments that threaten children''s early development and has direct health impacts on caregivers and children [11] [12] [13] . There are several far-reaching, interlinked direct and indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated control measures on nurturing care and related ECD outcomes including children''s cognitive, physical, language, motor, and social and emotional development (Figure 1 ). There is a need to build and leverage community level programs and policy support, targeting children at risk of abuse and neglect, and adolescents at risk of early pregnancy, to ameliorate the negative effects of the pandemic, such as poor nurturing care environments and transactional sex for food and pads among adolescent girls, all of which subsequently leading to poor child development outcomes. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17197028 id = cord-350636-ufwfitue author = Shumilov, Evgenii title = Comparison of Chest Ultrasound and Standard X-Ray Imaging in COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-09-02 keywords = CXR; covid-19 summary = We aimed to investigate patterns of ChUS in COVID-19 patients and compare the findings with results from chest X-ray (CRX). We aimed to investigate patterns of ChUS in COVID-19 patients and compare the findings with results from chest X-ray (CRX). Besides pathological B-lines and subpleural consolidations, pleural line abnormality (89 %; n = 16/18) was the third most common feature in patients with respiratory manifestations of COVID-19 detected by ChUS. Besides pathological B-lines and subpleural consolidations, pleural line abnormality (89 %; n = 16/18) was the third most common feature in patients with respiratory manifestations of COVID-19 detected by ChUS. A Clinical Study of Noninvasive Assessment of Lung Lesions in Patients with Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) by Bedside Ultrasound doi = 10.1055/a-1217-1603 id = cord-291032-l813q689 author = Shupler, M. title = COVID-19 Lockdown in a Kenyan Informal Settlement: Impacts on Household Energy and Food Security date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; LPG; PAYG; Table summary = These results indicate the livelihoods of urban Kenyan families were deleteriously affected by COVID-19 lockdown, with a likely rise in household air pollution from community-level increases in polluting fuel use. [8] [9] [10] To combat the adverse health, environmental and social effects of reliance on polluting fuels and associated HAP exposures, 11, 12 several African countries (e.g. Kenya, Ghana, Cameroon), have set aspirational targets for rapid market expansion of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking. This timely pre-post study documented an extremely high proportion (88%; n=180) of households experiencing food insecurity due to income decline/cessation during the COVID-19 lockdown in a Kenyan urban informal settlement ( Table 3) . Elevated HAP exposures among the study population may offset potential health benefits from the decrease in ambient air pollution levels during COVID-19 lockdown ( Figure 3 ), 39 which were documented in studies conducted in high-income countries. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.27.20115113 id = cord-284979-lyt98od1 author = Sia, Charmaine Si Min title = Critical Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a Hemodialysis Patient: A Proposed Clinical Management Strategy date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = We report our experience in treating the first case of COVID-19 in a HD patient in Singapore who had a severe clinical course including acute respiratory distress syndrome and propose a clinical management strategy. We also highlight the importance of early recognition and intervention for disease control, dialysis support in an acute hospital isolation facility, deisolation protocol, and discharge planning due to prolonged viral shedding. A case series of an outbreak in a dialysis center in Wuhan, where HD patients were observed to have a milder disease course or total absence of symptoms with lower levels of serum inflammatory cytokines, suggested that this is due to the inability to mount an effective cellular immune response and hence an absence of cytokine release syndrome [3] . We examined international guidelines provided by different centers [14] and proposed a workflow based on the time points of the clinical course of COVID-19 disease in ESKD patients (Fig. 3) . doi = 10.1159/000509792 id = cord-332924-u6acq4mg author = Sibiri, Hagan title = Containing the impact of COVID-19: Review of Ghana''s response approach date = 2020-11-04 keywords = Ghana; covid-19 summary = • Ghana''s government have resorted to pronouncing directives and touting the implementing of a targeted and proactive so-called approach of ''Tracing,'' ''Testing,'' and ''Treatment'' as its main COVID-19 response. • First, limit and stop the importation of new cases; second, prevent community spread; third, isolate, treat and take care of the sick; fourth, ensure self-reliance and expand the domestic capability; last but not least, limit the impact on social and economic life. Instead, governments have resorted to pronouncing directives and touting the implementing of a targeted and proactive so-called approach of ''Tracing,'' ''Testing,'' and ''Treatment'' as its primary COVID-19 response -where ''Tracing'' means aggressive contact tracing to identify infected and high-risk people in the communities; Testing means enhancing the testing capacity of the country; Treatment means isolating and treating persons who have tested positive. After careful analysis of actions, directives, and speeches by government and public health officials leading the fight, Ghana''s response strategy can be categorized into five-part policy programs. doi = 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.10.015 id = cord-287625-dysdzjj1 author = Siddaway, Andy P title = Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The media has discussed a "pandemic of severe mental health disorders", 2 and there is a widespread perceived need to offer psychological interventions. Researchers investigating individual, societal, media, and mental health service responses to COVID-19 must avoid assuming psychological problems in people who are experiencing COVID-19-related distress. Adopting a diathesis-stress model of distress, the outbreak of COVID-19 is likely to either contribute towards exacer bating mental health difficulties in some individuals who were already experiencing psychological problems, or contribute towards the onset of problems in some individuals who are vulnerable. However, it is crucial that researchers keep context in mind when determining the presence of mental health problems; endorsing COVID-19-related distress or psychiatric symp toms might not itself be enough to indicate psychological problems. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak doi = 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30220-0 id = cord-355674-mhi85px5 author = Siddiqi, Hasan K. title = Increased prevalence of myocardial injury in patients with SARS-CoV-2 viremia. date = 2020-11-10 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = The objective of this study is to understand the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viremia, detectable troponin, and myocardial injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The objective of this study is to understand the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viremia, detectable troponin, and myocardial injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Conclusions: Hospitalized COVID-19 patients with SARS-CoV-2 viremia have a significantly higher prevalence of detectable troponin and myocardial injury during their hospitalization, compared to non-viremic patients. This first report of the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viremia, detectable troponin and myocardial injury in COVID-19 patients points to additional mechanistic pathways that require deeper study to understand the complex interplay between these unique findings, cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in COVID-19. This first report of the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viremia, detectable troponin and myocardial injury in COVID-19 patients points to additional mechanistic pathways that require deeper study to understand the complex interplay between these unique findings, cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.09.046 id = cord-333144-gyuh2fvl author = Siddiqui, Arif Jamal title = Current status and strategic possibilities on potential use of combinational drug therapy against COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; MERS; SARS summary = Therefore, this review focuses on the current use of various drugs as single agents (hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, azithromycin, favipiravir, remdesivir, umifenovir, teicoplanin, nitazoxanide, doxycycline, and dexamethasone) or in combinations with immunomodulators additionally. While some drugs have shown therapeutic effect against COVID-19 infection such as hydroxychloroquine (Al-Kofahi et al., 2020; Choudhary & Sharma 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Sinha & Balayla 2020) , azithromycin, (Andreani et al., 2020a; Choudhary & Sharma 2020) ivermectin (Caly et al., 2020; Chaccour et al., 2020; Choudhary & Sharma 2020) and some other antivirals (Asai et al., 2020; Boopathi et al., 2020; Lian et al., 2020) . Consequently, this review will provide an insight and comprehensive view on different therapeutic approaches including combining of different known anti-parasitic drugs, as well as proposing novel suggestions of chemoprophylaxis drug therapy, which can be used in the current treatment and vaccine development strategies against COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1802345 id = cord-325152-ffmo67hm author = Siddiqui, Raheel S title = Onset of Ketosis-Prone Diabetes in the Setting of COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-10-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = Several cases of patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presented with severe hyperglycemia along with ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic state during their acute phase of illness have been identified [3] . In our case, the patient remained mildly hyperglycemic during the course of his COVID-19 pneumonia; however, he presented with diabetic ketoacidosis six weeks after being discharged. In one study, three patients, who developed ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus immediately after documented viral infection with EBV or coxsackievirus and required insulin therapy on discharge, were followed for four to eight years; the first patient remained insulin-dependent throughout the life, the second one regained normal glucose tolerance, and the third one was being transitioned to oral antidiabetic medications [6] . Patients with COVID-19 infection who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state during the acute phase of infection have been identified [3, 9] . We reported a case of a young male who developed full-blown ketosis-prone type II diabetes mellitus status post-SARS-CoV-2 infection recovery. doi = 10.7759/cureus.10779 id = cord-331087-kpze9xux author = Siddiqui, S. title = SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence and stability in a tertiary care hospital-setting date = 2020-09-03 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = To estimate the burden of the disease with time it is important to undertake a longitudinal seroprevalence study which will also help to understand the stability of anti SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. This study was conceptualized with an aim to estimate the seroprevalence in hospital and general population and determine the stability of anti SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in HCW. We conducted a prospective longitudinal observational study to estimate the prevalence of anti SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among workers of a private hospital in Delhi with different levels of exposure to COVID-19 cases. The present study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Delhi and to observe how long the antibodies persist in the body. In a recently published brief report from Mumbai, India, conducted among the HCWs of three hospitals, highlighted that SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are not detected after 50 days, in RT-PCR positive individuals contrasting our observations 24 . doi = 10.1101/2020.09.02.20186486 id = cord-276234-2nkeq4ud author = Siedlecki, Jakob title = COVID-19: Ophthalmological Aspects of the SARS-CoV 2 Global Pandemic date = 2020-05-06 keywords = AAO; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Indeed, ophthalmologists seem to rank among the medical specialties with the highest risk for COVID-19 infection, probably due to close patient contact during examination, e.g., at the slit lamp [4] , and possible conjunctival involvement during the course of the disease [5, 6] . In this paper, a systematic review of current COVID-19 literature relevant for ophthalmological practice is performed, with a special focus on modes of transmission, the prevention thereof, structural adjustments of clinical care required during the pandemic, and possible ocular manifestations of this novel disease. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV 2, currently causing the COVID-19 pandemic, has severe implications for ophthalmologybe it because the eyes represent an important route of infection, most probably through lacrimal drainage into the nasal mucosa, or because of ocular manifestations, which, even if rather rare, can represent the first symptoms of this novel disease [29] . doi = 10.1055/a-1164-9381 id = cord-315457-w1nx9g91 author = Siedner, Mark J title = Desperate times call for temperate measures: practicing infectious diseases during a novel pandemic date = 2020-04-21 keywords = covid-19 summary = authors: Siedner, Mark J; Gandhi, Rajesh T; Kim, Arthur Y Of the thousands of peer-reviewed articles indexed in Pubmed, exactly one has reported the results of a randomized controlled trial; a single-centered study with approximately 200 COVID-19 infected individuals, investigating a drug developed for another virus, and resulting in a null finding. And although we agree with ethical obligations that compel medical researchers to make their data publicly available so it can inform the epidemic response, we also remain acutely aware that there has been a corresponding pandemic of COVID-19 misinformation. In the coming months, there will be results from well-designed and peer-reviewed trials that we hope will reveal therapeutic options for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. In the meantime, we will be asked countless times to help decide which ones are which, often by trusted colleagues in search of a miracle for patients in extremis. doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiaa209 id = cord-260257-phmd0u6d author = Siegler, Aaron J title = Willingness to seek laboratory testing for SARS-CoV-2 with home, drive-through, and clinic-based specimen collection locations date = 2020-06-30 keywords = SARS; covid-19; home summary = METHODS: A cross-sectional, online survey in the United States measured willingness to seek testing if feeling ill under different specimen collection scenarios: home-based saliva, home-based swab, drive-through facility swab, and clinic-based swab. 8, 9 Calls for home-based specimen collection or drive-through specimen collection models to address SARS-CoV-2 virus test scale-up have cogently argued that these approaches have the benefit of (1) avoiding burdening hospitals at a critical time, (2) avoiding potential nosocomial infections (the risk of acquiring disease from clinical or laboratory settings), (3) likely lowering costs, and (4) potentially achieving rapid scale-up due to laboratory centralization. We conducted an online survey to assess patient willingness to use the following SARS-CoV-2 testing modalities for clinical care: home-based specimen collection, drive-through testing, and clinic-based testing. Across a diverse sample of 1,435 participants, one-third more persons reported that they would be willing to collect specimens at home for SARS-CoV-2 testing if they experienced illness, compared to clinic-based testing. doi = 10.1093/ofid/ofaa269 id = cord-277812-4cz2hziz author = Sieni, Elena title = Favourable outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 in a 1‐year‐old girl with acute myeloid leukaemia and severe treatment‐induced immunosuppression date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Since the beginning of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak, it has emerged that the clinical course and outcome of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is definitely more favourable in children than in adults.1 Few cases of infection in children with cancer are described; also in these patients, except for one reported case,2 the disease was largely asymptomatic.3 Nevertheless, the management of COVID-19 in young patients with comorbidities, particularly cancer, remains a challenge for the clinician; further data are required to optimize the clinical approach to these cases. Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak, it has emerged that the clinical course and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is definitely more favourable in children than in adults. On day 18, routine laboratory testing further improved (WBC 2080 cells/µl with 48% neutrophils, Hb 112 g/l, PLTs correspondence 297 000/µl, negative CRP), and she was finally discharged, despite persistent positivity for SARS-CoV-2 at nasal swab, with oral prophylactic anti-microbial therapy. doi = 10.1111/bjh.16781 id = cord-319805-b6ypt5d0 author = Siepmann, Timo title = Association of history of cerebrovascular disease with severity of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; CVD; clinical; patient summary = We systematically searched electronic databases including MEDLINE (accessed by PubMed), EMBASE and Cochrane Library for identification of all available observational studies that reported on laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients aged ≥18 years with information given on disease severity and past history of CVD. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to explore the predictive value of history of CVD for severity outcomes of COVID-19 including clinical severity according to the classification by the National Health Commission guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19, in-hospital death and necessity of intensive care [10]. When considering only published data from Chinese cohorts in pooled analysis (n = 1805), history of CVD was also associated with increased risk of severity of COVID-19 (RR 2.39, 95% CI 1.94-2.94; p < 0.0001) with similar results on sensitivity analyses for study-specific severity outcomes (clinical parameters: RR 1.83, 95% CI 1.28-2.63; p = 0.001; necessity of intensive care: RR 2.9, 95% CI 1.61-5.24; p < 0.0001 and in-hospital death: RR 2.14, 95% CI 1.7-2.7; p < 0.0001). doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-10121-0 id = cord-325186-nq6ay4eo author = Sieswerda, Elske title = Recommendations for antibacterial therapy in adults with COVID-19 – An evidence based guideline date = 2020-10-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = SCOPE: The Dutch Working Party on Antibiotic Policy constituted a multidisciplinary expert committee to provide evidence-based recommendation for the use of antibacterial therapy in hospitalized adults with a respiratory infection and suspected or proven 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). QUESTIONS ADDRESSED BY THE GUIDELINE AND RECOMMENDATIONS: We assessed evidence on the risk of bacterial infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the associated bacterial pathogens, how to diagnose bacterial infections and how to treat bacterial infections. For patients with secondary bacterial respiratory infection we recommend to follow other guideline recommendations on antibacterial treatment for patients with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia. An antibiotic treatment duration of five days in patients with COVID-19 and suspected bacterial respiratory infection is recommended upon improvement of signs, symptoms and inflammatory markers. As COVID-19 patients frequently 72 need prolonged hospitalization and respiratory support, unnecessary antibiotics upon 73 hospitalization may increase the individual risk of subsequent hospital-acquired pneumonia 74 (HAP) and other adverse events [12, 13] . doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.041 id = cord-289144-d6fgs8qg author = Sieńko, Jerzy title = COVID-19: The Influence of ACE Genotype and ACE-I and ARBs on the Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Elderly Patients date = 2020-07-21 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; ace summary = Moreover, there is evidence that ACE genotype affects the outcomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) treatment, the most severe consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 8, 13 The aim of this narrative review was to analyze and identify the mechanisms of ACE-I and ARBs with particular emphasis on angiotensin receptors and their polymorphism in the light of COVID-19 pandemic as these medications are commonly prescribed to elderly patients. 8, 13 The aim of this narrative review was to analyze and identify the mechanisms of ACE-I and ARBs with particular emphasis on angiotensin receptors and their polymorphism in the light of COVID-19 pandemic as these medications are commonly prescribed to elderly patients. 63 This upregulation of the ACE2 receptor causes an increase in SARS-CoV-2 binding sites, which can lead to COVID-19 infection. Association of inpatient use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers with mortality among patients with hypertension hospitalized with COVID-19 doi = 10.2147/cia.s261516 id = cord-273308-rocbfx62 author = Siguret, Virginie title = Are antiphospholipid antibodies associated with thrombotic complications in critically ill COVID-19 patients? date = 2020-07-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Are antiphospholipid antibodies associated with thrombotic complications in critically ill COVID-19 patients? Recently, a high prevalence of lupus anticoagulant (LA) was reported in the COVID-19 patients [2] , immediately questioned by the possibility of false positive testing given the marked elevation in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels attributed to the major pulmonary or systemic inflammation in these patients [3] . Moreover, the contribution of anticardiolipin and anti-2glycoprotein-I antibodies to COVID-19-associated thrombosis was suggested in three patients with multiple cerebral infarctions, although no information on their detection and IgA/IgG titers was given [5] . Therefore, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of elevated antiphospholipid antibodies, namely LA, anticardiolipin IgG/IgM and anti-2-glycoprotein-I IgG, and their possible association with thrombotic complications in COVID-19 patients. Compared to other viral and bacterial infections known to trigger transient antiphospholipid antibodies [9] , LA prevalence was extremely high (85%) in critically ill COVID-19 patients, similar to Helms'' study (87.7%) also conducted in ICU patients [4] . doi = 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.07.016 id = cord-252930-yfxst8bo author = Silingardi, Roberto title = Acute limb ischemia in COVID-19 patients: Could Aortic Floating Thrombus be the source of embolic complications? date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-252930-yfxst8bo title: Acute limb ischemia in COVID-19 patients: Could Aortic Floating Thrombus be the source of embolic complications? cord_uid: yfxst8bo Recently, Bellosta 1 demonstrated a significant higher incidence of acute limb ischemia (ALI) 4 in COVID-19 patients. increased thrombo-embolic complications in COVID-19 patients have been reported, even in 7 those receiving anticoagulant therapy and either in non-atherosclerotic. 1-3 More than 27.000 8 COVID-19 cases were registered in our region (Emilia-Romagna). As tertiary COVID center we 10 did not observed ALI in such patients. 1 11 provide care in the Italian region with the higher incidence of COVID-19 (Lombardia). Indeed, the AFT may be a more common source of ALI in COVID-19? Acute limb 2 ischemia in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia Acute limb ischaemia in two 5 young, non-atherosclerotic patients with COVID-19. COVID-19 17 and haemostasis: a position paper from Italian Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.06.008 id = cord-260871-dtn5t8ka author = Silva, Marcus Tulius T. title = SARS-CoV-2: Should We Be Concerned about the Nervous System? date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; respiratory summary = Besides, several neurological manifestations had been described as complications of two other previous outbreaks of CoV diseases (SARS ad Middle East respiratory syndrome). Several neurological manifestations were described as complications of two other previous outbreaks of CoV diseases, namely, SARS and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Stroke is one of the most frequent neurological diseases associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 8 and large-vessel stroke in younger patients was recently reported in five patients. Detection of SARS coronavirus RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome Mechanisms of host defense following severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pulmonary infection of mice Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2 Central nervous system involvement by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the central nervous system doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0447 id = cord-283240-w4vxkbfv author = Silva, Ricardo Teixeira e title = Management of patients with spinal cord injury during the coronavirus disease pandemic date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; SCI summary = title: Management of patients with spinal cord injury during the coronavirus disease pandemic In this scenario, patients with disabilities, especially those with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), are at a high risk of COVID-19 because of their clinical and social characteristics (1) . This fact raises concerns about the ethical and legal aspects of the treatment of patients with SCI because the literature has already suggested that health-care professionals can make unfounded judgments regarding the quality of life of people with disabilities (18, 19) . COVID-19 tsunami: the first case of a spinal cord injury patient in Italy. Clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a cohort of patients with disability due to spinal cord injury Bascis guidance on management of spinal cord injury patients during coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic Medical care for spinal diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2094 id = cord-252991-gvlyn6j7 author = Silva, V. O. title = PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST SARS-CoV-2 IN PROFESSIONALS OF A PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY AT SAO PAULO, SP, BRAZIL date = 2020-10-21 keywords = October; SARS; covid-19 summary = To evaluate previous exposure to the virus we estimated the prevalence of antibodies against-SARS-CoV-2 among HPs in Adolfo Lutz Institute, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. We used a lateral flow immunoassay (rapid test) to detect IgG and IgM for SARS-CoV-2; positive samples were further evaluated using Roche Electrochemiluminescence assay and SARS-CoV-2 RNA by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was also offered to participants. . https://doi.org/10.1101 Professionals from laboratory areas were 25% while workers who had no direct contact with patients (administrative areas, security and cleaning staff) had a higher infection rate, especially in the areas of logistics (Faíco-Filho, et al., 2020) In our study, we chose to use a rapid test for preliminary results, despite the its reported performance (Sensitivity: 86, 43% [95% CI: 82, 51%~89, 58%] and Specificity: 99, 57% [95% CI: 97, 63%~99,92%]).. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.19.20213421 id = cord-344070-17oac3bg author = Silverman, Justin D title = Using ILI surveillance to estimate state-specific case detection rates and forecast SARS-CoV-2 spread in the United States date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID; ILI; SARS summary = ILI correlates with known patterns of SARS-CoV-2 spread across states within the US, suggesting the surge is unlikely to be due to other endemic respiratory pathogens, yet is orders of magnitude larger than the number of confirmed COVID cases reported. We find that as the seasonal surge of endemic non-influenza respiratory pathogens declines, this excess ILI correlates more strongly with state-level patterns of newly confirmed COVID cases suggesting that 75 this surge is a reflection of ILI due to SARS-CoV-2 (Pearson ρ = 0.8 and p < 10 −10 for the last two weeks; Figure S1 ). However, if we assume the excess non-influenza ILI is almost entirely due to SARS-CoV-2, an assumption that becomes more valid as the virus becomes more prevalent, we can use the excess non-influenza ILI to understand the constraints and mutual dependence of exponential growth rates, the rate of subclinical infections, and the time 95 between the onset of infectiousness and a patient reporting as ILI Figure 3 . doi = 10.1101/2020.04.01.20050542 id = cord-260365-neili1bd author = Silverstein, Jenna S. title = Acute Respiratory Decompensation Requiring Intubation in Pregnant Women with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Data from China suggest that pregnant women with COVID-19 have favorable maternal and neonatal outcomes, with rare cases of critical illness or respiratory compromise. However, we report two cases of pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19 in the late preterm period admitted to tertiary care hospitals in New York City for respiratory indications. 8 We report here two pregnant women with no medical comorbidities, one under 18 years of age, diagnosed with COVID-19 at 34 and 36 weeks of gestation, respectively, who rapidly decompensated and underwent caesarean delivery under general anesthesia followed by prolonged mechanical ventilation. The risks and benefits of delivery in pregnant patients with critical respiratory illness from COVID-19 infections are not yet known, but prior experience with maternal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and viral 2009/H1N1 influenza requiring mechanical ventilation in pregnancy reveals increased risk of fetal HR abnormalities, as well as fetal and neonatal mortality. doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1712925 id = cord-319511-gzanhu4w author = Silvestris, Erica title = Fertility preservation in cancer patients at the time of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = To prevent the infertility risk induced by anti-cancer chemotherapy or other gonadotoxic treatments as well as pelvic surgery, these patients have access to fertility preservation (FP) procedures which include oocytes cryopreservation after hormone stimulation or ovarian cortex cryostorage in females, and sperm freezing in males [1, 2] . During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, however, while symptomatic COVID-19 + cancer patients candidate to FP are addressed to specific programs for the infection healing, asymptomatic patients considered virus-free through negative serological test may still have access to FP programs in Italy since only major procedures of ART (Assisted Reproduction Technology) have been restricted [4] , whereas no structured recommendations have been issued for managing these patients [5] . Concerning the possible virus transmission through sperm by male cancer patients, it is also crucial to assess the liquid components of the seminal plasma. doi = 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101910 id = cord-325869-3mvjc805 author = Silvestris, Nicola title = A moonshot approach toward the management of cancer patients in the COVID-19 time: what have we learned and what could the Italian network of cancer centers (Alliance Against Cancer, ACC) do after the pandemic wave? date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; Cancer; patient summary = In particular, we believe that the main road to elaborate meaningful scientific evidence is represented by the collection of all the data on COVID-19 and cancer comorbidity that are and will become available in cancer centers, coupled with the design of large clinical studies. 3) Absence, to date, of effective medical remedies, such as anti-viral treatments or vaccines capable of protecting the general population from an infection which, as in the pandemics of the past, is not only affecting healthcare but causing the worst economic and social crisis after the Second World War. Importantly, several studies are evaluating the role of sound therapeutic approaches, including tocilizumab (an IL-6 inhibitor and a potential supportive treatment for the severe respiratory symptoms associated with COVID-19), convalescent plasma therapy, and the antiviral remdesivir, which has recently received emergency approval by the US Food and Drug Administration. doi = 10.1186/s13046-020-01614-x id = cord-284944-hcgfe9wv author = Silvin, Aymeric title = Elevated calprotectin and abnormal myeloid cell subsets discriminate severe from mild COVID-19 date = 2020-08-05 keywords = CD10; CD16; HLA; Low; covid-19; figure; patient summary = Thus, we performed high dimensional flow cytometry and single cell RNA sequencing of COVID-19 patient peripheral blood cells and detected the disappearance of non-classical CD14LowCD16High monocytes, the accumulation of HLA-DRLow classical monocytes, and the release of massive amounts of calprotectin (S100A8/S100A9) in severe cases. Validating these discovery experiments, we performed mass cytometry analysis of an independent cohort of 12 patients (four in each group; control, mild and severe) ( Table S5) , which showed a lower fraction of CD14 Low CD16 High non-classical monocytes in severe compared to mild patients ( Figure 3F and 3G ). This study presents evidence that patients who develop a severe COVID-19 exhibit high levels of calprotectin and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines correlating with an emergency myelopoiesis generating ROS-and NOS-expressing immunosuppressive myeloid cells (HLA-DR Low monocytes and immature subsets of neutrophils). doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.002 id = cord-035020-mhs7yext author = Simadibrata, Daniel Martin title = Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, a novel biomarker to predict the severity of COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-11-02 keywords = covid-19; plr; severe summary = title: Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, a novel biomarker to predict the severity of COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis Research articles comparing the PLR value on admission in adult patients with COVID-19 with varying degrees of severity were included in the analysis. Therefore, this systematic review aims to review the prognostic value of PLR levels on admission to determine the severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients. We included cohort studies evaluating the difference in PLR levels on admission in adults (>18 years old) with confirmed COVID-19 (diagnosed using RT-PCR) categorized based on disease severity (severe and non-severe patients), and/or mortality (survivor and non-survivor). Our meta-analysis, which included a total of 998 COVID-19 patients, showed that high PLR value was associated with severe COVID-19. Six out of the seven included studies demonstrated similar results with increased PLR on admission found in severe cases of COVID-19 compared to those with mild or moderate diseases. doi = 10.1177/1751143720969587 id = cord-295622-znmpheia author = Simione, Luca title = Differences Between Health Workers and General Population in Risk Perception, Behaviors, and Psychological Distress Related to COVID-19 Spread in Italy date = 2020-09-04 keywords = Italy; MED; North; South; covid-19 summary = We found that health workers reported higher risk perception, level of worry, and knowledge as related to COVID-19 infection compared to the general population. According to the evidences reported above, our objectives were (i) to probe the opinions and the worries relative to COVID-19 spread in both the general population and healthcare workers; (ii) to study which demographic, geographic, and psychological variables were related to a higher perception of the health risks; and lastly (iii) to assess any difference in risk perception relatively to COVID-19 between the general population and healthcare workers. This analysis thus revealed that the MED group participants from North Italy reported higher levels of anxiety and stress than the general population and the medical and paramedical staff from other living areas. In line with these results, participants of our study reported higher levels of perceived stress and of anxiety proportional to their risk of infection, i.e., health workers from North were more stressed and anxious than both their colleagues in Center and South Italy and the general population. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02166 id = cord-035285-dx5bbeqm author = Simmhan, Yogesh title = GoCoronaGo: Privacy Respecting Contact Tracing for COVID-19 Management date = 2020-11-11 keywords = App; Bluetooth; COVID-19; GCG; contact; user summary = This proximity data of all app users are used to build a temporal contact graph, where vertices are devices, and edges indicate proximity between devices for a certain time period and with a certain Bluetooth signal strength. The use of the GCG App within an institutional setting, with data collection and usage governed by the organization, may lead to higher adoption of the app and enhance its effectiveness in contact tracing. The use of GCG is strictly voluntary, and there is an additional consent required by a user who is infected with COVID-19 before their data can be used for contact tracing-this, despite their data already being available centrally in the backend. Besides tracking Bluetooth contact data, the GCG App offers several features to inform the users about COVID-19 and engage them in preventing its spread. doi = 10.1007/s41745-020-00201-5 id = cord-339344-qd73h1ie author = Simon, David title = Patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases receiving cytokine inhibitors have low prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; IMID; SARS summary = To test whether differences in social exposure between the groups account for the low prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG responses in IMID patients treated with cytokine inhibitors, we assessed exposure risk variables (contact with persons with a respiratory infection, presence at workplace outside home, travel to risk areas) of IMID patient groups and control groups. The low seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in anti-cytokine treated IMIDs could have two principle explanations: While (i) the four groups were recruited in the same region, (ii) the HC control group having the highest prevalence for SARS-CoV-2 IgG was in direct contact with the IMID patients and (iii) all participants were exposed to similar detailed information regarding social behavior during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, IMID patients may have followed an even more stringent exposure prophylaxis than healthy individuals. doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-17703-6 id = cord-356079-w6cqbya0 author = Simon, John A. title = Editor''s perspective: COVID‐19''s impact on the remediation industry date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; USEPA summary = On March 26, 2020, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) issued guidance regarding compliance with various federal environmental laws, regulations, and permit requirements due to the effects of possible disruptions of goods and services (e.g., delays in laboratory services) and human resource limitations (e.g., guidance to reduce travel) due to COVID-19. The USEPA issued additional guidance, Interim Guidance on Site Field Work Decisions Due to Impacts of COVID-19, dated April 10, 2020 (Wright & Bodine, 2020) . • Parties who believe that COVID-19 restrictions may delay their performance of obligations should consult the applicable enforcement instrument, including provisions allowing for adjustments to schedules to be made at the discretion of USEPA''s project manager and/or force majeure provisions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, environmental consultants and contractors and state regulatory agencies have developed plans and guidance to follow when implementing field work. Memorandum: Interim guidance on site field work decisions due to impacts of COVID-19 doi = 10.1002/rem.21655 id = cord-281285-5g1rw202 author = Simonis, Alexander title = A comparative analysis of remdesivir and other repurposed antivirals against SARS‐CoV‐2 date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; RDV; RNA; SARS summary = Based on its MOA, repurposed drugs with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity can be divided into substances that prevent viral entry into host cells (1-2) and inhibit viral proteases (3) and inhibitors of viral replicase (4). The disappointing clinical results might be related to sub-therapeutic levels for inhibition of SARS-COV-2 because application of 400/100 mg of lopinavir/ritonavir twice daily was shown to yield median serum concentrations of 7.2 mg/l (11.5 µM) in patients with HIV (van der Lugt et al, 2009), which is significantly lower than the observed EC 50 in the in vitro studies. In this comparative review, we focus on repurposed drugs with antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 in cell-based assays as those substances offer great opportunities for a treatment early in the course of COVID-19 by inhibition of viral replication and might be even suitable for preventive strategies as shown for neuraminidase inhibitors in case of influenza (Jefferson et al, 2014) . doi = 10.15252/emmm.202013105 id = cord-355589-3zdv9zim author = Simons, David title = The association of smoking status with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, hospitalisation and mortality from COVID‐19: A living rapid evidence review with Bayesian meta‐analyses (version 7) date = 2020-10-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; smoker summary = However, early data from the COVID-19 pandemic have not provided clear evidence for a negative impact of current or former smoking on SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 disease outcomes, such as hospitalisation or mortality 11 . We aimed to produce a rapid synthesis of available evidence pertaining to the rates of infection, hospitalisation, disease severity and mortality from SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 stratified by smoking status. Sixty studies reported disease severity in hospitalised patients stratified by smoking status (see Table 4 ). Current smokers were at reduced risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and former smokers were at increased risk of hospitalisation, disease severity and mortality compared with never smokers. Clinical Course and Outcomes of Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: a Preliminary Report of the First 28 Patients from the Korean Cohort Study on COVID-19 Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study doi = 10.1111/add.15276 id = cord-297217-pe6mehjv author = Simpson, A. Hamish R. W. title = COVID-19: potential transmission through aerosols in surgical procedures and blood products date = 2020-07-23 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = A six-fold increased risk of transmission of viral diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been reported during anaesthetic procedures such as endotracheal intubation. 2 no definite transmission has been reported due to surgical procedures, however unlike other viral diseases such as SARS and middle east respiratory syndrome (meRS), CoVid-19 appears to be both severe and highly transmissible and therefore could pose a far higher risk to surgeons and operating room staff. 9, 11 in comparison to SARS, in which only very low plasma levels of virus have been reported, 12 the blood of CoVid-19 patients is likely to have a higher potential for aerosols produced during surgical procedures to carry the virus. there is increasing evidence that a significant number of potentially up to 50% or more of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) are asymptomatic. doi = 10.1302/2046-3758.94.bjr-2020-0130 id = cord-310809-z0isuuui author = Simpson, Alexander I. F. title = Management of COVID-19 Response in a Secure Forensic Mental Health Setting date = 2020-06-23 keywords = April; covid-19; unit summary = OBJECTIVES: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presents major challenges to places of detention, including secure forensic hospitals. We experienced outbreaks of COVID-19 on two secure forensic units with 13 patients and 10 staff becoming positive. Policy changes can help isolate forensic populations from the community spread of infection but the ability to maintain effective social distancing within the institution may be limited, reducing the ability to control the spread of COVID-19 within such settings. The purpose of this article is to describe the approach taken by a 182-bed forensic program within a large psychiatric facility to plan for and manage the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak. The first concern about COVIDþ status within the forensic program was on March 23 when a staff member became unwell on a 20-bed medium secure unit. On a second medium secure unit, a 28-bed acute admitting unit, a patient became symptomatic on March 30 and returned a positive COVID-19 test on April 1. doi = 10.1177/0706743720935648 id = cord-284576-nemh4wdo author = Sims, Jonathan T. title = Characterization of the Cytokine Storm Reflects Hyperinflammatory Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19 date = 2020-09-10 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Methods Blood samples from adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were analyzed using high-throughput and ultrasensitive proteomic platforms and compared with ageand sex-matched healthy controls to provide insights into differential regulation of 185 markers. Objective: To identify and characterize the host inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 59 infection, we assessed levels of proteins related to immune responses and cardiovascular 60 disease, in patients stratified as mild, moderate, and severe, versus matched healthy controls. Objective: To identify and characterize the host inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 59 infection, we assessed levels of proteins related to immune responses and cardiovascular 60 disease, in patients stratified as mild, moderate, and severe, versus matched healthy controls. Furthermore, in a limited series of patients who were sampled 69 frequently confirming reliability and reproducibility of our assays, we demonstrate that 70 intervention with baricitinib attenuates these circulating biomarkers associated with the cytokine 71 The COVID-19 pandemic created an overwhelming need to define host-derived molecular 96 mediators of disease severity evident in hospitalized patients. doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.031 id = cord-308080-1heu9vuv author = Simulundu, Edgar title = First COVID-19 Case in Zambia – Comparative phylogenomic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 detected in African countries date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Zambia summary = title: First COVID-19 Case in Zambia – Comparative phylogenomic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 detected in African countries Contact tracing showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection was contained within the patient''s household, with no further spread to attending health care workers or community members. Whole genome sequence analysis should be part of all surveillance and case detection activities in order to monitor the origin and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 lineages across Africa. We report the identification and clinical management of the first COVID-19 case from Zambia, and present the phylogenetic analyses of the patient''s SARS-CoV-2 isolate, comparing it to other SARS-CoV-2 lineages reported from other African countries. Phylogenomic analysis showed that the detected SARS-CoV-2 belonged to lineage B.1.1, sharing the most common recent ancestor with viruses detected in South Africa (Figure 2) Wuhan-Hu-1, which included the D614G mutation which has been observed to correlate with increased case fatality rates. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1480 id = cord-335578-u8b66oos author = Simões e Silva, Ana Cristina title = Coronavirus Disease Pandemic Is a Real Challenge for Brazil date = 2020-06-05 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19 summary = Approximately 56 days after the first case reported in China, on February 26, Brazil officially registered its first patient with COVID-19: a 61-year-old man living in São Paulo who had recently returned from a trip to Italy. Twenty days after the first reported case (March 17, 2020), Brazil registered the first death by COVID-19 in a 62-year-old man with diabetes and heart disease (8). In this regard, another critical aspect is the difference in population adherence to social isolation measures in the different cities and states of the country (14) . The Brazilian scientific community and healthcare workers are working hard to provide support for political health measures to address COVID-19 (15, 16) . COVID-19 in Brazil: advantages of a socialized unified health system and preparation to contain cases Datadriven study of the COVID-19 pandemic via age-structured modelling and prediction of the health system failure in Brazil amid diverse intervention-strategies. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00268 id = cord-293259-o51fnvuw author = Sinaei, Reza title = Why COVID-19 is less frequent and severe in children: a narrative review date = 2020-09-25 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; MIS; SARS; child summary = Thus far, only a small number of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have involved children, so that they have accounted for only 1-5% of total patients [2, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a hyperproinflammatory response or cytokine storm state that results to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS). The search strategy was constructed based on searching terms 2019 novel coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 with using and/or, also the terms of child, pediatric, newborn, infant, adolescence, adult, age, age groups, severity, epidemiology, prevalence, difference, immune system, etiology, reasons in title, abstract, and key words. The first results stem from some considerations that children have a less vigorous immune response to the virus than adults because the cytokine storm is thought to be important in the pathogenesis of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections [28] . doi = 10.1007/s12519-020-00392-y id = cord-314343-u8u7nq44 author = Sinclair, A.J. title = Age, frailty and diabetes – triple jeopardy for vulnerability to COVID-19 infection date = 2020-04-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = The epidemiology of COVID-19 incidence, severity of illness and mortality seem to be shifted towards older people particularly those with multiple comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease [1] . Older age was also identified as a risk factor for mortality from COVID-19 pneumonia in a Chinese retrospective, multicentre cohort study {odds ratio (OR) 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03 to1.17, p = 0¢004) [3] . In a meta-analysis of 8 Chinese studies to assess the prevalence of comorbidities in 46,248 infected patients with COVID-19, median age 46.0 years (51.6%) men, diabetes mellitus was the second most prevalent comorbidity (8%) after hypertension (17%) and higher than cardiovascular (5%) and respiratory diseases (2%) [2] . Although frailty was not formally assessed in the COVID-19 infection trials, old age associated with comorbidities including diabetes were associated with an increased risk of infection and worse outcome. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100343 id = cord-271871-8grkln6o author = Singer, J. S. title = Low Prevalence (0.13%) of COVID-19 Infection in Asymptomatic Pre-operative/Pre-procedure Patients at a Large Academic Medical Center Informs Approaches to Perioperative Care date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in reduced performance of elective surgeries and procedures at medical centers across the U.S. Awareness of the prevalence of asymptomatic disease is critical for guiding safe approaches to operative/procedural services. Conclusions These data demonstrating low levels (0.13% prevalence) of COVID-19 infection in an asymptomatic population of patients undergoing scheduled surgeries/procedures in a large urban area have helped to inform perioperative protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic. These data demonstrating low levels (0.13% prevalence) of COVID-19 infection in an asymptomatic 117 population of patients undergoing scheduled surgeries/procedures in a large urban area have helped to 118 inform perioperative protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a large urban referral center, we adopted the CDC and ACS recommendations early in the pandemic, 327 suspending elective surgical and interventional procedures, and later relaxing those suspensions while 328 balancing local/regional COVID-19 epidemiology, data regarding our pre-operative/pre-procedure 329 testing results, and health system resources and priorities. doi = 10.1016/j.surg.2020.07.048 id = cord-254436-89zf41xr author = Singer, Professor Donald RJ title = Health policy implications of the links between cardiovascular risk and COVID-19 date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = In the meantime, public health measures are the mainstay for containing spread of infection with SARS-CoV-2, complemented by access to high quality supportive treatment and efforts to develop targeted approaches to reduce infection and disease severity in people at high risk of serious morbidity and death from COVID-19. Other indirect reasons for concern about increased prevalence and severity of cardiovascular disease because of the COVID-19 pandemic include poorer recognition and control of cardiovascular risk factors and established serious disorders of the heart, brain and circulation due to reduced access to medical services. Health policy makers also need to take steps to extend influenza immunization to all groups now recognized to be at risk of more serious COVID-19, including the obese, others with increased cardiovascular risk and people from black and other at risk ethnic minorities. doi = 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.09.001 id = cord-264957-po7wys3s author = Singh, A. title = Covid-19 Pandemic- Pits and falls of major states of India. date = 2020-06-20 keywords = India; covid-19 summary = The study finds that although the absolute number of active cases may be rising, however it is showing a decreasing trend with an increase in recovery rates. World Health Organization on January 30 th 2020 declared Novel Coronavirus as Public Health Emergency of International concern and on March 11 th 2020 Covid-19 disease was stated as pandemic based on its spreads severity [3] . A study while analysing the burden of pandemic in India found that Maharashtra having highest number of Covid-19 positive cases is solely responsible for more than one third of cases as on May 17 th 2020 followed by Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare stated on June 12 th that India''s doubling rate of Covid-19 cases has increased from 3.4 days when lockdown began (March 25 th ) to 17.4 days currently [15] . doi = 10.1101/2020.06.18.20134486 id = cord-265934-wjdxqj8h author = Singh, Amrita K. title = A Review of Telemedicine Applications in Otorhinolaryngology: Considerations During the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 Pandemic date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; ORL; patient; telemedicine summary = 21 Recent studies on remote free flap monitoring provide clear examples of how telemedicine can not only expedite care, but also improve patient outcomes. There is a further need for controlled studies comparing telemedicine to in-person assessment of head and neck cancer patients in terms of cost, safety, surveillance adherence, and oncologic outcomes. published clinical practice guidelines for the management of dysphagia in the COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting use of telemedicine for triage and remote evaluation. 63 High levels of patient satisfaction were also achieved with smartphone-based follow-up of facial cosmetic surgery and reviewing images remotely. Telemedicine has a wide applicability in pediatric ORL for obtaining patient history and assessing need for common surgeries such as obstructive sleep apnea, recurrent tonsillitis, and recurrent otitis media (Table VII) . Utilization of SAF techniques have already proven useful in head and neck oncology consultations, remote otologic and audiologic evaluation, cochlear implant and hearing aid management, laryngeal ultrasonography, nasolaryngoscopy, as well as CT sinus review. doi = 10.1002/lary.29131 id = cord-289114-ifnk41oq author = Singh, Angaraj title = Effect of pre‐existing diseases on COVID‐19 infection and role of new sensors and biomaterials for its detection and treatment date = 2020-10-28 keywords = PCR; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = The SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with the cardiovascular problem have a higher fatality rate as compared to general COVID-19 patients. The ACE-2 has been suggested as a medicine for the treatment of diabetes because it reduces inflammation .Therefore, the diabetes and COVID-19 patients treated with ACE-2 have higher risk of infection (Zachary, 2020) . Although, the specific drug for SARS-CoV-2 is not discovered till date, the medical observers are attempting with different antiviral drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 infection . All rights reserved patients demonstrated that the combination of a new antiviral drug remdesivir and chloroquine slowed down the growth of SARS-CoV-2 (Abdul et al., 2017) . Convalescent plasma therapy has been observed as a better alternative for the treatment of severely infected COVID-19 patients. A research report suggested that plasma treatment is more effective at the initial stage (within 14 days of symptoms) of COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1002/mds3.10140 id = cord-296174-95ap8qfn author = Singh, Arjun Gurmeet title = Navigating the impact of COVID‐19 on palliative care for head and neck cancer date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; care summary = In some sense, both patients with COVID-19 and patients with head and neck cancer receiving palliative care run a similar disease course. What is worse is when a patient receiving palliative care contracts the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), it will result in isolation measures extending to the inevitable. The primary goal of all head and neck oncology centers today is to triage patients and avoid unwanted hospitalizations and intensive care that would aggravate the need for rationing services. 9 During this pandemic, careful triaging of head and neck patients intended to or currently receiving palliative care is necessary to prevent further denuding of critical care resources. As head and neck cancer care providers it is imperative we deliver the best possible care to patients with the resources at hand, irrespective of their outcomes. Navigating the impact of COVID-19 on palliative care for head and neck cancer doi = 10.1002/hed.26211 id = cord-282633-q7egnpaq author = Singh, Ashish Kumar title = COVID‐19: Assessment of knowledge and awareness in Indian society date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; India summary = This study will help government and peoples to understand and handle this coronavirus pandemic effectively and in prevention of COVID‐19, which is crucial for the awareness of society in coming time. In view of this, this study attempted to assess the awareness, threat, symptoms and its prevention among people of India about the COVID-19. The respondents have adequate awareness for COVID-19 outbreak and its preventive measures, out of total, 98% (513) answered that the virus spreads from one person to another, 95% (494) answered that the disease is caused by a virus. This study will help government and peoples to understand and handle this coronavirus pandemic effectively and in prevention of COVID-19, which is crucial for the awareness of society in coming time. There is very little research in India covering the above factors, so this study is crucial for planning and adopting the preventive measures by public and government officials during this pandemic. doi = 10.1002/pa.2354 id = cord-254452-gqqdx2r5 author = Singh, Awadhesh Kumar title = Remdesivir in COVID-19: A critical review of pharmacology, pre-clinical and clinical studies date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; Remdesivir; SARS summary = METHODS: We systematically searched the PubMed, ClinicalTrial.Org and MedRxiv database up till May 5, 2020 using specific key words such as "Remdesivir" or ''GS-5734″ AND "COVID-19" or "SARS-CoV-2" and retrieved all the article published in English language, that have reported the pharmacology and the clinical outcomes of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19. A preliminary report (April 29, 2020) from an interim analysis of an ongoing double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) recently suggested that remdesivir had a 31% faster time to recovery, compared to the placebo (p<0.001), in patients with COVID-19 [15] . In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) No evidence of clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection with oxygen requirement: results of a study using routinely collected data to emulate a target trial doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.018 id = cord-286638-bqxyb61p author = Singh, Awadhesh Kumar title = Diabetes in COVID-19: Prevalence, pathophysiology, prognosis and practical considerations date = 2020-04-09 keywords = ACE-2; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = The disease burden of coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) has been increasing continuously with more than a million confirmed patients and more than 45 thousand deaths globally [1] . Emerging data suggests that COVID-19 is common in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD), although the prevalence rate varied in different studies as well in country-wise data. Evolving data also suggest that patients of COVID-19 with diabetes are more often associated with severe or critical disease varying from 14 to 32% in different studies [15e18, 20, 22, 24] . Though there is limited data about the association of blood glucose levels with disease course in COVID-19 at present, data from other infections like SARS and influenza H1N1 has shown that patients with poor glycemic control have increased risk of complications and death [60, 61] . doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.004 id = cord-290000-4ko413xm author = Singh, Awadhesh Kumar title = Editorial: Herd mentality, herds of migrants/people, and COVID-19 in India date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = At this time, even apex scientific research agency of India, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), hurriedly issued guideline for prophylaxis of COVID-19, thus clearing use of HCQ in high risk contacts [1] . This ''herd mentality'' of taking HCQ as ''prophylactic drug'' was seen far and wide amongst physician community as well, although most of them were not in contact with any COVID-19 patient. In India, messages to obviate such ''herd mentality'' (blindly following untrusted advice regarding prophylaxis and treatment) and ''herd behavior'' (e.g. joining celebrities, preachers etc., in religious and social events) has be strongly communicated to all segment of society, including physicians. A systematic review of the prophylactic role of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: A systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.004 id = cord-295973-41jqgsv0 author = Singh, Awadhesh Kumar title = Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: A systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries date = 2020-03-26 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; SARS summary = In this review article, we have systematically searched the medical data base until and collated all the available evidences that have emerged so far on the efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, in the treatment of patients with COVID19 , with or without diabetes and present a perspective on both these compounds. A Chinese study involving more than 100 patients of COVID-19 found chloroquine superior to the control group in reducing symptom duration, exacerbation of pneumonia including radiological improvement and promoting virus-negative seroconversion without any severe side effects [18] . The expert consensus from the Department of Science and Technology and Health Commission of Guangdong province published on 20th February (based on in vitro evidence and still unpublished clinical experience) chloroquine phosphate tablet at a dose of 500 mg twice per day for 10 days for patients diagnosed as mild, moderate and severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in the absence of contraindication to the drug [21] . doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.011 id = cord-323816-3m1iu9j2 author = Singh, Awadhesh Kumar title = Impact of COVID-19 and comorbidities on health and economics: Focus on developing countries and India date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; India; patient summary = Emerging data clearly suggests, that associated comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and malignancy are often associated with increase in severity and or mortality in patients with COVID-19. A Boolean search was carried out to find the prevalence of comorbidities and its outcome in patients with COVID-19 in PubMed, MedRxiv and Google Scholar J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f databases up till August 23, 2020 using the specific keywords that include "SARS-CoV2" OR "COVID-19", AND "risk", "severity", "mortality", "obesity", "diabetes", "hypertension", "cardiovascular disease", "chronic kidney disease", "cancer", "chronic pulmonary disease", "developing countries". In this regard, our recent meta-analysis Table 1 summarizes the prevalence of comorbidities in patients with COVID-19 from the largest reported data from China, USA, UK, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Kuwait and India [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.032 id = cord-333164-1iiwhmkm author = Singh, Awadhesh Kumar title = Reply to the Letter of Mahajan and Gaur in response to the article: Comorbidities in COVID-19: outcomes in hypertensive cohort and controversies with renin angiotensin system blockers (Singh et al.) date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Reply to the Letter of Mahajan and Gaur in response to the article: Comorbidities in COVID-19: outcomes in hypertensive cohort and controversies with renin angiotensin system blockers (Singh et al.) Reply to the Letter of Mahajan and Gaur in response to the article: Comorbidities in COVID-19: outcomes in hypertensive cohort and controversies with renin angiotensin system blockers (Singh et This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. Comorbidities in COVID-19: outcomes in hypertensive cohort and controversies with renin angiotensin system blockers (Singh et al.) . Similarly, the figures in our article has much more detailed information on the interaction of renin angiotensin system blockers (RASB), ACE-2 and coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19). Comorbidities in COVID-19: outcomes in hypertensivecohort and controversies with renin angiotensin system blockers doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.030 id = cord-338417-7kw9lws0 author = Singh, Awadhesh Kumar title = Comorbidities in COVID-19: Outcomes in hypertensive cohort and controversies with renin angiotensin system blockers date = 2020-04-09 keywords = ACE-2; COVID-19; SARS summary = RESULTS: From the pooled data of all ten available Chinese studies (n = 2209) that have reported the characteristics of comorbidities in patients with COVID-19, hypertension was present in nearly 21%, followed by diabetes in nearly 11%, and established cardiovascular disease (CVD) in approximately 7% of patients. Emerging data suggests that older COVID-19 patients with other comorbid conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiac and pulmonary disease are in particular more susceptible, compared to general populations and have higher mortality. We have systematically searched the PubMed medical database up till March 27, 2020 using MeSH key words that include Covid-19, coronavirus, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, angiotensin receptor blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Interestingly, in the pooled data from the ten Chinese studies (n ¼ 2209) that have reported the characteristics of comorbidities in patients with COVID-19; associations of hypertension, diabetes and presence of established cardiovascular disease (CVD) are larger, varying from 15 to 30% (average 21%), 5e20% (average 11%) and 2e40% (average 7%) respectively (Table 1) . doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.016 id = cord-319241-div9rzax author = Singh, Bhuchitra title = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome‐Corona Virus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and its Effect on Gametogenesis and Early Pregnancy date = 2020-09-23 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = There is also evidence of significant placental pathology in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, but it is unclear what effects there may be for early pregnancy, though available data suggest less severe effects compared to other respiratory virus outbreaks. We searched for articles that contained information related to SARS-CoV-2 and reproductive tissues (ovaries, testes), gametes, placentation, and early pregnancy in humans. Our search phrases included: "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2", "2019 ncov", "sarscov 2", "SARS-Cov-2", "pregnancy", "gravidity", "abortion", "germ cells", "oocytes", "gametes", "embryonic structures", "embryo", "fertility", "testes", "miscarriage"(See Appendix 1 for completed list of databases search strategy and Figure 1 for PRISMA table). Specifically, 10 women with severe COVID-19 were tested or SARS-CoV-2 in vaginal fluid, with all samples negative for virus [48] . Another study performed during the 2002-2003 SARS pandemic showed that 4 of 7 (57%) pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV had a spontaneous miscarriage in the first trimester of pregnancy [55] , though notably no viral inclusion bodies or particles were detected in the products of conception. doi = 10.1111/aji.13351 id = cord-148145-qg5623s7 author = Singh, Bikash Chandra title = COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak in the Subcontinent: A data-driven analysis date = 2020-08-22 keywords = Bangladesh; COVID-19 summary = More specifically, we use various models (for example, susceptible infection recovery (SIR), exponential growth (EG), sequential Bayesian (SB), maximum likelihood (ML) and time dependent (TD)) to estimate the reproduction numbers and observe the model fitness in the corresponding data set. Since the governments of different countries have responded to the COVID-19 pandemic seriously, it is important that the researchers estimate: (i) the pandemic regionally based on the basic reproduction number, (ii) the arrival of the peak time, and forecast the time course of the epidemic by analyzing the data on the total number of infected cases, (iii) the total number of confirmed cases, (iv) the total number of deaths, and (v) the total number of cases recovered, etc. In this study, we use SIR, EG, SB, ML and TD models to analyze data to determine the reproduction number and pre-dict the epidemic trend of COVID-19 in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. doi = nan id = cord-289917-2mxd7zxf author = Singh, Brijesh P. title = Modeling tempo of COVID‐19 pandemic in India and significance of lockdown date = 2020-08-04 keywords = India; covid-19; model summary = A differential equation based simple model has been used to understand the pattern of COVID-19 in India and some states. Our findings suggest that the physical distancing and lockdown strategies implemented in India are successfully reducing the spread and that the tempo of pandemic growth has slowed in recent days. Our findings suggest that the physical distancing and lockdown strategies implemented in India are successfully reducing the spread and that the tempo of pandemic growth has slowed in recent days. Therefore, on March There are already various measures such as social distancing, lockdown masking and washing hand regularly has been implemented to prevent the spread of COVID-19, but in absence of particular medicine and vaccine it is very important to predict how the infection is likely to develop among the population that support prevention of the disease and aid in the preparation of healthcare service. doi = 10.1002/pa.2257 id = cord-338466-7uvta990 author = Singh, Brijesh P. title = Modeling and forecasting the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in India and significance of lockdown: A mathematical outlook date = 2020-10-31 keywords = COVID-19; India; March; case; model summary = For the spread of COVID-19, when disease dynamics are still unclear, mathematical modeling helps us to estimate the cumulative number of positive cases in the present scenarios. There are already various measures such as social distancing, lockdown masking and washing hand regularly has been implemented to prevent the spread of COVID-19, but in absence of particular medicine and vaccine it is very important to predict how the infection is likely to develop among the population that support prevention of the disease and aid in the preparation of healthcare service. The logistic growth regression model is used for the estimation of the final size and its peak time of the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries of the World and found similar result obtained by SIR model (Batista, 2020) . doi = 10.1016/bs.host.2020.10.005 id = cord-340663-zylk61ll author = Singh, Devendra Raj title = The perils of COVID-19 in Nepal: Implications for population health and nutritional status date = 2020-06-17 keywords = Nepal; covid-19 summary = There is a growing concern that the long-term extension of lockdown strategy can severely affect the health and nutrition security of the poor and vulnerable population in Nepal. The current lockdown has already exacerbated the health risks and health care resources, and are likely to continue beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. We examine how COVID-19 lockdown impacts public health systems and nutritional outcomes in Nepal. As health systems continue to combat COVID-19, Nepal is at high risk of facing detrimental effects on (public) health care, further constraining the health resources of the country. Historically, Nepal has been facing food and nutrition security challenges with the highest prevalence of double and triple burden of malnutrition [13] . Equally important, health systems should ensure critical care interventions to screen, diagnose, and treat COVID-19 patients across the country. doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.010378 id = cord-327976-pwe95zoi author = Singh, Dr Shweta title = Impact of COVID-19 and Lockdown on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review with Recommendations. date = 2020-08-24 keywords = child; covid-19; health; mental summary = This paper is aimed at reviewing articles related to mental-health aspects of children and adolescents impacted by COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns. Aims: This paper is aimed at narratively reviewing various articles related to mental-health aspects of children and adolescents impacted by COVID-19 pandemic and enforcement of nationwide or regional lockdowns to prevent further spread of infection. Aims: This paper is aimed at narratively reviewing various articles related to mental-health aspects of children and adolescents impacted by COVID-19 pandemic and enforcement of nationwide or regional lockdowns to prevent further spread of infection. The following sections discuss about findings of studies on mental-health aspects of children and adolescents impacted by COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns being implemented at national or regional levels to prevent further spread of infection. Recommendations for ensuring mental well-being of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown and the role of parents, teachers, pediatricians, community volunteers, the health system and policy makers are being discussed. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113429 id = cord-270322-jkvo8s3f author = Singh, Jasvinder A. title = Gout management and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional internet survey date = 2020-10-14 keywords = covid-19; gout summary = METHODS: We assessed medication use, healthcare utilization, gout-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) on the Gout Impact Scale (GIS), psychological distress using the patient health questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), and resilience in people with self-reported physician-diagnosed gout during the COVID-19 pandemic in a cross-sectional Internet survey. Our objective was to assess the current patterns of gout care, including medication use and healthcare access, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), psychological distress, and patient resilience, in people with gout in the midst of COVID-19. In addition to the demographics, we collected information on the use of medications for gout including ULT (allopurinol, febuxostat, and probenecid) and the patterns of use, gout flares, gout-specific quality of life, psychological distress, resilience, medication adherence, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on difficulty with gout care and healthcare access. doi = 10.1177/1759720x20966124 id = cord-253948-yi57n8nc author = Singh, K. title = Impact of weather indicators on the COVID-19 outbreak: A multi-state study in India date = 2020-06-16 keywords = India; covid-19 summary = The present study examines the impact of weather indicators on the COVID-19 outbreak in the majorly affected states of India. In this regard, we compiled a daily dataset including confirmed case counts, Recovered case counts, Deceased cases, Average Temperature, Maximum Relative Humidity, Maximum Wind Speed for six most affected states of India during the period of March 25, 2020 to April 24, 2020. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.14.20130666 doi: medRxiv preprint of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the effects of weather indicators on COVID-19 outbreak for India. The primary weather indicators i.e. temperature (°C), wind speed (mph), and Humidity (%) are considered as independent variables for finding the correlation with affected cases of COVID-19. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.14.20130666 doi: medRxiv preprint temperature 7 days ago has shown moderate correlation (0.394 < r < 0.728) with recovered cases in four states i.e. Delhi, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh for both Kendall and Spearman correlation test. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.14.20130666 id = cord-355903-1yzebh7d author = Singh, Kumar Tathagat title = Preparedness among dental professionals towards COVID-19 in India date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; practice summary = Therefore, the present study was carried out for evaluating knowledge, attitude and practices along with perceived barriers by the dentist regarding various strategies for dental care provision given by competent authorities during pandemic, in a developing country like India. Analysis showed that total (summation of knowledge, attitude and practices) median score of the dentists regarding preparedness of working during pandemic was moderate. Table 2 shows differences in median total scores and interquartile range (IQR) among various demographic variables of respondents of KAP on dental practice during pandemic.  As soon as the lockdown measures do alleviate up finally, dentists must practice with all precautions and protocols;  The present study was conducted to assess the awareness, attitude, perceived barriers and practices by the dentist regarding various strategies for dental care provision given by competent authorities during pandemic, in a developing country like India; doi = 10.11604/pamj.2020.36.108.23694 id = cord-331143-e9h7tq0x author = Singh, Manish Kumar title = Contagion effect of COVID‐19 outbreak: Another recipe for disaster on Indian economy date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; GDP; India summary = It is having a growing impact on the global economy and unfortunately, the global health crisis becomes a global economic crisis due to the cancel of flights, restriction on labour mobility and volatility in stock markets, fall in oil prices, and so on. The United States, China, Japan, Germany, Britain, France and Italy have contributed 60% of world supply and demand [gross domestic product (GDP)], 65% of world manufacturing, and 41% of world manufacturing exports (Baldwin & di Mauro, 2020) but unfortunately, these are in the top-10 most affected countries by COVID-19 except Japan (WTO, 28 March 2020). Based on the above discussion, we develop two main objectives in this study, firstly, we accommodate the theoretical linkages to evaluate potential broad channels through which COVID-19 could impact an emerging economy like India. doi = 10.1002/pa.2171 id = cord-346187-pd65r6cp author = Singh, Omvir title = Association between climatic variables and COVID-19 pandemic in National Capital Territory of Delhi, India date = 2020-10-07 keywords = Delhi; India; covid-19 summary = Eight climatic variables such as maximum, minimum and mean temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), bright sunshine hours, wind speed (km/h), evaporation (mm), and rainfall (mm) have been analyzed in relation to COVID-19. The results of this study suggest that climatic conditions in NCT of Delhi are favorable for COVID-19 and the disease may spread further with the increasing temperature, relative humidity, evaporation and wind speed. Therefore, to fill this research gap, this study has been attempted to provide scientific evidences regarding the spread of COVID-19-infected cases in relation to various climatic variables over NCT of Delhi, a megacity in India. Recently, correlation analysis has been extensively used to associate COVID-19 pandemic confirmed cases with climatic variables (Bashir et al. The daily data of COVID-19 and eight climatic variables such as maximum, minimum and mean temperature, relative humidity, bright sunshine hours, wind speed, evaporation, and rainfall have been analyzed for the period March 14 to June 11, 2020 (90 days). doi = 10.1007/s10668-020-01003-6 id = cord-305076-v56y5nyt author = Singh, Parmvir title = Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: A Devastating Systemic Disorder of Special Concern with COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; DIC; patient summary = Clinical patterns with DIC are varied, exemplified by those identified with COVID-19, from petechial to acro-ischemia presentations including finger/toe cyanosis, skin bulla and dry gangrene, some resembling chilblains disease (Figures 1,2) 7 . 8, 15 Skin manifestations caused by thrombosis include acral cyanosis (25%) and gangrene (17%). 8 It is important to differentiate the thrombotic/coagulopathic vasculopathic acral ischemia as seen in DIC from chilblain-like lesions (blue "COVID toes"), also associated with the This article is protected by copyright. 1,24,43-46 COVID-19-associated DIC therapy should follow accepted strategy employing thromboembolic prophylaxis for critically ill hospitalized patients and standard supportive care measures 47 . Presentation and outcome of purpura fulminans associated with peripheral gangrene in 12 patients at Mayo Clinic Comparison of a new criteria for sepsis-induced coagulopathy and International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis disseminated intravascular coagulation score in critically ill patients with sepsis 3.0: a retrospective study doi = 10.1111/dth.14053 id = cord-314378-cs9ggqwk author = Singh, Prateush title = The Effects of a Novel Global Pandemic (COVID-19) on a Plastic Surgery Department date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The long-term implications of this for patients and the economy are uncertain; here we discuss our thoughts on the likely impact on our tertiary plastic surgery department in the UK. 6 According to the Department of Health coronavirus action plan, 7 the 4 steps in the overall response are "containment" (prevent spread), "delay" (slow spread), "research," and "mitigation" (treat infected patients), but a separate statement to "minimise the potential impact on society … including key public services" is also present: what does this mean for plastic surgery departments? Plastic surgery departments are tertiary centers managing acute infections, trauma, and burns, as well as elective reconstructive procedures and research. It is imperative that the seemingly all-encompassing attention on COVID-19 does not adversely affect the acute response needed to deal with plastic surgery emergencies. According to the National Audit Office, £16 billion is spent on elective NHS care per year, 8 with waiting lists for elective plastic surgery procedures up to 12 months long. doi = 10.1093/asj/sjaa074 id = cord-288336-io1t141z author = Singh, Rahul title = Case of Hemorrhagic Cardiac Tamponade in a Patient with COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID; effusion summary = title: Case of Hemorrhagic Cardiac Tamponade in a Patient with COVID-19 Infection Here we present a case of COVID 19 causing hemorrhagic cardiac tamponade in a 62-year old man who required pericardiocentesis and admission to the Intensive Care Unit. Lab results showed hyponatremia, acute kidney injury, leukocytosis with lymphopenia, mildly macrocytic anemia, coagulation panel within normal limits, an elevated D-dimer and negative serial troponins (Table 1 ) An echocardiography was emergently done and revealed a large pericardial effusion with tamponade physiology (Figure 3 , Video 1). Although not as common, viral pericarditis can cause hemorrhagic pericardial effusion, especially Coxsackie virus [5] [6] [7] . It is imperative to note that hemorrhagic pericardial effusion leading to tamponade may be the sole yet potentially lethal manifestation of this viral infection. • Hemorrhagic pericardial effusion may be the sole cardiac manifestation of COVID 19 Bloody pericardial effusion in patients with cardiac tamponade: is the cause cancerous, tuberculous, or iatrogenic in the 1990s? doi = 10.1016/j.case.2020.05.020 id = cord-340110-nvjit17f author = Singh, Rakesh title = An urgent call for measures to fight against increasing suicides during COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; Nepal summary = Further, a mechanism should be established to follow-up the discharged COVID-19 recovered patients via telephone by LHWs or CWs or PHWs to assess their mental health status and provide counseling service to help prevent stress, depression and mitigate suicidal thoughts as J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f COVID-19 recovered patients are at higher risk of discrimination leading to loneliness (Singh and Subedi, 2020). While these measures are keys to fight against COVID-19 pandemic, it is also very important to protect and promote one''s mental wellbeing in this unusual situation which could lead an individual to stress, depression, suicidal ideation thoughts among people due to perceived isolation and loneliness (Singh and Subedi, 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102259 id = cord-026340-2nf97zvc author = Singh, Ranjana title = Chloroquine: A Potential Drug in the COVID-19 Scenario date = 2020-06-07 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; SARS; virus summary = In this review article, we have systematically searched for details of COVID-19 pandemic till May 2020 and assembled few data pertaining to (i) Corona viruses; (ii) SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes COVID-19'' and (iii) How chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine mediates anti-viral effect in both prophylactic and therapeutic setting. The Corona Study Group (CSG) of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) after assessing the etiological agent named it SARS-CoV2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus2) and the disease outbreak as COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease-Year of Identification). During COVID-19, SARS-CoV2 S-protein binds to host cell''s receptor ACE2 (Belouzard et al. As for the case of SARS-CoV, it was shown that the binding specificity of virus to host cell was due to 3 prime amino acid residues in S1 protein at positions 360, 479, and 487. doi = 10.1007/s41403-020-00114-w id = cord-286740-1esvgcxp author = Singh, S. title = ASSESSING THE ROLE OF ZINC IN COVID-19 INFECTIONS AND MORTALITY: IS ZINC DEFICIENCY A RISK FACTOR FOR COVID-19? date = 2020-06-14 keywords = Zinc; covid-19 summary = Considering, Zinc ''s key immunomodulatory role, widespread deficiency along with the selfand prescribed intervention in different target groups, e.g. children, women, elderly, carefully planned dedicated exploratory studies to understand the basis of the observed association are advisable. Recently, a protective correlation between Vitamin D serum levels and the cases and the deaths per million from COVID-19 had been indicated in the European countries supposedly having comparable confounding variables and similar health care infrastructure [5, 6] . Surprisingly, our analysis of the selected European countries indicated a consistently negative correlation of Zinc deficiency with COVID-19 cases per million population over the time period and indicated an almost significant correlation with the adverse outcome, i.e., death, which seemed improving with the passage of pandemic. Our analysis identified a negative association between the Zinc deficiency prevalence in the European countries and the COVID-19 impact in terms of cases and deaths per million population. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.12.20105676 id = cord-341745-2txzi7kb author = Singh, S. title = Efficacy and Safety of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine for COVID-19: A systematic review date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; Hydroxychloroquine; study summary = RESULTS: After a review of 175 citations, we included 5 clinical trials (total of 345 patients), 9 observational studies (n = 2529), and 6 additional studies (n = 775) reporting on the QT interval. CONCLUSIONS: Our systematic review of reported clinical studies did not identify substantial evidence to support the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and raises questions about potential harm from QT prolongation and increased mortality. Our systematic review of reported clinical studies did not identify substantial evidence to support the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine in hospitalized COVID -19 patients and raises questions about potential harm from QT prolongation and increased mortality. We included both published and unpublished clinical trials and observational studies that reported on chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine use either as a single drug or in combination with azithromycin to treat patients hospitalized patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.19.20106906 id = cord-354939-lon10s7z author = Singh, S. title = ZINC SUFFICIENCY STATUS AND COVID-19 MORTALITY IN SOCIALLY SIMILAR EUROPEAN POPULATIONS - AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: ZINC SUFFICIENCY STATUS AND COVID-19 MORTALITY IN SOCIALLY SIMILAR EUROPEAN POPULATIONS AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS A time-series association study was conducted on 23 different Zn sufficiency level but socially similar European populations/countries (Population: 522.47 million; experiencing up to >150 fold difference in death rates) with supposedly similar confounders and stage of the pandemic, covering the period from pre-peak-of-infections to post-peak-of-infections till flattening of the 1st wave of infections (12 March to 26 June). ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.04.20151290 doi: medRxiv preprint 3 | P a g e reduced COVID-19 mortality using early-stage pandemic data (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) , though not without controversies for inclusion/exclusion criteria, non-matched pandemic stages, appropriateness of the data set and loss of association with the time post-peak-of-infections (8, 9, 11, 13) . The COVID-19 mortality rate in socially similar populations (Boxed NA and EU) is strongly associated with their Zinc sufficiency (Sup. Fig. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.04.20151290 id = cord-292997-xbomgwzx author = Singh, Sandeep title = Takotsubo Syndrome in Patients with COVID-19: a Systematic Review of Published Cases date = 2020-10-06 keywords = TTS; covid-19 summary = We performed a systematic literature search using PubMed/Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases to identify COVID-19-associated TTS case reports and evaluated patient-level demographics, clinical attributes, and outcomes. There are 12 cases reported of TTS associated with COVID-19 infection with mean age of 70.8 ± 15.2 years (range 43–87 years) with elderly (66.6% > 60 years) female (66.6%) majority. Despite a lower prevalence of cardiac comorbidities in COVID-19 patients, direct myocardial injury, inflammation, and stress may contribute to TTS with a high complication rate. However, limited data on TTS in COVID-19 patients with only a handful of case reports promoted us to systematically review the published cases and pertinent outcomes. Furthermore, a modest increase in cardiac troponin and ECG changes suggestive of myocardial injury was noted in all the cases, which is commonly seen in TTS [26] , and could mimic acute coronary syndrome (ACS). doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00557-w id = cord-290551-a02tueuu author = Singh, Shailendra title = Impact of Obesity on Outcomes of Patients with COVID-19 in United States: A Multicenter Electronic Health Records Network Study. date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; obesity; patient summary = title: Impact of Obesity on Outcomes of Patients with COVID-19 in United States: A Multicenter Electronic Health Records Network Study. We performed a retrospective cohort study using TriNetX (Cambridge, MA, USA), a global federated health research network that provided access to electronic medical records of patients from multiple large member healthcare organizations (HCOs) in United States. Our study using a large nationally representative database showed that COVID-19 patients with any degree of obesity had a significantly higher risk of hospitalization and intubation or death compared to patients without obesity. An analysis of a larger group of selected patients using diagnostic criteria of obesity as any time before the index event (after PSM n=9769) showed a higher risk for composite outcomes in the obesity group ( J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.028 id = cord-331394-zie0tmvt author = Singh, Surendra title = Data on social and health vulnerability in rural India: A Case of Covid-19 date = 2020-07-14 keywords = covid-19 summary =  These data are unique and relevant for health policy for rural India because they provide village-level vulnerability status of households to health emergency, i.e., Covid-19 pandemic. After taking expert advice from doctors, academicians and public administration, a structured scheduled was prepared to elicit household''s perception to Covid-19, their socioeconomic status and curative and preventive measures they have taken. After taking expert advice from doctors, academicians and public administration, a structured scheduled was prepared to elicit household''s perception to Covid-19, their socioeconomic status and curative and preventive measures they have taken. Thus total 150 samples were collected in five villages of Mathura district to elicit the households'' perception of Covid-19 regarding preventive and curative measures used by the villagers to cope with Covid-19. Thus total 150 samples were collected in five villages of Mathura district to elicit the households'' perception of Covid-19 regarding preventive and curative measures used by the villagers to cope with Covid-19. doi = 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106020 id = cord-321379-7bpl5n3j author = Singh, Sweta title = Coronavirus disease 2019 drug discovery through molecular docking date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; drug; molecule summary = Methods: In this study, we present the results of molecular docking processes through high throughput virtual screening to analyze drugs recommended for the treatment of COVID-19. Results: Atovaquone, fexofenadine acetate (Allegra), ethamidindole, baicalin, glycyrrhetic acid, justicidin D, euphol, and curine are few of the lead molecules found after docking 129 known antivirals, antimalarial, antiparasitic drugs and 992 natural products. The best therapeutic drugs inferred from our studies are atovaquone, fexofenadine acetate (Allegra), justicidin D, baicalin, glycyrrhetic acid and ethamidindole based on their docking score, interaction studies and their present applications for probable COVID-19 treatment. The authors must discuss in further detail as to how this work compares with other published reports of drugs targeted against SARS-CoV-2.The authors should cite references for the results mentioned in the Introduction section of the manuscript.How was the -6 kcal/mol free binding energy cut-off selected? doi = 10.12688/f1000research.24218.1 id = cord-336554-n8n5ii5k author = Singh, Thakur Uttam title = Drug repurposing approach to fight COVID-19 date = 2020-09-05 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; RNA; SARS; clinical; drug; patient; treatment; virus summary = Number of drugs such as remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin, lopinavir, ritonavir, darunavir, arbidol, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab and interferons have shown inhibitory effects against the SARS-CoV2 in-vitro as well as in clinical conditions. Outbreaks of novel emerging infections such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) have unique challenges in front of the health professionals to select appropriate therapeutics/pharmacological treatments in the clinical setup with very little time available for the new drug discovery [3] . Currently, with the lack of effective agents against SARS-CoV2 as well as public-health emergency, WHO has identified some therapies which doctors and researchers believe are the most promising, such as a combination of two HIV drugs (lopinavir and ritonavir), anti-malarial drugs (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine), and an experimental antiviral compound remdesivir. Ribavirin at a dose rate of 500 mg 2-3 times/day in combination with other drugs such as lopinavir/ritonavir or interferon (IFN)-α through intravenous route for not more than 10 days made the SARS-CoV2 infected patients more resistant to respiratory distress syndrome as well as death [41] . doi = 10.1007/s43440-020-00155-6 id = cord-317092-5qba9jiq author = Singh, Tulika title = Lessons from COVID-19 in children: Key hypotheses to guide preventative and therapeutic strategies date = 2020-05-08 keywords = SARS; child; covid-19 summary = The current pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), reveals a peculiar trend of milder disease and lower case fatality in children compared to adults. Understanding differences in children''s immunity, host cellular factors required for virus replication, and physiology can provide insights into the correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 and other CoVs. In this review, we summarize current pediatric-specific knowledge on clinical disease, transmission, risks for severe disease, protective immunity, and novel therapies and vaccines in trial. 38 For example, a regulator of lung morphogenesis that is lower in childhood, nuclear factor kappa-light-chainenhancer of activated B cells (NF-b), plays a pathologic role in inflammatory diseases and should be evaluated as a protective host factor in pediatric versus adult SARS-CoV-2 infections. In this review, we evaluated recent reports on the pathology and immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and offered several hypotheses for how these features may differ in children versus adults, and how they may differentially modulate disease in these populations. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa547 id = cord-317265-n6x0r58i author = Singh, Varsha title = Can Vitamins, as Epigenetic Modifiers, Enhance Immunity in COVID-19 Patients with Non-communicable Disease? date = 2020-07-13 keywords = NCD; covid-19; patient; vitamin summary = The purpose of this review is to provide evidence to consider vitamins as epigenetic modifiers to enhance immunity and reduce inflammatory response in COVID-19 patients with non-communicable diseases. RECENT FINDINGS: Clinical evidence has suggested the risk of getting infected is high among individuals with non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, cancer, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and renal disease, as well as the elderly with high mortality rate among the cohort. SUMMARY: Based on current published scientific and medical evidence, the suggestions made in this article for combination of vitamin therapy as epigenetic modifiers to control the unregulated inflammatory and cytokine marker expressions, further needs to be clinically proven. The clinical link between active inflammatory pathways in ARDS and the vitamin deficiency clearly indicates why COVID-19 causes high mortality in patients with chronic lung diseases. doi = 10.1007/s13668-020-00330-4 id = cord-308293-8y2iaqnl author = Singh, Vijay P. title = What underlies the benefit of famotidine formulations used during COVID-19? date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This was a retrospective analysis of an inpatient cohort admitted to two hospitals in New York, which found that COVID-19 patients who were treated with famotidine exhibited a lower risk of death or mechanical ventilation as composite outcomes over a 30-day period. However, the current study published in Gastroenterology provides additional value as the previous cohort was much smaller in number, included patients without a proven COVID-19 diagnosis, and lacked a control group. Using in silico molecular docking screens, famotidine has been characterized as potentially being able to bind papain-like protease (PLpro) and 3 chymotrypsin-like protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 2 5 . This represents weak, nonspecific binding of famotidine to both PLpro and Mpro, and is in contradiction to previous molecular docking studies. Famotidine Use is Associated with Improved Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Propensity Score Matched Retrospective Cohort Study doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.07.051 id = cord-312388-pc89ybxw author = Singhania, Namrata title = Current Overview on Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; VTE; patient summary = ACE-2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, C4d complement 4d, C5b-9 complement 5b-9, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, IL interleukin, K clot formation time, LY30 clot lysis at 30 min, MA maximum amplitude, MAC membrane attack complex, MASP2 mannose-binding proteinassociated serine protease 2, R reaction time, SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, TEG thromboelastography, vWF von Willebrand factor showed small and firm thrombi in peripheral parenchyma [5] . Routine laboratory testing was performed in 24 critically ill COVID-19 patients and identified several abnormalities, including normal or slightly prolonged prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), normal or increased platelet count, and increased D-dimer and fibrinogen levels [12] . In a series of 184 patients (all patients receiving prophylactic anticoagulation) with severe COVID-19 and in the ICU, VTE was reported in 27% [16] ; the study was associated with a 13% mortality rate. doi = 10.1007/s40256-020-00431-z id = cord-353717-jjd90fyh author = Singhavi, Ravi title = A Case of Hemolytic Anemia With Acute Myocarditis and Cardiogenic Shock: A Rare Presentation of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; acute summary = title: A Case of Hemolytic Anemia With Acute Myocarditis and Cardiogenic Shock: A Rare Presentation of COVID-19 In this report, we present a case of acute hemolytic anemia with acute myocarditis and cardiogenic shock in a male patient with COVID-19 infection. In this report, we presented a case of a COVID-19 patient who developed acute myocarditis and severe acute hemolytic anemia, as evident from peripheral blood smear showing schistocytes (fragmented RBCs) in peripheral smear with acute severe anemia along with elevated LDH, which is also a surrogate marker for hemolysis. To date, no case of severe hemolytic anemias with stress cardiomyopathy/acute myocarditis in a patient of COVID-19 have been formally reported in the literature. To date, no case of severe hemolytic anemias with stress cardiomyopathy/acute myocarditis in a patient of COVID-19 have been formally reported in the literature. doi = 10.7759/cureus.10657 id = cord-280427-smqc23vr author = Singla, Rubal title = Human animal interface of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) transmission: a critical appraisal of scientific evidence date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS; animal; virus summary = The various evidence from the past clearly suggest that the evolution of the virus in both reservoir and intermediate animal hosts needs to be explored to better evaluate the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in humans. The qPCR and virus titration test conducted on the various isolated organs of the ferrets on day 4 post inoculation detected infectious virus in the nasal turbinate, soft palate and tonsils of ferrets indicating the possible replication of the virus in the upper respiratory tract of the ferrets while no infection was found in other organs such as trachea, lung, heart, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, small intestine, brain and liver of the ferrets (Kim et al. This study results stipulate ferret to have high susceptibility for the SARS-CoV-2 and this infectious virus sheds by multiple routes of body discharge specimens such as urine and faeces of the infected ferrets which serve as a potential source of viral transmission to close contact. doi = 10.1007/s11259-020-09781-0 id = cord-026788-4d3r9rj8 author = Singla, Vikas title = Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The disease is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a member of the Coronaviridae family. Drugs used to treat severe COVID-19 may cause liver injury and may have an effect on the underlying disease activity. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has spread throughout the globe in a very short span of time, which is beyond the imagination of most of us. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in southern China in November 2002 and resulted in more than 800 deaths. Patients with decompensated liver disease may be more prone to infection by SARS-CoV-2 because of underlying immunocompromised state, and the disease may be severe in these patients. In conclusion, SARS-CoV2 can cause hepatic and pancreatic injury, which is more common in patients with severe disease. doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1712079 id = cord-284519-cufyqv7h author = Singu, Sravani title = Impact of Social Determinants of Health on the Emerging COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States date = 2020-07-21 keywords = Americans; CVD; U.S.; covid-19; health summary = Studying the social determinants of health (SDOH), and how they impact disadvantaged populations during times of crisis, will help governments to better manage health emergencies so that every individual has equal opportunity to staying healthy. The CDC confirmed that individuals with preexisting diagnoses of asthma, cardiovascular (CVD), hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and/or are elderly, immunocompromised, or obese have higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19 (4) . For example, education level of an individual can impact his or her occupation, which determines economic stability and income level, which can impact the type of healthcare the individual is eligible for and what neighborhood the individual lives in, which then impacts the social and community context the individual is surrounded by and those factors played important role in current COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, health literacy was played a major role in whether an individual understands a health emergency situation, such as COVID-19 pandemic, and whether he or she will follow recommendations, such as social distancing. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00406 id = cord-271525-sgrr0mat author = Sinha, Rahul title = Infantile spasms and COVID-19: Challenges and solutions in resource-limited settings date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; EEG summary = A prospective study assessing the effectiveness of telemedicine was conducted in our centre in 2014 among 78 children between 4 months and 7 years of age with West syndrome or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. In cases where baseline EEG is not available, clinical resolution of spasms and improvement in general activities in the infant may be used as a surrogate marker for the response. If spasms continue even after 2 weeks of maximum dose of steroid, then either ACTH or vigabatrin can be started depending on the availability. Developmental and epilepsy outcomes at age 4 years in the UKISS trial comparing hormonal treatments to vigabatrin for infantile spasms: a multi-centre randomised trial. Crisis Standard of Care: Management of Infantile Spasms during COVID-19 The Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Response in Children with West Syndrome in a Developing Country: A Retrospective Case Record Analysis Reverse quarantine: Management of COVID-19 by Kerala with its higher number of aged population doi = 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106441 id = cord-293154-vudycqos author = Sinha, Sanjai title = Implementation of Video Visits During COVID-19: Lessons Learned From a Primary Care Practice in New York City date = 2020-09-17 keywords = covid-19; video; visit summary = Herein we report the experiences of one large, academic, urban primary care practice with implementing a video visit program during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. As outlined in the Video Visit Handbook, a main goal of each video visit for COVID-19 was for providers to determine if patients could be managed safely at home with supportive care, if they needed to be evaluated in-person at WCIMA''s newly established cough, cold, or fever clinic, or if they needed to go to the emergency room. Compared to patients who completed in-person visits in our practice during July 1, 2019 to February 29, 2020 (our fiscal year-to-date data prior to the study period), those who completed video visits were younger (median age of 41-50 vs. This study describes the implementation of a video visit program at a large academic hospital-based primary care practice in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00514 id = cord-341529-dmiy0l9c author = Siniscalchi, Antonio title = Could COVID-19 represent a negative prognostic factor in patients with stroke? date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Thus, they may be a potential target of SARS-CoV-2, which might explain the death of olfactory cells in patients with COVID-19. The spread of SARS-CoV-2 through the cribriform plaque of the ethmoid bone during an initial or subsequent infection phase can lead to brain involvement. The presence of CoVs in the cerebral nervous system has been confirmed in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissues of patients during autopsies. In patients with stroke, the presence of COVID-19 could be a potential extrinsic factor in the genesis or worsening of stroke. [8] [9] [10] The onset or worsening of a stroke in these patients could be caused either by direct damage of the CoVs on the nervous system and/or by an activation of the mechanisms of COVID-19 inflammation induced as well coagulation disorders. As the disease spreads and new evidence emerges, we need to identify the existence of additional pathophysiological mechanisms of stroke in COVID-19 patients. Possible central nervous system infection by SARS coronavirus doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.146 id = cord-325001-5zd6fydo author = Sinkala, M. title = The COVID-19 Pandemic in Africa: Predictions using the SIR Model Indicate the Cases are Falling date = 2020-06-03 keywords = Africa; covid-19 summary = title: The COVID-19 Pandemic in Africa: Predictions using the SIR Model Indicate the Cases are Falling To predict the spread of COVID-19 in Africa and within each country on the continent, we applied a Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered mathematical model. Here, our results show that, overall, Africa is currently (May 29, 2020) at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, after which we predict the number of cases would begin to fall in June 2020. Overall, at the end of this pandemic, we predict that approximately 279,000 (about 154,000 future cases) individuals in Africa would have been infected with the COVID-19 virus. Here, we use the SIR model to predict the spread of the COVID-19 positive cases on the African continent as a whole and in 45 different countries on the continent. Supplementary File 1: Predict cases of COVID-19 using the SIR model for each day across each country in Africa. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.01.20118893 id = cord-351446-j4ambec5 author = Sinonquel, P. title = COVID‐19 and gastrointestinal endoscopy: what should be taken into account? date = 2020-04-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = With this report we aim to provide recommendations and practical relevant information for gastroenterologists based on the limited amount of available data and local experience, to guarantee a high‐quality patient care and adequate infection prevention in the gastroenterology clinic. [6] SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads via droplets and aerosols, and indirectly by contact with contaminated surfaces which implies the absolute need of personal protective equipment (PPE) for both patients and health care workers/professionals, especially those operating in the aero-digestive tract. The aim of this report is to provide a practical guide for the protective management when performing endoscopic/endoluminal procedures of the GI tract in emergency, ambulatory or hospitalized patients, based upon the current available information worldwide and local experience in our tertiary university hospital. Before any procedure can be performed, the patient should wear a surgical mask and should be questioned about contact with COVID-19 positive individuals and recent or present symptoms like fever, cough and dyspnea, rhinitis, sudden loss of smell and/or taste. doi = 10.1111/den.13706 id = cord-300320-07tdrd4w author = Siordia, Juan A. title = Systematic and Statistical Review of Coronavirus Disease 19 Treatment Trials date = 2020-07-15 keywords = SARS; covid-19; study summary = Medications assessed included lopinavir/ritonavir, arbidol, hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, favipiravir, heparin, and dexamethasone. Review of literature showed no significant clinical improvement with lopinavir/ritonavir, arbidol, hydroxychloroquine, or remdesivir. Medical therapies investigated included lopinavir/ritonavir, arbidol, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir, heparin, glucocorticoids, interferon, ivermectin, and convalescent plasma. Key words included COVID-19, SARS-CoV2, randomized, This article is part of the Topical Collection on Covid-19 controlled, human, retrospective, prospective, trial, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, ritonavir, arbidol, umifenovir, tocilizumab, favipiravir, steroids, dexamethasone, glucocorticoids, interferon, ivermectin, remdesivir, azithromycin, heparin, and low-molecular weight heparin. Lopinavir/ritonavir, arbidol, hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir, remdesivir, and heparin are medications that have been tested in human controlled trials for COVID-19 treatment. In human trials, arbidol shows no significant positive-negative conversion rate or recovery time compared to standard therapy or lopinavir/ritonavir [4, 9] . Combining T, treatment group (remdesivir); C, control group all the hydroxychloroquine human trials showed no benefit with reducing COVID-19 viral shedding time. doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00399-6 id = cord-334715-902pfxyz author = Sirico, Domenico title = Cardiac imaging in congenital heart disease during the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic: recommendations from the Working Group on Congenital Heart Disease of the Italian Society of Cardiology date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = The aim of this position paper is to provide clinical recommendation regarding the execution of imaging investigations for the cardiac diagnostic work-up of paediatric patients with suspected or confirmed infection. In particular, the Echo-Lab leading team along with referring physicians should identify all those investigations that have an urgent/emergent indication and reschedule all the elective ones, especially for patients at higher risk of infection and low priority for echocardiogram. Echocardiogram execution Echocardiographic studies performed on paediatric patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 should be as focused as necessary to be of any diagnostic value. In the case of an echocardiogram in a suspected or confirmed COVID-19 hospital inpatient, a bedside investigation with a portable machine in the isolated room should be preferred, avoiding moving patients within the clinic or hospital. In this setting (suspected/confirmed COVID-19 and signs of myocarditis), CMR can be performed, considering the risk/benefit ratio according to the patient''s hemodynamic status and exam''s therapeutic impact. doi = 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000990 id = cord-255746-ir73lpi8 author = Sirimaturos, Michael title = Clinical Outcomes Following Tocilizumab Administration in Mechanically Ventilated Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; clinical; patient; tocilizumab summary = CONCLUSIONS: Based on clinical outcomes and mortality rates seen in previous reports of mechanically ventilated patients, tocilizumab, as part of the management strategy for severe coronavirus disease 2019, represents a promising option. While several reports on tocilizumab treatment in COVID-19 patients now exist, data pertaining specifically to tocilizumab use in a large cohort of critically ill patients on invasive ventilation is lacking (11, 12) . Thus, in this report, we describe the 21-day outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients with severe COVID-19 who received tocilizumab as part of their management strategy. Our report of tocilizumab in patients exclusively receiving invasive mechanical ventilation demonstrates a 21-day mortality of 21% and clinical improvement at day 21 in 58% of patients with severe disease. Preliminary data from the placebo-controlled trial of remdesivir, which subsequently led to its emergency use authorization by the FDA for treatment of severe COVID-19, do not demonstrate differences in recovery or mortality rates between the remdesivir and placebo groups among patients on invasive ventilation (21) . doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000232 id = cord-339355-zkkj8a83 author = Siripanthong, Bhurint title = Coronavirus disease 2019 is delaying the diagnosis and management of chest pain, acute coronary syndromes, myocarditis and heart failure date = 2020-07-01 keywords = ACS; COVID-19; patient summary = In cardiology, COVID-19 has imposed an unfortunate conundrum: the disease is significantly associated with death in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, [1, 2] and yet hospital admissions and certain cardiac procedures have significantly declined compared with prior years [3] [4] [5] . This creates a potentially multiplicative problem if COVID-19 and its etiologic virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), directly or indirectly cause increased cardiac damage while patients with cardiac disease are simultaneously undertreated for pre-existing or de novo illness. In spite of numerous mechanisms that may increase the likelihood or severity of cardiovascular disease in COVID-19, many centers have thus far reported a decline in the number of patients admitted for the acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Furthermore, the way in which certain centers approach the diagnosis of ACS or myocardial infarction in COVID-19 patients may have contributed to the decline in the apparent incidence of ischemic heart disease. doi = 10.2217/fca-2020-0088 id = cord-346606-bsvlr3fk author = Siriwardhana, Yushan title = The role of 5G for digital healthcare against COVID-19 pandemic: Opportunities and challenges date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19; healthcare; network; service summary = The novel ICT technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) [2] , Artificial Intelligence (AI) [3] , Big Data, 5G communications, cloud computing and blockchain [4] can play a vital role to facilitate the environment fostering protection and improvement of people and economies. These 5G technologies will enable ubiquitous digital health services combating COVID-19, described in the following section as 5G based healthcare use cases. Other applications would perform regular health monitoring of patients such as followup visits, provide instructions on medical services, and spread knowledge on present COVID-19 situation and upto date precautions. To address the issues in healthcare related supply chains, industries can adopt smart manufacturing techniques equipped with IoT sensor networks, automated production lines which dynamically adapt to the variations in demand, and sophisticated monitoring systems. Hence, solutions developed using 5G technologies serve various health related use cases such as telehealth, supply chain management, self-isolation and contact tracing, and rapid health services deployments. doi = 10.1016/j.icte.2020.10.002 id = cord-265290-5txhcr7h author = Siso-Almirall, A. title = PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN SPANISH COVID-19 PATIENTS: A CASE SERIES FROM BARCELONA date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The best predictors of ICU admission or death were greater age, male sex (OR=2.99; 95%CI=1.55 to 6.01), fever (OR=2.18; 95%CI=1.06 to 4.80), dyspnoea (OR=2.22; 95%CI=1.14 to 4.24), low oxygen saturation (OR=2.94; 95%CI=1.34 to 6.42), auscultatory alterations (OR=2.21; 95%CI=1.00 to 5.29), heart disease (OR=4.37; 95%CI=1.68 to 11.13), autoimmune disease (OR=4.03; 95%CI=1.41 to 11.10), diabetes (OR=4.00; 95%CI=1.89 to 8.36), hypertension (OR=3.92; 95%CI=2.07 to 7.53), bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (OR=3.56; 95%CI=1.70 to 7.96), elevated lactate-dehydrogenase (OR=3.02; 95%CI=1.30 to 7.68), elevated C-reactive protein (OR=2.94; 95%CI=1.47 to 5.97), elevated D-dimer (OR=2.66; 95%CI=1.15 to 6.51) and low platelet count (OR=2.41; 95%CI=1.12 to 5.14). Conclusion Determining the clinical, biological and radiological characteristics of patients with suspected COVID-19 infection will be key to early treatment and isolation and the tracing of contacts. This study summarizes the clinical, biological and radiological characteristics, evolution and prognostic factors of patients with COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.18.20134510 id = cord-254667-yafcy8ul author = Sisto, Antonella title = The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on patients included in a bariatric surgery program date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; DASS; bariatric; table summary = METHODS: Patients were consecutively enrolled during the Italian lockdown among those waiting for bariatric surgery or attending a post-bariatric follow-up, and were asked to complete through an online platform the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 and a self-assessment questionnaire of 22 items evaluating the resilience, change in eating behavior and emotional responses referring to the ongoing pandemic. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression model was performed to analyze the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic (measured through a questionnaire whose scores were used as independent variable: emotionality domain, resilience domain and eating related) on DASS derived condition of depression, anxiety and stress used as the discrete dependent variable. Regarding the increased snacking, the univariate analysis showed that the three statuses from the DASS questionnaire Table 5 DASS derived depression, anxiety and stress as markers of lifestyle and eating related behavioral characteristic during COVID-19 pandemic in the post-bariatric population Oucomes: three discrete and separately analyzed outcomes from the interview questionnaire were used as dependent variables: increased hunger; increased snacking and increased impulsivity in eating. doi = 10.1007/s40519-020-00988-3 id = cord-329727-h47q76y8 author = Sisó-Almirall, Antoni title = Prognostic factors in Spanish COVID-19 patients: A case series from Barcelona date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = CONCLUSION: Determining the clinical, biological and radiological characteristics of patients with suspected COVID-19 infection will be key to early treatment and isolation and the tracing of contacts. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the clinical, biological and radiological manifestations, the evolution, treatments and mortality rate of patients with COVID-19 infection in the population of Barcelona city and determine the most important predictors of a poor prognosis. Signs and symptoms, the main available haematological and biochemical data and the results of imaging tests were recorded, as were comorbidities, the evolution, the hospitalization rate, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and the treatments received. This study summarizes the clinical, biological and radiological characteristics, evolution and prognostic factors of patients with COVID-19 disease in primary and community healthcare. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237960.t002 In bold, statistically significant independent predictive factors associated with hospitalization, death or ICU admission (logistic multivariate regression adjusted for age and sex). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0237960 id = cord-342636-mmlnm3mz author = Situngkir, H. title = The Pandemics in Artificial Society: Agent-Based Model to Reflect Strategies on COVID-19 date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; agent; social summary = We elaborate on micro-social structures such as social-psychological factors and distributed ruling behaviors to grow an artificial society where the interactions among agents may exhibit the spreading of the virus. We can see the micro-social used in the simulations as three parts, i.e.: the internal state of the agents, the mobility in our artificial world, and the spreading of the disease based on the first two properties. When it comes to closing down the public spaces (in the simulation we omit the social attraction points) and encouraging the effective physical distancing measures to the population, the number infection rate is suppressed a little. As we simulated the usage of masks in our agent-based model, the slowing rate of infection does give effect even though it needs time to suppress the number of active cases. Thus from our sets of experiments in the agent-based simulation, some tweaks of interventions due to the pandemic at the micro-level, the emerged macro-level is observed, including some emerged social aspects. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.27.20162511 id = cord-284566-u0elncex author = Siu, Henry Yu-Hin title = A cross-sectional survey assessing the preparedness of the long-term care sector to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada date = 2020-10-22 keywords = LTC; Ontario; covid-19 summary = title: A cross-sectional survey assessing the preparedness of the long-term care sector to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada The top five outbreak preventions measures implemented in respondent LTC homes were: 1) instituting established isolation protocols for respiratory conditions (92.5%, 148/160); 2) active screening of new LTC admissions (90.0%, 144/160); 3) increasing staff education about infection control processes (83.1%, 133/160); 4) active coordination with regional public health officials (83.1%, 133/160); and 5) encouraging sick staff members to take time off work (83.1%, 133/160). We present in this study the results of a systematic survey of Ontario LTC clinicians about the communication, preparedness, and engagement of the LTC sector during the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, our survey reports the widespread implementation of several important interventions in LTC homes during the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g. instituting established respiratory isolation protocols, active screening of new LTC admissions, actively coordinating with regional public health and encouraging sick staff members to take time of work). doi = 10.1186/s12877-020-01828-w id = cord-332983-d28oovm2 author = Siudak, Zbigniew title = Clinical and procedural characteristics of COVID‐19 patients treated with percutaneous coronary interventions date = 2020-07-20 keywords = Poland; covid-19 summary = Our aim was to investigate based on the nationwide registry the impact of national lockdown and SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the percutaneous treatment of CAD in Poland, as well as to provide a characteristic of COVID-19 positive or suspected patients treated in interventional cardiology centers and their immediate procedural outcomes. Of 163 cardiac catheterization centers in Poland, 12 (7.4%) were indefinitely closed down due to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and an addiOf all patients who underwent invasive diagnostic or treatment during 2-month period, 362 (2.6%) were COVID-19 (suspected or confirmed by an approved RT-PCR test). Best to our knowledge, this is one of the first detailed national analysis on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on interventional cardiology procedures as well as the first presentation of baseline characteristics and immediate outcome of over 300 COVID-19 confirmed/suspected patients. doi = 10.1002/ccd.29134 id = cord-338285-7rrq3o7n author = Sivakumar, Bellie title = COVID-19 and water date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; water summary = I point out that our efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 will increase the water demand and worsen the water quality, leading to additional challenges in water planning and management. In view of the impacts of COVID-19 and other global-scale phenomena influencing water resources (e.g., global climate change), I highlight the urgent need for interdisciplinary collaborations among researchers studying water and new strategies to address water issues. Therefore, mitigating or controlling the spread of COVID-19 is highly challenging in these regions, as it necessitates identifying, accessing, and supplying significant quantity of additional water resources all around (not to mention the social-distancing). For instance, use of more water (and also soap and disinfectants) to wash one''s hands to control the spread of COVID-19 will increase the quantity of wastewater, with perhaps even poorer quality, coming from homes, workplaces, and other public places. doi = 10.1007/s00477-020-01837-6 id = cord-263628-ac9gld5l author = Sivapalan, Pradeesh title = Proactive prophylaxis with azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (ProPAC-COVID): a statistical analysis plan date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID; analysis; patient summary = The ProPac-COVID trial evaluates whether combination therapy with macrolide azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine via anti-inflammation/immune modulation, antiviral efficacy, and pre-emptive treatment of supra-infections can shorten hospitalization duration and reduce the risk of non-invasive ventilation, treatment in the intensive care unit, and death in patients with acute hospital admission and a positive test for 2019-nCoV and symptoms of COVID-19 disease. The objective of this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded multi-center trial is to investigate whether 15-day treatment with azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine added to standard of care can shorten hospitalization and reduce the risk of non-invasive ventilation, admittance to ICU, and death. The interim analysis will focus on reporting the following: selected baseline data (those readily available from the baseline data list below), primary outcome (in an O'' Brien-Fleming Plot), and all-cause mortality at 30 days (chi-square or Fisher''s exact test, whichever appropriate). doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-04795-0 id = cord-331487-jh34klbg author = Sivapalan, Pradeesh title = Proactive Prophylaxis With Azithromycin and HydroxyChloroquine in Hospitalised Patients With COVID-19 (ProPAC-COVID): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date = 2020-06-10 keywords = Azithromycin; COVID-19; patient; study; treatment; trial summary = OBJECTIVES: The aim of this randomised GCP-controlled trial is to clarify whether combination therapy with the antibiotic azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine via anti-inflammation/immune modulation, antiviral efficacy and pre-emptive treatment of supra-infections can shorten hospitalisation duration for patients with COVID-19 (measured as "days alive and out of hospital" as the primary outcome), reduce the risk of noninvasive ventilation, treatment in the intensive care unit and death. Fertile women* must not be pregnant, i.e. negative pregnancy test must be available at inclusion • Informed consent signed by the patient *Defined as after menarche and until postmenopausal (no menstruation for 12 months) Exclusion criteria: • At the time of recruitment, the patient uses >5 LO2/min (equivalent to 40% FiO2 if measured) • Known intolerance/allergy to azithromycin or hydroxychloroquine or hypersensitivity to quinine or 4-aminoquinoline derivatives • Neurogenic hearing loss • Psoriasis • Retinopathy • Maculopathy • Visual field changes • Breastfeeding • Severe liver diseases other than amoebiasis (INR> 1.5 spontaneously) • Severe gastrointestinal, neurological and hematological disorders (investigator-assessed) • eGFR <45 ml/min/1.73 m2 • Clinically significant cardiac conduction disorders/arrhythmias or prolonged QTc interval (QTc (f) of> 480/470 ms). doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-04409-9 id = cord-306421-r8wzvpn5 author = Sizoo, Eefje M. title = Dilemmas with restrictive visiting policies in Dutch nursing homes during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative analysis of an open-ended questionnaire with elderly care physicians date = 2020-10-23 keywords = Netherlands; covid-19; resident summary = title: Dilemmas with restrictive visiting policies in Dutch nursing homes during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative analysis of an open-ended questionnaire with elderly care physicians Objectives To mitigate the spread of COVID-19, a nationwide restriction for all visitors of residents of long-term care facilities including nursing homes (NHs) was established in the Netherlands. Thematic analysis revealed four major themes: (1) The need for balancing safety for all through infection prevention measures versus quality of life of the individual residents and their loved ones; (2) The challenge of assessing the dying phase and how the allowed exception to the strict visitor restriction in the dying phase could be implemented; (3) The profound emotional impact on ECPs; (4) Many alternatives for visits highlight the wish to compensate for the absence of face to face contact opportunities. Conclusions and Implications ECPs reported that the restrictive visitor policy deeply impacts NHs residents, their loved ones and care professionals. doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.10.024 id = cord-337681-579cz2tc author = Sk, Md Fulbabu title = Elucidating biophysical basis of binding of inhibitors to SARS-CoV-2 main protease by using molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations date = 2020-06-01 keywords = 3CL; COVID-19; SARS; figure; pro summary = title: Elucidating biophysical basis of binding of inhibitors to SARS-CoV-2 main protease by using molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations In the present work, we have elucidated the mechanism of binding of two inhibitors, namely α-ketoamide and Z31792168, to SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M(pro) or 3CL(pro)) by using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. The initial coordinates for our molecular dynamics simulations were obtained from the X-ray crystallographic structure of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL pro complexed with the inhibitors a-ketoamide (PDB: 6Y2G) and Z31792168 (PDB: 5R84) (Berman et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2020) . Next, in our study, the binding affinity of a-ketoamide was further evaluated and compared with the FDA approved anti-HIV protease inhibitors, such as lopinavir and darunavir, which has been reported as potent drugs against 3CL pro of SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1080/07391102.2020.1768149 id = cord-271603-zy4l9vtf author = Skali, Hicham title = Guidance and Best Practices for Reestablishment of Non-Emergent Care in Nuclear Cardiology Laboratories During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: An Information Statement from ASNC, IAEA, and SNMMI date = 2020-10-17 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; patient summary = title: Guidance and Best Practices for Reestablishment of Non-Emergent Care in Nuclear Cardiology Laboratories During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: An Information Statement from ASNC, IAEA, and SNMMI • For SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging studies in inpatients who are not eligible for stress only testing, consider performing the rest injection in the patient''s inpatient room, to avoid completely or minimize waiting time in the laboratory. The nuclear cardiology laboratory''s protocols and patient scheduling templates will need to be closely monitored and refined multiple times over the coming months as the COVID-19 pandemic slowly recedes, with potential for local or widespread waves of new COVID-19 infections. • Providers and institutions should monitor local data and follow national, state, and department of public health recommendations for possible second COVID-19 waves that may require decreasing nuclear cardiology laboratory activities and enhanced protective measures. doi = 10.2967/jnumed.120.251355 id = cord-347280-jpwf55l6 author = Skevaki, Chrysanthi title = Laboratory characteristics of patients infected with the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus date = 2020-06-21 keywords = COVID-19; China; patient summary = Furthermore, another study of 140 hospitalized patients in Wuhan, demonstrated significantly higher leukocyte counts among those with severe COVID-19 disease, compared to patients with milder infection (p=0.003) 3 . Absolute lymphopenia is commonly observed in patients with COVID-19, but pronounced lymphocyte depletion is a cardinal marker of enhanced disease severity and an indicator of imminent death, that has been consistently depicted by almost all currently published reports, coming mainly from China 1-7 . A retrospective Chinese study reported that NLR, along with the SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels, could be used as a simple discriminative tool for severity between COVID-19 patients, and further predict the clinical outcome of these patients 14 . Current data support that critically ill patients as well as fatal cases of COVID-19 have significantly higher LDH levels (usually >320 U/L) compared to moderate infections 1, 2, 5, 6, 11, 16 . doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.039 id = cord-327504-4kf9mgy8 author = Sklar, David P. title = COVID-19: Lessons From the Disaster That Can Improve Health Professions Education date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; health summary = In this Invited Commentary, I describe some characteristics of 3 earlier disasters, discuss some of the changes in medical education and health care that the COVID-19 pandemic has starkly revealed are needed, and explain what Academic Medicine can offer in such a confusing time, when unexpected events have thrown our plans off course, replacing them with new crises that demand our attention on a daily basis while every media outlet is competing for the newest health information. In this Invited Commentary, the author shares lessons he learned from 3 earlier disasters and discusses needed changes in medical education, health care, and health policy that the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed. In this Invited Commentary, the author shares lessons he learned from 3 earlier disasters and discusses needed changes in medical education, health care, and health policy that the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed. doi = 10.1097/acm.0000000000003547 id = cord-252343-a85wz2hs author = Skoda, Eva-Maria title = Psychological burden of healthcare professionals in Germany during the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: differences and similarities in the international context date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; Germany; level summary = In total, 2224 HPs (physicians n = 492, nursing staff n = 1511, paramedics n = 221) and 10 639 non-healthcare professionals (nHPs) were assessed including generalized anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-2), current health status (EQ-5D-3L), COVID-19-related fear, subjective level of information regarding COVID-19. RESULTS: HPs showed less generalized anxiety, depression and COVID-19-related fear and higher health status and subjective level of information regarding COVID-19 than the nHPs. Within the HP groups, nursing staff were the most psychologically burdened. In this study, nHPs reported overall higher levels of psychological burden than the HPs, which is particularly pronounced in generalized anxiety and depression scores. In the investigated sample, nursing staff seems to be the most vulnerable group for mental health burden during the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas a high subjective level of information seems to be associated with less psychological burden. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa124 id = cord-260279-igra1q3j author = Slanetz, Priscilla J. title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Radiology Education—Strategies for Survival date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19; resident summary = Although the priority is on providing timely and high-quality imaging to patients, especially those infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there is still a need to maintain our educational mission. Accrediting and certifying bodies, including the ABR, ACGME, FDA, and NRC Q7 , recognize the impact of this pandemic on trainees'' education, and specific allowances may be granted for those residents impacted by COVID-19. Faculty can also share interesting cases and provide trainees with a list of teaching cases to review at their convenience. Virtual meetings preserve dedicated teaching conferences for both trainees and medical students, facilitate ongoing workstation feedback to residents, and bring the community together in this era of social distancing. For residency programs and trainees, although there remains some uncertainty around how to best meet expected case logs and rotation requirements, we must all remain adaptable, embrace innovation, and continue to add value to patient care. doi = 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.03.034 id = cord-275142-40rf3ugf author = Slater, Sandy J. title = Recommendations for Keeping Parks and Green Space Accessible for Mental and Physical Health During COVID-19 and Other Pandemics date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; green summary = title: Recommendations for Keeping Parks and Green Space Accessible for Mental and Physical Health During COVID-19 and Other Pandemics Yet public health entities, such as the American Public Health Association and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, have stressed the importance of staying physically active while sheltering in place during COVID-19, which includes visiting parks and green space (5) . With the closure of schools, fitness facilities, and other community places for recreation, local streets, parks, trails, and open green spaces are the only places available for physical activity outside of the home environment (6) . If park, trail, and playground patrons remain appropriately physically distant, do not engage in lengthy conversations with nonhousehold members, and wear a protective face mask, their risk of contracting COVID-19 by exercising outdoors is low, making parks and green spaces safe places to be physically active during a pandemic (9) . doi = 10.5888/pcd17.200204 id = cord-262631-xslc6olc author = Slim, K title = La chirurgie digestive urgente, victime collatérale de la crise du Covid-19? date = 2020-04-06 keywords = Covid-19 summary = Cependant, on peut aisément imaginer, sous la pression de l''énorme activité liée à l''épidémie au Covid-19, la restriction de l''accés aux salles d''opération, ou le déploiement du personnel, la tentation d''extrapoler cette recommandation à des cas limites d''appendicites (diamètre juste au-dessus de la limite, doute sur un épanchement péritonéal, etc.) qui auraient théoriquement dû être opérées en urgence. De la même manière, on peut être tenté de traiter médicalement une cholécystite aiguë non compliquée afin de différer l''acte opératoire après la crise sanitaire du Covid-19 ou d''opter pour la mise en place d''une endoprothèse devant une tumeur colique occlusive plutôt que de l''opérer d''emblée. La réponse devrait être non, il ne faudrait pas qu''une mauvaise gestion des urgences chirurgicales soit une victime collatérale de la crise sanitaire du Covid-19. En tous les cas, il ne faut surtout pas que l''on dégrade la qualité de nos pratiques chirurgicales du fait de l''urgence sanitaire liée au Covid-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jchirv.2020.04.001 id = cord-355256-7ksbvisv author = Sloane, Philip D. title = Cruise Ships, Nursing Homes and Prisons as COVID-19 Epicenters: A ‘Wicked Problem” with Breakthrough Solutions? date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; care; home summary = title: Cruise Ships, Nursing Homes and Prisons as COVID-19 Epicenters: A ''Wicked Problem" with Breakthrough Solutions? Each has health care regulations that, while extensive, could not possibly have fully prepared them for COVID-19; instead, in the face of an impending outbreak, rapid, nimble responses were needed, and these have proven hard to initiate and coordinate in all three settings. Nursing homes have been known for years to be an especially hazardous component of the health care system, with high rates of multidrug resistance and multiple problems around infectious disease prevention. 32 The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed a wicked problem for the cruise ship industry, the prison system, and the nursing home industry. However, by virtue of having worked in post-acute and long-term care for over 40 years, I feel prepared to highlight a few issues that need priority attention: physical plant limitations, chronic staffing problems, poor infection control, and limited health care capacity. doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.04.020 id = cord-329482-haenltxn author = Small, Eusebius title = Covid-19 and Gender in LMICs: Potential Lessons from HIV Pandemic date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; HIV summary = According to the World Bank, almost 24 million fewer people will escape poverty in East Asia and the Pacific because of the financial impact of COVID-19 in 2020 [9] . Among the LMICs in sub-Saharan Africa, COVID-19 could push these countries farther into a spiral of poverty, ravaging their already tenuous health systems [2, 5] . During the HIV outbreak, a significant limited reproductive health care and family planning services were available to women. According to the United Nations, an unrelated crisis impacting women worldwide are the spikes in domestic violence due to COVID-19 lockdowns [7] . Additionally, women who are transgender and are living with HIV are disproportionately impacted by intimate partner violence [24] , stay at home COVID-19 orders could exacerbate their wellbeing. A pandemic of the poor: social disadvantage and the U.S. HIV epidemic Gender-Based Violence Increases Risk of HIV/AIDS for Women in Sub-Saharan Africa -Population Reference Bureau doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-02932-z id = cord-354204-23xkug85 author = Smargiassi, Andrea title = Lung ultrasonography for early management of patients with respiratory symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; LUS; patient summary = LUS could be useful in determining early lung involvement suggestive or not of COVID-19 pneumonia and potentially plays a role in managing decisions for hospitalization in isolation or admission in general ward. In order to face pandemic, in a period in which a large number of emergency room accesses with suspicious symptoms are expected, physicians need a standardized ultrasonographic approach, fast educational processes in order to be able to recognize both suggestive and not suggestive echographic signs and shared algorithms for LUS role in early management of patients. Therefore, LUS could be useful, being performed during diagnostic processes, in determining early lung involvement and potentially playing a role in managing decisions both intercepting cases of suspected COVID-19 pneumonia and suggesting alternative diagnosis. Therefore, if LUS findings are suggestive of patchy bilateral SIS with or without small bilateral patchy subpleural consolidations in a symptomatic context compatible with COVID-19, patients must keep isolation waiting for results of microbiological tests (both nasal/throat swab and rapid serologic tests). doi = 10.1007/s40477-020-00501-7 id = cord-033196-e2cejj95 author = Smart, Neil title = Colorectal Surgery in the time of Covid 19 date = 2020-09-23 keywords = Covid summary = Set against this backdrop, patients with colorectal conditions both benign and malignant continue to have health needs that must be met in a timely fashion or they face becoming collateral damage in health systems that were never designed to function on a crisis setting for longer than a few months. Estimates for NHS England include increased deaths from colorectal cancer of 15-16% due to the Covid 19 pandemic [4] . We will have to adapt to its presence within our communities and implement systems and processes within our health services that allow patients with colorectal problems to receive the care and surgery they require. The challenges for colorectal services that are this generation''s to solve in the most inclement of circumstances are likely to provide real dividends for our patients in the long-term. doi = 10.1111/codi.15299 id = cord-309864-yzb3si3w author = Smeda, Marta title = Endothelial barrier integrity in COVID-19-dependent hyperinflammation: does the protective facet of platelet function matter? date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; platelet summary = 5 Here we suggest that the severity of COVID-19, increasing with patient age and/or the presence of cardiovascular comorbidities, might also be associated with the impairment of platelet-dependent mechanisms preserving the integrity of the endothelial barrier. Indeed, platelet-dependent endothelium-protective mechanisms play an important role in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, 6 and might safeguard the endothelial barrier of the pulmonary microcirculation alongside COVID-19-induced hyperinflammation. Based on the evidence supporting platelet-dependent mechanisms protecting endothelial barrier integrity in inflammation, it is tempting to speculate that increased microcirculation permeability associated with thrombocytopenia or prolonged use of antiplatelet agents and preexistising endothelial dysfunction of cardiovascular diseases may contribute to the increased severity of COVID-19-related ARDS. Therefore, it is fundamental to better understand how to dissociate the prothrombotic/proinflammatory mechanisms of platelets from those that protect against vascular leakage so as to be able to strengthen the latter pharmacologically to safeguard the endothelial barrier in the pulmonary microcirculation in patients with acute inflammation at high risk of a severe course of COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1093/cvr/cvaa190 id = cord-298640-zwg8ueyb author = Smereka, Jacek title = The use of personal protective equipment in the COVID-19 pandemic era date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The use of personal protective equipment in the COVID-19 pandemic era American Journal of Emergency Medicine xxx (xxxx) xxx YAJEM-158899; No of Pages 2 At present, it is recommended to apply various types of equipment, including, in particular, partial protection of the environment through the use of surgical masks or ordinary face masks by persons with confirmed or potential SARS-CoV-2 infection; this may reduce the risk of infecting people in the environment, including medical personnel [3, 7] . At present, performing a number of procedures in emergency medicine is associated with additional problems and risks for medical personnel. Emergency physicians, anesthesiologists and intensive care specialists, as well as the relevant scientific societies issue recommendations concerning endotracheal intubation or other procedures dangerous for the medical personnel [1, 2] . COVID 19 a challenge for emergency medicine and every health care professional doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.028 id = cord-272537-ivqmw0dy author = Smilowitz, Nathaniel R. title = Thrombosis in Hospitalized Patients with Viral Respiratory Infections versus COVID-19 date = 2020-11-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = authors: Smilowitz, Nathaniel R.; Subashchandran, Varun; Yuriditsky, Eugene; Horowitz, James M.; Reynolds, Harmony R.; Hochman, Judith S.; Berger, Jeffrey S. We evaluated the incidence of thrombosis in patients hospitalized with non-COVID-19 acute viral respiratory illnesses compared to COVID-19. SHORT ABSTRACT: We evaluated the incidence of thrombosis in patients hospitalized with non-COVID-19 acute viral respiratory illnesses nationwide from 2012 to 2014 and compared this to the incidence among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at a large health system in New York. Non-COVID-19 viral respiratory illness was complicated by acute MI in 2.8% of hospitalizations, VTE in 1.6%, ischemic stroke in 0.7%, and other systemic embolism in 0.1%. Thrombotic risks associated with non-COVID-19 viral pneumonias were similar to the 5.9% incidence previously reported in 119 patients with H1N1 Influenza A.(3) Our analyses is limited by the use of administrative data, which may be subject to reporting bias and coding errors. doi = 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.10.075 id = cord-355318-qm79gz8w author = Smit, Albertus J. title = Winter Is Coming: A Southern Hemisphere Perspective of the Environmental Drivers of SARS-CoV-2 and the Potential Seasonality of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-05 keywords = HIV; SARS; covid-19; environmental; section; study; temperature summary = Knowledge of other viral respiratory diseases suggests that the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 could be modulated by seasonally varying environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. Thus, if climate factors do play a role in COVID-19 infection rates, the concurrence of transition of southern hemisphere countries to their winter season with the mid-stages of the disease transmission trajectory is of concern, especially with respect to containment policy and health system resource allocation. Environmental variables considered in preprint and peer-reviewed publications as modulators of SARS-CoV-2 transmission rates include mean, minimum and/or maximum daily temperature, and diurnal temperature range; an undefined ''humidity'' variable, relative humidity, specific humidity and absolute humidity; dew point temperature; rainfall; wind speed or wind power; air pressure; some metric of solar or UV radiation; and ''air quality'' (Supplementary Tables S1 and S2 ). The general prevalence of climatologically-coupled seasonal signals and environmental variable modulation seen in the majority of other viral respiratory diseases creates the expectation for a similar effect on SARS-CoV-2 and in COVID-19 epidemiology. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165634 id = cord-346345-jc9bq0zu author = Smith, Colin M title = COVID-19-associated brief psychotic disorder date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = This is the first case of COVID-19associated psychosis in a patient with no personal or family history of a severe mood or psychotic disorder presenting with symptomatic COVID-19, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring of neuropsychiatric symptoms in these individuals. This is the first case of COVID-19associated psychosis in a patient with no personal or family history of a severe mood or psychotic disorder presenting with symptomatic COVID-19, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring of neuropsychiatric symptoms in these individuals. Here, we report a case of symptomatic COVID-19-related psychosis in a patient with no personal or family history of mental illness and briefly discuss the relevant literature on coronavirus-associated psychosis. 8 However, all patients were incidentally found to have positive SARS-CoV-2 test and did not present with other symptoms to suggest infection, calling into question whether the diagnosis of COVID-19 was related to the psychosis. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-236940 id = cord-034689-se1hdn61 author = Smith, David L. title = A Characteristic Chest Radiographic Pattern in the Setting of COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; PCR summary = CONCLUSION: The presence of patchy and/or confluent, bandlike ground glass opacity or consolidation in a peripheral and mid-to-lower lung zone distribution on a chest radiograph obtained in the setting of pandemic COVID-19 is highly suggestive of SARS-CoV-2 infection and should be used in conjunction with clinical judgement to make a diagnosis. The characteristic COVID-19 pattern ( Fig. 2-4) was defined in accordance with the prevailingly accepted chest imaging findings of COVID-19 in recent literature [2, 12, 20, 24, 25, [27] [28] [29] including the presence of bilateral "patchy" or "confluent, bandlike" ground glass opacity or consolidation in a peripheral and mid-to-lower lung zone distribution. The presence of bilateral "patchy" and/or "confluent, bandlike" ground glass opacity or consolidation in a peripheral and mid-to-lower lung zone distribution on a chest radiograph obtained in the setting of pandemic COVID-19 is highly suggestive of SARS-CoV-2 infection and should be used in conjunction with clinical judgement to make a diagnosis, especially when rapid and reliable serologic testing is lacking. doi = 10.1148/ryct.2020200280 id = cord-267397-b7ogeokm author = Smith, E. R. title = Protocol for a Sequential, Prospective Meta-Analysis to Describe COVID-19 in Pregnancy and Newborn Periods date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COVID-19; November; SARS; international summary = Given the scarcity of COVID data in pregnancy, differences in data collection protocols globally, and potential risks for severe illnesses in this population, there is an urgent need to rapidly generate high quality information to make evidence-based decisions and create guidelines on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 illness in pregnant women and infants. We updated the data modules in September 2020 to reflect evolving understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection in newborns and to reflect and an updated generic protocol developed by WHO for COVID-related pregnancy cohort studies (Supplementary File 3) . Studies will be eligible to contribute data to the PMA when they have accrued at least 25 confirmed cases with completed follow up including obtaining maternal and neonatal outcomes. Given the current state of limited, high-quality evidence to inform public health guidance and healthcare strategies for pregnant women and newborn, the proposed study will contribute timely and necessary evidence-based data for decision-making in the context of COVID-19 and maternal and neonatal health. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.08.20228056 id = cord-328220-toeq4xq0 author = Smith, Kelly title = Practical Considerations in Prevention and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; VTE; patient summary = Areas of management requiring clinical equipoise include agent selection and dosing, continuation vs interruption of home oral anticoagulant therapy during hospital admission, and postdischarge VTE prophylaxis. CONCLUSION: Practical guidance on anticoagulation considerations and dosing suggestions are provided to assist clinicians faced with challenging anticoagulation-related situations in caring for hospitalized COVID patients until formal evidence-based guidelines become available. [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] Areas of current clinical uncertainty include dose and agent of choice, continuation vs interruption of home oral anticoagulant therapy while admitted, and postdischarge VTE prophylaxis. Upon review of the available evidence, we believe that clinicians may wish to consider a 3-tiered approach to stratifying anticoagulation intensity ( Figure 1 ), with consideration of the aforementioned factors to guide and assist in decision making. A patient may be categorized into tier II based on acuity and/or VTE risk factors (eg, a patient who is on a general medical floor but clinically deteriorating, with an upward trend in inflammatory marker and/or D-dimer levels). doi = 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa245 id = cord-280372-u56ydlve author = Smith, L. E. title = The impact of believing you have had COVID-19 on behaviour: Cross-sectional survey date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Main outcome measures: Perceived immunity to COVID-19, self-reported adherence to social distancing measures (going out for essential shopping, nonessential shopping, and meeting up with friends/family; total out-of-home activity), worry about COVID-19 and perceived risk of COVID-19 to oneself and people in the UK. People who believed that they had had COVID-19 were: more likely to agree that they had some immunity to COVID-19; less likely to report adhering to social distancing measures; less worried about COVID-19; and less likely to know that cough and high temperature / fever are two of the most common symptoms of COVID-19. (3) People who believe they have had COVID-19 may be more likely to think they are completely immune, stop engaging in protective behaviours such as handwashing and reduce their social distancing measures. We found that people who thought they had had COVID-19 were more likely to think that they had some immunity to the virus and were less likely to adhere to social distancing measures. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.30.20086223 id = cord-307520-8zmwh9ch author = Smith, L.E. title = Factors associated with adherence to self-isolation and lockdown measures in the UK: a cross-sectional survey date = 2020-09-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Among those who reported no symptoms in the household, we used UK government guidelines that were in force at the time of data collection 2 to define non-adherence (shopping for nonessentials, meeting friends or family and having visitors to your home). Non-adherence to self-isolation (reporting having left home in the last 24 h) was associated with: thinking that the lockdown had made your mental health worse; feeling a greater sense of community with your neighbourhood due to COVID-19 (see Table 3 ). Not going out shopping for non-essentials was associated with: having received help from someone outside your household in the last 7 days; reporting that you were self-isolating; increased perceived likelihood of catching and spreading COVID-19; increased worry about COVID-19; increased perceived effectiveness of government advice; increased perceived severity of COVID-19; increased perceived disapproval from friends or family if you do not follow government advice; increased perceived legal consequences of not following government advice; not knowing or being unsure about government measures; and decreased perceived social norms. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.024 id = cord-342972-bjv8biop author = Smith, Michael D title = COVID-19, Food Insecurity, and Migration date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; Food; migration summary = The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic and the global recession it has induced is the most serious crisis in the world economy since the end of the Second World War. Most countries in the world have imported the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) virus and are now beginning to deal with the societal and economic effects. Higher food insecurity may act as a multiplier for the epidemic due to its negative health effects and increased migration. The effect of the mean prevalence rate and within country distribution of food insecurity on migration behavior in lowand middle-income countries is studied in an unpublished paper by Smith and Wesselbaum (36) , which showed that food insecurity increases international migration flows toward OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries and higher within-country dispersion of food insecurity reduces migration. We therefore expect food insecurity to lead to increased migration: rural-urban and international. doi = 10.1093/jn/nxaa270 id = cord-033780-184e64tr author = Smith, Rasheid title = Implications of current and future approaches to coronavirus disease 2019 testing date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = The current reality is that SARS-CoV-2 is a highly transmissible airborne disease with a broad presentation of symptoms and leaves lasting damage in severe cases, and for which there is a scarcity of effective medications to treat it. Using the cycle threshold value in this manner only informs as to the presence of the virus and may not reveal disease progression, severity and viral load in the sample; and as such the results are largely qualitative despite the inherent quantitative nature of real-time RT-PCR [27] . Nevertheless, initial studies have demonstrated that chest CT imaging is more accurate than RT-PCR at detecting SARS-CoV-2 patients [32] with 97.2% versus 83% in the early stages of infection [33] . Immunoassays (antibody serum tests), such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), are used to detect the presence of serum antibodies (either IgA, IgG or IgM) to viral proteins and can indicate when a person has developed an immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Rapid detection of COVID-19 causative virus (SARS-CoV-2) in human nasopharyngeal swab specimens using field-effect transistor-based biosensor doi = 10.2217/fvl-2020-0318 id = cord-287918-hf9cyr16 author = Smith, S. title = Impaired glucose metabolism in patients with diabetes, prediabetes and obesity is associated with severe Covid-19 date = 2020-06-05 keywords = covid-19 summary = (4, 5) A recent study of over 4,000 patients with confirmed Covid-19 in the United States found older age (>65 years), obesity (BMI >40), chronic kidney disease and a history of heart failure were most associated with hospitalization, while critical illness was linked to low oxygen saturation (<88%) at admission, severe Covid-19 found 13% of patients had DM, reinforcing early observations that diabetes is a risk factor for more severe disease. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.04.20122507 doi: medRxiv preprint observations and several in-depth reviews (10) (11) (12) have raised concerns that diabetics with elevated fasting blood glucose are at increased risk of developing severe Covid-19. Moreover, we identify Covid-19 patients with PreDM and others with normal HbA1C levels who developed new onset DM, similar in presentation to Type 1 DM, coincident with recent acquisition of SARS-CoV-2 infection. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.04.20122507 doi: medRxiv preprint the onset and progression of diabetes are associated with a corresponding increase in the likelihood of severe Covid-19 requiring intubation. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.04.20122507 id = cord-030382-pqf899k7 author = Smith, Shaun title = The Heroes and Heroines: Supporting the Front Line in New York City During Covid-19 date = 2020-07-15 keywords = NYP; covid-19; employee summary = Our overarching goals were to keep employees informed about the latest developments of this evolving crisis and to protect their physical and mental health to the best of our ability.3 , 4 To address employee needs in a time of social distancing and widespread closures, we expanded, adapted, or added multiple services.5 ( Figure 2 ) To the extent possible the offerings were virtual. The rapid pace of Covid-19 required comprehensive communications early and often to manage the continual developments and evolving employee policy and service changes. As the pandemic continued, we offered employee financial assistance for those experiencing hardships and as a sign of gratitude.15 Frontline staff received one bonus pay in mid-April, with a second in early May. Additionally, we established a Covid Support Care Fund for financial hardship to provide up to $5,000 for employees in need. doi = 10.1056/cat.20.0285 id = cord-284188-ujdla954 author = Smith, Silas W. title = Virtual Urgent Care Quality and Safety in the Time of Coronavirus date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19; VUC; patient; visit summary = To assess patient and provider data, systems effectiveness, and ability to provide care with and without admission to the ED, 17, 18 we identified the following variables from the cohort records: provider type, patient age, self-assigned gender, visit date, self-assigned race/ethnicity, 19 comorbidities, previous primary care visits (as an indirect marker of regular access to care), VUC return visits, ED referrals and spontaneous ED visits, ED and dispositions, intubations, and deaths following VUC visits. We evaluated and manually reviewed all patients identified for follow-up to assess outcomes including ED referral during follow-up screening call, hospital admission and course, presence or absence of ED referral on index VUC visit, mortality, and interval metrics. 17 While no direct comparators existed during the pandemic, when decision thresholds to present to the ED were multifactorial, to provide context for departments managing patients as outpatients, we evaluated similar outcomes of patients presenting for ED care who were discharged (not admitted) during the same time period. doi = 10.1016/j.jcjq.2020.10.001 id = cord-252800-cz4mb3wx author = Smith, Timothy L. title = COVID‐19 – Looking beyond the immediate concerns date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Most of our collective time during the past week has been spent in urgent, and perhaps late, preparation to care for the escalating pandemic and its fallout. I recognize that my first editorial as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal-one I had already penned in the previous weeks-will no longer fit the times. Will we yet be considering the potential impact of the next wave? Beyond the immediate concerns for humanity, our patients, our loved ones and ourselves, we have an entirely novel set of future issues to process. Even after the pandemic comes under control, we will need to continue to prioritize operating theater time equitably to those with the most severe and urgent disease processes. The impact of the pandemic on our trainees is concerning. Fair allocation of scarce resources in the time of Covid-19 Reflections and New Developments within the COVID-19 Pandemic doi = 10.1002/alr.22583 id = cord-263066-umvojci8 author = Smondack, P. title = Kinésithérapie et COVID-19 : de la réanimation à la réhabilitation à domicile. Synthèse des recommandations internationales date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Ainsi, l''indication doit être discutée en staff pluridisciplinaire et le MK ne doit pas entrer dans la chambre du patient uniquement pour évaluer les besoins en kinésithérapie, mais uniquement quand ces besoins ont été évalués au préalable et que la nécessité d''actes kinésithérapiques a été décidée [14, 18] . Les patients présentant des formes modérées nécessitant une hospitalisation sans passage en réanimation sont également pris en charge dans ces services. Ces mesures d''hygiène, notamment le port du masque chirurgical, le lavage des mains et la distanciation sociale doivent s''appliquer dans la mesure du possible pour tous les patients, même non infectés par le SARS-CoV-2 [4, 10, 15, 20, 34] . Les MK ont donc un rôle essentiel dans la prise en charge des patients atteints de COVID-19 et ce, sur du long terme, plusieurs semaines après la maladie. doi = 10.1016/j.rmr.2020.09.001 id = cord-289533-hip9qtu5 author = Smulever, Anabella title = Thyroid cancer in the Era of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-04 keywords = covid-19; patient; thyroid summary = Since this disease is considered an immunosuppressive status by itself, especially in some types of cancer, the medical community has become increasingly concerned about the potentially deleterious effects that COVID-19 infection may cause in these patients. However, the limited current medical evidence suggests that there is no reason to believe that merely a history of thyroid cancer is enough to have an increased risk of developing COVID-19 infection or to evolve into a poor outcome. The frequency and modality of surveillance for patients with thyroid cancer in the COVID-19 pandemic must be adapted according to the risk of recurrence and the response to treatment. Patients with an excellent, indeterminate, or biochemical incomplete response to treatment do not constitute a risk group for COVID-19 infection, and the frequency of structural disease is less than 4%, 15%, and 20%, respectively [14] . doi = 10.1007/s12020-020-02439-6 id = cord-311580-dzlh5obt author = Snapiri, Ori title = Delayed diagnosis of paediatric appendicitis during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-06-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = AIM: To present seven paediatric patients with appendicitis, all with late diagnosis resulting from different aspects of the fear from the current global COVID‐19 pandemic. Herein, we present seven cases with a delayed diagnosis of appendicitis in the era of patients and physicians'' fear from in-person encounters and physical examination. The parents of an 11-year-old female patient contacted her primary care physician with abdominal pain of 2-day duration. The family did not contact any healthcare provider until the 6th day of symptoms when the patient was re-examined by his physician and right abdominal tenderness along with signs of peritonitis were found. 13 While most adolescents diagnosed with appendicitis do not experience complications such as appendix perforation and abscess formation, the cases described in this report paint a different picture, raising concern regarding the current methods used for evaluation of paediatric population during the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1111/apa.15376 id = cord-261512-eoqrqnl4 author = Sneyd, J.Robert title = The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on anaesthesia trainees and their training date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; trainee; training summary = title: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on anaesthesia trainees and their training To better understand and to document these impacts, we contacted anaesthesia trainees and trainers across six continents and collated their experiences during the pandemic. Training in anaesthesia and intensive care, with a degree of overlap that varies on a country by country basis, has evolved from a time-serving apprenticeship to structured programs with bespoke models of learning, reflection and assessment. Recent experience with elective surgery suggests the impact of COVID-19 may extend far beyond an ICU capacity and staffing problem 1 with as yet unknown implications for training. They were asked to describe the impacts of the pandemic on themselves and their colleagues including: change of case mix, altered experiential learning opportunities, senior staff taking the lead on procedures, deferral or cancellation of teaching, workplace based assessments and exams, impacted rotations, anxiety and mental health. Training disrupted: Practical tips for supporting competency-based medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2020.07.011 id = cord-339561-sgbxzeuh author = Snow, Elaine K title = Creation and maintenance of a table for assessment of evolving evidence for COVID-19–related treatments date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; evidence summary = PURPOSE: This report describes the development and maintenance of a table to present an assessment of evidence for treatments used in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In response to the global COVID-19 pandemic, these skills were applied to assess emerging evidence for COVID-19–related treatments, and the information was compiled into a new resource for pharmacists and other healthcare professionals to use at the point of care. A comprehensive table was developed to provide a summary of available evidence for various therapies being investigated or used in patients with COVID-19 to inform and support pharmacists and other clinicians as they make therapeutic decisions while caring for patients with the disease. The evidence table format enabled the AHFS DI staff to provide ongoing updates as new information became available during the pandemic. doi = 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa334 id = cord-324273-fl7k8ubi author = So, M. K. P. title = On Topological Properties of COVID-19: Predicting and Controling Pandemic Risk with Network Statistics date = 2020-09-18 keywords = covid-19 summary = First, we make use of publicly available data, namely daily number of confirmed cases and daily accumulated number of infected people in each country to learn topological properties of dynamic pandemic networks and to visualize the propagation of COVID-19 for risk prediction and control. After that, probably due to stringent measures imposed by various countries, including travel restrictions, community lockdown and enhancing social distancing, the standardized S 1t drops but quite slowly in mid April and May. The time series of the PRS stays mostly above 0.05 till mid June, indicating that the pandemic risk is still substantial even after three months of the WHO''s declaration with tremendous measures and efforts from various countries in preventing the transmission of COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.17.20197020 id = cord-345225-2s5xd1oc author = Soares, F. title = A novel high specificity COVID-19 screening method based on simple blood exams and artificial intelligence date = 2020-04-14 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = We developed a machine learning classifier that takes widely available simple blood exams as input and predicts if that suspect case is likely to be positive (having SARS-CoV-2) or negative(not having SARS-CoV-2). We developed a machine learning classifier that takes widely available simple blood exams as input and predicts if that suspect case is likely to be positive (having SARS-CoV-2) or negative(not having SARS-CoV-2). Based on this data, we built an artificial intelligence classification framework, ER-CoV, aiming at determining which patients were more likely to be negative for SARS-CoV-2 when visiting an ER and that were categorized as a suspect case by medical professionals. Considering the aforementioned successes in integrating AI and medicine, we propose ER-CoV, an artificial intelligence-based screening method that uses blood exams to triage patients suspect of COVID-19 arriving at emergency rooms. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.10.20061036 id = cord-275272-qdg8sqpy author = Soares-Júnior, José Maria title = Gynecology and women’s health care during the COVID-19 pandemic: Patient safety in surgery and prevention date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; patient; surgery summary = In this context, based on a recent publication regarding patient safety in elective surgeries (9) (10) (11) , as well as on the law of access to treatment and laws related to women''s health care (23, 24) , we propose the inclusion of gynecological surgery cases, stratified as follows ( Figure 1 ): Emergency (o1h): Peritonitis by tubo-ovarian and/or pelvic abscess, necrotizing fasciitis in surgeries for pelvic and breast neoplasms; DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2063 Urgent (o24h): Postoperative infections, acute inflammatory abdomen (adnexal tortoise, myoma tortoise, ovarian cysts), hemorrhagic conditions (ovarian cysts); Elective urgent (o2 weeks): Surgeries for neoplasms of the lower genital tract and breast previously diagnosed by pathological examination; Essential Elective (42 to o3 months): Hysteroscopy for abnormal uterine bleeding (unknowledge causes, suspected malignancy, and menopausal transition), postmenopausal bleeding (suspected malignancy), cervical conization or looped electro excision procedure (to exclude neoplasm in the lower genital tract); Non-essential/elective surgery: Infertility procedures, family planning procedures (bilateral tubal ligation procedure). doi = 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2063 id = cord-032928-m0awip9y author = Sobh, Eman title = Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) non-respiratory involvement date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; patient summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel single-strand ribonucleic acid (RNA) coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 primary attacks the lower respiratory system causing viral pneumonia, but it may also affect the heart, gastrointestinal system, liver, kidney, and central nervous system leading to multiple organ failure [3] . Other researchers found elevated serum troponin levels in many patients infected with COVID-19, and it was associated with more severe disease and poor prognosis [21] . The mechanism behind acute myocardial injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection might be related to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) [20] which are highly expressed in the heart [11] . The results of previous reports indicate that cardiac injury, arrhythmia, and venous thromboembolism should be considered in any suspected or confirmed COVID-19 case and the patient should undergo a prompt clinical evaluation. doi = 10.1186/s43168-020-00030-1 id = cord-263801-01goni72 author = Sobral, Marcos Felipe Falcão title = Association between climate variables and global transmission oF SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-08-10 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = In this study, we aimed at analyzing the associations between transmission of and deaths caused by SARS-CoV-2 and meteorological variables, such as average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and precipitation. On the basis of the assumption that different climatic conditions play a significant role in the course of COVID-19, it is essential to identify associations between environmental factors, such as average, maximum, and minimum temperatures; precipitation; and demographic density, and SARS-CoV-2 transmission and COVID-19 mortality in humans. Even with the complete specification that includes two binary variables capturing specific effects for the months of the year and controlling for population density, the results suggest that an increase in temperature is associated with a decrease in the number of infections. This study aimed to identify the associations between environmental variables and SARS-CoV-2 transmission/COVID-19 mortality. We examined the associations between climatic variables and SARS-CoV-2 transmission and COVID-19 mortality. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138997 id = cord-295150-uw8lwgrh author = Sockalingam, Sanjeev title = The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Bariatric Surgery: Redefining Psychosocial Care date = 2020-05-22 keywords = bariatric; covid-19 summary = In particular, individuals undergoing bariatric surgery could experience increased emotional distress, resulting in increased eating psychopathology, mental health exacerbation, and difficulties with self‐management. In particular, individuals undergoing bariatric surgery could experience increased emotional distress, resulting in increased eating psychopathology, mental health exacerbation, and difficulties with self-management. Emerging evidence suggests that the remote delivery of care using virtual care models, including mobile and online modalities, could extend the reach of psychosocial services to individuals after bariatric surgery and mitigate weight regain or impairment in quality of life. Emerging evidence suggests that the remote delivery of care using virtual care models, including mobile and online modalities, could extend the reach of psychosocial services to individuals after bariatric surgery and mitigate weight regain or impairment in quality of life. The rapid implementation of virtual care during COVID-19 will offer greater research opportunities for improving our understanding of e-health effectiveness in youth populations, long-term outcomes (including weight loss), key implementation factors, and patient response. doi = 10.1002/oby.22836 id = cord-320064-kjvfe8sv author = Soeroto, Arto Yuwono title = Effect of increased BMI and obesity on the outcome of COVID-19 adult patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-09-28 keywords = BMI; COVID-19 summary = title: Effect of increased BMI and obesity on the outcome of COVID-19 adult patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis This study aimed to explore the association and risk of increased BMI and obesity with composite poor outcome in COVID-19 adult patients. We included all original research articles in COVID-19 adult patients and obesity based on classification of Body Mass Index (BMI) and composite poor outcome which consist of ICU admission, ARDS, severe COVID-19, use of mechanical ventilation, hospital admission, and mortality. Subgroup analysis showed obesity was associated with other poor outcome (ARDS, severe COVID-19, use of mechanical ventilation, and hospital admission) with OR ¼ 2.22 (95% CI, 1.40e3.53, P < 0.001) but Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 . This meta-analysis study showed that both higher BMI and obesity were associated with related poor outcomes (ICU admission, ARDS, severe COVID-19, use of mechanical ventilation, hospital admission, and mortality) in COVID-19 adult patients. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.09.029 id = cord-308100-tvk47fd7 author = Soetikno, Roy title = Considerations in performing endoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-03-27 keywords = PPE; SARS; covid-19 summary = Based on experiences and the literature, our objective is to provide practical suggestions for performing endoscopy in the setting of COVID-19 pandemic. 6 It is unknown how much of the risk was related to the direct care of infected patients or to the inadequate use of personal protective equipment (PPE). 9 With numbers of COVID-19 cases continuing to rise in North America and Europe, we aim to provide practical suggestions to potentially avoid the transmissions of COVID-19 in the endoscopy unit. Possible routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission include (1) person-to-person, (2) respiratory droplets, (3) aerosols generated during endoscopy, and (4) contact with contaminated surroundings and body fluids. 13 Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has published an extensive guideline on the rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for COVID-19 and provided specific instructions for healthcare workers performing AGP on patients with COVID-19. 17 Note that as an AGP, endoscopy of PUI/COVID patients requires the use of respiratory protection. doi = 10.1016/j.gie.2020.03.3758 id = cord-290594-dvco042c author = Sofia, Soccorsa title = Thoracic ultrasound and SARS-COVID-19: a pictorial essay date = 2020-04-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = One of the main limitations of thoracic ultrasound is that it cannot be used to examine the deep fields of the lung due to air interface and artifacts, but the physiopathology of COVID-19 disease provides for a predominant involvement of the pulmonary periphery [5, 6] , thus favoring the application of the method. The main ultrasound finding in COVID-19 pneumonia is that of an acute interstitial disease, which is represented by vertical hyperechoic artifacts that depart from the pleural line directed in depth. Indeed, the presence of some B lines spread over several scans seems to be an early finding of COVID-19, even in mildly symptomatic subjects; in the most serious cases such as those that are pre-ARDS or ARDS, the B lines end up filling the ultrasound image almost completely, until they Initially, those ultrasound findings were related to cardiogenic pulmonary edema, in which the B lines are present bilaterally, with a base-apex gradient and with progressive involvement depending on the severity of the disease [7] . doi = 10.1007/s40477-020-00458-7 id = cord-261439-xfsqzadd author = Sohal, Karpal Singh title = Oral and maxillofacial surgical services amid COVID-19 pandemic: perspective from Tanzania date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; maxillofacial summary = Considering that the virus can be passed on directly from person to person through respiratory droplets, contact, fomites, and saliva, the oral and maxillofacial surgeons are exposed to COVID-19 in their daily clinical duties. As such, there is a need for having locally tailored standard guidelines for managing patients with oral and maxillofacial conditions during the COVID 19 pandemic in Tanzania. Some institutions have laid out guidelines/recommendations on the management of patients with oral and maxillofacial conditions amid the COVID-19 pandemic [8, 10, 11] . Performing SARS-CoV-2 tests to all patients admitted in oral and maxillofacial surgical wards on a routine basis as suggested by some authors [11] is not practical in our situation. The creation of locally tailored standard guidelines for managing patients with the oral and maxillofacial conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic should be emphasized. Approaches to the management of patients in oral and maxillofacial surgery during COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1186/s41182-020-00258-z id = cord-262343-oo55qvpk author = Sohal, Sandeep title = COVID-19 Presenting with Seizures date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Laboratory values on admission, neurological investigations, as well as review of current literature on COVID-19 encephalitis is provided. Additionally, the patient was off his home oral sulfonylureas for multiple days and underwent dialysis sessions making it less likely that the continued effects of oral hypoglycemic agents was the cause of his seizures. The patient was persistently febrile throughout admission possibly related to the cytokine storm so frequently seen in COVID 19. In addition to viral infection, host immune response causing a cytokine storm leading to damage in the blood brain barrier and increased leukocyte migration may be another mechanism in causing encephalitis [2] . As our understanding of COVID-19 progresses, the possibility of encephalitis and seizures is becoming more accepted clinically, but currently has limited documentation in the literature [2] [3] [4] . This case report adds to the literature the increasing neurological manifestations presented in COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00782 id = cord-309644-cujlpm4i author = Sola, Augusto title = COVID-19 perinatal en América Latina date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; PCR summary = Evaluar y reportar las características clínicas y los resultados de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en mujeres embarazadas y recién nacidos en América Latina. En este contexto, la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Neonatología (SIBEN) ha convocado a las unidades de América Latina pertenecientes a la Red SIBEN a reportar casos de mujeres embarazadas con infección por SARS-CoV-2 comprobada por RT-PCR con la intención de aportar conocimiento y experiencias sobre la COVID-19 perinatal en esta región. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y reportar las características clínicas y los resultados de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en mujeres embarazadas y sus RN en América Latina. Concluimos que en esta serie de casos la salud de las madres y sus RN no presentó un impacto muy grave a causa del SARS-CoV-2; sin embargo, la pandemia aumenta el riesgo de llevar a cabo prácticas clínicas no basadas en evidencia que atentan contra el cuidado humanizado y centrado en el recién nacido y su familia. doi = 10.26633/rpsp.2020.47 id = cord-287544-n32iscmr author = Solaimanzadeh, Isaac title = Nifedipine and Amlodipine Are Associated With Improved Mortality and Decreased Risk for Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation in Elderly Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 date = 2020-05-12 keywords = CCB; COVID-19; patient; pulmonary summary = title: Nifedipine and Amlodipine Are Associated With Improved Mortality and Decreased Risk for Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation in Elderly Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 A retrospective review was conducted on CCB use in hospitalized patients in search of any difference in outcomes related to specific endpoints: survival to discharge and progression of disease leading to intubation and mechanical ventilation. Nifedipine and amlodipine were found to be associated with significantly improved mortality and a decreased risk for intubation and mechanical ventilation in elderly patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Nifedipine and amlodipine were found to be associated with significantly improved mortality and a decreased risk for intubation and mechanical ventilation in elderly patients hospitalized with COVID-19. A retrospective review of patients on either nifedipine or amlodipine was conducted in search of any difference in outcomes, including survival to discharge and progression of disease leading to intubation and mechanical ventilation. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8069 id = cord-334188-bggt1i2e author = Solari, Domenico title = The nose lid for the endoscopic endonasal procedures during COVID-19 era: technical note date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = We describe peculiar surgical technique modifications and the use of an endonasal face mask, i.e., the nose lid, to be applied to the patient during transnasal procedures for skull base pathologies as a further possible COVID-19 mitigation strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Transnasal surgery, transgressing respiratory mucosa, can definitely increase the risk of virus transmission: we find that adopting further precautions, above all limiting high-speed drill can help preventing or at least reducing aerosol/droplets. After usual nasal pyramid sterile draping, an endonasal surgery facial mask, namely a nose lid, is assembled: a sterile non-latex glove layer is used to cover nostril and fixed with adhesive protection film over the nasal bridge; initially, two and then three narrow slit cut are placed over the nares to let instruments enter the nostrils (Figs. doi = 10.1007/s00701-020-04518-z id = cord-287176-1hm0ua2s author = Solarino, Biagio title = Covid-19 pandemic and pediatric healthcare policy in Italy: time for a change date = 2020-08-06 keywords = Italy; covid-19 summary = For a number of reasons COVID-19 pandemic is polite with children; however, the fear of this unknown disease drove to develop dedicated pathways in the Pediatric Emergency Departments for the suspected and diagnosed cases of COVID-19, together with their relatives. For a number of reasons COVID-19 pandemic is polite with children; however, the fear of this unknown disease drove to develop dedicated pathways in the Pediatric Emergency Departments for the suspected and diagnosed cases of COVID-19, together with their relatives. With the double aim of reducing the circulation of patients in the hospital area, but also to spare human resources to throw into the COVID activities, all outpatient practices were virtually abolished (or at least sharply reduced): programmed admission were postponed, and elective surgery was limited to very selected cases requiring urgent oncologic treatment, trauma or emergency. 8 Monitoring pediatric EDs before COVID pandemic had clearly documented frequent overcrowding, resulting from inappropriate accesses for children deserving only primary care treatment. doi = 10.4081/pr.2020.8823 id = cord-338889-7hd3iibk author = Solbakk, Jan Helge title = Back to WHAT? The role of research ethics in pandemic times date = 2020-11-03 keywords = Declaration; Human; SARS; Selgelid; covid-19; research; risk; study summary = 10 Of the 10 standards laid down in this Code, and with which physician-researchers must comply when carrying out experiments on human subjects, standard 5, in particular, has become highly relevant these days due to pressure from influential medical stakeholders, agencies and bioethicists to permit the conduct of controlled human infection studies (CHIs), also labeled human challenge trials (HCTs), or challenge studies (CSs) to possibly shorten the development time of vaccines to protect against Covid-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. doi = 10.1007/s11019-020-09984-x id = cord-341197-e8m4oxma author = Soleimani, Abbas title = Effects of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) on in-hospital outcomes of patients with hypertension and confirmed or clinically suspected COVID-19 date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; arb; patient summary = After adjustment for possible confounders, we found no independent association between taking ARBs and in-hospital outcomes except for acute kidney injury (AKI), in patients with confirmed or clinically suspected COVID-19, either hypertensive or not-hypertensive. CONCLUSIONS: We found that taking ARBs by patients with hypertension and confirmed or clinically suspected COVID-19 is not associated with poorer in-hospital outcomes after adjustment for possible confounders. After these adjustments, we found no independent association between taking ARBs and in-hospital outcomes except for the higher incidence of AKI, in patients with confirmed or clinically suspected COVID-19, either hypertensive or nothypertensive (Table 4 ). In this study, we found that taking ARBs in hypertensive patients with confirmed or clinically suspected COVID-19 was not associated with mortality, severity, or any other in-hospital complication except for AKI. In this single-center observational study, we found that taking ARBs by patients with hypertension and confirmed or clinically suspected COVID-19 is not associated with poorer in-hospital outcomes after adjustment for possible confounders. doi = 10.1093/ajh/hpaa149 id = cord-301677-b6mnn27h author = Soleimanian, Saeede title = Harnessing Memory NK Cell to Protect Against COVID-19 date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; HCMV; SARS; cell; infection summary = In this regard, Natural Killer (NK) cells as essential front-line responders to many viral infections in humans have been proposed for a suitable therapeutic approach in severe COVID-19 patients, and several clinical trials have begun (Market et al., 2020) . In this line, Type I IFNs have a critical role in concert with pattern PRR signaling to prime innate and adaptive antiviral responses such as stimulating natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and production of proinflammatory cytokines (Samuel, 2001; Murira and Lamarre, 2016) . The detection of both SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid and specific antibodies to viral proteins have thus far become significant for primary diagnosis infection and immunity in COVID-19 patients, respectively. in a pneumonia model of SARS in mice, mimicking features of the human disease, illustrated that mice depleted of both CD4 and CD8T cells, had the ability to control SARS-CoV replication in the lungs, suggesting an immune mechanism independent of T cells, and a role for innate antiviral response and NK cells, in viral clearance. doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.01309 id = cord-259244-svoakvic author = Soler, Zachary M. title = A primer on viral‐associated olfactory loss in the era of COVID‐19 date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19; loss; olfactory; smell summary = Patients presenting to specialized smell clinics are commonly diagnosed with upper respiratory infection (URI)‐associated olfactory loss and most are presumed to be viral related. Patients presenting to specialized smell and taste clinics are commonly diagnosed with upper respiratory infection (URI)-associated olfactory loss and most are presumed to be viral related. [12] [13] [14] The purpose of this primer is to provide a brief, practical overview of viral-associated olfactory loss, realizing that evidence related to COVID-19 will likely not be clear for some time. 20 Noting the high rates of spontaneous improvement in smell function over time, an epithelial based etiology is more likely given the known ability for the olfactory receptor neurons to regenerate after damage. The above recommendations are made with the expectation that formal evaluation by an otolaryngologist may not be immediately feasible for many patients with viral-associated smell loss during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly for those in severely impacted regions. doi = 10.1002/alr.22578 id = cord-290456-cgrn5c36 author = Soliman, Mohamed A. R. title = Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: A developing country perspective date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; PPE summary = [16] e aim of this study is to present the current situation from a developing country perspective in dealing with emergency endoscopic endonasal skull base surgeries at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of preoperative patients'' screening, surgical techniques, and intraoperative PPE utilization. e survey consisted of 12 questions designed to explore three domains; patients'' information (age, clinical manifestations [neurological and COVID-19 related], diagnosis, preoperative COVID-19 screening, and COVID-19 symptoms during the first 3 weeks postsurgery), surgical team information (age, chronic medical conditions, and COVID-19 symptoms during the first 3 weeks postsurgery), and operative information (PPE utilization and basal craniectomy). ere was only one surgeon who developed a high-grade fever, malaise, and bony aches in the first 3 days after surgery who had undergone two nasopharyngeal swabs with RT-PCR testing 1 week apart and both came back negative representing 2.1% of the surgical team members [ Figure 2c ]. doi = 10.25259/sni_547_2020 id = cord-254817-e1niin4m author = Solomon, Daniel H. title = The “Infodemic” of COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-02 keywords = A&R; COVID-19 summary = All rights reserved Some in the medical publishing world have observed an "infodemic" occurring alongside the pandemic. Two "front page" rheumatology examples and how their stories progressed demonstrate the infodemic: hydroxychloroquine and the cytokine storm. Three questions raised by these examples shine a light on the infodemic: 1) Did the scientific process during this phase of the COVID-19 pandemic progress in an appropriate manner? All rights reserved Few activities, including science, are best conducted as a "sprint." However, the COVID-19 pandemic killed so many people that speed was necessary. Many authors of COVID-19 papers can offer how the traditional review process did not work for them. Some of the communication problems have been with complex scientific issues: Does hydroxychloroquine work to prevent or treat COVID-19? Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 doi = 10.1002/art.41468 id = cord-279290-wtnnlp4i author = Solorio-Pineda, Saúl title = Pituitary macroadenoma apoplexy in a severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2-positive testing: Causal or casual? date = 2020-09-25 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = title: Pituitary macroadenoma apoplexy in a severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2-positive testing: Causal or casual? BACKGROUND: In December 2019, in Wuhan, a new virus emerged, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) secondary to infection by a type of coronavirus, causing coronavirus disease (COVID-19). A new virus emerged, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) originated in the city of Wuhan, China, in December 2019. [6, 9] We decided to present the following remarkable case from a patient with pituitary tumor apoplexy infected with SARS-CoV-2. Unfortunately, given the patient''s condition and his timely isolation in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) floor, it was not possible to perform a brain MRI scan. e CNS involvement in COVID-19 infection includes cerebrovascular events due to endothelial dysfunction, with pituitary apoplexy being an unusual presentation, a situation that should be confirmed in the future. Pituitary macroadenoma apoplexy in a severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2-positive testing: Causal or casual? doi = 10.25259/sni_305_2020 id = cord-346712-ky5gt3pu author = Soltan, A. A. title = Artificial intelligence driven assessment of routinely collected healthcare data is an effective screening test for COVID-19 in patients presenting to hospital date = 2020-07-08 keywords = AUROC; COVID-19; July summary = In this study, we develop two early-detection models to identify COVID-19 using routinely collected data typically available within one hour (laboratory tests, blood gas and vital signs) during 115,394 emergency presentations and 72,310 admissions to hospital. The results are presented as percentages for categorical data and as median and interquartile range for age Table 3 shows a summary of the relative performance of models trained using each independent feature set at identifying presentations due to COVID-19, reported in terms of AUROC achieved during stratified 10-fold cross validation alongside standard deviations (SDs). . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.07.20148361 doi: medRxiv preprint Table 5 : Assessment of performance (SD) of (a) our ED and (b) Admissions models, calibrated to 70, 80 and 90% sensitivities during training, at identifying COVID-19 amongst patients presenting to or admitted hospital emergency departments in a heldout test set with 50% assumed prevalence. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.07.20148361 id = cord-267332-xc6dcb93 author = Soltani, Marwa title = Biventricular thrombi associated with myocardial infarction in a patient with COVID-19: a case report date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Biventricular thrombi associated with myocardial infarction in a patient with COVID-19: a case report We describe a COVID-19 patient who presented with subacute myocardial infarction, biventricular thrombi and bilateral pulmonary emboli. A wide spectrum of cardiovascular manifestations has been documented in patients suffering from COVID-19 such as thrombo-embolic events, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure and cardiogenic shock 1 and they are associated with poor prognosis. We describe a patient with COVID-19 who presented with subacute myocardial infarction and bilateral pulmonary emboli associated with biventricular thrombi. Left ventriculography revealed severe ventricular dysfunction with extended anterolateral akinesis, apical aneurysm and thrombus (Fig. 1b) . This COVID-19 patient had an extensive anterior myocardial infarction with severe systolic dysfunction. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of biventricular thrombi after myocardial infarction in a patient with COVID-19. Left Ventricular Thrombus in Patients With Acute Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction doi = 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.06.016 id = cord-269031-sz8ieltb author = Solé, G title = Guidance for the care of neuromuscular patients during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak from the French Rare Health Care for Neuromuscular Diseases Network date = 2020-04-20 keywords = FILNEMUS; covid-19; neuromuscular; patient; treatment summary = Abstract In France, the epidemic phase of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began in February 2020 and resulted in the implementation of emergency measures and a degradation in the organization of neuromuscular reference centers. In the context of NM diseases, particular attention must be paid to two experimental COVID-19 treatments, hydroxycholoroquine and azithromycin: risk of exacerbation of myasthenia gravis and QT prolongation in patients with pre-existing cardiac involvement. In France, the epidemic phase of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began in February 2020 and resulted in the implementation of emergency measures and a degradation in the organization of neuromuscular reference centers. The main addressed topics pertain to the disease itself, its mode of transmission, the official national public health recommendations to prevent it, the behaviors to adopt in case symptoms appear, and its consequences specific to the neuromuscular patient (e.g., relating to the management of steroids and immunosuppressor treatments, medical appointments, rehabilitation, and 6 ventilation). doi = 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.04.004 id = cord-285490-tpsf05ca author = Solís, José Gabriel title = Case Report: Rhabdomyolysis in a Patient with COVID-19: A Proposed Diagnostic-Therapeutic Algorithm date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; rhabdomyolysis summary = title: Case Report: Rhabdomyolysis in a Patient with COVID-19: A Proposed Diagnostic-Therapeutic Algorithm He developed acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy without reversibility, despite optimal treatment. 2 We report the case of a patient with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who presented with rhabdomyolysis as a cardinal manifestation, discuss the possible mechanisms, and propose a diagnostic-therapeutic algorithm. Laboratory tests revealed grade 3 acute kidney injury (AKI) with a creatinine level of 11 mg/dL (basal value 0.7 mg/dL); increased blood levels of creatine kinase (CK) (> 400,000 U/L), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase; and electrolyte disturbances with hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and severe metabolic acidosis. The underlying cause of muscle injury must be identified and treated, which is difficult in patients with COVID-19 because there is no specific therapy. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19 Acute kidney injury due to rhabdomyolysis and renal replacement therapy: a critical review doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0692 id = cord-336922-ent5oimq author = Solís, Patricio title = COVID-19 Fatality and Comorbidity Risk Factors among Confirmed Patients in Mexico date = 2020-04-25 keywords = April; COVID-19 summary = In this paper we estimate fatality risks based on survival analysis methods, calculated from individual-level data on symptomatic patients confirmed with COVID-19 recently released by the Mexican Ministry of Health. In the case of Mexico, the federal Ministry of Health (Secretaría de Salud) recently made public individual-level data of patients attended in medical units across the country who tested positive for COVID-19. This information, which is updated on a daily basis, allows us to estimate fatality risks for COVID-19 patients using survival analysis, as well as the possible effects of basic demographic factors, the presence of comorbidities and the type of medical institution on the risk of death. In this paper we apply survival analysis methods to estimate the COVID-19 fatality risk and associated risk factors for symptomatic confirmed patients of COVID-19 in Mexico, using individual-level data recently released by the Ministry of Health. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.21.20074591 id = cord-292620-t8ocqm6g author = Somani, S. title = Characterization of Patients Who Return to Hospital Following Discharge from Hospitalization For COVID-19 date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; patient; return summary = Methods and Findings: Retrospective cohort study of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 discharged alive from five hospitals in New York City with index hospitalization between February 27th-April 12th, 2020, with follow-up of [≥]14 days. Of 2,864 discharged patients, 103 (3.6%) returned for emergency care after a median of 4.5 days, with 56 requiring inpatient readmission. Patients who returned had higher proportion of COPD and hypertension with shorter LOS on index hospitalization, and a trend towards lower rates of in-hospital treatment-dose anticoagulation. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.17.20104604 doi: medRxiv preprint Certain index hospitalization laboratory values on discharge differed among patients who returned vs. Finally, returning patients had shorter LOS on index hospitalization with notably a lower frequency of ICU care and inpatient anticoagulation. Among patients discharged following admission for COVID-19, the rate of return to hospital was relatively low, with only half requiring readmission. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.17.20104604 id = cord-260274-c3586tp6 author = Somers, Emily C title = Tocilizumab for treatment of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-07-11 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; patient; tocilizumab summary = CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients, tocilizumab was associated with lower mortality despite higher superinfection occurrence. At our institution, IL-6 blockade with tocilizumab is considered for patients with severe COVID-19 and suspected hyperinflammation based on rapidly worsening respiratory status and elevated inflammatory markers, with the majority of usage occurring in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Using our COVID-19 Rapid Response Registry infrastructure, we performed an observational study of outcomes in patients with COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation, comparing those treated with tocilizumab with those who were not. In this observational, controlled study of patients with severe COVID-19 necessitating mechanical ventilation, receipt of tocilizumab was independently associated with improved survival. To date, the risk of superinfection in mechanically ventilated patients with severe COVID-19 remains poorly described and the incremental risk associated with a single dose of tocilizumab is not well characterized. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa954 id = cord-297757-3pvstiz6 author = Sominsky, Luba title = One size does not fit all – Patterns of vulnerability and resilience in the COVID-19 pandemic and why heterogeneity of disease matters date = 2020-03-20 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = While the most vulnerable population to suffer severe outcomes of respiratory viruses other than coronaviruses are typically older adults, people suffering from chronic medical conditions, and children, in the case of COVID-19 there have so far been no fatalities in children aged 0-9 years of age in China. Preliminary statistics from Italy''s outbreak of COVID-19, currently the second most affected country outside of China with the highest case-fatality ratio to date of approximately 7%, similarly suggest children are not likely to be at high risk of severe disease (EpiCentro, 2020). Although the current pandemic is arguably too new to have produced reliable statistics on population demographics on the world stage, the emerging pattern of resilience to severe outcomes of COVID-19 in children is puzzling considering what we know of other viruses, such as influenza and measles. doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.016 id = cord-304576-ds3udegk author = Sommerstein, Rami title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19): Do Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Have a Biphasic Effect? date = 2020-04-01 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19 summary = Most patients with cardiovascular comorbidities qualify for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) therapy. 4 Of note, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses the receptor angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE) 2 for entry into target cells. 17, 18, 19 In animal studies, ACEIs and ARBs have been shown in rodents to increase the expression of ACE2 mRNA in different organs and tissues, including heart, kidney, and the aorta. However, no significant differences in expression levels were observed in patients treated with ARBs. 22 Beside age and sex, arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus may upregulate ACE2. 25, 26 Similarly, in animal studies, ACEIs/ ARBs have been shown to upregulate ACE2 activity; thereby, they may possibly be favorable once patients are infected with COVID-19. Possibly, we are dealing here with a doubleedged sword, depending on the phase of the disease: increased baseline ACE2 expression could potentially increase infectivity and ACEI/ARB use would be an addressable risk factor. doi = 10.1161/jaha.120.016509 id = cord-035044-duzoa2v7 author = Sondermann, Elena title = The threat of thinking in threats: reframing global health during and after COVID-19 date = 2020-11-09 keywords = COVID-19; health; security summary = In this contribution, we critically engage with existing narratives of global health security and show how the logic of exceptionalism is limiting the current responses to the pandemic. Through the linkage of health to "security against threats" the narrative of health security operates with a logic of exceptionalism: (external, also distant) health issues (i.e. infectious diseases) are perceived as positing severe or extraordinary danger to the physical well-being of individuals or entire societies, a threat to the normal (economic, cultural, financial) way of life in a country. This narrative of securing against infectious diseases is inherent to mainstream framing of health security and has provided the context and repertoire for emplotment regarding the Coronavirus pandemic. COVID-19 is a prime example of how the logic of exceptionalism is shaping and limiting the K The threat of thinking in threats: reframing global health during and after responses to it: The range of policy choices is still primarily focused on emergency measures (see Fig. 3 ). doi = 10.1007/s42597-020-00049-7 id = cord-350468-32qin4ak author = Song, Cong-Ying title = Immune dysfunction following COVID-19, especially in severe patients date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; CPIS summary = Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that CD4(+) cell count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and D-dimer were risk factors for severe cases. Afterward, the CD4 + cell count (P = 0.015), NLR (P = 0.032) and D-dimer (P = 0.016) were considered the independent risk factors of the severe COVID-19 cases (Table 3) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ To evaluate the predictive value of CT score, CPIS, and three independent risk factors, the ROC curve analysis was performed (Fig. 7) . In our study, we compared clinical characteristics between healthy people and COVID-19 patients, and then compared these features between severe and mild cases. Parameters including CD4 + T cell count, NLR, and D-dimer, CT score, and CPIS had quite great value for predicting disease severity, which could be considered in early warning of severe patients. Several studies have shown that severe SARS-CoV-2-infected patients have a higher NLR 11, 12 , an independent risk factor for mortality in COVID-19 patients 13 . doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-72718-9 id = cord-292144-jprbp1ua author = Song, Haitao title = Using traveller-derived cases in Henan Province to quantify the spread of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan summary = Based on the dynamical analysis and data fitting, the transmission of COVID-19 in Wuhan is estimated and the effects of control measures including Wuhan city travel ban and FLRPHE are investigated. [10] developed a mathematical model base on the epidemiology of COVID-19, computed the basic reproduction number, predicted the final size of COVID-19 in China, and investigated the effects of isolation of healthy people, confirmed cases and close contacts on the transmission of COVID-19 in China. To estimate the spread of COVID-19 by January 23 and assess the effectiveness of control measures including the Wuhan city travel ban and FLRPHE, a mathematical model with immigration from Wuhan to Henan Province is built. Using the mathematical model, the size of the epidemic on January 23 is estimated, the peak time and value, and the cumulative number of cases without interventions including Wuhan city travel ban and FLRPHE are simulated, and the effectiveness of interventions is assessed. doi = 10.1007/s11071-020-05859-1 id = cord-290814-j3sp3dq9 author = Song, Jehun title = Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) complicated with pneumonia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis receiving conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) complicated with pneumonia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis receiving conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs Herein, we report a case of COVID-19 pneumonia in a 61-year-old female RA patient who was receiving conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (cDMARDs). The higher susceptibility of RA patients to infections could be explained by several endogenous and exogenous risk factors, including (1) the dysregulation of the immune system by the disease itself, (2) presence of immunocompromising comorbidities, and/or (3) immunosuppressive medications such as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) [3] . The C-reactive protein levels were slightly elevated ( Table 1, HD 3) , and chest X-ray showed the haziness on the right lower lung area (Fig. 1b) , suggesting the development of COVID-19 pneumonia. Previous reports demonstrated that the steroid treatment was related with higher mortality of patients with a viral infection such as influenza pneumonia [12] and that steroid use was associated with delayed coronavirus RNA clearance of both Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) [13] and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) [14] . doi = 10.1007/s00296-020-04584-7 id = cord-330918-hsy8h1vb author = Song, Jia title = A Comparison of Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Elderly and Younger Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; China; patient summary = BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and compare these parameters in an elderly group with those in a younger group. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics, as well as the treatments and outcomes of a series of hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19, and to compare these parameters in an elderly group (aged ≥ 60 years) with those in a younger group (aged < 60 years). This retrospective, single-center observational study included patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to the Puai Hospital in Wuhan, China, from January 14, 2020 to February 26, 2020. This single-center observational study included 69 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID 19, and clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared between elderly patients (aged ³60 years) and younger patients (aged <60 years). doi = 10.12659/msm.925047 id = cord-268075-kbislbx0 author = Song, Limin title = Cardiovascular Changes in Patients With COVID-19 From Wuhan, China date = 2020-09-02 keywords = AAO; COVID-19; SARS summary = Alternatively, ascending aortic dilation and LA enlargement might be present before infection but characterized the patient at risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that acute pneumonia is associated with an increased risk for cardiac complications at all levels of infection severity (4) . In this study, we retrospectively collected and analyzed detailed clinical data from patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 who were admitted to the Union Hospital (Wuhan, China). Myocardial injury associated with the SARS-CoV-2 occurred in five of the first 41 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Wuhan, which mainly manifested as an increase in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I levels (2) . In summary, we have shown that hypertension is a common comorbidity among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, and cardiac injury was the most common complication. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China doi = 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00150 id = cord-329898-g6og7oid author = Song, Rok title = COVID-19 in Nursing Facilities: Experience in Republic of Korea date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A surge in newly infected cases in the first quarter of 2020 in Gyeongsan-si, in the Republic of Korea, was followed by several outbreaks in nursing facilities in the same area. METHODS: The municipal government and the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention performed an epidemiological investigation into 5 nursing facilities that reported a high number of COVID-19 infection cases from February to May 2020. An epidemiological investigation was conducted into 5 nursing facilities that reported a considerably high number of COVID-19 infected patients and thus required close management. As of May 16 th , 2020, a total of 74 COVID-19 infection cases were identified among 296 nursing facility users and workers. If a person was identified to have particularly close and/or frequent contact with an infected patient, or had symptoms related to COVID-19, that person was quarantined alone in a room, and designated caregivers were assigned with PPE (such as level D protection suits) to care for them. doi = 10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.4.04 id = cord-284879-sjkni2uc author = Song, Suk-Kyoon title = IgG Seroprevalence of COVID-19 among Individuals without a History of the Coronavirus Disease Infection in Daegu, Korea date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = METHODS: Serologic testing for immunoglobulin G antibody based on immunochromatographic assay was conducted in 103 patients and 95 guardians aged 18 to 82 years without any history of COVID-19 diagnosis, who visited outpatient clinics of a single university-affiliated hospital from May 25 to June 5, 2020. 4-15 However, a significant fraction of the population has developed antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), suggesting that the infection is much more pervasive than implied by the number of confirmed cases. Next, we compared seroprevalence among subgroups stratified by characteristics of study subjects, including age (< 40, 40-59, ≥ 60 years), gender, body mass index (BMI) (< 25, ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ), smoking history (current, previous, never), history of doctor-diagnosed diabetes or hypertension (yes, no), reason for the current hospital visit (patient, guardian), and the presence of COVID-19 confirmed cases among close contacts (yes, no). doi = 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e269 id = cord-305858-gp1u4kh7 author = Song, Xiang title = High expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) on tissue macrophages that may be targeted by virus SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-07-19 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; USA; figure summary = To better understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and build up the host anti-viral immunity, we examined the levels of ACE2 expression on different types of immune cells including tissue macrophages. To determine whether platelets were directly targeted by SARS-CoV-2 or trigged by viral inflammatory reactions, we examined the ACE2 expression on the highly-purified CD41b + CD42a + platelets from human peripheral blood ( Figure 3A Our previous work established that platelets could release mitochondria contributing to the immune modulation and islet b-cell regeneration [13] . Thus, the virus-infected alveolar macrophages play a critical role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and SARS [28] [29] [30] and may recruit the lung infiltration of additional immune cells through predominantly releasing cytokines and chemokines [31, 32] , resulting in pulmonary edema and hypoxemia: the hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ( Figure 6 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.07.18.210120 id = cord-344688-uu3b529c author = Song, Xue-Jun title = Pain Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: Lessons Learned date = 2020-04-22 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19 summary = In the initial stages of the pandemic spanning late January to early February, medical systems in Wuhan faced overwhelming shortages of health care workers and key medical resources including medical-grade personal protective equipment, as well as limited space in hospitals for managing the surge of patients with COVID-19. With the help of public health systems, we were able to keep most patients home and provide them with necessary medical services including telemedicine support. Telemedicine became a convenient and effective way to provide necessary medical services to patients with chronic pain during the initial periods of the epidemic, as it allowed patients with nonemergent conditions to remain at home and allowed hospitalized patients who had been discharged early to maintain continuity of care. The epidemic provided many medical professionals an opportunity to incorporate telemedicine into pain management for the first time due to the urgent need for remote health care services. doi = 10.1093/pm/pnaa143 id = cord-320632-369kax2m author = Song, Yang title = COVID-19 Treatment: Close to a Cure? – A Rapid Review of Pharmacotherapies for the Novel Coronavirus date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; China; LPV; SARS; patient summary = The selection of medications in this review is based the 7 th edition of COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment guideline issued by the National Health Commission (NHC) of the People''s Republic of China ( Table 2) and relevant clinical studies. In a phase 2 open-label COVID-19 trial, which enrolled 127 patients from 6 Hong Kong hospitals, Hung and his colleagues compared triple therapy (lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg PO every 12 hours, ribavirin 400 mg PO every 12 hours, and interferon β-1b 8 million IU SQ on alternative days) with a control group of LPV/r [33] . During the 2013 SARS epidemic, observational studies and case reports described IVIG for the treatment of critically ill patients in combination with antiviral therapies. In a COVID-19 case series study, the combination of umifenovir, lopinavir/ritonavir and traditional Chinese medicine alleviated pneumonia symptoms in all four patients and decreased viral load to undetectable in two [68] . doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106080 id = cord-268897-vqbreyna author = Song, Young Goo title = COVID-19, A Clinical Syndrome Manifesting as Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis date = 2020-03-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Considering the high attack rate and aggressive spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there is a concern that more serious diseases may develop due to a mutated type of the virus. 3) Usually responded well to steroid treatment (personal communications) Radiology and pathology examinations of patients with COVID-19 revealed inflammatory reactions in the lung that resembled what is observed in hypersensitivity pneumonitis rather than in other viral pneumonia [3, 4] . We believe that there is an urgent need to establish a better sophisticated treatment strategy for COVID-19, because there may be a serious risk owing to the subtle mutations of the virus, which can lead to a more aggressive spread and more severe immunologic reaction in the host. Considering our current understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical features of HP, the treatment strategy for COVID-19 needs to be tailored according to the patient''s age and immune status. doi = 10.3947/ic.2020.52.1.110 id = cord-252531-i3b647wv author = Song, Zaiwei title = Hospital pharmacists’ pharmaceutical care for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: Recommendations and guidance from clinical experience date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19; chinese; patient summary = Results Hospital pharmacists shall support pharmaceutical care services by participating in making evidence-based decisions for medication, monitoring and evaluation of medication safety and efficacy, providing strengthened care for special population and patients with combined underlying diseases, monitoring and management of convalescent plasma therapy, providing emotional counselling and psychological support, and providing scientific information about COVID-19 vaccines. For COVID-19 patients receiving centralized hospitalized treatment, pharmaceutical care services are https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.027 Received 31 March 2020; Accepted 31 March 2020 indispensable supplement for clinical treatment and management, which is of great significance for improving the level of drug therapy, improving patient''s outcome and promoting the overall pandemic control. Based on the Chinese perspective of "centralizing COVID-19 patients and centralized inpatient treatment", the paper established a pharmaceutical care framework of COVID-19 hospitalized patients, including participating in making evidence-based decisions for medication, monitoring and evaluation of medication safety and efficacy, strengthened care for special population and patients with combined underlying diseases, monitoring and management of convalescent plasma therapy (CPT), providing emotional counselling and psychological support and providing scientific information about COVID-19 vaccines. doi = 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.027 id = cord-315159-c9n8cro3 author = Soni, Vivek Kumar title = Fight COVID-19 depression with immunity booster: Curcumin for psychoneuroimmunomodulation date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Beyond infection, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected individuals through associated anxiety and stress and caused a collateral damage (Tandon, 2020) . Known for immunoboosting aptitude, curcumin can alleviate the COVID-19 associated ill-effects including cytokine storm (Liu and J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Ying, 2020) . Depression-disorders in COVID-19 prevention measuresdriven social distort are possibly brought by oxidative stress . The potential of curcumin containing nutraceutical in COVID-19 has been predicted both through PNI modulation and ''meaning response'' . Moreover, curcumin can alleviate the overt inflammatory consequences (Vishvakarma, 2014; Soni et al., 2020) , even those associated with COVID-19 (Liu and Ying, 2020) , and thus will improve physical wellbeing. Curcumin can improve the hematopoietic differentiation of immune cells (Vishvakarma 2020), antidepressant effect, and neurogenesis (Zalachoras et al., 2020, Lopresti and Drummond, 2017) may also improve the mood function and ward off anxiety doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102378 id = cord-281804-lhnw8jx5 author = Sonis, Jonathan D. title = Humanism in the Age of COVID-19: Renewing Focus on Communication and Compassion date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = While video and telephonic alternatives to bedside evaluation may facilitate communication with patients while maintaining physical separation to limit healthcare worker exposure and preserve PPE, these solutions may not be as effective in older patients, who commonly have hearing and visual impairment, challenges with manual dexterity due to arthritis, and cognitive impairment, all of which impede effective use of such technology. 22 Not only will reducing variability improve adherence to isolation and other outpatient management recommendations, but providing frontline staff with comprehensive, pre-written instructions reduces the work burden associated with individual patient discharges and allows for the inclusion of extended information surrounding expected disease course, follow-up planning, and support resources for those suffering from the psychological effects of isolation or requiring local resources such as access to food. doi = 10.5811/westjem.2020.4.47596 id = cord-254993-bndl93qr author = Sonnweber, Thomas title = Persisting alterations of iron homeostasis in COVID-19 are associated with non-resolving lung pathologies and poor patients’ performance: a prospective observational cohort study date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; ferritin; iron; patient summary = To shed light on the regulation of iron metabolism and its impact on monocyte immune effector functions at the cellular level, we investigated the mRNA expression of key mediators of iron homeostasis as well as cytokine expression in PBMCs. In line with serum hepcidin measurements, we also found increased hepcidin mRNA (HAMP, for hepcidin antimicrobial peptide) expression in PBMCs isolated from subjects who previously had severe to critical COVID-19 as compared to those who suffered from milder disease (Fig. 2) . In contrast, the immune effector function of PBMCs was related to COVID-19 severity, as mononuclear cells obtained from patients, who suffered from severe to critical disease, demonstrated higher levels of interleukin 10 (IL10, p = 0.044) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF, p = 0.024) mRNA expression as compared to subjects with a milder course of COVID-19 (Fig. 2) . doi = 10.1186/s12931-020-01546-2 id = cord-273785-mxehiuq1 author = Soofi, Moslem title = Using Insights from Behavioral Economics to Mitigate the Spread of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; behavior; health summary = Public health policy needs improved methods to encourage people to adhere to COVID-19-preventive behaviors. While multiple biases are identified in the field of behavioral economics, in this paper we focus on six that tend to be particularly relevant to COVID-19-related behaviors: present bias, status quo bias, framing effect, optimism bias, affect heuristic, and herding behavior. It seems that health messages intended to encourage people to engage in COVID-19-preventive behaviors (e.g., social distancing) should be framed in terms of gains, such as "If you wash your hands properly/ follow social distancing policy/adhere to the stay-at-home policy, you will increase the chances of yourself and your family having a long, healthy life." This paper can improve our understanding of the decision-making biases that can be applied as entry points in public health policies and interventions for the prevention of COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s40258-020-00595-4 id = cord-262694-bltihsbt author = Sookramanien, Sabrina Pamela title = Provisions for Obstetrics and Gynaecology - letter to the editor on “Impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on surgical practice - Part 2 (surgical prioritisation)”: A correspondence date = 2020-06-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Provisions for Obstetrics and Gynaecology letter to the editor on "Impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on surgical practice Part 2 (surgical prioritisation)": A correspondence In this letter, we lay out proposed changes to guidelines of antenatal care and gynaecological surgery and provide an insight into the disproportionately negative experiences of black and minority ethnic (BAME) women regarding obstetrics and gynaecology services during the COVID-19 pandemic [1] . In response to disproportionately negative maternal care experience of BAME women, the RCM and RCOG have worked to raise awareness of ongoing maternal services and access to facilities where available [2, 3] . Where surgical termination of pregnancy is required and deferral would result in gestational cut-offs being exceeded, RCOG advises procedures to take place regardless of COVID-19 infection status with appropriate infection prevention and control measures in place, if safe considering the patient''s clinical condition [4, 5] . Impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on surgical practice -Part 2 (surgical prioritisation) doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.082 id = cord-340725-xy74wd6j author = Sora, Federica title = SARS COV 2 INFECTION IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA: SEVERE HEMATOLOGICAL PRESENTATION date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID summary = title: SARS COV 2 INFECTION IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA: SEVERE HEMATOLOGICAL PRESENTATION We describe a case of life‐threatening COVID-19 infection complicated by severe anemia in patients affected also by chronic myelogenous leukemia. We describe a case of life-threatening COVID-19 infection complicated by severe anemia in patients affected also by chronic myelogenous leukemia . This inflammatory process called "cytokine storm" is a life-threatening complication of COVID 19 infection. This inflammatory process called "cytokine storm" is a life-threatening complication of COVID 19 infection. In this case severe immunohematological consequences during SARS-COV-2 are reported and recognition of this complications are probably underestimated, as a matter of fact in May 2020, 9 cases of AIHA and SARS-COV2 infection were published (3) (4) (5) and only 3 of them showed cold antibodies mainly in the context of a lymphoproliferative disorder (6). doi = 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102881 id = cord-348573-uyuazdhk author = Soraci, Paolo title = Validation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Italian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; FCV-19S; italian; item summary = METHODS: The sample comprised 250 Italian participants who were administered Italian versions of the FCV-19S, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Severity Measure for Specific Phobia–Adult (SMSP-A). The statistical analyses carried out were as follows: (i) descriptive statistics of the FCV-19S items (i.e., means and standard deviations of the main items); (ii) construct and criterion validity of the Italian FCV-19S; (iii) the reliability of the scale, examined via composite reliability (CR) (e.g., CR values greater than 0.7 are associated with good test reliability; Fornell and Larcker 1981; Netemeyer et al. The total score of the FCV-19S was correlated with variables that have been formerly associated with fear of COVID-19 (i.e., anxiety and depression; Ahorsu et al. Concurrent validity was supported by the HADS (anxiety and depression levels among participants) and SMSP-A (phobia among participants) as indicated by the significant positive correlations for both scales (p < .001). doi = 10.1007/s11469-020-00277-1 id = cord-030771-0x0d56fb author = Sorenson, Corinna title = Building A Better Health Care System Post-Covid-19: Steps for Reducing Low-Value and Wasteful Care date = 2020-08-21 keywords = Care; covid-19; health summary = The upheaval in the provision of routine health care caused by the Covid-19 pandemic offers an unprecedented opportunity to reduce low-value care significantly with concurrent efforts from providers and health systems, payers, policymakers, employers, and patients. The coming months offer a unique and critical window for providers and health systems, and the stakeholders who support and interact with them, to take short-and long-term steps to reduce waste and build a better system that prioritizes high-quality, high-value care. • Code sets or specifications to measure a range of low-value care services in Medicare, Medicaid, and commercial claims data Leveraging alternative care pathways and care sites, such as telehealth, home-based care, and community-based care, can also help keep patients out of the ED and provide alternatives to lowvalue and wasteful care. Policymakers should create opportunities for providers, health systems, and payers to pilot innovative models that reduce low-value care and reflect the new Covid-19 reality, integrating telehealth and a wider range of health care professionals. doi = 10.1056/cat.20.0368 id = cord-271810-7uzk4pi9 author = Soriano, Joan B. title = Humanistic Epidemiology: Love in the time of cholera, COVID-19 and other outbreaks date = 2020-04-25 keywords = COVID-19; time summary = To date, I have seen residents choosing to stay longer after finishing a 24-h duty to try and save one more critically ill patient; auxiliary nurses improvising aprons and boots with trash bags, who, on finally receiving their space suits, posed for posterity like a football team, always with a ready smile (Fig. 1) ; residents in Neurology, Immunology or Pathology becoming Chest Medicine residents; medical students volunteering to learn the practicalities of lung mechanics and gas exchange; a Department Head creating a blog aimed at praising individuals for outstanding bravery and commitment; or I have been privileged to lead a small Think Tank including nurses, doctors, physicists, engineers and other friends who from Saturday March 14 have met on a daily basis to brainstorm initiatives by videoconference at 7 am, just before seeing patients or awakening their families. doi = 10.1007/s10654-020-00639-y id = cord-294579-qjga5nmd author = Sornsa-ard, Tuanrit title = Management of Traumatic Spinal Fracture in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Situation date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Patients who require spine surgery should receive coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) screening to prevent nosocomial cross-infection before surgery. This article aims to propose a treatment algorithm for the management of traumatic spine fracture during the COVID-19 pandemic. Operative treatment with full PPE and infection control measures is very important when a patient is detected to have CO-VID-19 by PCR testing. Patients without symptoms and at low risk of exposure to COVID-19 can be given a surgical face mask to prevent hospital-acquired infections. This is in contrast to the previous review, "Advice on standardized diagnosis and treatment for spinal diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, " which suggested that chest computed tomography and SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test should be performed three days before surgery [3, 6] . Advice on standardized diagnosis and treatment for spinal diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 Pandemic doi = 10.31616/asj.2019.0183 id = cord-277568-eqgxk63s author = Sory, Barry Ibrahima title = Impact de la pandémie de COVID-19 sur les activités du service de cardiologie de l’hôpital national date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Il s''agissait d''une étude rétrospective descriptive allant de Janvier 2020 et Avril 2020, portant sur les activités de consultation et d''hospitalisation dans le service de cardiologie de l''hôpital national Ignace Deen du CHU de Conakry. Durant cette étude allant de Mars à Avril 2020,nous avons recensé 130 patients en consultation contre 450 patients pour les deux mois précédant la déclaration officielle de la pandémie en Guinée soit une baisse de 71,1% (320 patients). Durant cette étude allant de Mars à Avril 2020,nous avons recensé 130 patients en consultation contre 450 patients pour les deux mois précédant la déclaration officielle de la pandémie en Guinée soit une baisse de 71,1% (320 patients). Entre Mars et Avril 2020, nous avons recensé 130 patients en consultation externe contre 450 patients pour les deux mois qui ont précédé le début de la pandémie en Guinée (Janvier à Février 2020), soit une baisse de 71,1 % (320 patients). doi = 10.1016/j.ancard.2020.09.041 id = cord-258195-6172d95c author = Souadka, Amine title = Oncological Surgery During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: The Need for Deep and Lasting Measures date = 2020-06-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = We acknowledge the international collaborative group [1] for proposing international guidelines for the management of patients with cancer during COVID-19, with concrete and practical approaches toward prioritization frameworks for managing the ethical challenges of treating patients with cancer. To date, all the various recommendations issued by oncological societies reacting to this unprecedented situation [2] seek safety considerations and prioritizing frameworks for patients with cancer requiring treatment in SARS-CoV-2 endemic areas [3] . In surgical oncology, most guidelines propose an urgent response to the salient questions related to this situation through delaying nonurgent treatment, offering less invasive treatments to patients who are waiting for surgery, prioritizing curative care, and adjusting activity to supplies and human resources [4] . The COVID-19 outbreak has already overwhelmed health system capacity, especially cancer centers around the world, and it may last [8] . A practical approach to the management of cancer patients during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: An international collaborative group doi = 10.1634/theoncologist.2020-0360 id = cord-254465-y8n7t8rx author = Soulat-Dufour, Laurie title = Left ventricular ejection fraction: an additional risk marker in COVID-19 date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Data from 39 consecutive patients admitted for acute pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) who had two-dimensional echocardiography performed on the day of admission were retrospectively analysed. At admission to intensive care, patients who underwent intubation or died, compared with survivors, had a significantly higher respiratory rate, lower haemoglobin level, higher Creactive protein concentration, higher peak concentrations of cardiac biomarkers (high-sensitivity cardiac troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide), and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (all P < 0.05) (Table) . A recent study showed that right ventricular function evaluated using strain imaging in a population of patients with COVID-19 with no history of cardiomyopathy was associated with a poorer prognosis [4] . Beyond the complexity of the mechanisms of cardiac involvement in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, the non-invasive evaluation of left ventricular function, while respecting protection rules and precautions, could be a simple parameter to refine their short-term prognosis. Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in doi = 10.1016/j.acvd.2020.08.002 id = cord-288508-749im18d author = Sourdin, Tania title = Court Innovations and Access to Justice in Times of Crisis date = 2020-08-30 keywords = COVID-19; ODR; court; justice summary = In response to COVID-19, many courts rapidly adopted supportive technologies that enabled video conferencing and at times the exchange of documentation using web-based platforms that include Teams, Skype, Zoom, Google Hangouts and WebEx. Some courts already had existing online filing systems and were, therefore, more prepared for remote working arrangements. Others have however struggled with video conferencing, including data privacy and security-related concerns, and the particular difficulties that arise in relation to jury hearings 5 [3] .Outside courts, where much justice work takes place, online dispute resolution (ODR) arrangements, became an increasingly important focus as delays increased in many court systems. The current scale of the public health crisis has required countries to develop innovative responses to protect people''s right to health by establishing social distancing rules, while also ensuring respect for other human rights including access to court services and justice more broadly. doi = 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.020 id = cord-267402-kca05rvz author = South, Kieron title = Preceding infection and risk of stroke: An old concept revived by the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-24 keywords = SARS; covid-19; infection; patient; stroke summary = What follows herein is a detailed summary of the current literature surrounding COVID-19, encompassing the immune and inflammatory responses to infection, thrombotic manifestations and vascular consequences of infection with a focus on possible mechanisms by which these elements may contribute to acute stroke events. 89 This is not the case in COVID-19 (and the previous SARS outbreak) and a recent retrospective cohort study has suggested an incidence of stroke 7-8 times higher in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection compared with those hospitalized by influenza, 90 supporting the possibility of a SARS-CoV-2-driven hyper-coagulant state. [91] [92] [93] Obesity, in particular, is emerging as a prominent risk factor in the development of severe COVID-19 disease and is generally associated with increased incidence and increased severity of respiratory viral infection. Notably, the cytokine IL-33 is persistently elevated in obese individuals and is capable of stimulating endothelial cells to release pro-coagulant tissue factor 97 which may expose them to more severe COVID-19 disease and/or stroke. doi = 10.1177/1747493020943815 id = cord-281603-3308f8hm author = Souza, William Marciel de title = Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the early phase of the COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil date = 2020-04-29 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; case summary = Methods: Individual-level and aggregated COVID-19 data were analysed to investigate demographic profiles, socioeconomic drivers and age-sex structure of COVID-19 tested cases. We report the epidemiological, demographic, and clinical findings for confirmed COVID-19 cases during the first month of the epidemic in Brazil. We report the epidemiological, demographic, and clinical findings for confirmed COVID-19 cases during the first month of the epidemic in Brazil. Individual-level and aggregated COVID-19 data were analysed to investigate demographic profiles, socioeconomic drivers and age-sex structure of COVID-19 tested cases. To investigate individual-level diagnostic, demographic, self-reported travel history, place of residence and likely place of infection, differential diagnosis for other respiratory pathogens, as well as clinical details, including comorbidities, we collected case data notified to the REDCap database 8 from February 25 to March 25, 2020. We showed that during the first month of COVID-19 in Brazil, only 33·1% of the reported confirmed cases were conducted in public health laboratories. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.25.20077396 id = cord-324185-zt88o3co author = Sovacool, Benjamin K. title = Contextualizing the Covid-19 pandemic for a carbon-constrained world: Insights for sustainability transitions, energy justice, and research methodology date = 2020-10-31 keywords = States; United; covid-19; energy; pandemic; social summary = Jefferson (this volume) [18] writes "In the run-up to the collapse of crude oil prices in early 2020 it was primarily a division between Russia and Saudi Arabia within OPEC which appeared to be the main force at work, but then the COVID-19 pandemic took over, followed by US oil prices turning negative in April 2020, as May contracts expired and traders had to offload stocks with ongoing storage becoming extremely limited." He further states that despite the stimulus and recovery packages being offered by many nations, "there will be many oil sectors incurring losses, from US shale oil and Canadian tar sands producers, to many standard crude oil exporters incurring problems with production equipment access and costs, or experiencing lack of competitiveness in key markets." Recent data from the International Energy Agency confirms this point, noting severe reductions in global demand for oil and natural gas (see Fig. 2 ). doi = 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101701 id = cord-294336-fqobpo47 author = Soy, Mehmet title = Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a review inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; HLH; MAS; patient summary = This paper aims to review the pathogenesis and the clinical picture of HLH, and its severe complication, the cytokine storm, with a special emphasis on the developed classification criteria sets for rheumatologists, since COVID-19 infection has clinical symptoms resembling those of the common rheumatologic conditions and possibly triggers HLH. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) comprises two different conditions that may be difficult to distinguish from one another: A primary form that occurs due to genetic disorders and a secondary form that is triggered by various infections, autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases, or chemicals [1, 2] . In this review, we aim to contribute to the rheumatologists'' awareness of the life-threatening rare complication of HLH, the cytokine storm, to prevent a possible misdiagnosis in the presence of the clinical and laboratory features of COVID-19 resembling or mimicking to that of an underlying or a new-onset rheumatological condition. doi = 10.1007/s00296-020-04636-y id = cord-314229-9k2dd95b author = Spaccaferri, G. title = Cas groupés d’infections au nouveau coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) aux Contamines-Montjoie, Haute-Savoie, janvier–février 2020 date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Matériels et méthodes Un cas possible était défini comme tout patient présentant des signes cliniques d''infection respiratoire aiguë et ayant un lien avec le cas index ou avec un cas confirmé lié à ce cas index ; un cas confirmé était un cas possible avec un prélèvement positif par RT-PCR à SARS-CoV-2. Cinq autres touristes anglais ayant séjourné dans le chalet après le départ du cas index ont été en contact avec les cas confirmés symptomatiques : l''un d''eux a été confirmé positif à SARS-CoV-2 le 15/02, traduisant une seconde chaîne de transmission au sein du chalet ; aucun des 6 cas confirmés en France ne présentaient alors de signe de gravité. Introduction Peu de cas de COVID-19 chez des patients infectés par le VIH ont été rapportés dans la littérature. doi = 10.1016/j.medmal.2020.06.142 id = cord-274510-fo7p98np author = Spadera, Lucrezia title = Potential Role of GcMAF in suppressing the severity of COVID-19-induced immune responses: lesson learned from HIV date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Based on the aforementioned findings and on documented analogies between SARS-CoV-2 and HIV [13] , we hypothesized that the reduced conversion activity of the Gc protein (human groupspecific component (Gc)) into the macrophage activating factor (MAF) could have a key role in the dysregulate immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2, just like for HIV infected patients [14] [15] . In particular, based on their antiviral activity [68] , chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, initially conceived as antimalarial therapeutics, were proposed to treat patients hospitalized with COVID-19, better if associated to azithromycin, showing promising efficacy in "inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, improving lung imaging findings, promoting a virus negative conversion and shortening the disease course" [69] [70] . So, in sight of this, given its multifunctional properties, we believe that GcMAF could have a very important role in the pathophysiology of organ damage induced by SARS-CoV-2, providing explanations which are consistent with the clinical, radiological and histopathological findings observed in patients with COVID-19. Effects of vitamin D(3)-binding protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) on angiogenesis doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110293 id = cord-281500-5mm1nnwv author = Spadera, Lucrezia title = Sudden olfactory loss as an early marker of COVID-19: a nationwide Italian survey date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; SOL summary = The questionnaire was composed of five sections: (a) respondents'' workplace, age, and sex of the patient; (b) general information about the risk of exposure to COVID-19, asking to specify if the patient is a healthcare professional; (c) clinical information: onset of symptoms, grade of olfactory loss (OL) with three subjective levels (mild, moderate, and severe/complete), presence or absence of: ageusia, hypogeusia and/or dysgeusia gathered together under the name of "taste symptoms"; nasal discharge and/or congestion, other accompanying symptoms (e.g., fever, fatigue, dry cough, dyspnoea, and myalgia), comorbidities and complications; d) execution and results of nasopharyngeal (NP)/oropharyngeal (OP) swab; e) short description about the clinical case. The mean time of SOL onset before or after the first typical COVID-19 symptom (fever, dry cough, and dyspnoea) was 2.4 days (SD ± 2.7); anosmia/hyposmia occurred as the first symptom in 46.7% of cases, as sole symptom in 16.7% of cases or in association with other clinical manifestations in 31.2% of patients. doi = 10.1007/s00405-020-06252-9 id = cord-321302-eowo2mt0 author = Spaetgens, Bart title = The Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Crisis in the Aftermath of COVID-19: a Dutch Perspective date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Spaetgens, Bart; Brouns, Steffie H.; Schols, Jos M.G.A. title: The Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Crisis in the Aftermath of COVID-19: a Dutch Perspective Morbidity and 7 mortality in nursing homes that suffered outbreaks of COVID-19 has been high 8 despite the fact that Dutch nursing home care benefits from well-developed care 9 infrastructures that are fully integrated in the national health sector. 2 Despite this, the 10 nursing home sector was overshadowed by the huge national attention for COVID-19 11 in acute hospital care, resulting in evident shortages of personal protective 12 equipment (PPE) and the inability to develop an adequate testing policy due to a too 13 low national test capacity as well. on behalf of AMDA -The Society for Post-acute 75 and Long-term Care Medicine. Allowing visitors back in the nursing home during the COVID-19 crisis -A Dutch 97 national study into first experiences and impact on well-being doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.06.045 id = cord-267268-50h13gso author = Spagnolo, Paolo title = Pulmonary fibrosis secondary to COVID-19: a call to arms? date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 3 The mechanisms through which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes lung damage are only partly known, but plausible contributors include a cytokine release syndrome triggered by the viral antigen, drug-induced pulmonary toxicity, and high airway pressure and hyperoxiainduced acute lung injury secondary to mechanical ventilation. To date, about 1·2 million people worldwide have recovered from COVID-19, but there remains concern that some organs, including the lungs, might have long-term impairment following infection (figure). In a study of 36 patients who had recovered from MERS, chest x-rays taken a median of 43 (range 32-320) days after hospital discharge showed abnormalities described as lung fibrosis in about a third of the patients. Long-term bone and lung consequences associated with hospital-acquired severe acute respiratory syndrome: a 15-year follow-up from a prospective cohort study Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30222-8 id = cord-347607-ydbyonbg author = Spagnuolo, Rocco title = COVID-19 and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Patient Knowledge and Perceptions in a Single Center Survey date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; IBD; patient summary = The aim of this survey is to evaluate knowledge about clinical importance of COVID-19, disease management, prevention measures, and anxiety level during pandemic among patients with IBD. The questionnaire consisted of five sections: (1) anthropometric, demographic and clinical characteristics, (2) knowledge about clinical importance of COVID-19, (3) IBD management, (4) prevention measures, (5) anxiety level during pandemic. Taken together with findings that an active disease status compromises knowledge of IBD management and the high level of anxiety related to increasing age, these data suggest the need of further supporting patient-oriented strategies in IBD during Covid-19 pandemic. The aim of this study is to perform a survey about knowledge about clinical importance of COVID-19, knowledge of disease management, prevention measures, and anxiety level during the pandemic among patients with IBD. The questionnaire was defined and organized into five sections, dealing with: (1) demographic and clinical characteristic, (2) knowledge about clinical importance of COVID-19, (3) knowledge about management of IBD, (4) knowledge of prevention measures, (5) anxiety level during pandemic, respectively. doi = 10.3390/medicina56080407 id = cord-280195-646xesqp author = Spencer, Hunter C. title = COVID-19 presenting as neutropenic fever date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We describe successful recovery from mild COVID-19 in a patient with pancytopenia presenting with neutropenic fever. A case series of over 1000 patients in China observed 83% of patients had lymphopenia but did not report neutropenia, defined as absolute neutrophil count less than 1500 per cubic mm [1] . His labs at presentation were notable for pancytopenia, with mild trilineage decrease compared with baseline (Table 1) . He was treated with cefepime, in accordance with guideline recommendations for neutropenic fever, and azithromycin based on initial concern for atypical bacterial community-acquired pneumonia [2] . As COVID-19 spreads among neutropenic patients, further observations regarding the clinical course and response to emerging therapies are necessary to understand the host-virus interaction in this high-risk group. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan China: a retrospective cohort study Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1007/s00277-020-04128-w id = cord-274710-ee780qe4 author = Spencer, Robert title = COVID-19 and the young heart: what are we missing? date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The same study revealed that having pre-existing cardiovascular disease is associated with more severe progression of the virus and that patients with cardiac injury had a significantly higher likelihood of death compared to those without cardiac injury (51% versus 5%, respectively) [6] . Aside from the cardiac injury potentially caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the exploratory treatments for the virus can pose serious cardiac risks. The multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), which appears to be associated with COVID-19 and has clinical features resembling toxic shock syndrome and atypical Kawasaki disease, also warrants further investigation. Among these mysteries is how COVID-19 affects children''s hearts, how children with cardiac manifestations of the virus can be treated safely, and whether children with complex CHD have worse outcomes. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China Association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine or azithromycin with in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 in New York state doi = 10.1007/s12519-020-00391-z id = cord-315508-8bcpxo02 author = Sperotto, Francesca title = Cardiac manifestations in SARS-CoV-2-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a comprehensive review and proposed clinical approach date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19; MIS summary = Patients with SARS-Cov-2-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome frequently presented with persistent fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, polymorphic rash, conjunctivitis, and mucosal changes. Notably, a subset of patients presents with hypotension and shock from either acute myocardial involvement or systemic hyperinflammation/vasodilation, frequently requiring intensive care admission, circulatory, and respiratory support (Tables 2 and 3 ) [4, 5, 8, 9, 13-20, 22-25, 27] . Possible causes of myocardial injury in adults with COVID-19 include acute myocarditis, hypoxic injury, ischemic injury caused by cardiac microvascular damage or coronary artery disease, right heart strain (acute cor pulmonale), stress cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo), and systemic inflammatory response syndrome [3, [34] [35] [36] [37] . Due to the scarce knowledge and the small number of reported cases so far, the management of patients with MIS-C has been largely based on expert opinion and extrapolated from KD treatment, adult experience with COVID-19, and other systemic inflammatory disorders in children. Cardiac MRI of children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19: case series Eléonore doi = 10.1007/s00431-020-03766-6 id = cord-337456-fl5w81sp author = Sperotto, Francesca title = Unplanned and medical admissions to pediatric intensive care units significantly decreased during COVID-19 outbreak in Northern Italy date = 2020-10-18 keywords = PICU; covid-19 summary = title: Unplanned and medical admissions to pediatric intensive care units significantly decreased during COVID-19 outbreak in Northern Italy We sought to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on PICU admissions in Northern Italy, using data from the Italian Network of Pediatric Intensive Care Units Registry. Conclusions: Unplanned and medical PICU admissions significantly decreased during COVID-19 outbreak, especially those for respiratory failure. Here, we sought to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown measures on rates and types of PICU admissions in Northern Italy. • Unplanned and medical PICU admissions significantly decreased during the COVID-19 outbreak compared to pre-COVID-19 and to the same period in 2019, especially those for respiratory failure. With this study, we have shown that unplanned and medical PICU admissions significantly decreased during the COVID-19 outbreak compared to pre-COVID-19 and to 2019. In conclusion, our study showed that unplanned and medical PICU admissions, especially those for respiratory failure, significantly decreased during COVID-19outbreak. doi = 10.1007/s00431-020-03832-z id = cord-327403-adwj2xq7 author = Speth, Marlene M. title = Mood, anxiety and olfactory dysfunction in COVID‐19: evidence of central nervous system involvement? date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; GAD-2; PHQ-2 summary = The 2‐item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐2) and the 2‐item Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire (GAD‐2) were used to measure depressed mood and anxiety level, respectively, at enrollment and for participants'' baseline, pre‐COVID‐19 state. [1] [2] [3] COVID-19 has classically been described by symptoms of fever, cough, and shortness of breath as well as constitutional symptoms such as fatigue and myalgias, 2,4,5 although more recent studies have described a myriad of other COVID-19 clinical manifestations including chemosensory dysfunction, i.e. decreased sense of smell and taste. We found that depressed mood and anxiety were positively associated with COVID-19 symptoms of decreased sense of smell and taste. 32 However, in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic and wide public recognition of the potential lethality of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we report here that the severities of classic and worrisome symptoms of COVID-19-such as fever, cough or SOB-were not associated with emotional disturbance while chemosensory dysfunction was. doi = 10.1002/lary.28964 id = cord-282183-k0pn0ie2 author = Spiezia, Luca title = More severe hypercoagulable state in acute COVID-19 pneumonia as compared to other pneumonia. date = 2020-10-01 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Interestingly, we and two other Italian groups recently reported hypercoagulable whole blood profiles in COVID-19 patients admitted to Intensive Care Units for acute respiratory failure [4] [5] [6] . Therefore, we aimed to study traditional and whole blood thromboelastometry profiles -via a ROTEM ® sigma apparatus (Instrumentation Laboratory Werfen, Barcelona, Spain) -in a group of patients consecutively admitted to Internal Medicine wards of Padova University Hospital for acute pneumonia: cases were COVID-19 patients with pneumonia and controls were patients with pneumonia from different etiology. Although several papers, including one by our group, have previously reported COVID-19-related hypercoagulability in patients admitted to Intensive Care Units 4-6 , the present study focuses more closely on the comparison of coagulation profiles between COVID-19 patients with acute pneumonia and non COVID-19 patients with acute pneumonia. doi = 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2020.09.002 id = cord-353281-leb7c7b0 author = Spiezia, Luca title = COVID-19-Related Severe Hypercoagulability in Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Unit for Acute Respiratory Failure date = 2020-04-21 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = In late December 2019 an outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing severe pneumonia (COVID-19) was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. We aimed to evaluate coagulation abnormalities via traditional tests and whole blood thromboelastometry profiles in a group of 22 (mean age 67 ± 8 years, M:F 20:2) consecutive patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Padova University Hospital for acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19. Interestingly enough, markedly hypercoagulable thromboelastometry profiles were observed in COVID-19 patients, as reflected by shorter Clot Formation Time (CFT) in INTEM ( p = 0.0002) and EXTEM ( p = 0.01) and higher Maximum Clot Firmness (MCF) in INTEM, EXTEM and FIBTEM ( p < 0.001 in all comparisons). In conclusion, COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure present with severe hypercoagulability due to hyperfibrinogenemia resulting in increased fibrin formation and polymerization that may predispose to thrombosis. doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1710018 id = cord-275784-n6jv72l7 author = Spina, Alfio title = The Management Of Neurosurgical Patients During The Covid-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = An adequate management protocol can reduce hospital viral spread, improving safety both for patients and healthcare professionals. 1 The management of an ever-increasing number of patients, particularly those suffering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia has deeply affected the organization of healthcare facilities. 11 In a single-center Chinese case series of 138 hospitalized patients, presumed hospitalrelated infection of COVID-19 was suspected in 41% of patients, with a reported mortality of 4.3% and an intensive care unit admission rate of 26%. 12 Furthermore, COVID-19 transmission rate to healthcare worker was reported up to 20% 13 These data suggest that, inadequate hospital setting may represent a relevant route of SARS-CoV-2 spread both for patients and healthcare professionals. Whenever possible, elective surgery for confirmed cases (i.e. Group 1) should be rescheduled, because of this class of patients show higher risks of intensive care need and death. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.161 id = cord-346338-kdjgu93q author = Spinelli, Maria title = Parents'' Stress and Children''s Psychological Problems in Families Facing the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy date = 2020-07-03 keywords = child; covid-19; parent summary = Methods: Parents of children aged between 2and 14-years-old completed an online survey reporting their home environment conditions, any relation they had to the pandemic consequences, their difficulties experienced due to the quarantine, their perception of individual and parent-child dyadic stress, and their children''s emotional and behavioral problems. We expected that implications of the COVID-19 outbreak might increase parents'' psychological difficulties, particularly stress both at the individual and the dyadic level, with a consequent negative impact on children''s emotional and behavioral wellbeing (Dalton et al., 2020) . Because the only risk factor associated with parent''s individual and dyadic stress and children''s psychological problems was the Quarantine parent risk index, we did not include in the model the Home and COVID risk indices. We explored bivariate associations among the environment, family, and COVID-19 outbreak-related factors on parents'' stress and children''s psychological problems, and the interplay among these variables. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01713 id = cord-321698-8q25z6ci author = Spratt, Daniel I title = COVID-19 and Hypercoagulability: Potential Impact on Management with Oral Contraceptives, Estrogen Therapy and Pregnancy date = 2020-07-29 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: COVID-19 and Hypercoagulability: Potential Impact on Management with Oral Contraceptives, Estrogen Therapy and Pregnancy Although all of the underlying mechanisms of COVID-associated hypercoagulability are not clear, multiple laboratory abnormalities related to coagulation occur commonly in hospitalized COVID-19 patients including increased levels of Ddimer, fibrinogen, fibrin, fibrinogen degradation products, and cytokines as well asdecreased antithrombin,variable platelet counts over the course of disease, and platelet-fibrin contraceptives (COC''s) and other estrogen therapies as well as pregnancy-associated risks. As this Commentary is being submitted, no reports of increased incidence of VTEs in pregnant women or women taking estrogen preparations who also have COVID-19 have emerged. Establishing models for basic research into mechanisms of hypercoagulability in COVID-19, let alone intersecting effects of COVID-19 and estrogen therapy or pregnancy, has several hurdles and will require innovative novel animal and tissue models. doi = 10.1210/endocr/bqaa121 id = cord-338544-eph89g47 author = Spuntarelli, Valerio title = COVID-19: is it just a lung disease? A case-based review date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COV-2; COVID-19; SARS summary = COVID-19 pandemic reached 3.78 million confirmed reported cases worldwide, and it is generally associated to the acronym that precedes its name: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). A prospective study investigating left ventricular performance in 46 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome showed subclinical diastolic impairment without systolic involvement [3] . Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome showed few interstitial mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates, but no other substantial damage in the heart tissue [7] . A case report highlights myocarditis as a complication associated with COVID-19, even without symptoms and signs of interstitial pneumonia in an otherwise healthy 53-year-old white woman [8] . The authors concluded that the presence of the characteristic features of symmetric, multifocal lesions with thalamic involvement suggests that this is a case of acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy associated with COVID-19. Guillain Barre syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection: a case report doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00418-6 id = cord-342603-k0f33p3l author = Spyropoulos, Alex C. title = Scientific and Standardization Committee Communication: Clinical Guidance on the Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; VTE; patient summary = Hospitalized acutely-ill medical patients, including those with infections such as viral pneumonia, are at increased risk for VTE, and antithrombotic practice guidelines recommend thromboprophylaxis with twice-or thrice-daily subcutaneous unfractionated heparin (UFH) oncedaily subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), or fondaparinux to reduce this risk, although fondaparinux is infrequently used due to its long half-life and reversibility concerns [11, 12] . All rights reserved the absence of COVID-19-specific data, it is reasonable to consider extended-duration thromboprophylaxis with LMWH or a DOAC for at least 2 weeks and up to 6 weeks post-hospital discharge in selected COVID-19 patients who are at low risk for bleeding and with key VTE risk factors such as advanced age, stay in the ICU, cancer, a prior history of VTE, thrombophilia, severe immobility, an elevated D-dimer (>2 times ULN), and an IMPROVE VTE score of 4 or more. doi = 10.1111/jth.14929 id = cord-277916-b4yqek29 author = Sridhar, Arun R. title = QT Interval and Arrhythmic Safety of Hydroxychloroquine Monotherapy in Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ summary = In patients with serial ECGs, there was no significant change in the QTc interval in pre-specified subgroups of interest, including those with prevalent cardiovascular disease or baseline use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis inhibitors. 4, 5 Recent single-center studies evaluating the electrical effects of HCQ in combination with azithromycin (AZM) have identified clinically significant QT prolongation in up to 20% of patients 6, 7 and combination therapy was associated with an increased risk of inhospital cardiac arrest in one observational study. Taken together, in patients with COVID-19 treated with HCQ monotherapy, implementation of a systematic QT monitoring protocol demonstrated a low rate of clinically actionable QT prolongation and no instances of malignant arrhythmias or arrhythmic death. In this retrospective, cohort study of COVID-19 patients treated with HCQ monotherapy, there were no instances of malignant ventricular arrhythmias or arrhythmic cardiac arrest. doi = 10.1016/j.hroo.2020.06.002 id = cord-319382-97iwwsfg author = Sripadma, Dr. P.V. title = Postpartum Atypical Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in a COVID-19 patient- An Obstetric Emergency date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Postpartum Atypical Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in a COVID-19 patientAn Obstetric Emergency Encephalopathy in COVID-19 has been widely reported with several reports of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) speculated to be due to an abrupt surge in blood pressure caused by coronavirus disease. Encephalopathy in COVID-19 has been widely reported with several reports of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) speculated to be due to an abrupt surge in blood pressure caused by coronavirus disease. Though peripartum posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is well recognized, its atypical variant with hemorrhage is uncommon. Though peripartum posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is well recognized, its atypical variant with hemorrhage is uncommon. We present a case of postpartum atypical posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with good maternal and fetal outcome. We present a case of postpartum atypical posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with good maternal and fetal outcome. Atypical presentation of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: Clinical and radiological characteristics in eclamptic patients doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105357 id = cord-342498-f93jma3d author = Srivastava, A. title = Geographical Variation in COVID-19 Cases, Prevalence, Recovery and Fatality Rate by Phase of National Lockdown in India, March 14-May 29, 2020 date = 2020-06-05 keywords = Delhi; India; covid-19 summary = Method: Using publicly available compiled data on COVID-19, we estimated the trends in new cases, period-prevalence rate (PPR), case recovery rate (CRR), and case fatality ratio (CFR) at national, state and district level. Maharashtra (11 to 4,445 persons per day; total infected persons 107 to 53,343); Tamil Nadu (2 to 1,332 persons per day; total infected persons 18 to 15,995); Delhi (3 to 1086 persons per day; total infected persons 30 to 13,036); Gujarat (3 to 899 persons per day; total infected persons 34 to 10,786); Rajasthan (3 to 431 per day; total infected persons 32 to 5,179) and Madhya Pradesh (1 to 416 per day; total infected persons 7 to 4,993), though Kerala experienced the least increment in average prevalence of COVID-19 (11 to 54 per day; 109 to 650 total persons) at the end of the fourth lockdown(see Fig 4) . doi = 10.1101/2020.06.04.20122028 id = cord-241686-bzt6jsyi author = Srivastava, Ambrish Kumar title = In Silico Investigations on the Potential Inhibitors for COVID-19 Protease date = 2020-03-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This prompted us to perform a preliminary in silico study on the COVID-19 protease with anti-malarial compounds in the search of potential inhibitor. Among the seven studied compounds, mepacrine appears as the potential inhibitor of the COVID-19 followed by chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and phomarin. Based on the results of some clinical trials, it has been reported [11] that chloroquine phosphate, an anti-malarial drug, has a certain curative effect on the COVID-19. This motivated us to perform a systematic study on some anti-malarial drugs using molecular docking and reinvestigate their biological activities and pharmacological effects. To identify the potential binding sites for anti-malarial compounds, we have been performed an automated in silico molecular-docking procedure using the SwissDock web server [14, 15] , which is based on the docking algorithm EADock ESS. We have performed a systematic study on anti-malarial compounds in the search of potential inhibitors for novel coronavirus, COVID-19 protease. doi = nan id = cord-290041-zxlq63n5 author = Srivastava, Arnav title = Delaying Surgery for Clinical T1b-T2bN0M0 Renal Cell Carcinoma: Oncologic Implications in the COVID-19 Era and Beyond date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; delay; patient summary = MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively abstracted cT1b-T2bN0M0 RCC patients from the National Cancer Database (NCDB), stratifying them by clinical stage and time from diagnosis to surgery. 1 These delayed surgeries include many potentially curative urologic oncologic surgeries 2, 3 , such as partial and radical nephrectomies for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which remain the preferred curative treatment for localized kidney cancer. Our retrospective analysis using the NCDB is the largest study to date to examine the risks of surgical delay on up-staging and OS in cT1b-T2b RCC. 16 Additionally, our grouping points of <1 month, 1-3 months, >3 months were selected based on prior literature and our clinical practice during the COVID-19 pandemic where local institutions delayed most kidney cancer cases by 1-3 months. In most patients with clinically localized cT1b tumors, surgery may be safely delayed for up to 6 months without significant sacrifices in overall survival. Impact of Time-To-Surgery and Surgical Delay on Oncologic Outcomes for Renal Cell Carcinoma doi = 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.10.012 id = cord-274053-406dfdih author = Srivastava, Kamna title = Association between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease date = 2020-07-14 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells through ACE2 receptors, leading to COVID-19-related pneumonia. Search methods and strategies for identification of studies Literature search was performed in WHO reports, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and also in American Heart Association journals, Nature, JAMA, BMJ and THE LANCET journals using following terms:ACE2, coronavirus, COVID-19 and 2019-nCoV, COVID-19 and CVD, Cardiovascular Risk and Diseases to find articles published from January 05 to May 20, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 shares both high sequence similarity and the use of the same cell entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). In another study [43] , we have reported the role of Angiotensin type I receptor in patients with essential hypertension and normal healthy controls as pathological and physiological differential expression at mRNA and protein levels. In a report by Huang et al [3] myocardial injury associated with the SARS-CoV-2 was found in 5 of the first 41 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Wuhan. doi = 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100583 id = cord-302451-irb7rj7d author = Ssentongo, Anna E title = Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors and the risk of mortality in patients with hypertension hospitalised for COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-11-05 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; RAAS summary = We aimed to estimate the association of RAAS inhibitors, including ACE inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) with COVID-19 mortality risk in patients with hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: In this meta-analysis, with prior use of RAAS inhibitors was associated with lower risk mortality from COVID-19 in patients with hypertension. ► The findings of this systematic review and metaanalysis suggest that prior use of RAAS inhibitors is associated with a lower risk of mortality by 35% in patients with hypertension hospitalised for COVID19 disease and congested heart failure, may upregulate ACE2 expression and thus could increase the risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. 6 Comparison with other studies This review provides up-to-date results for the contribution of RAAS-inhibitor use on the lower risk of mortality in patients with hypertension hospitalised for COVID-19 by synthesising a large number of recently published studies. In this meta-analysis, prior use of RAAS inhibitors was associated with a lower risk mortality from COVID-19 in patients with hypertension. doi = 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001353 id = cord-290326-umv0q4d7 author = Stachowska, Ewa title = Nutritional Support in Coronavirus 2019 Disease date = 2020-06-12 keywords = ICU; covid-19; nutrition; patient summary = Consequently, due to lack of specific COVID-19 data, the recommendations in our review are based on viral and bacterial pneumonia studies, as well as recommendations made for critically ill patients. Nutritional treatment for critically ill patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (especially in case of respiratory and multiorgan failure) [22] is a key element of comprehensive treatment aimed to reduce the mortality. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) criteria for increased risk for aspiration are: inability to protect the airway, mechanical ventilation, age > 70 years, reduced level of consciousness, poor oral care, inadequate nurse: patient ratio, supine positioning, neurologic deficits, gastroesophageal reflux, transport out of the ICU, and use of bolus intermittent EN. Poor nutritional status is a prognostic factor for mortality in severe pneumonia and critical illness, especially for elderly patients. ESPEN and ASPEN guidelines for nutritional support in critical illness are applicable for COVID-19 patients requiring ICU support. doi = 10.3390/medicina56060289 id = cord-303741-1ou0cy5k author = Stafstrom, Carl E. title = COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children date = 2020-09-10 keywords = CNS; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; child; infection summary = An especially apropos case demonstrated maternal viremia, placental infection shown by immunohistochemistry, and high placental viral load with subsequent neonatal viremia, implying transplacental transfer of SARS-CoV-2 from pregnant mother to fetus [24] ; this newborn presented with neurological symptoms as discussed in Section 3. The lack of unequivocal reports of SARS-CoV-2 being recovered from the CSF of individuals affected with presumed neurological involvement nor in brain tissue from the limited number of autopsied cases strengthens the possibility that the virus does not often directly cause the symptoms but rather, that the neurological sequelae are secondary to hypoxia, cytokine involvement, or some other non-direct mechanism (see Section 6). Finally, 4 of 27 children with COVID-19 associated MIS-C developed new neurologic symptoms including encephalopathy, headache, weakness, ataxia, and dysarthria [81] ; two patients had lumbar punctures and CSF was negative for SARS-CoV-2 in both. doi = 10.3390/children7090133 id = cord-285993-n5fmah6a author = Stahl, Klaus title = Injury to the Endothelial Glycocalyx in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; Hpa-2 summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the so-called coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which is characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic patients to critically ill individuals with a high case fatality rate (1) . Here, we investigated in translational human and cellular studies whether injury to the eGC can be found in critically ill patients with COVID-19 early after admission to the ICU. Together, this indicates that critically ill patients with COVID-19 suffer from an acquired Hpa-2 deficiency that can contribute to the degradation of the eGC, maybe even before classical endothelial activation and injury. In conclusion, our data suggest that in critically ill patients with COVID-19, endothelial injury involves glycocalyx integrity, and acquired Hpa-2 deficiency might be a potential causative factor. We describe a recent case series of five patients rescued by VA-ECMO support combined with urgent chemotherapy for obstructive cardiogenic shock that revealed tumoral mediastinal syndrome. doi = 10.1164/rccm.202007-2676le id = cord-292195-k07io2qo author = Staib, Andrew title = Emergency Medicine’s COVID Future: facing the triple challenge after flattening the curve date = 2020-06-02 keywords = covid summary = In this new normal, Emergency Departments face the triple challenge of: 1) Management of COVID-19 patients EDs will continue to contribute to the management of confirmed COVID cases which are expected to occur as part of low-level community transmission and localized outbreaks and clusters. The pre-existing challenges of meeting increasing demand for Emergency care with limited resources will be compounded by the economic, social and health challenges that are as yet unquantified but are predictable consequences of Australia and New Zealand"s initial (and so As we move to a normalisation of ED attendances and the re-introduction of elective hospital activity, increased pressure on the available physical and human resources required to meet the demand of potential COVID cases will be felt. To successfully meet the triple challenge, hospitals and their Emergency Departments will need to develop refined dedicated "potential COVID" capability with appropriate staffing and physical resourcing. doi = 10.1111/1742-6723.13566 id = cord-354232-tunpb48l author = Stall, N. M. title = For-profit nursing homes and the risk of COVID-19 outbreaks and resident deaths in Ontario, Canada date = 2020-05-27 keywords = covid-19; profit summary = For-profit status was associated with both the size of a nursing home outbreak (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.96; 95% CI 1.26-3.05) and the number of resident deaths (aRR, 1.78; 95% CI 1.03-3.07), compared to non-profit homes. This included nursing home level data from the Long-Term Care Inspections Branch on the cumulative number of resident COVID-19 cases and deaths. Additional nursing home level data obtained from the Ontario Ministry of Long-Term Care included: number of licensed beds; the specific mix of bed occupancy types (one, two, or four residents per room); and the age of the nursing home''s design. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.25.20112664 doi: medRxiv preprint The significant association between the risk of a nursing home outbreak and the incidence of COVID-19 in the surrounding health region is consistent with emerging literature demonstrating that nursing home staff are important vectors for SARS-CoV-2 transmission (4, 31) . doi = 10.1101/2020.05.25.20112664 id = cord-272772-zqmychmr author = Stall, Nathan M. title = Finding the Right Balance: An Evidence-Informed Guidance Document to Support the Re-Opening of Canadian Nursing Homes to Family Caregivers and Visitors during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-03 keywords = Care; covid-19; family summary = Canada, and regions across the country begin phased re-openings, experts and advocates have 24 grown increasingly concerned that subsequent visiting policies and family caregiver access to 25 nursing home settings remain overly restrictive, causing substantial and potentially irreversible 26 harm to the health and wellbeing of residents. 4 A more balanced approach is needed that both 27 prevents the introduction of COVID-19 into nursing homes, but also allows family caregivers 28 and visitors to provide much needed contact, support and care to residents, to maintain their 29 overall health and wellbeing. These recommendations 68 focus on family caregivers and general visitors rather than essential support workers and nursing 69 home staff, and are made with the acknowledgement that the approach to visiting may need to be 70 dynamic based on the community prevalence of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.07.038 id = cord-310996-ihs9xbv8 author = Stang, Andreas title = Characteristics of COVID-19 pandemic and public health consequences date = 2020-04-24 keywords = covid-19 summary = It has been speculated that the total number of COVID-infected people is about five times higher than the official statistics. Due to the changing availability of corona testing and the changing conditions that must be met in order to test a suspected case of corona in Germany, the evaluation of the devel-opment of the daily number of newly confirmed corona infections is complicated. A review of 355 COVID-19 deaths in Italy showed that the mean age at diagnosis was 79.5 years (SD: 8.1) and 70% were male. However, as soon as the daily number of newly infected people decreases ("flatteningofthe curve")asiscurrentlythe case in Germany (. Fig. 1b, c) , age-, sex-, comorbidity-, region-, and setting-specific data on the infection rate and CF should help to set up targeted, that is, risk-adapted measures to contain the pandemic without severely restricting the entire economy and social life [3] . doi = 10.1007/s00059-020-04932-0 id = cord-285513-pkqos0s5 author = Stangvaltaite-Mouhat, Lina title = Dental Health Services Response to COVID-19 in Norway date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; Norway; dental summary = Therefore, the aim of this case study was to investigate how urgent dental health care was managed in Norway, what additional infection prevention and control measures were employed by dental staff and to assess the dental staff perception of risk and workplace preparedness. Out of the dental staff working in clinics designated to treat patients suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19, up to 20% reported not to have available respirators FFP2 or FFP3 standard or equivalent, gowns and aprons in their workplace; there was a significant difference among the county incidence categories. Dental staff in public sector, OR 0.3 (CI 0.2; 0.5) and those working at clinics not designated to treat patients suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19, OR 0.6 (0.4; 0.9) were less positive to preparedness of their workplace regarding infection control equipment. In the present study, the majority of the dental staff working at the clinics designated to treat patients suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19, reported to follow local guidelines for additional infection prevention and control developed by county and university. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165843 id = cord-275693-ej76fsxa author = Stanislau Affonso de Araujo, E. title = Teach, and teach and teach: does the average citizen use masks correctly during daily activities? Results from an observational study with more than 12,000 participants date = 2020-06-28 keywords = COVID-19; mask summary = This is among the first studies, to the best of our knowledge, that measures real life compliance with face masks during this COVID-19 pandemic. To evaluate if, how often, and in what way people wear their face masks, we conducted an observational study in five major cities in the Baixada Santista metropolitan area with a sample of over 12,000 observations. For three consecutive days, for a period of one hour, the same researcher occupied the same spot on the same street, at the same time, and observed and recorded if, how many, and in what way, people were wearing their face masks. We found that only 45.1% of people wore face masks properly and safely in a research sample observed in a region with significant prevalence of COVID-19, among people at high risk of infection (because of poverty and high prevalence) and complications (due to age and pre-existing health conditions). doi = 10.1101/2020.06.25.20139907 id = cord-347126-hvrly37e author = Stanton, Robert title = Depression, Anxiety and Stress during COVID-19: Associations with Changes in Physical Activity, Sleep, Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Australian Adults date = 2020-06-07 keywords = COVID-19; change; health; physical summary = title: Depression, Anxiety and Stress during COVID-19: Associations with Changes in Physical Activity, Sleep, Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Australian Adults The combined effect of changes in lifestyle behaviors; confinement to the home through government restrictions in travel; and elevated depression, anxiety and stress associated with the current COVID-19 pandemic, may have significant negative impacts on sleep [14] . Therefore, the present study aims to examine associations between depression, anxiety and stress and changes in health behaviors, including physical activity, sleep, smoking and alcohol use subsequent to the onset of COVID-19 and the implementation of social isolation rules in Australia. The present study examined the association between depression, anxiety and stress and the change in health behaviors of physical activity, sleep, smoking and alcohol use subsequent to the onset of COVID-19, as individual health behaviors and as a health behavior change index composite score. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17114065 id = cord-324714-mym5xi23 author = Staunton, Peter title = Regional Trauma Patterns During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; trauma summary = In comparison to the corresponding time-period in 2019, trauma theatre activity reduced by almost one half (45.3%) Conclusion The majority of trauma referred to our Dublin based centre during COVID-19 related population restrictions appears to be home based and trauma volumes have decreased. Trauma and orthopaedic units, in Ireland amongst others, have cancelled non-urgent elective surgery, moved to virtual based clinics, and made fundamental changes to the provision of trauma(3). Symptomatic of the potential impact on trauma provision, the British Orthopaedic Association have released a pandemic specific BOAST guideline to support practitioners in making difficult treatment decisions during this time(4). Theatre activity data in the three trauma hospitals was collected for the corresponding time-period in 2019 and 2020 to allow for year on year comparison. Trauma and orthopaedic service provision is changing in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. BOAST -Management of patients with urgent orthopaedic conditions and trauma during the coronavirus pandemic2020 doi = 10.1016/j.surge.2020.08.003 id = cord-283850-kt8n6pg2 author = Steardo, Luca title = Psychiatric face of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-30 keywords = CNS; COVID-19; IL-6; SARS; brain; inflammatory summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), similarly to other coronaviruses demonstrate neurotropism; the viral infection of the brain stem may complicate the course of the disease through damaging central cardio-respiratory control. Post-mortem analysis of nervous tissue from tissue of a 54 years-old man who died from severe respiratory failure associated with COVID-19 identified SARS-COV-2 viral particles in the olfactory nerve, in the gyrus rectus and in the brainstem with signs of profound damage to all elements of the tissue including glial cells, neurones, their axons and myelin 37 . Infection with SARS-CoV-2 (even in moderate clinical cases) thus promotes cognitive disorders with emergence of delirium, acute psychosis, exacerbation of mild cognitive impairment or with accelerating of dementia associated with various neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer''s disease (AD) 85, 86 . Patients with COVID-19 could present with a wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms, which result from systemic inflammation, CNS effects of cytokines, infection of neural cells by SARS-COV-2, neuroinflammation, glial dysfunction or aberrant epigenetic modifications of stress-related genes. doi = 10.1038/s41398-020-00949-5 id = cord-290195-8uaai9nv author = Stebbing, Justin title = Mechanism of baricitinib supports artificial intelligence‐predicted testing in COVID‐19 patients date = 2020-05-30 keywords = Fig; IL-6; SARS; baricitinib; covid-19; patient summary = Furthermore, baricitinib treatment resulted in a significant reduction (p<0.05) from baseline in plasma IL-6 at week 12 in patients with active RA who had an inadequate response to methotrexate from a phase 2b (Tanaka, Emoto et al., 2016) , randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study (Fig. 1B) . As shown in Figure 3A , all four patients showed improvement with baricitinib treatment in signs and symptoms such as cough, fever, and reduction in plasma IL-6 levels, along with a reduction in the SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load, as detected by the real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) signal from the nasopharyngeal carriage. Therefore, the impact of baricitinib on the subsequent development of protective humoral and cell-mediated anti-viral immunity in COVID-19 patients must be evaluated in randomized clinical trials (Ottoviani & Stebbing, 2020) . The finding that baricitinib is a potent AAK1/BIKE/GAK inhibitor that may reduce host cell infectivity, along with reaffirmation of its anti-cytokine profile, provide reasons to study this intervention in randomized clinical trials. doi = 10.15252/emmm.202012697 id = cord-283048-hyjzofps author = Steele, Edward J. title = Origin of new emergent Coronavirus and Candida fungal diseases—Terrestrial or cosmic? date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; Candida; China; Wickramasinghe; Wuhan summary = The origins and global spread of two recent, yet quite different, pandemic diseases is discussed and reviewed in depth: Candida auris, a eukaryotic fungal disease, and COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), a positive strand RNA viral respiratory disease. 5-7, particularly the symmetrical pattern in Fig. 7 it actually looks like a huge viral bomb explosion took place near or over Wuhan and then the radial fall-out of the disease causing viral particles to land on the millions of people either laterally or from above-some of those infected would be susceptible and who then have succumbed to the respiratory illness (in Appendix A, in relation to the expected fall of viruses through the stratosphere is an analysis by way of quantitative analogy, of the expectation of radioactive fall-out patterns from an atmospheric nuclear test in 1958). doi = 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.04.002 id = cord-324676-pz4rg6up author = Stefanini, Giulio G. title = ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Patients With COVID-19: Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; STEMI summary = We aimed to evaluate incidence, clinical presentation, angiographic findings, and clinical outcomes of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in patients with All hospitals with catherization laboratories in Lombardy were contacted to collect cases of patients with confirmed COVID-19 who underwent an urgent coronary angiogram because of STEMI between February 20, 2020 (date of first COVID-19 case in Lombardy) and March 30, 2020. Our findings provide relevant evidence showing that, although all patients had a typical STEMI presentation, angiography demonstrated the absence of a culprit lesion in 39.3% of cases, therefore excluding a type 1 myocardial infarction. A recent document from the American College of Cardiology''s Interventional Council and the Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention discusses how to guarantee state-of-the-art treatment as well as the safety of healthcare providers involved in management of STEMI in the context of a COVID-19 outbreak. In approximately 40% of patients with COVID-19 with STEMI, a culprit lesion is not identifiable by coronary angiography. doi = 10.1161/circulationaha.120.047525 id = cord-291226-xdq2edy0 author = Stefely, Jonathan A. title = Marked factor V activity elevation in severe COVID‐19 is associated with venous thromboembolism date = 2020-08-24 keywords = DIC; covid-19 summary = To begin testing the hypothesis that factor V activity elevation is associated with COVID-19, we measured a panel of coagulation parameters in the earliest available specimen from the first 102 SARS-CoV-2 positive patient specimens submitted to our coagulation laboratory without any exclusion criteria, 17 contemporaneous controls, and 260 to 478 historical controls per test prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a validated clinical laboratory assay, we found factor V activity to be markedly elevated in many patients in this severe COVID-19 cohort (median 150 IU/dL, n = 102) compared to the expected reference median value of 100 IU/dL activity (Figures 1A and 1B) . Compared to all patient specimens tested in our laboratory during the four years prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (April 2016 -February 2020) (n = 446), factor V activity was significantly higher in our cohort of patients with severe COVID-19 (COVID-19 median 150 IU/dL, historical control median 81 IU/dL, P < 1x10 -32 ) ( Figure 1A ). doi = 10.1002/ajh.25979 id = cord-302310-16myb2n5 author = Steffens, Ines title = A hundred days into the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = International organisations such as the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control have used novel technologies and open access resources as well as official reporting data to trace the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. A number of studies in various settings determined the basic reproductive number R 0 to be within the range of 2-3 [9, 10] ; the incubation period was determined as ranging from 1 to 14 days with an average of 5-6 days; transmission through droplets was established as the main mode of transmission; the clinical picture that emerged included a wide range from mild symptoms with fever, sore throat and cough to severe pneumonias with characteristic features on computed tomography scans; in Hubei, China, up to 13.8% of laboratory-confirmed patients had severe disease, 6.1% were critically ill and the case fatality rate among all COVID-19 cases was 2.3% [11] . The WHO declared COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January and a pandemic on 11 March [18, 19] . First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in France: surveillance, investigations and control measures doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.14.2000550 id = cord-326969-4f9djufi author = Stein, Richard A. title = When Public Health Crises Collide: Social Disparities and COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; ethnic summary = What makes these observations remarkable is that hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, which are risk factors for more severe or fatal COVID-19 [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] , are exactly the chronic conditions that have long been recognized as disproportionately affecting racial/ethnic minorities and socioeconomically disfavored individuals and groups [14] . Racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities also shape inequities in the access to mental health care [49] [50] [51] [52] . Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities are conducive to the development of chronic medical conditions that could increase the risk of severe COVID-19, widening the disparities and accentuating the chronic disease burden and, as a result, further marginalizing already vulnerable individuals and groups. The obesity epidemic in the United States--gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and metaregression analysis Racial and ethnic disparities in diabetes complications in the northeastern United States: the role of socioeconomic status doi = 10.1111/ijcp.13524 id = cord-353445-0n51j2jo author = Stein-Zamir, Chen title = A large COVID-19 outbreak in a high school 10 days after schools’ reopening, Israel, May 2020 date = 2020-07-23 keywords = covid-19; school summary = Testing of the complete school community revealed 153 students (attack rate: 13.2%) and 25 staff members (attack rate: 16.6%) who were COVID-19 positive. Testing of the complete school community revealed 153 students (attack rate: 13.2%) and 25 staff members (attack rate: 16.6%) who were COVID-19 positive. Testing of the complete school community revealed 153 students (attack rate: 13.2%) and 25 staff members (attack rate: 16.6%) who were COVID-19 positive. According to the epidemiological investigation, both students attended school during the days of 19-21 May and reported mild symptoms (anosmia, ageusia, fever and headache). With the emergence of two unrelated cases within 2 days, the district health office declared an ''outbreak status'' including school closure, isolation instructions and testing of the school community. In a study in New York State, Kawasaki-like disease and myocarditis have been linked to COVID-19 infection, with the condition termed multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) in children [11] . doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.29.2001352 id = cord-258976-w2up63o9 author = Steinberg, Eric title = In Young Adults with COVID-19, Obesity Is Associated with Adverse Outcomes date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We sought to identify whether adverse outcomes such as mortality, need for mechanical ventilation, or hospitalization are associated with obesity, particularly in COVID-19 patients 45 years and younger. Although previous studies representing different cohorts address obesity when describing clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients, we are the first to address obesity as a potential independent risk factor for adverse outcomes specific to adults 45 years old and under with COVID-19. A recent, single-center study from New York University concluded that obesity in adults under 60 is a risk factor for hospital admission and need for intensive care but did not investigate mortality or need for mechanical ventilation. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Obesity in Patients Younger Than 60 Years Is a Risk Factor for Covid-19 Hospital Admission doi = 10.5811/westjem.2020.5.47972 id = cord-335386-eflyypev author = Steinman, Jonathan Baruch title = Reduced development of COVID-19 in children reveals molecular checkpoints gating pathogenesis illuminating potential therapeutics date = 2020-10-06 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; TMPRSS2 summary = Exploring why the pediatric population is generally far less likely to develop COVID-19, even though their rate of infection is similar to adults (10), may offer productive clues, enabling strategies for (1) Coronavirus associated with common colds in children may offer some protection due to cross-reactive T cell immunity and crossreactive antibody immunity between common coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2, and due to reduced ACE2 in nasal mucosa of children. A reasonable conjecture might be that, if ACE2 and/or TMPRSS2 expression is diminished in children, then viral infection of respiratory cells by SARS-CoV-2 might be less likely at any given viral load, and, additionally, there might be reduced expression of associated inflammatory modules. T[h]2 inflammation may predispose individuals to experience better COVID-19 outcomes through a decrease in airway levels of ACE2 that override any countervailing effect from increased expression of TMPRSS2." It is indeed surprising that the Th2 immune type associated with allergic diseases including asthma, and with eosinophilia, provides some protection to COVID-19 in children. doi = 10.1073/pnas.2012358117 id = cord-277529-z2r14w2k author = Stella, Alessandro title = Familial Mediterranean Fever and COVID-19: Friends or Foes? date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; MEFV; Pyrin; SARS summary = We were intrigued by the remarkable overlap between these clinical manifestations and some of the typical manifestations of Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF), a largely recessively inherited monogenic inflammasomopathy (autoinflammatory disorder involving the inflammasome) caused by mutations in the MEFV gene that is particularly prevalent in the Mediterranean basin (14) . It is tempting to speculate that FMF patients carrying V726A and R761H variants-which represents the wild type residues in all bats and pangolin sequences-might modulate better their cytokine response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the severity of COVID-19 disease in FMF patients, once infected, might be influenced, at least partially, depending on specific MEFV genotypes which shows country-specific differences. FMF, in which Pyrin activity and consequent ASC oligomerization are increased because of MEFV pathogenic variants, may therefore represent a unique opportunity as a disease model to investigate the regulation of the inflammatory response to novel emerging viruses. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574593 id = cord-147853-h9t7sp4z author = Stephany, Fabian title = The CoRisk-Index: A data-mining approach to identify industry-specific risk assessments related to COVID-19 in real-time date = 2020-03-27 keywords = COVID-19; SEC; report; risk summary = The study presented here investigates a potential data source that could provide an empirical basis to identify industry-specific economic risks related to COVID-19 and to inform models on the economic effects of the current crisi. While not all sectors of the economy mention severe short-term risk factors due to the corona-crisis, the dense integration of business activities between all parts of the economy implies that adverse effects of the crisis could likely spread from currently affected industries to others over time. Working hypothesis: SEC 10-K reports contain corona-related information, which allow to track the industryspecific economic risk assessments in near real-time as the economic crisis unfolds. While a one-dimensional categorisation of risk assessments tends to over-simplify the crisis firms are facing, it allows to compare the different industries and to identify those parts of the economy, which currently report more or less severe effecs due to the immediate economic consequences of the pandemic. doi = nan id = cord-298682-5heb9biz author = Stephen, Shine title = COVID-19: Weighing the Endeavors of Nations, with Time to Event Analysis date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; January; March summary = Two days later, a public health emergency was declared, which barred entry to foreign nationals who had visited COVID-19 affected nations (China, Iran, United Kingdom, Ireland, or the 26 European countries) in the past 2 weeks. A human bio-security emergency was declared on March 18 th owing to the hazard to human health caused by COVID-19, and stringent measures were imposed with the shutting down of non-essential services, urging vulnerable people to stay indoors, social distancing rule of 4 square meters per person in an enclosed space (which was later modified to include only 2 people who could meet in public places). By mid-March all non-essential businesses were shut down along with schools, entertainment venues, and public gatherings were While the government declared a state of emergency, the fight against the pandemic was driven by public health authorities deploying a policy of prompting people to use face masks, hand sanitizers, practice social distancing, and staying at home. doi = 10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.4.02 id = cord-297638-ab70s980 author = Stephens, Angela J. title = General Guidelines in the Management of an Obstetrical Patient on the Labor and Delivery Unit during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; Medicine; delivery; patient summary = 31 Additionally, this trial also demonstrated increased maternal morbidity, such as hemorrhage and infection, associated with expectant management of PPROM after 34 weeks that would further increase exposure to different medical personnel, movement between different hospital settings (i.e., labor, operating room, and intensive care unit), and overall length of stay. Although there has been a recent trend to allow a longer second stage of labor in hope of reducing the cesarean delivery rate due to failure to progress in the second stage, a prolonged second stage may be ill advised during the COVID-19 pandemic due to an increased risk of respiratory secretion exposures to visitors and medical personnel. An Analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes Intentional early delivery versus expectant management for preterm premature rupture of membranes at 28-32 weeks'' gestation: a multicentre randomized controlled trial (MICADO STUDY) doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1710308 id = cord-315297-o8mwmjql author = Stephens, Elizabeth H. title = COVID-19: Crisis Management in Congenital Heart Surgery date = 2020-04-14 keywords = covid-19; patient; surgery summary = This document is not meant to be a guideline but is designed to provide guidance for decision-making as we face unparalleled challenges related to congenital cardiac surgery care during this pandemic. Many factors pertaining to an individual case must be weighed, including: 1) resource-utilization, such as anticipated ventilator duration, intensive care unit stay, blood product usage, and other supplies that are or may become limited, 2) clinical status of the patient and risk of delaying surgery, 3) risk of exposure for the patient, family, and healthcare staff, and 4) co-morbidities and complexity of the procedure with implications on the usage of hospital resources, 5) in teaching hospitals, training may have to be curtailed and the most experienced surgeons used liberally, and 6) the safety of the patient''s social and clinical situation if surgery is delayed. Institutions may re-deploy members of the congenital cardiac surgery team to other patient-care settings, further depleting resources and also increasing exposure. doi = 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.04.001 id = cord-333327-r7yqk8tm author = Stephens, Elizabeth H. title = Courage, Fortitude, and Effective Leadership of Surgical Teams During COVID-19 date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID; care; health summary = 1, 2 In this commentary, we discuss the factors that test our emotional resilience during this time and how we, as leaders of our surgical teams, can foster fortitude in ourselves and those around us, to ultimately provide the best care possible for our patients. As surgeons who are most comfortable being in control, our personal and professional lives can feel out of control when uncertainty is present-uncertainty regarding the timeline of reactivation, duration and safety of delay for patients, the constantly changing screening protocols, what protective equipment is most appropriate and what is available, the timing and magnitude of resurgence(s), and the future health of ourselves, our team members, and our families. One recent study based on the COVID experience in China identified that the most impactful factors associated with stress among health care workers were personal safety, concern for their families, and patient mortality. doi = 10.1177/2150135120938330 id = cord-309823-fwa6mpb9 author = Stergachis, Andy title = Preparing pharmacy for the surge of patients with COVID-19: Lessons from China date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 3 Furthermore, pharmacists have demonstrated the importance of their roles as key partners to public health agencies by dispensing critical drugs and other medical products, providing patient care services, administering vaccines, and providing information to the public during pandemics and other emergencies. 4, 5 In this issue, Hua et al 6 describe pharmaceutical services in a large module hospital, that is, an alternative care site, in Wuhan, China, for treating patients with COVID-19. The pharmaceutical department of Wuhan Union Medical College Hospital established a pharmacy command structure that oversaw the design and implementation of the module hospital''s drug supply, drug dispensing, quality control of medicines, and clinical pharmaceutical care. 10 Despite these few limitations, this paper provides the health care and public health communities with information that may be helpful when planning for medication-related services for alternative care settings. Pharmacy administration and pharmaceutical care practice in module hospital under COVID-19 epidemic doi = 10.1016/j.japh.2020.04.005 id = cord-034373-7v7r44do author = Stevens, Jennifer P. title = Healthcare’s earthquake: Lessons from complex adaptive systems to develop Covid-19-responsive measures and models date = 2020-10-23 keywords = covid-19; health summary = As described by Sargut and McGrath, one of the biggest challenges health care leaders face in dealing with complex systems is the "vantage point" problem,1 where the individual actors and leaders are unable to truly see the whole,2 especially in rare events like Covid-19. While these systems primarily create a shared mental model for action, resource demands, and communications, they also bring to the fore additional voices and vantage points for managing health care delivery beyond the bounds of the immediate surge, including which metrics to follow and how to evaluate data. Finally, as health care systems face increasing shifts in the pandemic, we propose identifying forecasting tools that provide opportunities to learn about the complex system of our health care environment and Covid-19 itself, rather than depending on unrealistic assumptions. The result is a forecasting model that leverages the principles of complexity to guide hospital leadership, providing weekly updates to a group of health care leaders about how and when a new surge of infections may arrive.12 doi = 10.1056/cat.20.0505 id = cord-324204-y8eckkyb author = Stevens, Michael P. title = Involving antimicrobial stewardship programs in COVID-19 response efforts: All hands on deck date = 2020-03-13 keywords = covid-19 summary = To the Editor-To our knowledge, no formal recommendations exist for the inclusion of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) in disaster planning or emergency response preparedness efforts. The current SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 outbreak highlights numerous opportunities where ASPs can support emerging pathogen response and planning efforts. An informal Twitter poll was initiated on March 1, 2020, asking the infectious diseases and antimicrobial stewardship communities whether ASPs at their health systems had been involved in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 outbreak response or preparation. 2 Response efforts to novel respiratory viruses like SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 represent an opportunity for programs to formally integrate, to develop crosscoverage capabilities, and to create shared leadership opportunities. ASPs can support SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 response efforts in numerous ways within the context of their normal daily activities. We recommend that hospital epidemiology programs strongly consider integrating their ASP colleagues into disaster preparedness plans as well as identify a more formal role for stewards in their operations beyond the current COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.69 id = cord-255208-rbko9ecz author = Stevens, Ryan W. title = Time to Treat: Applying Lessons Learned from Other Viral Syndromes to SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19; therapy summary = Herein we describe the potential impact of time to therapy initiation on outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and detail the existing data surrounding this topic in relation to remdesivir, convalescent plasma, lopinavir/ritonavir, and hydroxychloroquine. A bulk of published COVID-19 literature to date has consisted of small observational studies, early reports of larger-scale retrospective data, and few randomized, controlled clinical trials. In theory this may also hold true for SARS-CoV-2, where earlier initiation of antiviral therapy during the early postexposure, minimally symptomatic phase, being likely to result in the greatest possible clinical benefit in the form of shortening the duration of illness, viral shedding, modulating the immune response, and subsequent prevention of hospitalization. For example, a study from China demonstrated that patients who received treatment within 6 days of symptom onset demonstrated shorter times to viral clearance as compared to those who received later therapy initiation. doi = 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2020.09.010 id = cord-280695-r3oldfaj author = Stewart, Cameron title = COVID-19 and Australian Prisons: Human Rights, Risks, and Responses date = 2020-11-09 keywords = COVID-19; Rowson; australian summary = This article examines the current regulatory responses from Australian state and territory governments to COVID-19 and a recent case which tested the human rights of prisoners during a pandemic. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) issued a joint statement urging … political leaders to consider limiting the deprivation of liberty, including pretrial detention, to a measure of last resort, particularly in the case of overcrowding, and to enhance efforts to resort to non-custodial measures. (Anthony 2020, ¶4 under "Why releasing some prisoners is the best option") Anthony (2020) called attention to the disproportionate risk on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, given their over-representation in Australian prisons and raised concerns about overcrowding and the impact of poorer health on susceptibility to COVID-19 transmission. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10054-3 id = cord-338600-wpfcxnyu author = Stewart, Cameron title = Mental Capacity Assessments for COVID-19 Patients: Emergency Admissions and the CARD Approach date = 2020-11-09 keywords = capacity; covid-19; patient summary = Valid consent requires an appropriate standard of information provision and of voluntariness and, crucially, for patients to demonstrate the capacity to make decisions about their medical treatment (Lamont, Stewart, and Chiarella 2016a, 2016b) . In this article we define mental capacity, restate the legal test, and provide practical advice on how to assess the capacity of COVID-19 patients in emergency and critical care settings, including a short list of questions which flag capacity issues which we refer to as the CARD approach. Capacity forms the basis of the legal doctrines of consent to treatment (the process of gaining permission to treat) and informed consent (the duty to provide material information regarding the nature, purpose, benefits, and risks of having or not having treatment (see Reibl v Hughes [1980] The common law test for mental capacity, which emerged from the case of Re C (Adult: Refusal of Treatment) [1994] 1 WLR 290 (see Box 1), requires a patient to be able to 1. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10055-2 id = cord-254628-706vpjsv author = Stewart, Claire R. title = Safeguarding Dermatologist Attendings and Residents Amid the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Focus on Special Populations date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 1 Despite appropriate precautions to reduce transmission risk, many dermatology faculty, residents, staff, and their families are at increased risk for COVID-19 infection while caring for patients. As stay at home orders expire, delayed surgeries and in-person semi-urgent appointments will be scheduled, with increased patient volume and heightened COVID-19 infection risk. 2 Those with comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, are at even higher risk for hospitalization substantiated by a case series of 5700 individuals hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 infection. 5 While limited data is available on pregnant women with COVID-19, early reports and lessons from other severe respiratory infections, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, suggest that pregnant women may be at increased risk for complications. To reduce risk of COVID-19 infection acquired in the workplace, we must maintain an adequate supply of personal protective equipment (PPE) and enforce social distancing. doi = 10.1111/dth.13749 id = cord-350177-j9wyrfse author = Stewart, John A. title = ILCOR’s revised Covid-19 defibrillation recommendation requires a new approach to training date = 2020-11-07 keywords = covid-19 summary = The new recommendation calls for sending one caregiver into the isolation room in order to initiate bedside monitoring and defibrillate if indicated, while the code team is donning their personal protective equipment. With their recent revision, the International Liaison Committee on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation''s (ILCOR''s) guidelines reflect these PPE guidelines but also specifically identify defibrillation as unlikely to generate aerosols, consequently recommending that hospitals "consider attempting defibrillation [for patients with tachyarrhythmic arrests] before donning personal protective equipment (PPE) for aerosol generating procedures" and before starting chest compressions [2] -echoing an approach developed in 2003 in response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) crisis [3] . If defibrillation was successful, the code would likely be shortened, thus decreasing the risk of Covid-19 transmission to caregivers while also giving the patient a decent chance to survive. Focused defibrillation training promises to decrease confusion and delay in Covid-19 resuscitation efforts. Abbreviations PPE: Personal protective equipment; AGP: Aerosol generating procedure; ILCOR: International liaison committee on cardiopulmonary resuscitation doi = 10.1186/s13049-020-00804-y id = cord-339645-0babe90b author = Stewart, Ruth title = Evidence synthesis communities in low-income and middle-income countries and the COVID-19 response date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Weak health systems in LMICs are generally struggling to make the necessary responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and the prevalence of comorbidities are putting our populations at increased risk of the direct and indirect consequences of the pandemic. 8 In many countries, these challenges have come on top of entrenched economic, social, and political pressures and present considerable demands on researchers seeking to generate evidence in the COVID-19 response. Despite these practical challenges, above and beyond those faced by all researchers producing rapid reviews during this period, 10 our networks continue to generate evidence syntheses to support our governments and strengthen their capacities and resilience. We need action from individuals, organisations, govern ments, and donors to enable and sustain the generation and use of evidence synthesis in LMICs if we are to tackle COVID-19 globally. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32141-3 id = cord-325309-c9zuh7xs author = Stickley, A. title = COVID-19 preventive behaviors among people with anxiety and depression: Findings from Japan date = 2020-06-20 keywords = covid-19; preventive summary = This study used cross-sectional online survey data from 2000 Japanese adults collected in April and May, 2020, to examine the association between anxiety and depression and COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Results from logistic regression analyses showed that both anxiety and depression were associated with lower odds for engaging in preventive behaviors such as wearing a face mask and hand washing. Against this backdrop, the current study will examine the effects of anxiety and depression on COVID-19 preventive behaviors in a sample of the Japanese general population. This study used data from 2000 Japanese adults collected in April and May 2020 to examine the association between mental health status and COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Until now there has been little focus on the association between mental health and protective behaviors pertaining to the prevention of infectious disease although our results agree in part with those from a recent study from China, which showed that depressive symptoms may inhibit preventive behaviors in response to the COVID-19 pandemic (Liu et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1101/2020.06.19.20135293 id = cord-318737-b32tk5ze author = Stickley, Andrew title = COVID-19 preventive behaviours among people with anxiety and depressive symptoms: Findings from Japan date = 2020-10-10 keywords = covid-19; preventive summary = Information was obtained on 13 COVID-19 preventive behaviours, and anxiety and depressive symptoms using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), respectively. Results In models adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic factors, anxiety (Coefficient: -0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.30,-0.24) and depressive symptoms (Coefficient: -0.82, 95%CI: -1.34,-0.30) were both associated with significantly lower engagement in COVID-19 preventive behaviours. 3 Support for the notion that CMDs might be associated with increased engagement in preventive behaviours also comes from another study from Hong Kong, which recently found that people with symptoms of anxiety were more likely to adopt social distancing measures in response to the threat of COVID-19. 5 The current study will examine the effects of anxiety and depressive symptoms on COVID-19 preventive behaviours in a sample of the Japanese general population. In the second analysis the association between anxiety and depressive symptoms and each of the individual preventive behaviours was examined using binomial logistic regression. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.017 id = cord-328645-twl80ql1 author = Stickley, Andrew title = Loneliness and COVID-19 preventive behaviours among Japanese adults date = 2020-09-03 keywords = covid-19; loneliness; preventive summary = RESULTS: In linear regression models adjusted for demographic and mental health variables, both dichotomous and continuous loneliness measures were negatively associated with engaging in COVID-19 preventive behaviours. 8,9 Evidence suggests that the trajectory of loneliness may have remained stable during the early phase of the pandemic but at a high level for many people, 10 while a number of studies have linked feeling lonely to worse mental health including depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recent research has linked worse psychological health (anxiety, depression) to poorer COVID-19 preventive behaviours, 14 while earlier studies have shown an association between loneliness and lower medical adherence. This study used data from 2000 Japanese adults collected in the early phase of the ongoing pandemic to examine the association between loneliness and the use of COVID-19 preventive behaviours. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa151 id = cord-277833-x81ni7m5 author = Stienen, Martin N. title = COVID-19 in Europe: Le roi est mort, vive le roi! date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; Europe summary = 4, 5 In the past couple of weeks, the COVID-19 crisis with its near 2.5 million confirmed cases (170,000 casualties) has fundamentally impacted our practice as spine surgeons worldwide, as it has exerted a significant effect on us as human beings. Most spine surgeons in the public sector in Europe are employed by hospitals -on more or less fixed salary -without major economic pressure to operate and with the comfortable protection of high social security standards for a system-relevant profession. It is sad but very likely that the heavy blow of this crisis is yet to come: as the European economy continues to bleed out, unemployment and poverty are on the rise, which has a well-known and long-lasting (spanning over several generations) negative effect on bodily and mental health. The patient fulfills certain risk factors for unfavorable course in case of COVID-19 infection and according to the NASS (North American Spine Society) guidelines he would qualify for "elective" or potentially for "urgent" care. doi = 10.14245/ns.2040202.105 id = cord-158545-qp5aemzw author = Stier, Andrew J. title = COVID-19 attack rate increases with city size date = 2020-03-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Here, we estimate the growth rates and reproductive numbers of COVID-19 in US cities from March 14th through March 19th to reveal a power-law scaling relationship to city population size. This means that COVID-19 is spreading faster on average in larger cities with the additional implication that, in an uncontrolled outbreak, larger fractions of the population are expected to become infected in more populous urban areas. The growth rate of COVID-19 cases is approximately 2.4 times faster in New York-Newark-Jersey compared to Oak Harbour, WA (b) In the absence of effective controls, larger cities are expected to have more extensive epidemics than smaller cities, Eq. Second, the size of an epidemic outbreak, as measured by the percent of the population that becomes infected, is also related to the reproductive number. In order to estimate the reproductive number R we multiplied the growth rate of each city, r, by an average infections period of 1/γ = 4.5 days and adding one (see below). doi = nan id = cord-322580-7ohso8hl author = Stochino, Claudia title = Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and active tuberculosis co-infection in an Italian reference hospital date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Patients with active TB admitted to the hospital were analysed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on their clinical course as well as radiologic and laboratory consequences of the co-infection. $ at COVID-19 diagnosis compared to the last available CXR result; ^ isoniazid-resistance was detected only through genotypic drugsusceptibility test; * lung pattern at chest radiography; ** lung pattern at chest computed tomography scan; £ ferritin was n ot routinely assessed but was part of a set of exams to perform only in patients affected by COVID-19, however, due to the lag obtaining the swab results for SARS-CoV-2 it was not included; & Frequent blood transfusions to treat severe anaemia due to sickle cell disease; ‡ O2 supply ex novo; § O2 supply at admission ad then stopped; # oxygen supply was required temporarily due to pleural blebs rupture and consequent pneumothorax. doi = 10.1183/13993003.01708-2020 id = cord-341527-03rh966o author = Stockton, John title = Dexmedetomidine and worsening hypoxemia in the setting of COVID-19: A case report date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Here, we report a case of dexmedetomidine use in the setting of worsening hypoxemia, whereby oxygenation improved and intubation was avoided. Well known pharmacologic properties of the drug, namely the lack of respiratory depression and its anti-delirium effects, as well as other possible physiologic effects, suggest potential benefit for patients being managed with a delayed intubation approach. If dexmedetomidine can improve compliance with non-invasive oxygen support (the current recommended first-line therapy) while promoting better oxygenation, it may also decrease the need for mechanical ventilation and thus improve mortality. While early intubation was the initial recommended strategy for COVID-19 hypoxemia, a large case series in the US as well as data coming out of Britain, China, and Italy suggests a high mortality for patients requiring invasive ventilation [2] . In this case, we believe dexmedetomidine helped one patient avoid mechanical ventilation by improving compliance with non-invasive ventilation and promoting better oxygenation. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.066 id = cord-277765-koa8ao10 author = Stoddard, M. title = COVID-19 isolation and containment strategies for ships: Lessons from the USS Theodore Roosevelt outbreak date = 2020-11-07 keywords = COVID-19; Roosevelt; outbreak summary = We assumed disease dynamics in this period reflect the underlying rate of disease spread before outbreak response measures such as increased testing-based isolation and mass evacuation began impacting the number of cases. The Navy employed two strategies to control the Roosevelt outbreak: removal of sailors at random by mass evacuation and targeted removal of sailors who tested positive by isolation (either onboard or onshore) (LaGrone, Jun 2020). In Figure 2 , we assess the impact of a mass evacuation-based outbreak mitigation strategy, in which testing is absent and sailor removals are exposure-agnostic. The selected strategy involves evacuation of 5% of crew members daily until 10% of the initial crew remains; testing at a rate of 10% of the total crew daily; and immediate implementation of both measures at the time of detection of the first case ( Figure 6 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.11.05.20226712 id = cord-294557-4h0sybiy author = Stogiannos, N. title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the radiology department: What radiographers need to know date = 2020-06-04 keywords = CXR; PPE; covid-19; patient summary = Objectives include to: i) outline pathophysiology and basic epidemiology useful for radiographers, ii) discuss the role of medical imaging in the diagnosis of Covid-19, iii) summarise national and international guidelines of imaging Covid-19, iv) present main clinical and imaging findings and v) summarise current safety recommendations for medical imaging practice. CXR imaging of suspected or confirmed Covid-19 cases should be performed with portable equipment within specifically designated isolated rooms for eliminating the risks of cross-infection within the Radiology department. After the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, many professional bodies and learned societies have been quick to issue official guidelines on how medical imaging should optimally be performed for early diagnosis and related management of these patients, but also how staff should be protected from cross-infection. Chest radiographic and CT findings of the 2019 novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): analysis of nine patients treated in Korea Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1016/j.radi.2020.05.012 id = cord-355578-z4rjwknv author = Stoker, Steven title = Effect of Shelter-in-Place Orders and the COVID-19 Pandemic on Orthopaedic Trauma at a Community Level II Trauma Center date = 2020-06-08 keywords = April; March; covid-19 summary = To evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and the "shelter-in-place" order on orthopaedic trauma presenting to a community level II trauma center. Although it is difficult to determine what portion of the decrease in OTE is attributable to the shelter-in-place order versus the COVID-19 pandemic in general, data suggest both play a role. It is hypothesized that the overall number of orthopaedic trauma encounters (OTEs) and the number of OTEs related to both high and low severity injuries significantly decreased compared with a similar timeframe from previous years. It can be concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic and shelter-in-place order led to a decrease in traffic volume, traffic accidents, and deaths, which is related to the decrease in OTEs. A 67.2% drop (P = 0.021) in VREs occurred during March and April 2020 ( Table 1) . Overall, a 45.1% decrease in OTEs at the MOH was caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and shelter-in-place order. doi = 10.1097/bot.0000000000001860 id = cord-315624-57kzulqv author = Storopoli, Jose title = Confidence in social institutions, perceived vulnerability and the adoption of recommended protective behaviors in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-27 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; behavior; confidence summary = title: Confidence in social institutions, perceived vulnerability and the adoption of recommended protective behaviors in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic Our results, drawn from 7,554 respondents, indicate that self-confidence in the ability to carry out these behaviors, confidence in the ability of social institutions such as the government, hospitals, health workers and the media to cope with the pandemic crisis, and risk perceptions are associated with the adoption of preventive behaviors. For this reason, Brazil is a perfect case for our study, which investigates the role of confidence in social institutions and perceived vulnerability and efficacy in the adoption of recommended protective behaviors. In doing this, we rely on recreancy theory, which argues that confidence in the ability of social institutions and perceived vulnerability to the disease are central factors predicting the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f adoption of protective behaviors (Freudenburg, 2001; Sapp and Downing-Matibag, 2009 ). doi = 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113477 id = cord-295144-tyyc81uc author = Stradner, Martin H. title = Rheumatic Musculoskeletal Diseases and COVID-19 A Review of the First 6 Months of the Pandemic date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; RMD; SARS; SLE; patient summary = In this review, we summarize the published cases of COVID-19 infections in RMD patients, including patients with inflammatory arthritis and connective tissue diseases as well as anti-phospholipid syndrome and Kawasaki syndrome. It also reviews the general risk of viral infections in patients with RMD, the impact of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) on the outcome of infections, and gives a comparison between present and previous coronavirus pandemics. This argues against a protective role of HCQ (in the usually administered dose for RMD patients) in SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is also supported by pharmacological in vitro data describing a much higher level needed for effective viral inhibition (61) . In conclusion, data published in the first 6 months do not consistently describe a higher risk for infection with SARS-CoV-2 or a more severe course of COVID-19 in patients with either inflammatory arthritis or connective tissue diseases. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.562142 id = cord-283052-x9tek77a author = Stramare, Roberto title = Radiological management of COVID-19: structure your diagnostic path to guarantee a safe path date = 2020-06-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = To optimize the diagnostic pathway during the current COVID-19 outbreak, the hospital administration of our tertiary center applied a highly structured framework assigning specific tasks to the different units composing the Department of Imaging. To face this challenge and in particular to optimize the diagnostic pathway during the current COVID-19 outbreak, the hospital administration of our tertiary center applied a highly structured framework assigning specific tasks to the different units composing the Department of Imaging. Obviously, all patients who require an urgent CT scan but cannot be transported to any of the two assigned CTs (i.e., mobile CT for confirmed cases, CT of the academic unit for suspected patients) are examined in the nearest radiological unit and afterwards the CT room is carefully cleaned and disinfected [5] . All suspect COVID-19 patients requiring an urgent CT are scanned with the device of the academic radiological unit (i.e., represented in orange). doi = 10.1007/s11547-020-01231-w id = cord-277603-hpn1ovgo author = Strapazzon, Giacomo title = To compare the incomparable: COVID-19 pneumonia and high-altitude disease date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Some clinicians have found the clinical features of COVID-19 pneumonia to be similar to high-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE) [1] , and such theory has been amplified via social media. The assumption that the clinical features of COVID-19 pneumonia are similar to HAPE [1] may rely on the initial clinical presentation of COVID-19 patients, showing profound hypoxaemia with no respiratory distress, similar to patients with acute high-altitude disease that have a chemoreceptor dysfunction. The pathogenesis of the two diseases (HAPE and COVID-19 pneumonia) is clearly different, despite similarities in clinical features, chest imaging and bronchoalveolar lavage findings in later stages, as has recently been emphasised by LUKS et al. The use @ERSpublications COVID-19 pneumonia is a viral infection; high-altitude pulmonary oedema is a non-cardiogenic oedema. Clinicians should focus on the development of therapeutic strategies based on the pathogenesis of the disease, and should remember that COVID-19 pneumonia is a viral infection primarily leading to diffuse alveolar damage and airway inflammation. doi = 10.1183/13993003.01362-2020 id = cord-343864-0258nh92 author = Straughn, Alex R. title = Withaferin A: a potential therapeutic agent against COVID-19 infection date = 2020-07-19 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = Therefore, WFA demonstrates real potential as a therapeutic agent to treat or prevent the spread of COVID-19 due to the reported interference in viral S-protein to host receptor binding and its lack of effect on ACE2 expression in the lungs. Data from four SARS-CoV-2 hot spots (the United States, Italy, Spain and China) has shown that cancer patients infected with the novel coronavirus have a significantly increased risk of admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) and/or requiring mechanical ventilation, as well as an increase in patient mortality [15, [17] [18] [19] . Withaferin A alone or in combination with drugs, such as: hydroxychloroquine, dexamethasone or other treatments (under clinical trials), could be developed into an attractive therapeutic agent for both the general population and cancer patients due to its anti-tumorigenic properties and the preliminary studies showing that it is capable of binding to the Sprotein of SARS-CoV-2, thereby potentially inhibiting infection and/or spread of the disease. doi = 10.1186/s13048-020-00684-x id = cord-355669-90rauz66 author = Strausz, S. title = Sleep apnoea is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 date = 2020-09-28 keywords = OSA; covid-19 summary = Our findings suggest that, in assessment of patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection, OSA needs to be recognized as one of the comorbidity risk factors for developing a severe form of the disease. We specifically aimed at evaluating if OSA associates with the risk for severe COVID-19 infection independently of other potential risk factors including age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes (including type 1 and type 2 diabetes), coronary heart disease (CHD), asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and also whether the risk for contracting COVID-19 is elevated among OSA patients. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.26.20202051 doi: medRxiv preprint In our study OSA patients had five times higher risk of being hospitalized and the estimate was comparable and independent of the risk in diabetes patients, where elevated risk has been reported earlier for severe COVID-19 16 . doi = 10.1101/2020.09.26.20202051 id = cord-354389-l2erwez8 author = Street, Maria Elisabeth title = HMGB1: A Possible Crucial Therapeutic Target for COVID-19? date = 2020-05-06 keywords = HMGB1; covid-19 summary = Autophagy is one of the mechanisms involved in COVID-19 and is involved in viral entry and replication in cells, so targeting this pro-Street Horm Res Paediatr 2 DOI: 10.1159/000508291 cess has been suggested as a possible novel therapeutic strategy for COVID-19 [12] . Finally, my research group previously showed that cystic fibrosis transductance regulator (CFTR) malfunction, as found in cystic fibrosis, increases HMGB1 serum concentrations, along with inflammation, and further increases are observed at the onset of the specifically related diabetes [24] . Furthermore, diabetes is a recognized risk factor for Sars-CoV2 infection [27] , and HMGB1 is known to be increased in diabetes [8] . CFTR and FOXO1 gene expression are reduced and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is increased in the ovaries and serum of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target doi = 10.1159/000508291 id = cord-338729-v2suoj3c author = Streicher, Caroline title = Could Tocilizumab be an Attractive Therapeutic Option for Elderly Patients with Severe COVID-19? A Case Report date = 2020-09-20 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Indeed, the first Chinese and Italian data suggest that tocilizumab could be an efficient treatment for patients with severe COVID-19 and CRS. Recently, there have been an increased number of studies on the use of tocilizumab treatment for severe COVID-19 patients, but more information is needed on its effectiveness and safety, notably for the treatment of elderly patients. In this case, we describe the successful treatment by tocilizumab of an 87-year-old patient with severe COVID-19. Results show that tocilizumab significantly improves the prognosis of patients and confirm the benefit of tocilizumab for the treatment of moderate and severe COVID-19 patients [16] . However, to our knowledge, it is the first case report that describes the use of tocilizumab in a patient aged > 80 years with severe COVID-19. The cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of severe COVID-19 and Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antagonist Tocilizumab may be the key to reduce the mortality Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab doi = 10.1007/s40261-020-00969-5 id = cord-353749-2vlc11rx author = Stricker, Raphael B title = Flattening the Risk: Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19 date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; SARS summary = 24 In one uncontrolled study, HCQ prophylaxis in a hospital setting with a known SARS-CoV-2 exposure prevented dissemination of viral infection. 40 The second case-control study of HCWs found that four or more weekly doses of HCQ resulted in significantly less infection with SARS-CoV-2 (adjusted odds ratio 0.44, p<0.001). 45 In a retrospective cohort study of 32,109 rheumatic disease patients from the US Veterans Health Administration, the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was equivalent regardless of chronic HCQ use (0.3% in users versus 0.4% in non-users), but mortality was significantly decreased in patients taking HCQ (odds ratio 0.70, p=0.0031). SARS-CoV-2 infection in a patient on chronic hydroxychloroquine therapy: implications for prophylaxis Long-term hydroxychloroquine use in patients with rheumatic conditions and development of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study Hydroxychloroquine in the COVID-19 pandemic era: in pursuit of a rational use for prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection doi = 10.2147/idr.s264831 id = cord-261670-rd9uq6tc author = Stringer, Kathleen A. title = COVID‐19: The Uninvited Guest in the Intensive Care Unit — Implications for Pharmacotherapy date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; China; patient summary = Fever, cough, and dyspnea are the most common signs of COVID-19 5 ; it is a respiratory tract infection with pneumonia being the hallmark of more severe illness and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a serious complication and manifestation of its most critical form (Table 1) . 13 Although these findings have not been replicated in human studies or in the setting of COVID-19, such potential upregulation of ACE2 by ACE inhibitors or ARBs has resulted in speculation that these medications might worsen infection or predispose patients to myocardial injury. In a preclinical model of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS Co-V), treatment with losartan improved angiotensin signaling, ARDS, and survival, 14 and severe COVID infections are associated with low (not high) expression of ACE2. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study doi = 10.1002/phar.2394 id = cord-291144-6p40cqvk author = Strom, Mark A. title = Reticular skin eruption as the initial sign of coronavirus disease 2019 infection date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = INTRODUCTION Several recent reports have described clinically significant coagulopathy associated with a spectrum of severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Here we describe a patient whose initial sign of COVID-19 infection was a reticular skin eruption, portending the discovery of hypercoagulability and development of severe disease. In fact, one pathologic study of 5 COVID-19 patients, 3 of whom had cutaneous signs of systemic hypercoagulability including retiform purpura and livedo racemosa, found a potential role for complement-associated microvascular injury. 7 It is notable that our patient''s skin findings preceded other symptoms of COVID-19 and may have heralded the development of coagulopathy. Reticular skin findings are increasingly described in patients with COVID-19, although they appear less frequently than other cutaneous manifestations. A recent report from the United States found transient livedo reticularis pattern in 2 patients recovering from COVID-19 who were asymptomatic at the time. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases doi = 10.1016/j.jdcr.2020.06.032 id = cord-326210-216atclj author = Sturmberg, Joachim P. title = COVID‐19 – how a pandemic reveals that everything is connected to everything else date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; dynamic; system summary = Each of these approaches has its own dynamics affecting individuals, communities, health systems, the economy, and the nation as a whole-new patterns emerge that become understandable with increasing knowledge (Figure 1 ). The emerging dynamics then shift the system to a new-stable or unstable-state, where the relationships and the interactions between the systems'' agents have permanently changed within the context of a different set of constraints. For example, imposing community-wide (self-) isolation entails that "almost all activities stop", destroying the economy and resulting in high unemployment, poverty, and increasing disease burden, while implementing strategies to slow down the spread of infection will not guarantee that we will not overwhelm health systems or stabilize the pandemic. The detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy, besides that of the disease fears, increases the dysregulation of the physiological stress responses that, in turn, result in the dysregulation of upstream metabolic pathways, which have longterm health consequences far beyond the direct effects of the pandemic to such a degree that the agents at other levels cannot do the work that needs to be done. doi = 10.1111/jep.13419 id = cord-252965-30pl5tx3 author = Stutt, Richard O. J. H. title = A modelling framework to assess the likely effectiveness of facemasks in combination with ‘lock-down’ in managing the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; facemask summary = The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the virus species severe acute respiratory syndromerelated coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2 [1] , has stimulated considerable controversy over the potential benefits of facemask use by the public and the timing of the initiation and termination of ''lock-down'' periods. The currently available control measures to combat SARS-Cov-2, therefore, include: physical distancing, population lock-down periods, good sanitation/hand washing/surface disinfecting, good ventilation, facemask and visor protection, as well as diagnostics followed by contact tracing and quarantine of infected and exposed individuals. We use two complementary modelling approaches to test the effectiveness of facemask wearing by sections of the population in reducing the transmission rate of SARS-Cov-2 and hence in reducing the effective reproduction number, R e (the expected number of new cases caused by a single infectious individual at a given point in the epidemic). doi = 10.1098/rspa.2020.0376 id = cord-328747-bf687r6j author = St‐Denis, Xavier title = Sociodemographic Determinants of Occupational Risks of Exposure to COVID‐19 in Canada date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; NOC; exposure; occupation; risk summary = This research note explores how occupational exposure risks vary by labor force characteristics using publicly available Canadian data in combination with a data set providing information on the level of physical proximity and frequency of exposure to infections or diseases faced by workers in different occupations. Second, older workers (65 years or more), a group vulnerable to COVID‐19, appear to work in occupations requiring performing activities characterized by a lower level of physical proximity than their younger colleagues, with minimal differences in the frequency of exposure to diseases or infections. The results presented below show an unequal distribution of occupational characteristics associated with a higher risk of exposure to COVID-19 (level of physical proximity with other individuals, and frequency of exposure to diseases or infections) across different groups of the workforce. The distributional statistics reported above provide evidence of important differences in occupational risks of exposure to infectious diseases such as COVID-19 by gender, age, Aboriginal identity, education, and broad occupational category. doi = 10.1111/cars.12288 id = cord-332733-rnq4z2yz author = Su, Jinghua title = Proximity to people with COVID-19 and anxiety among community residents during the epidemic in Guangzhou, China date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; anxiety summary = Higher anxiety levels in community residents was associated with the presence of individuals with COVID-19 in the same building; a longer time spent each day gathering information about the virus; and choosing social media as their preferred source of information. The aim of this survey was to explore the prevalence of anxiety among community residents in Guangzhou city, the third biggest city in China, and its association with proximity to people with COVID-19, information overload and information sources. We collected data on participants'' demographic characteristics, proximity to COVID-19 cases, time spent collecting information about coronavirus, favourite methods to obtain information, worry about COVID-19 and anxiety. Proximity to patients with COVID-19, time spent on collecting information about coronavirus and preferring to use social media as their information source were included in the multivariate analysis. Anxiety was not associated with demographic characteristics in our study, which indicates the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic may be universal in community residents. doi = 10.1192/bjo.2020.59 id = cord-293701-u4ntxo0y author = Su, Shan title = Learning from the past: development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19; RSV; SARS summary = In this Perspective, we summarize examples of vaccine-associated disease enhancement in the history of developing vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus, dengue virus, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, which highlight the importance of a robust safety and efficacy profile, and present recommendations for preclinical and clinical evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine candidates as well as for vaccine design and optimization. One month later, five more candidates had also entered phase I clinical trials, and more than 100 COVID-19 vaccine candidates were in results, all of these vaccines induced antibodies against the spike protein (S protein) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD), including antibodies that neutralized pseudotyped and live SARS-CoV-2. We summarize examples of VADE in the history of the development of vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), dengue virus (DENV), SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), each of which provides clues for safe COVID-19 vaccine development and highlights the need for rigorous preclinical and clinical safety testing. doi = 10.1038/s41579-020-00462-y id = cord-288983-a6s9di4g author = Su, Sheng-Fang title = How Taiwan, a non-WHO member, takes actions in response to COVID-19 date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; Taiwan summary = The success of Taiwan for anti-epidemic measures included: quick response and efficient management, central production and distribution of masks/medical supplies, quarantine/isolation regulations with tracking contacts technology, and coordination between government, medical workers, public health professionals, and the whole Taiwanese society. In addition to the existing measure of onboard quarantine inspection, including fever screening of arriving passengers, suspected cases screening through history of travelling, occupation, contact and cluster (TOCC) inquiring, and health assessments conducting, all health care facilities should reinforce reporting severe cases of pneumonia among people who arrive in Taiwan from Wuhan. In light of the ongoing outbreak, CECC has introduced guidelines for high-risk individuals regarding 1) self-health management (reported cases who have tested negative and met criteria for being released from isolation, or people under "COVID-19 Community-based Surveillance), 2) 14-day home quarantine (with travel history), and 3) 14-day home isolation (who had contact with confirmed cases), and provided quarantine sites with free meals and a US$30 compensation per day during the 14-day period. doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.010380 id = cord-316616-j82q99in author = Su, Yen-Bo title = Cardiovascular manifestation and treatment in COVID-19 date = 2020-05-19 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; China; SARS; patient summary = The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with first presentation of atypical pneumonia, has spread rapidly from Wuhan, China, on December 12, 2019 to over 200 countries, caused 2 310 572 infected individuals and 158 691 mortalities, updated on April 19, 2020. 33, 41 In a small singlearm study of patients with confirmed COVID-19, treatment with hydroxychloroquine was associated with a significant difference in clearing of viral nasopharyngeal carriage of SARS-CoV2 within 3 to 6 days when compared with untreated controls. ACE2 levels are increased following treatment with ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), which yield the concerns that using these medications might increase the severity of COVID-19, especially in patients with existing cardiovascular diseases. Patients with comorbidities including hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes tend to have higher risk for having severe COVID-19 which leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and mortality. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients With coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000352 id = cord-307426-fkzk8ubd author = Su, Zheng title = The Critical Role of Futility Analysis in the Pursuit of Effective Treatments for COVID-19 date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The potential to stop a trial or some of the treatment arms early for futility is critical in the pursuit of effective treatments for COVID-19. A registry analysis of hydroxychloroquine published on May 22, 2020 [6] , which was later retracted, prompted the independent Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) of the RECOVERY trial to conduct an urgent review of the data on the effects of hydroxychloroquine on mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. On June 4, 2020, the DMC conducted a further review of the data, which led to the conclusion of no beneficial effect of hydroxychloroquine in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and the decision to stop enrolling patients to the hydroxychloroquine arm of the trial. The tradeoff between the cost of futility interim monitoring, which is a slight loss of study power, and allocating limited resources to more promising experimental treatments should be carefully considered by the study sponsor, the IRB and the DMC in the pursuit of safe and effective treatments for COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100581 id = cord-339686-oybnk1j8 author = Suassuna, José Hermógenes Rocco title = Technical note and clinical instructions for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in patients with Covid-19: Brazilian Society of Nephrology and Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine date = 2020-08-26 keywords = AKI; RRT; SARS; acute; covid-19; patient summary = title: Technical note and clinical instructions for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in patients with Covid-19: Brazilian Society of Nephrology and Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine We produced this document to bring pertinent information to the practice of nephrology, as regards to the renal involvement with COVID-19, the management of acute kidney injury cases, and practical guidance on the provision of dialysis support.As information on COVID-19 evolves at a pace never before seen in medical science, these recommendations, although based on recent scientific evidence, refer to the present moment. Every professional involved in nephrological care must provide the best possible assistance to the patients under their responsibility, adopt practices that minimize their personal risk of contamination, that of their patients and the whole range of other professionals who participate in hospital kidney support, including nurses and technicians, dialysis staff, healthcare professionals from all areas (for example, doctors and nurses in intensive care medicine), laboratory and radiology technicians, cleaning and transport staff, etc. doi = 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2020-s107 id = cord-011656-zln7zmn9 author = Subedi, Asish title = Medical Ethics Versus Healthcare Workers’ Rights: Fight-or-Flee Response date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To the Editor I read with great interest an article by Bong 1 on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) impact on low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). This article deals with the several health care problems faced in LMICs, and the authors have provided solutions to overcome it. 2 This report highlights the importance of psychological well-being of health care workers involved during the COVID-19 tsunami. To overcome the mental stress, the government should provide social securities and incentives to health care workers, and moral support to reassure how important we are to the country and the sacrifices we are doing at this crisis. 1 While, at this moment, when the rich countries are struggling to get the PPEs for their own health care workers, we will only have a handful of these PPEs by the time it reaches our place. Intensive care units in the context of COVID-19 in Nepal: current status and need of the hour doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000005060 id = cord-240274-igoz2ei4 author = Subirana, Brian title = Hi Sigma, do I have the Coronavirus?: Call for a New Artificial Intelligence Approach to Support Health Care Professionals Dealing With The COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-10 keywords = covid-19; transfer summary = Just like your phone can detect what song is playing in crowded spaces, we show that Artificial Intelligence transfer learning algorithms trained on cough phone recordings results in diagnostic tests for COVID-19. 3 In several cases involving different neurological conditions, researchers were able to develop machine learning algorithms that used free-flow speech to predict disease onset earlier than human experts, including psychosis with a sample size of less than 50, 4 and cognitive impairment with less than a thousand 5 . Our implementation uses transfer learning from the domain of speech audio recordings !&''''() to the target domain of COVID infected cough audio recordings *+,-) . This approach means a novel collective effort by the Health and Engineering communities, where the first sets directions and provides patient samples in real time, while the second creates algorithms to improve infection management practices. doi = nan id = cord-030191-tekgcthp author = Suchá, Dominika title = Suboptimal Quality and High Risk of Bias in Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies on Chest Radiography and Computed Tomography in the Acute Setting of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; PCR summary = We performed a systematic review to synthesize the literature on DTA of chest radiography (CXR), computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound for diagnosis of COVID-19 in suspected patients in hospital setting and evaluated the extent of suboptimal reporting and risk-of-bias. We included papers meeting the following criteria: (1) Adults with suspected COVID-19 pneumonia presenting in a hospital setting, including emergency departments, (2) patients undergoing chest imaging including ultrasound, CXR and/or CT for diagnosis of COVID-19 infection, (3) COVID-19 diagnosis confirmed or ruled out by reference test (i.e. RT-PCR or clinical consensus). Thirteen studies on patients with suspected COVID-19 infection and available diagnostic accuracy data on chest CT and/or CXR performance as index test and RT-PCR or clinical consensus as reference test were included (8, (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) . doi = 10.1148/ryct.2020200342 id = cord-350383-a7wa571o author = Sudeep, HV title = Molecular docking analysis of Withaferin A from Withania somnifera with the Glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) receptor and the SARS-CoV-2 main protease date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; GRP78 summary = title: Molecular docking analysis of Withaferin A from Withania somnifera with the Glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) receptor and the SARS-CoV-2 main protease Therefore, it is of interest to document the molecular docking analysis data of the cellular receptor Glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) with Withaferin A from Withania somnifera in the context of COVID-19 pandemic for further consideration. In this study we have used the molecular docking tool to understand the interactions of natural products with plausible targets of SARS-CoV-2 infection such as host cell receptor GRP78 and COVID-19 M pro . Proteases are often considered as key targets during the discovery of antiviral drugs as they play vital roles in viral replication and polyprotein ©Biomedical Informatics (2020) processing [22] Interestingly, withaferin A was superior to the other tested compounds in its binding affinity with the protein active site. doi = 10.6026/97320630016411 id = cord-279345-dgdujcy3 author = Sudhir, Amita title = A primary care alternative to a hospital-based approach to COVID-19 in India date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; care summary = Of the available interventions to correct hypoxia, which is often the primary reason for hospital admission in COVID-19 patients, the simplest is oxygen by nasal cannula. This can be administered at any facility with the ability to keep patients overnight or for multiple days, but other than oxygen concentrators or cylinders, nasal cannulas, and simple pulse oximeters, no specialized equipment or advanced moni-A primary care alternative to a hospital-based approach to COVID-19 in India Amita Sudhir 1 , Nachiket Mor 2 The solution of using primary care facilities and providers is adaptable to either a public or private setting, depending on the resources available in any given country. Oxygen concentrators are portable, and once the need for using them for COVID patients has passed, they can be repurposed to ambulances, clinics, and even home health settings for a host of other diseases causing hypoxia. doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.020346 id = cord-354661-wls1rd7d author = Suen, Yiu-tung title = Effects of general and sexual minority-specific COVID-19-related stressors on the mental health of lesbian, gay and bisexual people in Hong Kong date = 2020-08-03 keywords = COVID-19; Kong; LGB summary = title: Effects of general and sexual minority-specific COVID-19-related stressors on the mental health of lesbian, gay and bisexual people in Hong Kong Building upon earlier research, this study aimed to (1) examine COVID-19-related stressors and mental health conditions among LGB people in Hong Kong during the pandemic, (2) compare the levels of general and sexual minority-specific COVID-19-related stressors among subgroups of LGB people, and (3) estimate the effects of general and sexual minority-specific COVID-19related stressors on depressive and anxiety symptoms. In addition, it was hypothesized that sexual minority-specific COVID-19-related stressors (i.e., family conflict related to sexual orientation and reduced connection to LGBT+ community) would be positively related to depressive and anxiety symptoms above and beyond general COVID-19-related stressors. This study also examined the effect of general COVID-19-related stressors on depressive and anxiety symptoms among LGB people in Hong Kong. doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113365 id = cord-349902-3ov501xx author = Sufian, Abu title = A Survey on Deep Transfer Learning and Edge Computing for Mitigating the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; DTL; Edge summary = title: A Survey on Deep Transfer Learning and Edge Computing for Mitigating the COVID-19 Pandemic Although the whole article is referred and cited current relevant stateof-the-art wherever relevant, this section is dedicated to provide a review on some of the very generic recent state-of-the-art works related to transfer learning approaches over edge computing. • A study on neutrosophic and deep transfer learning models on limited COVID-19 chest X-Ray dataset. This combined model, that is, Deep Transfer Learning over Edge Computing(DTLEC) will take the power of DL through DTL as well as would be applicable in critical sectors by EC to cope with a sudden pandemic. This article has tried to bring potentialities and challenges of Deep Transfer Learning, Edge Computing and their related issues to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic. Detection of coronavirus (covid-19) associated pneumonia based on generative adversarial networks and a fine-tuned deep transfer learning model using chest x-ray dataset doi = 10.1016/j.sysarc.2020.101830 id = cord-352553-me1tpqss author = Sugand, K. title = The impact of COVID-19 on acute Trauma and Orthopaedic referrals and surgery in the UK: the "golden peak weeks" of the first national multi-centre observational study. The COVid-Emergency Related Trauma and orthopaedics (COVERT) Collaborative date = 2020-08-24 keywords = August; covid; preprint summary = Objectives: This is the first national study observing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on orthopaedic trauma with respect to referrals, operative caseload and mortality during the first six weeks (namely the "golden peak weeks") following the introduction of the national social distancing and lockdown measures from mid-March 2020. Conclusion: Although there was a reduction of acute trauma referrals and those undergoing operative intervention, the mortality rate still more than doubled in odds during the peak of the pandemic compared to the same time interval one year ago. Although there was a reduction of acute trauma referrals and those undergoing operative intervention, the mortality rate still more than doubled in odds during the peak of the pandemic compared to the same time interval one year ago. To observe the impact of COVID-19 on Trauma and Orthopaedic acute referrals, operative casemix and mortality rates during the ''golden peak weeks'' of the pandemic compared to the same time interval in 2019. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.22.20179770 id = cord-305048-y42o6exe author = Sugimoto, Hiroshi title = Chest tube with air leaks is a potential “super spreader” of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-305048-y42o6exe title: Chest tube with air leaks is a potential "super spreader" of COVID-19 cord_uid: y42o6exe [2] There is a concern that aerosols may also be generated from the chest tube, especially with air leaks, even after placement. We performed chest tube drainage and diagnosed an acute empyema with a bronchopleural fistula causing persistent air leaks. We strictly used personal protective equipment; nevertheless, another 7 people (2 physicians and 5 nurses) associated with the patient were infected with COVID-19. The outbreak of COVID-19 in our hospital was thought to be related to aerosols produced by the chest tube with air leaks. Further research is required to determine whether chest tubes with air leaks are a source of infectious aerosols. However, we clinicians should be attentive to the risk of nosocomial infection with COVID-19 due to chest tubes. COVID-19: chest drains with air leak -the silent ''super spreader doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.001 id = cord-309315-3ojmmkwf author = Sugiyama, Yohsuke title = Cerebral venous thrombosis in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: A case report date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Cerebral venous thrombosis in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: A case report COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and is ongoing pandemic. While a majority of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection shows asymptomatic or mild disease, hospitalized patients can develop critical condition, such as pneumonia, sepsis, and respiratory failure. Many patients of severe COVID-19 show hypercoagulable state and complicate with venous thromboembolism and atrial thrombosis. We herein reported a case of COVID-19 who developed cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) co-incidence with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). Administration of unfractionated heparin followed by edoxaban treatment reduced the levels of D-dimer and improved his clinical presentation and thrombosis. We experienced a case of CVT and co-incidence of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) with COIVID-19 that was successfully treated with intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) followed by edoxaban. Diagnosis and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With COVID-19: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report doi = 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.07.038 id = cord-290116-ytpofa7b author = Sujath, R. title = A machine learning forecasting model for COVID-19 pandemic in India date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; MLP; case summary = Figure 5 shows the COVID-19 predicted confirmed cases; death cases and recovered cases based on actual confirmed, death and recovered data with a 95% CI with LR.The graph can be interpreted that cases are going to be increased in future as per the existing case data. Figure 9 shows the predicted impacts of COVID-19 based on the actual data of confirmed, death and recovered cases with 95% CI via LR. Figure 10 predicts the impacts of COVID-19 based on the actual data of confirmed, death and recovered cases with 95% CI through MLP. Figure 12 shows the predicted impacts of COVID-19 death based on the actual data of death cases with 95% CI through MLP. Figure 14 shows the predicted impacts of COVID-19 recovered based on the actual data of recovered cases with 95% CI with MLP. doi = 10.1007/s00477-020-01827-8 id = cord-350377-vq9eblr0 author = Sukumar, Vivek title = Colorectal Services in Covid-19 Times: Minimally Invasive Surgery and Enhanced Recovery, the Need of the Hour date = 2020-10-14 keywords = covid-19; surgery summary = There is a need to incorporate and strictly enforce various strategies such as enhanced recovery programs which have demonstrated to lower recovery time and post-operative complication rates, helping us to optimally utilize the minimum available resources without burdening the already strained health care infrastructure [3] . All patients admitted and undergoing major elective as well as emergency surgeries under the Division of Colorectal and Peritoneal Surface Oncology were included in the study. The European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) guidelines and American College of Surgeons (ACS) have advised to give priority to patient with cancers with the ACS suggesting surgeons to look at the Elective Surgery Acuity Scale (ESAS) from St. Louis University which include most cancers in Tier 3a and calls for non-post-ponement of surgery in these cases [6, 7] . Tackling the reduction in hospital resources towards surgical care, the department managed to operate 90 patients over a 2-month period. doi = 10.1007/s13193-020-01241-0 id = cord-291735-b6dksrbx author = Sukut, Ozge title = The impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on people with severe mental illness date = 2020-09-19 keywords = covid-19; mental summary = CONCLUSION: Given the psychosocial effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic process and the vulnerability of individuals with mental illness, it is clear that some preventive measures will increase the well‐being of these individuals and reduce relapses. Ignoring the effect of the outbreak on people with mental illness will not only inhibit the measures taken to prevent further spread of COVID-19, but also increase existing health inequalities. The individual with severe mental illness are more sensitive against infection for various reasons such as decreasing cognitive ability and awareness of self-care, using medication continuously and limited conditions in psychiatry clinics. 8 This can lead to an increase the risk of infection, including pneumonia, in individuals with mental health illness. Prevention measures such as isolation and quarantine can lead to fear, anxiety, and uncertainty for patients, causing to increase the diseases related with stress and at the same time it can cause exacerbation of pre-existing mental disorders. doi = 10.1111/ppc.12618 id = cord-277228-zk4arqw5 author = Suleiman, Aiman title = Preparedness of Frontline Doctors in Jordan Healthcare Facilities to COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-05-02 keywords = Jordan; covid-19; doctor summary = The questionnaire was designed to evaluate preparedness according to knowledge about virus transmission and protective measures, adherence to protection guidelines, and psychological impacts affecting doctors. Doctors having institutional protocols for dealing with COVID-19 cases and those with sustained availability of PPE reported higher scores of preparedness (5.5 ± 2.3 and 6.2 ± 2.1 with p < 0.001, respectively). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the preparedness of frontline doctors to COVID-19 outbreak in Jordan and in the Middle East. Independent t-test was used to investigate for significant associations between self-reported preparedness score, knowledge score, and adherence score with gender, presence of institutional protocol for dealing with COVID-19 patients, availability of PPE, psychological interactions, institutional support, and previously dealing with COVID-19-positive or suspected patients. Institutional preparedness is reflected by making safety measures available for doctors and by providing clear protocols to deal with COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17093181 id = cord-327631-mqr5fd40 author = Sullivan, Amy B title = The COVID-19 Crisis: A Mental Health Perspective and Response Using Telemedicine date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; Cleveland; Clinic summary = This article addresses the procedural changes necessary in our enterprise (The Cleveland Clinic) to address mental health needs as we transition our services to telehealth and virtual visits for our frontline providers and clinical work with patients, including group visits and provision of supervision for psychology trainees. This was a vital shift in policy as a means to slow the spread of the virus, keeping people at home, while also being able to provide appropriate services to patients, particularly mental health treatment (to review the full document, go to CMS.gov). It is likely this pandemic will impact this population in a unique way and our team is passionate about caring for our patients'' mental health concerns at this time. Due to the federal, Ohio state of emergency and the need for ongoing mental health services, the following visit was completed *** (virtually or via telephone) to reduce the risk of COVID-19 exposure. doi = 10.1177/2374373520922747 id = cord-307334-6rn69sne author = Sullivan, Ryan J title = COVID-19 and immune checkpoint inhibitors: initial considerations date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; ICI summary = One important clinical question is how to manage patients who need anticancer therapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) during these conditions. One important clinical question is how to manage patients who need anticancer therapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) during these conditions. While more robust data are needed to guide clinicians on management of patients with cancer who may be affected by COVID-19, we hope this commentary provides useful insights for the clinical community. While more robust data are needed to guide clinicians on management of patients with cancer who may be affected by COVID-19, we hope this commentary provides useful insights for the clinical community. 2 4 5 Less clear are the effects of newer antineoplastic therapies, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), on COVID-19 severity. Dry cough and dyspnea without fever could point toward ICI-pneumonitis, respiratory viral infection (including COVID-19), or other non-infectious etiologies common in patients with cancer. Finally, should asymptomatic patients initiating ICI be screened for active COVID-19 infection prior to starting therapy? doi = 10.1136/jitc-2020-000933 id = cord-261029-befymalm author = Sultan, Keith title = Review of inflammatory bowel disease and COVID-19 date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; IBD; SARS summary = Early reports of the virus, now known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and its clinical disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has shown higher rates of morbidity and mortality in the elderly and those with pre-existing medical conditions. The authors also reported that there had been no cases of IBD/SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in the three largest tertiary IBD centers in Wuhan (Tongji Hospital, Union Hospital, and Zhongnan Hospital) at the time their manuscript was prepared, March 8, 2020. Rodriguez-Lago et al [29] reported on 40 cases of IBD (21 hospitalized) with confirmed positive tests for SARS-CoV-2 from 5 sites in the Basque Country (Spain), median age 59 years, 60% male, 32% Crohn''s disease (CD), with 28% on immune therapy, 18% biologic, and 10% systemic corticosteroids. To date, the largest national case reporting has come from a combined 24 IBD referral centers in Italy, affiliated with the Italian Group for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IG-IBD) [32] . doi = 10.3748/wjg.v26.i37.5534 id = cord-026991-75sbxnsc author = Sultan, Omar Muayad title = Pulmonary ct manifestations of COVID-19: changes within 2 weeks duration from presentation date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = This retrospective study aims to determine and compare the pulmonary changes in Iraqi patients with COVID-19 disease across the first two weeks after onset of symptoms using computerized tomography (CT) scan. With the continuing COVID-19 pandemic and the increasing number of patients suspected or confirmed with the disease, the radiologists are facing more and more cases because of the paramount role of imaging, particularly chest CT scans in the workup algorithm. In the current study, we compared the pulmonary radiological features associated with COVID-19 infection between two groups of patients, who underwent chest CT scans after different durations from initial clinical presentations. In conclusion, there is a significant difference in the pulmonary manifestations associated with COVID-19 infection when CT scan conducted earlier or later after the clinical presentation, with alteration, on one hand in the proportion and combination of GGO (becoming less) and consolidation (getting more) and, on another hand, more diffuse and multilobar distribution at the second week. doi = 10.1186/s43055-020-00223-0 id = cord-354216-4khdcjed author = Sultan, Shahnaz title = AGA Institute Rapid Review of the GI and Liver Manifestations of COVID-19, Meta-Analysis of International Data, and Recommendations for the Consultative Management of Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; Clinical; patient; study summary = Abstract Background Multiple gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms including diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, and abdominal pain, as well liver enzyme abnormalities have been variably reported in patients with COVID-19. The AGA) Institute Clinical Guideline Committee and Clinical Practice Updates Committee performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of international data on GI and liver manifestations of COVID-19. 4 More recent data from a cohort of 5700 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 within a large healthcare system in New York City revealed common comorbidities including hypertension (56.6%), obesity (41.7%), and diabetes (33.8%), and reported that 373 (14.2%) of patients required treatment in the intensive care unit, and 320 (12.2%) received invasive mechanical ventilation, in whom the mortality was 88.1% (282/320)]. Also, many of the studies in this analysis did not report on how many patients had underlying liver disease and if these patients were at an elevated risk of having increased LFTs in the setting of COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.001 id = cord-270740-3su8pc3f author = Sultan, Sherif title = COVID-19 Cytokine Storm and Novel Truth date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; oxygen; patient summary = A Chinese scientist(5) used a bio-informatics model to describe the hypothesis of COVID 19 as methemoglobin, where the COVID-19 virus structural protein sticks to heme -displaces oxygen -which alters the iron-free ion, leading to inflammation of alveolar macrophages, which culminate in a systemic response ending in a cytokine storm . What we must focus on is that COVID19 attacks RBCs. Patients have frequently been found COVID-19, SARS2 is not ''pneumonia'' nor ARDS Through the current experience across the world, invasive ventilation is becoming the last resort, as emergency intubation from the Chinese, Italian and American experience evidences higher mortality, not to mention complications from tracheal scarring and stiff lung during the duration of intubation. The lung damage seen on CT scans is due to the oxidative stress released from the hemolysed red blood cells, which in turn overwhelm the natural defenses against pulmonary oxidative stress and cause a cytokine storm. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109875 id = cord-026764-eag13h3p author = Sumner, O. title = Age-appropriate antibiotics date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Several recent clinical studies have investigated hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 patients but these have been at high risk of bias, hence the need for large randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials to determine the potential benefits and harms before any role can be recommended. Hydroxychloroquine is one such drug with hypothesised mechanisms of action and in vitro evidence supporting the inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Treating paediatric patients in an Urgent Dental Care Centre at Newcastle Dental Hospital, we have worryingly seen a shocking proportion of children who have been prescribed age-inappropriate, suboptimal doses of antibiotics and subsequently referred for treatment as ''unresponsive to antibiotics'' . 4 The Centre for Evidence Based Medicine''s commentary on PPE in primary care concerns general medical practice. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) doi = 10.1038/s41415-020-1723-3 id = cord-311353-ozqfsuh8 author = Sun, Chun-Yang title = The role of Chinese medicine in COVID-19 pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; chinese summary = title: The role of Chinese medicine in COVID-19 pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis INTRODUCTION: Chinese medicine (CM) has been used to treat Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in China. This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of CM in the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia. CONCLUSION: According to the allocated data, CM has demonstrated clinical efficacy and safety on COVID-19 pneumonia, which need to be confirmed by high quality, multiple-center, large sample randomized controlled trials. Therefore, the meta-analysis method will be used to systematically review the clinical efficacy and safety of CM for COVID-19 pneumonia. Studies meeting the following criteria were included: (1) randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using CM (including Chinese herbal medicine, Chinese patent medicine and Chinese medicine injections) to treat COVID-19 pneumonia regardless of J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f meta-analysis. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.069 id = cord-327764-4nlg26p5 author = Sun, Da-wei title = The underlying changes and predicting role of peripheral blood inflammatory cells in severe COVID-19 patients: a sentinel? date = 2020-05-14 keywords = cell; covid-19; patient summary = However, the underlying changes of other peripheral blood inflammatory cells (PBICs) in COVID-19 patients are little known, especially eosinophil level and lymphocyte subsets. When compared with patients in recovery phase, patients in acute phase suffered from significantly decreased counts of lymphocytes (1.383±0.442 On the contrary, 7 patients developed respiratory failure and used mechanical ventilation during the treatment, which were defined as cases with aggravation. Based on these background along with the decrease of multiple PBICs in COVID-19 patients, we hypothesized that neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes migrate from peripheral blood into the lung tissue, resulting in neutropenia, lymphopenia, and eosinopenia in peripheral blood, as well as acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19 patients. In another study based on 44 patients, lymphocyte subsets analyzed results showed that the total number of B cells, T cells and natural killer (NK) cells decreased in the whole group, and this decrease became more evident in the cases of severe type when compared with non-severe type (743.6/uL vs 1020.1/uL; P =0.032) [19] . doi = 10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.027 id = cord-352304-tt2q5mgs author = Sun, Dan title = Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: a single center’s observational study date = 2020-03-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = METHODS: We included eight severe or critically ill patients with COVID-19 who were treated at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Wuhan Children''s Hospital from January 24 to February 24. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, previously known as 2019-nCoV) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan City, China, has spread around the world [1] . We included eight severely or critically ill patients with COVID-19 who were treated at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Wuhan Children''s Hospital from January 24 to February 24. Critically ill COVID-19 was defined when the pediatric patients met any of the following criteria: (1) respiratory failure which requires mechanical ventilation; (2) septic shock, and (3) accompanied by other organ failure that needs ICU monitoring and treatment. Demographic information and clinical characteristics including exposure history, anamnesis, signs and symptoms, chest computed tomographic (CT) scan or X-ray results, complications, treatments, clinical outcomes, and laboratory findings of each patient were obtained from the Electronic Medical Record System of Wuhan Children''s Hospital. doi = 10.1007/s12519-020-00354-4 id = cord-328169-ntg7b621 author = Sun, Haiying title = Comparison of clinical and microbiological diagnoses for older adults with COVID-19 in Wuhan: a retrospective study date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = RESULTS: The clinical and microbiological diagnosis groups demonstrated significant differences in outcomes and in the majority of laboratory findings. Age, white blood cell (WBC) count, and lymphocyte (LYM) count were included in the propensity score model (using a logistic regression), which were the most important risk factors for death in the hospital among older patients with COVID-19 [11] . For instance, the incidence of false-negative virus test results was high Table 1 Differences of characteristics between clinically and microbiologically diagnosed cases (total samples) before propensity score analyses WBC white blood cells, LYM lymphocyte, NT-proBNP amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, hsTnI high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, hsCRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate a Data presented as median (IQR) and n (%) for continuous and categorical variables, respectively, unless otherwise indicated [13] . doi = 10.1007/s40520-020-01647-4 id = cord-280471-cqypwi5d author = Sun, Hua-Bao title = The changes of the peripheral CD4+ lymphocytes and inflammatory cytokines in Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-25 keywords = CD4; COVID-19 summary = To investigate the clinical value of changes in the subtypes of peripheral blood lymphocytes and levels of inflammatory cytokines in patients with COVID-19, the total numbers of lymphocytes and CD4+ lymphocytes and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes were calculated and observed in different groups of patients with COVID-19. Characteristic chest CT imaging patterns, positive nucleic acid detection in nasal and throat swab samples, normal or decreased numbers of peripheral white blood cells, decreased numbers of lymphocytes and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines are the key factors in the diagnosis of COVID-19 [3] . The total number of lymphocytes, the percentages of lymphocyte subtypes and the levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) secreted by CD4+ helper T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were detected by hematology counter and flow cytometer, respectively. In the COVID-19 patients in the general, severe and critical groups, the numbers of peripheral lymphocytes and CD4+ T lymphocytes and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes were significantly lower than those in the normal control group. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239532 id = cord-261192-yzw2bm13 author = Sun, Jia-Kui title = Acute gastrointestinal injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-10-21 keywords = AGI; COVID-19 summary = In this study, we investigated the prevalence and outcomes of AGI in critically ill patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to Guanggu District of Wuhan Tongji Hospital. We found that patients with worse AGI grades had worse clinical severity variables, a higher incidence of septic shock, higher 28-d mortality after admission and 60-d mortality after disease onset. Few studies on acute gastrointestinal injury have been reported in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This was the first study to investigate acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Patients with worse AGI grades had worse clinical severity variables, a higher incidence of septic shock, and higher hospital mortality. Patients with worse AGI grades had worse clinical severity variables, a higher incidence of septic shock, and higher hospital mortality. Patients with worse AGI grades had worse clinical severity variables, a higher incidence of septic shock, and higher hospital mortality. doi = 10.3748/wjg.v26.i39.6087 id = cord-275340-q8d7rvnj author = Sun, JingKang title = Advances in the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-21 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; SARS; patient; study summary = CQ/HCQ may synergistically exert antiviral and immunomodulatory effects on COVID-19 through multiple mechanisms including hindering the receptor recognition process by influencing the affinity of ACE2 and S protein, and the affinity for sialic acid and ganglioside; inhibiting the membrane fusion process by suppressing endolysosome acidification; suppressing the p38 activation and affecting host defense machinery, and preventing MHC class II expression (block expression of CD154 on the surface of CD4 + T cell) and TLR signaling and reducing the production of cytokines through inhibiting the activation of T cells and B cells. ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CQ, chloroquine; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; CoVs, coronaviruses; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MHC-II, major histocompatibility complex class II; TLR, toll-like receptor; cGAS, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α. The authors deemed that the anti-inflammatory effect of low-dose HCQ and the activity of inhibiting viral replication may have important significance in critically ill patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1080/00325481.2020.1778982 id = cord-268740-ldz5366v author = Sun, Mei title = Anal swab as the potentially optimal specimen for SARS-CoV-2 detection to evaluate the hospital discharge of COVID-19 patients date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Anal swab as the potentially optimal specimen for SARS-CoV-2 detection to evaluate the hospital discharge of COVID-19 patients We propose anal swabs as the potentially optimal specimen for SARS-CoV-2 detection for evaluation of hospital discharge of COVID-19 patients. In this study, we found that SARS-CoV-2 detection was positive in anal swabs but negative in other sample types of a few cured patients, which challenges the current standards for discharge and termination of compulsory isolation for COVID-19 patients. In summary, we found that SARS-CoV-2 detection was positive in anal swabs but negative in other sample types of several cured patients. • SARS-CoV-2 detection is positive in anal swabs but negative in throat swabs and sputum swabs of a few discharged patients. • Anal swabs might be the optimal specimen for SARS-CoV-2 detection to evaluate the hospital discharge of COVID-19 patients. • Anal swabs might be the optimal specimen for SARS-CoV-2 detection to evaluate the hospital discharge of COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.2217/fmb-2020-0090 id = cord-320139-yfm640jl author = Sun, R. title = Dépistage systématique de l’épidémie à coronavirus 2019 en radiothérapie par scanographie thoracique et PCR : expérience d’un centre date = 2020-10-31 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Résultats et analyse statistique Du 18 mars au 1er mai 2020, 507 scanographies dosimétriques ont été réalisées dans le service, dont 445 avec une coupe thoracique, pour un total de 449 patients. Quatre cas (soit 17 %) ont été diagnostiqués en cours de radiothérapie, dont trois par dépistage systématique avant la chimioradiothérapie, et un seul selon les symptômes. Parmi eux, six cas d''infection par le SARS-CoV-2 (soit 3,6 %) ont été diagnostiqués par PCR en cours de radiothérapie, réalisée pour des symptômes dans quatre cas et par dépistage systématique pour les deux autres. Conclusion Cette étude préliminaire, basée sur un seul patient, montre que la définition optimale du volume cible en tachycardie TDM-4D cardiaque : tomodensitométrie synchronisée à l''électrocardiogramme avec injection de produit de contraste ; TDM-4D respiratoire : tomodensitométrie synchronisée à la respiration. doi = 10.1016/j.canrad.2020.08.006 id = cord-312305-ll29frwc author = Sun, Shihui title = Characterization and structural basis of a lethal mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-11-11 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; Fig; SARS; mouse summary = Herein, we generated and characterized a novel mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strain named MASCp36 that causes acute respiratory symptoms and mortality in standard laboratory mice. We further characterized the in vivo replication dynamics of MASCp6 in both young and aged mice, and the results from qRT-PCR showed that high levels of SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic RNAs were persistent in the lung and tracheas till 4 day post infection (dpi) in aged mice (Fig. 1E) . The skewed age distribution of COVID-19 disease was reproduced in the MASCp36 infected mouse model where more severe symptoms were observed in aged mice when compared to young mice. In addition to the age-related skewed distribution of COVID-19, gender-related differences in distribution of COVID-19 disease is also recapitulated in this MASCp36 infected mouse model with increased susceptibility and enhanced pathogenicity observed in male mice when compared to their female counterparts. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.10.377333 id = cord-311544-7ihtyiox author = Sun, Tingzhe title = Modeling COVID-19 Epidemic in Heilongjiang Province, China date = 2020-05-29 keywords = Heilongjiang; covid-19 summary = However, massive imported patients especially into Heilongjiang Province in China recently have been an alert for local COVID-19 outbreak. Stochastic simulations further showed that significantly increased local contacts among imported ''escaper'', its epidemiologically associated cases and susceptible populations greatly contributed to the local outbreak of COVID-19. Collectively, our model has characterized the epidemic of COVID-19 in Heilongjiang province and implied that strongly controlled measured should be taken for infected and asymptomatic patients to minimize total infections. Specifically, a recent ''super spreader'' or ''imported escaper'' in Heilongjiang province has led to tens of diagnosed or asymptomatic cases [3] . Using this model, we performed stochastic simulations and found that partial relief in strictly controlled interventions may contribute to the occurrence of diagnosed patients recently (from April 9 to April 19) provided that there is only one imported patient without surveillance [3] . Estimating the Effects of Asymptomatic and Imported Patients on COVID-19 Epidemic Using Mathematical Modeling doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109949 id = cord-267735-y3832u9e author = Sun, Wuping title = Management of Immunity Alteration-Induced Chronic Pain During the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic date = 2020-09-24 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = title: Management of Immunity Alteration-Induced Chronic Pain During the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic It has been reported that hyper-immunity individuals have received treatment with immunosuppressive or modulatory agents; these approaches may increase the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Cai et al., 2020) . These results demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced immune alteration in COVID-19 patients. These studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced immune alteration could further result in the concurrence of chronic pain since it affects the nervous system. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is associated with various infection symptoms, and peripheral neuropathic pain is the most common and severe neurological manifestation that has been reported in HIV-positive, immunocompromised individuals (Amaniti et al., 2019) . Chronic pain patients have received limited treatment and discounted services during the COVID-19 outbreak due to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chronic pain patients may also have increased infection risks to SARS-CoV-2 due to complicated reasons. doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2020.572318 id = cord-318364-5bmdzgla author = Sun, Xinjuan title = Cytokine storm intervention in the early stages of COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-04-25 keywords = COVID-19; IFN; SARS summary = In a retrospective study of 41 patients with COVID-19, most patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection developed mild symptoms, whereas some patients later developed aggravated disease symptoms, and eventually passed away because of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), as a consequence of a severe cytokine storm. In view of the severe morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia, we review the current understanding of treatment of human coronavirus infections from the perspective of a dysregulated cytokine and immune response. In support of the above observations, a retrospective study of 41 patients with COVID-19 2 showed that most SARS-CoV-2 infected patients present clinically with mild symptoms, while a minority of patients progressively declined from the infection and eventually died of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOD). Severe pneumonia caused by pathogenic human coronaviruses (HCoV) are often associated with induced hypercytokinemia, also termed cytokine storm, in immunocompetent individuals; uncontrolled overproduction of inflammatory cytokines contributes to acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). doi = 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.04.002 id = cord-288304-80bn2wgd author = Sun, Y. title = The effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: A modeling study date = 2020-05-23 keywords = Japan; covid-19 summary = Compared to the official reports, which showed that the peak number of existing infected cases was 11,869 on April 27, these results indicated that 1) NPIs took in Period II might reduce more than 50% of the daily contacts per people compared to that before COVID-19; 2) owing to the effects of NPIs, the Japanese society had avoided collapse of medical service, which had been seen in Italy during the same period (Remuzzi & Remuzzi, 2020) ; 3) the of Period II was close to that reported in China before March 2020 (Chinazzi et al., 2020) . Compared to the official reports, which showed that the peak number of existing infected cases was 11,869 on April 27, these results indicated that 1) NPIs took in Period II might have reduced about 80% of the daily contacts per people compared to that before COVID-19; 2) owing to the effects of NPIs, the epidemic transmission may mainly have occurred through family contacts . doi = 10.1101/2020.05.22.20109660 id = cord-300651-4didq6dk author = Sun, Ya-Jun title = Clinical Features of Fatalities in Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-07-14 keywords = covid-19; death summary = METHODS: We conducted an Internet-based retrospective cohort study through retrieving the clinical information of 100 COVID-19 deaths from nonduplicating incidental reports in Chinese provincial and other governmental websites between January 23 and March 10, 2020. I n December 2019, several cases of pneumonia of unknown cause were reported in Wuhan, China that were later recognized as a novel coronavirus infection, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO). The reported clinical characteristics included the patient''s age, sex, initial onset symptoms, pre-existing chronic diseases, direct cause of death, date of admission, date of diagnosis, and date of death. Among the 100 COVID-19 fatalities, 16 cases were missing data on direct cause of death. In this Internet-based data intelligence study, we observed that the majority of COVID-19 deaths were elderly (approximately 8 of 10) and males (6 of 10), and most fatalities (3 of 4) occurred in patients with chronic illnesses. doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.235 id = cord-346496-crhv0gnt author = Sun, Ying title = Characteristics and prognostic factors of disease severity in patients with COVID-19: The Beijing experience date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; disease; patient summary = Peripheral CD4(+), CD8(+) T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes were significantly decreased in severe and critically ill patients, but there was only a non-statistically significant downward trend in NK cell numbers with severity. Natural killer (NK) cells, a key component of innate immunity against infection [7] , trended lower with increasing severity, but there was no statistically significant difference among the four groups. Though there was no statistically significant difference in these four different clinical classifications, the levels of creatine phosphokinase in the severe and critically ill groups were much higher than in the mild and moderate patients. The following variables showed significant positive correlation to the disease severity (p<0.01): advanced age, sputum production, shortness of breath, and higher neutrophil count, AST level (p<0.05), LDH level, GGT level, CRP level, ESR level, serum ferritin level, interleukin-6. Our findings indicated that C-reactive protein level, CD8 T lymphocyte count, and D-dimer were independent predictors of disease severity in Beijing COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102473 id = cord-293174-4ucqudn4 author = Sun, Ziheng title = Community venue exposure risk estimator for the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-29 keywords = April; COSRE; COVID-19; New; risk summary = To increase public awareness of exposure risks in daily activities, we propose a birthday-paradox-based probability model to implement in a web-based system, named COSRE (community social risk estimator) and make in-time community exposure risk estimation during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We define exposure risk to mean the probability of people meeting potential cases in public places such as grocery stores, gyms, libraries, restaurants, coffee shops, offices, etc. The correlation experiment with the new cases in the next two weeks shows that the risk estimation model offers promise in assisting people to be more precise about their personal safety and control of daily routine and social interaction. been done for the COVID-19 disease, as an ongoing pandemic few tools are available to evaluate the real-94 time social exposure risks. Model derived risks are 447 generated based on the real-time potential COVID-19 cases, the population in local communities, and the 448 number of people number in a given venue. doi = 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102450 id = cord-276237-zqtjjyoq author = Sundar, K. R. Shyam title = COVID-19 and State Failure: A Double Whammy for Trade Unions and Labour Rights date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; India; Labour summary = The CTUs and their allies have among other things(a) demanded multiple welfare measures including direct benefit transfer to non-taxpaying workers, enhanced pension, payment of cash and other forms of assistance to workers from their welfare boards, wide-covering fiscal reliefs, food security (including universal PDS), and protective health gear to and safety for the frontline workers, (b) protested against the labour market incidents noted above and provided concrete instances to support their claims, (c) expressed concern at the high and rising unemployment, (d) supported the "industry" their demands for subsidies, and (e) asked for dialogue with them. Their major demands are: reliefs to surviving migrant workers and compensation to their families, free ration, Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) of 7500, enhanced pension of 3000 to all non-income tax paying workers for six months, Aadhar-linked smart cards to all workers, withdraw the proposed privatisation measures and labour law changes, rise in MGNREGA wage to ₹500 per day, recovery of loans from wilful defaulters, increased budgetary allocation to the health, education, care and agriculture sectors, a fund for social security for unorganised workers, urban employment assurance scheme, protection for frontline workers, etc. doi = 10.1007/s41027-020-00263-0 id = cord-339300-xherv9wt author = Suner, C. title = Risk factors for mortality of residents in nursing homes with Covid-19: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-11-10 keywords = covid-19; home; nursing summary = The investigated factors included characteristics of the residents (age, gender, comorbidities, and complexity and/or advanced disease), structural features of the nursing home (total number of residents, residents who return home during the pandemic, and capacity for pandemic response, based on an ad hoc score of availability of twelve essential items for implementing preventive measures), and sociodemographic profile of the catchment district (household income, population density, and population incidence of Covid-19). Interpretation Presence of residents with complex/advance disease, low capacity for pandemic response and location in areas with high incidence of Covid-19 are risk factors for Covid-19 mortality in nursing homes and may help policymakers to prioritize preventative interventions for pandemic containment. We used data from nursing homes, including residents'' health characteristics, structural features, and the demographic and epidemiological profile of the district where the nursing home is located, to investigate the association between potential risk factors at the facility level and mortality in the residential setting during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Spain. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.09.20228171 id = cord-304010-n4gxxl5i author = Sung, Ho Kyung title = Clinical Course and Outcomes of 3,060 Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korea, January–May 2020 date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = To measure the clinical progression and recovery of a patient with COVID-19, we modified an ordinal scale and defined the severity scores as follows 9 : 1) no limitation of daily activities; 2) limitation of daily activities but no need for supplemental oxygen therapy; 3) need for supplemental oxygen therapy via nasal cannula; 4) need for supplemental oxygen therapy via facial mask; 5) need for high-flow supplemental oxygen therapy or noninvasive mechanical ventilation; 6) need for invasive mechanical ventilation; 7) multi-organ failure or the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy; 8) death. Patients with no data on illness onset (350, 11.4%), disease severity score on admission day (279, 9.1%), or age (2, 0.1%) were excluded from this analysis; b 1, no limitation of daily activities; 2, limitation of daily activities but no need for supplemental oxygen therapy; 3, need for supplemental oxygen therapy via nasal cannula; 4, need for supplemental oxygen therapy via facial mask; 5, need for high-flow supplemental oxygen therapy or non-invasive mechanical ventilation; 6, need for invasive mechanical ventilation; 7, multi-organ failure or need for ECMO therapy. doi = 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e280 id = cord-348459-v3e1zqpa author = Sung, J. title = Development and Validation of a Simple Risk Score for Diagnosing COVID-19 in the Emergency Room date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; preprint summary = A risk prediction score for COVID-19 can be used as a supplemental tool to assist clinical decision to triage, test, and quarantine patients admitted to the hospital from the emergency room. At present, no validated risk score or stratification system is readily available to aid the clinical decisionmaking process of hospital-based staff in determining when testing for COVID-19 is appropriate [3] . In this retrospective study, we reviewed the records of patients presenting to an emergency department in an acute care hospital in the Metropolitan Washington D.C. area who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 and admitted. Patients were included in the study if they presented to the emergency room and were admitted to the hospital with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 (cases) or tested negative for COVID-19 within 24 hours of hospital admission (controls). The risk score system achieved AUROC of 0.83 in validation, and can be used as a supplemental tool to assist clinical decision in the triage, quarantine, and testing of patients admitted to the hospital with suspicion of COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.11.20173112 id = cord-310776-4iqu18gi author = Supady, Alexander title = Extracorporeal cytokine adsorption as an alternative to pharmacological inhibition of IL-6 in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = Following initial reports describing Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a predictive factor for a negative outcome, extracorporeal cytokine adsorption was discussed as a possible treatment option for severe COVID-19 cases. A major advantage of extracorporeal cytokine adsorption over the other therapeutic approaches discussed in this debate is that it does not selectively block a specific receptor or signal transduction cascade, but it rather reduces particularly elevated concentrations of various inflammatory mediators such as interleukins, TNF-α, and also interferons; these factors have both pro-and anti-inflammatory functions. These two aspects may be particularly relevant, e.g., in the case of bacterial superinfection in severe COVID-19 when an adequate immune response is required. Exploring pharmacological approaches for managing cytokine storm associated with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19 patients Cytokine adsorption in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03238-1 id = cord-337906-qis8h3r3 author = Suresh Kumar, Vishnu Charan title = Transaminitis is an indicator of mortality in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study date = 2020-09-27 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = METHODS: This is a descriptive retrospective cohort study of 130 consecutive patients with a positive COVID PCR test admitted between March 16, 2020 to May 14, 2020 at a tertiary care University-based medical center. The Wilcoxon-rank sum test and paired t-test were used for comparing non-parametric and parametric continuous variables respectively and a multivariable logistic regression models to study the association between transaminitis and mortality using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, United States). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that transaminitis on admission was associated with severe clinical outcomes such as admission to the intensive care unit, need for mechanical ventilation, and mortality. The clinical impact of the hepatic manifestations of COVID-19 infection has led to our attempt to describe the association of transaminitis with patient morbidity and mortality in the Central New York population. Describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 positive patients and study the association between transaminitis and all-cause mortality. doi = 10.4254/wjh.v12.i9.619 id = cord-296316-huyw5eo1 author = Suresh, Padmanaban S. title = Curcumin and Coagulopathy in the COVID19 Era date = 2020-07-15 keywords = covid-19 summary = authors: Suresh, Padmanaban S. I want to highlight further the connection between COVID-19 associated coagulopathies and how proposing curcumin will be beneficial in this context from the available literature knowledge. COVID-19 patients exhibit thrombotic complications apart from sepsis, pneumonia, respiratory failure, etc., One of the characteristic features of COVID-19 disease is the associated coagulopathy with increased circulating D-dimer concentrations. International society of thrombosis and hemostasis proposes an algorithm of measuring D-dimer, prothrombin time, platelet count and fibrinogen in all patients with COVID-19 infection [5] . Markedly raised D-dimer (maybe 3-4 fold increase) prolonged prothrombin time, platelet count (100 9 10 9 /L), fibrinogen (\ 2 g/L) are guiding parameters in the management of COVID-19 patients. Investigators have explored the antithrombotic activities of Curcumin and mitigating effect on thrombosis by modulating platelet numbers, D-dimer and plasminogen activator inhibitor -1 in mice [7] [8] [9] . D-dimer levels on admission to predict in-hospital mortality in patients with Covid-19 doi = 10.1007/s12291-020-00914-5 id = cord-289029-6vcjioon author = Suri, Abdul Wahab title = The Rejuvenation of the Withering Nation State and Bio-power: The New Dynamics of Human Interaction date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; state summary = The incapacity of some advanced nation-states to control the masses through their frameworks of governmentality is leading to a revival of disciplinary power in the First World. In many parts of the world, states are instrumentalizing this type of power to discipline people in order to control the wide spread of the virus. In our part of the world (Pakistan) the people in power are constantly informing those who are not that, given that the virus is so contagious, they will be unable to provide healthcare to everyone who is infected or likely to be infected. This discourse at the subliminal level conveys the false assumption that under normal circumstances the public sector healthcare apparatus is actually capable of accommodating all the sick people affected by diseases other than COVID-19-which is, of course, untrue. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10021-y id = cord-322229-a7sz6e3c author = Suryadevara, V. title = Mental Health Status among the South Indian Pharmacy Students during Covid-19 Pandemic Quarantine Period: A Cross-Sectional Study date = 2020-05-12 keywords = covid-19; severe summary = The current study represents the mental health survey conducted on the students of South India after the completion of one month quarantine period of the COVID-19 outbreak. Conclusion: In India during the outbreak of COVID-19, an alarming number of students were found to have an impact on mental health due to the outbreak and were observed to have higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. This study represents probably the first mental health survey conducted in the students of South Indiaafter the one month quarantine period of the COVID-19 outbreak. After the country''s outbreak of COVID-19, the government of India declared public health emergency of National concern, 26 % of respondents reported severe to extremely severe depressive symptoms; 31.5 % of respondents reported severe to extremely severe anxiety symptoms,and 19 % reported severe to extremely severe stress levels. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.08.20093708 id = cord-228736-x1w5pi67 author = Suryanarayanan, Parthasarathy title = WNTRAC: Artificial Intelligence Assisted Tracking of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions Implemented Worldwide for COVID-19 date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; NPI; WNTRAC; Wikipedia summary = We present the Worldwide Non-pharmaceutical Interventions Tracker for COVID-19 (WNTRAC), a comprehensive dataset consisting of over 6,000 NPIs implemented worldwide since the start of the pandemic. For example, the CoronaNet dataset 11 contains the monadic and dyadic data on policy actions taken by governments across the world, manually curated by over 500 researchers covering sixteen NPI types and is kept fairly up-to-date. The Complexity Science Hub, Vienna enlisted researchers, students and volunteers to curate the Complexity Science Hub COVID-19 Control Strategies List 12 dataset, of eight different NPI types but covering only 57 countries. Similarly, the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker 13 dataset, takes a crowd-sourcing approach and covers 17 NPI types, 186 regions, 52 US states and territories. It consists of two subsystems: a data processing pipeline for capturing and extracting potential NPI events from Wikipedia articles and a tool, WNTRAC Curator for human validation of NPI events automatically extracted using the aforementioned pipeline. doi = nan id = cord-284272-68ykes60 author = Suso-Ribera, Carlos title = How Much Support Is There for the Recommendations Made to the General Population during Confinement? A Study during the First Three Days of the COVID–19 Quarantine in Spain date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; March summary = Therefore, the goal of the present study is to investigate the emotional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to the extent to which a comprehensive set of socio-demographic, behavioral, and personality/cognitive correlate with well-being just at the beginning of the quarantine in Spain (first three days). Status during the Beginning of the Quarantine (First Three Days) and Comparison with Data from the General Population Before the Quarantine As indicated in Table 3 , participants in the present study reported more depressed mood (t = 5.79, p < 0.001, d = 0.30) and anger (t = 4.81, p < 0.001, d = 0.25), as well as less vigor (t = −12.49, p < 0.001, d = 0.69) and friendliness (t = −9.41, p < 0.001, d = 0.47) compared to data from the general population previous to the current COVID-19 crisis [17] . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17124382 id = cord-032256-7yrh16ab author = Susskind, Daniel title = The economics of the COVID-19 pandemic: an assessment date = 2020-08-29 keywords = COVID-19; country; issue; pandemic summary = The two are closely related: it is becoming clear that the use of compulsory lockdowns-by the end of March 2020, over 100 countries had one in place-had an important signalling effect at the start of the pandemic, making clear how critical it was for individuals to change their behaviour. In turn, there appear to be important age inequalities, too: the International Labour Office (ILO), for instance, argues that young people have been ''disproportionately affected'' by the pandemic, which has disrupted their education and training, and forced them out of work; one in six young people surveyed by the ILO, for example, had stopped working since the start of the COVID-19 crisis (ILO, 2020). (2020, this issue) argue, as we move out of lockdown and into a tentative period of recovery, it will be necessary to consider a new set of policy options: extension of short-time work and possible temporary subsidy for re-employment; corporation tax incentives; VAT reductions; and a holiday from taxes on business property. doi = 10.1093/oxrep/graa036 id = cord-334955-gnu92up6 author = Sutton, Jeannette title = COVID-19: Retransmission of official communications in an emerging pandemic date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; content; message; retransmission summary = In this research, we examine message features shown in prior disasters to increase or decrease message retransmission under imminent threat conditions to develop models of official risk communicators'' messages shared online from February 1, 2020-April 30, 2020. We develop a lexicon of keywords associated with risk communication about the pandemic response, then use automated coding to identify message content and message structural features. They found that actionable and instructive messages and those that included a visual image were highly shared regardless of the time period; however, daily updates in the form of forecasts or current weather conditions involving little uncertainty, as well as message features that increase interaction, such as direct replies and URLs, decreased message passing. Messages that include information sharing decreases retransmission; however, this content increased post emergency declaration by 61%. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238491 id = cord-285944-8lapwnuw author = Suwanwongse, Kulachanya title = Hyperpyrexia in COVID‐19 patients date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We propose three possible underlying mechanisms based on our current knowledge: 1) direct brain injury from SARS-CoV-2, 2) persistent immune dysfunction and dysregulation of cytokines, and 3) vascular thrombosis. According to our case series, the lack of normal daily temperature variation in patient 4 and 5, and the presence of hypothermia in patient 1 and 5 support the hypothesis that direct brain injury from SARS-CoV-2 leads to hyperpyrexia. SARS-CoV-2 may cause injury to the brain-stem respiratory center explaining why COVID-19 patients often report lesser perception of dyspnea than the actual degree of hypoxia and the extent of lung pathology [15] . Our case series also highlights the need to determine underlying mechanisms of hyperpyrexia in COVID-19 patients as each cause requires different management. The underlying mechanisms of hyperpyrexia in COVID-19 are unknown but may be a result of SARS-CoV-2 related brain injury, exuberant immune response, and thrombus formation. doi = 10.1002/jmv.26154 id = cord-302786-ibt7mupq author = Suwanwongse, Kulachanya title = Fatal Outcome in a Kidney-Pancreas Transplant Recipient With COVID-19 date = 2020-06-18 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Despite a growing report on clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with COVID-19, the data in the special population, including transplant recipients, is still limited. We proposed that the pre-existing T-cell dysfunction from the long-term use of immunosuppressive agents in organ transplant recipients adversely affects COVID-19 prognosis and worsens COVID-19 mortality. However, impaired immune functions may paradoxically protect transplant patients from the hyper-inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 and thus dampen the disease severity. Long-term immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplant recipients may alter clinical features and outcomes of COVID-19. The long-term use of immunosuppressive medications in organ transplant recipients is associated with the decrease in T-cell number and function; TAC and MMF preferentially inhibit T-cell response. However, in this report, immunosuppressive agents were discontinued in patients with severe disease, presumably with high mortality risks. Preexisting T-cell immune response deficits from long-term use of immunosuppressive agents may worsen the prognosis of COVID-19 in transplant recipients. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8691 id = cord-335625-z9ifjsil author = Suwanwongse, Kulachanya title = Lithium Toxicity in Two Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients date = 2020-05-31 keywords = covid-19; lithium summary = Herein, we are reporting the clinical features and outcomes of two patients with COVID-19 who initially presented with signs and symptoms of lithium toxicity. We report two patients initially presented with acute lithium intoxication in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The second patient had mild COVID-19 infection but complicated with AKI and lithium intoxication. Our report may point out that the clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with psychiatric illness and taking lithium are similar to those of the general population. Some patients may be quarantined at home due to mild symptoms of COVID-19 but at risk of lethal complications from medication toxicity. Prompt recognition and treatment of medication toxicity will prevent patients'' morbidity and mortality. Patients with psychiatric illness and taking lithium may have similar clinical features and outcomes of COVID-19 compared to those without. doi = 10.7759/cureus.8384 id = cord-352102-ssk24jkx author = Suwanwongse, Kulachanya title = Successful Conservative Management of Acute Appendicitis in a Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patient date = 2020-04-26 keywords = covid-19 summary = Appendectomy is the gold standard of treatment for acute appendicitis; however, recent evidence suggests conservative management with intravenous antibiotics may provide similar outcomes and can be used as an alternative in selected patients. Appendectomy is the gold standard of care for patients with acute appendicitis, but recent evidence showed that conservative treatment with intravenous antibiotics may provide similar outcomes [2] . Non-operative treatment for acute appendicitis has additional benefits, including the elimination of the mortality and morbidity risks associated with surgery, as well as the complications of anesthesia, infection, and bleeding, the obliteration of the long-term complications of abdominal surgery, such as bowel obstruction and chronic wound pain, a decrease in the treatment cost and the length of hospital stay [2] [3] [4] . Although there is increasing evidence that intravenous antibiotics can be used as alternative management, especially in patients with a high operative risk, appendectomy remains the gold standard of care for patients with acute appendicitis. doi = 10.7759/cureus.7834 id = cord-253730-cdkzvfib author = Suzuki, Emily title = Assessment of the Need for Early Initiation of Rehabilitation Treatments in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients, including risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, and to evaluate the need for rehabilitation to prevent pulmonary embolism. The clinical characteristics and blood test results of patients with no history on admission of oral anticoagulant use were evaluated to assess the importance of inflammation and clotting function as risk factors for pulmonary embolism. 8) Because hypercoagulability and hyperinflammation have been reported in patients with COVID-19, we compared coagulability and inflammation by sex and the severity of COVID-19 to identify risk factors for PE that can be used to determine the necessity of early rehabilitation intervention to prevent PE. Considering the high risk of hospital-acquired infections and the worldwide shortage of medical resources, including not only PPE but also physicians, nurses, and rehabilitation therapists, it is understandable that the guidelines for physiotherapy do not recommend affirmative intervention for patients with moderate to severe COVID-19. doi = 10.2490/prm.20200018 id = cord-303785-2y4a1luj author = Suárez, V. title = Epidemiología de COVID-19 en México: del 27 febrero al 30 de abril de 2020 date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; México summary = En respuesta a este brote global, resumimos el estado actual del conocimiento en torno a la COVID-19 en México hasta el mes de abril: esta información tiene valor para comprender la expansión de la enfermedad y el efecto de las medidas de contención en nuestro país. Un caso importado es una persona que ha viajado a un área afectada fuera del país en los 14 días previos al inicio de la enfermedad; contacto importado es la persona infectada por contacto directo con un caso importado, y contagio local, la persona sin antecedentes de contagio por importación. El 11 de marzo, el mismo día que la OMS clasificó a la COVID-19 como pandemia, se informaron de cuatro nuevos casos: dos en la Ciudad de México y uno más en Querétaro, todos ellos pacientes que habían regresado de un viaje a España y cuyas edades oscilaban entre 30 y 41 años. En este estudio se presentan las características del COVID-19 en México 64 días después del primer caso confirmado en el país. doi = 10.1016/j.rce.2020.05.007 id = cord-349198-mx5pu9fq author = Sverzellati, Nicola title = Integrated Radiologic Algorithm for COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 12 On the basis of scientific data, knowledge in thoracic radiology, and our Institutional intensive experience with COVID-19 epidemic, we drew and adapted an integrated radiologic algorithm based on the first 702 cases of patients who referred to dedicated COVID-19 radiology protocol after first-level clinical triage in a dedicated emergency unit ( Fig. 2A) . Radiologic integrated contribution is established with 3 major categories that specifically refer to COVID-19: category 1 (green border) encompasses both normal CT and CT with signs of exclusive non-COVID-19 disease; category 2 (yellow border) is meant as indeterminate category that includes 2 main complex scenarios with COVID-19 as alternative or overlapping disease; category 3 encompasses typical patterns recently associated with COVID-19. The supervening massive situation ought to try and define some very low-risk strata among category 2 and 3 patients by definition of extremely small findings on CT to be integrated with clinical parameters and to allow early discharge from hospital with peripheral follow-up (general practitioners are involved in peripheral monitoring of COVID-19) (Fig. 2B) . doi = 10.1097/rti.0000000000000516 id = cord-310997-ulgemn42 author = Swai, Joel title = Letter to the editor—Mortality rate of acute kidney injury in SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-09-11 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Letter to the editor—Mortality rate of acute kidney injury in SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis Firstly, the mortality rate for COVID-19 patients with AKI is different in the text (i.e., 76.5%; 95% CI 61.0-89.0) from one reported in the authors'' Figure 1 (i.e., 78.0%; 95% CI 63.0-90.0). Letter to the editor-Mortality rate of acute kidney injury in SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis" As the author pointed out, the reported results of mortality rate for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) is different from the text and Figure 1c in the original publication of our article [1] . In addition, our research letter aimed to overview the AKI mortality in patients with different coronaviruses, but the clinical heterogeneity between studies should be also noted. Mortality rate of acute kidney injury in SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03239-0 id = cord-274339-gj9wjkoo author = Swanson, D. A. title = A Simple Method for Estimating the Number of Unconfirmed COVID-19 Cases in a Local Area that Includes a Confidence Interval: A Case Study of Whatcom County, Washington date = 2020-05-05 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: A Simple Method for Estimating the Number of Unconfirmed COVID-19 Cases in a Local Area that Includes a Confidence Interval: A Case Study of Whatcom County, Washington We go on to show how a confidence interval can be constructed around an estimate of positive, unconfirmed COVID-19 cases constructed from this method, using Whatcom County, Washington as a case study. We conclude with the application of these steps to Whatcom County, Washington to obtain an estimate of its number of positive, unconfirmed cases along with 95% lower and upper confidence limits. In adapting the censal-ratio method to estimate the number of positive, unconfirmed COVID-19 cases, we revise equations [1] and [2] as follows . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.30.20086181 doi: medRxiv preprint Developing a Confidence Interval Swanson and Tayman (2012: 189-191) describe how inferential measures such as the coefficient of variation can be obtained from censal-ratio methods. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.30.20086181 id = cord-326089-8234mcdk author = Sweid, Ahmad title = Incidence of Acute Ischemic Stroke and Rate of Mechanical Thrombectomy During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Large Tertiary Care Telemedicine Network date = 2020-06-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Incidence of Acute Ischemic Stroke and Rate of Mechanical Thrombectomy During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Large Tertiary Care Telemedicine Network The precipitous decrease in AIS admissions and telestroke consults may be a consequence of patients not reporting neurological manifestations due to the fear of contracting the virus by visiting the Emergency Room. Such outcomes are consistent with previous reports by the World Stroke Organization (50%-70% decline in AIS admission) and the cardiology experience from the USA (38% decrease in cardiac catheterization lab STEMI activations). 1, 2 The higher incidence of COVID-19 patients in the overall stroke group can be supported by recent theories that systemic COVID-19 may contribute to a hyper-thrombotic state and increase the risk of AIS. Of the 6 COVID-19 patients, 4 had tandem occlusions or multiple arterial occlusions (67%) compared to historic controls in our stroke series of 15%. Stroke care and the COVID19 pandemic words from our President. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.053 id = cord-327827-oliw4ee5 author = Sweid, Ahmad title = Letter: Thrombotic Neurovascular Disease in COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 1, 2 The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects cells by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. 3, 4 Additionally, epidemiological data demonstrated increased mortality due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases during flu pandemics due to a hypercoagulable state. 5, 6 The triad of neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2, induction of hypercoagulable state, [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] and the inhibition of ACE2 blocking the formation of Angiotensin (1-7) serve as the pathophysiology for neurovascular insults. 3, 4 We present a case series of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients from 2 health systems developing cerebrovascular insult. Fourteen patients were identified with the diagnosis of cerebrovascular insult and COVID-19 infection. Medical charts were queried for baseline patient characteristics, comorbidities, COVID-19 symptoms, duration between COVID-19 symptoms and the neurological manifestation, cerebrovascular insult, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at presentation, procedure details, and mortality. Moreover, cerebrovascular insult was the primary manifestation of COVID-19 in patients who did not have the fulminant virus manifestations present. doi = 10.1093/neuros/nyaa254 id = cord-029880-mhmvc0kq author = Sy, Charlle title = Policy Development for Pandemic Response Using System Dynamics: a Case Study on COVID-19 date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; outbreak; system summary = title: Policy Development for Pandemic Response Using System Dynamics: a Case Study on COVID-19 These models have been integral in providing insights necessary for developing risk management strategies that minimize the transmission of disease outbreaks and other negative impacts, such as shortages in essential resources and economic declines. Araz (2013) proposed an integrated framework joining system dynamics with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) a decision-making tool for the assessment of public health strategies in an influenza outbreak capturing multiple stakeholder preferences. To address this gap, this research is aimed to demonstrate the viability of system dynamics as a framework to understand and develop response strategies for disease pandemics such as COVID-19. The general objective of the study is to develop a system dynamics model of COVID-19 for different scenarios aiming to equip decision-makers with evidence-based judgment in the control of the outbreak. Integrating complex system dynamics of pandemic influenza with a multi-criteria decision making model for evaluating public health strategies doi = 10.1007/s41660-020-00130-x id = cord-318871-ffyavhm0 author = Sy, K. T. L. title = Previous and active tuberculosis in COVID-19 patients increases risk of death and prolongs recovery date = 2020-07-26 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Previous and active tuberculosis in COVID-19 patients increases risk of death and prolongs recovery We aimed to compare the risk and survival time of death and recovery among COVID-19 patients with and without TB. The primary analysis estimated the risk ratios of death and recovery comparing COVID-19 patients with and without TB. Our findings reiterate the need to prioritize routine and testing services for tuberculosis, even with increased disruptions to health systems during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Most research on the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen have been conducted in highincome countries, and studies suggest worse outcomes among COVID-19 patients with other respiratory diseases in these countries, such as COPD (11, 12) and asthma (13) . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.22.20154575 doi: medRxiv preprint created a propensity score matched subsample of only admitted COVID-19 patients, and conducted the same analysis. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.22.20154575 id = cord-279106-3ffa9djf author = Syatila Ab Ghani, Nur title = Side chain similarity comparisons for integrated drug repositioning and potential toxicity assessments in epidemic response scenarios: the case for COVID-19 date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; PDBID; SARS; drug; protein summary = In this work, the three-dimensional arrangements of amino acid side chains in known drug binding sites (substructures) were used to search for similarly arranged sites in SARS-CoV-2 protein structures in the Protein Data Bank for the potential repositioning of approved compounds. The investigations of binding properties in disease-related proteins derived from the comparison of amino acid substructure arrangements allows for effective mechanism driven decision making to rank and select only the compounds with the highest potential for success and safety to be prioritized for clinical trials or treatments. In the case of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we demonstrate that the pipeline can identify candidate compounds quickly and sustainably in combination with associated risk factors derived from the analysis of potential off-target site binding by the compounds to be repurposed. 33 In this work, amino acid side chain similarity searching was utilized to propose alternative target sites in 34 SARS-CoV-2 protein structures for drug repositioning. doi = 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.10.013 id = cord-256676-b7p92sb1 author = Syed, Faiza title = Estimation of the Final Size of the COVID-19 Epidemic in Pakistan date = 2020-04-06 keywords = COVID-19; Pakistan summary = We used an SIR model to predict the magnitude of the COVID-19 epidemic in Pakistan and compared the numbers with the reported cases on the national database. The basic assumption of the SIR model is that the total number of susceptible infected and recovered cases at any given time is equivalent to the test population, so the equations can be represented as: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.01.20050369 doi: medRxiv preprint Further assumptions of the SIR model assume that if the R˳ is greater than the ratio of total population and the susceptible cases at time zero then it would imply that the outbreak will turn into a full-fledged epidemic. Our study was focused on modelling the COVID-19 epidemic in Pakistan in order to estimate the number of infections, the peak infection day, the rate of increase of infections per day and the resolution of the end-point of the epidemic 1 . doi = 10.1101/2020.04.01.20050369 id = cord-255631-516epnjw author = Syeda, H. B. title = The Role of Machine Learning Techniques to Tackle COVID-19 Crisis: A Systematic Review. date = 2020-08-25 keywords = August; COVID-19; SARS; preprint summary = Results: The 128 publications selected were classified into three themes based on ML applications employed to combat the COVID-19 crisis: Computational Epidemiology (CE), Early Detection and Diagnosis (EDD), and Disease Progression (DP). This study focused on peer-reviewed publications, as well as, preprints that applied ML techniques to analyze and address COVID-19 crisis on different scales including diagnostics, prognostics, disease spread forecast, omics, and drug development. We identified forty studies that primarily focused on diagnosing COVID-19 in patients with suspected infection mostly using chest radiological images such as Computed Tomography (CT), X-Radiation (X-Ray), and Lung Ultrasound (LUS). In our review, we identified one study by Roy et al [126] who used a deep learning model on annotated LUS COVID-19 dataset to predict disease severity. The goal of the study was to develop a decision support tool that integrates readily available lab results from EHRs. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has strained global healthcare systems, especially ICUs, due to hospitalized patients having higher ICU transfer rates [133] . doi = 10.1101/2020.08.23.20180158 id = cord-275510-fotolimq author = Sytwu, Huey-Kang title = Expeditious responses to COVID-19 crisis: from governmental management to laboratory approach date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COVID-19; Taiwan summary = At the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, the National Health Command Center (NHCC) of Taiwan, unifying a central command system that is composed of the Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC), the Biological Pathogen Disaster Command Center, the Central Medical Emergency Operations Center and the Counter-Bioterrorism Command Center, rapidly established several critical and timely actions including border control from the air and sea in early January, big data-and technology-based identification of cases, systematic quarantine of suspected cases, proactive case finding, resource allocation, daily press conference and extensive public education, negotiation with other countries and regions, formulation of policies for schools, childcare and nursing homes, and relief to businesses [1] . Facing the tremendous threat of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, governments all around the world should be well aware that more investments in public health, climate change countermeasures, a global health surveillance system, an effective research into identifying pathogens, subsequent treatment, vaccine development and effective health delivery systems are needed. doi = 10.1016/j.bj.2020.09.002 id = cord-277189-fe8ego7f author = Szabados, Bernadett title = Clinical Characteristics and Outcome for Four SARS-CoV-2-infected Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors date = 2020-05-26 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Preliminary data suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with higher mortality among cancer patients, particularly in those on systemic therapy. During this period, 11 patients (15%) developed symptoms consistent with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and four (5%) tested positive. These data suggest that the higher risk of COVID-19 death associated with systemic therapy in cancer may not apply to patients on ICIs. Assessment of COVID-19 severity in these patients can be complicated by the underlying cancer and its treatment. Preliminary data suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (coronavirus disease 2019 ) is associated with higher mortality among cancer patients [1] . Current data on COVID-19 mortality among cancer patients group treatment modalities such as immune therapy and targeted therapy (n = 7) together, which is flawed [3] . The fever and cough resolved 5 d later, and the patient resumed his cancer treatment after completion of his self-isolation period. doi = 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.05.024 id = cord-280206-49qjyhrd author = Szczerbińska, Katarzyna title = Could we have done better with COVID-19 in nursing homes? date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; LTC; care summary = The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed recommendations to keep COVID-19 from entering LTC facilities: everyday active screening residents for early detection, preventing spread of infection in the facility, and assuring optimized personal protective equipment (PPE) supply. Therefore, more effective procedures are needed to protect the residents from being exposed to the infection being brought into the institution by others: for example, regular testing of staff in advance, and a labour law assuring compensation when the worker is ill to avoid a person with symptoms coming to work. The Special Interest Group in Long-Term Care of the European Geriatric Medicine Society (SIG-LTC of EUGMS) advocates for implementing a minimum standard of care in the nursing homes, which includes an obligatory training in LTC for physicians, which might improve the quality of care for residents and their protection from infections like SARS-CoV-2 [11] . Asymptomatic and presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in residents of a long-term care skilled nursing facility doi = 10.1007/s41999-020-00362-7 id = cord-344213-j3yextjl author = Sze, Shirley title = The need for improved discharge criteria for hospitalised patients with COVID-19—implications for patients in long term care facilities date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In the COVID-19 pandemic, patients who are older and residents of long term care facilities (LTCF) are at greatest risk of worse clinical outcomes. We reviewed discharge criteria for hospitalised COVID-19 patients from ten countries with the highest incidence of COVID-19 cases as of 26th July 2020. We recommend a unified, simpler discharge criteria, based on current studies which suggest that most SARS-CoV-2 loses its infectivity by 10 days post-symptom onset. This represents a practical compromise between unnecessarily prolonged admissions and returning highly infectious patients back to their care facilities, and is of particular importance in older patients discharged to LTCFs, residents of which may be at greatest risk of transmission and worse clinical outcomes.  Current evidence suggests that most patients are non-infective 10 days post symptom onset or after first positive PCR result COVID-19 is a global pandemic. doi = 10.1093/ageing/afaa206 id = cord-010585-hasoaa0k author = Szekely, Yishay title = Chloroquine-induced torsade de pointes in a COVID-19 patient date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 3 In particular, the magnitude of the proarrhythmic potential of these drugs, specifically related to their QT-prolongation effects, is questioned: On the one hand, the fact chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine block the I Kr potassium-channel at the myocyte level, therefore causing QT-prolongation, is well documented. 4 that we report a case of drug-induced torsade de pointes (TdP) due to chloroquine therapy for COVID-19. The fact that our patient was receiving memantine, a drug rated as a medication with "possible risk for TdP" likely contributed to the proarrhythmic effects of chloroquine. Excessive QT prolongation, defined as prolongation to a QTc >500 msec, has already been reported for 11%-25% of COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin. Clinicians should monitor COVID-19 patients when treating them with chloroquine or other QT-prolonging drugs, with special attention to females, patients with structural heart disease, baseline QT interval on ECG, concomitant use of other QT-prolonging medications, potassium or magnesium abnormalities and bradycardia. doi = 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.04.046 id = cord-252687-7084pfqm author = Szelenberger, Rafal title = Ischemic Stroke among the Symptoms Caused by the COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cell; patient; stroke summary = Many clinical studies have shown an association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and hypercoagulability diagnosed on the basis of abnormal coagulation parameters, including activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, fibrinogen, D-dimer and C-reactive protein level. In this review, the potential mechanism and the effect of the SARS-CoV-2 viral infection on the development of ischemic stroke in COVID-19 patients were carefully studied. study, in which most non-survivor COVID-19 patients'' (71.4%) blood tests showed prolonged prothrombin time and an increased D-dimer levels, which indicated the state after activation of the plasma coagulation system [14] . The accumulation of immune cells in the vascular wall in response to the viral infection, especially among patients with ischemic risk factors, induces endothelial dysfunction, migration and proliferation of cells, activation of coagulation cascade and production of fibrous plaques. doi = 10.3390/jcm9092688 id = cord-262454-bccrvapy author = Szente Fonseca, Silvia Nunes title = Risk of Hospitalization for Covid-19 Outpatients Treated with Various Drug Regimens in Brazil: Comparative Analysis date = 2020-10-31 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; SARS; patient summary = With all that, we developed a protocol for early recognition and treatment of high-risk patients (in our population, age greater than 40 years because of generally poorer health standards, or with comorbidities) who would come to our outpatient network of emergency rooms with influenza-like symptoms: fever, cough, myalgia and headache, among others, and receive early treatment, provided to patients at the first doctor visit, using physician discretion from among HCQ, azithromycin, ivermectin, oseltamivir, zinc sulfate, nitazoxanide and prednisone (the last starting on day-6 of symptoms). On March 28, 2020, the FDA issued an emergency use authorization for remdesivir and HCQ for patients in both clinical trials and with severe hospitalized disease (31) . We found early outpatient use of HCQ and prednisone, both as individual prescriptions and used together, to lower the risk of hospitalization in symptomatic high-risk COVID-19 patients presenting for primary care at the emergency rooms of our large HMO in Brazil. doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101906 id = cord-316370-t802kjpk author = Szperka, Christina L. title = Migraine Care in the Era of COVID‐19: Clinical Pearls and Plea to Insurers date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19; migraine; patient; treatment summary = We will review the use of telehealth for patient communication, and review acute and preventive treatment strategies, with attention to concerns specific to COVID-19. 43 Preventive Therapies.-While the injection of on-abotulinumtoxinA is an effective treatment for chronic migraine, 44 the procedure can put the patient and the provider at higher risk of COVID-19 given the close contact encounter. During the current pandemic we, headache specialists, make a plea to insurers to lift cumbersome restrictions to allow patients greater availability of evidence-based treatment options to reduce the burden of their disease. Phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of lasmiditan for acute treatment of migraine Safety and efficacy of erenumab for preventive treatment of chronic migraine: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial Efficacy and safety of galcanezumab for the prevention of episodic migraine: Results of the EVOLVE-2 Phase 3 randomized controlled clinical trial doi = 10.1111/head.13810 id = cord-251581-8ubyveyt author = Szymkowiak, Andrzej title = In-store epidemic behavior: scale development and validation date = 2020-05-04 keywords = SARS; consumer; covid-19; epidemic; store summary = All identified factors significantly correlated with the in-store infection threat which reiterates the importance of providing information revealing the true scale of the pandemic and not leaving space for individuals to create subjective probability judgments. Nonetheless, one must also bear in mind that grocery stores are a place for possible transmission of many bacterial and viral pathogens (Bell et al., 2009; Dalton, New, & Health, 2006; Sinclair, Fahnestock, Feliz, Patel, & Perry, 2018) , causing consumers to undertake various behavioral changes in their approach to shopping. Based on the analysis of this limited quantity of research related to consumer behavioral changes in response to epidemics, it is clear that there is a gap in research on how the fear of contagion and not budgetary limitations can impact consumer willingness to shop at stationery stores. Moreover, the questionnaire was performed during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic which limits the possibility of comparing the results for in-shop behaviors with a time from before the epidemic. doi = nan id = cord-342216-xus2ckrc author = Sánchez-Duque, Jorge A. title = Enfermedad por Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) en América Latina: Papel de la atención primaria en la preparación y respuesta date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Enfermedad por Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) en América Latina: Papel de la atención primaria en la preparación y respuesta Por ello, se debe optimizar el triage en las instituciones, e incluso implementar estrategias prehospitalarias como centros especializados que brinden información vía telefónica, los cuales, disminuyen el contacto físico, la propagación del virus y la saturación de los servicios de salud 1,3 . Las consecuencias de la no contención de estas epidemias se mide en vidas perdidas, lo cual es mucho más costoso, por lo que, se debe romper el ciclo de pánico y olvido, y comenzar a prepararnos para futuros brotes, especialmente fortaleciendo los servicios de atención primaria 2, 8 . Preparación y control de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) en América Latina Lineamientos para la detección y manejo de casos de COVID-19 por los prestadores de servicios de salud en Colombia doi = 10.1016/j.aprim.2020.04.001 id = cord-288051-wp8v2mc5 author = Sánchez-González, Álvaro title = What Should Be Known by a Urologist About the Medical Management of COVID-19’s Patients? date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; day; patient summary = Seven days after the clinical onset, the risk of transmission decreases in mildsymptomatic patients, but it may be extended over 24 days in severe cases [11•, 15] . The clinical spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 infection varies widely, including asymptomatic infection, mild upper respiratory tract illness, severe viral pneumonia with respiratory failure, and even death [9, 11•] (Fig. 1) . Corticosteroids are recommended in the treatment of septic shock, exacerbation of chronic obstructive respiratory disease and these COVID-19''s patients with respiratory deterioration and quick radiological progression associated with sings of cytokine storm (cytopenia, maintained fever, an increase of inflammatory reactants: D-dimer > 1000 ng/mL, ferritin > 1000 ng/mL, fibrinogen > 100 ng/mL, IL-6 > 40 pg/mL) [6, 23••] . Results from 237 patients, 158 assigned to remdesivir, showed no differences in time to clinical improvement, 28day mortality, oxygen support, hospitalization, or viral load. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected. Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab doi = 10.1007/s11934-020-00995-y id = cord-318970-aiqggh6h author = Sánchez-Raya, Judith title = Spinal cord injury and COVID-19: some thoughts after the first wave date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; SCI summary = Some years ago, the World Health Organization established as a priority the need to help health providers and governments to ensure that people with disability such as spinal cord injury (SCI) could always access the healthcare services in emergency situations [1] . However, the remaining two have survived to date: a 57-year-old male patient with no pathological history with a C2 AIS D cervical injury, severe oropharyngeal dysphagia who required enteral nutrition with a nasogastric tube and a 41-year-old male patient with acute traumatic SCI without comorbidities and a T5 AIS B neurological level who developed acute respiratory failure secondary to pneumonia and presented a favorable evolution with the appropriate treatment that included support measures with administration of high concentrations of oxygen and assisted coughing techniques. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has been a major challenge for people with SCI and for the specialized units that care for them. doi = 10.1038/s41393-020-0524-5 id = cord-024002-ag5by3k2 author = Sánchez-Recalde, Ángel title = COVID-19 y shock cardiogénico: diferentes formas de presentación cardiovascular con alta mortalidad date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = De los 7 pacientes positivos para COVID-19, 2 fueron dados de alta, 1 falleció por insuficiencia respiratoria secundaria a neumonía grave y 4 entraron en shock cardiogénico inmediatamente tras su llegada al hospital; de estos, fallecieron 3, lo que significa una mortalidad del 75% en el contexto del shock cardiogénico. Se realizó un cateterismo cardiaco urgente, que mostró arterias coronarias sin lesiones y disfunción ventricular izquierda grave con alteraciones de la contractilidad compatibles con miocardiopatía de estrés (tako-tsubo invertido) con acinesia de los segmentos basales y medios e hipercontractilidad del ápex (figuras 1C y D). Se observó elevación de troponina I y, por los antecedentes, se realizó angiotomografía urgente de arterias pulmonares, que mostró tromboembolia pulmonar bilateral con dilatación ventricular derecha, además de opacidades periféricas parcheadas compatibles con neumonía por SARS-Cov-2, que se confirmó en la PCR (figuras 1G y H). doi = 10.1016/j.rec.2020.04.012 id = cord-332118-jg80szw7 author = Sánchez-Sánchez, Eduardo title = Eating Habits and Physical Activity of the Spanish Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; confinement summary = The objective of our study is to learn the dietary patterns, consumption, and physical activity of the Spanish population before and during the period of confinement by COVID-19. Subsequently, and using the McNemar test, it was studied whether there were significant differences between gender and diet adherence, as well as the answers to each questionnaire item and the adherence to the MD during each period (before and after the confinement), accepting a confidence level of 95%. These habits have gained a special relevance during the period of confinement caused by COVID-19, as the alteration of the diet and physical activity can yield diseases like obesity, diabetes; which are risk mortality factors in patients with COVID-19 [13] . Our outcomes were higher than those reported by other studies, regarding the number of subjects that practiced physical activity during confinement (70.6% versus 59.6%) [18] . doi = 10.3390/nu12092826 id = cord-346184-jp3hfbrq author = TALEB, S. M. title = The first thousands of cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Algeria: some risk factors date = 2020-08-20 keywords = Algeria; COVID-19 summary = title: The first thousands of cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Algeria: some risk factors Due to these gaps in the information published by several national and world organizations, we will present in this study the first prevalence''s of COVID-19 according to some risk factors in Algeria. This descriptive study was conducted to review key information from the epidemiological bulletins of the Ministry of Population Health and Hospital Reform (MSPRH) and reports from the World Health Organization (WHO). We report in this study early data on the prevalence of COVID-19 in Algeria and in the world using the data available on the website of the Ministry of Population Health and Hospital All rights reserved. 17.20176396 doi: medRxiv preprint Reform of Algeria as well as the data of the first reports published by the World Health Organization on COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.17.20176396 id = cord-025556-oyfx3ij5 author = THUNSTRÖM, LINDA title = Testing for COVID-19: willful ignorance or selfless behavior? date = 2020-05-08 keywords = covid-19; participant; people; test summary = Furthermore, willful ignorance often arises when selfish wants conflict with social benefits, which might be particularly likely for potential ''super-spreaders'' – people with many social interactions – given people who test positive are urged to self-isolate for two weeks. Furthermore, we expect those at the lowest risk of losing out financially (e.g., risk to labor income or health care costs) or emotionally from self-isolating (i.e., if they are introverts who attach a low value to social interactions) to be the most willing to get tested for COVID-19. We therefore conclude that the positive effect of being an extrovert on willingness to test for COVID-19 is likely due to social health benefits weighing more heavily in their decision than their private costs from potential self-isolation for 14 days, should the test come back positive. doi = 10.1017/bpp.2020.15 id = cord-308155-696bhy9v author = TRECARICHI, E. M. title = Characteristics, outcome and predictors of in-hospital mortality in an elderly population from a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a long-term care facility. date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; July summary = We conducted a retrospective, observational cohort study to assess clinical characteristics and baseline predictors of mortality of COVID-19 patients hospitalized after an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a LTCF. Our study shows a high in-hospital mortality rate in a cohort of elderly patients with COVID-19 and hypernatremia, lymphopenia, CVD other than hypertension, and higher IL-6 serum levels were identified as independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. Herein, we report clinical characteristics, outcome (inhospital mortality), and prognostic factors in a cohort of 50 patients as part of an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infection in an Italian LTCF. In the present study, clinical characteristics and outcome of a cohort of 50 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who were transferred from a LTCF to the Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit of "Mater Domini" Teaching Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy are described. To the best of our knowledge, the present is the first study investigating clinical characteristics, mortality and prognostic factors of a complete cohort of patients during a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a LTCF. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.30.20143701 id = cord-280528-7ivw72l0 author = TUFAN, Abdurrahman title = COVID-19, immune system response, hyperinflammation and repurposing antirheumatic drugs date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; IL-6; SARS; cell summary = In this review, to gain better information about appropriate anti-inflammatory treatments, mostly used in rheumatology for COVID-19, we have focused the attention on the structural features of SARS-CoV-2, the host immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and its association with the cytokine storm. The effective antiviral responses of the host innate and adaptive immunity, including the production of various proinflammatory cytokines, the activation of T cells, CD4 and CD8+ T cells, are essential for controlling the viral replication, limiting the spread of virus, inflammation and cleaning the infected cells [31, 32] . Few retrospective studies have revealed that the lung injury reported with Murray score is strongly associated with the level of IL-1α, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-ɣ, inducible interferon protein (IP)-10, G-CSF, and MCP-3 and these cytokines and chemokines excluding MCP-3 are positively related to SARS-CoV-2 viral load 2 [7] . doi = 10.3906/sag-2004-168 id = cord-284640-tl9nmvog author = Tabah, Alexis title = Personal protective equipment and intensive care unit healthcare worker safety in the COVID-19 era (PPE-SAFE): An international survey date = 2020-06-13 keywords = HCW; PPE; covid-19 summary = PURPOSE: To survey healthcare workers (HCW) on availability and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) caring for COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). While pain, heat stress and fluid loss with using Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPR) were predicted by experimental data (14) , there are no real-life reports of this issue when using PPE that is available to HCWs. The objective of this study was to describe the current reported practices, availability, training, confidence in the use and adverse effects due to extended use of PPE by HCWs from around the world caring for COVID-19 patients who require ICU management. This survey provides a snapshot of the reported availability, perceived adequacy of training and provided protection, adverse effects and usage of PPE among HCW managing COVID-19 patients in critical care environments from across the globe. doi = 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.06.005 id = cord-033778-u2r0neyc author = Taban, EM title = Observational study of therapeutic bronchoscopy in critical hypoxaemic ventilated patients with COVID-19 at Mediclinic Midstream Private Hospital in Pretoria, South Africa date = 2020-10-13 keywords = FFB; covid-19; patient summary = Flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) has been used for years as a diagnostic and therapeutic adjunct for the diagnosis of potential airway obstruction as a cause of acute respiratory failure or in the management of hypoxaemia ventilated patients. To evaluate the use of FFB as a rescue therapy in mechanically ventilated patients with severe hypoxaemic respiratory failure caused by COVID-19. Patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia who have persistent hypoxaemia despite the resolution of inflammatory parameters may respond to FFB with removal of mucus plugs. These patients had severe COVID-19 pneumonia with the following characteristics: severe refractory hypoxaemia despite maximal mechanical ventilatory support, including proning and significant deterioration from previous minimal ventilator settings. We have demonstrated that some patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and persistent hypoxaemia despite resolution of inflammatory parameters may respond to FFB following removal of mucus plugs. doi = 10.7196/ajtccm.2020.v26i4.119 id = cord-288139-nq85fqux author = Tabish, Hilary B. title = Back to the basics: Hand washing is public health 101 and it works to slow down the spread of viruses date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = • Despite the advice of normative health institutions such as the CDC and WHO on the importance of handwashing to slow the spread of viruses, in the U.S. there is an almost exclusive focus on social distancing, mask wearing and disinfecting the environment. Highlights Despite the advice of normative health institutions such as the CDC and WHO on the importance of handwashing to slow the spread of viruses, in the U.S. there is an almost exclusive focus on social distancing, mask wearing and disinfecting the environment. Although this novel virus requires innovation in balancing control measures to maximize safety while protecting livelihoods, there is tremendous value in relying on proven strategies and ''getting back to public health basics,'' such as hand washing. Although this novel virus requires innovation in balancing control measures to maximize safety while protecting livelihoods, there is tremendous value in relying on proven strategies and ''getting back to public health basics,'' such as hand washing. doi = 10.1016/j.idh.2020.08.001 id = cord-263572-h7ya60k5 author = Taboada, Manuel title = Supine versus Prone Positioning in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Comment date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To the Editor: P rone positioning is a simple method to improve oxygenation in ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). 1 ) from a computed tomography performed in a 71-yr-old woman with ARDS from COVID-19 in both supine and prone positioning during awake spontaneous ventilation. Bilateral, multifocal, and asymmetric lung disease was present in the supine computed tomography, with a "crazy paving" pattern (ground-glass opacities associated with smooth interlobular thickening) in the upper lobes, and peripheral, heterogeneous, and ill-defined consolidations in the lower lobes. These findings support the hypothesis of functional lung tissue recruitment in the prone position in awake patients with ARDS by COVID-19. PROSEVA Study Group: Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome Efficacy of prone position in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients: A pathophysiology-based review Use of prone positioning in nonintubated patients with COVID-19 and hypoxemic acute respiratory failure doi = 10.1097/aln.0000000000003511 id = cord-280331-iu2e14jo author = Taboe, Hémaho B. title = Predicting COVID-19 spread in the face of control measures in West-Africa date = 2020-07-29 keywords = Africa; West; covid-19; disease summary = Considering currently applied health control measures, numerical simulations of the model using baseline parameter values estimated from West-African COVID-19 data project a 67% reduction in the daily number of cases when the epidemic attains its peak. We conclude that curtailing the COVID-19 pandemic burden significantly in West-Africa requires more control measures than those that have already been implemented, as well as more mass testing and contact tracing in order to identify and isolate asymptomatic individuals early. Heat maps were plotted to investigate the individual and combined effects of pairs of control measures such as contact tracing, isolation, and using control measures that lead to a reduction in disease transmission, e.g., lockdowns, social and physical distancing, mask use, etc., on COVID-19 in West-Africa (Fig. 4) . doi = 10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108431 id = cord-263267-oj7rmy8m author = Taccone, Fabio S title = Hydroxychloroquine in the management of critically ill patients with COVID-19: the need for an evidence base date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Early results from clinical studies conducted in China suggest that chloroquine use might have been associated with reduced fever, increased resolution of lung lesions on CT, and delayed disease progression. 6,7 Results of two French studies suggested that hydroxychloroquine could reduce the viral load in patients with COVID-19in particular, if combined with azithromycin 8,9 (table) . 12 In a second Chinese trial in 62 patients, Zhaowei Chen and colleagues showed that hydroxychloroquine treatment was associated with a shorter time to clinical recovery (temperature and cough) than placebo; 13 the participants had mild disease (SaO 2 /SpO 2 >93% or PaO 2 /FiO 2 >300) and it is not possible to extrapolate these results to critically ill patients. Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: an observational study doi = 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30172-7 id = cord-254782-fzuasf2o author = Tadesse, Degena Bahrey title = Knowledge, attitude, practice and psychological response toward COVID-19 among nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak in Northern Ethiopia, 2020 date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; Health summary = title: Knowledge, attitude, practice and psychological response toward COVID-19 among nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak in Northern Ethiopia, 2020 Nurses'' infection control measures are affected by their knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP), and psychological responses towards COVID-19. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude, practice, and psychological response among nurses toward the COVID-19 outbreak in Northern Ethiopia. Descriptive analysis was reported to describe the demographic, mean knowledge, attitude practice, and psychological response score of nurses. Of the 415 nurses, 307 (74%), 278 (67%), 299 (72%), and 354 (85.3%) had good knowledge, good infection prevention practice, a favorable attitude, and disturbed psychological response towards COVID-19, respectively. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the knowledge, attitude, 68 practice, and psychological response towards the COVID-19 outbreak. Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding COVID-19 among health care 260 workers in Henan doi = 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100787 id = cord-259426-qbolo3k3 author = Tadesse, Trhas title = Predictors of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Prevention Practices Using Health Belief Model Among Employees in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 date = 2020-10-22 keywords = Belief; COVID-19; Health; Model summary = title: Predictors of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Prevention Practices Using Health Belief Model Among Employees in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 Therefore, this study investigated the predictors of COVID-19 prevention practice using the Health Belief Model among employees in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. Three hundred ninety-one (62.3%), 337 (53.7%), 312 (49.7), 497 (79.1%), 303 (48.2%) and 299 (52.4%) of the respondents had high perceived susceptibility, severity, benefit, barrier, cues to action and self-efficacy to COVID-19 prevention practice, respectively. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing predictors of COVID-19 prevention practice among Higher Education employees in Addis Ababa Ethiopia using a Health Belief Model. A multicentered cross-sectional study design was used to assess predictors of COVID-19 prevention practices using a Health Belief Model among employees in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. The questionnaire was used to gather employees'' demographic data, knowledge about COVID-19 and its prevention, Health Belief Model constructs (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, and cues to action self-efficacy), and practice of COVID-19 prevention. doi = 10.2147/idr.s275933 id = cord-264538-hzb2fkj5 author = Tadic, Marijana title = COVID‐19 and arterial hypertension: Hypothesis or evidence? date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = Even though these data demonstrated that the prevalence of hypertension in COVID-19 patients with lethal outcome was high, [7] [8] [9] [10] 14, 17 it has still been debated whether hypertension was a predictor of mortality independently of other cardiovascular risk factors (age, obesity, diabetes) and comorbidities (coronary artery disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular disease, renal impairment). Yang et al included 46,248 COVID-19 patients from 8 studies and reported that the most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory system disease. The large meta-analysis that included 76,993 patients with COVID-19 found that the pooled prevalence of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, smoking history, and diabetes was 16.37%, 12.11%, 7.63%, and 7.87%, respectively 19 (Table 1 ). Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of patients with hypertension hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1111/jch.13925 id = cord-271220-sntawlnf author = Tadic, Marijana title = COVID‐19 and diabetes: Is there enough evidence? date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Additionally, data indicate that hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are important risk factors for progression and unfavorable outcome in COVID‐19 patients. Even though the number of studies with follow-up is rather limited, these data are suggesting that hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are underlying conditions associated with adverse outcome-admission in intensive care unit, mechanic ventilation, and death [6] [7] [8] [9] 13, 18 (Table 3) . In one of the largest study published (n = 1099) so far, diabetes was present in 7.4% of COVID-19 patients and it was significantly more prevalent in patients with severe form of disease and those who experienced primary outcome end point (admission to an intensive care unit, the use of mechanical ventilation, or death). In meta-analysis that included 1558 patients with COVID-19, it was found that diabetes, as well as hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, was associated with exacerbation and admission to intensive care unit. doi = 10.1111/jch.13912 id = cord-254411-e9vvjv8w author = Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farzad title = The Powerful Immune System Against Powerful COVID-19: A Hypothesis date = 2020-04-22 keywords = ATP; COVID-19 summary = In this article, we provide a novel hypothesis to describe how an increase in cellular adenosine triphosphate (c-ATP) can potentially improve the efficiency of innate and adaptive immune systems to either prevent and fight off COVID-19. In this article, we aim to provide a new hypothesis to describe how the repletion of cellular adenosine triphosphate (c-ATP) can promote immunity against COVID-19. Secondly, ATP-depletion can potentially prone the recruited immune cells to earlier exhaustion against COVID-19. Therefore, one may conclude that ATP-repletion can prevent the so-called "cytokine storm" and improve the cellular energy to better counteract with COVID-19. From the perspective of cellular energy, this process potentially occurs through IFN-mediated T-cell activation that results in c-ATP depletion. have shown that following IFN-γ stimulation, mitochondrial hyperpolarization and ATP depletion occurs in T-cells that results in apoptosis (10) . It demonstrates how an increase in c-ATP can decrease the effect of COVID-19 on immune dysregulation. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109762 id = cord-343712-gn7fw891 author = Taglauer, Elizabeth title = Consistent localization of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and ACE2 over TMPRSS2 predominance in placental villi of 15 COVID-19 positive maternal-fetal dyads date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Consistent localization of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and ACE2 over TMPRSS2 predominance in placental villi of 15 COVID-19 positive maternal-fetal dyads Parenchymal changes of placentas from COVID-19 infected mothers have been reported by several groups, but the localization and relative abundance of SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins and cellular entry machinery has not been fully characterized within larger placental tissue cohorts. Overall this study provides an important basis for the ongoing evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 physiology in pregnancy and highlights the importance of the placenta as a key source of primary human tissue for ongoing diagnostic and therapeutic research efforts to reduce the global burden of COVID-19. While ACE2 was consistently found in the sTB layer of all tissues 148 surveyed (COVID-19 Maternal and controls), TMPRSS2 expression was absent in both groups of 149 placentas (Fig. 3 A,B) . Vertical transmission of COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 RNA on the fetal side of 301 the placenta in pregnancies with COVID-19 positive mothers and neonates at birth doi = 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.08.015 id = cord-348121-c7jq240j author = Tagliabue, Fabio title = The “Pandemic” of Disinformation in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; pandemic summary = In recent years, mass media and social networks have played an important role in disseminating information regarding public health. Initial, and overly optimistic medical statements that judged the epidemic as a simple influenza lowered social attention on the COVID-19 pandemic and instilled in some people conspiracy or denial ideas supported by statements by some doctors and non-medical professionals who said, "it''s just a flu." [3] The poor perception of the risks related to COVID-19 infection also manifested itself despite the exponential growth of infections and deaths. Misinformation and fake news contributed to the onset of PTSD and headline stress disorder cases [2] . The historical importance of the COVID-19 pandemic is such that, also in the future, COVID-19-related news will be published cyclically in the mass media and on social networks. Methanol mass poisoning outbreak: a consequence of COVID-19 pandemic and misleading messages on social media doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00439-1 id = cord-300995-tqz2bkdo author = Tagliaferri, Luca title = Skin cancer triage and management during COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-04-25 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = The worldwide medical community is striving to pursue the most appropriate clinical choices in the worst event of pandemic of the modern times [1], with over 1 million patients affected by COVID‐19 (i.e., swab positive patients with or without symptoms) reported so far [1]. The worldwide medical community is striving to pursue the most appropriate clinical choices in the worst event of pandemic of the modern times [1] , with over 1 million patients affected by COVID-19 (i.e., swab positive patients with or without symptoms) reported so far [2] . All rights reserved We therefore propose that the oncological risk and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection need to be considered and balanced in order to provide a weighted and controlled strategy to advanced skin cancer patients. A useful approach, as already suggested by other authors, is to identify the different classes of priorities, both for the patients and for health professionals [5, 6] .Only a few national and international societies have released specific recommendations for skin cancer patients [7] . doi = 10.1111/jdv.16529 id = cord-287497-93oiiqqi author = Tagliamento, Marco title = Italian survey on managing immune checkpoint inhibitors in oncology during COVID‐19 outbreak date = 2020-06-14 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = The objectives of this survey were to examine the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on the perception of Italian physicians involved in the administration of ICIs about SARS-CoV-2 related risks in cancer patients receiving these therapies, and their attitudes towards the management of ICIs in oncology. The perception of respondents regarding the potential increased risk of severe events related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients treated with ICIs is displayed in Figure 1B . 17 Moreover, besides the overlapping between cancer-related signs/symptoms or side effects of oncological treatments (including irAEs) and COVID-19 manifestations, additional issues could emerge from the differential diagnosis between radiological findings of lung involvement from SARS-CoV-2 and pneumonitis induced by ICIs. 9, 24 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study exploring the perception of physicians towards these unsolved issues, and whether the outbreak has modified the clinical practice in managing the treatment with ICIs in oncology. doi = 10.1111/eci.13315 id = cord-332967-fo12lbvs author = Taher, Ali T. title = Care of patients with hemoglobin disorders during the COVID‐19 pandemic: An overview of recommendations date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; SCD summary = general population, patients with hemoglobin disorders such as sickle cell disease (SCD) or thalassemia are expected to be more severely affected by COVID-19 due to their preexisting chronic morbidities. Patients had a history of respiratory complications, such as acute chest syndrome (ACS), asthma, or pulmonary embolism, which may be potential risk factors for progressive COVID-19 pulmonary disease in patients with SCD. 2, 6 In areas where severe blood shortages are expected due to the pandemic, a low dose of hydroxyurea is recommended in all pediatric patients with sickle cell anemia, who receive regular blood transfusion therapy for primary or secondary stroke prevention. 7 Noteworthy, a treatment with one single dose of tocilizumab (8 mg/kg) was successfully used to treat an adult SCD patient with pneumonia; it was related to COVID-19 infection associated with ACS. COVID-19 infection in patients with sickle cell disease doi = 10.1002/ajh.25857 id = cord-273614-qmp2tqtb author = Tahir, Faryal title = Cardiac Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Comprehensive Review date = 2020-05-08 keywords = AMI; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = However, multiple studies that highlight the clinical features, laboratory findings, and prognosis of acute myocardial injury (AMI) in COVID-19-affected individuals have been published. The study concluded that severe respiratory illness with 2019n-CoV infection with deteriorating complications was associated with ICU admission and a higher mortality rate [24] . This study concluded that patients with very severe COVID-19 have a higher percentage of increased cTnI levels and their mortality rate can be improved by protecting them from myocardial injury [40] . The study concluded that cardiac injury is a prevalent condition among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, and it is associated with a higher risk of in-hospital mortality [41] . Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study (Epub ahead of print) Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China (Epub ahead of print) doi = 10.7759/cureus.8021 id = cord-280050-fktc778q author = Tahir, Shumaila title = Epidemiological and Clinical Features of SARS-CoV-2: A Retrospective Study from East Karachi, Pakistan date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; Pakistan; SARS summary = Methods We retrospectively analyzed data from 412 patients who were residents of East Karachi and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 between February 26 to April 24, 2020. The primary aim of this retrospective observational study was to report the epidemiological features and statistics of individuals infected with COVID-19 from February 26 to April 24 from East Karachi, Pakistan, and contribute towards an accurate collection of figures from the country. The suspected or confirmed cases were clinically classified as asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and critical, according to the National Institute of Health, Pakistan guidelines and are defined below in Table 1 [9]. Candidates with fever, symptoms of lower respiratory illness, and a travel history to Wuhan, China or other countries with uncontrolled COVID-19 cases or who have been in contact with an individual suspected of COVID-19 or with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in the preceding 14 days should be isolated and tested for the infection promptly [19] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.8679 id = cord-327148-dzozl70h author = Tahmassebi, Ramon title = Reflections from London’s Level-1 Major Trauma Centres during the COVID crisis date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; patient; trauma summary = In this article we reflect on the changes introduced and the lessons learned at London''s four Level-1 Major Trauma Centres, in maintaining a reduced but functional service for trauma and urgent musculoskeletal pathology, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Each centre adapted individually but the problems faced were identical; continuing to provide high quality sub-specialist orthopaedic and trauma care on the unstable platform of inevitable staff illness, redeployment and concerns around safety. Unfortunately, COVID-19 will continue to be a major influence in all our activity for the foreseeable future and while the threat still exists, this reduced theatre efficiency may become the new norm, negatively impacting each hospital''s ability to revamp elective surgery services. Outside of those physicians working on the genuine front-line of caring for COVID patients (ED, ICU, Medicine, Anaesthetics, etc.), there has traditionally been less focus on the psychological health of the workforce; particularly in surgery. doi = 10.1007/s00590-020-02724-0 id = cord-266020-ngqfwyj4 author = Taito, S. title = Assessment of the Publication Trends of COVID-19 Systematic Reviews and Randomized Controlled Trials date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In this study, we clarified the publication trends of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews (SRs) regarding COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study by investigating the number of SRs and RCTs on topics related to COVID-19 practice published in PubMed and medRxiv between January 1 and June 30, 2020. We conducted a cross-sectional study by investigating the number of SRs and RCTs on topics related to COVID-19 practice published in PubMed and medRxiv between January 1 and June 30, 2020. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.27.20182956 doi: medRxiv preprint 5 This is the first report about the publication trends of SRs and RCTs for COVID-19. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.27.20182956 doi: medRxiv preprint The figure shows the trend in the number of publications of systematic reviews (including systematic reviews and meta-analyses) and randomized controlled trials for COVID-19. Number of medRxiv systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials for COVID-19 (January to June 2020). doi = 10.1101/2020.08.27.20182956 id = cord-265230-ozyx8u64 author = Takahari, Daisuke title = Managing a gastrointestinal oncology practice in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic: single institutional experience in The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research date = 2020-10-21 keywords = Japan; S-1; covid-19; patient summary = In order to reduce the use of medical resources to avoid the risk of COVID-19 infections in both cancer patients and health care providers, oncologists now have to draw the line for cancer treatments by maintaining their efficacy while avoiding severe adverse events. By contrast, for treating patients with high risk and/or during the pandemic, we must choose between reducing the intensity of chemotherapy (e.g., omission of the 5-FU bolus for CRC, replacement of infusional 5-FU by capecitabine or S-1 for ESCC, gastric cancer (GC), and CRC), delaying treatment, skipping cycles, or stopping (i.e., treatment maintenance phase and salvage chemotherapy with relatively few benefits). As first-line chemotherapy, for patients with high tumor burden or tumor-related signs/symptoms or low risk of COVID-19 infection, combination of fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin (if HER2 is positive, plus trastuzumab) is recommended as a standard regimen [38] . doi = 10.1007/s10147-020-01806-7 id = cord-352579-ndcbmgfj author = Takahashi, Takuto title = Pharmacogenomics of COVID-19 therapies date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; FDA; drug; patient; variant summary = In this review, we summarized the pharmacogenomic literature available for COVID-19 drug therapies including hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, azithromycin, remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin, lopinavir/ritonavir, darunavir/cobicistat, interferon beta-1b, tocilizumab, ruxolitinib, baricitinib, and corticosteroids. We found several drug-gene variant pairs that may alter the pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine (CYP2C8, CYP2D6, SLCO1A2, and SLCO1B1); azithromycin (ABCB1); ribavirin (SLC29A1, SLC28A2, and SLC28A3); and lopinavir/ritonavir (SLCO1B1, ABCC2, CYP3A). Summary of clinical implications of pharmacogenomics for COVID19 We found evidence that several genetic variants may alter the pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, ribavirin, lopinavir/ritonavir and possibly tocilizumab, which hypothetically may affect clinical response and toxicity in the treatment of COVID-19. As previously described in this review, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine and azithromycin can individually increase risk for QT prolongation, and those drugs have been used in combination in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1038/s41525-020-00143-y id = cord-315849-e16lln3f author = Takayama, Kazuo title = In vitro and Animal Models for SARS-CoV-2 research date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = An in vitro cell model for SARS-CoV-2 research is essential for understanding the viral life cycle, for amplifying and isolating the virus for further research and for preclinical evaluation of therapeutic molecules. This section lays out the cell lines used to replicate and isolate SARS-CoV-2, as well as organoids that can be used to examine the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on specific human tissues (Table 1A, Figure 1 ). They showed that their organoids were permissive to the SARS-CoV-2 infection and could evaluate anti-viral effects of COVID-19 candidate therapeutic compounds including camostat [17] . who conducted SARS-CoV-2 infection experiments using HeLa cells that expressed ACE2 proteins taken from multiple animal species from mice to humans [11] . The team found that such mice after SARS-CoV-2 infection, showed weight loss, virus replication in the lungs, and interstitial pneumonia [25] . Human ACE2 transgenic mice After SARS-CoV-2 infection, the mice show weight loss, virus replication in the lungs, and interstitial pneumonia. doi = 10.1016/j.tips.2020.05.005 id = cord-312784-ykko0al5 author = Takian, Amirhossein title = COVID-19 battle during the toughest sanctions against Iran date = 2020-03-18 keywords = Iran; covid-19 summary = Given the COVID-19 pandemic and its alarming outcomes in Iran, 9 the international community must be obliged to stand against the sanctions that are hurting millions of Iranians. With the UK increasingly becoming an outlier globally in terms of its minimal social distancing populationlevel interventions, transparency is key to retaining the understanding, cooperation and trust of the scientific and health-care communities as well as the general public, ultimately leading to a reduction of morbidity and mortality. 1 However, we request that the government urgently and openly shares the scientific evidence, data, and models it is using to inform current decision making related to COVID-19 public health interventions within the next 72 h and then at regular intervals thereafter. The UK Government asserts that its response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is based on evidence and expert modelling. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30668-1 id = cord-352557-l7sahv5t author = Takla, Michael title = Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and COVID-19: systematic review and narrative synthesis of efficacy and safety date = 2020-11-13 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; SARS; patient summary = In contrast, only 58% of observational studies employing an endpoint specific to efficacy recorded no significant difference in the attainment of outcomes, such as duration of hospital stay, need for mechanical ventilation, and probability of transfer to an intensive care unit (ICU), between COVID-19 patients given a range of CQ and/or HCQ doses, and the control groups. Indeed, of the remaining papers, 60% found evidence of a higher probability of discharge rate (Sbidian et al., 2020) , viral clearance and shorter symptom duration (Huang et al., 2020a) in a therapeutic context, and a lower incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a prophylactic context (Bhattacharya et al., 2020 Although 60% of clinical trials found evidence of higher mild adverse drug-related events in the treatment group, none of those specifically focusing on cardiac-side effects discovered any significant difference relative to the control. doi = 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.11.003 id = cord-293942-n5ypkftc author = Takoi, Hiroyuki title = Favipiravir-induced fever in coronavirus disease 2019: A report of two cases date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Favipiravir-induced fever in coronavirus disease 2019: A report of two cases Favipiravir, an antiviral agent, is undergoing clinical trials for treating novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We report two cases of COVID-19 with favipiravir-induced fever. Favipiravir, a promising antiviral agent, is undergoing clinical trials as an alternative drug for treating COVID-19 (Arab-Zozani et al., 2020) in several countries, including China (Chen et al., 2020) , Iran, Germany, and Japan. We experienced two cases of favipiravir-induced fever in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Drug-induced fever was suspected and favipiravir was discontinued on Day 10. This preliminary report may help differentiate paradoxical fever in patients receiving favipiravir therapy for COVID-19. Favipiravir for treating patients with novel coronavirus (COVID-19): protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials Nafamostat mesylate treatment in combination with favipiravir for patients critically ill with Covid-19: A case series doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1450 id = cord-297001-4g3wb8qi author = Tal, Shir title = Venous Thromboembolism Complicated with COVID-19: What Do We Know So Far? date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; VTE; patient summary = Understanding the true impact of VTE on patients with COVID-19 will potentially improve our ability to reach a timely diagnosis and initiate proper treatment, mitigating the risk for this susceptible population during a complicated disease. However, many of the COVID-19 patients may present with high levels of D-dimer due to other causes -inflammation, disseminated intravascular coagulation, advanced age, or infection [23] suggesting the need for CTPA as an initial rule-out test as well. Finally, based on the correlation between high levels of D-dimer and severe COVID-19 disease [7, 37] as well as higher mortality rate [5, 38] , the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemosthasis (ISTH) and American Society of Hematology (ASH) guidelines [39] advises prophylactic LMWH in all hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the absence of any contraindications (active bleeding and platelet count less than 25 × 10 9 /L) [34, 40] . doi = 10.1159/000508233 id = cord-316432-xemz7zn9 author = Talaie, Haleh title = Is there any potential management against COVID-19? A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; clinical; patient summary = METHODS: Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, and Scholar databases were searched from inception to July 1, 2020, to identify studies reporting the current treatment process and medications (e.g. hydroxychloroquine, antiviral therapy, convalescent plasma, and immunomodulatory agents) for COVID-19. Zhong et al., provided a systematic review and meta-analysis including the therapies for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) mainly besides COVID-19 and assessed their safety and efficacy profiles [31] . All types of studies i.e. randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective or retrospective cohort studies, and the case series that investigated clinical outcomes and/or viral clearance among adult patients were included to conduct this study. In agreement with previous researches, our meta-analysis results showed that the administration of immunomodulatory agents (especially tocilizumab and anakinra) significantly decreased the mortality rate and ameliorate clinical symptoms in patients with COVID-19 [113, 114] . Virological and clinical cure in COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine: a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1007/s40199-020-00367-4 id = cord-264647-9r443j3l author = Talamonti, G. title = Spinal epidural abscess in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; patient; sea summary = OBJECTIVE: To report the peculiarity of spinal epidural abscess in COVID-19 patients, as we have observed an unusually high number of these patients following the outbreak of SARS-Corona Virus-2. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical documentation of six consecutive COVID-19 patients with primary spinal epidural abscess that we surgically managed over a 2-month period. A primary abscess represents the rarest form of spinal epidural abscess, which is usually secondary to invasive procedures or spread from adjacent infective sites, such as spondylodiscitis, generally occurring in patients with diabetes, obesity, cancer, or other chronic diseases. To our knowledge, cases of spinal epidural abscess in COVID-19 patients have not been reported to date. During the last three months, six patients with SARS-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-COV-2) were referred to us for acute spinal cord syndrome due to primary spinal epidural abscess (SEA) [1] . doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-10211-z id = cord-317357-l2y2onmn author = Talarico, Valentina title = Preliminary epidemiological analysis on children and adolescents with novel coronavirus disease (2019-nCoV) in a central area of Calabria Region date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The defined criteria used for suspecting a 2019-nCoV case are: the presence of an epidemiological history (travel to or residence in a location reporting community transmission of COVID-19 disease during the 14 days prior to symptom onset or having been in contact with a confirmed or probable COVID-19 patient) and an acute respiratory illness (e.g., fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, flu-like symptoms, shortness of breath). In suspected cases, a nasal and pharyngeal swab specimens positive for 2019-nCoV nucleic acid using real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay is requested to confirm COV-ID-19 infection. In conclusions, the most important finding to come from the present preliminary report is the confirmed evidence that children and adolescents are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but frequently do not have notable disease, raising the possibility that they could be facilitators of viral transmission. doi = 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9550 id = cord-267511-tb69dwg8 author = Talebian, Sepehr title = Why Go NANO on COVID-19 Pandemic? date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = This will be essential to find viral particles in an efficient way and target them for destruction by developing NANOvaccines involved in host cell protection and immune and immunity response and/or anti-viral NANOagents, involved in inhibiting viral attachment, cell entry, and systemic infection (Figure 1 ). 6 Hence, one could imagine the realization of an oral multi-modal NANOvaccine for targeted delivery of a synthetic mRNA of the virus to the respiratory tract, with the purpose of enhancing the immunostimulatory activity of the vaccine, by simply including antibodies or small molecules that could target the interaction sites between ACE2 and SARS-CoV. Considering that viruses could be phylogenetically unrelated and structurally different, and given that most vaccines are virus specific, a promising approach would be that of developing broad-spectrum anti-viral NANOparticles to fight COVID-19 and future pandemics. Potential Therapeutic Approaches by which NANOtechnology Can Contribute against COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.matt.2020.08.005 id = cord-296232-6zj99nuw author = Talukdar, Jayanta title = Potential of natural astaxanthin in alleviating the risk of cytokine storm in COVID-19 date = 2020-10-16 keywords = ASX; COVID-19; IL-6; PPAR; SARS summary = We present reports where ASX is shown to prevent against oxidative damage and attenuate exacerbation of the inflammatory responses by regulating signaling pathways like NF-ĸB, NLRP3 and JAK/STAT. Studies including human trials have shown that ASX effectively regulates immunity and disease etiology, suggesting its wide array of potential therapeutic and nutritional support in prevention and treatment of various pathogenic diseases and metabolic disorders, all of which have elements of oxidative stress and/or inflammation in the pathogenesis [8, 10, 17] . [9] found that the administration of ASX provides both preventive and curative anti-inflammatory effects against LPS-induced inflammation in the human gingival keratinocyte line NDUSD-1 by suppressing the production of IL-6 via inhibiting activation of the NF-ĸB signaling pathway. Evidence from these studies suggest that ASX is a potent antioxidant and a natural anti-inflammatory compound having efficient immunomodulatory action that exerts potential therapeutic benefits against oxidative and inflammation induced tissue damage. doi = 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110886 id = cord-322980-rembksdr author = Talwar, Shivangi title = Ayurveda and Allopathic Therapeutic Strategies in Coronavirus Pandemic Treatment 2020 date = 2020-10-22 keywords = Ayurveda; COVID-19; SARS; coronavirus; treatment summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2019) emerged in 2019 in the month of December in Wuhan city of China, which again made the life of humans miserable with numerous fatal health issues and slowly and gradually this virus entrapped the whole world [2, 3] . Before the doctors, scientists, and researchers could study and come up with a cure for treatment, this virus had already infected more than lakhs of people across the world with the human coronavirus pathogens, i.e., HCoV-22E and HCoV-OC43, which affects the upper respiratory tract. Because of broad reach, presently, remdesivir and its in vitro studies against coronavirus help in treating SARS-CoV-2 with EC50 and EC90 estimations of 0.77 μM and 1.76 μM, respectively, and are proved to be a fruitful expected treatment for COVID-19 [ doi = 10.1007/s40495-020-00245-2 id = cord-264986-glm2qcuz author = Tam, Cheuk Chi title = Psychological Distress Among HIV Healthcare Providers During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: Mediating Roles of Institutional Support and Resilience date = 2020-10-21 keywords = China; HIV; covid-19; psychological summary = title: Psychological Distress Among HIV Healthcare Providers During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: Mediating Roles of Institutional Support and Resilience Path analysis was utilized to test a mediation model among COVID-19 stressors, institutional support, resilience, and psychological distress (PHQ-4). The aim of the present study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms among COVID-19 stressors, institutional support, resilience, and psychological distress among HIV healthcare providers in China. Guided by an ecological perspective, the current study explored psychological distress among Chinese HIV healthcare providers and examined the roles of COVID-19 stressors, institutional support, and resilience in psychological distress. In addition to institutional support, the protective and mediating role of resilience also highlighted the effects of personal coping abilities on psychological health in Chinese HIV healthcare providers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, by using an ecological perspective, we identified that institutional support (as interpersonal factor) and resilience (as intrapersonal factor) mitigated the influences of COVID-19 stress on psychological distress among HIV healthcare providers in China. doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-03068-w id = cord-303192-il3s8lgp author = Tam, Lai‐Shan title = Care for patients with rheumatic diseases during COVID‐19 pandemic: A position statement from APLAR date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; disease; patient summary = Patients with rheumatic diseases are at higher risk of respiratory infections including influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia, which is attributed to the underlying disease, comorbidities and immunosuppressive therapy, 1 but to date we lack good information about the virus SARS-CoV-2. In the desperate search to find effective treatments for COVID-19, drugs largely used by rheumatologists have entered the spotlight, including the caution against use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the potential of antimalarials and biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), for example anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) and targeted synthetic DMARDS (tsDMARDs) Janus-activated kinase (JAK) inhibitors to manage cytokine storm syndrome (CSS)/cytokine release syndrome associated with COVID-19. 18 In order to gather real-world data to inform treatment strategies and better characterize individuals at increased risk of infection, the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance has successfully dePreclinical and limited clinical data suggested that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CLQ) have antiviral activities against SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1111/1756-185x.13863 id = cord-252775-faxiem2w author = Tamagnini, Gabriele title = Cardiac surgery in the time of the novel coronavirus: Why we should think to a new normal date = 2020-07-15 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = The Cardiac Surgery Departments have to think to a new normal: since the virus will remain endemic in the society, dedicated pathways or even dedicated Teams are pivotal to treat safely the patients, in respect of the safety of the health care workers. Moreover, we need a keen eye on deciding which pathologies have to be treated with priority: Coronary artery Disease showed a higher mortality rate in patients affected by COVID19, but it is, however, reasonable to think that all the cardiac pathologies affecting the lung circulation—such as symptomatic severe mitral diseases or aortic stenosis—might deserve a priority access to treatment, to increase the survival rate in case of an acquired‐Coronavirus infection later on. In epidemiological terms, it would be reasonable to consider a comparison of the age-profile overlap among patients who suffered from more severe COVID-19 with patients who undergo cardiac surgical procedures, since both prevalence of valvular diseases and casefatality rates for COVID-19 increase in the elderly patients. doi = 10.1111/jocs.14741 id = cord-321177-ywkkcagd author = Tamari, Keisuke title = Nationwide survey of COVID-19 prevention measures in Japanese radiotherapy departments via online questionnaire for radiation oncologists date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Nationwide survey of COVID-19 prevention measures in Japanese radiotherapy departments via online questionnaire for radiation oncologists Chinese scientists rapidly identified the causative agent as a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) by sequencing the complete genome from lower respiratory tract samples of patients in Wuhan [4] . Radiation oncologists in Wuhan, China recently pointed out the importance of patient education and staff training to prevent infection in radiotherapy settings during the COVID-19 pandemic [14] . Here, we investigate the current status of the practice of COVID-19 prevention measures in Japanese radiotherapy departments using an online questionnaire. Our first version of the online questionnaire was distributed to radiation oncologists in The majority of the respondents (81.0%) indicated that they had taken some infection control measures for COVID-19. If all radiation oncologists in Japan were asked to respond, the percentage of those taking measures to prevent COVID-19 might be even lower. doi = 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.05.042 id = cord-264220-xfptlkuc author = Tan, Chaochao title = C‐reactive protein correlates with computed tomographic findings and predicts severe COVID‐19 early date = 2020-04-25 keywords = covid-19 summary = Additionally, the early identification of patients who will become severely ill could facilitate the allocation of the limited Abbreviations: AUC, area under the receiver-operating curve; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; NLR, granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; WBC, white blood cell. Changes in the number of lymphocytes, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR) have been previously reported in COVID-19 patients, but little is known about their correlation with disease severity. In this study, we aimed to compare clinical laboratory biomarkers between SARS-COV-2 and influenza infection, and also between mild and severe COVID-19 patients, to explore the most useful prognostic factors for early, accurate, and individualized assessment of COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the NLR showed changing trends similar to the lymphocyte numbers, which became significantly higher in the severe group at the recovery stage ( Figure 2D ). Moreover, CRP and ESR increased significantly at the early stage in severe COVID-19 patients, before identification of any change by the CT scores. doi = 10.1002/jmv.25871 id = cord-299469-lqro7t7a author = Tan, Eng-King title = Neurological research & training after the easing of lockdown in countries impacted by COVID-19 date = 2020-08-24 keywords = covid-19; neurological summary = title: Neurological research & training after the easing of lockdown in countries impacted by COVID-19 While the neurological impact of COVID-19 is now well recognized, especially among healthcare workers and vulnerable groups [1, 2] the challenges of restarting clinical and laboratory research, and allowing clinical study coordinators and laboratory staff back on-site are enormous and deserve greater attention ( Table 1 ). However, staff capacity remains an issue specifically where investigators have been deployed to COVID-19 studies while older and more vulnerable researchers are assigned to non-clinical support facilities. Research workflow should incorporate important considerations raised by relevant scientific bodies on the optimal measures for stroke and dementia care or treatment modalities for various neurological conditions during COVID-19, with an emphasis on maintaining smooth care delivery while taking into account safety, ethical and logistic issues [3] [4] [5] . doi = 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117105 id = cord-318068-3mnhd56l author = Tan, Hanno L title = How does COVID-19 kill at home and what should we do about it? date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; OHCA summary = 1, 2 Baldi and co-workers now provide, in this issue of the European Heart Journal, convincing evidence that COVID-19 is also associated with increased incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Also, changes associated with reduced chances of surviving OHCA occurred: longer Emergency Medical Services (EMS) arrival times (12 min in 2019 vs. The same key determinants of survival were less favourable during the pandemic (rise in median EMS response time from 9.4 to 10.4 min, larger proportion of OHCA incidences at home, lower proportions of witnessed OHCA and shockable rhythm), resulting in reduced survival rates to hospital admission (23% to 13%) and hospital discharge (5.4% to 3.1%). Other observations indicate that changed citizen-rescuer behaviour may also have reduced survival chances, in particular the lower provision of CPR 3 and of public automated external defibrillator use. Indeed, elevated biomarker levels of injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients are associated with higher risk of mortality 2 and of malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. doi = 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa599 id = cord-268718-tt07cwrf author = Tan, Heng Wee title = Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2: The old door for new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection date = 2020-06-30 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; RNA; SARS summary = 54 Virus infectivity study has indicated that the SARS-CoV-2 is able to utilize ACE2 of human, Chinese horseshoe bats, civet, and pig but was not able to use mouse ACE2. The roles of ACE2 expression in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and human COVID-19 susceptibility are largely unknown. B, ACE2 expression in lung cancer patients with different smoking histories analyzed using similar methods as described previously 106 other symptoms in addition to respiratory symptoms, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 could perhaps infect other organs (Figure 3 ). 118 In addition to sputum, SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected in the stools of a COVID-19 patient, 119 F I G U R E 3 Tissue distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and potential COVID-19 susceptibility. Expression of elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in SARS-CoV-infected ACE2 + cells in SARS patients: relation to the acute lung injury and pathogenesis of SARS doi = 10.1002/rmv.2122 id = cord-289006-7dv1zsp9 author = Tan, Kimberly-Anne title = Addressing Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Spine Surgery: A Rapid National Consensus Using the Delphi Method via Teleconference date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; Singapore; patient; spine summary = The following topics were discussed: repurposing of surgeons, continuity of spine services, introduction of telemedicine, triaging of spinal surgeries, preoperative testing, new challenges in performing spine surgery, and preparing for the post-pandemic era. The aforementioned challenges in clinical practice brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic raise the question of whether we can use present-day technology to improve patient care. The orthopedic spine service of the National University Hospital has had a long-standing tradition of auditing all upcoming spine surgery cases every week and has reported this to be especially beneficial during the COVID-19 pandemic where resource availability is constantly changing. While the following set of guidelines provide a framework to help spine services triage their patients, the need to continually evaluate the operating lists on a case-by-case and resource-dependent basis remains crucial during this pandemic. doi = 10.31616/asj.2020.0224 id = cord-290921-dozqofrm author = Tan, Limin title = Choice behavior of commuters'' rail transit mode during the COVID-19 pandemic based on logistic model date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Choice behavior of commuters'' rail transit mode during the COVID-19 pandemic based on logistic model To understand whether commuters will take rail transit during the COVID-19 pandemic, a logistic regression model was constructed from three aspects of personal attributes, travel attributes and perception of COVID-19 based on 559 valid questionnaires. The results show that: occupation, commuting tools before the COVID-19 pandemic, walking time from residence to the nearest subway station, the possibility of being infected in private car and the possibility of being infected in public transport have significant influence on the commuters'' choice of rail transit. The confidence in bus/subway/taxi/taxi-hailing of commuters who do not choose to commute by rail transit during the COVID-19 pandemic is not high. (2) Travel attributes: distance from residence to workplace, walking time from residence to the nearest 159 subway station, times of transfers required to get to workplace by rail transit, and commuting tools 160 before the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.jtte.2020.07.002 id = cord-267971-xgwmda8e author = Tan, Shing Cheng title = Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients date = 2020-04-07 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Background: Numerous groups have reported the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases; however, the data remained inconsistent. Understanding the clinical and 46 epidemiological characteristics of the disease is important for informing public health decision 47 making, which would enable improvement of surveillance and effective planning of treatment. (4) found that the male-to-female ratio among the 81 patients included 56 was close to 1:1, indicating that both genders were equally susceptible to 57 the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared COVID-19 a global pandemic and the 58 contagion shows no sign of slowing down (13). In this 60 study, a systematic review and pooled analysis was performed to characterize the clinical and 61 epidemiological features of COVID-19 patients. In this work, a systematic review and pooled analysis was 137 performed to combine data from 69 previous reports, in order to yield a more accurate summary 138 of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.02.20050989 id = cord-189629-7qaqu02f author = Tan, Tao title = Pristine annotations-based multi-modal trained artificial intelligence solution to triage chest X-ray for COVID-19 date = 2020-11-10 keywords = covid-19; ray summary = title: Pristine annotations-based multi-modal trained artificial intelligence solution to triage chest X-ray for COVID-19 Artificial intelligence (AI) assisted X-ray based applications for triaging and monitoring require experienced radiologists to identify COVID patients in a timely manner and to further delineate the disease region boundary are seen as a promising solution. Although the performance of some systems approaches the level of radiologists on X-rays in terms of classification, but to our best knowledge, no studies have verified the detection and segmentation of the disease regions against human annotation on X-rays. For location, the network generates a segmentation mask to identify disease pixels or regions on X-ray related to COVID-19 or regular pneumonia. We evaluated our approach in three seperate aspects: first, AI predictions were compared with the image-level classification labels; second, the segmentation of disease regions for the COVID class was evaluated against direct X-ray pixel-wise annotations. doi = nan id = cord-333411-hqtb4a2c author = Tan, Tina Q title = Location Matters: Geographic Disparities and Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; United summary = The COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has revealed major disparities in the access to testing and messaging about the pandemic based on the geographic location of individuals, particularly in communities of color, rural areas, and areas of low income. The COVID-19 pandemic initially impacted the most densely populated areas in the United States particularly large urban areas in which health systems endured waves of cases that overwhelmed resources including hospital beds, personal protective equipment, intensive care capacity, ventilators, and personnel. The COVID-19 pandemic has accentuated longstanding racial/ethnic disparities in healthcare access and outcomes in the United States particularly in regard to geographic locations in rural and remote areas and low income settings. As rural and urban geographic areas remain interconnected, health policymakers and government authorities need to develop emergency and preparedness plans that address the limited access to COVID-19 testing, effective means of communication, provider shortage, and lack of healthcare facilities and intensive care units in rural areas. doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiaa583 id = cord-300619-uu3e4pjw author = Tan, Wanqiu title = Is Returning to Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic Stressful? A Study on Immediate Mental Health Status and Psychoneuroimmunity Prevention Measures of Chinese Workforce date = 2020-04-23 keywords = China; IES; covid-19; respondent summary = Workforce returning to work was invited to complete an online questionnaire regarding their attitude toward the COVID-19 epidemic and return-to-work along with psychological parameters including the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale21 (DASS-21) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). In contrast, personal psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures including hand hygiene and wearing face masks as well as organizational measures including significant improvement of workplace hygiene and concerns from the company were associated with less severe psychiatric symptoms (p<0.05). The objective of this study was to identify demographic and psychoneuroimmunity preventive measures that determined the mental health of the members of the workforce who returned to work when the risk for contracting COVID-19 remains unknown. There were no significant differences between workers/technical staff and managers/executives in the mean score and severity of PTSD symptoms, depression, anxiety, stress and insomnia (p > 0.05). doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.055 id = cord-270214-5bjow148 author = Tan, Winson Jianhong title = Safe Colorectal Surgery in the COVID-19 Era – A Singapore Experience date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; surgery summary = In this article, we share our colorectal unit''s workflow ( Fig. 1 ) and recommendations (Table 1) for safe practice in the COVID-19 era. Workflow for patients undergoing elective colorectal procedures in the COVID-19 era: Patients who have any travel history within 14 days, or has contact with any member of the public who is positive for COVID-19 or on home quarantine, or has new onset of flu-like symptoms will be advised on postponement of procedure. Unlike MIS, the exposure of the surgeon to smoke inhalation is likely higher in open surgery which raises the possibility of COVID-19 transmission. For COVID-19 cases, surgery is performed in a dedicated negative pressure OR. Secondly, the appropriate PPE in this era needs to be reviewed and perhaps all OR staff should be in N95 respirators for all colorectal procedures until there is more evidence regarding transmission risk during surgery. doi = 10.3393/ac.2020.04.21 id = cord-299309-p703e396 author = Tan-Torres Edejer, Tessa title = Projected health-care resource needs for an effective response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; cost; country summary = title: Projected health-care resource needs for an effective response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study This study aimed to identify what the additional health-care costs of a strategic preparedness and response plan (SPRP) would be if current transmission levels are maintained in a status quo scenario, or under scenarios where transmission is increased or decreased by 50%. Evidence before this study Since Jan 30, 2020, when WHO labelled the COVID-19 pandemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, countries have tried to limit its spread, instituting measures on physical distancing and restrictions on movement. As of June 26, 2020, the costs of the full, nine-pillar response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middleincome countries after 4 weeks, on July 24, 2020, were projected to be approximately $52 billion, assuming that the Rt was unchanged and the status quo continued. doi = 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30383-1 id = cord-321315-bzmokdzk author = Tanacan, Atakan title = The Rate of SARS-CoV-2 Positivity in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women Admitted to Hospital for Delivery: Experience of A Pandemic Center in Turkey date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: The Rate of SARS-CoV-2 Positivity in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women Admitted to Hospital for Delivery: Experience of A Pandemic Center in Turkey OBJECTIVE: To investigate the rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positivity in asymptomatic pregnant women admitted to hospital for delivery in a Turkish pandemic center. CONCLUSION: Healthcare professionals should be cautious in the labor and delivery of high-risk pregnant women during the pandemic period and universal testing for COVID-19 may be considered in selected populations. The aim of this study is to investigate the rate of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in asymptomatic pregnant women admitted to hospital for delivery in a Turkish pandemic center. Maternal age, gravidity, parity, number of previous miscarriages, body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2), gestational age at birth, birth weight, 1st-5th minute Apgar scores, route of delivery (spontaneous vaginal deliver yor cesarean section) and SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates were compared between the healthy and high-risk pregnant women. doi = 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.051 id = cord-224428-t8s52emf author = Tandon, Hiteshi title = Coronavirus (COVID-19): ARIMA based time-series analysis to forecast near future date = 2020-04-16 keywords = India; covid-19 summary = The numbers in India have reached up to 10,453 for confirmed COVID-19 infected cases with 358 deaths and 1181 recoveries as reported on 13 April 2020. The main objective of the study is to find the best predictive model and apply it to forecast future incidence of COVID-19 cases in India. We have applied an ARIMA model to the time series data of confirmed COVID-19 cases in India. 11 In the present study, time series analysis is used to recognize the trends in confirmed COVID-19 cases in India over the period of 22 A comparative study is also performed to examine the status of confirmed COVID-19 cases of India with respect to those of highly infected countries. Figure 2 For comparing the actual and forecasted confirmed COVID-19 cases, a time series graph is plotted starting from 30 January 2020 till 13 April 2020. doi = nan id = cord-326339-46imi33v author = Tang, A. C. Y. title = Associations between Demographic Characteristics, Perceived Threat, Perceived Stress, Coping Responses and Adherence to COVID-19 Prevention Measures among Healthcare Students in China: A Cross-Sectional Survey with Implications for the Control of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; Fujian; Hong; Kong summary = Conclusions: The predictive model constructed in this study is the first one to explore factors associating with the compliance to infection control measures in healthcare students amid the COVID-19 outbreak. The findings suggest that students who are male, habituate in Hong Kong, have more clinical experience and weak confidence to manage the threat tend to have lower compliance to social distancing and personal hygiene measures. The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between demographic characteristics, perceived threat, perceived stress, coping responses, and adherence to COVID-19 ICPs in Chinese healthcare students using path analysis. Participants completed selfadministered online questionnaires that collected data on demographic characteristics, perceived threat, perceived stress level, use of wishful thinking, and empathetic responding and adherence to social distancing and personal hygiene measures in response to COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.15.20154997 id = cord-153150-rep51ly9 author = Tang, Chen title = Functional data analysis: An application to COVID-19 data in the United States date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; FTS; New; functional summary = We explore the modes of variation of the data through a functional principal component analysis (FPCA), and study the canonical correlation between confirmed and death cases. Lastly, we consider a functional time series model fitted to the cumulative confirmed cases in the US, and make forecasts based on the dynamic FPCA. To begin with, we plot the fitted mean curve (which estimates the trend over time), the fitted variance curve (which estimates the subject-specific variation) and the fitted covariance surface of daily confirmed cases across 50 continental states in Figure 3 . Prior to estimating the functional canonical correlation between confirmed cases and death tolls in the US, some additional pre-processing procedures to the data are necessary, as we observe that the date on which the first confirmed case is reported varies significantly across the states, and the number of death counts stays relatively low during the entire study period in several states. doi = nan id = cord-299326-uqwkhczx author = Tang, Chong title = Clinical Characteristics of 20,662 Patients with COVID-19 in mainland China: A Systemic Review and Meta-analysis date = 2020-04-23 keywords = April; COVID-19; preprint summary = title: Clinical Characteristics of 20,662 Patients with COVID-19 in mainland China: A Systemic Review and Meta-analysis In this review, we systematically investigated the epidemiologic, characteristics, chest computed tomography (CT) imaging, laboratory findings, and treatments of COVID-19 in mainland China. For this systematic review and a meta-analysis, we searched the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, bioRxiv, medRxiv, and SSRN electronic databases for papers published or preprinted in English or Chinese from January 1 to March 15, 2020 with the following search terms: "coronavirus disease 2019" OR "COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "2019-nCoV" OR "Novel Coronavirus" OR "Wuhan pneumonia". The inclusion criteria were as follows: clinical studies of COVID-19; studies performed in mainland China; number of cases ≥ 10; and primary outcomes including signs and symptoms, chest CT imaging, laboratory tests, and treatments were available. Relation Between Chest CT Findings and Clinical Conditions of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Multicenter Study doi = 10.1101/2020.04.18.20070565 id = cord-024614-6bu3zo01 author = Tang, Daxing title = Prevention and control strategies for emergency, limited-term, and elective operations in pediatric surgery during the epidemic period of COVID-19 date = 2020-03-26 keywords = COVID-19; Health; SARS; patient summary = Based on the transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and the requirements for prevention and control of COVID-19, the authors proposed some concrete measures and practical strategies of managing emergency, limited-term, and elective pediatric surgeries during the epidemic period. Based on the transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and the requirements for prevention and control of COVID-19, the authors proposed some concrete measures and practical strategies of managing emergency, limited-term, and elective pediatric surgeries during the epidemic period. Based on the "Technical Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of New Coronavirus Infection in Medical Institutions (First Edition)," 17 "Diagnosis and Treatment Plan on the New Coronavirus inflicted pneumonia (Sixth trial edition, revised)" 2 (both released by the National Health Commission of China), "Recommendations for the Prevention and Control of General Surgery in the Background of New Coronavirus Outbreak," 6 and other relevant latest reports, we propose the following control measures and practical strategies for pediatric surgery practice during the COVID-19 epidemic. doi = 10.1136/wjps-2020-000122 id = cord-343186-gsojxjp9 author = Tang, Jieying title = Challenges in the management of critical ill COVID‐19 patients with pressure ulcer date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 1,2 As we know, the development of a pressure ulcer is a complex process that requires the application of external force to the skin (such as sacrum and ischium) and host-specific factors, especially in the patients over age 65 years old and with critical ill condition. The most important risk factors include immobility and reduced perfusion which are also the features of critical ill COVID-19 patients. For patients with stage II or above pressure ulcers, the costs of medical resource increases significantly in our hospital. In addition, diarrhoea is one of the common (2%-49.5%) symptoms of COVID-19, 3 and could also contribute to the occurrence of sacral pressure ulcer in ICU patients. 3 Therefore, how we can primarily prevent and appropriately manage the COVID-19 patients in ICU with pressure ulcer is an important issue. Pressure ulcers in intensive care patients: a review of risks and prevention doi = 10.1111/iwj.13399 id = cord-302214-ubepkkto author = Tang, Kuok Ho Daniel title = Movement control as an effective measure against Covid-19 spread in Malaysia: an overview date = 2020-06-13 keywords = Malaysia; covid-19 summary = RESULTS: At the onset of the Covid-19 outbreak, Malaysia had initiated travel restrictions and quarantine; but with a persistent increase in new Covid-19 cases, the Movement Control Order was finally rolled out on 18 March 2020, requiring closure of all businesses except those providing essential services and items. The measures started with entry restriction of selective foreign nationals into Malaysia, as well as self-quarantine of Malaysian and non-Malaysian citizens returning from Covid-19 hotspots, and culminated with the passing and execution of the Movement Control Order (MCO) (Immigration Department of Malaysia 2020; Ministry of Health 2020; Prime Minister''s Office of Malaysia 2020a). The notable decrease of daily new Covid-19 cases after 14 April (Fig. 1) can very likely be attributed to improved compliance to the MCO through more stringent enforcement, in addition to continuous medical screening and tracking of suspected contacts with the Covid-19 infected individuals. doi = 10.1007/s10389-020-01316-w id = cord-321984-qjfkvu6n author = Tang, Lu title = A Review of Multi‐Compartment Infectious Disease Models date = 2020-08-03 keywords = COVID-19; SIR; disease; infectious; model; section summary = Despite relying on a valid infectious diseases mechanism, deterministic approaches have several drawbacks: (i) the actual population in each compartment at a given time is never accurately measured because we only obtain an observation around the mean; (ii) the nature of disease transmission and recovery is stochastic on the individual level and thus never certain; and (iii) without random component in the model, it is neither possible to learn model parameters (e.g. R 0 ) from available data nor to assess prediction uncertainty. In an early stage of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the daily infection and death counts reported by health agencies are highly influenced by the availability of testing kits, reporting delays, reporting and attribution schemes, and under-ascertainment of mild cases in public health surveillance databases (see discussions in Angelopoulos et al., 2020; Banerjee et al., 2020) ; both disease transmission rate and time to recovery or death are also highly uncertain and vary by population density, demographic composition, regional contact network structure and non-uniform mitigation schemes (Ray et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1111/insr.12402 id = cord-306536-tkjg6iu0 author = Tang, P. M. title = Geographical identification of the vulnerable groups during COVID-19 crisis: the typhoon eye effect and its boundary conditions date = 2020-05-02 keywords = COVID-19; preprint summary = We aim to use early evidence in China to help mental health services providers in screening people with wellbeing issues during COVID-19 outbreak from a novel perspective of typhoon eye theory. Our survey gathered subjects'' life satisfaction, distance to the epicenter, and sociodemographic characteristics, including gender, age, education, family size, the number of office days last week, and job status. The regression results in Table 2 indicated the negative association between the distance to the epicenter and life satisfaction (β = -0.235, 95% CI -0.450 to -0.020; p = 0.032), supporting the typhoon eye effect. 28.20083667 doi: medRxiv preprint further identify the vulnerable groups that mentally suffer the most associated with their distance during the outbreak: younger adults and individuals with small family size to provide important insights for mental health service providers while conducting the clinical screening. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.28.20083667 id = cord-327963-dqsg84e5 author = Tang, Suqin title = Mental Health and Its Correlates among Children and Adolescents during COVID-19 School Closure: The Importance of Parent-Child Discussion date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19; child; school summary = Besides demographic information, psychological distress (including depression, anxiety, and stress), life satisfaction, perceived impact of home quarantine, and parent-child discussions on COVID-19 were assessed. To address these gaps in the literature, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and levels of life satisfaction, among children and adolescents experiencing home quarantine and school closure in Shanghai due to COVID-19. Positive screens and symptom levels for depression, anxiety, and stress were higher among those who were more negative about the impact of home quarantine and who had no discussion about the COVID-19 with their parents. In order to further explore how children and adolescents'' intrapersonal perception on the impact of quarantine, interpersonal interaction with parents regarding COVID-19, and the interaction effects between perceived beneficial and parent-child discussion in association with the severity of depression, anxiety and stress, as well as levels of life satisfaction, were examined. doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.016 id = cord-271337-2ioap802 author = Tang, Xiao title = Comparison of Hospitalized Patients With ARDS Caused by COVID-19 and H1N1 date = 2020-03-26 keywords = COVID-19; H1N1 summary = Research question The aim of this study was to explore the different clinical presentations between COVID-19 and influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia in patients with ARDS. The aim of the current study therefore was to compare the different clinical presentations between ARDS patients infected with COVID-19 vs those infected with H1N1 to provide some guidance for their differential diagnoses. The aim of the study was to explore the different clinical presentations between COVID-19 and H1N1 pneumonia in patients with ARDS. The H1N1 pneumonia cases were from a single-center prospective cohort study 10 of patients with H1N1-induced ARDS at Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital (China). The data included the following: demographic characteristics (age and sex), underlying diseases, comorbidities, clinical symptoms (fever, cough, sputum, dyspnea, chest pain, rash, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and headache) , signs (body temperature, heart rate, respiratory frequency, and BP), laboratory tests (blood routine test, arterial blood gas analysis, and blood chemistry), and microbiologic findings/images of the lung (chest CT scan). doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.032 id = cord-269275-b7xxk48t author = Tang, Xiaojia title = Neurological manifestations in COVID-19 and its possible mechanism date = 2020-09-27 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; SARS; patient summary = SARS-CoV-2 has been reported to be associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, acute cerebrovascular disease, central nervous system infections and other neurological diseases. Four formal reports have described neurological problems in SARS patients, including polyneuropathy [35] , myopathy and rhabdomyolysis [36] , large artery ischemic stroke [37] and central nervous system infections [38] . In a study by Mao et al., 214 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were enrolled, and six (2.80%) of them developed acute cerebrovascular disease (five cases of ischemic stroke and one case of cerebral hemorrhage). Strokes are not uncommon in critically ill patients with multiple comorbidities, so SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans may increase the risk of stroke. Since some COVID-19 patients have complained of headaches, nausea etc, care providers should be alert for central nervous system infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 if such patients also exhibit symptoms such as a fever, epilepsy and disturbances of consciousness. doi = 10.18632/aging.103732 id = cord-314426-vwqjspfu author = Tang, Yuanji title = Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Brazil: using a mathematical model to estimate the outbreak peak and temporal evolution date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; June summary = By using a simple mathematical model described previously [3], we present herein the Sars-Cov-2 epidemiology in Brazil and in the five most affected Brazilian states: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Amazonas, Ceara, and Pernambuco. Our mathematical analysis shows that Sao Paulo state is at the peak of daily new cases (∼4000 daily cases), which would persist for some days before starting to drop. Reproduction number (R 0 ) was around 4.5 before quarantine and decreased to 1.7 on 19 May. According to our analysis, Rio de Janeiro state is on the peak of daily new cases (∼2000 daily cases) since the last week of May it would persist for around two weeks before starting to drop. The mathematical model shows that Amazonas state is on the peak of daily new cases since the last week of May (∼1600) and would last approximately three weeks before starting to drop. doi = 10.1080/22221751.2020.1785337 id = cord-256864-v3mxcwru author = Tang, Yueting title = Selection of an Optimal Combination Panel to Better Triage COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19; IL-10; IL-6; PCT; patient summary = Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, logistic regression, event-free survival (EFS), and Cox analyses were performed to screen and compare the predictive capabilities of the new panel in patients with different illness severity and outcome. In discriminating the critical and mild patients, a panel combining PCT, IL-6, and neutrophil (NEUT) yielded the best diagnostic performance with an AUC of 0.99, the sensitivity of 90.60% and specificity of 100%. In differentiating the critical and severe patients, the combination of white blood cell count (WBC), PCT, IL-6, IL-10, and SOD achieved the highest AUC of 0.95 with a sensitivity of 75.00% and specificity of 100%. 14 We also found COVID-19 patients had significantly higher levels of inflammatory cytokines (especially IL-6 and IL-10), indicating that cytokines may be sensitive biomarkers to predict disease outcome. Panel three (WBC, PCT, IL-6, IL-10, and SOD) had much better performance in the initial triage model in risk prediction for the critical vs severe patients. doi = 10.2147/jir.s273193 id = cord-353887-f4yd7guj author = Tang, Yujun title = Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: The Current Evidence and Treatment Strategies date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; SARS; TNF; cell; clinical; cytokine summary = Besides, corticosteroids, programmed cell death protein (PD)-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition, cytokine-adsorption devices, intravenous immunoglobulin, and antimalarial agents could be potentially useful and reliable approaches to counteract cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients. In this review, we referred COVID-19 associated cytokine storm as the patients who are severely ill along with a high concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The innate and adaptive immune responses activated by SARS-CoV-2 infection lead to uncontrolled inflammatory responses and ultimately cause the cytokine storm (14) . MERS-CoV infects the cells mentioned above to induce delayed (but increased) levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-2) and chemokines (e.g., CCL2, CCL3) (27, 30) . Although SARS-CoV is abortive in macrophages and DCs, the virus induces an increase in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (31, 32) . A comment and a meta-analysis, which mainly bases on the evidence of SARS and MERS (64, 65) , stated that corticosteroid would increase mortality and delayed clearance of viral in coronavirus infection diseases. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01708 id = cord-254777-h8hw4m9f author = Tanner, Tamara title = Hyperinflammation and the utility of immunomodulatory medications in children with COVID-19 date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; SARS; patient summary = Cytokine storm syndromes include various entities, depending on the inciting factor: primary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis [HLH] in children with specific genetic mutations; secondary HLH due to infection or malignancy, macrophage activation syndrome due to rheumatologic disease and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) when hyperinflammation is due to CAR T-cell therapy. Although still under investigation, ADE has been proposed as a potential mechanism underlying the newly described MIS-C, based on the observation that a majority of the patients have evidence of existing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and the inflammatory condition seems to lag behind the COVID-19 infection peak by approximately 4-6 weeks. The rationale for use of IL-6 blockade in serious COVID-19 infections is based on the observation that for the subset of patients with severe manifestations, IL-6 is most likely one of the drivers of the cytokine storm, and elevated levels of IL-6 have been consistently shown [14] . doi = 10.1016/j.prrv.2020.07.003 id = cord-341512-nhdx944g author = Tanno, Luciana Kase title = CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID)-19: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION DEFINITIONS AND CODING TO SUPPORT THE ALLERGY COMMUNITY AND HEALTH PROFESSIONALS date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We would like to dedicate this document to all colleagues and health professionals dedicating 197 Table 1 : Case definitions based on the World Health Organization oficial recommendations (10, adapted) (m = meters, ft = feet, min = minutes) A suspected case is defined when the patient fits one of the 3 situations:(I) Acute respiratory illness (fever and at least one sign/symptom of respiratory disease, e.g., cough, shortness of breath), AND a history of travel to or residence in a location reporting community transmission of COVID-19 during the 14 days prior to symptom onset; (II) Acute respiratory illness AND contact with a confirmed or probable COVID-19 case in the last 14 days prior to symptom onset; (III) Acute respiratory illness (fever and at least one sign/symptom of respiratory disease, e.g., cough, shortness of breath; AND requiring hospitalization) AND in the absence of an alternative diagnosis that fully explains the clinical presentation. doi = 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.05.002 id = cord-345998-701aker9 author = Tantrakarnapa, Kraichat title = Challenging the spread of COVID-19 in Thailand date = 2020-10-07 keywords = Thailand; covid-19 summary = This study aimed to analyze the situation of COVID-19 in Thailand and the challenging disease control by employing a dynamic model to determine prevention approaches. The SEIR (Susceptible Exposed Infectious and Recovered) dynamic approach and moving average estimation were used to forecast the daily infected and cumulative cases until 16 June as a base run analysis using STELLA dynamic software and statistical techniques. Currently, the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 might be identified as the biggest world health In addition, enhancing people''s awareness and implementing regulations also constituted key factors in achieving these goals of controlling disease spread. Hospitalization numbers, reported deaths or recovered cases in various conditions have been estimated at global or country levels based on available current data and using different modelling approaches. In addition, we have attempted to forecast the COVID-19 cases in terms of the number of infected and new cases in Thailand using the dynamic SEIR (Susceptible Exposed Infectious and Recovered) model [4, 5] , and moving average prediction approaches. doi = 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100173 id = cord-288818-6uvb4qsk author = Tanveer, Faouzia title = Ethics, pandemic and environment; looking at the future of low middle income countries date = 2020-10-15 keywords = SARS; country; covid-19; health; pandemic summary = From the restrictions on public freedom and burgeoning socio-economic impacts to the rationing of scarce medical resources, the spread of COVID-19 is an extraordinary ethical dilemma for resource constrained nations with less developed health and research systems. International regimes are on high alert to stop its spread, however, as far as the global scenario is concerned, countries and governments are clueless in stopping the expanding pandemic as not much is known about SARS-CoV-2, while left only with implementing nationwide lock downs and curfews which opened new economic fronts and social challenges. COVID-19 has presented itself as a test case for the humanity in terms of global fraternity, decision making, technology and expertise sharing, rapid pandemic response mechanisms, stability, crises management and policy making. doi = 10.1186/s12939-020-01296-z id = cord-293059-2iwzieqm author = Tao, Huaqiang title = Dysimmunity and inflammatory storm: Watch out for bone lesions in COVID-19 infection date = 2020-10-06 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = It has been approved that inflammation-induced pathogenesis in COVID-19 infection has a strong correlation with incidence of cardiovascular metabolic diseases and gastrointestinal injury (1) . However, studies on the correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokine responses and bone metabolism in COVID-19 patients are still lacking. In this special background, will inflammatory disorder and immune imbalance affect bone metabolism after COVID-19 infection? Simultaneously, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1) was proven to facilitate osteoclast differentiation by overexpressing RANKL and nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) (14) . As osteoblasts and osteoclasts exist in approach with immune cells in medullary cavity, it''s no wonder that immune system shares massive regulatory cytokines, signaling molecules and transcription factors with bone biology. Apart from that, NF-κB and AP-1 stimulate the expression of many elements which required for inflammatory cytokines, driving up osteoclast activity and usually implicated inhibition on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts (22) . doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110332 id = cord-273138-bjm7v26f author = Tao, Pei-Yao title = Determination of risk factors for predicting the onset of symptoms in asymptomatic COVID-19 infected patients date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; asymptomatic summary = The purpose of this study is to investigate the risk factors of symptoms onset and clinical features in asymptomatic COVID-19 infected patients. Asymptomatic COVID-2019 infected patients were defined as follows [3] [4] [5] : patients who tested (a) positive result of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for nasal or pharyngeal swab specimens twice every 24 hours; (b) without any conscious clinical symptoms prior to diagnosis, such as fever, cough, fatigue, sore throat, muscle pain, etc., and (c) the presence or absence of pulmonary pathological changes on the chest computed tomography (CT) examination after the diagnosis of infection. The purpose of this study is to present the risk factors of symptoms onset and clinical features in asymptomatic infected patients. The current study presented clinical characteristics and evaluated the potential factors for symptoms onset in asymptomatic COVID-19 infected patients during quarantined. doi = 10.7150/ijms.47576 id = cord-281175-og3myz22 author = Tapper, Elliot B. title = The COVID-19 pandemic will have a long-lasting impact on the quality of cirrhosis care date = 2020-04-13 keywords = COVID-19; care; patient summary = The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has shattered the meticulously developed processes by which we delivered quality care for patients with cirrhosis. We describe how this impact unfolds over 3 waves; i) an intense period with prioritized high-acuity care with delayed elective procedures and routine care during physical distancing, ii) a challenging ''return to normal'' following the end of physical distancing, with increased emergent decompensations, morbidity, and systems of care overwhelmed by the backlog of deferred care, and iii) a protracted period of suboptimal outcomes characterized by missed diagnoses, progressive disease and loss to follow-up. This includes an intensification of the preventative care provided to patients with compensated cirrhosis, proactive chronic disease management, robust telehealth programs, and a reorganization of care delivery to provide a full service of care with flexible clinical staffing. Coordination of care associated with survival and healthcare utilization in a population-based study of patients with cirrhosis doi = 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.005 id = cord-281040-jvcgtynq author = Taquet, M. title = Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: a study of 62,354 COVID-19 cases date = 2020-08-16 keywords = COVID-19; psychiatric summary = Findings: In patients with no prior psychiatric history, COVID-19 was associated with an increased incidence of psychiatric diagnoses in the three months after infection compared to 6 other health events (hazard ratio [95% CI] 2.1 [1.8-2.5] compared to influenza; 1.7 [1.5-1.9] compared to other respiratory tract infections; 1.6 [1.4-1.9] compared to skin infection; 1.6 [1.3.1-9] compared to cholelithiasis; 2.2 [1.9-2.6] compared to urolithiasis, and 2.1 [1.9-2.5] compared to fracture of a large bone; all p<0.0001). Besides using six different control cohorts, the robustness of the findings was tested by repeating the analysis (i) after excluding individuals whose race was unknown (in case this differentially affected cohorts), (ii) by restricting the diagnosis of COVID-19 to confirmed diagnoses (ICD-10 code U07.1), and (iii) by focusing on patients who made at least one healthcare visit between 14 and 90 days after the health event (in case of differential drop-out rates between cohorts). doi = 10.1101/2020.08.14.20175190 id = cord-306832-w8s282nq author = Tarragón, Blanca title = FRACASO RENAL AGUDO EN PACIENTES HOSPITALIZADOS POR COVID-19 date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; FRA; SARS summary = La mediana de estancia fue de 12 días (RIC 9-23), y el 22% fallecieron-Los pacientes que desarrollaron FRA durante el ingreso presentaron valores más altos de proteína C-reactiva, LDH o dímero D, una afectación pulmonar más grave, más necesidad de ingreso en UCI, más tratamiento con lopinavir/ritonavir y fármacos biológicos y mayor necesidad de TSR. Además, esta afectación en pacientes COVID-19 no es uniforme según lo comunicado por los hospitales chinos y puede estar condicionada por la estrategia de detección de casos de cada sistema de salud, la política de ingresos de cada hospital, la definición de daño renal e incluso los factores genéticos y ambientales de las diversas poblaciones afectadas. El FRA se ha definido como factor de peor pronóstico y mayor mortalidad en pacientes ingresados con infección por SARS-Cov-2 9,10 . doi = 10.1016/j.nefro.2020.08.005 id = cord-272112-egsha2j7 author = Tartarone, Alfredo title = COVID-19 and cancer care: what do international guidelines say? date = 2020-08-07 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = The recently published Italian recommendations advise to evaluate case by case the possibility of postponing a treatment, considering the biological aspects of cancer, the clinical characteristics of the patient and the potential health risks for COVID-19 infection [9] . According to French guidelines, clinical management of cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic should be based on the following priority order: curative or non-curative intent of the treatment, age, life expectancy, time since diagnosis and symptoms [11] . TERAVOLT data confirmed a high mortality rate among patients with lung cancer who develop COVID-19; in both studies similar independent factors were associated with increased mortality, which included older age, number of comorbidities, poor performance status, active cancer and administration of chemotherapy alone or in combination with other treatments at the time of infection. doi = 10.1007/s12032-020-01406-5 id = cord-282572-j14izwxd author = Tasnim, S. title = Epidemiology of sleep disorders during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic scoping review date = 2020-10-11 keywords = COVID-19; October; international; sleep summary = Method: Seven major health databases and additional sources were searched to identify, evaluate, and synthesize empirical studies on the prevalence and correlates of sleep disorders and available interventions. This scoping review aims to address this knowledge gap through systematically evaluating the current evidence on the epidemiological burden of sleep disorders, associated factors, and interventions addressing the problems. Data extracted from the included articles were narratively synthesized and presented using tables and a commentary on key findings on the study characteristics, samples, and epidemiological findings as the quantitative burden and associated factors of sleep disorders during COVID-19 and interventions addressing the same. The study by Amerio et al., 29 included general practitioners working in Genoa, Italy evaluate the mental health effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the healthcare workers. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.08.20209148 doi: medRxiv preprint Our review shed light on the high prevalence of insomnia and sleep disturbances among health care workers especially those in frontline. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.08.20209148 id = cord-346265-jx4kspen author = Tatapudi, Hanisha title = Impact assessment of full and partial stay-at-home orders, face mask usage, and contact tracing: An agent-based simulation study of COVID-19 for an urban region date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; Table; model summary = In this paper, we investigate a few ''what-if'' scenarios for social intervention policies including if the stay-at-home order were not lifted, if the Phase II order continues unaltered, what impact will the universal face mask usage have on the infections and deaths, and finally, how do the benefits of contact tracing vary with various target levels for identifying asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic. We conduct our investigation by first developing a comprehensive agent-based simulation model for COVID-19, and then using a major urban outbreak region (Miami-Dade County hospitalization (if infected with acute illness); and 10) recovery or death (if infected). The model also considers: varying levels of compliances for isolation and quarantine, lower on-site staffing levels of essential work and community places during stay-at-home order, restricted daily schedule of people during various social intervention periods, phased lifting of interventions, use of face masks in workplaces, schools and community places with varying compliance levels, and contact tracing with different target levels to identify asymptomatic and presymptomatic cases. doi = 10.1016/j.gloepi.2020.100036 id = cord-296031-r6iqiy1n author = Tattan-Birch, H. title = COVID-19, smoking, vaping and quitting: A representative population survey in England date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; NRT; SARS summary = Aims: To explore 1) associations between suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, hand washing, smoking status, e-cigarette use, and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) use and 2) whether COVID-19 has prompted smoking and vaping quit attempts, and more smoking inside the home. Conclusions: In a representative sample of the adult population in England, current smokers and long-term ex-smokers had higher odds of suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection than never smokers, but there were no large differences by NRT or e-cigarette use. In this study, we will use a representative population sample of adults in England to estimate: 1) associations between suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection and smoking status, e-cigarette use and NRT use; . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.29.20142661 doi: medRxiv preprint A1: Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection and (i) smoking status, (ii) e-cigarette use and (iii) NRT use, with and without adjustment for potential confounders. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.29.20142661 id = cord-299999-jra1yu6a author = Tattar, R. title = COVID PDPs date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = However, a structure needs to be developed to account for the disruption in training COVID-19 has caused and facilitate the progression of the trainees without compromising the quality and integrity of the respected specialities. The New England Journal of Medicine case report of the first COVID-19 patient in the USA detected high SARS-CoV-2 viral load in their stool sample. At present, PDPs are not a routine part of the undergraduate curricula 3 and as such, newly qualified dentists will be faced with the new challenge of having to proactively plan their CPD to fulfil outstanding competencies from their current training course. Whilst CPD cycles are five years, the need to complete certain key foundation skills to ensure adequate competence and baseline knowledge to facilitate progression through postgraduate training pathways will result in trainees having to meet such objectives sooner. Urgent dental care for patients during the COVID-19 pandemic Approaches to the management of patients in oral and maxillofacial surgery during COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1038/s41415-020-1696-2 id = cord-331165-2yn1n3eq author = Tauben, David J. title = Optimizing telehealth pain care after COVID-19 date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; care; pain; patient; telehealth summary = These changes have afforded an opportunity to develop new ways of operating and a glimpse of how life could be for pain services under a "new normal." 81 Importantly, telehealth has the potential to transform pain management, particularly for those with complex pain care needs living remotely from pain facilities or in low-resource settings, removing barriers to multidisciplinary pain management delivered in a collaborative, interdisciplinary way-the optimal treatment approach for chronic pain. 19 Based on telehealth''s demonstrated ability to improve access, collect and interpret health data, and provide educational consultative support for care by multiple medical disciplines, and considering the recent surge in implementation, there may be a case for a more permanent response beyond COVID-19. 77 At our institution (UW) pre-COVID, a pain management telehealth intervention was implemented in collaboration with state health agencies to directly address community primary care prescriber queries through an E-Health telephonic "hotline." 91 Calls are answered by a specialty-trained pain management pharmacist, supported by a pain medicine physician when needed. doi = 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002048 id = cord-333998-z2zahfv9 author = Taxbro, Knut title = Rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury in severe COVID-19 infection date = 2020-09-02 keywords = AKI; COVID-19 summary = Severe rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury developed 4 days later and were suspected after noticing discolouration of the urine and a marked increase in plasma myoglobin levels. In addition to the coronavirus disease acute respiratory distress syndrome, he was diagnosed with possible SARS-CoV-2-induced myositis with severe rhabdomyolysis and kidney failure. 1 2 Little is known about rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury (AKI) in the context of the COVID-19 infection in the intensive care setting. 5 Due to a scarcity of reports available on the subject, we decided to present the symptoms, laboratory findings, clinical course and treatment of a patient in intensive care who developed severe rhabdomyolysis and AKI during the course of the COVID-19 infection. ► Acute renal failure appears to be common in patients with COVID-19 in intensive care, and rhabdomyolysis could be a contributing factor to this. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-237616 id = cord-285820-g8b7u3yf author = Taxonera, Carlos title = Innovation in IBD Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a Cross-Sectional Survey on Patient-Reported Experience Measures date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; IBD summary = We evaluated the feasibility of a strategy based on the conversion of face-to-face visits to telephone consultations to manage IBD outpatients during the COVID-19 pandemic. 8, 9 The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a strategy based on the conversion of face-to-face visits to remote telephone consultations to improve care of patients with IBD during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to evaluate satisfaction of patients with telephone consultations. 10 Here, we report the outcomes and patient perception of a strategy based on the conversion of face-to-face visits to remote telephone consultations to improve care of outpatients with IBD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results of a global telemedicine survey among gastroenterologists by the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IOIBD) demonstrated the shift from face-to face clinics to remote telemedicine during COVID-19, with telephone consultations increasing the most, currently accounting for over half of all IBD visits. doi = 10.1093/ibd/izaa223 id = cord-104426-qz8pffei author = Tay, K title = COVID-19 in Singapore and Malaysia: Rising to the Challenges of Orthopaedic Practice in an Evolving Pandemic date = 2020-04-07 keywords = Malaysia; Orthopaedic; Singapore; covid-19 summary = Based on the principle of complete segregation and in accordance to "Disease Outbreak Response System Condition" (DORSON) Orange 20 directive to prevent potential cross contamination between healthcare workers, the operating theatre (OT) team was segregated into two separate sub-groups; two teams to deal with acute trauma cases and one team for urgent spine surgeries. • Cutting down non-essential workload such as patients on long term follow-up or conservative management 26 • Limiting ourselves to urgent care such as trauma, infection, acute spine emergencies and tumour referrals • Allowing for off-site prescription top-ups, extension of medical leave and correspondences for whatever indications As the Outpatient services can be exposed to patients from various sources, a strict screening protocol in accordance to existing Singapore Ministry of Health guidelines covering travel histories, contact histories, and coryzal symptoms were taken before admittance to the Outpatient clinic. doi = nan id = cord-341389-1o0ey67l author = Tay, Kiang Hiong title = Reconfiguring the radiology leadership team for crisis management during the COVID-19 pandemic in a large tertiary hospital in Singapore date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; DOTF; Singapore summary = This paper shares how we have reconfigured our radiology leadership team into a smaller disease outbreak task force (DOTF) to respond and coordinate all related efforts during this ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The DOTF format is modelled after the military with domain groups looking at manpower, intelligence, operations, and logistics matters on a daily basis so that timely decisions can be made and action plans executed promptly. We share how we have reconfigured our radiology leadership team into a disease outbreak task force (DOTF) to respond and coordinate all related efforts during this ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The division management committee, responsible for the day to day operations, is made up of key appointment holders of the departments and imaging modalities (General Radiography, CT, MRI, Ultrasound, Mammography, Interventional Radiology, and Nuclear Medicine) as well as leaders for nursing, radiography, support staff, administration, logistics, quality management, imaging informatics, and service development. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-07116-w id = cord-274841-rcdoewwv author = Tay, Matthew Zirui title = The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention date = 2020-04-28 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = Monoclonal antibodies targeting the When severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects cells expressing the surface receptors angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and TMPRSS2, the active replication and release of the virus cause the host cell to undergo pyroptosis and release damageassociated molecular patterns, including ATP, nucleic acids and ASC oligomers. While there are no clinical trials specifically testing these drugs against COVID-19 at the time of writing, when camostat mesylate was tested on SARS-CoV-2 isolated from a patient, it prevented entry of the virus into lung cells 44, 50 . Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection inhibition using spike protein heptad repeat-derived peptides T cell responses are required for protection from clinical disease and for virus clearance in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected mice Neutralizing antibodies in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated Nature reviews | Immunology coronavirus infection doi = 10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8 id = cord-277528-t0tglg0a author = Tay, Yi Xiang title = Clinical placements for undergraduate diagnostic radiography students amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore: Preparation, challenges and strategies for safe resumption date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; clinical; sit summary = title: Clinical placements for undergraduate diagnostic radiography students amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore: Preparation, challenges and strategies for safe resumption Coordinated preparation plans and strategies between the university and hospitals were needed to safely resume clinical placements within national and hospitals'' risk control measures against COVID-19 transmission. It is important to put into context how SIT and SGH prepared the students for the 57 challenges and designed strategies for safe resumption of clinical placements. This 80 communique was developed for all SIT Health and Social Science (HSS) students in 81 preparation for their clinical placement resumption and had all elements of risk control 82 measures for students'' compliance. SIT and SGH have collaborated in 304 many aspects of clinical placements, namely managing students'' well-being, meeting 305 learning outcomes and adhering to national and HCIs'' risk control measures through the use 306 doi = 10.1016/j.jmir.2020.08.012 id = cord-309080-1r8t8yxv author = Tay, Yi Xiang title = The needs and concerns of clinical educators in radiography education in the face of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-19 keywords = Singapore; clinical; covid-19 summary = Like nursing, midwifery and many allied health education programmes, clinical training is an important cornerstone of radiographer education -equipping students to safely and competently transit into complex healthcare environments 6, 7 . However, as all the overseas students were selffinanced, the potential of additional emotional and psychological challenges had to be considered 12 One of the ways of support for the clinical educators came in the form of encouragement from notes of appreciation and gifts from the public, and the hospital senior managements to all frontline heroes -showing how much their efforts were valued through these gestures of care and appreciation. Indeed, these characteristics of Generation Z students will certainly affect how clinical educators provide education in the COVID-19 pandemic. With the new ratio, clinical educators were able to provide the students with more guidance, frequent immediate feedback and encouragement to learn from their mistakes -meeting the Generation Z students'' learner perspectives [36] [37] . doi = 10.1016/j.jmir.2020.10.004 id = cord-314006-fz1ckclm author = Taylor, C. Barr title = Digital technology can revolutionize mental health services delivery: The COVID‐19 crisis as a catalyst for change date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; digital summary = In response to this shift, Waller and colleagues compiled a series of expert recommendations to help clinicians pivot to delivering teletherapy to address eating disorders during COVID‐19. These tools are efficacious for many mental health problems including eating disorders (Carlbring, Andersson, Cuijpers, Riper, & Hedman-Lagerlof, 2018; Taylor, Graham, Flatt, & Fitzsimmons-Craft, in press) , and offer the advantage of providing relatively easy access to services typically at lower cost compared to traditional face-to-face psychotherapy. In this commentary, we aim to extend the excellent recommendations for clinicians offered by Waller and colleagues, to present a roadmap of the systems-and policy-level requirements that are needed to facilitate the widespread adoption and implementation of digital mental health interventions in routine care. Therapists are rapidly having to teach themselves how to not only use the technology required but also how the therapy itself might need to change in response to digital delivery. doi = 10.1002/eat.23300 id = cord-102456-6jt4ksha author = Taylor-Cousar, Jennifer L. title = How I Do It: Restarting Respiratory Clinical Research in the Era of the COVID19 Pandemic date = 2020-11-13 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; SARS; research summary = However, now that we have navigated the initial surge of SARS-CoV-2 cases, many are considering how to reintroduce non-COVID-19 clinical research conduct while protecting participants, staff and ensuring data integrity. Here we review key considerations and suggest a step-wise approach for resuming clinical research including observational research, registry trials, and interventional trials, as well as potential data confounding related to COVID-19 infections that are important to consider as research studies restart and data are analyzed. In the spirit of "Do No Harm", it is critical that institutional policies and processes are in place to ensure that there is no significant additional risk of contracting viral respiratory or other infections in the normal course of participation in research studies; now during the COVID-19 pandemic, these principles are even more critical. Throughout the subject''s participation in clinical research during the pandemic, she expressed her appreciation for the opportunity to continue in the study from which she believed she was benefiting, with minimal risk of exposure to infection from SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.11.001 id = cord-343008-y2pt43am author = Tee, Cherica A title = Psychological State and Associated Factors During the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic Among Filipinos with Rheumatoid Arthritis or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19; SLE summary = title: Psychological State and Associated Factors During the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic Among Filipinos with Rheumatoid Arthritis or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus The online survey collected data on socio-demographics, health status, contact history, health service utilization, use of hydroxychloroquine, COVID-19 knowledge and concerns, precautionary measures, information needs, the validated Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) ratings. People with autoimmune systemic connective tissue diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus are perceived to be vulnerable and at an increased risk of contracting severe COVID-19 illness because of their immunocompromised status, chronic state of inflammation, predisposition to flare when exposed to any forms of stress, and use of immunosuppressive medicines. 12 To date, there are no studies on the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with rheumatoid arthritis or lupus erythematosus who belong to the perceived vulnerable groups within society. doi = 10.2147/oarrr.s269889 id = cord-338857-9zbtngje author = Tee, Louis Yunshou title = Atypical Presentation of COVID‐19 in an Older Adult: Lethargy and Vomiting from Severe Hypovolemic Hyponatremia date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Atypical Presentation of COVID‐19 in an Older Adult: Lethargy and Vomiting from Severe Hypovolemic Hyponatremia The Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic disproportionately affects older adults, who suffer from more severe infections and higher mortality rates [1] [2] [3] . Importantly, COVID-19 infections in older adults may present with atypical symptoms, posing a diagnostic challenge. For instance, COVID-19 can manifest in older patients as delirium or falls, without fever or respiratory symptoms 6, 7 . Here, we describe an older patient with COVID-19 pneumonia who presented with lethargy and vomiting contributed by severe hypovolemic hyponatremia. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a COVID-19 infection that presented with lethargy and vomiting contributed by severe hypovolemic hyponatremia. Moreover, this case highlights that, particularly in older persons, COVID-19 infections may have atypical presentations 2,3 . Typically Atypical: COVID-19 Presenting as a Fall in an Older Adult doi = 10.1111/ggi.13990 id = cord-347404-nv70mlae author = Teixeira da Silva, Jaime A. title = Convalescent plasma: A possible treatment of COVID-19 in India date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = One postexposure prophylaxis, convalescent (immune) plasma (CP), has shown some success in China and previously in the cure and therapy of other coronaviruses, SARS-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome. Drawn from current patients who are infected with COVID-19, its CP (human anti–SARS-CoV-2 plasma) might be one way to modulate the infectivity of this virus or its effects postinfection. Lessons learned thus far from the largest outbreaks of this pandemic in China, the US, Italy, and Spain reveal that there is still no cure, although several possible drugs and novel agents, which have not been clinically tested, are available through compassionate use, or as repurposed antiviral and immune-modulating pharmacotherapies. 4 In China, five critically ill patients infected with COVID-19 (also with acute respiratory distress syndrome) received a transfusion of SARS-CoV-2especific IgG (binding titer > 1:1000; neutralization titer > 40) 10e22 days after admission. doi = 10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.04.006 id = cord-274778-wds40e6i author = Tejedor, Santiago title = Information on the COVID-19 Pandemic in Daily Newspapers’ Front Pages: Case Study of Spain and Italy date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; Spain; information summary = title: Information on the COVID-19 Pandemic in Daily Newspapers'' Front Pages: Case Study of Spain and Italy The study analyzes 72 front pages of El País and El Mundo in Spain and Italy''s Corriere della Sera and La Repubblica, collecting 710 news items and 3456 data evidences employing a mixed method (both qualitative and quantitative) based on content analysis and hemerographic analysis. Based on the trust placed on the printed media-as the most credible and rigorous media-this research analyzes a total of 72 front pages of the main daily newspapers in Spain and Italy (36 each) . The research, based on previous studies [33] , analyzes a total of 710 news items extracted from 72 front pages of the four main daily newspapers of Spain and Italy (36 per country). Nonetheless, while in Spain it occupies 62% of the front page; in Italy COVID-19 related pieces cover a striking 80% of the information (see Figure 9 ). doi = 10.3390/ijerph17176330 id = cord-261174-jws90odd author = Tekbali, Asma title = Pregnant versus non-pregnant SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Hospital Admissions: The first 4 weeks in New York date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-261174-jws90odd authors: Tekbali, Asma; Grünebaum, Amos; Saraya, Abraham; McCullough, Laurence; Bornstein, Eran; Chervenak, Frank A. title: Pregnant versus non-pregnant SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Hospital Admissions: The first 4 weeks in New York date: 2020-04-15 journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.012 sha: doc_id: 261174 cord_uid: jws90odd nan The authors report no conflict of interest. On March 2, 2020 the New York Times reported that a Manhattan woman was the Subjects were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 on admission, during the hospital stay, 33 or postpartum. The IRB determined that this study did not meet the definition of 34 human subject research and that, therefore, no IRB review was required. COVID-19) and Pregnancy: What obstetricians 84 need to know COVID-19) Pandemic and Pregnancy COVID-19 in pregnant women. Management of pregnant women infected with COVID-19 The Lancet Infectious Diseases The Lancet Infectious Diseases doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.012 id = cord-312969-r8vt2i2z author = Temgoua, Mazou Ngou title = COVID-19 pandemic: do we need systematic screening of patients with cardiovascular risk factors in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) for preventing death? date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: COVID-19 pandemic: do we need systematic screening of patients with cardiovascular risk factors in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) for preventing death? Several studies have shown that patients who are at increased risk of death are those with cardiovascular risk factors like: age >60years, obesity, hypertension, diabetes and people with history of chronic respiratory disease, pregnant women and cancer [3] [4] [5] . In Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), like all over the world, there is an increased spread of the COVID-19 [9] and high burden of cardiovascular diseases [10] ; but until now there is no political strategy to screen systematically patients with cardiovascular risk factors for early management. In LMICs there is an urgent need to target patients with cardiovascular risk factors or established cardiovascular diseases for earlier screening of COVID-19 and better managment of these patients in order to prevent death linked to the virus. doi = 10.11604/pamj.2020.35.2.22947 id = cord-344566-r75o7ips author = Temiz, Selami Aykut title = Evaluation Of Dermatology Consultations In The Era Of COVID19 date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The number of cases that were suspected to have COVID‐19 was statistically significantly higher in consultations requested by the emergency department and intensive care unit, while there were no suspected cases in outpatient clinic consultations (P = 0.001). In our study, we wanted to evaluate the features such as how dermatology consultations were affected during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is well established in our daily practice, features of the patients consulted, and skin findings in patients with suspected disease. The number of cases that were suspected to have COVID-19 was statistically significantly higher in consultations requested by the emergency department and intensive care unit, while there were no suspected cases in outpatient clinic consultations (p=0.001). With respect to the dermatology consultations in the pre-pandemic literature, it was found that a skin biopsy was performed on 4-13% of the patients (8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13) . Analysis of Consultation Cases Referred from Pediatrics Department to Dermatology Outpatient Clinic: Retrospective Study doi = 10.1111/dth.13642 id = cord-337917-vvvo5t4h author = Tempe, Dr. Deepak K. title = Challenges in Preparing and managing the critical care services for a large urban area during COVID-19 outbreak: Perspective from Delhi date = 2020-05-26 keywords = Delhi; ICU; covid-19 summary = This article describes the measures taken and challenges faced in creating the ICU beds to cater to the anticipated load of patients in the state of Delhi, India. The main challenges faced among others were, estimating the number of ICU beds to be created; deciding the dedicated Covid hospitals; procurement of ventilators, personal protection equipment and other related material; mobilizing the human resource and their training; and providing isolated in-house accommodation to the staff on duty. 5 It was a challenging task to estimate the numbers and after deliberating on various aspects, it was proposed that there is a need to be prepared for at least 3000 ICU beds with ventilation facility in Delhi. With this background, a comprehensive plan of requirements for all the aspects of providing care to the Covid-19 patients including among others, infrastructure, equipment, disposables, medicines, human resource and several others was planned, DKT agreed to be the nodal officer for training and supervising the facilities in the ICU services at Delhi government hospitals. doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.05.028 id = cord-354474-hbl2ywix author = Temsah, M. H. title = Knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers during the early COVID-19 pandemic in a main, academic tertiary care centre in Saudi Arabia date = 2020-08-28 keywords = MERS; covid-19 summary = As the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continues to occur in small outbreaks in Saudi Arabia, we aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and intended practices of healthcare workers (HCWs) during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic and compare worry levels with previous findings during the MERS-CoV outbreak in 2015. To further understand the knowledge, attitudes and intended practices of HCWs during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is particularly beneficial to obtain their input, especially in an area of the world where other respiratory viral illnesses are either endemic, such as MERS-CoV, or seasonal, such as influenza. The perceived adequacy of knowledge, hygienic practice changes and HCW attitudes toward infection control measures were assessed using a series of Likert-based questions (Supplementary Tables S2-S4 ). The level of knowledge of HCWs toward viral infection outbreaks during the current COVID-19 pandemic are much higher compared to the previous study conducted in the same institution during MERS-CoV a few years ago [15] . doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001958 id = cord-313082-n3bo9jw1 author = Tenenbein, Paul title = The case for routine screening for SARS-CoV-2 before surgery date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Herein, we focus on one specific aspect of this question, namely whether all surgical patients should, in addition to detailed clinical screening (i.e., exposure risk and symptoms) for COVID-19, undergo routine preoperative testing for SARS-CoV-2 with nasopharyngeal swabbing and nucleicacid-based testing. Dans cet éditorial, nous nous intéressons à un aspect en particulier de cette question : faudrait-il faire passer un test préopératoire systématique pour dépister le SARS-CoV-2 à l''aide d''un écouvillon nasopharyngé et d''un test d''amplification des acides nucléiques à tous les patients chirurgicaux, en plus du dépistage clinique détaillé (c.-à-d. É tant donné le risque que la COVID-19 pose aux patients chirurgicaux, il est conseillé de remettre toute intervention qui peut être retardée en toute sécurité ou d''envisager des options thérapeutiques non chirurgicales, le cas échéant, pour tout patient positif au SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1007/s12630-020-01730-4 id = cord-289719-64ugdvfe author = Tenforde, Mark W. title = Characteristics of Adult Outpatients and Inpatients with COVID-19 — 11 Academic Medical Centers, United States, March–May 2020 date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = During April 15-May 24, 2020, telephone interviews were conducted with a random sample of adults aged ≥18 years who had positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test results for SARS-CoV-2 in outpatient and inpatient settings at 11 U.S. academic medical centers in nine states. During April 15-May 24, 2020, telephone interviews were conducted with a random sample of adults aged ≥18 years who had positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test results for SARS-CoV-2 in outpatient and inpatient settings at 11 U.S. academic medical centers in nine states. To explore the spectrum of illness across health care settings and potential community SARS-CoV-2 exposures after issuance of national social distancing guidelines on March 16, 2020 (4), 11 academic medical centers in nine states conducted telephone-based surveys of a sample of patients with positive SARS-COV-2 test results during April 15-May 24, 2020 (testing dates = March 31-May 10, 2020). doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6926e3 id = cord-290863-f0wpsaip author = Tenforde, Mark W. title = Symptom Duration and Risk Factors for Delayed Return to Usual Health Among Outpatients with COVID-19 in a Multistate Health Care Systems Network — United States, March–June 2020 date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = During April 15-June 25, 2020, telephone interviews were conducted with a random sample of adults aged ≥18 years who had a first positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, at an outpatient visit at one of 14 U.S. academic health care systems in 13 states. During April 15-June 25, 2020, telephone interviews were conducted with a random sample of adults aged ≥18 years who had a first positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, at an outpatient visit at one of 14 U.S. academic health care systems in 13 states. At 14-21 days from the test date, CDC personnel interviewed the randomly sampled patients or their proxies by telephone to obtain self-reported baseline demographic, socioeconomic, and underlying health information, including the presence of chronic medical conditions. doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6930e1 id = cord-290653-48swl1aq author = Teng, Margaret title = Endoscopy during COVID-19 pandemic: An overview of infection control measures and practical application date = 2020-09-16 keywords = PPE; covid-19 summary = Endoscopic procedures hence may pose significant risks of transmission (even for those not directly involving confirmed COVID-19 cases) as endoscopists and endoscopy staff are in close contact with patients during these aerosol generating procedures. AGA/DHPA propose to resume elective endoscopic procedures when Inpatient urgent cases are done on a case-to-case basis; Outpatient elective non-urgent cases are reviewed by physician in charge -proceed with cases with suspected significant or time-specific diagnosis, reschedule all other cases; Direct access endoscopy is suspended; Prior to endoscopy: Pre-screen patients for history of fever or upper respiratory tract symptoms (cough, sore throat, rhinorrhea), significant contact and travel history, or if they have been issued a home quarantine order or stay home notice; This includes patients who have family members or close contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 case, and patients with recent travel to high risk countries in the past 14 d. doi = 10.4253/wjge.v12.i9.256 id = cord-325324-kh2aal5n author = Teng, Shaolei title = ACE2 Enhance Viral Infection or Viral Infection Aggravate the Underlying Diseases date = 2020-08-06 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) is cleaved by the human furin enzyme to generate S1, which binds to the host receptor, ACE-2. It is possible that the released free spike or the cleaved S1 protein in the blood might bind to cellular membrane ACE2 of heart, artery and alveolar lung cells to block the conversion of Angiotensin II to Ang-(1-7) and/or Angiotensin I to Ang-(1-9), which is consistent with a previous experimental result on SARS-CoV-1 (59) . Therefore, our hypothesis, as shown in the right side of Fig. 1 as "Viral aggravating existing diseases", is that comorbidities in COVID-19 patients are aggravated by the infection of SARS-CoV-2 to causes higher fatalities because the viral S protein interacts with ACE2 to inhibit ACE2 function. The claims that COVID-19 disproportionately affects the individuals of minority groups and aged people are not only supported by reported data but also by our hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 infection generates spike protein that interacts with ACE2 to either exhaust ACE2 or inhibit ACE2 function or both so that the comorbidities are aggravated (Figure 1 ). doi = 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.08.002 id = cord-328987-ntu1wdzg author = Teng, Yi-Man title = Life or Livelihood? Mental Health Concerns for Quarantine Hotel Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; quarantine summary = This article is more concerned about the new working situation, conditions, and mental health considerations for quarantine hotel staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aims of this research are 2-fold: first, to demonstrate the specific changes to roles and workload for the quarantine hotel employees; and second, to protect the quarantine hotel employees'' mental health and provide recommendations for hoteliers in order to support their staff. In order to mitigate the potential negative impact of quarantine, fear of infection, and uncertainty on employees, hoteliers need to create a supportive environment in the workplace, for example, using online surveys to assess the scope of mental health problems and to observe the staffs'' psychological status. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the mental health concern of the quarantine staff who has faced unprecedented changes is undoubtedly necessary. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02168 id = cord-348725-vksombro author = Teo, Leng Woon title = "Coping with COVID-19: perspectives of student radiographers" date = 2020-05-29 keywords = Singapore; covid-19 summary = Publications about the impacts of COVID-19 on the modifications and precaution measures in clinical practice (as well as the concern/challenges about online teaching methods in radiography teaching) are widely available, yet writings on the radiography students'' perspective are lacking. With the rising number of unlinked cases of COVID-19 in Singapore, the Disease Outbreak Response System Condition (DORSCON) level was raised to Orange on February 7, 2020. Later, to further reduce the spread of COVID-19 transmission, the Singapore Government introduced the Circuit Breaker on April 7. Studies have shown the efficacy of combining e-learning with lecture-based curriculums, with increases in student satisfaction and learning rates (11, 12) . With home-based learning, everyone was studying at a different pace. Therefore, the removal of practical lessons and shortening of clinical placements delivered a huge blow to our learning. Comparison of the effect of lecture and blended teaching methods on students'' learning and satisfaction doi = 10.1016/j.jmir.2020.05.004 id = cord-326852-gm98s8a3 author = Teo, Wan-Yee title = Implications for Border Containment Strategies when COVID-19 Presents Atypically date = 2020-07-24 keywords = Singapore; covid-19 summary = Conclusions An important global border control measure to implement quickly, will be to expand the symptom list to isolated sore throat, and/or a prior history of recent symptoms (resolved). Following the instructions on the information sheet from Singapore Global Network (a division in the Singapore Economic Development Board which broadens and deepens the overseas network of Singapore citizens) available online, 2 the patient and his family contacted the People''s Association (a government-supported statutory board to promote racial harmony and social cohesion in Singapore) to clarify the symptom of a resolved sore throat, and highlighted patient''s contact history with an Italy-returning medical student during a fencing sparring. Staff at People''s Association rapidly facilitated the patient to be picked up in a dedicated ambulance to National Center of Infection Disease, Singapore, where a chest x-ray done was normal, and the swab test was positive for COVID-19 (Day 8 of initial symptoms). doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.019 id = cord-345680-10phij1x author = Terpos, Evangelos title = Hematological findings and complications of COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 19 It has also been reported that patients with severe disease and fatal outcomes present with a decreased lymphocyte/white blood cell ratio both in admission (P < .001) and during hospitalization (P < .001) compared with those who survived. 33 A retrospective study including 187 patients with COVID-19 from another hospital in Wuhan showed that patients with high troponin-T levels had leukocytosis (P < .001), increased neutrophils (P < .001) and decreased lymphocytes (P = .01). Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study doi = 10.1002/ajh.25829 id = cord-331065-tzvkj2rm author = Terracciano, Antonio title = Changes in Subjective Age During COVID-19 date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; age; subjective summary = The only significant predictor of change in subjective age was the belief that the "coronavirus is only a threat to older adults": The more individuals agreed with this statement, the more likely it was that they felt increasingly younger at follow-up. Experimental research found that when individuals are exposed to negative age-related information, they react by distancing themselves from their age-group and their chronological age, resulting in a younger subjective age (Weiss & Freund, 2012; Weiss & Lang, 2012 The primary scope of the study was to examine the trajectory of subjective age in the context of COVID-19 with longitudinal data from a nation-wide sample of Americans aged 18 to 100 years. We tested the five moderators (age, disease burden, negative expectations about aging, "coronavirus is only a threat to older adults", and stress) in one model that included data from the first two waves, the A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 14 demographic covariates, and the main effects and interactions with time of the six variables. doi = 10.1093/geront/gnaa104 id = cord-340298-0l4pec0z author = Terriau, A. title = Impact of virus testing on COVID-19 case fatality rate: estimate using a fixed-effects model date = 2020-05-01 keywords = France; covid-19; international summary = title: Impact of virus testing on COVID-19 case fatality rate: estimate using a fixed-effects model Methods We use data on inpatients across French geographic areas and propose a novel methodology that exploits policy discontinuities at region borders to estimate the effect of COVID-19 tests on the case-fatality rate. Screening policies and mortality rate might be related to the fact that testing allows authorities to detect and isolate infected people and to prevent them from transmitting the virus; and also enables early treatment, thus increasing the chances of cure. We used a fixed-effects model to assess the impact of the number of tests performed over time at a local geographical level (department) on fatality-cases. Our strategy consisted in comparing all contiguous department pairs sharing a region border (See Figure 1 for an example) to identify the effect of testing on the case fatality rate. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.26.20080531 id = cord-279846-g0ro8pbb author = Terrigno, Vittorio R title = Right Atrial Thrombus in a Patient With COVID-19 date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = We highlight the successful use of half-dose anticoagulation in the treatment of right atrial thrombus in a patient with COVID-19. To our knowledge, this is a first reported case of right atrial thrombus in a COVID-19 patient who was treated successfully with half-dose anticoagulation. In another three-center retrospective study of 184 COVID-19 ICU patients from the Netherlands, the authors reported 31% incidence of thrombotic complications. Therefore, the true incidence is likely higher.Our case supports the need to think of initiating therapeutic anticoagulation early in the course of critically ill patients with COVID-19. In addition to this, our case also highlights the use of half-dose anticoagulation therapy to treat a right atrial thrombus. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of right atrial thrombus in a COVID-19 patient that resolved with a half dose of thrombolytic therapy. We highlight the ability to treat a right atrial thrombus in a patient with COVID-19 with half-dose anticoagulation. doi = 10.7759/cureus.9441 id = cord-343472-fd34ls35 author = Tersalvi, Gregorio title = Emerging evidence of myocardial injury in COVID-19: A path through the smoke date = 2020-08-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In a situation such as the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, where healthcare resources are placed under enormous stress, readily available tests such as this play an important role in helping clinicians identify patients at greater risk of developing severe forms of the disease, and should be included in the initial triage panel. Their value as prognostic markers in COVID-19 has been shown by several studies, since patients with higher troponin levels were more likely to be admitted to intensive care [8] and showed higher in-hospital mortality [2, 4, 6] . The Authors confirmed the known correlation between cardiac troponin and disease severity and showed a greater mortality in patients with elevated hs-cTnI levels. Given the accumulating evidence, a cardiac troponin assay should be included in the laboratory triage panel of patients with suspected of confirmed COVID-19, along with inflammatory and coagulation cascade activation markers (i.e. d-dimer), as it may help clinicians identify those who portend a higher risk of developing severe forms of the disease. COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; hs-cTnI: high sensitivity cardiac troponin I. doi = 10.7150/thno.50788 id = cord-350053-bgtl85mq author = Terzi, Francesca title = Intramural Hematoma as Unexpected Complication of COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; aortic summary = We report the case of a patient with COVID-19 infection who developed an acute aortic syndrome with the characteristics of aortic intramural hematoma. Patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease (CVD) have an increased risk of severe complications from novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 4, 5 Here, we present the case of a patient with COVID-19 infection complicated with IMH who underwent emergency surgery. 7 Our COVID-19 patient without cardiovascular risk factors complicated by IMH could intriguingly indicate IMH as another potential COVID-19 major vascular complication; the devastating systemic inflammatory response to COVID-19 infection with the typical "cytokine storm" could likely represent the underlying mechanism of the aortic wall damage. Evaluation of aortic wall inflammation in acute aortic intramural hematoma using FDG-PET/CT in relation to prognostic aorta-related outcome Prognostic value of sustained elevated C-reactive protein levels in patients with acute aortic intramural hematoma doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1713107 id = cord-310868-rqmny4r2 author = Tesfaye, Wubshet title = How Do We Combat Bogus Medicines in the Age of the COVID-19 Pandemic? date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; medicine; product summary = 15 For the Global South, the pandemic exacerbates the existing proliferation of substandard and falsified medical products, and these trends are likely to continue as effective drugs continue to emerge from ongoing trials. The WHO defines substandard products as "authorized medical products that fail to meet quality standards or specifications, or both" and falsified products as "products that deliberately/ fraudulently misrepresent identity, composition, or source." 16 Considering less than 30% of regulatory agencies in the world can ensure the adequacy of medicines and vaccines, 17 pandemics of COVID-19 proportion would inevitably present enormous regulatory challenges. There is a risk that when the COVID-19 pandemic further spreads in LMICs, there will be an increased potential for the distribution of falsified and counterfeit medicines, something the international community needs to be alert to and work against. In meeting these needs, governments, pharmaceutical regulatory agencies, and associate supply chains must have practical and financially supported strategies to ensure quality-assured medicines are made available for the determined need. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0903 id = cord-292508-unoeicq0 author = Teshome, Abinet title = Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Its Associated Factors Among Health Care Workers Fighting COVID-19 in Southern Ethiopia date = 2020-11-05 keywords = anxiety; covid-19; health summary = These factors, together with the fear of being contagious and infecting others, physical exhaustion, inadequate personal equipment, and the need to make ethically difficult decisions on the rationing of care could increase the possibility of psychological issues among HCWs. 9,12-14 A study conducted in China reported that 13% of HCWs experienced anxiety during the fight against COVID-19. 15 Another study conducted on the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in Singapore reported a 10.8% anxiety prevalence. The findings of this study are timely and would help the local program planners and policymakers to plan appropriate interventions at the early stage to prevent a detrimental psychological outcome of HCWs. Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among health workers working in Gamo, Gofa, Konso, and South Omo Zones of Southern Ethiopia from 20, May to 20, June 2020. doi = 10.2147/prbm.s282822 id = cord-315428-uiezqa4p author = Tessler, Hannah title = The Anxiety of Being Asian American: Hate Crimes and Negative Biases During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-10 keywords = Americans; COVID-19; United; asian summary = In this essay, we review how the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic that began in the United States in early 2020 has elevated the risks of Asian Americans to hate crimes and Asian American businesses to vandalism. These hate crimes and bias incidents occur in the landscape of American racism in which Asian Americans are seen as the embodiment of China and potential carriers of COVID-19, regardless of their ethnicity or generational status. In New York City alone, from the start of the COVID-19 outbreak through April 2020, the NYPD''s hate crime task force has investigated fourteen cases where all the victims were Asian and targeted due to coronavirus discrimination (NYPD, 2020) . While there have been numerous instances of anti-Asian bias and crime, there have not been similarly patterned anti-European tourist incidents or an avoidance of Italian restaurants, suggesting that COVID-19 illuminates the particular racialization of disease that extends beyond this virus, and further back in American history. doi = 10.1007/s12103-020-09541-5 id = cord-329543-gbfkce7n author = Tetteh, Hassan A title = A Leader’s Guide to Crisis Communication: Lessons from Ebola for COVID-19 date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; Ebola summary = Finally, the communication conveyed what the Ebola outbreak meant to individuals locally impacted and throughout the world: The Ministry of Health in Guinea advised the public to take necessary measures to avert the spread of the disease and to report any suspected cases. Initial communication during the Ebola crisis aimed to achieve the overarching objectives of increasing knowledge and understanding and minimize the negative impact of fear and concern by helping the public understand the immediate risks of the disease, despite incomplete information. 13 However, despite the pervasive fear and concern that existed, the CDC and others were careful to effectively communicate a message during the crisis that provided context so that the appropriate response and resolution could be obtained to combat the Ebola outbreak. In the global pandemic of COVID-19, providing the appropriate context during crisis communication directly affects the type of response individuals take to achieve appropriate resolution of the problem. doi = 10.1093/milmed/usaa158 id = cord-352767-lnsi3av0 author = Teuwen, Laure-Anne title = COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To date, pulmonary endothelial cells (ECs) have been largely overlooked as a therapeutic target in COVID-19, yet emerging evidence suggests that these cells contribute to the initiation and propagation of ARDS by altering vessel barrier integrity, promoting a pro-coagulative state, inducing vascular inflammation (endotheliitis) and mediating inflammatory cell infiltration 2, 3 . After the initial phase of viral infection, ~30% of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 develop severe disease with progressive lung damage, in part owing to an overreacting inflammatory response 1 . Mechanistically, the pulmonary complications result from a vascular barrier breach, leading to tissue oedema (causing lungs to build up fluid), endotheliitis, activation of coagulation pathways with potential development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and deregulated inflammatory cell infiltration. Moreover, we hypothesize that denudation of the pulmonary vasculature could lead to activation of the complement system, promoting the accumulation of neutrophils and pro-inflammatory monocytes that enhance the cytokine storm. doi = 10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0 id = cord-293704-tnik6sd3 author = Tey, Jeremy title = Navigating the challenges of the COVID-19 outbreak: perspectives from the radiation oncology service in singapore date = 2020-03-31 keywords = Singapore; covid-19; patient summary = There is a higher risk of mortality of COVID-19 in cancer patients and hence unique considerations for a radiation oncology department operating in an infectious disease outbreak. There is a higher risk of mortality of COVID-19 in cancer patients and hence unique considerations for a radiation oncology department operating in an infectious disease outbreak. This includes interventions, business continuity plans and workflow in managing a COVID-19 positive patient on radiotherapy. With the evolving COVID-19 outbreak, there needs to be provisions and policies to ensure continuity of radiation oncology services. There should be provisions within the department such that continuity of radiation oncology services will not be impacted as there is possibility of staff managing confirmed cases and therefore needs to be self-quarantined at home. Nonetheless, radiation oncology departments can act to better position themselves to continue radiotherapy services in the face of resource limitations brought on by the outbreak, as well as to protect staff and patients. doi = 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.03.030 id = cord-302756-343y63e5 author = Thachil, J title = Understanding the COVID‐19 coagulopathy spectrum date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = From a laboratory perspective, this hypercoagulability is reflected in the marked elevation of the fibrinolytic marker, D-dimer, in almost all hospitalised COVID-19 patients [7] . Platelet counts are increased in these patients in the initial stages (uncommonly reported in patients with infectious diseases) and are almost never severely low, even in critically ill COVID-19 patients [18] . In severely ill patients, the pulmonary coagulation system becomes markedly activated. These include: should all patients hospitalised with severe COVID-19 be treated empirically with therapeutic anticoagulation until venous thromboembolism is discounted? High incidence of venous thromboembolic events in anticoagulated severe COVID-19 patients Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19 COVID-19-related severe hypercoagulability in patients admitted to intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure. doi = 10.1111/anae.15141 id = cord-339589-dl2qpc0t author = Thachil, Jecko title = SARS-2 Coronavirus–Associated Hemostatic Lung Abnormality in COVID-19: Is It Pulmonary Thrombosis or Pulmonary Embolism? date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 3, 4 There is increasing recognition that the COVID-19-associated hemostasis abnormality (CAHA) may instead be resulting in localized thrombosis in the lungs, which has been reinforced by the fact that timely anticoagulation can be successful in reducing mortality of seriously unwell patients. Despite a critically ill patient being at a very high risk of thrombosis due to various reasons (including immobilization, underlying risk factors, muscle paralysis from sedation, and the use of vasoactive drugs), the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism can still be missed. • Since there is a crucial link between inflammation and thrombosis, more so in COVID-19 patients, are patients who are on immunosuppressants less likely to get severe pulmonary disease and complications? • Is there a role for antiplatelet agents in patients who progress to more severe disease while on therapeutic anticoagulation, since activated platelets are pathogenic in the lung inflammation? doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1712155 id = cord-253250-zet48zcl author = Thaden, J.T. title = When two for the price of one isn’t a bargain: Estimating prevalence and microbiology of bacterial co-infections in patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Similarly, in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, multiple studies have demonstrated rates of superimposed bacterial pneumonia in excess of 30%, and this has been associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (3) . The overall low prevalence of bacterial infection in patients with COVID-19 was similar as that noted in another recent meta-analysis (7%) (5) and rapid review (8%) (6) of the literature, though there is significant overlap in the studies included in these reviews. Despite the lower prevalence of bacterial co-infection in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection relative to other viral respiratory pathogens, many patients with COVID-19 (71%) were treated with antibiotics. Yet while the available data is limited, the emerging picture is one of lower bacterial co-infection rates in patients with COVID-19 relative to pandemic influenza. Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.002 id = cord-292978-qfw1uqvp author = Thakrar, Amit title = Thirty-Day Mortality Rate of Patients With Hip Fractures During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single Centre Prospective Study in the United Kingdom date = 2020-07-08 keywords = Study; covid-19 summary = title: Thirty-Day Mortality Rate of Patients With Hip Fractures During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single Centre Prospective Study in the United Kingdom We collected data on time to surgery, Clinical Frailty Scale score, Nottingham Hip Fracture Score, COVID-19 infection status, 30-day mortality, and cause of death. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated a significant increase in 30-day mortality among hip fracture patients during the first 30 days of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. The objective of our study is to investigate and describe associated risk factors for 30-day mortality of patients with hip fractures in a single center for a 1-month follow-up period since "day 0" of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. We collected data on patient demographics, Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), Nottingham Hip Fracture Score (NHFS), time to surgery, operation type, COVID-19 testing, COVID-19 infection status, 30-day mortality, and cause of death. doi = 10.1097/bot.0000000000001889 id = cord-352293-ha7xts89 author = Thakur, Aditya title = Mental Health in High School Students at the Time of COVID-19: A Student’s Perspective date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; health summary = This paper highlights key issues and offers practical solutions to address the mental health of adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic, from a high school student''s (HSS) perspective. Social distancing and school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic can worsen existing mental health problems in adolescents and increases the risk of future mental health issues. 2 An increase in domestic violence and abuse during this pandemic further exposes adolescents to risks of developing mental health problems. However, closure of schools during COVID-19 pandemic have taken away the protective layer of school-based mental health support. Within a pandemic environment of furloughs and job cuts, families may struggle to purchase technology for high schoolers who can benefit from school-based counseling support for mental health problems. 3 Quarantine, trauma and grief during the COVID-19 pandemic further increase the risk of mental health problems. Potential effects of "social" distancing measures and school lockdown on child and adolescent mental health. doi = 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.08.005 id = cord-345929-z7yfegr5 author = Thakur, Suman S. title = Proteomics and Its Application in Pandemic Diseases date = 2020-11-06 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = found that the antimalarial drug metaquine and anti-HIV antiretroviral saquinavir interact with four SARS-CoV-2 receptors, including Nsp9 replicase, main protease (Mpro), NSP15 endoribonuclease, and spike protein (S protein), interacting with human ACE2; therefore, they may be repurposed for COVID-19 treatment. Furthermore, Maffucci and Contini used an in silico approach to find drug candidates against the main proteinase and spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. suggested that the antigenic peptides generated from the S1 spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 using aminopeptidases ERAP1, ERAP2, and IRAP might be helpful in selecting better epitopes for immunogenic studies and the design of a vaccine for COVID-19. Interestingly, a computational method was used to find an allosteric site on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by Di Paola et al., as its detection would weaken the spike−ACE2 interaction and thereby reduce the viral infection. doi = 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00824 id = cord-300792-hpyywul0 author = Thaler, M. title = Disruption of joint arthroplasty services in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic: an online survey within the European Hip Society (EHS) and the European Knee Associates (EKA) date = 2020-05-02 keywords = Europe; covid-19; tja summary = title: Disruption of joint arthroplasty services in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic: an online survey within the European Hip Society (EHS) and the European Knee Associates (EKA) PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on joint arthroplasty service in Europe by conducting an online survey of arthroplasty surgeons. Four topics were addressed: (1) origin and surgical experience of the participant (four questions); (2) potential disruption of arthroplasty surgeries (12 questions); (3) influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the particular arthroplasty surgeon (four questions); (4) a matrix provided 14 different arthroplasty surgeries and the participant was asked to state whether dedicated surgery was stopped, delayed or cancelled. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on joint arthroplasty service in Europe by means of an online survey of arthroplasty surgeons in the EHS and the EKA. The most important finding of the present study was the massive cutback in primary as well as revision TJA service in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s00167-020-06033-1 id = cord-289115-bntcn0m6 author = Thangaraju, Pugazhenthan title = Role of Dupilumab in Approved Indications of COVID-19 Patient: an Efficacy-Based Nonsystematic Critical Analysis date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = There are isolated case reports and series that document a milder course of COVID-19 infection in patients who have already been on dupilumab therapy for treatment of conditions such as atopic dermatitis and chronic rhino-sinusitis with nasal polyp. While it has already been in use in dermatology clinics for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD), it was most recently approved for the indication of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp (CRSwNP) by the US Food and Drug Association (FDA) on the 26th of June, 2019 [1] . We included clinical trials, research studies, case reports, and randomized control trials that employed the use of dupilumab at any point in the treatment of patients who were laboratory confirmed cases of COVID19. Details that were extracted included author and journal details, year of publication, sample size, age, sex, indication for rational use of dupilumab, duration for treatment, adverse effects observed, and course of COVID-19 infection. COVID-19 infection in a patient with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps during therapy with dupilumab doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00510-x id = cord-343449-4uxwojzo author = The Gibraltar COVID-19 Research Group Health Systems, title = Oxygen and mortality in COVID-19 pneumonia: a comparative analysis of supplemental oxygen policies and health outcomes across 26 countries. date = 2020-07-04 keywords = CFR; COVID-19; oxygen summary = Methods Three independent investigators searched for, identified and extracted the nationally recommended target oxygen levels for the commencement of oxygen in COVID-19 pneumonia from the 29 worst affected countries. We then applied linear regression analysis to examine for potential association between national targets for the commencement of oxygen and case fatality rates. Whilst none of the studies analysed in the IOTA metaanalysis related to pneumonia, and the majority of studies examined oxygen as a treatment not as a means to correct hypoxia, the authors suggest optimal target SpO2 for all acute medical patients might be 94-96% [12] . In this situation, where the national guideline target SpO2 is part of an overall strategy of avoiding admissions, then whilst it does remain likely conservative oxygen approaches do contribute to higher mortality, there may also be contribution of other policies. There is clear disparity between national guidelines for target oxygen saturations (SpO2) in COVID-19 across the countries analysed here, and such disparity is associated with national case fatality rates (CFR). doi = 10.1101/2020.07.03.20145763 id = cord-280642-cvxni7cd author = The OpenSAFELY Collaborative, title = OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19-related hospital death in the linked electronic health records of 17 million adult NHS patients. date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = title: OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19-related hospital death in the linked electronic health records of 17 million adult NHS patients. People from Asian and black groups are at markedly increased risk of in-hospital death from COVID-19, and contrary to some prior speculation this is only partially attributable to pre-existing clinical risk factors or deprivation; further research into the drivers of this association is therefore urgently required. People from Asian and black groups are at markedly increased risk of in-hospital death from COVID-19, and contrary to some prior speculation this is only partially attributable to pre-existing clinical risk factors or deprivation; further research into the drivers of this association is therefore urgently required. 12, 13 We therefore set out to determine factors associated with risk of death from COVID-19 in England using a very large sample of the adult population, with deaths data linked to longitudinal primary care electronic health records. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.06.20092999 id = cord-225887-kr9uljop author = Thelwall, Mike title = Covid-19 Tweeting in English: Gender Differences date = 2020-03-24 keywords = COVID-19; Twitter; gender summary = The results show that females are more likely to tweet about the virus in the context of family, social distancing and healthcare whereas males are more likely to tweet about sports cancellations, the global spread of the virus and political reactions. The research design was to collect English-language tweets matching a set of queries related to Covid-19 over two weeks and to identify words used more by males than females, using these to point to aspects of gender difference in tweeting about the virus. Gender differences in this word therefore suggest that males were more likely to tweet that league-based sport was affected by COVID-19 restrictions. Male-authored tweets about COVID-19 were about twice as likely as females to discuss sports, typically in the context of speculation about, or announcements of, events or competitions being cancelled (Figure 1 ). doi = nan id = cord-340415-6fte7krp author = Thevarajan, Irani title = Clinical presentation and management of COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; clinical; patient summary = In the face of high health care demand during the peak of a pandemic, safe management of low risk patients in the community will likely be essential to preserve hospital capacity for the more severely ill. This position is endorsed by the Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases interim guidelines for the clinical management of COVID-19 in adults, 20 guidelines for the clinical care of people with COVID-19, 19 which state that even where conditional recommendations for use of disease modifying agents are made, whenever possible these should be administered in the context of randomised trials with appropriate ethical approval. 37, 38 However, given the current lack of evidence of clinical benefit and reports of significant limitations of supply of hydroxychloroquine for patients with rheumatological conditions, in March 2020, the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia and the Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases called for immediate cessation of prescribing and dispensing of hydroxychloroquine for indications relating to COVID-19, outside use in approved clinical trials. Specific antiviral therapy in the clinical management of acute respiratory infection with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). doi = 10.5694/mja2.50698 id = cord-312759-py2d4rjq author = Thiaw, Ibrahima title = Archaeology of Two Pandemics and Teranga Aesthetic date = 2020-08-25 keywords = Africa; Senegal; covid-19; senegalese summary = Building on archaeology''s multiple contributions to Africa''s past and observed practices of resilience in Senegal by ordinary people in the face of the spread of COVID-19, this essay reflects on the relevance of the archives, including the archaeological record, as usable resources for managing the problems of our times. S''appuyant sur les multiples contributions de l''archéologie pour la connaissance du passé de l''Afrique et sur les pratiques de résilience observées au Sénégal par les individus ordinaires face à la propagaOur contemporary moment is plagued by two major pandemics: COVID-19 on the one hand and racism and coloniality on the other. A few days before the Mira-Locht exchange, there had been an ecstatic reaction to the March 27 prediction of Antonio Guterres, the United Nations General Secretary, on France 24 television channel and Radio France International (RFI), that "even if the population [in Africa] is younger than in developed countries, there will be necessarily millions of deaths" on the continent due to the COVID-19 pandemic (France 24 2020a, b). doi = 10.1007/s10437-020-09403-9 id = cord-321960-p4twpm2z author = Thibaudin, Marion title = Immunological features of coronavirus disease 2019 in patients with cancer date = 2020-09-07 keywords = CD8; covid-19 summary = CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients is associated with CD4 T cell lymphopenia with induction of an inflammatory T-cell response, accumulation of IFNγ(+) TNFα(+) CD8 T and Th17 cells, and a concomitant modification of monocyte activation status. Regarding maturation of monocytes, we observed that HLA-DR low monocytes, which harbor a monocytic MDSC phenotype, were increased in COVID-19-positive cancer patients, while HLA-DR high -activated monocytes were decreased ( Figure 3B ). Together these data underline the induction of CD3 lymphopenia, with an inversion of the CD4/CD8 ratio, a change in monocyte activation, accumulation of mMDSC-like cells and a decrease in activated monocytes in COVID-19 positive cancer patients. Interestingly, we observed in the basal peripheral blood a marked decrease in HLA-DR expression in CD8 T cells in COVID-19-positive patients ( Figure 4D) , which is marker of T cell activation [10, 11] . doi = 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.08.013 id = cord-343201-98scxky8 author = Thibault, Ronan title = How the Covid-19 epidemic is challenging our practice in clinical nutrition—feedback from the field date = 2020-09-16 keywords = NGT; covid-19; patient summary = Therefore Covid-19 patients are at high risk of being malnourished, making the prevention of malnutrition and the nutritional management key aspects of care. In the Chinese experience, up to 30% of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infected patients are presenting with an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring urgent respiratory and hemodynamic support in the intensive care unit (ICU) [2] . Covid-19 patients should be considered at high risk of malnutrition [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] , like in other severe respiratory infections characterized by: inflammatory syndrome and hypercatabolism, increased energy expenditure linked to ventilation work [5, 6] . Altogether, these data suggest that, in patients infected with the SARS-Cov-2 virus, insufficient nutritional intake could lead to rapid degradation of the intestinal barrier function, of muscle functional capacities, and of immune response, which could thus favor secondary onset of signs of severity and progression to ARDS. doi = 10.1038/s41430-020-00757-6 id = cord-345973-fb3gkc0f author = Thibault, Ronan title = Nutrition of the COVID-19 patient in the intensive care unit (ICU): a practical guidance date = 2020-07-19 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = Five to 10% of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, i.e., with new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), are presenting with an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring urgent respiratory and hemodynamic support in the intensive care unit (ICU). Up to 30% of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2-infected patients are presenting with an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring urgent respiratory and hemodynamic support in the intensive care unit (ICU) [2] . This article was written in the emergency of the epidemic by an expert group, based on the international recommendations on nutrition in the ICU on March 29, and will be updated according to new knowledge about the COVID-19. Indirect calorimetry (IC) should be proposed only for patients staying for more than 10 days in the ICU or those on full parenteral nutrition (PN) to avoid overfeeding IC is the reference method to assess the energy requirements in the non-COVID-19 ICU patients [18] . doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03159-z id = cord-288038-jdinf8od author = Thindwa, Deus title = Use of seasonal influenza and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines in older adults to reduce COVID-19 mortality date = 2020-06-19 keywords = PPV23; covid-19 summary = Vaccinating older adults at elevated risk of severe COVID-19 disease against vaccine preventable diseases may therefore not only help to reduce the strain on the healthcare system from those diseases during a pandemic, but also alleviate some of the potential COVID-19 mortality due to co-infecting pathogens [8] . Similarly, maintaining high vaccine coverage of existing PCV and live attenuated influenza vaccine programmes in children reduces the associated disease burden in older adults through herd effects, and will further enhance benefits for limiting COVID-19 risks. In summary, where already in routine use among older adults and/or adults at-risk, maintaining both seasonal influenza and PPV23 at high coverage have the potential to not only reduce the burden of the targeted diseases but also prevent a proportion of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, if they can be delivered while minimising the risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.047 id = cord-274862-x580ktas author = Thomaier, L. title = Emotional health concerns of oncology physicians in the United States: fallout during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; United summary = Our objective was to evaluate the effect of the pandemic on the emotional well-being of oncology providers across the United States and explore factors associated with anxiety and depression symptoms. Factors significantly associated with both anxiety and depression included: degree to which COVID-19 has interfered with the ability to provide treatment to cancer patients and concern that patients will not receive the level of care needed for non-COVID-19 illness (all p-values <0.01). Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among oncology physicians in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic is high. We sought to evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the emotional health of oncology physicians across the United States and explore factors associated with anxiety and depression symptoms. Oncology physicians report significant anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.11.20128702 id = cord-354133-11b0d499 author = Thomas, B. S. title = Estimating the Case Fatality Ratio for COVID-19 using a Time-Shifted Distribution Analysis date = 2020-10-27 keywords = CFR; IFR; October; covid-19 summary = Analysis is performed for early COVID 19 outbreaks in many countries, and we discuss corrections to CFR values using excess-death and seroprevalence data to estimate the infection fatality ratio (IFR). Most previously published studies make use of a parametrised distribution of times from onset (or hospitalisation) to death, determined from individual case data from early in the outbreak (largely from China) [5, [10] [11] [12] , which is then used in combination with statistical methods to estimate the CFR using population-level data on cases and deaths [5, 10, 11, 13] . This may explain the short delay times for the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands and the USA, as well as many other countries (for example, is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint An important conclusion from this analysis concerns the perils in calculating the CFR using established time distributions for onset to death obtained from case studies, as is common. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.25.20216671 id = cord-174036-b3frnfr7 author = Thomas, Loring J. title = Spatial Heterogeneity Can Lead to Substantial Local Variations in COVID-19 Timing and Severity date = 2020-05-20 keywords = SIR; covid-19; infection; model summary = Based on simulations of unrestricted COVID-19 diffusion in 19 U.S cities, we conclude that heterogeneity in population distribution can have large impacts on local pandemic timing and severity, even when aggregate behavior at larger scales mirrors a classic SIR-like pattern. These results demonstrate the potential for spatial network structure to generate highly non-uniform diffusion behavior even at the scale of cities, and suggest the importance of incorporating such structure when designing models to inform healthcare planning, predict community outcomes, or identify potential disparities. In this paper, we examine the potential impact of local spatial heterogeneity on COVID-19, modeling the diffusion of SARS-CoV-2 in populations whose contacts are based on spatially plausible network structures. The disease diffuses through the contact network, with currently infectious individuals infecting susceptible neighbors as a continous time Poisson process with a rate estimated from mortality data (see supplement); recovered or deceased individuals are not considered infectious for modeling purposes. doi = nan id = cord-309323-yflng8m3 author = Thomas, T. title = COVID-19 infection results in alterations of the kynurenine pathway and fatty acid metabolism that correlate with IL-6 levels and renal status date = 2020-05-16 keywords = IL-6; SARS; covid-19; figure; patient; preprint summary = Metabolomics analysis also confirmed widespread dysregulation of nitrogen metabolism in infected patients, with decreased circulating levels of most amino acids, except for tryptophan metabolites in the kynurenine pathway, and increased markers of oxidant stress (e.g., methionine sulfoxide, cystine), proteolysis, and kidney dysfunction (e.g., creatine, creatinine, polyamines). The current study provides the first comprehensive targeted and untargeted metabolomics analysis of sera from COVID-19 patients, stratified by circulating levels of IL-6, and correlated to inflammatory markers and renal function. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.14.20102491 doi: medRxiv preprint described impaired type I interferon activity and exacerbated inflammatory responses in severe Covid-19 patients (44), though they also described that progressive increases in disease severity, from mild to severe to critical, correlated with the levels of transcripts for JAK1, STAT1 and 2, interferon alpha 2, interferon alpha receptors 1 and 2, and interferon regulatory factors 1, 4, 5 and 7. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.14.20102491 doi: medRxiv preprint Serum levels of free fatty acids and acylcarnitines were significantly different when comparing COVID-19positive patients and controls. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.14.20102491 id = cord-309629-7jtnhn65 author = Thomas, Viju title = International society for gynecologic endoscopy (ISGE) guidelines and recommendations on gynecological endoscopy during the evolutionary phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; ISGE; SARS; surgery summary = We recommend, during minimal access surgeries, to use strategies to reduce production of bioaerosols (such as minimal use of energy, experienced surgeon), to reduce leakage of smoke aerosols (for example, minimizing the number of ports used and size of incisions, as well as reducing the operating pressures) and to promote safe elimination of smoke during surgery and during the ports'' closure (such as using gas filters and smoke evacuation systems). We recommend, during minimal access surgeries, to use strategies to reduce production of bioaerosols (such as minimal use of energy, experienced surgeon), to reduce leakage of smoke aerosols (for example, minimizing the number of ports used and size of incisions, as well as reducing the operating pressures) and to promote safe elimination of smoke during surgery and during the ports'' closure (such as using gas filters and smoke evacuation systems). did assess the risk of open and laparoscopic surgery to be the same provided the gas/smoke was evacuated safely and water lock filters were used or if gasless laparoscopy was performed [24] . doi = 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.08.039 id = cord-333487-zem2d4y6 author = Thomaz Ugliara Barone, Mark title = The Impact of COVID-19 on People with Diabetes in Brazil date = 2020-07-03 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; SARS; diabetes summary = Methods In a convenience sampling study, data were collected from 1701 individuals, aged 18 or above; 75.54% female participants; 60.73% T1D and 30.75% T2D, between April 22nd and May 4th, using an anonymous and untraceable survey containing 20 multiple choice questions (socio-demographic; health status and habits of life during COVID-19 pandemic). Conclusions This study provides a firsthand revelation of the severity of COVID-19 on individuals with diabetes in Brazil, altering their habits, which impacted their glycemia, potentially increasing their risk of poor outcomes if infected by SARS-CoV-2. This also harmed adjustments to continue the proper follow-up and management of other diseases, including both communicable and NCDs. For these reasons, the present study aims to investigate challenges encountered by people living with diabetes in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108304 id = cord-283259-cmim32lx author = Thombs, Brett D. title = Curating evidence on mental health during COVID-19: A living systematic review date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; health summary = A February 2020 review [2] identified 24 studies from previous infectious disease outbreaks on psychological outcomes among people quarantined after being exposed to others who had been infected, including studies from severe acute respiratory syndrome in mainland There are important limitations, however, that reduce our ability to easily apply that evidence to decision-making in COVID-19; among them, (1) few studies used validated mental health outcome measures; To this end, in partnership with the Journal of Psychosomatic Research, we are launching a living systematic review [7] to evaluate (1) levels of mental health symptoms, prioritizing studies that assess changes in symptoms from pre-COVID-19 or compare concurrent samples between participants with different experiences with COVID-19 (e.g., those infected versus healthy comparison sample); (2) factors associated with levels or changes in symptoms during COVID-19, and (3) the effect of interventions on mental health symptoms during COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110113 id = cord-328908-2004vp48 author = Thombs, Brett D. title = Changes in mental health symptoms from pre-COVID-19 to COVID-19 among participants with systemic sclerosis from four countries: A scleroderma patient-centered intervention network (SPIN) cohort study date = 2020-10-03 keywords = COVID-19; United summary = title: Changes in mental health symptoms from pre-COVID-19 to COVID-19 among participants with systemic sclerosis from four countries: A scleroderma patient-centered intervention network (SPIN) cohort study Multiple linear and logistic regression were used to assess factors associated with continuous change and ≥ 1 minimal clinically important difference (MCID) change for anxiety (PROMIS Anxiety 4a v1.0; MCID = 4.0) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-8; MCID = 3.0) symptoms, controlling for pre-COVID-19 levels. Our objective was to compare anxiety (PROMIS Anxiety 4a v1.0 scale 11, 12 ) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-8 13 ) symptoms before and after onset of COVID-19 among people with SSc, including (1) continuous score changes; (2) proportion with change scores of at least one minimal clinically important difference (MCID); (3) proportion initially under a cutoff threshold who changed by at least 1 MCID and reached the threshold; and (4) factors associated with changes, including country, comparing results from Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. doi = 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110262 id = cord-345860-d02x3151 author = Thome, Johannes title = The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the medico-legal and human rights of psychiatric patients date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = However, during the COVID-19 outbreak, our clinic was informed, without prior consultation or notice, by the district court that judges'' visits to acute psychiatric wards in order to review patients under restraint or coercive measures would be discontinued, and that effectively personal hearings would be suspended. This raises the question of how these fundamental values and principles, such as the "respect for individual rights" and the "protection of individuals" [4] , can be translated into the specific medico-legal framework of psychiatry and mental health service provision. doi = 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.58 id = cord-326058-x40l8ljx author = Thompson, H. A. title = The projected impact of mitigation and suppression strategies on the COVID-19 epidemic in Senegal: A modelling study date = 2020-07-04 keywords = Senegal; covid-19; figure summary = We calibrate a dynamical model of COVID-19 transmission to these data to investigate the potential impact of different mitigation and suppression strategies on mortality and health system capacity and explore possible future trajectories of the still nascent epidemic in Senegal. If contact rates can be reduced by 60% compared to pre-epidemic levels (representing an additional 40% reduction on top of the average estimate from control measures to date) then the short term increases in cases would be much less rapid. In Scenario 5, given the current limited ICU capacity, suppression would need to be triggered at low incidence (six new cases requiring ICU care, sensitivity analysis to the trigger choice is shown in Additional file 1: Figure S5 ), and combined with enhanced suppression periods with a 75% reduction in contacts, to keep both general hospital and critical care services within capacity. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.03.20144949 id = cord-303651-fkdep6cp author = Thompson, Robin N. title = Key questions for modelling COVID-19 exit strategies date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; datum; epidemic; estimate; model; transmission summary = This leads to a roadmap for future research (figure 1) made up of three key steps: (i) improve estimation of epidemiological parameters using outbreak data from different countries; (ii) understand heterogeneities within and between populations that affect virus transmission and interventions; and (iii) focus on data needs, particularly data collection and methods for planning exit strategies in low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs) where data are often lacking. Three key steps are required: (i) improve estimates of epidemiological parameters (such as the reproduction number and herd immunity fraction) using data from different countries ( §2a-d); (ii) understand heterogeneities within and between populations that affect virus transmission and interventions ( §3a-d); and (iii) focus on data requirements for predicting the effects of individual interventions, particularly-but not exclusively-in data-limited settings such as LMICs ( §4a-c). doi = 10.1098/rspb.2020.1405 id = cord-342734-37xduboo author = Thomé, Beatriz C. title = Ethical Considerations for Restrictive and Physical Distancing Measures in Brazil During COVID-19: Facilitators and Barriers date = 2020-11-09 keywords = Brazil; covid-19; measure summary = Nine days later in Brazil, community transmission was deemed ongoing, and following what was already being put in place in various affected countries, restrictive and physical distancing measures that varied in severity across the different states were adopted. We have witnessed a political polarization of COVID-19 response and a lack of clear federal public health measures to tackle the pandemic, undermining the potential positive effects of a harmonized response. Improving testing capacity, coupled with ensuring adequate care for COVID-19 patients, would potentially facilitate the assessment of the pandemic impact in the various communities and redirect public health measures accordingly. Each country will have its own challenges and social and cultural specificities when implementing public health measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. All efforts should be put in place so that the population is well informed during the COVID-19 pandemic and understands the reasons behind physical isolation along with other strategies and feels supported and included in the response. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10023-w id = cord-270784-cmhtpxz7 author = Thorakkattil, Shabeer A. title = Structural and operational redesigning of patient-centered ambulatory care pharmacy services and its effectiveness during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; JHAH; pharmacy summary = RESULTS: As a result of the structural and operational changes made in patient-centered ambulatory care pharmacy services during the COVID-19 pandemic, a 48% prescriptions requests and 90% prescriptions fills are increased through online health portal application. CONCLUSION: The access to ambulatory care pharmacy services during COVID-19 pandemic has been successfully maintained via medication home delivery, remote area pickup locations, pharmacy call-center consultations and refill requests, online health portal application services, and other measures, while reducing the number of physical visits to the JHAH hospital/clinic to ensure compliance with infection control and prevention measures. Person-and patient-centered interventions applied within JHAH ambulatory care pharmacy services due to COVID-19 pandemic include the following: (I) General pharmacy infection control and prevention measures, (II) access to medication management care measures, (III) business continuity and staffing measures, and (IV) medication automation-related measures. doi = 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.06.017 id = cord-258122-hkm9agqg author = Thorlund, Kristian title = A real-time dashboard of clinical trials for COVID-19 date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In response to the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emergency, clinical trial research assessing the efficacy and safety of clinical candidate interventions to treat COVID-19 are emerging at an unprecedented rate. Findings from randomised clinical trials that have been published as of April 21, 2020, have investigated the efficacy of lopinavir-ritonavir compared with standard of care, 1 hydroxychloroquine compared with best supportive care, 2 favipiravir compared with arbidol, 3 and lopinavir-ritonavir compared with arbidol. Most of these trials will offer comparative efficacy data versus standard of care according to local COVID-19 treatment guidelines, but a handful of randomised controlled trials will also provide headto-head evidence between high profile interventions. Trials for COVID-19 are then mapped according to geographical, trial, patient, and intervention characteristics, when these data are available. Favipiravir versus arbidol for COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1016/s2589-7500(20)30086-8 id = cord-306721-18tmaw2i author = Thorne, C.J. title = COVID-19 Resuscitation guidelines: a blanket rule for everyone? date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Both the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) and the Resuscitation Council UK 1 have published guidelines for cardiac arrest management in confirmed or suspected COVID-19 cases which differs substantially from the 2015 ALS guidelines 2 . Other hospitals use the 2015 ALS algorithm for ''clean'' wards and the COVID-19 algorithm for infected wards, with PPE for clean wards being personal preference. As members of hospital cardiac arrest teams, we wish to share our experience of the implementation of COVID-19 resuscitation guidelines. Whilst in this particular case the patient had a good outcome, there is a risk of harm in future cases from the delayed initiation of resuscitation related to COVID-19 guidelines being applied outside of the context for which they were intended. Resuscitation Council UK Statement on COVID-19 in relation to CPR and resuscitation in acute hospital settings Public Health England: Guidance COVID-19 personal protective equipment (PPE) doi = 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.06.013 id = cord-287281-x30fx97e author = Thorpy, Michael title = Management of Sleep Apnea in New York City during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-18 keywords = COVID-19; OSA; pap summary = With the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak there has been concern that patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) who develop COVID-19 may be at risk of greater morbidity and mortality than patients without OSA. The three main objectives of the survey were as follows: 1) To discover how patients were coping with COVID-19 pandemic in terms of their sleep apnea and PAP use, 2) To determine whether PAP usage changed after the onset of the outbreak in terms of adherence, and 3) To find out if patients were concerned about whether they were at greater risk of contracting COVID-19 because of their sleep apnea and, if they became infected, whether COVID-19 might result in greater complications because of the presence of sleep apnea. Interestingly, many of the COVID-19 severe illness risk factors are also well-known comorbidities of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a highly prevalent sleep-related breathing disorder estimated to affect over 29 million people in the U.S. alone. doi = 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.07.013 id = cord-331910-s474ecvk author = Thota, Sai Manohar title = Natural products as home‐based prophylactic and symptom management agents in the setting of COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-17 keywords = SARS; TGF; acute; covid-19; fibrosis; pulmonary summary = Natural products like ginger, turmeric, garlic, onion, cinnamon, lemon, neem, basil, and black pepper have been scientifically proven to have therapeutic benefits against acute respiratory tract infections including pulmonary fibrosis, diffuse alveolar damage, pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, as well as associated septic shock, lung and kidney injury, all of which are symptoms associated with COVID‐19 infection. In this context, this review highlights the potential beneficial effects of natural products that are actively used in alternative/ traditional medicines to treat many of the acute pulmonary infections, routinely seen in COVID-19 patients. Importantly, these pre-clinical studies highlight the efficacy of garlic in mitigating pulmonary fibrosis, lung injury, and sepsis-associated organ failure, all of which are symptoms observed in patients with advanced COVID-19 infection. Taken together, preclinical and clinical studies suggest that vitamin-C could have promising therapeutic benefits in individuals with pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, ARDS, sepsis, acute lung injury, and multiple organ dysfunction all of which are observed in advanced COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1002/ptr.6794 id = cord-255492-50vo8bnc author = Thureau, Sébastien title = Adapting palliative radiation therapy for bone metastases during the Covid-19 pandemic: GEMO position paper date = 2020-04-13 keywords = bone; covid-19 summary = This is particularly the case for radiotherapy of bone metastases for which it is possible to reduce the number of sessions, the frequency of transport and the complexity of treatments. These changes will have to be discussed according to the organization of each radiotherapy department and the health situation, while medical teams must remain vigilant about the risks of complications of bone metastases, particularly spinal metastases. These changes will have to be discussed according to the organization of each radiotherapy department and the health situation, while medical teams must remain vigilant about the risks of complications of bone metastases, particularly spinal metastases. It is essential to adapt the medical treatment as much as possible and to avoid palliative radiotherapy in patients controlled by level 1 to 3 oral analgesics. -Statement 1: Palliative radiotherapy remains an important option for patients experiencing significant pain, diminished quality of life and reduced autonomy as a result of bone metastases. doi = 10.1016/j.jbo.2020.100291 id = cord-332066-8mdg6172 author = Thway, A. M. title = Epidemiological characteristics of SARS-COV-2 in Myanmar date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; Myanmar summary = The data series of COVID-19 cases were extracted from the daily official reports of the Ministry of Health and Sports (MOHS), Myanmar and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Myanmar. The critical importance are epidemiologic investigations to characterize mode of transmission, reproduction number, serial interval, and clinical spectrum of infection in order to reform and refine strategies that can stop the spread of COVID-19 [21] . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.02.20166504 doi: medRxiv preprint 5 The Epidemiological parameter included epidemic curve, basic reproduction number (R 0 ), serial interval and close contact of a confirmed case. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.02.20166504 doi: medRxiv preprint With regard epidemiological contact, 4 clusters of cases were obviously detected in Myanmar. Current basic reproduction number (R 0 ) and serial interval was estimated based on available reported data. Estimating the serial interval of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A statistical analysis using the public data in doi = 10.1101/2020.08.02.20166504 id = cord-012856-53ep0kty author = Thyagarajan, Rama title = Timing of surgery after recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection date = 2020-07-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = In such circumstances, employers and local public health authorities may choose to apply more stringent recommendations, such as a test-based strategy, if feasible, or a requirement for a longer period of isolation after illness resolution." 5 Another important concern is risk of postoperative complications in newly recovered COVID-19 patients. 9,10 A recent international multicenter cohort study of 1,128 COVID positive patients undergoing emergent (74%) and elective (26.1%) surgeries noted that pulmonary complications occurred in 51.2% of patients with a 30-day mortality of 38% (82% of all deaths were due to COVID-19 infection). 6, 8 Between 2 and 4 weeks after symptom onset, we recommend a test-based strategy due to insufficient data that recovered COVID patients are completely uninfectious. As more COVID-19-positive patients recover, it will also be important to perform postoperative studies related to timing of surgery and risk factors for poor outcomes. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.325 id = cord-355395-rckzi8vz author = Tian, Dandan title = Hepatic complications of COVID‐19 and its treatment date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; liver summary = SARS‐CoV‐2 can cause liver injury through systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), cytokine storms, ischemia‐reperfusion injury, side effects of treatment drugs, and underlying liver disease and can attack liver cells directly via ACE2. Considering limited number of autopsy cases in patients with COVID-19 studied and the relatively low expression of ACE2 in liver, liver damage directly caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection of hepatocytes deserves further investigation. It was speculated that in addition to the virus itself causing liver injury, immune injury, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), cytokine storms, ischemia and hypoxia reperfusion injury, and drug-induced injury may be the main mechanisms that cause secondary liver injury in patients with COVID-19 [11] [12] 14, 27 . Patients with COVID-19 have varying degrees of hypoxemia, with more than 40% requiring oxygen therapy 5 Drug hepatotoxicity( Figure 2) In China, the incidence of drug-induced liver injury is second only to viral hepatitis and fatty liver disease (including alcoholic and non-alcoholic). doi = 10.1002/jmv.26036 id = cord-338904-kavbrg1h author = Tian, Jianbo title = Challenges and recommendations for cancer care in the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19; cancer summary = We also identified advanced tumor stage [OR = 2.60 (95% CI = 1.05-6.43); P = 0.039], higher ECOG scores [per 1-point increase Moreover, other multicenter studies have identified potential risk factors for mortality among patients with cancer and COVID-19 (Figure 1) [6] [7] [8] [9] . Several other reports involving small sample sizes have focused on patients with cancer and COVID-19 and have found that cancer patients are not only more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection but also are at high risk of developing more severe events than the general population 3,10,11 . Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 disease severity in patients with cancer in Wuhan, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors for mortality in patients with cancer and COVID-19 in Hubei, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study doi = 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0300 id = cord-262784-r9gq2oan author = Tian, Suochen title = Clinical Characteristics and Reasons for Differences in Duration From Symptom Onset to Release From Quarantine Among Patients With COVID-19 in Liaocheng, China date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; clinical; patient summary = title: Clinical Characteristics and Reasons for Differences in Duration From Symptom Onset to Release From Quarantine Among Patients With COVID-19 in Liaocheng, China Methods: We analyzed retrospective data regarding general characteristics, epidemiologic history, underlying chronic diseases, clinical symptoms and complications, chest computed tomography findings, biochemical monitoring, disease severity, treatments, and outcomes among 37 adult patients with COVID-19. Patient diagnosis, release from quarantine, and disease severity among all cases were determined according to the "Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia" issued by the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China and the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (8, 9) . The present study retrospectively analyzed the general characteristics, epidemiological history, chronic underlying diseases, clinical symptoms, complications, chest computed tomography (CT) findings, biochemical features, disease severity, treatment plans, and outcomes of 37 patients. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00210 id = cord-270238-5esd2eti author = Tian, T. title = Risk factors associated with mortality of COVID-19 in 2692 counties of the United States date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19; preprint summary = A county health ranking and roadmaps program has been established to identify factors associated with disparity in mobility and mortality of COVID-19 in all counties in the United States. Design: A negative binomial design was applied to the county-level mortality counts of COVID-19 on April 15, 2020 in the United States. In this design, the infected counties were categorized into three levels of infections using clustering analysis based on time-variant cumulative confirmed cases from March 1 to April 15, 2020. We collected the number of cumulative confirmed cases and total deaths from March 1 to April 15, 2020, for counties in the United States from the New York Times(9). Residential segregation between non-White and White in was the significant factor associated with the mortality of COVID-19 across the three classes of counties as shown in Figure 3 . doi = 10.1101/2020.05.18.20105544 id = cord-274324-obhrbxu4 author = Tian, Wenjie title = Predictors of mortality in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Our systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 published articles involving 4659 patients is the first to provide a comprehensive analysis of the demographic features, comorbidities, and laboratory abnormalities that are associated with mortality in COVID-19. In this meta-analysis, we found that baseline cardiometabolic disease and evidence of increased acute inflammation and end-organ damage (cardiac, renal, liver and hematologic) on admission were associated with increased risk of mortality due to COVID-19 infection. Prevalence of Underlying Diseases in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis Arterial hypertension and risk of death in patients with COVID-19 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1002/jmv.26050 id = cord-346102-0fwf1m28 author = Tien, Homer title = Critical care transport in the time of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; Ornge summary = 1 Ornge provides air ambulance and critical care transport services to Ontario. 1 Ornge provides air ambulance and critical care transport services to Ontario. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides guidance on airframe selection for transporting severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (CoV) patients. For northern communities, Ornge has augmented three remote health care facilities with additional ventilators Critical care transport and COVID-19 from our own stockpile. However, we have modified our operating practice to allow for two ventilated patients to be transported in select private air carrier aircraft with our OSRT paramedics. In Southern Ontario, Ornge has partnered with Toronto Paramedic Services (TPS) to develop a plan for transporting multiple critically ill COVID-19 patients in the TPS ambulance bus (Figure 2 ). Air ambulances and critical care transport providers are operationally-focused organizations that can play a critical role during pandemics. doi = 10.1017/cem.2020.400 id = cord-300378-m7p3d3k1 author = Tiirinki, Hanna title = COVID-19 pandemic in Finland – preliminary analysis on health system response and economic consequences date = 2020-08-27 keywords = Finland; Government; THL; covid-19; finnish summary = This paper provides an overview of Finland''s healthcare system, COVID-19 trends, policy interventions, health response data and the economic and financial impact of the pandemic. When COVID-19 was listed as a generally hazardous communicable disease by the Government Decree in February, the authorities were given special powers as included in the Communicable Diseases Act. Under the Emergency Powers Act municipalities and hospital districts could also deviate from the time limits for non-urgent healthcare, except for the assessment of the need for care. (1) In mid-August 2020, after new increase in the COVID-19 incidence, THL released a firmer recommendation on the use of face mask in public transport as well as in cases with suspicion on the infection, such returning to Finland from high incidence country. The approach has come to a test in early August 2020 when, after the lifting of the restrictions, the reported numbers of diagnosed COVID-19 infections have started to increase indicating the possible start of the second wave of pandemic in Finland. doi = 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.005 id = cord-338481-jox35yg1 author = Tijjani, Salman Jidda title = Is Nigeria prepared and ready to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in its conflict-affected northeastern states? date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; Nigeria summary = Although the case fatality rate is very low as at 2nd of April [3] , there are public health concerns that the community transmissions of COVID-19 in Nigeria may exponentially rise in the coming weeks, and wreak havoc to nearly seven million people in dare need of humanitarian assistance across the conflict-affected Northeastern part of Nigeria [4] [5] [6] , which has since seen its first case of COVID-19 reported in Bauchi state on the 24th of March, 2020 [2] . The second factor which is anticipated to make COVID-19 response very challenging in this vulnerable population is the high prevalence of poverty, double burden of endemic infectious, and noncommunicable diseases [10] which has been on the increase since the emergence of the Boko Haram insurgency that has devastated the Northeastern part of Nigeria [7] . doi = 10.1186/s12939-020-01192-6 id = cord-264974-hspek930 author = Timmis, Kenneth title = The COVID‐19 pandemic: some lessons learned about crisis preparedness and management, and the need for international benchmarking to reduce deficits date = 2020-05-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; crisis; health; pandemic; system summary = If, despite the explicit warning of the World Health Organization in 2011 that ''The world is ill-prepared to respond to a severe influenza pandemic or to any similarly global, sustained and threatening public-health emergency'' (https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA64/A64_10en.pdf), it was not apparent to those in charge, and to the general public-i.e., those suffering from COVID-19 infections and the funders of health services (tax/insurance payers)-that existing health systems had inherent vulnerabilities which could prove to be devastating when seriously stressed, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (e.g., see Brüssow, 2020 ) has brutally exposed it now. International benchmarking is mandatory, because it has become clear that there is a wide range of effectiveness in the ability of different countries with developed economies to respond to this crisis (and probably others), and the tax-paying public has no compelling reason to tolerate perpetuation of factors underlying poor responses to crises. doi = 10.1111/1462-2920.15029 id = cord-337430-c2vdnml7 author = Timpka, Toomas title = Sports Health During the SARS-Cov-2 Pandemic date = 2020-05-02 keywords = Cov-2; SARS; covid-19 summary = In December 2019, the Chinese city of Wuhan reported an outbreak of SARS-Cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) infection that causes the Covid-19 disease, an atypical pneumonia [1] . The national public health agencies choose social distancing regulations based on an overall assessment of how critical certain activities are for society as a whole and whether motivation to comply with the rules can be assumed. During the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, effectively all population-level interventions include the recommendation that social contacts with the elderly, and especially the senior elderly, are to be reduced to an absolute minimum. Sports organisations should develop a pandemic response strategy that addresses the needs of its athletes and coaches, while complying with the regulations and recommendations issued by the government and national public health agency. The temporary frameworks for organised sports practice and competitions must be developed based on the social distancing and quarantine protocols activated during the pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s40279-020-01288-7 id = cord-255440-ls1l2mlg author = Tindle, Courtney title = Adult Stem Cell-derived Complete Lung Organoid Models Emulate Lung Disease in COVID-19 date = 2020-10-18 keywords = ALI; COVID-19; Fig; SARS; at2; cell summary = Besides the approaches described so far, there are a few more approaches used for modeling COVID-19-(i) 3D organoids from bronchospheres and tracheospheres have been established before (Hild and Jaffe, 2016; Rock et al., 2009; Tadokoro et al., 2016) and are now used in apical-out cultures for infection with SARS-COV-2 (Suzuki et al., 2020); (ii) the most common model used for drug screening is the air-liquid interphase (ALI model) in which pseudo-stratified primary bronchial or small airway epithelial cells are used to recreate the multilayered mucociliary epithelium (Mou et al., 2016; Randell et al., 2011) ; (iii) several groups have also generated 3D airway models from iPSCs or tissue-resident stem cells (Dye et al., 2015; Ghaedi et al., 2013; Konishi et al., 2016; McCauley et al., 2017; Miller et al., 2019; Wong et al., 2012) ; (iv) others have generated AT2 cells from iPSCs using closely overlapping protocols of sequential differentiation starting with definitive endoderm, anterior foregut endoderm, and distal alveolar expression (Chen et al., 2017; Gotoh et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2014; Jacob et al., 2017; Jacob et al., 2019; Yamamoto et al., 2017) . doi = 10.1101/2020.10.17.344002 id = cord-286144-6wtk5y7c author = Tini, Giulia title = Semantic and Geographical Analysis of COVID-19 Trials Reveals a Fragmented Clinical Research Landscape Likely to Impair Informativeness date = 2020-06-29 keywords = covid-19; figure; trial summary = Results: We observe a clear prevalence of monocentric trials with highly heterogeneous endpoints and a significant disconnect between geographic distribution and disease prevalence, implying that most countries would need to recruit unrealistic percentages of their total prevalent cases to fulfill enrolment. In the present work, we defined structured semantic ontologies with controlled vocabularies to categorize trial interventions, study endpoints, and study designs, and we conducted an analysis of the growth rate, geographical distribution, and trial characteristics of COVID-19-related trials, highlighting a number of relevant features that may impair the possibility of obtaining reliable and transferable results within the current framework. We highlight a number of peculiar characteristics of this clinical research landscape: extremely rapid growth, substantial geographical and methodological incoherence, an unusual funding pattern, prevalence of monocentric trials, and extreme heterogeneity in the interventions tested. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00367 id = cord-299889-x6c3p195 author = Tirkolaee, Erfan Babaee title = Sustainable fuzzy multi-trip location-routing problem for the epidemic outbreak of the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) date = 2020-11-10 keywords = COVID-19; waste summary = Therefore, in this study, a novel mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to formulate the sustainable multi-trip location-routing problem with time windows (MTLRP-TW) for medical waste management in the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, the sustainable multi-trip location-routing problem with time windows (MTLRP-TW) is introduced to address the collection, transportation and disposal processes considering the priorities of services and available budget of the system. Here to address the sustainable development, the objectives are defined to concurrently minimize the total traveling time of waste-collection vehicles, total violation from time windows (service priorities) and the number of people live around disposal sites. (2012) designed a multi-objective framework for routing of HAZMAT between generating nodes and disposal sites with the aim of total transportation cost and risk minimization. Developing an applied algorithm for multi-trip vehicle routing problem with time windows in urban waste collection: A case study doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143607 id = cord-308018-qao9wxzq author = Tisdell, Clement A. title = Economic, social and political issues raised by the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; economic summary = (1) It contains a brief historical and comparative overview of selected pandemics, particularly in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic; (2) It provides a simple original model which could be used to prioritize the admission of COVID-19 sufferers to hospital (taking into account available hospital capacity) and (3) it specifies a second model to evaluate desired social choices involving the trade-off between the severity of social restrictions (taking into account their impact on the incidence of COVID-19) and the level of economic activity. This is followed up by a critical discussion of the desirability of isolating social groups in order to control the incidence of COVID-19 and possibly reduce economic losses from the pandemic. (2020) develop a model from which they conclude that the isolation of individuals belonging to particular social groups is an effective means of limiting the number of deaths from and the incidence of COVID-19 and the economic loss from the virus. doi = 10.1016/j.eap.2020.08.002 id = cord-251945-v077hhgk author = Titanji, Boghuma K title = Response to Correspondence: Baricitinib as Treatment of COVID-19 Friend or Foe of the Pancreas? Cerda-Contreras et.al date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The cytopathic effects from local virus replication and significant inflammation associated with severe disease may contribute to pancreatic tissue damage in patients with COVID-19. New onset type I diabetes mellitus and worsening type II diabetes mellitus have been linked to damage of pancreatic islet cells in patients with COVID-19 3 , further supporting the tropism of SARS-CoV2 for the pancreas and the potential damaging effects to that organ. We also note that in addition, the patient received treatment with steroids and propofol, both of which have been independently associated with acute pancreatitis 4-6 . In targeting the hyper-inflammation that is associated with severe COVID-19, timing of immunomodulatory therapy is key, and combining potent immuno-modulators requires caution to avoid tipping the balance in favor of enhanced viral replication. Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) associated with severe acute pancreatitis: Case report on three family members doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1212 id = cord-295270-6ptaxg74 author = Titanji, Boghuma K title = Response to Correspondence: Baricitinib – Impact on COVID-19 Coagulopathy? Jorgensen et. al. date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: Titanji, Boghuma K; Farley, Monica M; Schinazi, Raymond F; Marconi, Vincent C Baricitinib through its immunomodulatory effects as highlighted by Jorgensen et.al may in fact be beneficial in terms of reducing coagulopathy in patients with COVID-19, which is thought to be primarily mediated by hyper-inflammation and endothelial damage. All of the cohort studies of baricitinib for COVID-19 treatment led to significant decline in inflammatory M a n u s c r i p t markers for patients who received the drug 2,3,8 . Regarding baricitinib, ACTT2 should provide clarity on the VTE issue in the near future and its role in the treatment of COVID-19 in moderate to severe patients. Ruxolitinib in treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled trial Use of Baricitinib in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 Vincent Marconi and Raymond F Schinazi are partially funded by -Emory University Center for AIDS Research (AI050409). doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1210 id = cord-307660-onz6vfre author = Titanji, Boghuma K title = Use of Baricitinib in Patients with Moderate and Severe COVID-19 date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Coronavirus Infectious Disease-19 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Virus Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to over 8 million confirmed infections worldwide with an estimated global mortality of 5.6% as of June 17 th 2020 1 . Patients had laboratory confirmed COVID-19, diagnosed by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) testing of oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal or tracheal aspirate samples and were treated at the discretion of the medical team with a combination of hydroxychloroquine and baricitinib if they fulfilled at least one of the following criteria: 1) evidence of pneumonia on lung imaging and requiring supplemental oxygen on admission or development of a new oxygen requirement during the course of their hospitalization 2) moderate disease requiring hospitalization (e.g., severe diarrhea requiring volume resuscitation, encephalopathy, evidence of end-A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t organ damage); 3) elevated or rising inflammatory markers during hospitalization. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa879 id = cord-258505-4ec9n4d0 author = Titov, Nickolai title = Rapid report: Early demand, profiles and concerns of mental health users during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic date = 2020-06-01 keywords = March; covid-19 summary = BACKGROUND: Trends in contact with a high volume national digital mental health service (DMHS), the MindSpot Clinic, provide a unique opportunity to assess the mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence the data collected by MindSpot on large samples of people from all over Australia provides an opportunity to evaluate the early psychological effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and may assist in service planning. This report examines service demand, symptom profiles, and concerns of MindSpot users during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, from 19 March 2020 to 15 April 2020. Patients using MindSpot during this early pandemic period reported a broad range of concerns, including greater anxiety, but also concerns about issues such as where to access COVID-19 tests, financial insecurity, and how to adjust to isolation and other changes in lifestyle, including having children at home, being unable to visit family members and friends, and advice about supporting people in isolation. doi = 10.1016/j.invent.2020.100327 id = cord-281561-r10y2sgb author = Tiwari, Nidhi title = Novel β-Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): Current and Future Aspects of Pharmacological Treatments date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; drug; patient; treatment summary = Another invitro study reported that Ribavirin, analogue of guanosine nucleotide having wide spectrum of antiviral activity, used along with LPV/RTV to treat SARS-COV-2 viral infection in china (ChiCTR2000029387) . reported remdesivir shows possible efficacy better as compared to placebo group in hospitalized patients for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 virus. The effectiveness and safety concern of darunavir/cobicistat combination is being evaluated under development of clinical trials phase 3 by enrolling 30 COVID-19 patients and estimated completion of study on December 31, 2020. Recently, retrospective cohort study showed high dose of anakinra (5 mg/kg, BD,iv) produces beneficial and efficacious effects in 72% Covid-19 infected patients associated with ARDS (Cavalli et al., 2020) . Based on case study of patients with SARS-CoV2 infection and also confirmed severe pneumonia and ARDS treated with i.v. infusion of eculizumab along with anticoagulant therapy (Enoxaparin 4000 IU/day s.c), antiviral therapy (LPV 800 mg/day + RTV 200 mg/day), hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day, ceftriaxone 2 g/day IV, vitamin C 6 g/day for 4 days. doi = 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.015 id = cord-328988-q6j2njm8 author = Tocto-Erazo, M. title = Lockdown, relaxation, and ACME period in COVID-19: A study of disease dynamics on Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico date = 2020-08-22 keywords = ACME; COVID-19; scenario summary = In general, one of the main 29 purposes of mathematical models has been the evaluation of the effects of different governmental 30 interventions and also providing to decision-makers with more elements for responding to a need, susceptible, exposed, asymptomatically infected, symptomatically infected, hospitalized, quarantined, recovered and dead individuals, respectively. the COVID-19 outbreak in Hermosillo, Sonora, like the ACME value and ACME date, but also we 10 were able to explore different intervention schemes such as: changes in the beginning and lifting 11 restriction dates, variation in the population proportions that return to usual activities on June 01, 12 2020 (a date fixed by Federal Government), and also the possibility of exploring some other periods 13 where people break the confinement. In order to obtain this information we defined the following variables with respect to the model: later to explore other dynamics related to dates of lockdown implementation and levels of 23 relaxation. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.20.20178509 id = cord-152881-k1hx1m61 author = Toda, Alexis Akira title = Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) Dynamics of COVID-19 and Economic Impact date = 2020-03-25 keywords = COVID-19; SIR summary = This paper aims to help decision making by building a mathematical epidemic model, estimating it using the up-to-date data of COVID-19 cases around the world, making out-of-sample predictions, and discussing optimal policy and economic impact. Due to the high transmission rate and lack of herd immunity, in the absence of mitigation measures such as social distancing, the virus spreads quickly and may infect around 30 percent of the population at the peak of the epidemic. 4 Although the fraction of cases c(t) is likely significantly underestimated because infected individuals do not appear in the data unless they are tested, it does not cause problems for estimating the parameter of interest (the transmission rate β) because under-reporting is absorbed by the constant y 0 in (2.3b), which only affects the onset of the epidemic by a few weeks without changing the overall dynamics (see Figure 5 ). doi = nan id = cord-035138-7v92aukg author = Tognoni, Gianni title = Health as a Human Right: A Fake News in a Post-human World? date = 2020-11-10 keywords = Argentina; COVID-19; health; human; right summary = Based on a synthetic overview that embraces the evolution of the ''health'' concept, and its related institutions, from the role of health as the main indicator of fundamental human rights—as envisaged in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—to its qualification as the systems of disease control dependent on criteria of economic sustainability, the paper focuses on the implications and the impact of such evolution in two model scenarios which are centred on the COVID-19 pandemia. 1 Their cumulative experience, derived from the insides of these most diverse scenarios, has provided them with a solid confirmation of what has emerged with a growing consensus also in the most prestigious ''scientific'' literature, in the last 10 years: structural inequality is the direct product and the expected outcome of the mainstream models of development, which trigger a highly visible impact on the rights to health and life, and prove to be a systemic source of in-human levels of inequity (Evans 2020 ). doi = 10.1057/s41301-020-00269-7 id = cord-263371-1ozoq3hb author = Togun, Toyin title = Anticipating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on TB patients and TB control programmes date = 2020-05-23 keywords = Africa; COVID-19 summary = Tuberculosis remains a global health emergency and needs our attention more than ever, given that significant resources are now being diverted to COVID-19 management. We discussed issues of how COVID-19 would affect control programmes: prioritisation of services, availability of drugs, the effect on hard-to-reach and low-income communities and the role of stigmatisation, how paediatric TB disease might be affected, the possibility of increased disease transmission or disease susceptibility, and the problems caused by likely co-morbidity. COVID-19 will potentially worsen patient care and TB control efforts in Africa, given the likely negative impact of the pandemic at the macroeconomic, health system and individual levels in Africa. The majority of children in LMIC are not seen by dedicated paediatric specialists, and many general physicians and nurses usually available for their care will be seconded to dealing with adult patients affected by severe respiratory symptoms of COVID-19 instead. doi = 10.1186/s12941-020-00363-1 id = cord-311327-50s8sja3 author = Toh, Vi Vien title = Management of COVID-19 in burns patients: The experience of a UK burn centre date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-311327-50s8sja3 authors: Toh, Vi Vien; Antrum, John Henry George; Sloan, Brendan; Austin, Orla; Muthayya, Preetha title: Management of COVID-19 in burns patients: The experience of a UK burn centre date: 2020-07-03 journal: Burns DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2020.06.026 sha: doc_id: 311327 cord_uid: 50s8sja3 nan We had two male patients who presented to the local Accident X-ray (Fig. 3) None. Management 153 strategies for the burn ward during COVID-19 pandemic Managing chronic wounds during 155 novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Guidance 159 for discharge and ending isolation in the context of widespread 160 community transmission of COVID-19-first update Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Antibody 165 responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus 166 disease 2019 Evaluating the 169 COVID-19 testing: the 174 threat of false-negative results doi = 10.1016/j.burns.2020.06.026 id = cord-011620-f3uw74w7 author = Tokuç, Burcu title = Medical Education in Turkey in Time of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic interrupted many things in the world, it also disrupted medical education. In Turkey, in recent years, medical faculties have been trying to transform medical education into individualized, virtual education by reducing classic lectures, using more technology for laboratory lessons, promoting active, self-learning, and integrating education. In most medical schools in Turkey, during the first three years of education, students were in physical environments only for laboratory practices or small group lessons, like problem-based learning (PBL) discussions, and they did not attend traditional lectures. The measures taken by China and Canada in the SARS outbreak in the early 2000s are known, but medical schools all around the world were unprepared for the pandemic. Although some aspects of education in many faculties have been individualized for "anytime/anywhere"-asynchronous learning in recent years, students must gather for lessons such as laboratory sessions, bedside practices, and case/patient presentations and discussions. Medical Student Education in the time of COVID-19 doi = 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2020.2020.4.003 id = cord-262073-7bhoyg4o author = Tolu, Lemi Belay title = Managing Resident Workforce and Residency Training During COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review of Adaptive Approaches date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; residency; resident summary = We divided the data obtained into six thematic areas: resident staffing, clinical education, surgical education, didactic teaching, research activity, and accreditation process. The clinical education and handson training are affected by the disruption of formal health care delivery like elective surgeries, disruption of skill-based teaching activities, and deployment of residents to COVID-19 related service. 7 Considering the above facts, we did a scoping review to synthesize evidence on adaptive (innovative) ways of maintaining residency education activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. 12 Resident clinical education (Morning, case presentations, bedsides, round, seminars (management session), journal club) Few residency programs suspend resident clinical teachings 9 while many residency training programs designed alternative innovative technologies to maintain resident clinical education during COVID-19 pandemic. Different innovative alternative teaching methods were evolving to substitute the former face to face teaching to maintain residency didactic, clinical, surgical education, and research activity. doi = 10.2147/amep.s262369 id = cord-278993-w5aa0elj author = Tonetti, Tommaso title = Use of critical care resources during the first 2 weeks (February 24–March 8, 2020) of the Covid-19 outbreak in Italy date = 2020-10-12 keywords = ICU; Italy; covid-19; patient summary = We retrospectively studied consecutive critically ill patients with confirmed Covid-19 who were referred to the hospitals of the Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna regions during the first 2 weeks of the Italian outbreak (February 24March 8, 2020) . The present study describes how the Italian health-care system of three northern Italian regions responded to the increasing need for clinical resources for critically ill patients during the first 14 days of the Covid-19 outbreak through the 28.7% increase in ICU beds and the increasing use of non-invasive respiratory support outside the ICU. Our data show that, compared to patients admitted to the ICU, patients receiving respiratory support outside the ICU were significantly older, had more comorbidities and had a higher PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio and a lower PaCO 2 . doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00750-z id = cord-311316-j79nmq0j author = Tony, Abeer Abdelhady title = COVID-19-associated sleep disorders: A case report date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; sleep summary = PURPOSE: We reported one patient infected with acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) presented with sleep disorders; insomnia and restless leg syndrome. RESULTS: A 49-year-old female patient presented with insomnia and restless leg syndrome associated with anosmia, ageusia. Interestingly, We describe a case of COVID-19-associated sleep disorders as presenting symptoms . In this study, we expressed a case with PCR confirmed COVID-19 infection presented with sleep disorders. In our PCR positive COVID-19 case, the main presenting sleep disorders were insomnia and restless leg syndrome. [7] who suggested that altered sleep during infection is a component of the acute phase response, promoting recovery during illness, likely through mechanisms that involve cytokines and interleukins and their receptors, as well as receptors of the innate immune system. In conclusion, we described a patient with confirmed PCR COVID-19 infection who presented by fever, asthenia, insomnia and restless leg syndrome with good outcome. At present, the full clinical spectrum of patients with COVID-19 with sleep disorders remains to be characterized. doi = 10.1016/j.nbscr.2020.100057 id = cord-303023-rwfiug2c author = Toombs, Jessica title = Pneumococcal co‐infection in Covid‐19 patients date = 2020-07-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = It is well established that seasonal viral respiratory tract infections have been linked to increased risk of bacterial co-infection [1] and current evidence suggests that the This article is protected by copyright. In keeping with good medical practice, these should only be continued when there is strong clinical or microbiological evidence of bacterial infection, regardless of Covid-19 test results, and should be de-escalated once the specific organisms are identified. Although these cases might suggest bacterial co-infection is rare and difficult to clinically distinguish from Covid-19, larger studies are required to clarify this. How do viral infections predispose patients to bacterial infections? Pneumococcal superinfection in COVID-19 patients: a series of 5 cases Low rate of bacterial co-infection in patients with COVID-19. Co-infection with respiratory pathogens among COVID-2019 cases. Precautions are needed for COVID-19 patients with co-infection of common respiratory pathogens COVID-19 rapid guideline: antibiotics for pneumonia in adults in hospital. doi = 10.1002/jmv.26278 id = cord-285642-43sqmffe author = Topriceanu, C.-C. title = Inequality in access to health and care services during lockdown - Findings from the COVID-19 survey in five UK national longitudinal studies date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; SEP summary = Interpretation: The UK government''s lockdown approach during the COVID-19 pandemic appears to have deepened existing health inequalities, impacting predominantly females, ethnic-minorities and those with chronic illnesses. Separate regression models were using sex, ethnicity, SEP and presence of chronic illness as predictors of cancelled appointments or number of care hours needed during lockdown. In the meta-analysis, higher number of care hours was associated with ethnic minorities (OR 0·53 [0·35, 0·79], I 2 =34·17%), and with the presence of chronic illness (OR 2·20 [1·72, 2·56], I 2 =13·22%, Table 5 ). Individuals with a chronic illness were more likely to experience cancelled healthcare appointments and greater care needs during the UK national lockdown generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Bar charts illustrating the percentage of participants requiring support based on the number of care hours needed during the UK COVID-19 national lockdown stratified by sex, ethnicity and the presence of chronic illness across the cohorts. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.12.20191973 id = cord-031938-oe5gf257 author = Tor, Phern-Chern title = Model for ethical triaging of electroconvulsive therapy patients during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; ECT summary = • disruption of routine care delivery during the crisis, leading to increased risk of harm to patients'' health • increased risk of patients getting COVID-19 owing to lack of ECT (e.g. delayed discharge from hospital while their illness resolves more slowly and higher vulnerability to COVID-19 among severely mentally ill patients 9 ) • increased risk of patients getting COVID-19 while attending for ECT (e.g. repeated out-patient appointments for ECT, requiring patients to travel more frequently) • increased risk to the team delivering ECT, due to the higher risk of infection from patients receiving general anaesthesia and potential aerosolisation of patients'' respiratory material Applying these principles to clinical scenarios Applying Emanuel et al''s principles and the ECT-specific considerations outlined above, a high-priority patient might be a young healthcare worker in your healthcare institution with no psychiatric history and admitted for an acute onset of psychotic depression, catatonic symptoms and a serious suicide attempt, whose family is supportive of ECT. doi = 10.1192/bjb.2020.99 id = cord-329351-g9qlo3xh author = Toraih, Eman A. title = Association of cardiac biomarkers and comorbidities with increased mortality, severity, and cardiac injury in COVID‐19 patients: A meta‐regression and Decision tree analysis date = 2020-06-12 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Decision tree analysis by combining cardiac markers with demographic and clinical features was applied to predict mortality and severity in COVID‐19 patients. Pairwise comparison meta-analysis was conducted; 29 articles to compare between the severe and non-severe presentation of COVID-19 disease, 7 records to compare between cohorts who developed cardiac injury and those who are not, 6 records to compare between patients who were admitted to the ICU and those admitted to the general hospital ward and 16 studies to compare between survivors and expired patients ( Figure 1A) . Combining cardiac markers with demographic and clinical features, decision tree analysis was used to predict mortality and severity in COVID-19 patients. After conversion of SMD to OR, meta-analysis showed that patients with high cTnI (OR = 5.22, 95%CI = 3.73 to 7.31, p <0.001) and AST levels (OR = 3.64, 95%CI = 2.84-4.66, p <0.001) were more likely to develop adverse outcomes for COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1002/jmv.26166 id = cord-295126-lz2jbmcn author = Toresdahl, Brett G. title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Considerations for the Competitive Athlete date = 2020-04-06 keywords = COVID-19; athlete; test summary = First and foremost, preventing the transmission of COVID-19 is needed to reduce the risk of spread to individuals within a community who are most at risk of severe infection or death, which includes older individuals and the immunocompromised. Sports medicine providers can support athletes and teams during the COVID-19 pandemic by advocating the following preventative measures: With these limitations, testing algorithms offered preference to patients with symptoms (fever, cough, or shortness of breath), an immunocompromised state, or close contact with someone with COVID-19. In-home isolation is recommended for athletes with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 who do not show severe symptoms. If an athlete on a sports team develops symptoms consistent with COVID-19, teammates, coaches, and other staff who had close contact with the athlete (within 6 feet) in the preceding 14 days should begin in-home isolation. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases doi = 10.1177/1941738120918876 id = cord-348941-orpngirf author = Torkian, Pooya title = Magnetic resonance imaging features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: The first preliminary case series date = 2020-09-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Magnetic resonance imaging features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: The first preliminary case series In this study, we aimed to review and depict the common MRI features of COVID-19 pneumonia in our laboratory confirmed case series, the first comprehensive reported cohort in the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Upon IRB approval, eight laboratory confirmed COVID-19 patients who presented to our outpatient imaging clinic underwent chest CT and, once various features of COVID-19 pneumonia were identified, a dedicated multisequence chest MRI was performed on the same day with an institutional protocol. A few recent studies have demonstrated radiologic features of COVID-19 pneumonia in other diagnostic modalities, like ultrasound and PET-CT (7, 8) but no dedicated report has described magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of the disease. In this pilot study, we aimed to review and depict the common MRI features of COVID-19 pneumonia in our laboratory confirmed case series, the first comprehensive reported cohort in the literature. doi = 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.09.002 id = cord-035016-ipv8npdy author = Torreele, Els title = Business-as-Usual will not Deliver the COVID-19 Vaccines We Need date = 2020-11-09 keywords = covid-19; health; r&d; vaccine summary = Touted by many as a major tour de force, the ongoing ''race'' towards a vaccine is also exposing the intrinsic deficiencies of relying on for-profit pharmaceutical companies, that are governed by trade rules, financial speculation and market competition, to ensure the development of essential health technologies. This is antithetical to a collective intelligence effort that would allow scientists all over the world to creatively combine the best elements of our medical knowledge and technological advances into a diverse and innovative portfolio of vaccine candidates with the best chance to achieve our common public health goal (Torreele 2020b) . 5 A milestone resolution on transparency around medical R&D was passed at the 2019 World Health Assembly (Fletcher 2019 ), yet governments so far have failed to implement these commitments, despite huge financial investments in COVID-19 R&D that could have been used as leverage to demand transparency on scientific methods and data, as well as clinical trial costs, and set performance targets for the vaccines. doi = 10.1057/s41301-020-00261-1 id = cord-318067-4hdeuweo author = Torrego, Alfons title = Bronchoscopy in Patients with COVID-19 with Invasive Mechanical Ventilation: A Single-Center Experience date = 2020-07-15 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19 summary = Bronchoscopy in critically ill patients with COVID-19 has been required to manage complications (atelectasis, hemoptysis, etc.) as well as to obtain samples for microbiological cultures and to assist in the management of artificial airways (guide intubation and percutaneous tracheostomy) (3) . Because no series of intubated patients with COVID-19 submitted to bronchoscopy has been published so far, we describe our experience in performing flexible bronchoscopies in patients with COVID-19 with severe acute hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation during the first 3 weeks of the epidemic outbreak. Bronchoscopic examination included orotracheal tube positioning check, direct inspection of tracheal and bronchial mucosa, suctioning of secretions, and mucoactive agent instillation if necessary (hypertonic saline combined with hyaluronic acid), and in 63 cases, a mini-BAL with 60-ml saline aliquots at room temperature was performed just before the end of procedure for microbiological sampling. Most patients admitted to the ICU with a severe presentation of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) fulfill the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) criteria (1) and require invasive mechanical ventilation (2) . doi = 10.1164/rccm.202004-0945le id = cord-266150-wox7pnkr author = Torres, Juan Pablo title = SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in blood in a large school community subject to a Covid-19 outbreak: a cross-sectional study date = 2020-07-10 keywords = PCR; SARS; covid-19 summary = Once these forms were signed, a copy was emailed to participants for their records and they were directed to a secure survey that i) asked basic demographic questions, ii) requested information on any previous RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 and potential contact with any Covid-19 positive cases, and iii) asked about symptoms experienced since the outbreak (date and duration in days of each symptom). Among students, antibody positive children were younger, had a higher PCR positivity rate (in those who underwent PCR testing during the outbreak), and were more likely to self-report contact with one or more confirmed cases, as compared to seronegative children ( Table 2 ). Overall, PCR testing and contact history was significantly higher in staff compared to students, which in addition to the higher antibody positivity observed in this study, support the more significant role of adults within the outbreak, in proportion to the overall population. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa955 id = cord-102557-25mu0mo9 author = Torres-Salinas, Daniel title = Daily growth rate of scientific production on Covid-19. Analysis in databases and open access repositories date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19; Dimensions; Pubmed summary = The general objective of this research work is to obtain a global vision of the daily growth of scientific production on COVID-19 in different databases (Dimensions, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus-Elsevier, Pubmed and eight repositories). 2) Cuantificar del mismo modo el número de preprints diarios que se publican en los distintos repositorios y describir el fenómeno del acceso Abierto Los resultados que se alcacen en este trabajo no solo tienen un valor descriptivo de un fenómeno informativo singular, si no que nos permitirá a los profesionales de la información tener un mapa objetivo y global de aquellas de las fuentes de información y bases de datos más útiles para enfrentarnos al COVID-19 y asesorar a nuestros investigadores. La cobertura similar de dos fuentes diferentes nos permite afirmar que actualmente la producción científica sobre COVID-19 en Pubmed se sitúa en torno a las 1000 publicaciones semanales. doi = 10.3145/epi.2020.mar.15 id = cord-258757-vwfey8of author = Torres‐Navarro, I. title = Comment on ‘Two cases of COVID‐19 presenting with a clinical picture resembling chilblains: first report from the Middle East’: pernio unrelated to COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-24 keywords = covid-19 summary = Dear editor, we have read with interest Dr''s Alramthan and Aldaraji contribution to the spectrum of COVID-19 clinical manifestations.1 Since COVID-19 outbreak begin, new symptoms have been described.2 Some of them, were not initially highlighted and could be a distinguishing feature of COVID-19 infection, like anosmia or ageusia.3 Therefore, it is believed that a newly reported one, so-called acute acro-ischemia is another novel clinical manifestation of COVID-19 infection.4. 3 Therefore, it is believed that a newly reported symptom, termed acute acro-ischaemia, is another novel clinical manifestation of COVID-19 infection. 1 The authors suggested that such skin lesions might be a new clinical manifestation of COVID-19 infection in otherwise asymptomatic individuals. The two patients reported by Alramthan and Aldaraji had recently been on a trip to the UK, a colder country than Kuwait, and cold is associated with pernio. Two cases of COVID-19 presenting with a clinical picture resembling chilblains: first report from the Middle East doi = 10.1111/ced.14255 id = cord-356150-ivso91ln author = Torretta, Sara title = Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR Using Different Sample Sources: Review of the Literature date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; NPS; SARS summary = 2 Despite suboptimal detection rates, 3 collection of secretions from the upper airway by means of NPS/OPS still represents the first-line diagnostic modality to test patients and otherwise asymptomatic population for COVID-19, provided that it is early and adequately performed after onset of symptoms. 2 As a fact, reduced detection rates reflect analytical sensitivity of RT-PCR test and the epidemiologic characteristics of COVID-19, given that a false negative RT-PCR result could be possibly obtained both in the initial phase of the disease (ie, a few days before symptom onset) and at the ''''tail end'''' of SARS-CoV-2 infection (ie, from 20 days after symptom onset) due to a low viral load and a viral shedding below analytical RT-PCR sensitivity threshold. 3 On the basis of the reported detection rates, 4 the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (US-CDC) has recommended the collection of sole upper respiratory NPS, 2 but the US Food and Drug Administration pointed out that a negative RT-PCR test result does not completely rule out SARS-CoV-2 infection and it shall not be used as a single element for patient management decisions. doi = 10.1177/0145561320953231 id = cord-030197-ohz1i5uh author = Tosato, Matteo title = “Say Ninetynine”: It’s Never Too Late to Recover from COVID-19 date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = COVID-19, the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, showed higher severity and lethality in male older adults. Here we present the case of a 98-years old man admitted to our COVID-Hospital with acute respiratory failure. Patient was administered intravenous monoclonal antibodies, and he showed remarkable clinical improvement. Comprehensive, multisciplinary, multidomain approaches are needed to develop patient-tailored treatments against COVID-19. Hereby we report a case of severe COVID-19 pneumonia in an old man admitted to our COVID-hospital in Rome, Italy. Several studies are underway to evaluate the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies against the interleukin-6 receptor (tocilizumab and sarilumab) in mitigating the cytokine cascade and improving the clinical course of the disease. In our case, a 98-years old patient optimally responded to off-label sarilumab with marked improvement in clinical conditions and no adverse reactions reported. Comprehensive, multisciplinary, multidomain approaches assessing, among others, comorbidity burden and frailty status, are needed to develop patient-tailored treatments against COVID-19. doi = 10.14283/jfa.2020.41 id = cord-316654-tihbi0ak author = Tosti, G. title = Skin signs resembling vascular acrosyndromes during the COVID‐19 outbreak in Italy date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The French Society of Dermatology has reported interesting clinical findings in 113 patients during the COVID-19 outbreak: 84/113 patients presented chilblain-like lesions, and 17 of these had a personal history of chilblains or Raynaud syndrome. 4 We have also observed some cutaneous manifestations during the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy during the past 5 weeks, and we report four patients who presented with lesions of the feet. A 16-year-old white girl, with a personal history of alopecia areata universalis, reported moderate Clinical and Experimental Dermatology pharyngodynia 2 weeks before the onset of erythematous plaques of both heels (Fig. 1b) , which were moderately painful. The patients did not have a personal history of chilblains or Raynaud syndrome, and were not taking any medications before the appearance of skin signs, except for the 48-year-old man, who had been taking oral paracetamol. doi = 10.1111/ced.14267 id = cord-352682-deh08rh4 author = Toughza, Jihane title = COVID-19 et Greffe de Cellules Souches Hématopoïétiques: Recommandations date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Rajouter la référence suivante: Ljungman et Al, BMT 13 May 2020: "The challenge of COVID 19 and HCT, EBMT recommandations for management of hematopoietic cell transplant récipients, their donors, and patients undergoing CAR T cell therapy", https://www.nature.com/articles/s41409-020-0919-0 --Référence rajoutée Expliciter la situation au Maroc et l''organisation en place, à titre d''exemple pour les lecteurs, afin de rendre la présentation plus claire -Expérience marocaine rajoutée Examinateur n°2 : Ces patients ne sont a priori pas plus à risque de contracter le virus mais une grande partie d''entre eux est plus susceptible de développer des formes graves de l''infection COVID-19 du fait de leur fragilité secondaire à la malignité et aux traitements par chimiothérapie radiothérapie et chirurgie (3) (4) (5) . doi = 10.1016/j.bulcan.2020.05.006 id = cord-293522-gg706q8s author = Toumi, Mondher title = Commentary on “Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open label non-randomized clinical trial” by Gautret et al date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; hydroxychloroquine; patient; study summary = title: Commentary on "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open label non-randomized clinical trial" by Gautret et al The results of a clinical trial comparing hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin to the standard of care for the treatment of COVID-19 were recently published by Philippe Gautret et al. This study provides outstanding results for the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin over the standard of care, but the evidence was deemed insufficiently robust to warrant a public health decision to widen the use of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19. The results of a clinical trial comparing hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin to the standard of care for the treatment of COVID-19 were published in the International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents by Philippe Gautret et al. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides information on the use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in the USA to treat coronavirus 2infected patients. doi = 10.1080/20016689.2020.1758390 id = cord-316572-7ei96rrn author = Touska, P title = The role of transoral fine needle aspiration in expediting diagnosis and reducing risk in head and neck cancer patients in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era: a single-institution experience date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; FNAC; patient summary = title: The role of transoral fine needle aspiration in expediting diagnosis and reducing risk in head and neck cancer patients in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era: a single-institution experience METHOD: Diagnostic outcomes were retrospectively evaluated for a series of patients undergoing transoral fine needle aspiration cytology of oral cavity and oropharyngeal lesions during the COVID-19 pandemic. 22, 23, 27 Prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with possible or suspected head and neck cancer at our institution would typically need to attend the hospital for clinical assessment, imaging, diagnostic biopsy of the primary lesion and panendoscopy (under general anaesthesia), before definitive treatment could be decided upon. doi = 10.1017/s0022215120001929 id = cord-297517-w8cvq0m5 author = Toğaçar, Mesut title = COVID-19 detection using deep learning models to exploit Social Mimic Optimization and structured chest X-ray images using fuzzy color and stacking approaches date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; image; model summary = title: COVID-19 detection using deep learning models to exploit Social Mimic Optimization and structured chest X-ray images using fuzzy color and stacking approaches In this study, the data classes were restructured using the Fuzzy Color technique as a preprocessing step and the images that were structured with the original images were stacked. In the next step, the stacked dataset was trained with deep learning models (MobileNetV2, SqueezeNet) and the feature sets obtained by the models were processed using the Social Mimic optimization method. [9] performed a classification algorithm using pneumonia data, SVM as a classification method, and InceptionV3, VGG-16 models as a deep learning approach. Using pneumonia and normal chest X-ray images, they set 30% of the dataset as test data and compared the proposed approach with the existing CNNs. They achieved 89.57% classification success. The second dataset is important in this study to compare COVID-19 chest images using deep learning models. doi = 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103805 id = cord-285726-eav5gr3y author = Tran, B. X. title = Studies of Novel Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Global Analysis of Literature date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; international summary = . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.05.20092635 doi: medRxiv preprint Cumulatively, current research evidence has partly shaped our knowledge about COVID-19, but there has been still raising more questions to address , which require sharing information and providing scientific expertise and leadership of all countries to accelerate research efforts. [21] [22] [23] In this study, by using text visualization and topic modeling approaches as a part of natural language processing and machine learning, we aimed to explore the research focus in general and in countries with different levels of income and COVID-19 transmission features. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.05.20092635 doi: medRxiv preprint By using the natural language processing approach with the Latent Dirichlet allocation, this study was able to capture the focus of COVID-19 related publications in different settings. Global researchers were currently focusing on clinical management, viral pathogenesis, and public health responses in combating against COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.05.20092635 id = cord-290419-angcz55b author = Tran, Bach Xuan title = Impact of COVID-19 on Economic Well-Being and Quality of Life of the Vietnamese During the National Social Distancing date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19; Thi; Vietnam; income summary = A cross-sectional study using a web-based approach was conducted in the second week of April 2020 to examine the influence of the national social distancing on the quality of life and economic well-being of Vietnamese citizens under COVID-19 pandemic. This study targets to provide empirical evidence about the influence of this national social distancing on quality of life and household income of Vietnamese citizens avid COVID-19, with the ultimate goal to inform the policymakers to take appropriate and timely actions for controlling the disease while ensuring both health and socioeconomic wellbeing of the general population. Our study featured a high rate of household income loss as well as impairment on some quality of life domains among the general population in Vietnam due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, this study depicted a high rate of household income loss as well as impairment on some quality of life domains among the general population in Vietnam due to the impact of COVID-19. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565153 id = cord-307751-4r44ww59 author = Tran, Bach Xuan title = Characterize health and economic vulnerabilities of workers to control the emergence of COVID-19 in an industrial zone in Vietnam date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; Vietnam summary = The detection of first COVID-19 infected industrial worker in Vietnam on 13 April 2020 prompted timely effort to examine the health problems, behaviors, and health services access of industrial workers to inform effective and appropriate COVID-19 control measures, minimizing the risk of industrial sites becoming the next disease cluster. Given the crowded nature of industrial factories with workers travelling to work on packed company bus from various locations in a region -the 262 patient lives in Ha Loi, Me Linh, Hanoi and likely infected by his relative, who is a confirmed case living in the same village (Vietnam Ministry of Health, 2020), with the detection of this case in Vietnam, industrial sites present a risk of becoming the next disease cluster. Industrial workers thus can be considered a vulnerable population, at higher risk of suffering more severe COVID-19 conditions should they get infected, as reports found the disease likely to develop complications on people with underlying health problems (Centers for Disease and Control doi = 10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104811 id = cord-309377-5pusd2pc author = Tran, Thi Phuong Thao title = Rapid response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Vietnam government’s experience and preliminary success date = 2020-07-28 keywords = April; COVID-19; March; Minister; Vietnam summary = To date, the pandemic has been successfully controlled thanks to the Vietnamese government''s prompt, proactive and decisive responses including mobilization of the health care systems, security forces, economic policies, along with a creative and effective communication campaign corresponding with crucial milestones of the epidemic''s progression. • On 1 April, Vietnam government enacted the Directive No. 16/CT-TTg on implementing strict social distancing rules nationwide for 15 d to prevent the spread of COVID-19. • Additionally, penalties of violations of COVID-19 prevention and control policies were imposed including not wearing masks in public places, concealing health status, opening non-essential businesses, gathering of more than 10 people, spreading ''fake news'' and others [91] . The effective results of the epidemic control to date have been largely contributed by the MOH and their drastic efforts in delivering rapid and decisive responses on all fronts from research, prevention, screening to diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.020502 id = cord-260332-tnz6k2z1 author = Tran, Tu Anh title = CT scan does not make a diagnosis of Covid-19: a cautionary case report() date = 2020-09-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-260332-tnz6k2z1 title: CT scan does not make a diagnosis of Covid-19: a cautionary case report() Here, we report the clinical case of a 12-year-old girl presenting with flu-like symptoms, cough, anosmia, ageusia, breathing difficulties, patchy ground glass opacities on TDM chest scan who turned out to be Coronavirus 229E-infected. This case must draw attention on the risk of false COVID-19 diagnosis when relying overly on CT scan imaging. RT-PCR assays of nasopharyngeal samples at admittance and 24 hours later, were negative for SARS-CoV-2. In this case report, parents'' anosmia and ageusia as well as chest scanner could have been misleading. According to Kim et al., scanner screening of patients with suspected COVID-19 in low-prevalence countries has a poor positive prediction value (1%-31%) 2 . The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.073 id = cord-273175-bao8xxe2 author = Tran, Viet-Thi title = COVID-19–related perceptions, context and attitudes of adults with chronic conditions: Results from a cross-sectional survey nested in the ComPaRe e-cohort date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; patient; risk summary = It assessed participants'' perception of their risk of severe illness with COVID-19; their context (i.e., work, household, contacts with external people); and their attitudes in situations involving frequent or occasional contacts with symptomatic or asymptomatic people. Results of the survey were described globally and for the subgroup of patients considered at high risk of a severe illness according to the French High Council for Public Health (Box 1). Among patients at high risk of a severe illness according to the French High Council for Public Health, 5% continued working, 15% had a household member working outside of the home and 7% reported regular contacts with people outside of their home. The only variable found associated with use of face masks with asymptomatic people (or refusal to see these people) was patients'' perception of high risk of severe infection by COVID-19 (odds ratio 1.93, 95% confidence interval 1.53-2.43). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0237296 id = cord-281361-tye5pev7 author = Trapani, G. title = Children with COVID-19 like symptoms in Italian Pediatric Surgeries: the dark side of the coin date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The concurrent presence of fatigue, cough, and diarrhea in children, in absence of sore throat/earache and abnormal skin signs, represents the maximum risk level of having a suspected/confirmed case of COVID-19 at home. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.27.20149757 doi: medRxiv preprint Children living in a family with confirmed COVID-19 cases had a higher prevalence of diarrhea and fatigue, and a lower prevalence of sore throat/earache and abnormal skin signs than children with no family cases. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.27.20149757 doi: medRxiv preprint Table 3 In multivariable analysis, the risk to have suspected/confirmed cases at home was five-fold higher in high than low/medium risk areas, increased with increasing age, and was not affected by gender. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.27.20149757 doi: medRxiv preprint no fatigue, cough, or diarrhea, was less likely to have a suspected/confirmed case at home, and hence to be infected with SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.27.20149757 id = cord-289535-srrfr1es author = Tregoning, J. S. title = Vaccines for COVID‐19 date = 2020-10-18 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; MERS; RNA; SARS; dna; phase; vaccine summary = One concern with vaccine development for SARS-CoV-2 is that the immune response can cause disease, often in the act of clearing the infection. Preclinical animal studies have demonstrated that DNA vaccines encoding the M, N, 3a or S proteins of the SARS-CoV-1 virus could elicit immune responses [180] [181] [182] . The S protein is the target of the only SARS-CoV-1 DNA vaccine to progress to Phase I clinical trial, delivered by bio-injector, and it was safe and induced neutralizing antibody responses [183] . T cell responses are required for protection from clinical disease and for virus clearance in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected mice Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals A SARS DNA vaccine induces neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses in healthy adults in a Phase I clinical trial doi = 10.1111/cei.13517 id = cord-339399-36wo66rl author = Trepanier, Sylvain title = Leading on the Edge of Insanity date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; nurse summary = COVID-19 has officially consumed every nurse leader''s time and efforts. Sylvain Trepanier, DNP, RN, CENP, FAONL, FAAN COVID-19 has officially consumed every nurse leader''s time and efforts. And I am reminded that hope is not a plan; therefore, now is the time to show up as nurse leaders and make a difference. Stay home and follow up with their primary care provider Self-quarantine for a period of at least 14 days Practice hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette Stay calm (this latter may be hard to do with the way messages are sometimes conveyed on public and social media) To that end, nurse leaders are encouraged to consider educating all constituents in promoting physical distancing, promoting the use of virtual clinics, eliminating visitations, screening everyone entering a building, cohorting patients, and collaborating with city, military, and state organizations. doi = 10.1016/j.mnl.2020.06.002 id = cord-274416-bmvazgj7 author = Trevisanuto, Daniele title = Neonatal Resuscitation Where the Mother Has a Suspected or Confirmed Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: Suggestion for a Pragmatic Action Plan date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS summary = title: Neonatal Resuscitation Where the Mother Has a Suspected or Confirmed Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: Suggestion for a Pragmatic Action Plan This perspective aims to be a practical support tool for the planning of delivery and neonatal resuscitation of infants born by mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. Although it is unlikely that neonates born from SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers require an intensive care management related to the maternal infection [18, 19] , coronaviruses may result in adverse outcomes for the fetus and infant (intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), spontaneous abortion and perinatal death) [16, 17, 25] . Our designated approach for the management of women with suspected or confirmed CO-VID-19 and their infants before, during, and after delivery provides cues to reduce the chance of neonatal infection and therefore potential negative outcomes in the newborn. doi = 10.1159/000507935 id = cord-297759-arg71du6 author = Triantafyllou, Tania title = Esophageal cancer: challenges, concerns, and recommendations for management amidst the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; cancer; patient summary = The primary aim of this review is to summarize the salient evidence for recommendations and optimal treatment strategies for patients with esophageal cancer amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. In a viral pandemic, clinicians should balance the need to perform life-prolonging surgery and offer perioperative therapies with a patient''s risk of contracting severe pneumonia if infected with SARS-CoV-2. The active surveillance strategy could be an alternative approach for clinically complete responders after neoadjuvant therapy in an effort to avoid possible exposure to COVID-19, which may be particularly beneficial considering the patients'' immunosuppressed status [23] . Similarly to the organ-preserving approach in rectal cancer patients who present a complete response after neoadjuvant or definite therapies, the "active surveillance" pathways have been designed as a rationale for clinical complete responders after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of EC. Active surveillance versus immediate surgery in clinically complete responders after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer: a multicenter propensity matched study doi = 10.20524/aog.2020.0519 id = cord-327511-e3idvknz author = Trifan, G. title = Characteristics of a Diverse Cohort of Stroke Patients with SARS-CoV-2 and Outcome by Sex date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; stroke summary = CONCLUSION: In this cohort of SARS-CoV-2 stroke patients, most had clinical evidence of coronavirus infection on admission and preexisting VRFs. Severe in-hospital complications and worse outcomes after ischemic strokes were higher in males, than females. In this cohort of SARS-CoV-2 stroke patients, most had clinical evidence of coronavirus infection on admission and preexisting VRFs. Severe in-hospital complications and worse outcomes after ischemic strokes were higher in males, than females. In this multicenter study of patients with stroke and SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to comprehensive stroke centers in the Chicagoland area, males were more likely than females to have severe COVID-19 manifestations and worse ischemic stroke outcome at hospital discharge. doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105314 id = cord-325241-paztcjm2 author = Triki, Haitham title = Surgical resection for liver cancer during the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = During the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, therapeutic strategies must be adapted for liver cancer patients balancing the benefit of surgical resection against the risk of contamination incurred by the patient. In addition, it has been found that lung injury (a common complication of COVID-19) is an independent risk factor for major morbidity and mortality after hepatectomy [5] . Hence, liver resections, especially major or complex hepatectomies, in COVID-19 patients could further deteriorate lung damage and complicate its management. Due to the risk of contamination by SARS-COV-2 before, during or after hospitalization, we believe that liver surgery for cancer should be postponed for patients at high risk of postoperative complications and severe COVID-19, including elderly patient with comorbidities and chronic liver disease. Therapeutic strategies must be adapted to this pandemic, balancing the benefit of liver cancer resection against the risk incurred by the patient during the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1007/s13304-020-00799-2 id = cord-275477-blu6wjhu author = Trimaille, Antonin title = COVID-19 et pathologie thromboembolique veineuse date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; ETEV; patient summary = Fréquence de la pathologie thrombo-embolique veineuse au cours des formes modérées de J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Dans une étude analyse une cohorte de 1240 patients consécutifs hospitalisés en dehors des services de Réanimation pour des formes modérées de COVID-19, les auteurs ont observé une incidence d''embolie pulmonaire confirmée à l''angioscanner de 8.3% (17) . En outre, il semble que les ETEV pourraient en partie survenir de manière asymptomatique au cours de la COVID-19 dans la mesure où les études utilisant un screening systématique ont retrouvé des incidences d''ETEV allant jusqu''à près de 50% des patients hospitalisés avec formes modérées (22, 23) . Helms et al ont observé une incidence de complications thrombo-emboliques de 18 Ainsi, les patients hospitalisés pour une forme sévère de COVID-19, en service de réanimation, présentent des ETEV très fréquemment, potentialisant la sévérité de l''atteinte respiratoire. doi = 10.1016/j.ancard.2020.09.027 id = cord-329853-kf3kh26y author = Trimarchi, Hernán title = Eculizumab, SARS-CoV-2 and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome date = 2020-09-27 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Complement activation is thought to contribute to endothelial injury and there are at least seven ongoing clinical trials testing six different anti-complement strategies for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including eculizumab. We herein report on a kidney transplant patient with aHUS on chronic eculizumab therapy that developed severe COVID-19 despite eculizumab administration early in the course of the disease. Although eculizumab was unable to prevent the development of severe endothelial cell injury, as assessed by increasing D-dimer levels from 292 to 10 586 ng/mL, the patient eventually recovered following dexamethasone and convalescent plasma administration. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a kidney transplant recipient with aHUS on eculizumab therapy who developed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases doi = 10.1093/ckj/sfaa166 id = cord-331433-uwbgv0r3 author = Tringale, Rolando title = COVID-19 innovations in medication for addiction treatment at a Skid Row syringe exchange date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; MAT summary = It is in this context that Homeless Health Care Los Angeles (HHCLA) clinicians and staff were faced with the unprecedented challenge of adapting current medication for addiction treatment (MAT) services to ensure treatment continuity for persons who use syringe exchanges in Skid Row during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pre-pandemic, clinicians primarily delivered MAT services at HHCLA (Tringale, Subica, & Danielian, et al., 2020) face-to-face to enrolled patients of syringe exchanges using a direct dispensing model that required patients to receive, and often consume, MAT medications (i.e., buprenorphine) on-site in front of staff to (1) bolster engagement among first-time patients hesitant to stop using opioids; (2) prevent diversion; and (3) avoid medication gaps, which can lead to relapse, overdose, and death. First, we developed an innovative on-site -telephone booth‖ model that emulated the COVID-19 telemedicine-enabled social distancing that other MAT providers have used (Harris, Johnson, Mackin, & Saitz, et al., 2020; Samuels, Clark, & Wunsch, et al., 2020; Dunlop, Lokuge, & Masters, et al., 2020) , while accommodating the unique needs of patients of syringe exchanges experiencing homelessness. doi = 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108181 id = cord-319983-e4f2sfl4 author = Tripathi, Shweta title = The COVID-19: Current understanding date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; SARS summary = Till the date of writing this article (August 15, 2020), a total number of 2526192+65002 laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 from 35 states and Union Territories, out of which 1,915,580 (71.91%) recovered, while 50,924 (1.93%) deaths are reported in India [8, 10] . According to the Ministry of Family and Health Welfare of India; a suspected case is defined as a patient with acute respiratory illness (fever and at least one sign/symptom of respiratory disease, e.g., cough, and shortness of breath) and a history of travel to or residence in a location reporting community transmission of COVID-19, 14 days prior of the beginning of symptoms. However, more clinical trials are needed to prove the safety and effectiveness of convalescent plasma transfusion in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients [48] . Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel Coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel Coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1998-2005 id = cord-333234-yvixy77x author = Triposkiadis, Filippos title = Renin-angiotensin-system inhibition in the context of corona virus disease-19: experimental evidence, observational studies, and clinical implications date = 2020-09-01 keywords = ACE2; SARS; covid-19 summary = While the potential for benefit with the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) and the risks from stopping them is more evident, potential harm by RAΑSi may also be caused by the increase in the activity of the ACE2 receptor, the inefficient counter regulatory axis in the lungs in which the proinflammatory prolyloligopeptidase (POP) is the main enzyme responsible for the conversion of deleterious angiotensin (ANG) II to protective ANG [1–7] and the proinflammatory properties of ACE2(+) cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. In a recent statement of the European Medicinal Agencies (EMA), it is emphasized (10 June 2020 EMA/284513/2020): "Recent observational studies of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs, also called sartans) have not shown an effect of these medicines on the risk of becoming infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (the virus causing COVID-19) and do not indicate a negative impact on the outcome for patients with COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1007/s10741-020-10022-4 id = cord-340145-nx746m76 author = Trisolino, Giovanni title = Recommendations from the Italian Society of Pediatric Orthopaedics and Traumatology for the management of pediatric orthopaedic patients during the COVID19 pandemic and post-pandemic period in Italy date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; pandemic summary = The Italian Society of Pediatric Orthopaedics and Traumatology formulated general and specific recommendations to face the COVID-19 outbreak, aiming to provide essential care for children needing orthopaedic treatments during the pandemic and early post-peak period, ensure safety of children, caregivers and healthcare providers and limit the spread of contagion. This exceptional adaptation of the Italian National Health Service was significantly evident also within non-frontline healthcare settings such as Pediatric Orthopaedic Units, where limitation and temporary suspension of most routine care activities was necessary to reduce the risk of infection in patients, families, and healthcare providers and to reallocate healthcare personnel from routine tasks to emergency. The Advisory Board of the SITOP has provided a panel of priority levels in order to safely schedule deferrable surgical treatments, reducing the risk of missing children who require non postponable operations, during the pandemic and post peak period (see Table 2 ). doi = 10.1186/s13052-020-00911-7 id = cord-317016-codk0by1 author = Trivizakis, Eleftherios title = Advancing COVID-19 differentiation with a robust preprocessing and integration of multi-institutional open-repository computer tomography datasets for deep learning analysis date = 2020-09-11 keywords = AUC; COVID-19 summary = Tsiknakis et al (17) proposed an Interpretable Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based on transfer learning for predicting COVID-19 against viral and bacterial pneumonia and normal cases based on more than 400 X-ray images, achieving an area under curve (AUC) of 100%. Some key innovations of this study can be summarized in the integration of multi-institutional and open-access data from a variety of scanners and imaging protocols retrieved from online repositories in formats such as DICOM or Portable network Graphics (png), the development of a deep learning lung segmentation model for multiple CT window settings and finally a deep learning model for differentiating COVID-19 from CAP. This study introduces a state-of-the-art deep learning model for lung segmentation on slices with a variety of CT window settings (DSC 99.6%) and an image analysis deep model trained with multi-institutional data for differentiating COVID-19 from CAP (AUC 96.1%). doi = 10.3892/etm.2020.9210 id = cord-289315-8bfafpe0 author = Trubiano, J. A. title = COVID-MATCH65 - A prospectively derived clinical decision rule for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 date = 2020-07-02 keywords = July; covid-19 summary = Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and increased pressure on testing resources, understanding the clinical and epidemiological features closely associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is vital at point of care to enable risk stratification. We demonstrate that an internally derived and validated clinical decision rule, COVID-MATCH65, has a high sensitivity (92.6%) and NPV (99.5%) for SARS-CoV-2 and could be used to aid COVID-19 risk-assessment and resource allocation for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics. A COVID-19 rapid assessment screening clinic was established at Austin Health on 11 March 2020 with prospective electronic medical record (EMR; eMethods) data of patients presenting to the clinic systematically collected by medical staff from 11 March to 22 April 2020. The positive and negative results for each COVID-MATCH65 score are outlined in eTable 2. Whilst the clinical features of COVID-19 have been well reported, robust prospective from patients presenting for COVID-19 assessment that are both SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative on testing remains absence. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.30.20143818 id = cord-335051-31imf6bv author = Tsabouri, Sophia title = SPECIAL ARTICLE: Risk factors for severity in children with coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19): A comprehensive literature review date = 2020-07-30 keywords = child; covid-19 summary = We carried out a comprehensive literature review to identify the underlying mechanisms and risk factors for severe COVID-19 in children, in comparison with the other two coronavirus outbreaks in the past, SARS and MERS. • Risk factors for severe disease from COVID-19 in children are reported to be young age 53 and underlying comorbidities, although not confirmed in all studies. 9 From the currently available data it appears that children tend to 105 have asymptomatic or mild disease more commonly than adults, 8,10 but severe cases and even 106 deaths have been reported worldwide in patients younger than 18 years. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human 445 coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1: a study of hospitalized children with acute 446 respiratory tract infection in Guangzhou, China. Middle East respiratory syndrome 459 coronavirus in pediatrics: a report of seven cases from Saudi Arabia. doi = 10.1016/j.pcl.2020.07.014 id = cord-335576-b34nc3ay author = Tsai, Andrew title = Impact of tocilizumab administration on mortality in severe COVID-19 date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19; patient; tocilizumab summary = Patients were stratified according to the receipt of tocilizumab for cytokine storm and matched to controls using propensity scores. The current analysis does not support the use of tocilizumab for the management of cytokine storm in patients with COVID-19. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the clinical outcome of in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 treated with tocilizumab in a single medical center. Subsequently, propensity score matching was performed to account for treatment strategy influenced by confounding by indication (the tendency of clinicians to prescribe tocilizumab in patients perceived to have cytokine storm and worsening trajectory). Currently Food and Drug Administration approved for use in the management of rheumatoid conditions and cytokine release storm-related to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, tocilizumab has gained momentum as a potentially effective option in reducing IL-6 associated fevers and preventing clinical deterioration in COVID-19. doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-76187-y id = cord-351825-fdog73g2 author = Tsai, Cheng-Yu title = A Novel Non-contact Self-Injection-Locked Radar for Vital Sign Sensing and Body Movement Monitoring in COVID-19 Isolation Ward date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: A Novel Non-contact Self-Injection-Locked Radar for Vital Sign Sensing and Body Movement Monitoring in COVID-19 Isolation Ward METHODS: Our institution has installed the novel non-contact wireless sensor for vital sign sensing and body movement monitoring for patients in COVID-19 isolation ward. The technologies of self-injection-locked radar and infrared light are used in non-contact detection of vital signs, included body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and body positioning [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . In our hospital, we have setup a self-injection-locked radar on the ceiling of the ward and its bathroom to monitor patient''s vital signs. (Fig. 2) The device has been used to collect the heart rate and body temperature of the isolated patient from COVID-19. The heart rate and respiratory rate are listed on the right side Fig. 2 One self-injection-locked radar locates on the ceiling of the water closet to monitor patient vital sign in this private area doi = 10.1007/s10916-020-01637-z id = cord-303601-o8uk6if2 author = Tsay, Calvin title = Modeling, state estimation, and optimal control for the US COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; control summary = This includes modeling the dynamics of affected populations, estimating the model parameters and hidden states from data, and an optimal control strategy for sequencing social distancing and testing events such that the number of infections is minimized. Figure 2 shows the predicted values obtained by solving the parameter estimation problem and the historical data by country, retrieved by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (https ://githu b.com/CSSEG ISand Data/COVID -19; accessed April 16, 2020). For the estimated parameter values as described previously, we simulate the results of implementing two different simplistic control policies: (i) continuing with strict social distancing, quarantining, and testing, policies that result from continuing to lower the asymptomatic ( α a ) and infected ( α i ) exposures shown in Fig. 2 ; and (ii) a relaxed policy with more lenient measures and reduced testing, in this case the values of α a and α i are increased to 0.2 and 0.02, respectively, while κ is decreased to 0.2. doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-67459-8 id = cord-306199-3ssri5nf author = Tseng, Jennifer title = How Has COVID-19 Affected the Costs of the Surgical Fellowship Interview Process? date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; interview summary = This is an opportune time to innovate and rethink how to recruit prospective surgical residency and fellowship candidates during the current and forthcoming interview seasons. Though an applicant''s financial expenditures vary depending on the individual candidate, fellowship program and even geographical locations of both, 9 there are published surveys that help guide an estimate of the economic burden of surgical fellowship interviewing ( Table 1) . With COVID-19, virtual interviews have been a necessary adjustment for fellowship training programs in match seasons, and they may be the future of residency and fellowship recruitment. Financial and educational costs of the residency interview process for urology applicants The Burden of the Fellowship Interview Process on General Surgery Residents and Programs Surgical Fellowship Interview Seasons Affected by COVID-19 Student applicants in the 2015 residency match Neurosurgery Mean ± SD: $6,930 ± $ doi = 10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.05.018 id = cord-303880-zv4nbz9p author = Tsikala Vafea, Maria title = Emerging Technologies for Use in the Study, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; vaccine summary = RESULTS: Key focus areas include the applications of artificial intelligence, the use of Big Data and Internet of Things, the importance of mathematical modeling for predictions, utilization of technology for community screening, the use of nanotechnology for treatment and vaccine development, the utility of telemedicine, the implementation of 3D-printing to manage new demands and the potential of robotics. The technologies in this review include: artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and deep learning, nanomedicine, novel technologies for vaccines development and therapeutics, novel mathematical modeling, big data, internet of things (IoT), telemedicine, robots, and 3D printing technology. Mei et al proposed an AI system based on machine learning and deep learning models that combines demographic (age, sex) and clinical information (laboratory test results, reported symptoms, history of exposure etc.) with chest imaging findings for rapid identification of patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s12195-020-00629-w id = cord-282256-lqmixm7s author = Tsioufis, Costas title = The interplay of Hypertension, ACE-2 and SARS-CoV-2: Emerging data as the “Ariadne’s thread” for the “labyrinth” of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-22 keywords = ACE-2; COVID-19 summary = 4 The only available meta-analysis from Wuhan of 46248 cases, supports that hypertension constitutes the most prevalent comorbidity in 17% of patients infected with the novel coronavirus. In Italy the most current analysis shows that of 69.1% of the deceased patients were hypertensives and 30% used angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and 17% angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). 18 After adjustment for confounders there was no independent association for the use of ACEIs/ARBs with susceptibility for infection or worse clinical outcome in contrast to loop diuretics that were linked to enhanced risk. Hypertension, the renin-angiotensin system, and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections and lung injury: implications for COVID-19 Risk of pneumonia associated with use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis Association of Inpatient Use of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers with Mortality Among Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized With COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.hjc.2020.05.003 id = cord-289563-xdyaw1vg author = Tsioufis, Konstantinos title = Unveiling the mystery of “missing” emergencies in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: a generalized phenomenon with unclarified implications date = 2020-07-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Unveiling the mystery of "missing" emergencies in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: a generalized phenomenon with unclarified implications In like manner, our study revealed that all-cause visits at the Emergency Cardiology Department (ECD) and particularly the STEMI cases appeared to be greatly affected over the same period [4] . Interestingly, both the daily patients'' visits in the ECD and myocardial infarction cases were inversely related with the COVID-19 spread trends in Greece [4] . Data regarding a reduced mean left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) among MI cases comprises another important finding about the ACS-related morbidity during the pandemic. In our study, before and post-COVID-19 pandemic, there was a significant decline of the observed mean LVEF among the STEMI cases between January 2020 and April 2020; from 47.8 to 37% accordingly (p = 0.031). The mystery of ''missing'' visits in an emergency cardiology department, in the era of COVID-19; a time-series analysis in a tertiary Greek General Hospital doi = 10.1007/s00392-020-01700-2 id = cord-273638-mmlwh87u author = Tso, Ivy F. title = Alarming levels of psychiatric symptoms and the role of loneliness during the COVID-19 epidemic: A case study of Hong Kong date = 2020-08-23 keywords = COVID-19; Hong; Kong summary = Thus, Hong Kong is a model case for the population-wide practice of effective social distancing and provides an opportunity to examine the impact of loneliness on mental health during the COVID-19.  We conducted an online survey to examine the impact of loneliness on mental health during COVID-19 in Hong Kong, a model case for the population-wide practice of effective social distancing. Further studies are needed to confirm the role of loneliness in mental health during COVID-19 with important factors likely impacting wellbeing controlled, and extend the investigation from depression and anxiety to other mental health concerns such as substance use and symptoms indicative of more severe disorders (e.g., psychosis). doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113423 id = cord-337248-thzox29o author = Tsolaki, Vasiliki title = Right ventricular dilation: The additive effect of mechanical ventilation on pulmonary embolism in Covid-19 patients date = 2020-08-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = We read with great interest the study of van Dam et al presenting the radiographic characteristics of 23 patients with Covid-19 acute Pulmonary Embolism (PE) and right ventricular (RV) dilation. Van Dam''s paper confirms the increased incidence of thrombotic events in patients, as in the majority of the presented cohort, PE was an unexpected finding; the reasons for ordering a computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) were not indicative of PE presence [lack of clinical improvement after mechanical ventilation initiation and fever (61.3%)]. Moreover, PEEP effects may be rather exacerbated in the setting of nonrecruitable lung regions, as in cases of focal but also in non-focal lung involvement, J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f when extensive, multilobar ground glass opacifications are present (as in Figure 1 in van Dam''s study) [1, 9] ; increased PEEP levels, when not resulting in lung recruitment, may induce dead space ventilation and compression of the pulmonary vasculature, leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and RV dilation and dysfunction. doi = 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.07.057 id = cord-333631-vk3h2qau author = Tsoungui Obama, H. C. J. title = Preventing COVID-19 spread in closed facilities by regular testing of employees - an efficient intervention in long-term care facilities and prisons date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; Table summary = Methods and findings: Here, the simulation model underlying the pandemic preparedness tool CovidSim 1.1 (http://covidsim.eu/) is extended to investigate the effect of regularly testing of employees in order to protect immobile resident risk groups in closed facilities. Regular screening of all employees by PCR tests provides a significant reduction of COVID-19 cases and related deaths in LTCFs. While the frequency of testing (testing rate) and the quality of tests have noticeable effects, the waiting time for obtaining test results (ranging from 12 up to 96 hours) hardly impacts the outcome. Here, a mathematical model, based on the freely available CovidSIM simulation tool, 59 is adapted to estimate the benefit and economic gain of routine screening for COVID-19 60 infections of employees in LTCFs and retention facilities by PCR tests. We study the impact of testing employees in LTCFs or incarceration facilities to protect 68 immobile risk groups from COVID-19 infections using an extended SEIR model, i.e., by 69 a deterministic compartmental model of ordinary differential equations. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.12.20211573 id = cord-330299-fcqtstpk author = Tsuchiya, Atsunori title = Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes in severe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases date = 2020-06-22 keywords = MSC; cell; covid-19 summary = title: Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes in severe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases In this review, we report the background of severe cases of COVID-19, basic aspects and mechanisms of action of MSCs and their exosomes, and discuss basic and clinical studies based on MSCs and exosomes for influenza-induced ARDS. Finally, we report the potential of MSC and exosome therapy in severe cases of COVID-19 in recently initiated or planned clinical trials of MSCs (33 trials) and exosomes (1 trial) registered in 13 countries on ClinicalTrials.gov. For the severe COVID-19 cases with cytokine storms, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their exosomes are a potential treatment option [10] [11] [12] . For the prevention of aggravation, and for the treatment of severe cases of COVID-19, MSC and exosome therapy may be a potential option. Clinical study of mesenchymal stem cell treating acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by epidemic influenza A (H7N9) infection, a hint for COVID-19 treatment. doi = 10.1186/s41232-020-00121-y id = cord-282026-839jc5wp author = Tsui, Ban C. H. title = Coronavirus Disease 2019: Epidemiological Factors During Aerosol-Generating Medical Procedures date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; environment summary = 3 During AGMPs, PPE (including N95 respirators, powered air purifying respirators [PAPRs], face shields, gowns, and gloves) remains the major environment-host IF protecting HCWs. For AGMPs, such as intubation, video laryngoscopy provides slightly more distance between the infected patient and the HCW when compared to direct laryngoscopy, but the HCW still remains at high exposure risk. In fact, the Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation (APSF) and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) recommend decontamination of the OR after care of COVID patients and "entry should be delayed until sufficient time has elapsed for enough air changes to remove aerosolized infectious particles." 3 Safety practices used by other occupations exposed to hazardous particulates provide a great resource for alternative agent-environment IFs for HCWs performing AGMPs. Local exhaust ventilation hoods near the contamination source provide effective control of dust and fumes generated in industries utilizing woodworking and soldering. doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000005063 id = cord-347870-lnwjr9be author = Tsui, Edmund title = Using Social Media to Disseminate Ophthalmic Information During the #COVID19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Using Social Media to Disseminate Ophthalmic Information During the #COVID19 Pandemic 1 As cases of COVID-19 spread worldwide, so did sharing of experiences and 31 research via social media in efforts to mitigate the disease spread and to increase awareness. 10 The use of online preprint servers to disseminate COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 related research 143 has increased significantly. Preprints have been shared widely on social media and subject to comments by the public and 152 research community. As the pandemic continues to evolve, social media will be an important avenue for physicians to 166 share experiences, collaborate on research, and initiate discussion on a global scale. Further 167 study into how social media platforms can be integrated into pandemic preparedness and 168 response will be critical. A social media 205 snapshot of gastroenterologists'' views during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.05.048 id = cord-215290-n1656hq0 author = Tu, Jingxuan title = Exploration and Discovery of the COVID-19 Literature through Semantic Visualization date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; relation; visualization summary = This involves (i) NLP to extract named entities, relations and knowledge graphs from the original data; (ii) indexing the output and creating representations for all relevant entities and relations that can be visualized in many different ways, e.g., as tag clouds, heat maps, graphs, etc.; (iii) applying parameter reduction operations to the extracted relations, creating"relation containers", or functional entities that can also be visualized using the same methods, allowing the visualization of multiple relations, partial pathways, and exploration across multiple dimensions. This involves (i) NLP to extract named entities, relations and knowledge graphs from the original data; (ii) indexing the output and creating representations for all relevant entities and relations that can be visualized in many different ways, e.g., such as tag clouds, heat maps, graphs, etc.; (iii) applying parameter reduction operation to the extracted relations, creating functional types that can also be visualized using the same methods, allowing the visualization of multiple relations, partial pathways, and exploration across multiple dimensions. doi = nan id = cord-265049-uwzmvlr4 author = Tuge Deressa, Chernet title = Modeling and Optimal Control Analysis of Transmission Dynamics of COVID-19: The Case of Ethiopia date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; Ethiopia; case summary = Optimal control analysis also showed that, combination of optimal preventive strategies such as public health education, personal protective measures and treatment of hospitalized cases are effective to significantly decrease the number of COVID-19 cases in different compartments of the model. Since the first case of COVID 19, various mathematicians around the world develop different mathematical models to understand the transmission dynamics of the virus, estimated the basic reproductive number and investigated effects of different intervention strategies via optimal control analysis. Optimal control analysis of the model with three control strategies namely: public health education, personal protective measures and treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 cases were investigated followed by numerical simulation. In this study, a mathematical model for transmission dynamics of COVID-19 for the case of Ethiopia is developed and its different properties including local stability analysis of the diseases free and endemic equilibrium points have been checked. doi = 10.1016/j.aej.2020.10.004 id = cord-284112-jobd5s4l author = Tulgar, Serkan title = Possible Old Drugs for Repositioning in COVID-19 Treatment: Combating Cytokine Storms from Haloperidol to Anti-interleukin Agents date = 2019-06-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Possible Old Drugs for Repositioning in COVID-19 Treatment: Combating Cytokine Storms from Haloperidol to Anti-interleukin Agents Until recently, haloperidol was the most commonly used agent in the prevention or treatment of delirium that developed in intensive care units (9, 10) . (11) reported that haloperidol decreased mortality of patients on mechanical ventilation and hypothesized that this was due to its effect on lowering cytokine levels and, therefore, aided in preventing a cytokine storm associated with severe disease. However, we recommend that haloperidol be considered as an option to treat patients who develop agitation during the treatment process or agitation/delirium during the intensive care treatment process and continue to be administered routinely until proven otherwise. In addition to clinical studies (NCT04330638) related to the use of anti-IL agents such as anakinra, siltuximab, and tocilizumab in combating cytokine storms, studies are also being conducted with old drugs (NCT04304313) such as sildenafil, used indirectly outside of their indications. doi = 10.5152/tjar.2020.662 id = cord-289498-6hf3axps author = Tull, Matthew T. title = The Prospective Influence of COVID-19 Affective Risk Assessments and Intolerance of Uncertainty on Later Dimensions of Health Anxiety date = 2020-08-12 keywords = Anxiety; COVID-19; Time; intolerance summary = This study examined the unique and interactive relations of COVID-19 affective risk assessments (worry about risk for contracting/dying from COVID-19) and intolerance of uncertainty to later health anxiety dimensions. The latter finding was qualified by a significant interaction, such that affective risk assessments were positively associated with anticipated negative consequences of having an illness only among participants with mean and low levels of intolerance of uncertainty. This study sought to examine the unique and interactive prospective relations of COVID-19 affective risk assessments (i.e., worry about risk for contracting or dying from and intolerance of uncertainty to health anxiety one month later. At high levels of intolerance of uncertainty, no significant association was found between COVID-19 affective risk assessments and health anxiety. Specifically, our findings demonstrate that COVID-19 affective risk assessments and intolerance of uncertainty are uniquely associated with various dimensions of health anxiety one month later. doi = 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102290 id = cord-321497-c7l88gjn author = Tull, Matthew T. title = Psychological Outcomes Associated with Stay-at-Home Orders and the Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Daily Life date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; home; stay summary = This study examined relations of both stay-at-home orders and the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life to psychological outcomes (depression, health anxiety, financial worry, social support, and loneliness) in a nationwide U.S. community adult sample (N = 500; 47% women, mean age = 40). To extend this research to the psychological impact of COVID-19 in the U.S., the present study examined associations of stay-at-home orders and the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life to relevant psychological outcomes (i.e., depression, health anxiety, financial worry, perceived social support, and loneliness). Descriptive statistics for the primary variables of interest (stay-athome order status, perceived impact of COVID-19, depression symptom severity, health anxiety, financial worry, loneliness, and social support) were computed, as were point-biserial and Pearson product-moment correlations to examine zero-order associations among variables. The goal of the present study was to examine associations of stay-athome orders and the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life to relevant psychological outcomes (i.e., depression, health anxiety, financial worry, perceived social support, and loneliness). doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113098 id = cord-343637-3g4tosjx author = Tumlinson, Anne title = Post‐Acute Care Preparedness in a COVID‐19 World date = 2020-05-21 keywords = acute; covid-19 summary = For example, SNFs take a high portion of post-acute discharges for rehabilitative care, and they also serve as the nursing home residence for a very frail population that lives in these facilities for long periods of time. Despite these flexibilities, the potential for COVID-19 infection of buildings and post-acute care workers (whose access to PPE is much lower than in hospital settings) continues to pose significant and growing public health threats that hamper the ability of post-acute providers to help address hospital capacity constraints. Given the ongoing risk of inundation at hospitals, with the concomitant demand to identify alternative settings of care for noninfectious patients displaced by COVID-19 patients, public health professionals should be considering how to ensure optimal use of post-acute care resources. Local public health leaders must also identify post-acute care options for COVID-19-positive patients. doi = 10.1111/jgs.16519 id = cord-334021-ex4z2b75 author = Tupper, P. title = COVID-19''s unfortunate events in schools: mitigating classroom clusters in the context of variable transmission date = 2020-10-22 keywords = covid-19; international; transmission summary = Early evidence indicated that schools were low risk and children were unlikely to be very infectious, but it is becoming clear that children and youth can acquire and transmit COVID-19 in school settings and that transmission clusters and outbreaks can be large. Total cluster size is the number of students who are ultimately infected in class (or in both classes in the high school), including the index case. This pattern continues; with a highly infectious index case in a higher-risk room (fourth row): in the baseline protocol in which the main intervention is that symptomatic individuals do not attend, cluster sizes range from 0 to over 20 students in a single classroom (median=4, sympt. We illustrate this by showing results on cluster size for a high school with pre-COVID structure: four 1.25 hour classes every day with largely different students in each. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.20.20216267 id = cord-265052-hfuvm1oh author = Turan, Çağrı title = Change of the diagnostic distribution in applicants to dermatology after COVID ‐19 pandemic: What it whispers to us? date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; application; patient summary = Before and after COVID-19, the diagnostic distribution of patients applied to the dermatology outpatient clinics for three periods consisting of 4-weeks was as in Table 2 . Apart from this, the diagnoses of those who applied to the outpatient clinic more than once during this period were as follows in order of frequency: anogenital warts (n = 19/56, 33.9%), verruca vulgaris (59/365, 16.2%), scabies (17/180, 9.4%), psoriasis (11/140,7 .9%), idiopathic generalized pruritus (17/315, 5.4%), urticaria/angioedema (20/394, 5.1%), atopic dermatitis (14/308, 4.5%), bacterial skin/mucosa diseases (10/268, 3.7%), superficial fungal skin/nail infections (15/503, 3.0%). After the COVID-19 pandemic, which rapidly affected the whole world, there were significant changes in the application to outpatient clinics due to reasons such as measures, call to "stay at home", and panic in the community. In our study, we found a significant increase in the frequency of diagnoses such as idiopathic generalized pruritus, pityriasis rosea, alopecia areata, bacterial skin/mucosa diseases, and zona zoster/post-zoster neuralgia after COVID-19. doi = 10.1111/dth.13804 id = cord-306760-05my504t author = Turner, Dan title = Corona Virus Disease 2019 and Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Global Experience and Provisional Guidance (March 2020) from the Paediatric IBD Porto Group of European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition date = 2020-03-31 keywords = COVID-19; IBD; Porto; SARS summary = METHODS: An electronic reporting system of children with IBD infected with SARS-CoV-2 has been circulated among 102 PIBD centres affiliated with the Porto and Interest-group of ESPGHAN. Standard IBD treatments including biologics should continue at present through the pandemic, especially in children who generally have more severe IBD course on one hand, and milder SARS-CoV-2 infection on the other. In light of the hyperinflammatory immune response seen in patients with COVID-19 it is highly relevant that blockade of IL-6R with tocilizumab resulted in clinical improvement associated with normalisation of fever, lymphocyte counts, and CRP in a retrospective group of 21 adults with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection (20) . Therefore, uninfected children should generally continue their medical treatment, including immunomodulators and biologic therapies, as the risk of a disease flare outweighs any estimated risk of SARS-CoV2 infection. doi = 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002729 id = cord-324356-v0bqi5c2 author = Turner, Tari title = The crucible of COVID-19: what the pandemic is teaching us about health research systems date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; research summary = Sadly, we are also seeing that the systems we have in place to translate the results of research into improvements in health practice and policy are not fit for purpose in a pandemic. However, in the light of COVID-19, it is very clear that the delays caused by standard workflows, which are both appropriately rigorous and inappropriately bureaucratic, are slowing the translation of new research evidence into practice, and that lives are being lost in those lost days, weeks and months. The real challenge will be converting these acute ''evidence hunger pangs'' into an ongoing appetite in our governments, health systems and others to fund and use research evidence to guide decision-making beyond the pandemic. This crucible of COVID-19 highlights the fundamental need to institutionalize the use of research evidence in policy decisions at a time of crisis, and beyond. doi = 10.1186/s12961-020-00573-1 id = cord-274824-kaefedl1 author = Turski, Waldemar A. title = AhR and IDO1 in pathogenesis of Covid-19 and the “Systemic AhR Activation Syndrome:” a translational review and therapeutic perspectives date = 2020-09-24 keywords = IDO1; SARS; ahr; covid-19; infection summary = as pro viral factor TiPARP, and to the modulation of cytokine gene expression, specifically, interleukin 1␤ (IL-1␤), IL-10, and TNF-␣ ( Fig. 1) , which is consistent with the role for AhR activation in the host response to CoV infection Grunewald, Shaban, Mackin, Fehr, & Perlman, 2020; Neavin, Liu, Ray, & Weinshilboum, 2018) . Since CoV persistently activate AhRs, this may lead to up-regulation of multiple sets of downstream effectors resulting in different pathologies (Fig. 2) depending on time after infection, individuals overall state of health, comorbidities, and environmental factors affecting AhRs. We believe it is therefore appropriate to describe this disease as a systemic AhR activation syndrome (SAAS), which can manifest in an acute (current pandemic), and perhaps later, in a chronic form, in survivors. doi = 10.3233/rnn-201042 id = cord-255364-slvcfj80 author = Tuty Kuswardhani, R.A. title = Charlson comorbidity index and a composite of poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-10-28 keywords = CCI; COVID-19; score summary = title: Charlson comorbidity index and a composite of poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of CCI score and a composite of poor outcomes through several databases. Thus, to delineate better the advantage of using CCI for risk stratifications in COVID-19 patients, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between CCI and a composite of poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that higher CCI was associated with increased mortality and disease severity in patients with COVID-19. Charlson Comorbidity Index Score and Risk of Severe Outcome and Death in Danish COVID-19 Patients The use of renin angiotensin system inhibitor on mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.10.022 id = cord-280068-rszu1c48 author = Twomey, Julianne D. title = COVID-19 update: The race to therapeutic development date = 2020-10-24 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = We highlight two major lines of therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 treatment: 1) repurposing the existing drugs for use in COVID-19 patients, such as antiviral medications (e.g., remdesivir) and immunomodulators (e.g., dexamethasone) which were previously approved for other disease conditions, and 2) novel biological products that are designed to target specific molecules that are involved in SARS-COV-2 viral entry, including neutralizing antibodies against the spike protein of SARS-COV-2, such as REGN-COV2 (an antibody cocktail) and LY-COV555, as well as recombinant human soluble ACE2 protein to counteract SARS-COV-2 binding to the transmembrane ACE2 receptor in target cells. The current review highlights the potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of COVID-19, including small molecule drugs and therapeutic proteins to target the SARS-CoV-2 viral entry, viral amplification or the host immune responses. doi = 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100733 id = cord-354180-6esn3t2b author = Tyndall, Mark title = Safer opioid distribution in response to the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; drug; opioid; overdose summary = The arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic comes at time when North America is in the midst of a protracted overdose epidemic caused by a toxic illegal drug supply. Overdose deaths are likely to rise when people are isolated, social support programs are cut back, and the illicit drug supply is further compromised. Safer opioid distribution in response to a toxic street drug supply is a pragmatic and effective way to reduce overdose deaths. Even if emergency housing can be found and mitigation strategies to reduce COVID-19 transmission are put in place, the need to access an illegal drug supply makes staying in place extremely unlikely (Bodkin et al., 2020) . A waning tolerance to opioids means that the first exposure to street drugs can be deadly and it is critical that proper discharge planning and supports are in place (Bukten et al.,2017) Many people who use drugs rely on public services for medical care, harm reduction supplies, street outreach, and food distribution. doi = 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102880 id = cord-267996-5l9shks8 author = Tysiąc-Miśta, Monika title = The Attitudes and Professional Approaches of Dental Practitioners during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Survey date = 2020-06-30 keywords = PDA; PPE; covid-19; dentist summary = variables, such as a lack of access to adequate, enhanced PPE; individuals'' COVID-19 contraction risk assessments; self-reported feelings of anxiety regarding the disease; gender; the acknowledgement of national guidance on how to treat patients during the recent health care crisis; and other factors such as age, years of clinical experience, marital status, having children, place of residence, risk group for coronavirus infection due to comorbidities and, finally, dentists'' acknowledgement of the professional recommendations launched by the PDA and PMH. We also investigated factors such as age, years of clinical practice (Table 5) , marital status, having children, place of residence, belonging to the risk group for coronavirus infection due to comorbidities, and dentists'' opinions on the lasting impact of COVID-19 on dental procedures (Table 6 ) in relation to the decision to continue dental practice or not. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17134703 id = cord-290771-18dj37dj author = Tzeng, Ching-Wei D. title = Cancer Surgery Scheduling During and After the COVID-19 First Wave: The MD Anderson Cancer Center Experience date = 2020-05-18 keywords = April; cancer; covid-19; patient; surgery summary = CONCLUSIONS: Cancer surgeons should continue to use their oncologic knowledge to determine the window of opportunity for each surgical procedure, based on tumor biology, preoperative treatment sequencing, and response to systemic therapy, to safely guide patients through this cautious recovery phase. Total surgical case volume by week during early COVID-19 response, in which MD Anderson Cancer Center implemented goals to create a ''''moat'''' around hospitalized patients, to reduce workforce and visitor traffic, and to limit ''''elective'''' cases. Because the Department of Surgical Oncology and MD Anderson Cancer Center have traditionally favored neoadjuvant therapy for many solid tumors, we strategically initiated or continued this treatment sequencing when possible to postpone surgery to beyond the late April peak of COVID-19 incidence in the Houston area. doi = 10.1097/sla.0000000000004092 id = cord-338436-0z828org author = Tzou, Philip L. title = Coronavirus Antiviral Research Database (CoV-RDB): An Online Database Designed to Facilitate Comparisons between Candidate Anti-Coronavirus Compounds date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; MERS; SARS; cell; compound summary = Results: As of August 2020, the Coronavirus Antiviral Research Database (CoV-RDB; covdb.stanford.edu) contained over 2800 cell culture, entry assay, and biochemical experiments, 259 animal model studies, and 73 clinical studies from over 400 published papers. Figure 4 displays EC 50 values for many of the directly acting antiviral compounds currently in clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19 including six polymerase inhibitors (remdesivir, EIDD-2801, favipiravir, ribavirin, galidesivir, and sofosbuvir), three HIV-1 protease inhibitors (lopinavir, atazanavir, and darunavir), and three entry inhibitors (receptor binding monoclonal antibodies, soluble recombinant human ACE2, and umifenovir). Viruses 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 22 Table 4 describes a set of the most promising compounds for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 based on the following criteria: (i) act by a validated direct or indirect antiviral mechanism, (ii) display submicromolar activity in vitro and/or inhibitory activity in an animal model, and (iii) have a record of safety and favorable pharmacokinetics in human subjects. doi = 10.3390/v12091006 id = cord-264642-veqyvtn4 author = Tzu-Hsuan Chen, Daniel title = The psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in smoking behavior: Evidence from a nationwide survey in the UK date = 2020-10-23 keywords = COVID-19; smoking summary = Thus, this study aims to provide epidemiological evidence of the changes in smoking behavior among British smokers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and assess the impact of psychosocial factors on these behaviors. Pearson''s χ(2) test revealed significant differences between different smoking behavior groups in their concerns about mental health (p<0.001), anxiety (p<0.001) and stress (p<0.001), state of low mood (p=0.012), in the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) score (p=0.018) and ranking on the Cantril Ladder scale (p<0.001). During this unprecedented crisis, recent studies have highlighted the psychological and behavioral effects of COVID-19, including widespread mental disorders such as anxiety or depression 2 , and changes in tobacco use patterns 3 . In this context, this study aims to provide epidemiological evidence of the changes in smoking behavior among British smokers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and, more importantly, understand how demographic and psychosocial factors impact these behaviors. doi = 10.18332/tpc/126976 id = cord-264264-7j3xirfg author = TüRsen, Ümit title = CORONAVIRUS‐DAYS IN DERMATOLOGY date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19; soap; virus summary = Soap works better than alcohol and disinfectants at destroying the structure of viruses. Soap dissolves the fat membrane, and the virus falls apart like a house of cards and "dies," or rather, it becomes inactive as viruses aren''t really alive. Apart from alcohol and soap, antibacterial agents in those products don''t affect the virus structure much. However, it was observed that washing hands with soap is better than using alcohol-based disinfectants in removing the noroviruses, rhinovirus and H1N1 influenza virus from hands (Tuladhar 2015, Kopra 2012, Grayson 2009 ). Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial Efficacy of soap and water and alcohol-based hand-rub preparations against live H1N1 influenza virus on the hands of human volunteers Single treatment with ethanol hand rub is ineffective against human rhinovirus--hand washing with soap and water removes the virus efficiently doi = 10.1111/dth.13421 id = cord-305632-xbji6g5x author = Uccelli, Matteo title = COVID-19 and Obesity: Is Bariatric Surgery Protective? Retrospective Analysis on 2145 Patients Undergone Bariatric-Metabolic Surgery from High Volume Center in Italy (Lombardy) date = 2020-10-31 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; SARS summary = There are also emerging data indicating that obesity is an independent predictor of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and death [6, 11, 12] , and in a recent report from a large cohort of COVID-19 patients in New York, obesity was found to be one of the most common associated comorbidities in hospitalized patients [13, 14] . We therefore analyzed a significant number of patients to evaluate the spread and the effects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in a population of patients who had undergone bariatric surgery. Therefore, our data are encouraging, considering that these patients were obese: bariatric surgery and the consequent weight loss seem to significantly lower the risk of serious consequences due to COVID infection. Bariatric surgery, therefore, can be considered a protective factor with respect to the onset of severe respiratory disease resulting from infection with SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1007/s11695-020-05085-z id = cord-331243-0u65qguq author = Ucciferri, Claudio title = Role of monoclonal antibody drugs in the treatment of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Evidence suggests that elevated cytokine levels, reflecting a hyperinflammatory response secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection, are responsible for multi-organ damage in patients with COVID-19. These studies suggest that tocilizumab may be a candidate to improve the outcome of patients with severe COVID-19 infections. Recent data on anakinra showed that, in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 and Acute respiratory distress syndrome managed with non-invasive mechanical ventilation, treatment with highdose anakinra was safe and associated with clinical improvement [16, 17] . Currently available data on SARS-CoV-2 infection show that the extent of the inflammatory response correlates with disease progression and subsequent organ damage. Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: A single center study of 100 patients in Interleukin-1 blockade with high-dose anakinra in patients with COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hyperinflammation: a retrospective cohort study doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i19.4280 id = cord-330346-9zi5culm author = Uddin Chowdhury, Md Reaz title = COVID-19 presented with syndrome of inappropriate ADH SECRETION(SIADH):a case report from Bangladesh date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COVID-19; SIADH summary = title: COVID-19 presented with syndrome of inappropriate ADH SECRETION(SIADH):a case report from Bangladesh CASE REPORT: The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of anti diuretic hormone (SIADH) is one of the most common causes of hyponatremia accounts for approximately one-third of all cases.In the diagnosis of SIADH it is important to ascertain the euvolemic state of extra cellular fluid volume, both clinically and laboratory measurement. Howover, Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) associated with SIADH were only few cases reported.We are presenting a case of 70 year old female admitted with unconsciousness later diagnosed as severe hyponatremia along with COVID-19 complicated with severe pneumonia. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),transmitted often from human to human by droplet and contact routes [5] .The disease usually manifests as upper or lower respiratory system illness in majority of clinical presentation [6] .We describe a case of 70 year aged woman with SIADH associated COVID-19 with severe pneumonia. doi = 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101290 id = cord-269283-jm18lj5t author = Uddin, Md Bashir title = Ancestral origin, antigenic resemblance and epidemiological insights of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): Global burden and Bangladesh perspective date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS summary = Bioinformatics analysis, satellite derived imaging data and epidemiological attributes were employed to investigate origin, immunogenic resemblance and global threat of newly pandemic SARS-CoV-2 including Bangladesh perspective. The study also prioritized the temperature comparison through satellite imaging alongside compiling and analyzing the epidemiological outbreak information on the 2019 novel coronavirus based on several open datasets on COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) and discussed possible threats to Bangladesh. As the outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19 [SARS-CoV-2]) is expanding rapidly, analysis of epidemiological data of COVID-19 is necessary to explore the measures of burden associated with the disease and to simultaneously gather information on determinants and interventions. Moreover, the conservancy study of immunogenic peptides predicted from the SARS-CoV-2 proteins was also compared against other human coronavirus strains (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63, HKU1 and MERS-CoV). Cross-checked conservancy analysis of COVID-19 antigenic epitopes with SARS-CoV proteins showed that conservancy when crosschecked with other coronaviruses, including BufCoV-HKU26 of Bangladesh origin, was not significant ( Table 3) . doi = 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104440 id = cord-268952-3j43p9j3 author = Ueda Oshima, Masumi title = Blood and marrow transplantation during the emerging COVID-19 pandemic: the Seattle approach date = 2020-09-26 keywords = BMT; covid-19; patient; transplant summary = Situated in the initial epicenter of the pandemic, the Blood and Marrow Transplant (BMT) Program at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (Fred Hutch)/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (SCCA) was at the forefront of delivering care to transplant patients during the surge of this public health crisis. In early March 2020 when community transmissions resulted in a steep increase of COVID-19 cases in Washington state, the individual risk for hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) patients who acquired the infection was unknown. In early March 2020, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the UW predicted that the COVID-19-driven demand for healthcare resources including acute and intensive care hospital beds and ventilators might exceed the available supply in Washington state and particularly in our region [6] . Once a COVID-19 vaccine is available, vaccination approaches for the posttransplant period in immunosuppressed patients, vaccination of caregivers, family, and clinical staff, and even assessing potential benefits of vaccinating donors prior to stem cell donation will have to be determined. doi = 10.1038/s41409-020-01068-x id = cord-348327-rgikd4g8 author = Ueyama, Hiroki title = Gender Difference Is Associated With Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection: An Insight From a Meta-Analysis date = 2020-06-19 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19 summary = STUDY SELECTION: Studies were included in our meta-analysis if it was published in peer-reviewed journals and recorded patient characteristics of severe versus nonsevere or survivor versus nonsurvivor in coronavirus disease 2019 infection. The following search terms were applied to include all relevant studies documenting gender information on COVID-19 infection and its association with outcomes: "coronavirus 2019 or 2019-nCoV or sars cov 2 or COVID-19 or COVID; sex or gender or male or female or clinical characteristic or clinical features of clinical course or risk factor. Studies were included in our meta-analysis when it was: 1) published in peer-reviewed journals and 2) study that recorded patient characteristics of severe versus nonsevere or survivor versus nonsurvivor in COVID-19 infection. The salient findings of this meta-analysis are that males were more likely to develop severe COVID-19 infections compared with females, while there was no significant difference in mortality between gender. doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000148 id = cord-035026-2qcsfd87 author = Ugwueze, Chidiebere V. title = COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus: The Link and Clinical Implications date = 2020-10-23 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; DPP4; SARS; patient summary = The effect of glucocorticoids and catecholamines, invasion of the pancreatic islet cells, drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19, and the lockdown policy may impact negatively on glycemic control of diabetic patients. [40] showed that the clinical outcomes in COVID-19-positive patients with coexisting diabetes and hypertension who use ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker were comparable to those not using the drugs. A clinical trial (NCT04318418) was designed to determine the effect of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers on the severity of COVID-19 infection [41] . Some authors have considered the rapidity of worsening glycemic control in stable diabetic patients with CO-VID-19 requiring the use of high insulin dose and suggested the possibility of pancreatic invasion by the SARS-CoV-2 [57, 58] . Once the entry of the virus is established, there is a downregulation of ACE2 receptor and a corresponding Ugwueze/Ezeokpo/Nnolim/Agim/ Anikpo/Onyekachi Dubai Diabetes Endocrinol J 6 DOI: 10.1159/000511354 activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which is responsible for the cardiac and pulmonary complications of COVID-19 infection [75] . doi = 10.1159/000511354 id = cord-288264-xs08g2cy author = Ulahannan, Jijo Pulickiyil title = A citizen science initiative for open data and visualization of COVID-19 outbreak in Kerala, India date = 2020-08-06 keywords = Kerala; covid-19; datum summary = MATERIALS AND METHODS: Through a citizen science initiative, we leveraged publicly available and crowd-verified data on COVID-19 outbreak in Kerala from the government bulletins and media outlets to generate reusable datasets. RESULTS: From the sourced data, we provided real-time analysis, and daily updates of COVID-19 cases in Kerala, through a user-friendly bilingual dashboard (https://covid19kerala.info/) for non-specialists. CONCLUSION: We reported a citizen science initiative on the COVID-19 outbreak in Kerala to collect and deposit data in a structured format, which was utilized for visualizing the outbreak trend and describing demographic characteristics of affected individuals. Here, we report a citizen science initiative to leverage publicly available data on COVID-19 cases in Kerala from the daily bulletins released by the DHS, Government of Kerala, and various news outlets. The multi-sourced data was refined to make a structured live dataset to provide real-time analysis and daily updates of COVID-19 cases in Kerala through a bilingual (English and Malayalam) user-friendly dashboard (https://covid19kerala.info/). doi = 10.1093/jamia/ocaa203 id = cord-350655-04dq9b4r author = Ulas, T. title = Disease severity-specific neutrophil signatures in blood transcriptomes stratify COVID-19 patients date = 2020-07-08 keywords = July; covid-19; international summary = Based on previous experience with other infectious diseases (20-26), we hypothesized that whole blood 95 transcriptomes should allow us to 1) determine immune cellular characteristics and functions in COVID-19 96 patients, 2) reveal heterogeneous molecular phenotypes of patients with similar clinical presentation, 3) 97 define commonalities and differences of COVID-19 in comparison to other inflammatory conditions and 4) 98 predict potential drug repurposing that might counteract observed immune dysregulations. However, comparison of this clinical parameter-173 based grouping of the COVID-19 patients did not match the transcriptional variability observed in the data 174 either (Fig. 1I) , arguing that additional molecular parameters must exist that better define the blood 175 transcriptome structure and thereby more accurately dissect heterogeneity of the clinical manifestation of 176 177 178 Co-expression analysis discloses COVID-19 subgroups with distinct molecular signatures 179 Classical approaches to analyze the transcriptome data by using differential gene expression analysis 180 based on sample groups defined by a selection of clinical parameters precluded dissection of the 181 heterogeneity of the host immune response towards SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is evident in the high-182 parameter space of the transcriptome (Fig. 1) . doi = 10.1101/2020.07.07.20148395 id = cord-290952-tbsccwgx author = Ullah, Saif title = Modeling the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the dynamics of novel coronavirus with optimal control analysis with a case study date = 2020-07-03 keywords = Pakistan; covid-19; model summary = In this paper, we develop a mathematical model to explore the transmission dynamics and possible control of the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan, one of the Asian countries with a high burden of disease with more than 100,000 confirmed infected cases so far. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model to explore the transmission dynamics and possible control of the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan, one of the Asian countries with a high burden of disease with more than 100,000 confirmed infected cases so far. The effect of low (or mild), moderate, and comparatively strict control interventions like social-distancing, quarantine rate, (or contact-tracing of suspected people) and hospitalization (or self-isolation) of testing positive COVID-19 cases are shown graphically. The effect of low (or mild), moderate, and comparatively strict control interventions like social-distancing, quarantine rate, (or contact-tracing of suspected people) and hospitalization (or self-isolation) of testing positive COVID-19 cases are shown graphically. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110075 id = cord-268247-psrijhg2 author = Ullah, Waqas title = As the COVID-19 pandemic drags on, where have all the STEMIs gone? date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19; STEMI summary = Despite the high rate of cardiovascular complications, contemporary reports show that COVID-19 concerns have prompted patients to delay seeking emergent care, reducing the number of STEMI cases. [5, 6] Reluctance to visit a hospital due to fear of morbidity related to COVID-19 only adds to time delays in managing STEMI due to increased precautionary measures and accessory testing in the ED, delayed triaging, short staffing and slow activation of cardiac catheterization labs, putting patients at risk of worse clinical outcomes. Early recommendations from the Wuhan experience included intravenous thrombolysis as first-line therapy for STEMI patients with confirmed COVID-19 given that most hospitals do not have protected cardiac catheterization labs and coronary care units for respiratory borne illnesses. Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak on ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Care in Hong Kong, China. Reduction in ST-Segment Elevation Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Activations in the United States during COVID-19 Pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100550 id = cord-286293-f5qg7vcz author = Ullah, Waqas title = COVID-19 complicated by Acute Pulmonary Embolism and Right-Sided Heart Failure date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Since the end of December 2019, when the first cases of novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) were detected in Wuhan, China, the disease has spread exponentially. [2] In up to 15% of patients, the natural course of the disease is complicated by severe interstitial pneumonia, which can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure including acute kidney injury, disseminated intravascular coagulation and death. [2] To our knowledge, there have been no reported cases of COVID-19 complicated by massive pulmonary embolism and right-sided heart failure. [4] A higher risk of vessel thrombosis has been correlated with the severity of the disease and multiorgan involvement, leading support to the argument of therapeutic anticoagulation of COVID-19 patients with elevated d-dimer levels. In the present case, the patient had elevated CRP and d-dimer levels with no other risk factor for pulmonary embolism, indicating COVID-19 related hypercoagulable state as possible etiology for thrombosis in the pulmonary vasculature. doi = 10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.04.008 id = cord-289091-djv4syy4 author = Ullah, Waqas title = Safety and Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ summary = There was no significant difference between the disease progression between the two groups (OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 0.26 -16.40, P = 0.50), while, HCQ was found to be associated with significantly higher odds of all-cause mortality (OR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.58 -3.13, P value < 0.00001) compared to patients in the control group. Subgroup sensitivity analysis based on the type of medications used in combination with HCQ in the experimental group mirrored the overall findings of all efficacy endpoints except that mechanical ventilation was lower in the study by Carlucci et al [14] , and control agent was favored in the study by Gautret et al [5] in terms of virological seroconversion. Our meta-analysis of 14 studies comprising 3,816 patients showed no significant difference in the efficacy of HCQ compared to the control arm, while the overall NAEs were five times higher in in the former group [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . doi = 10.14740/jocmr4233 id = cord-295720-eeqv5xa4 author = Umeizudike, Kehinde Adesola title = Nigerian undergraduate dental students’ knowledge, perception, and attitude to COVID‐19 and infection control practices date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; Nigeria; dental summary = Our objectives were to assess the knowledge, perception, and attitude of undergraduate dental students in Nigeria to the COVID‐19 pandemic and infection control practices. [14] [15] [16] The COVID-19 pandemic presents with a new range of challenges for undergraduate dental training, not only in Nigeria, but worldwide which include infection control practices in the clinic. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the knowledge, perception and attitude to the COVID-19 pandemic and infection control practices among undergraduate clinical dental students in Nigeria. This study sought to provide an overview of dental students'' knowledge of COVID-19 and attitude to infection control during this pandemic, which could serve as guidelines in preparation for school resumption and clinical training of the students. Notwithstanding, this study has provided a national perspective on the knowledge and attitudes/perceptions of undergraduate clinical dental students towards the COVID-19 pandemic and infection control practices in Nigeria. Nigerian undergraduate dental students'' knowledge, perception, and attitude to COVID-19 and infection control practices doi = 10.1002/jdd.12423 id = cord-284301-fg3hk94b author = Umemura, Yutaka title = Hematological Phenotype of COVID-19-Induced Coagulopathy: Far from Typical Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy date = 2020-09-05 keywords = DIC; covid-19; group summary = Methods: To elucidate the specific pattern of coagulopathy induced by COVID-19 pneumonia, this retrospective, observational study targeted consecutive adult patients with COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and compared hemostatic biomarkers with non-COVID-19-induced septic ARDS. The aim of this study was to reveal the specific pattern of coagulopathy induced by severe COVID-19 pneumonia by comparing the hemostatic parameters chronologically with those in patients with ARDS induced by non-COVID-19 pneumonia. We also performed multilevel mixed-effects regression analysis to evaluate the time series differences during the first seven days in other organ dysfunction parameters, including P/F ratio, serum creatinine level, serum bilirubin level, Glasgow Coma Scale, and SOFA subscore for the cardiovascular component between the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups. Second, we enrolled patients with different pathophysiology (bacterial ARDS) as the control group for the study purpose of evaluating the specific phenotype of severe COVID-19-induced coagulopathy by comparing it to other types of sepsis. doi = 10.3390/jcm9092875 id = cord-278701-ub9j2f9i author = Umer, Fahad title = Dental services during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A tertiary care hospital experience date = 2020-08-20 keywords = care; covid-19 summary = The Aga Khan University is the largest tertiary care hospital in the biggest metropolis of Pakistan, in this paper six weeks of experience during the COVID‐19 pandemic is shared, we will discuss the measures that were taken to mitigate the spread of COVID‐19 amongst dental health care providers (DHCPS) and provide a neoteric workflow for the provision of safe dental care as dental services move towards normalcy. 4 During the 6 weeks which followed, the dental clinic at our hospital provided dental services to over 500 patients © 2020 Special Care Dentistry Association and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and performed more than 100 aerosol and nonaerosol generating procedures. Finally, a hotline for patients has been set up for them to call and inform the clinic if they develop any symptoms or get tested for COVID-19 following the days postdental treatment so that appropriate contact tracing measures can be undertaken. doi = 10.1111/scd.12510 id = cord-117800-jzokod4q author = Umer, Hamza title = Evaluating the Effectiveness of Regional Lockdown Policies in the Containment of Covid-19: Evidence from Pakistan date = 2020-06-04 keywords = Pakistan; covid-19; lockdown summary = To slow down the spread of Covid-19, administrative regions within Pakistan imposed complete and partial lockdown restrictions on socio-economic activities, religious congregations, and human movement. After conducting econometric analyses (Regression Discontinuity and Negative Binomial Regressions) on official data from the National Institute of Health (NIH) Pakistan, we find that the strategies did not lead to a similar level of Covid-19 caseload (positive cases and deaths) in all regions. In terms of reduction in the overall caseload (positive cases and deaths), compared to no lockdown, complete and partial lockdown appeared to be effective in four regions: Balochistan, Gilgit Baltistan (GT), Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). On the other hand, complete and partial lockdowns have been Umer & Khan 4 very effective in the containment of the virus in the province of Balochistan and the three administrative territories/regions of Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). doi = nan id = cord-032552-rjuug7er author = Umviligihozo, Gisele title = Sub-Saharan Africa preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic: A perspective of early career African scientists date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; SSA; african summary = As a group of early career scientists and the next generation of African scientific leaders with experience of working in medical and diverse health research fields in both SSA and resource-rich countries, we present a unique perspective on the current public health interventions to fight COVID-19 in Africa. As a group of early career scientists and the next generation of African scientific leaders with experience of working in medical and diverse health research fields in both SSA and resource-rich countries, we present a unique perspective on the current public health interventions to fight COVID-19 in Africa. We documented public health interventions implemented in seven SSA countries including Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Cameroon, Zambia, South Africa and Botswana, the existing gaps and the important components of disease control that may strengthen SSA response to future outbreaks. We documented public health interventions implemented in seven SSA countries including Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Cameroon, Zambia, South Africa and Botswana, the existing gaps and the important components of disease control that may strengthen SSA response to future outbreaks. doi = 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16070.1 id = cord-253312-bf35afpj author = Unal, Gokhan title = Immunopharmacological management of COVID-19: Potential therapeutic role of valproic acid date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Regarding the given immunomodulatory effects of valproic acid, it has been suggested that the drug might provide benefits for ARDS due to the exaggerated immune response related to COVID-19. Most of the clinicians have thought that specific antiviral treatment against COVID-19 is the best choice to struggle with the current outbreak, however, unfortunately, preclinical and clinical research takes a long time to identify effective and safe novel antiviral therapeutical candidates. This study consolidates the findings showing the antiviral activity of valproic acid and gives hope for its potential usage in the COVID-19 pandemic. In the current situation, in our opinion, it would be feasible to examine the potential usage of valproic acid, a drug that we have been using, and well known in the clinical practice for more than 60 years, against COVID-19 pandemic and related ARDS. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109891 id = cord-243982-qhrlvmap author = Unberath, Mathias title = Artificial Intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support for COVID-19 -- Where Art Thou? date = 2020-06-05 keywords = CDS; COVID-19 summary = In this perspective piece, we identify opportunities and requirements for AI-based clinical decision support systems and highlight challenges that impact"AI readiness"for rapidly emergent healthcare challenges. Learning-based algorithms had been shown to accurately forecast the onset of septic shock [1] , ML-based pattern recognition methods classified skin lesions with dermatologist level accuracy [2] , diagnostic AI systems successfully identified diabetic retinopathy during routine primary care visits [3] , AI-based breast cancer screening outperformed radiologists by a fairly large margin [4] , ML-driven triaging tools improved outcome differentiation beyond the emergency severity index [5] , AI-enabled assistance systems simplified interventional workflows [6] , and algorithm-driven organizational studies enabled redesign of infusion centers [7] . In addition to capturing data, it is equally important to understand the clinical use case -effective development and deployment of any CDS, including that driven by AI, requires a deep understanding of both the problems of focus and the environment in which it is encountered. doi = nan id = cord-345628-a4c46m2w author = Unudurthi, Sathya D. title = Cardiac inflammation in COVID-19: Lessons from heart failure date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cell; patient summary = Autopsies of COVID-19 patients reveal an infiltration of inflammatory mononuclear cells in the myocardium, confirming the role of the immune system in mediating cardiovascular damage in response to COVID-19 infection and also suggesting potential causal mechanisms for the development of new cardiac pathologies and/or exacerbation of underlying CVDs in infected patients. Myocyte damage and lymphocytic myocarditis have also been independently confirmed by recent autopsies carried out on multiple COVID-19 patients from Seattle and Germany (Bradley et al., 2020; Wichmann et al., 2020) Recently, SARS-CoV-2 viral particles have been identified in cardiac macrophages, suggesting that these cells can be directly infected by the virus, potentially transmitting the disease systemically to multiple tissues (Tavazzi et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118482 id = cord-348051-o1hxoasp author = Upadhyaya, Gaurav K. title = Challenges and strategies in management of osteoporosis and fragility fracture care during COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-02 keywords = covid-19; fracture; osteoporosis; patient summary = AIMS: We assess the challenges and strategies used in the management of osteoporosis and fragility fracture care during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Osteoporosis and fragility fractures management has been hampered by lock down and infection transmission strategies used to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: Osteoporosis and fragility fractures in elderly individuals pose a real challenge for an appropriate diagnosis and management, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hip and spine fractures in the elderly are associated with increased mortality, reduction in quality of life, and functional limitations along with substantial economic burden to the health sector which further compromises the COVID -19 related treatment [5] .Therapeutic interventions that mitigate fragility fracture in era of COVID-19 are, therefore, essential for reducing the consequences in the future. As recommended by the BGS guidelines, a multidisciplinary approach still remains the key in management of these fragility hip fracture patients during the COVID-19 pandemic [18] . doi = 10.1016/j.jor.2020.06.001 id = cord-351101-l8b2cv4z author = Uppuluri, Ellen M title = Development of pulmonary embolism in a nonhospitalized patient with COVID-19 who did not receive venous thromboembolism prophylaxis date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; VTE summary = SUMMARY: Here we report development of a pulmonary embolism (PE) in a young patient without other VTE risk factors who was treated for COVID-19 in an emergency department (ED) and discharged home without VTE prophylaxis, which was consistent with current recommendations. 2, [5] [6] [7] In this article we report a case of pulmonary embolism (PE) in an ambulatory patient that developed 2 weeks after discharge from an emergency department (ED) following diagnosis of COVID-19 and treatment without DVT prophylaxis. Results were normal except for a slightly low serum sodium concentration (133 mEq/L), chloride Development of pulmonary embolism in a nonhospitalized patient with COVID-19 who did not receive venous thromboembolism prophylaxis concentration (96 mmol/L), and absolute lymphocyte count (12,000/µL). [15] [16] [17] The results from these studies do not support the routine use of extended postdischarge thromboprophylaxis, and current guidelines do not recommend extended-duration outpatient VTE prophylaxis in acutely ill hospitalized medical patients, critically ill medical patients, or medical outpatients with minor risk factors for VTE, such as infection. doi = 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa286 id = cord-255899-ehcod7c4 author = Urano, Akira title = Short-Term Corticosteroid Therapy for Early Exacerbation of COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Case Report date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; corticosteroid summary = title: Short-Term Corticosteroid Therapy for Early Exacerbation of COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Case Report A Chinese study reported that the mortality rate of COVID-19 is 2.3% in China, which is not as high as that of SARS or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS); however, the elderly and patients with underlying comorbidities are at a higher risk of the disease and its related mortality [3] . Here, we present the case of a patient with COVID-19 whose condition improved with short-term systemic corticosteroid treatment early after exacerbation of pneumonia. This study reports the case of a COVID-19 patient with improved overall conditions after short-term systemic corticosteroid treatment early after the exacerbation of pneumonia. In the present case, SpO 2 and radiographic findings improved the day after systemic corticosteroid treatment was initiated, with no exacerbation of respiratory status or pneumonia, after discontinuation of corticosteroid treatment. The Author''s Response: Case of the index patient who caused tertiary transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 in Korea: The application of lopinavir/ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia monitored by Quantitative RT-PCR doi = 10.12659/ajcr.924476 id = cord-300338-duhyb754 author = Urashima, Mitsuyoshi title = BCG Vaccination and Mortality of COVID-19 across 173 Countries: An Ecological Study date = 2020-08-03 keywords = BCG; covid-19; pcr summary = We therefore aimed to explore whether recent BCG vaccine coverage is associated with COVID-19 morbidity and/or mortality rates, using linear regression models to explore associations between the two continuous random variables adjusted for a variety of potential confounders, such as median age and body mass index (BMI) in individual countries through this ecological study. As a result, ''≥60 years of age'' (p < 0.001) and ''BCG vaccine coverage'' (p = 0.002) remained significant factors associated with COVID-19 mortality, even after adjustment for morbidity and PCR-tests. As a result, ''≥60 years of age'' (p < 0.001) and ''BCG vaccine coverage'' (p = 0.002) remained significant factors associated with COVID-19 mortality, even after adjustment for morbidity and PCR-tests. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17155589 id = cord-340323-xz6v95yy author = Urbach, Horst title = Notfällige Neurointerventionen, Covid-19 und Thorax-CT: SOP und Literaturübersicht date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Bei Schlaganfall-und anderen Notfallpatienten kann das Ergebnis einer RT-PCR zum Nachweis von SARS-CoV-2, dem Erreger der COVID-19, aus einem Abstrich in der Mehrzahl der Fälle nicht abgewartet werden. Ein solcher Patient wird also wie ein COVID-19-Verdacht betrachtet, auch wenn die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass er mit SARS-CoV-2 infiziert ist, eher gering erscheint. Das wünschenswerte Szenario ist nun, dass der Patient die Bereiche Computertomographie (CT), Angiographie und Intensivstation wie ein COVID-19-Patient durchläuft sowie Isolierung und Verdacht nach negativem RT-PCR-Ergebnis aufgehoben werden [1] [2] [3] . V. eine Umfrage darüber gestartet, welche diagnostischen und Schutzmaßnahmen in den einzelnen Kliniken bei Patienten mit möglicher SARS-CoV-2-Infektion getroffen werden. Das unterschiedliche Vorgehen neuroradiologischer Abteilungen in Deutschland spiegelt die Unsicherheit im Umgang mit Schlaganfallpatienten und möglicher "coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19) wider. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 doi = 10.1007/s00062-020-00911-4 id = cord-316543-1tb2tkis author = Urooj, Uzma title = Expectations, Fears and Perceptions of doctors during Covid-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-17 keywords = Health; covid-19; doctor summary = OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore the expectations and fears faced by doctors during Covid-19 Pandemic. A questionnaire exploring expectations of doctors from administration and seniors as well as their fears while working during pandemic, was developed on Google survey Forms. This study was conducted to assess the perceptions, expectations and fears of doctors during the Covid-19 pandemic and identify the areas which need to be addressed. 16 Our health care workers expected seniors and peers to be more empathetic, cooperative, not to panic, show team work, role modelling and support. Another cross-sectional, survey-based study collected demographic data and mental health measurements from 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals from January 29, 2020, to February 3, 2020, in China. Impact on Mental Health and Perceptions of Psychological Care among Medical and Nursing Staff in Wuhan during the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease Outbreak: A cross-sectional study doi = 10.12669/pjms.36.covid19-s4.2643 id = cord-351492-8jv7ip67 author = Urwin, S. G. title = FebriDx point-of-care test in patients with suspected COVID-19: a pooled diagnostic accuracy study date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; PCR; SARS summary = Methods: A literature search was performed on the 1st of October 2020 to identify studies reporting diagnostic accuracy statistics of the FebriDx POC test versus real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: Based on a large sample of patients from two studies during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the FebriDx POC test had reasonable diagnostic accuracy in a hospital setting with high COVID-19 prevalence, out of influenza season. In this systematic review and pooled analysis of IPD, we found that the FebriDx LFD had a pooled sensitivity of 0.920 (95% CI: 0.875-0.950) and specificity of 0.862 (0.819-0.896) for COVID-19 across two studies performed within acute hospitals in the UK when compared to RT-PCR on nose and throat swabs during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.15.20213108 id = cord-344326-025ioy3r author = Usman, AA title = A Case Series of Devastating Intracranial Hemorrhage during Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for COVID-19 date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; ECMO summary = This report was created to describe the authors'' single institutional experience, with emphasis on the high rate of intracranial hemorrhage for the first 10 patients with COVID-19 placed on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO). Despite maximal medical therapy, COVID-19 can progress to severe, refractory acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) prompting clinicians to consider utilization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in appropriate cases, although early reports appeared to have high rates of mortality. This case series describes our single institutional neurological outcomes for the first ten patients placed on VV ECMO for COVID-19, of whom three had severe intraparenchymal hemorrhagic strokes resulting in death, one patient had a small subarachnoid hemorrhage and one patient had severe gastrointestinal bleeding. This unprecedented intracranial hemorrhage rate in COVID related ARDS requiring VV ECMO has prompted an evaluation of our anticoagulation practice by experts in hematology and neurology. doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.07.063 id = cord-253367-n6c07x9q author = Ussai, Silvia title = Hazard Prevention, Death and Dignity During COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy date = 2020-09-18 keywords = Italy; covid-19 summary = This, in contrast with Ebola or Marburg diseases, where dead bodies are known to be associated with contagion; (2) the option for decedents with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 to be buried or cremated; (3) respect of customs, with family''s chance to view the body after it has been prepared for burials, using standard precautions at all times including hand hygiene; (4) body wrapping in cloth and deceased transfer as soon as possible to the mortuary area. 648 (2) , establishing urgent measures to contain the transmission of COVID-19 and prevent biological hazards, including very restrictive interventions on public Holy Masses and funerals. 648 (2) , establishing urgent measures to contain the transmission of COVID-19 and prevent biological hazards, including very restrictive interventions on public Holy Masses and funerals. During the emergency phase, Italy banned burial procedures based (i) on the recent acknowledgment about the virus environmental stability (4) as well as (ii) its national civil contingency plan. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00509 id = cord-253104-yggcf7q2 author = Usul, Eren title = The role of hematological parameters in COVID-19 patients in the emergency room date = 2020-07-21 keywords = NLR; SII; covid-19 summary = Aim: In this study, the roles of biomarkers from a peripheral blood sample in the diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) patients who have visited the emergency room have been evaluated. Materials & methods: Peripheral blood parameters, systemic inflammatory index (SII), neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet lymphocyte ratio were compared in patients with and without confirmed COVID-19 infection. Results: Comparisons made according to real-time PCR test results revealed that while no statistically significant difference was observed between test groups (negative-positive) regarding lymphocyte and platelet lymphocyte ratio values (p > 0.05), a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was found between the test groups regarding platelet, hemoglobin, leukocyte, neutrophil, NLR and SII values. Since there was a statistically significant difference between negative and positive groups according to parameters (platelet, hemoglobin, leukocyte, neutrophil, NLR and SII), they were then studied with ROC analyses. doi = 10.2217/bmm-2020-0317 id = cord-336746-a0thtd1m author = Uwins, C. title = COVID‐19 pandemic impact on gynaecological cancers: a perspective date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The recent global collaborative initiative ''COVIDSurg-Cancer'' aims to review the care of patients planned for curative cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the pandemic on delaying or changing their treatment plans 3 . Lockdown restrictions 1 have reduced access to healthcare services, with increasing difficulty accessing general practitioners and diagnostics services, and delays in patients receiving timely care. Concerns have been raised regarding minimally invasive surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the potential for transmission via surgical smoke 5 . Patients with raised BMI (a known risk factor for endometrial cancer) and the elderly often have most to gain from a minimally invasive surgical approach and are some of those identified as being most at risk from COVID-19. Switching these patients to open surgery will likely worsen surgical outcomes and increase potential exposure to COVID-19 in the postoperative period. Global guidance for surgical care during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1002/bjs.11728 id = cord-311673-z4hkw17g author = Uzzan, Mathieu title = Why is SARS-CoV-2 infection more severe in obese men? The gut lymphatics - lung axis hypothesis date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = As the visceral fat possesses an intense immune activity, is involved in metabolic syndrome and is at the crossroad between the intestines, the systemic circulation and the lung, we hypothesized that it plays a major role in severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several factors may increase intestinal permeability including, direct enterocyte damage by SARS-CoV2, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and epithelial ischemia secondary to SARS-CoV2associated endothelial dysfunction. This increase permeability further leads to translocation of microbial components such as MAMPS (microbial-associated molecular pattern), triggering an inflammatory immune response by TLR-expressing cells of the mesentery fat (mostly macrophages and adipocytes). As the increased volume of mesentery fat in overweight men play a key role in the occurrence of metabolic syndrome [8] , we hypothesized that the visceral adipose tissue plays a central role in severe forms of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110023 id = cord-253077-61fmul8c author = Vabret, Nicolas title = Immunology of COVID-19: current state of the science date = 2020-05-06 keywords = CD4; COVID-19; Coronavirus; IFN; MERS; SARS; cell; patient; severe summary = Lastly, Nonhuman primate (NHP) studies and patient data on SARS-CoV-1 have also shown that virus spike-specific IgG responses can exacerbate acute lung injury due to repolarization of alveolar macrophages into pro-inflammatory phenotypes and enhanced recruitment of inflammatory monocyte via CCL2 and IL-8 (Clay et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2019) . Collectively, these data suggest that cross-talk with monocytes might impair NK cell recognition and killing of SARS-CoV-2infected cells, and antibodies targeting IL-6 and TNF-signaling may benefit enhanced NK cell functions in COVID-19 patients ( Figure 2 ). However, these CD4 T cells lacked phenotypic markers of activation and were specific for C-terminal S protein epitopes that are highly similar to endemic human coronaviruses, suggesting that crossreactive CD4 memory T cells in some populations (e.g., children and younger patients that experience a higher incidence of hCoV infections) may be recruited into an amplified primary SARS-CoV-2-specific response (Braun et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.002 id = cord-343087-vnvlnxnq author = Vacanti, Gaetano title = Reduced rate of admissions for acute coronary syndromes during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observational analysis from a tertiary hospital in Germany date = 2020-10-07 keywords = ACS; COVID-19 summary = The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of the current COVID-19 health crisis on admissions for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the emergency cardiology department of a tertiary general hospital in Germany with a COVID-19 ward. The design of the present study is an observational, retrospective analysis of urgent visits and admissions to the authors'' emergency cardiology department with ACS during the COVID-19 crisis as compared to equivalent periods in the previous years. The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of the current COVID-19 health crisis on admission for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the cardiology department of a tertiary general hospital in Germany with a COVID-19 ward. The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of the current COVID-19 health crisis on admission for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the cardiology department of a tertiary general hospital in Germany with a COVID-19 ward. doi = 10.1007/s00059-020-04991-3 id = cord-332774-t5untewz author = Vaccaro, Alexander R. title = Practice Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-13 keywords = COVID-19; March; patient; practice summary = We think these recommendations will allow providers and their staff to return to an infrastructure that can adjust immediately to the pent-up healthcare demand that may occur after the COVID-19 pandemic. This reduction positioned our employees to take advantage of par-tial unemployment benefits of the recently passed Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. 1 The reduced teams facilitated work site reallocation and allowed several of the clinical offices to temporarily close. 6 Importantly, the use of telemedicine should be continued after this crisis by groups both at the physician and midprovider level to help evaluate patients and efficiently manage office encounters. The use of this technology will allow groups to protect their most valuable asset, the providers, while at the same time administering care for patients and developing the practice. doi = 10.5435/jaaos-d-20-00379 id = cord-327370-zo0n8wf6 author = Vadukul, Prakash title = Massive pulmonary embolism following recovery from COVID-19 infection: inflammation, thrombosis and the role of extended thromboprophylaxis date = 2020-09-13 keywords = COVID-19; VTE; patient summary = We present the case of a patient with an initial presentation of COVID-19 pneumonitis requiring mechanical ventilation for nearly 2 weeks and total admission time of 3 weeks. 1 This case examines aspects of COVID-19 emphasising the increased thrombogenicity seen during infection and the potential need for extended anticoagulation following recovery particularly in those patients with severe illness and pre-existing risk factors. 18 Initial data suggest that patients with complicated COVID-19 infection have nearly three times the concentration of IL-6 compared with those exhibiting less severe disease. 24 The International Society for Thrombosis and Haemostasis suggests that prophylactic treatment with LMWH is prudent in all patients with COVID-19, particularly with severe disease or Findings that shed new light on the possible pathogenesis of a disease or an adverse effect extreme derangements in clotting parameters. 2 Compared with other populations, patients with COVID-19 appear to have higher incidences of VTE particularly with deranged clotting markers, critical care admission or reduced mobility. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-238168 id = cord-304208-jwlc8fxj author = Vagni, Monia title = Coping With COVID-19: Emergency Stress, Secondary Trauma and Self-Efficacy in Healthcare and Emergency Workers in Italy date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; Group; stress summary = Hence, this study explores the relationship between coping strategies used by healthcare and emergency workers in Italy to manage the stress factors related to the COVID-19 emergency, which may result in the risk of developing secondary trauma. As regards the stress that they experience, the literature clearly explains that healthcare and emergency workers who intervene in emergency situations are exposed to the risk of developing dysfunctional reactions that can be identified at different levelsphysical and/or physiological (e.g., psychosomatic disorders, sleep/wake cycle alterations, and sense of tiredness); emotional (e.g., irritability, nervousness, agitation, anger, low self-esteem, and guilt); cognitive (e.g., distractibility, sense of ineffectiveness, and negative anticipation of events); and relational (e.g., increase in conflicts within emergency teams and/or with their organization/institution, and social withdrawal)-and may also develop reactions from secondary trauma (Del Missier et al., 2008; Sbattella, 2009; Argentero and Setti, 2011; Fraccaroli and Balducci, 2011; Bellelli and Di Schiena, 2012; Walton et al., 2020) . doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566912 id = cord-288552-7lp07v5i author = Vahedi, Ensieh title = The clinical value of two combination regimens in the Management of Patients Suffering from Covid-19 pneumonia: a single centered, retrospective, observational study date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; group; patient summary = CONCLUSION: This study revealed the beneficial effect of the short-term use of low-dose prednisolone in combination with azithromycin, naproxen and lopinavir/ritonavir (regimen I), in decreasing ALOS compared to regimen II. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate short-term effects of regimen I (azithromycin, prednisolone, naproxen, and lopinavir/ritonavir) in group I patients in comparison to regimen II (meropenem, levofloxacin, vancomycin, hydroxychloroquine, and oseltamivir) in group II patients in the treatment of COVID-19 infection. The patients'' medical information including demographic data, COVID-19 test using a real-time RT-PCR via throatswab specimens, clinical features, routine laboratory tests, chest CT scans (before and after discharge) according to the WHO interim guidance [23] , treatment measures, comorbidities and data on the outcomes were extracted independently by two physicians through a standard case record form provided by the hospital. doi = 10.1007/s40199-020-00353-w id = cord-297673-rh8o4eu9 author = Vahedian-Azimi, Amir title = Comparison of the severity of psychological distress among four groups of an Iranian population regarding COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-08 keywords = COVID-19; stress summary = METHOD: In a cross-sectional survey, the mental health status of four groups of an Iranian society including community population, patients with COVID-19, medical staff, and medical students were investigated by the self-report questionnaire of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). Therefore, we conducted this cross-sectional survey for the first time to measure the prevalence and compare the severity of the psychological distress (stress, anxiety, and depression) among community population, patients with COVID-19, medical staff, and medical students in an Iranian population. This cross-sectional survey was carried out from February to March 2020 in Tehran, Iran; the aim was to measure the prevalence and compare the severity of psychological distress (stress, anxiety, and depression) among community population, patients with COVID-19, medical staff, and medical students in an Iranian population. doi = 10.1186/s12888-020-02804-9 id = cord-305179-c6d2vym9 author = Vaid, Shashank title = Deep learning COVID-19 detection bias: accuracy through artificial intelligence date = 2020-05-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = METHODS: We developed a deep learning model to improve accuracy of reported cases and to precisely predict the disease from chest X-ray scans. CONCLUSIONS: Our COVID-19 detection model minimizes manual interaction dependent on radiologists as it automates identification of structural abnormalities in patient''s CXRs, and our deep learning model is likely to detect true positives and true negatives and weed out false positive and false negatives with > 96.3% accuracy. Therefore, we predict the accuracy of COVID-19 cases based on a novel artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm that uses a deep learning model to automatically and appropriately classify X-ray chest scans of COVID-19 versus non-COVID-19 images. We developed a deep learning model to improve the accuracy of reported cases and to precisely predict the disease from chest X-ray scans. The authors deploy a transfer learning approach to design a CNN-based model to perform COVID-19 detections from the chest anterior-posterior radiographs of patients. doi = 10.1007/s00264-020-04609-7 id = cord-290297-efo9f7c5 author = Vaillancourt, Mylene title = The Unrecognized Threat of Secondary Bacterial Infections with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-07 keywords = covid-19 summary = In recent studies on COVID-19 patients, secondary bacterial infections were significantly associated with worse outcomes and death despite antimicrobial therapies. In the past, the intensive use of antibiotics during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pandemic led to increases in the prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. T he outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is the greatest pandemic of our generation, with 16 million people infected and 650,000 deaths worldwide so far (1) . In a multicenter study that included 476 COVID-19 patients, secondary bacterial infections were significantly associated with outcome severity (2) . During the first SARS-CoV outbreak in 2003, up to 30% of patients were diagnosed with secondary bacterial infections and coinfection was positively associated with disease severity (5, 6) . Increase in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus acquisition rate and change in pathogen pattern associated with an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome doi = 10.1128/mbio.01806-20 id = cord-343619-vk3p72ze author = Vaish, Abhishek title = COVID‑19: Current Knowledge and Best Practices for Orthopaedic Surgeons date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: COVID‑19: Current Knowledge and Best Practices for Orthopaedic Surgeons We congratulate authors for bringing out the most comprehensive review article on COVID-19 and orthopaedic surgeons [1] . 1. The authors have provided the ''Dos'' and ''Don''ts'' for the orthopaedic surgeons and have rightly emphasized that minimum required members of the surgical team should be present inside the operation theatre. We agree with the authors that the effective use of remote technologies [4] like telemedicine, virtual means of education and knowledge sharing, and utilization of this ''golden time'' for research and publication are some of the positives of this pandemic for healthcare providers like ourselves. Research and publications during this pandemic have seen an unprecedented surge [5] , globally. COVID-19: Current knowledge and best practices for orthopaedic surgeons COVID-19 and Orthopaedic surgeon: The Indian scenario Revisiting conservative orthopaedic management of fractures during COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 and remote consulting strategies in the management of trauma and orthopaedics doi = 10.1007/s43465-020-00183-7 id = cord-010547-zhw8vh3e author = Vaishya, Raju title = Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications for COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Healthcare delivery requires the support of new technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data and Machine Learning to fight and look ahead against the new diseases. We aim to review the role of AI as a decisive technology to analyze, prepare us for prevention and fight with COVID-19 (Coronavirus) and other pandemics. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare organizations are in an urgent need for decision-making technologies to handle this virus and help them in getting proper suggestions in real-time to avoid its spread. In this worldwide health crisis, the medical industry is looking for new technologies to monitor and controls the spread of COVID-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic. AI is one of such technology which can easily track the spread of this virus, identifies the high-risk patients, and is useful in controlling this infection in real-time. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.012 id = cord-344445-slv7r9u7 author = Vakharia, Kunal title = The right to know: ethical implications of antibody testing for healthcare workers and overlooked societal implications date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; antibody summary = The discussion that has continued since the initial severe acute respiratory syndrome virus and avian influenza epidemics has focused on the potential for immunity among the general population and the moral obligation to treat that is often faced by healthcare professionals and institutions. With the growing literature and data suggesting the possibility of mutations, unequal impacts on different people and the potential repercussions of the spike protein for those with IgG immunity already, can society in good faith adopt a moral prerogative to put antibody-positive people in the front line? Healthcare workers form a group of individuals who recognise the potential of COVID-19, the impact it has had, and are still willing to go to work and continue to face the challenge. With limited knowledge about the significance of COVID-19 antibody testing at this time, it is hard to use this to stratify work in a healthcare setting or to use it for any purpose beyond epidemiological studies on the spread of the disease. doi = 10.1136/medethics-2020-106467 id = cord-301983-aks5z29t author = Vakili, K. title = Critical Complications of COVID-19: A systematic Review and Meta-Analysis study date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan summary = The main clinical complications of COVID-19 are related to respiratory system, from a simple pneumonia in mild cases to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and shock in severe patients. To be included in the final analysis, screened studies must report data on the prevalence of each clinical complication in COVID-19 patients, including ARDS, acute heart damage, arrhythmia, heart failure and AKI. For all studies, related data including the name of the first author, date of publication, location of publication, sample size, sample age, sample gender, prevalence of symptoms (including: fever, cough, dyspnea, fatigue, and diarrhea), critical complications (including: ARDS, acute cardiac injury, arrhythmia, heart failure, and AKI) and clinical outcomes (mortality rate) were extracted. Coronavirus disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: an analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan Clinical characteristics and outcomes of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China (2019): a single-centered, retrospective study doi = 10.1101/2020.06.14.20130955 id = cord-290057-tj97q2py author = Valdivia, Andrés Reyes title = Cardiovascular examination should also include peripheral arterial evaluation for COVID-19 patients date = 2020-04-30 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Cardiovascular examination should also include peripheral arterial evaluation for COVID-19 patients The global impact of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on vascular surgical services has been 9 initially addressed by Ng et al 1 . 5 6 Table I and II summarize four cases presenting with acute critical limb ischemia (ACLI) in 7 patients testing COVID-19 (+) with no previous vascular consultations or symptoms. An arterial thrombotic event presented in two COVID-19 11 patients who were asymptomatic despite testing positive for the disease. Blood testing 12 demonstrated a high inflammatory response in all of these patients (D-dimer, CRP) that was 13 significantly higher in those who were hospitalized with active and severe pneumonia. These 23 underdiagnoses could also be related to the aforementioned lack of PPE that currently affects the 1 entire healthcare system. The Global Impact of COVID-17 19 on Vascular Surgical Services doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.04.494 id = cord-347935-jfx9037u author = Valdivia, Andrés Reyes title = Adapting vascular surgery practice to the current COVID-19 era at a tertiary academic center in Madrid. date = 2020-06-04 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = METHODS: Observational study describing the current daily vascular surgery practice at one tertiary academic hospital in Madrid region, Spain; one of the most affected regions worldwide due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Observational study describing the current daily vascular surgery practice at one tertiary 80 academic hospital in Madrid region, Spain; one of the most affected regions worldwide 81 due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Some Vascular Surgery 117 communities have tried to stratify patients into those requiring urgent care during this 118 pandemic situation, i.e >70mm abdominal aortic aneurysms or ruptured AAA, critical 119 limb ischemia (CLI) and symptomatic carotid disease 4 . We only provided 139 surgical care for urgent cases, and during the last two weeks, as the COVID-19 situation 140 improved and more in-hospital beds and resources are available, we started to provide 141 care to patients requiring a vascular access, limb ischemia with rest pain and one carotid 142 with severe stenosis with unstable plaque. doi = 10.1016/j.avsg.2020.06.001 id = cord-323676-sp8kys0n author = Valensisi, Giovanni title = COVID-19 and Global Poverty: Are LDCs Being Left Behind? date = 2020-10-21 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; IMF; World; poverty summary = Using growth forecasts from various vintages of the World Bank''s Global Economic Prospects (and in some cases from the International Monetary Fund -IMF), other authors find that COVID-19 could trigger an increase in the number of people living below US$1.90/day by 40-100 million (Gerszon Mahler et al. In the second step, the above growth rates, pre-and post-COVID-19, are utilized to ''line up'' the corresponding poverty estimates using PovcalNet, the World Bank''s computational tool, which draws on more than 1500 household surveys from 164 countries and contains the official estimates of poverty at country, regional, and global levels. Focusing on the US$3.20 per day poverty line, South Asia is likely to suffer by far the largest slump, entailing a rise of nearly 4 percentage points in the headcount ratio, equivalent to 74 million additional poor, compared with what would have occurred if the pre-COVID-19 growth forecasts had materialized (Fig. 4) . doi = 10.1057/s41287-020-00314-8 id = cord-032244-s7t5u9lf author = Valente, Serafina title = ANMCO POSITION PAPER: Considerations on in-hospital cardiological consultations and cardiology outpatient clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-27 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = The aim of this document is to propose algorithms for the management of cardiovascular diseases during COVID-19 emergency with the objective of providing patients with optimal care, minimizing contagion risk and appropriately managing personal protective equipment. 9, 10 The objective of this document is to propose management algorithms for cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 emergency, in order to optimize cardiological assistance for the benefit of patients by minimizing the possibility of contagion, safeguarding healthcare personnel, and rationalizing the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). • angina pectoris • heart failure • arrhythmia In the case of a suspected COVID-19 patient, it is always necessary to try to postpone the medical exam or the appointment (if a cardiac patient cannot wait, refer them to the emergency room which has appropriate access points and safety procedures in place) or manage with the available PPE according to the risk of contagion following specific safety procedures, remembering to disinfect spaces and equipment after the exam/appointment according to local protocols. doi = 10.1093/eurheartj/suaa112 id = cord-278971-tb2he1cb author = Valeri, Anthony title = COVID-19 and ESRD: Entering a New Era of Uncertainty date = 2020-07-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A report from King County, WA, found that as of mid-March 2020 in one SNF, over 100 residents became infected with 55% requiring hospitalization with a case fatality of about 34% (1). To that end, we have four reports published in Kidney International Reports from Wuhan, China, the Lombardy region of northern Italy, London, England and Paris, France (2-5) detailing their early experience with COVID-19 outbreaks affecting ESRD patients at outpatient dialysis facilities and leading to a large number resulting in hospitalization and, often, death, similar to our experience in New York City (6) . Taking this and the lessons from hospital facilities, the use of personal protective equipment (for both patients and staff) and the cohorting of patients has helped to lessen the spread of the virus among susceptible individuals as demonstrated in the reports and others from London, England, the Lombardy region, Italy and Wuhan, China (9, S1). doi = 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.07.020 id = cord-326635-sdybzl1w author = Valika, Taher S. title = Return to Normalcy? Principles on Resuming Surgical Services in the COVID-19 Era date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = With phased reopening and appropriate guidance, health care systems are attempting to return to normal. Phase 2 provided criteria on resuming elective outpatient and inpatient surgical procedures. Our experiences and lessons learned are described, and they provide guiding principles to allow for a safe and effective return to patient care. Our experiences and lessons learned are described, and they provide guiding principles to allow for a safe and effective return to patient care. These are unparalleled times, and safety is paramount for the patient, the family, the physician, and the care team. Each patient was required to obtain COVID-19 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction testing within 72 hours of the surgical procedure and then self-quarantine, as suggested by the Illinois Department of Public Health. Thoughtful guiding principles to continue to manage our practices in this crisis are essential to maintain the health and safety of our patients, families, and providers. doi = 10.1177/2473974x20936658 id = cord-034135-c3hjkcyh author = Valin, J.P. title = Physician Executives Guide a Successful Covid-19 Response in Colorado date = 2020-10-15 keywords = Colorado; covid-19 summary = Chief medical officers (CMOs) of seven health care systems collaborated to lead Colorado through the Covid-19 surge by harnessing the four "superpowers" of perspective, partnership, patient advocacy, and peer support. Together, in caring for 6,329 hospitalized Covid-19 patients, the CMO group provided 60,188 patient-days of care, with 17,407 ventilators days.3 The knowledge and experience derived from the collective years of clinical practice, along with firsthand experience of directly caring for acutely ill hospitalized Covid-19 patients in our hospitals during this first wave, provided irreplaceable expert insight as the CMOs contemplated the larger system and state-level challenges that needed to be addressed.4 In their roles as administrators and members of their incident command teams, each CMO also had access to real-time data about Covid-19 patients within their system, including emergency department visits, hospitalizations, intensive care needs, and mechanical ventilation. The CMOs effectively worked together to ensure that Colorado hospitals had sufficient resources, including staff, critical care medications, inpatient and intensive care unit (ICU) beds, PPE, and mechanical ventilators to provide care for the surge of 4,000 critically ill patients that was predicted for our state. doi = 10.1056/cat.20.0402 id = cord-330320-27dj69i1 author = Valitutti, Francesco title = Effect of Population Lockdown on Pediatric Emergency Room Demands in the Era of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-18 keywords = March; covid-19 summary = Methods: A cross-sectional study on pediatric emergency department consultations before and during the current COVID-19 pandemic (March–May 2019 vs. Nevertheless, the current scenario highlighted the need for appropriate and timely clinical evaluations in the pediatric primary care to tackle late and more severe diagnoses in EDs. Emergency department (ED) patient flow includes roughly 20-25% of pediatric consultations in western countries each day (1) . The aim of our cross-sectional study was to highlight the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ED consultation appropriateness for children in two hospitals of Southern Italy, comparing retrospective data from the trimesters March-May 2019 and March-May 2020. Covid-19 nasal swabs were performed for 385 children; of those, six resulted positive and four of them were hospitalized elsewhere (Pediatric Regional Hub for Infectious Disease); two were quarantined in their house under special medical team follow-up. In this study, we aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and population lockdown on pediatric ED consultations and appropriateness analysis. doi = 10.3389/fped.2020.00521 id = cord-260249-dkslt9ir author = Vallejo, Benjamin M. title = Policy responses and government science advice for the COVID 19 pandemic in the Philippines: January to April 2020 date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID; Philippines; SAGE; government; science summary = title: Policy responses and government science advice for the COVID 19 pandemic in the Philippines: January to April 2020 We review the Philippine government''s responses and introduce the complicating scientific, social, and political contexts for both questions and address proposals for strengthening the science advisory structures. These efforts while it has resulted in a positive outcome in suppressing COVID 19 infections reveal gaps in the channeling of science advice to government especially in crisis and the need for a more coordinated science policy structure for emergencies. We take off from two initial questions, "When can the ECQ be lifted?" and How can we foresee and be better prepared for the next pandemic?" and to identify policy options with their complicating social and political contexts in light of the epidemiological science outcomes which informs policy decisions. In the COVID 19 crisis the Philippine government and its public has immediately recognized the importance of the role of scientists providing science information in economic and political life. doi = 10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100115 id = cord-327653-2gn9h4i2 author = Vallinoto, Antonio Carlos Rosário title = The challenges of COVID-19 in the Brazilian Amazonian communities and the importance of seroepidemiological surveillance studies date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Since the elimination of beta-coronavirus circulation requires a minimum herd immunity (indications 50-66%) [7] , the information for which is still unknown at the local, national or global levels, conducting seroepidemiological and surveillance studies on SARS-CoV-2 in geographic areas such as the Amazon is extremely important, as it will allow for the assessment of the prevalence and titre of antibodies anti-SARS-CoV-2, mortality and case fatality rates and the epidemiological aspects of risk of exposure in communities from different population strata, such as riberinhos (riverain communities), quilombola (Afro-descendant communities) and indigenous peoples, providing an improvement in the decisionmaking of future epidemics. doi = 10.1186/s12939-020-01256-7 id = cord-029672-y2ii6r3u author = Van Assche, Ari title = From the editor: COVID-19 and international business policy date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; knowledge; policy summary = The combination of confinement and protectionist measures including export bans, import tariffs and border closures that were introduced in response to the COVID-19 pandemic affect MNEs by increasing trade costs and amplifying the costs of communicating tacit knowledge. In this editorial, we introduce the special collection by drawing the attention of JIBP readers to the impact of COVID-19-related policies that strike at the heart of MNEs -the knowledge-intensive intangibles -as their managers rush to cope with local physical distancing measures, non-essential travel restrictions and stringent immigration policies. The combination of COVID-19-related confinement and protectionist measures is effectively a policy mix that affects MNEs by (1) increasing trade costs and (2) amplifying the costs of communicating tacit knowledge (see Figure 1 ). In a third paper, Rajneesh Narula turns to the other side of these global value chains and focuses on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the informal economy in developing countries. doi = 10.1057/s42214-020-00065-7 id = cord-283485-xit6najq author = Van Damme, Wim title = The COVID-19 pandemic: diverse contexts; different epidemics—how and why? date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; China; Health; SARS; disease; epidemic; transmission summary = Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, in late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, has spread to nearly all countries of the world in only a few months. 4 It was soon discovered that the virus is easily transmitted, can cause Summary box ► Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, has spread to nearly all countries of the world in only a few months. 88 Box 2 On the use of mathematical models during epidemics A dominant way of studying the transmission dynamics of an infectious disease such as COVID-19, and predicting the amplitude and peak of the epidemic in a population (city, province, country) and analysing the effect of control measures is using mathematical models. doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003098 id = cord-285406-mlpqvshk author = Van Praet, Jens T. title = Prevention of nosocomial COVID-19: Another challenge of the pandemic date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 2 The duration of infectivity is uncertain, with one study reporting that 90% of mild cases had a negative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test by day 10. Because the hospitalization duration of these patients clearly exceeded the minimal incubation period, these infections were considered nosocomially acquired, transmitted by healthcare workers or external visitors. First, from the beginning of week 12, we screened all healthcare personnel with direct patient contact for cases of low-grade fever (>37.4°C) and acute developing or worsening respiratory symptoms and tested possible cases using nasopharyngeal swabs and real-time PCR. In these same weeks, the screening positivity rates of symptomatic healthcare workers in our hospital were 8.6% (6 out of 70), 31% (17 out of 54), 39% (16 out of 41) and 28% (16 out of 57), respectively and the numbers of patients diagnosed with probable nosocomial COVID-19 were 0, 4, 4, and 23, respectively. Of 31 probable nosocomial COVID-19 infections, 22 (71%) were observed at geriatric wards. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.166 id = cord-334801-p5mxc694 author = Van Singer, Mathias title = COVID-19 risk stratification algorithms based on sTREM-1 and IL-6 in emergency department date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6 summary = We evaluated the accuracy of clinical signs and these biomarkers in predicting 30-day intubation/mortality, and oxygen requirement by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and by classification and regression tree analysis. sTREM-1-and IL-6-based algorithms are 54 highly sensitive to identify patients with adverse outcome and could serve as early triage The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has led to 84 surges of patients that can overwhelm health systems (1) (2) (3) (4) . Current prediction 90 models to support clinical decision making for Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients 91 were developed based on demographics, clinical signs and symptoms, imaging techniques, 92 biomarkers or a combination of these variables, however most are poorly validated and at risk 93 of bias (10). 282 The CRT analysis performed with all clinical signs, severity scores and biomarkers to predict Since we could also use this triage tool to identify patients at high risk of poor outcomes, we 290 tested this algorithm to predict 7-and 30-day intubation/death. doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.001 id = cord-326148-9wpxm5of author = Van Walle, I. title = Meta-analysis of the clinical performance of commercial SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, antigen and antibody tests up to 22 August 2020 date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; test summary = title: Meta-analysis of the clinical performance of commercial SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, antigen and antibody tests up to 22 August 2020 We reviewed the clinical performance of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, viral antigen and antibody tests based on 94739 test results from 157 published studies and 20205 new test results from 12 EU/EEA Member States. Pooling the results and considering only results with 95% confidence interval width [≤]5%, we found 4 nucleic acid tests, among which 1 point of care test, and 3 antibody tests with a clinical sensitivity [≤]95% for at least one target population (hospitalised, mild or asymptomatic, or unknown). Study heterogeneity was low for 8/14 (57.1%) sensitivity and 68/84 (81.0%) specificity results with confidence interval width [≤]5%, and lower for nucleic acid tests than antibody tests. Studies containing potentially usable data on clinical performance of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, antigen and antibody tests were first extracted from systematic reviews on this topic. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.16.20195917 id = cord-272546-zznm13ik author = Van den Eynde, Jef title = Cardiothoracic robotic assisted surgery in times of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-08 keywords = RAS; covid-19 summary = At a time when elective surgeries are being suspended and questions are being raised about how the remaining procedures on COVID-19 positive patients can be performed safely, it is important to consider the potential role of robotic assisted surgery within the current pandemic. To date, however, no specific recommendations are available for cardiothoracic robotic assisted surgery in COVID-19 positive patients. Here, we discuss the potential risks, benefits, and preventive measures that need to be taken into account when considering robotic assisted surgery for cardiothoracic indications in patients with confirmed COVID-19. In response to this situation, various surgical societies have already issued their recommendations on adequate patient selection and preparation, as well as measures that can be taken to minimize the spread of viral particles. Provided that the above discussed risks are taken into account and met with these preventive measures, cardiothoracic RAS might on the other hand have various benefits to offer during the current COVID-19 pandemic when compared to conventional open surgery. doi = 10.1007/s11701-020-01090-7 id = cord-312251-t6omrr07 author = Vancheri, Sergio Giuseppe title = Radiographic findings in 240 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: time-dependence after the onset of symptoms date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; CXR summary = OBJECTIVE: To analyze the most frequent radiographic features of COVID-19 pneumonia and assess the effectiveness of chest X-ray (CXR) in detecting pulmonary alterations. Alteration''s type (reticular/ground-glass opacity (GGO)/consolidation) and distribution (bilateral/unilateral, upper/middle/lower fields, peripheral/central) were noted. CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent lesions in COVID-19 patients were GGO (intermediate/late phase) and reticular alteration (early phase) while consolidation gradually increased over time. Our study aimed to evaluate the percentage of abnormal chest radiographs at different time intervals from the onset of symptoms and to identify the type and distribution of radiographic alterations and their frequency at different times throughout the disease course of COVID-19 pneumonia. Chest CT showed high sensitivity in detecting GGO, which is considered a typical finding in COVID-19 pneumonia and, in some cases, may be the only alteration present in the early phases of the disease [3, 16] . doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-06967-7 id = cord-302215-sqrbj5r4 author = Vanden Eynde, Jean Jacques title = COVID-19: An Update about the Discovery Clinical Trial date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19; patient; treatment summary = Whereas plasma therapy attracts much interest, the European project Discovery focuses on the potentialities of small molecules like remdesivir, the combination of lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, and chloroquine. . Although a decision to administer remdesivir for compassionate use was based on the case patient''s worsening clinical status, randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of remdesivir and any other investigational agents for treatment of patients with 2019-nCoV infection." The authors interpreted their results in the following terms: "In this study of adult patients admitted to hospital for severe COVID-19, remdesivir was not associated with statistically significant clinical benefits. As earlier mentioned, controversial results have been published on the efficacy of treatments associating hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin for French patients hospitalized for moderate [31] or severe [32, 33] COVID-19 infection. Lopinavir-ritonavir alone or combined with arbidol in the treatment of 73 hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A pilot retrospective study doi = 10.3390/ph13050098 id = cord-300763-3ateeei3 author = Vannabouathong, Christopher title = Novel Coronavirus COVID-19: Current Evidence and Evolving Strategies date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; China; People; Republic; SARS summary = The term PHEIC is defined as 27 : "an extraordinary event which is determined to constitute a public health risk to other States through the international spread of disease; and to potentially require a coordinated international response." Also, according to the WHO 28 , "This definition implies a situation that is serious, unusual, or unexpected; carries implications for public health beyond the affected state''s national border; and may require immediate international action." Eleven days later, on February 10, 2020, there were, cumulatively, 40,554 confirmed cases and 910 deaths globally across 25 countries, and the majority were identified in the People''s Republic of China 29 . In a cross-sectional analysis that included 1,023 COVID-19-related deaths in the People''s Republic of China, the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team 43 found that >80% were patients ‡60 years of age; when extending this range to those who were ‡50 years of age, this number increased to >90% 44 . doi = 10.2106/jbjs.20.00396 id = cord-347446-yw0nk7fo author = Vantarakis, A. title = COVID-19 and Environmental factors. A PRISMA-compliant systematic review date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; preprint; review summary = In our review, the analysis of 23 studies show evidence that high temperature and high humidity reduce the COVID-19 transmission. The aim of the review was, therefore, to summarize all available data on the impact of environmental factors on the survival of all coronaviruses including emerging SARS-CoV and MERS CoV. This systematic review was limited to studies focusing to environmental factors'' impact on COVID-19. All included studies assessed the role of various environmental factors on transmission rates of the COVID-19. Detailed characteristics of the studies included, like author, title and year of publication, country and continent of the study, method of assessing the impact of the environmental factors and the outcome variable are described in Table 1 . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.10.20069732 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 2 Temperature associated with the assessing methods the country of epidemics All rights reserved. . https://doi.org/10.1101 Figure 2 Environmental factors associated with the assessing methods the country of epidemics All rights reserved. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.10.20069732 id = cord-257766-z7vcdtcq author = Varadhachary, Atul title = Salivary anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA as an accessible biomarker of mucosal immunity against COVID-19 date = 2020-08-11 keywords = August; BRAVO; COVID-19; IgA; SARS; international summary = To minimize risk to lab personnel of exposure to SARS-CoV-2, our clinical study was limited to salivary samples collected from individuals who were at least a month post-symptom onset, so we cannot report on when IgA levels first appear in saliva, though that work is currently underway. Individual Immunity and Clinical Implications: Our observations that (i) we see a large variation in salivary IgA titer, even in pre-COVID-19 samples; (ii) elevated IgA levels appear to persist for at least 2-3 months; and (iii) individuals may develop mucosal IgA without an overt SARS-CoV-2 infection, each raise intriguing questions. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.07.20170258 doi: medRxiv preprint Community Surveillance and Herd Immunity: Reports that systemic IgA may be detectable earlier than IgG or IgM, 22,23 as early as two days after symptom onset are consistent with the early-response role played by IgA, as well as with our anecdotal observations that individuals can muco-convert to positive salivary IgA contemporaneously with viral detection by PCR. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.07.20170258 id = cord-323705-n2rec4i8 author = Varatharaj, Aravinthan title = Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; COVID19; case; patient summary = METHODS: During the exponential phase of the pandemic, we developed an online network of secure rapid-response case report notification portals across the spectrum of major UK neuroscience bodies, comprising the Association of British Neurologists (ABN), the British Association of Stroke Physicians (BASP), and the Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCPsych), and representing neurology, stroke, psychiatry, and intensive care. During the exponential phase of the pandemic, we developed an online network of secure rapidresponse case report notification portals (CoroNerve platforms) comprising the Association of British Neurologists (ABN) Rare Diseases Ascertainment and Recruitment (RaDAR), 12 the British Association of Stroke Physicians (BASP), 13 and the Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCPsych), 14 in collabo ration with the British Paediatric Neurology Association (BPNA), 15 the Neuro Anaesthesia and Critical Care Society (who used the ABN portal), the Intensive Care Society, and key stakeholders. doi = 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30287-x id = cord-283308-z0j8ixwk author = Vardanjani, Hossein Molavi title = A cross-sectional study of Persian medicine and the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran: Rumors and recommendations date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; rumor summary = title: A cross-sectional study of Persian medicine and the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran: Rumors and recommendations The participants completed a 29-item online questionnaire assessing different aspects of the rumors and recommendations pertaining to PM linked with the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings of the current research showed that the fear level caused by the COVID-19 pandemic between the participants was more than 65 %, and the rate of penetration of the recommendations/rumors related to PM was extremely high. Making use of novel technologies (e.g., social media), evidence-based teaching, direct communication with the audience, smart and powerful public relations, academic teaching to healthcare providers, and efforts to gain public trust are some of the approaches that traditional medicine systems such as PM can take to help the fight during epidemics or pandemics such as COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100482 id = cord-329363-kaw3h5xm author = Vardeny, Orly title = Applying the Lessons of Influenza to COVID-19 During a Time of Uncertainty date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = For patients with underlying cardiovascular disease, other opportunities for minimizing complications from infection include remaining up to date on other immunizations, including influenza vaccine, which is available and effective, and pneumococcal vaccine, as secondary bacterial infections often lead to hospitalizations among those with primary viral infections. Because viral illness has been shown to exacerbate underlying cardiac illness and can lead to acute events such as acute myocardial infarction or decompensated heart failure, efforts should be made to optimize guideline-directed treatment strategies that have been shown to improve clinical status in high-risk patients, and thus reduce the risk of worsening symptoms or acute events in case of infection. In patients without known or suspected COVID-19, this includes all evidence-based therapies in cardiovascular disease, such as aspirin, statins, and β-blockers for secondary prevention in patients with coronary disease, and guideline-directed medical therapy in those with heart failure. doi = 10.1161/circulationaha.120.046837 id = cord-256218-xv7aw4xn author = Vargas, Maria title = Additional Suggestions for Organ Donation During COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-06-16 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Additional Suggestions for Organ Donation During COVID-19 Outbreak However, since the Italian and worldwide dramatic spread of this infection, 4 we pointed out additional suggestions (1) to evaluate the possible exposures and (2) to protect from potential exposures the organ donor (Table 1) . According to our suggestions, the organ donor had no positive history for exposure and no symptoms of COVID-19. Regarding the healthcare personnel, we limited the access to the organ donor allowing it exclusively to personnel with negative history of exposure, without respiratory symptoms, and properly equipped with personal protective equipment suggested for COVID-19. According to the literature, this is the first case of organ donation after brain death during the COVID-19 outbreak. We hope that our suggestions may improve the safety of organ donor and the safety of transplantation during the worldwide spread of COVID-19 cases. Additional suggestions for organ donation during COVID-19 a doi = 10.1097/tp.0000000000003314 id = cord-272681-u3p0hsla author = Vargas-Gandica, Jair title = Ageusia and anosmia, a common sign of COVID-19? A case series from four countries date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic continues to evolve, novel signs and symptoms continue to emerge and expand the clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (Rodriguez-Morales et al. Herein, we present a series of ten cases of RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected patients diagnosed with viral-associated olfactory and taste loss from four different countries. Herein, we present a series of ten cases of RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected patients diagnosed with viral-associated olfactory and taste loss from four different countries. As we observed in our patients, deficits in olfactory and taste function were usually of acute onset and at early stages of the disease, presenting for most cases as the initial clinical manifestation throughout the first days (Beltran-Corbellini et al. Anosmia as a presenting symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers -a systematic review of the literature, case series, and recommendations for clinical assessment and management doi = 10.1007/s13365-020-00875-8 id = cord-333475-pe7q9ira author = Vargas-Vargas, Manuel title = Ferritin levels and COVID-19 date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Many individuals with diabetes exhibit elevated serum ferritin levels [3] [4] [5] , and it is known that they face a higher probability to experience serious complications from COVID-19 6 . On this basis, we briefly review evidence supporting the hypothesis that ferritin levels might be a crucial factor influencing the severity of COVID-19. In agreement with this, another study revealed that in patients who died by COVID-19, ferritin levels were high upon hospital admission and throughout the hospital stay. Therefore, it was concluded that serum ferritin levels were closely related to the severity of COVID-19 11 . Finally, laboratory findings in patients with severe COVID-19 showed data consistent with cytokine storm involving elevated inflammatory markers, including ferritin, which has been associated with critical and life-threatening illness 12 . Influence of ferritin levels and inflammatory markers on HbA1c in the Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients doi = 10.26633/rpsp.2020.72 id = cord-274802-7ioiwsd8 author = Varghese, Praveen Mathews title = Host-pathogen interaction in COVID-19: Pathogenesis, potential therapeutics and vaccination strategies date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS; Syndrome; acute; cell; clinical; patient; severe; study summary = Proteomic and transcriptomic studies on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from COVID-19 patients have also revealed considerable insights into the expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors, co-receptors, immune responses, as well as risk factors for severe disease e.g. age and co-morbidities. Furthermore, treatment with a recombinant C5a antibody on 2 male COVID-19 patients aged 54 and 67 years showed significant benefit in suppressing complement hyperactivation, which contributes to the excessive immune response causing aggravated inflammatory lung injury, a hallmark of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and lethality (242) . Consistent with endothelial injury, the significantly elevated levels of von Willebrand factor found in the patient with severe COVID-19 has led to the idea that the infection of the ACE2 expressing endothelium by SARS-CoV-2 induces injury and activates the complement , which sets up a feedback loop that maintains a state of inflammation (243, (268) (269) (270) . Initial clinical studies in China involving 100 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, who were treated with Chloroquine, showed amelioration of pneumonia, shortened disease progression, increased resolution of lung lesions on CT, and a better virus-negative conversion (313, 314) . doi = 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152008 id = cord-272457-vbqj0bj0 author = Varikasuvu, Seshadri Reddy title = Markers of coagulation dysfunction and inflammation in diabetic and non-diabetic COVID-19 date = 2020-09-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The levels of serum ferritin (standardized mean difference-SMD: 0.47, CI 0.17–0.77, p = 0.002), C-reactive protein (SMD = 0.53, CI 0.20–0.86, p = 0.002), interleukin-6 (SMD = 0.31, CI 0.09–0.52, p = 0.005), fibrinogen (SMD = 0.31, CI 0.09–0.54, p = 0.007) and D-dimers (SMD = 0.54, CI 0.16–0.91, p = 0.005) were significantly higher in diabetic COVID-19 cases as compared to non-diabetic COVID-19 patients, suggesting more susceptibility of diabetic COVID-19 patients to coagulation dysfunction and inflammatory storm. Though several studies have reported various inflammatory and coagulability markers such as serum ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), fibrinogen and D-dimers in relationship to disease severity and progression, much attention has to be paid to the comparisons between diabetic and non-diabetic COVID-19 cases [6] [7] [8] . With a significant between-study heterogeneity (I 2 = 64%, p < 0.0001), the random-effects model showed significantly higher levels of inflammatory and hypercoagulability markers in diabetic COVID-19 group when compared to that of non-diabetic COVID-19 group (Fig. 1 ). doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02270-w id = cord-326509-1cpybatu author = Varkey, Rittu S. title = Socioeconomic determinants of COVID‐19 in Asian countries: An empirical analysis date = 2020-10-23 keywords = asian; country; covid-19 summary = The countries having larger net migration and poverty ratio need to evolve comprehensive and inclusive strategies for testing, tracing, and massive awareness for sanitary practices, social distancing, and following government regulation for management of COVID-19, besides appropriate food security measures and free provision of sanitary kits for vulnerable section. The virus being a contagious one has managed to spread insanely to other countries in no time and after leading to the death of at least 213 people in China itself and with almost 10,000 cases nationally (BBC news, January 31, 2020), the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 12, 2020, declared the novel coronavirus outbreak as a global pandemic. Besides people''s participation, there are several other socioeconomic factors which may strongly determine the number of COVID-19 registered cases and therefore there is an urgent need to study and identify the same mainly in Asian countries for the aforementioned reasons. doi = 10.1002/pa.2532 id = cord-011725-t1jl4cy1 author = Varma, Niraj title = HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS/ACC/AHA worldwide practice update for telehealth and arrhythmia monitoring during and after a pandemic date = 2020-06-11 keywords = ECG; covid-19; patient summary = In light of the current pandemic, monitoring strategies should focus on selecting high-risk patients in need of close surveillance and using alternative remote recording devices to preserve personal protective equipment and protect health care workers from potential contagious harm. 21-23 Virtual clinics move far beyond simple telephone contacts by integrating information from photos, video, mobile heart rhythm and mobile health devices recording ECG, and remote cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) interrogations. In the outpatient setting, a recent statement from the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) "cautions against use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for COVID-19 outside of the hospital setting or a clinical trial due to risk of heart rhythm problems." (This does not affect FDA-approved uses for malaria, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.) 51 Exceptions to this practice are acknowledged to occur in some regions, as these drugs have been used outside the United States without regulatory warnings. doi = 10.1093/europace/euaa187 id = cord-312798-2cbgnv1h author = Varma, Niraj title = HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS/ACC/AHA worldwide practice update for telehealth and arrhythmia monitoring during and after a pandemic date = 2020-06-11 keywords = ECG; covid-19; patient summary = In light of the current pandemic, monitoring strategies should focus on selecting high-risk patients in need of close surveillance and using alternative remote recording devices to preserve personal protective equipment and protect health care workers from potential contagious harm. High-risk patients would require more continuous monitoring and follow-up QTc measurements using telemetry preferably (but if unavailable, other remote monitoring devices). In the outpatient setting, a recent statement from the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) "cautions against use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for COVID-19 outside of the hospital setting or a clinical trial due to risk of heart rhythm problems." (This does not affect FDA-approved uses for malaria, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.) 51 Exceptions to this practice are acknowledged to occur in some regions, as these drugs have been used outside the United States without regulatory warnings. doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.06.019 id = cord-340436-qiyoamek author = Varshney, Anubodh S. title = Characteristics of Clinical Trials Evaluating Cardiovascular Therapies for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov: A Cross Sectional Analysis date = 2020-10-26 keywords = COVID-19; therapy summary = title: Characteristics of Clinical Trials Evaluating Cardiovascular Therapies for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov: A Cross Sectional Analysis At present, a limited number of therapies have been shown to improve clinical outcomes in patients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) via randomized controlled trial (RCT) data 2,3 . We therefore evaluated registered clinical trials of established CV therapies related to COVID-19 using the ClinicalTrials.gov database, which was established to improve monitoring and conduct of research studies 14 . ClinicalTrials.gov has the following notable findings: 1) a minority of interventional studies related to COVID-19 registered on ClinicalTrials.gov plan to evaluate CV therapies or CV specific outcomes; 2) most studies are planned to be single center, enroll less than 1000 inpatients, sponsored by European or North American academic institutions; and 3) are estimated to complete after December 2020. doi = 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.10.065 id = cord-340937-6mpob1nx author = Varshney, Mohit title = Initial psychological impact of COVID-19 and its correlates in Indian Community: An online (FEEL-COVID) survey date = 2020-05-29 keywords = India; covid-19; impact summary = The survey collected data on socio-demographic and clinical variables related to COVID-19 (based on the current knowledge); along with measuring psychological impact with the help of Impact of Event–revised (IES-R) scale. The survey collected data on socio-demographic and clinical variables related to COVID-19 (based on the current knowledge); along with measuring psychological impact with the help of Impact of Eventrevised (IES-R) scale. The current study investigated the initial psychological impact of COVID-19 outbreak in Indian population. Despite the limitations, this study provides the first cross-sectional data on actual level of psychological impact among Indian community; and how mental health of people is affected during a pandemic of this nature. Our survey is one of the first mental health related data from India, during the initial phase of COVID-19 pandemic and indicated that a significant proportion of them have had a psychological impact during the crisis. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0233874 id = cord-294685-rhhx5gcg author = Vasantha Raju, N. title = Indian Publications on SARS-CoV-2: A Bibliometric Study of WHO COVID-19 Database date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; India summary = title: Indian Publications on SARS-CoV-2: A Bibliometric Study of WHO COVID-19 Database The present study analyzed 89 Indian publications on SARS-CoV-2 accessible through WHO COVID-19 database. The study used World Health organization ( For current study the researcher used the following keywords to retrieve data on Indian Publication from WHO COVID-19 database. The study analyzed the date-wise Indian publication pattern on COVID-19, most profile authors, institutions with highest publications, states with highest publication based corresponding authors state affiliation, top journals in which Indians have published their publications frequently and document type and research area, author keywords tree map analysis and highly cited COVID-19 documents of Indian authors. Bibliometric analysis of global scientific research on Coronavirus (COVID-19) Current Status of Global Research on Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Bibliometric Analysis and Knowledge Mapping (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 3547824) doi = 10.1101/2020.06.08.20125518 id = cord-254591-z9rfwm1g author = Vasconcelos, G. L. title = Modelling the epidemic growth of preprints on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; growth; preprint summary = The response of the scientific community to the global health emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has produced an unprecedented number of manuscripts in a short period of time, the vast majority of which has been shared in the form of preprints posted before peer review on preprint repositories. In the present study we apply a mathematical growth model, known as the generalized Richards model, to describe the time evolution of the cumulative number of COVID-19 related preprints. We also analyze the rank-frequency distribution of preprints servers, ordered by the number of COVID-19 preprints they host, and find that it follows a power-law decay. We have seen above that the time evolution of the number of COVID-19 related preprints is well described by the generalized Richards growth model. To better understand this "scidemic," we have applied a generalized logistic growth model to describe the time evolution of the cumulative number of unrefereed preprints on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV2. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.08.20190470 id = cord-259106-nrg1960d author = Vasquez-Chavesta, Angie Z. title = COVID-19 and dengue: Pushing the peruvian health care system over the edge date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: COVID-19 and dengue: Pushing the peruvian health care system over the edge COVID-19 and dengue: Pushing the peruvian health care system over the edge Dear Editor, On February 25, 2020, the first case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in Latin America (LA). At the end of the epidemiological week 24 (EW24), June 13, MINSA reported a total of 225,132 cases, 10,342 hospitalized patients, 1113 in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) and 6498 deaths. Therefore, the healthcare management of patients with any of these diseases represents a real challenge (and we cannot rule out that the Table 1 New and cumulative cases/deaths for dengue and COVID-19, according to epidemiological week. Mortality data (daily and cumulative) for COVID-19 was obtained using the Health Situation Dashboard: COVID-19 Perú (https://covid19.minsa.gob.pe/sala_situacional. COVID-19 and dengue, co-epidemics in Ecuador and other countries in Latin America: pushing strained health care systems over the edge doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101808 id = cord-326881-3j2e92dj author = Vassallo, M. title = Patients with Covid-19 exhibit different immunological profiles according to their clinical presentation date = 2020-09-28 keywords = CD10; covid-19 summary = Conclusions In a population of elderly patients recently infected with Covid-19, CD10 + B cell levels were inversely correlated with clinical severity. However, clinical expression of Covid-19 is extremely variable, with, in some cases, asymptomatic or mild forms [15] , while in other subjects severe forms culminating in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have been described, requiring patients to be transferred to Intensive Care Units. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze the immunological profile of patients at early stages of Covid-19 in order to identify potential risk factors for subsequent clinical deterioration. We conducted an observational, retrospective cohort study on patients admitted to the Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department in Cannes General Hospital, from March to May 2020, with confirmed Covid-19 infection. In a population of elderly patients at a very early stage of Covid-19, we found that levels of CD10+ B lymphocyte cells were predictive of the clinical severity. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1438 id = cord-287508-133inel2 author = Vasudevan, Rajiv S. title = Persistent Value of the Stethoscope in the Age of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; heart; patient; stethoscope summary = • Stethoscopes are clinically valuable and integral to the doctor-patient connection; • Technological advancement will augment the utility of the stethoscope; • The stethoscope has high utility for assessment of COVID-19 patients; • Pathogen contamination in light of COVID-19 is a concern for the stethoscope; • Innovations in stethoscope hygiene will allow safe auscultation. During times of increased concern about contamination and spread of infections, physicians may opt to forgo their stethoscopes due to a lack of clear guidance on cleaning, lack of access to proper hygiene materials, or inconvenience with current personal protective equipment guidelines. Rather than forgoing a tool that might be useful in the prognostication of infected patients with cardiopulmonary abnormalities, it is important that novel hygienic and technological interventions be investigated to allow safe usage of the stethoscope. Advances in stethoscope technology will improve the auscultatory capabilities of health care workers and allow less contact with patients in transmission-based precautions. doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.018 id = cord-352382-mazwgsbc author = Vavassori, Andrea title = Practical indications for management of patients candidate to Interventional and Intraoperative Radiotherapy (Brachytherapy, IORT) during COVID-19 pandemic – A document endorsed by AIRO (Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology) Interventional Radiotherapy Working Group date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; Radiotherapy summary = title: Practical indications for management of patients candidate to Interventional and Intraoperative Radiotherapy (Brachytherapy, IORT) during COVID-19 pandemic – A document endorsed by AIRO (Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology) Interventional Radiotherapy Working Group 2 Interventional Radiation Therapy (IRT, Brachytherapy, BT) and IntraOperative Radiotherapy (IORT) represent potentially life-saving treatment options in different oncological clinical settings with indications shared in multidisciplinary contexts following international guidelines or trial protocols. 7 It is also recommended to limit access to patients and their relatives or accompanying persons: -offering IRT or IORT, if available and whenever possible, -encouraging high hypofractionation, where indicated, -postponing treatments of certain oncological diseases according to clinical judgement, -in palliative setting it might be useful to optimize medical symptomatic treatments, if judged to be of similar efficacy, -postponing treatment for benign diseases, -considering hormonal or cytotoxic therapy in selected cases for further deferral of radiotherapy, -allowing only one accompanying person per patient, whenever possible, -considering dedicated "COVID+ interventional radiotherapy pathway". doi = 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.04.040 id = cord-274182-7z2tb0ll author = Veerabathini, Bala C title = An Unusual Case of Moraxella osleonsis Bacteremia in an Immunocompetent Patient With SARS-CoV-2 Infection date = 2020-08-31 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: An Unusual Case of Moraxella osleonsis Bacteremia in an Immunocompetent Patient With SARS-CoV-2 Infection We report a case of an immunocompetent 59-year-old male with a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection that developed M.osleonsis bacteremia. While the specific mechanisms are not fully understood, it is becoming more evident that a SARS-CoV-2 infection may be making humans more susceptible to various systemic diseases, including the possibility of causing rare bacteremia. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell functional exhaustion may explain the reason why the patient in that case report presented with recurrent bacteremia and multi-organ infection. According to current literature, the level of peripheral Tregs is significantly reduced in severely affected COVID-19 patients compared to mild disease. Based on the currently published data, this is the first reported case of M.osleonsis bacteremia in a COVID-19 positive patient. This raises the question of whether the presence of a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection (or the presence of current COVID-19 antigen positivity) creates an immunocompromised state that predisposes patients to bacteremia. doi = 10.7759/cureus.10154 id = cord-264287-lq4awi0i author = Veerapandiyan, Aravindhan title = The care of patients with Duchenne, Becker, and other muscular dystrophies in the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; Duchenne summary = The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has resulted in the reorganization of health‐care settings affecting clinical care delivery to patients with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DBMD) as well as other inherited muscular dystrophies. We address issues surrounding corticosteroid and exon‐skipping treatments, cardiac medications, hydroxychloroquine use, emergency/respiratory care, rehabilitation management, and the conduct of clinical trials. 18 We emphasize that treatment decisions should be individualized, and made jointly between the patient, family, and health-care provider, considering any geographic or institution specific policies and precautions for COVID-19. Comprehensive standard of care for patients with DBMD and other muscular dystrophies includes periodic assessments to monitor pulmonary, cardiac, and bone health, as well as side effects from medications or treatments. 24 Due to the uncertain benefits, and the potential risks to skeletal and cardiac muscle, hydroxychloroquine is not recommended for patients with DBMD. The care of patients with Duchenne, Becker, and other muscular dystrophies in the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1002/mus.26902 id = cord-336735-pk7sx81r author = Veerapandiyan, Aravindhan title = Spinal muscular atrophy care in the COVID‐19 pandemic era date = 2020-05-03 keywords = COVID-19; SMA summary = The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has resulted in reorganization of healthcare settings affecting the delivery of clinical care to patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). 9 Currently available US Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), nusinersen and onasemnogene abeparvovec-xioi, [10] [11] [12] are life altering and are reshaping the natural history of the disease, resulting in improved survival and motor function. 16, [18] [19] [20] We emphasize that treatment decisions should be individualized and made cohesively between the patient, family, and healthcare provider, taking into account any geographicor institution-specific policies and precautions for COVID-19. 9 We continue to recommend urgent evaluation of infants with SMA identified by NBS with rapid initiation of treatment while following the regional and institutional policies pertaining to the public health emergency and maximizing the safety of patients and caregivers. Clinical evidence supporting early treatment of patients with spinal muscular atrophy: current perspectives Spinal muscular atrophy care in the COVID-19 pandemic era doi = 10.1002/mus.26903 id = cord-295516-hgqwef94 author = Veerasuri, S. title = Impact of COVID-19 on UK radiology training: a questionnaire study date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The objectives were to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on workload, training, and trainee well-being, with the overarching aim of reporting key learning points from this experience, which could inform future planning by radiology schools in the event of a second-wave of COVID-19 or future pandemics. When asked about how COVID-19 and its related effects had impacted on trainee well-being, 48% (14/29) reported experiencing a worsening in their overall well-being compared to before the pandemic, but 45% (13/29) reported no change in their wellbeing and 7% (2/29) reported feeling better during this time. To the authors'' knowledge, this is the first survey assessing the impact of COVID-19 on radiology trainee experience and well-being during this pandemic in the UK. Freeing up of resources in anticipation of a large workload generated by COVID-19 coupled with a reduction in numbers of acute and elective examinations, has meant that there has been more time during the working week to potentially be used for teaching within radiology departments. doi = 10.1016/j.crad.2020.07.022 id = cord-346721-l6y3n21b author = Vega, Marisa title = From the Trenches: Inpatient Management of COVID-19 in Pregnancy date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Our goal is to share our experiences of caring for pregnant and postpartum women with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in New York, the COVID-19 epicenter in the United States and review current guidelines. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread dramatically 22 around the world, but there has been little evidence-based data to guide clinical management 23 of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 , and even less on the management of 24 obstetric patients. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-451 19) and Pregnancy: What obstetricians need to know Procalcitonin in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A 477 meta-analysis In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design 484 of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 485 (SARS-CoV-2) Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on the 503 Treatment and Management of Patients with COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100154 id = cord-303054-s1clwunc author = Velly, Lionel title = Guidelines: Anaesthesia in the context of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; N95; SARS; infection; patient; risk; surgery summary = Operating theatre 12 R1.3.1 -Experts suggest that healthcare professionals involved in airway management (intubation, extubation, supraglottic airway insertion and/or removal…), or those who could be brought to do so in some given situations, wear a fit tested respirator mask (Respirator N95 or FFP2 standard, or equivalent) in addition to a disposable face shield or at least, in the absence of the latter, safety goggles, regardless of the patient''s COVID-19 status (Table 1) The presence of major (i.e., very frequent or relatively characteristic) and/or minor (i.e. more inconsistent and/or less specific) symptoms allows to orient the preoperative COVID-19 status assessment, and then to estimate the benefit/risk balance of maintaining or postponing the surgery, taking into account the risk of contamination of health personnel and others patients within the care structure. doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.05.012 id = cord-346185-qmu1mrmx author = Velásquez, Ricardo Manuel Arias title = Forecast and evaluation of COVID-19 spreading in USA with Reduced-space Gaussian process regression date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; USA summary = title: Forecast and evaluation of COVID-19 spreading in USA with Reduced-space Gaussian process regression In this report, we analyze historical and forecast infections for COVID-19 death based on Reduced-Space Gaussian Process Regression associated to chaotic Dynamical Systems with information obtained in 82 days with continuous learning, day by day, from January 21(th), 2020 to April 12(th). According last results, COVID-19 could be predicted with Gaussian models mean-field models can be meaningfully used to gather a quantitative picture of the epidemic spreading, with infections, fatality and recovery rate. able on the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University [6] , the available data analyzed is considered between January 21 th 2020 and April 39 12 th 2020, included, with a feedback process in a neural network applied; it allows 40 to examined the information in real time in each state, at Fig. 1 • . doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109924 id = cord-352786-wxwjlvmb author = Vendrik, J. title = The Netherlands Heart Journal: special issue on COVID-19 date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = de Vries concludes that, although further research on the influence of bloodpressure-lowering drugs, including those not targeting the renin-angiotensin system, is warranted, there are presently no compelling clinical data showing that ACEIs and ARBs increase the likelihood of contracting COVID-19 or worsen the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infections. The authors describe the results from a telematic survey for all Latin American countries, showing a significant reduction in cardiac care activity during the COVID-19 pandemic, including a significant reduction in care for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The Netherlands Heart Journal: special issue on COVID-19 STEMI-associated mortality and morbidity, they state that healthcare providers must find a way to alert and inform patients about the suspected symptoms of STEMI, and emphasise the need for patients to call for emergency care, in order to ensure a timely diagnosis and reperfusion treatment. We hope that the readers of this journal find this information valuable for their care of cardiac patients in these unusual circumstances during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations on how to provide cardiac rehabilitation services during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1007/s12471-020-01482-2 id = cord-138978-hfmgc5ve author = Venigalla, Akhila Sri Manasa title = Mood of India During Covid-19 -- An Interactive Web Portal Based on Emotion Analysis of Twitter Data date = 2020-05-06 keywords = India; covid-19; emotion summary = The tweets posted on twitter related to Covid-19 are analysed and classified into one of the seven categories that include six emotions -Anger, Sadness, Happiness, Surprise, Fear and Disgust [Ekman (1992) ], and Neutral category, which are visualized on India Map based on the location from which the tweets have been posted. When the portal is visited on any specific day, emotions of the country from 14 March,2020 to the present day are loaded by default based on twitter data during the range, as shown in Figure 2 Table 2 depicts the number of tweets classified into each of the seven categories, for every state and union territory of India, along with Covid-19 statistics in the corresponding regions during March 14, 2020 to May 6, 2020. Considering the importance of understanding public emotions and the affects on psychological state of people during a crisis, in this paper, we present a web portal to identify the mood of India during the current Covid-19 pandemic. doi = nan id = cord-140847-d6w8fu3b author = Venigalla, Akhila Sri Manasa title = SurviveCovid-19 -- A Game for Improving Awareness of Social Distancing and Health Measures for Covid-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-21 keywords = covid-19; game summary = In spite of the large scale public health awareness programs being carried out, we are not aware of any mobile games that are aimed to educate people about the safety measures to be taken against Covid-19. Thus, we propose SurviveCovid-19, a survival theme based 2D mobile game, with an aim to educate players about various safety measures to be followed against Covid-19 when in outdoors. Hence, we present SurviveCovid-19, a survival based 2D game, aimed to educate users about various safety measures to be followed against Covid-19 pandemic. SurviveCovid-19 has been developed to educate public about safety measures to be taken to control Covid-19 pandemic, as an Android based mobile game. In this paper, we presented the prototype version of SurviveCovid-19, a survival based 2D mobile game 8 , aimed to bring awareness about safety measures to be followed against Covid-19. doi = nan id = cord-334300-hnrmaytm author = Ventura Fernandes, Bianca H title = Zebrafish studies on the vaccine candidate to COVID-19, the Spike protein: Production of antibody and adverse reaction date = 2020-10-20 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Establishing new experimental animal models to assess the safety and immune response to the antigen used in the development of COVID-19 vaccine is an imperative issue. Based on the advantages of using zebrafish as a model in research, herein we suggest doing this to test the safety of the putative vaccine candidates and to study immune response against the virus. Based on the in vivo and in silico results presented here, we propose the zebrafish as a model for translational research into the safety of the vaccine and the immune response of the vertebrate organism to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. 169 In the global task to develop the vaccine and possible therapeutic approaches for 170 COVID-19, several animal models have been proposed, such as mice 10 , hACE2 171 transgenic mice 11 , alpaca 12 , golden Syrian hamsters, ferrets, dogs, pigs, chickens, and 172 cats 9 , and species of non-human primates 10 . doi = 10.1101/2020.10.20.346262 id = cord-280821-kc0ut4oy author = Venturini, Elisabetta title = Treatment of children with COVID-19: position paper of the Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Disease date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19; Cov-2; SARS; day; patient summary = The Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases steering and scientific committee developed a position paper on treatment of children with COVID-19, reviewing the current literature on this topic and providing indications based on the available literature data. Currently, American guidelines on COVID-19 treatment published in May 2020, recommend both in children and adults to use lopinavir/ritonavir only in the context of clinical trials, given the lack of effectiveness reported now in literature [9, 12] . The latest Chinese guidelines on SARS-Cov-2 pneumoniae do not recommend the use of a specific antiviral for the treatment of COVID-19, and nevertheless include lopinavir/ritonavir among the available therapeutic options for hospitalized patients [29] . In May 2020, following an assessment of the emergency use authorization criteria and available scientific evidence, the FDA issued an emergency use authorization allowing for the administration of remdesivir intravenously by health care providers for the treatment of COVID-19 suspected or laboratoryconfirmed in adults and pediatric patients hospitalized with severe disease [34] . doi = 10.1186/s13052-020-00900-w id = cord-275004-qzg03dvg author = Veras, Flavio Protasio title = SARS-CoV-2–triggered neutrophil extracellular traps mediate COVID-19 pathology date = 2020-09-14 keywords = Fig; SARS; covid-19; net; patient summary = The concentration of NETs was augmented in plasma, tracheal aspirate, and lung autopsies tissues from COVID-19 patients, and their neutrophils released higher levels of NETs. Notably, we found that viable SARS-CoV-2 can directly induce the release of NETs by healthy neutrophils. The well-known similarities between sepsis and key events involved in the COVID-19 pathophysiology, such as cytokine overproduction (Mehta et al., 2020) , microthrombosis (Magro et al., 2020; Dolhnikoff et al., 2020) , and acute respiratory distress syndrome (Lai et al., 2020) , led us to hypothesize that NETs are triggered during SARS-CoV-2 infection and might contribute to tissue injury in COVID-19 patients. In summary, in the present study, we demonstrated that in COVID-19 patients, circulating and lung-infiltrating neutrophils are releasing higher levels of NETs. We also showed that SARS-CoV-2 directly stimulates neutrophils to release NETs in mechanisms dependent on ACE2 and serine protease activity axis and effective viral replication. doi = 10.1084/jem.20201129 id = cord-199863-5j01k5v6 author = Verenich, Edward title = Improving Explainability of Image Classification in Scenarios with Class Overlap: Application to COVID-19 and Pneumonia date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We propose a method based on binary expert networks that enhances the explainability of image classifications through better localization by mitigating the model uncertainty induced by class overlap. The standard approach in deep learning to reduce uncertainty is to provide more training data to the model, which is not always possible and primarily addresses model uncertainty Fig. 1 : The left and center images show significant overlap in the class activation maps computed by the binary classifiers for carwheels and cars, respectively. At the heart of our approach is the use of class activation maps (CAMs) for improved localization of the regions responsible for the image being in a specific class (e.g. COVID-19) as opposed to some other overlapping class (pneumonia). Our results show that training per-class binary CNN models and applying our new kernel function on their class activation maps can extract and better localize objects from overlapping classes. doi = nan id = cord-314837-5nnlyavp author = Verhagen, Mark D. title = Forecasting spatial, socioeconomic and demographic variation in COVID-19 health care demand in England and Wales date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; England; Wales summary = METHODS: Combining census estimates and hospital capacity data from ONS and NHS at the Administrative Region, Ceremonial County (CC), Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) and Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) level from England and Wales, we calculate the number of individuals at risk of COVID-19 hospitalization. Combining multiple sources, we produce geospatial risk maps on an online dashboard that dynamically illustrate how the pre-crisis health system capacity matches local variations in hospitalization risk related to age, social deprivation, population density and ethnicity, also adjusting for the overall infection rate and hospital capacity. Static maps are shown in this study, with an online companion dashboard available (https://covid19.demographicscience.ox.ac.uk/demrisk), that allows users and policy-makers to examine different geographic levels (region, CC, CCG, LSOA) and adapt estimates by the overall infection rate and hospital capacity relative to normal circumstances. doi = 10.1186/s12916-020-01646-2 id = cord-261711-nmmz9tke author = Verma, Surabhi title = Investigating the Emerging COVID-19 Research Trends in the Field of Business and Management: A Bibliometric Analysis Approach date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; business; pandemic; research summary = This article presents the findings of a bibliometric study of COVID-19 literature in the business and management domain to identify current areas of research and propose a way forward. To help business practitioners and researchers understand the impact of the pandemic on future economic growth, this study analyzed a corpus of COVID-19 and business and management articles to address questions like the following: What are the growth trajectories and trends of publications in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak? Of these, 35 articles were duplicates (i.e., indexed in both databases) and thus were excluded from further analysis (Homrich, Galvao, Abadia, indicates the adaptability and openness of researchers across the world to understand contemporary issues like the impact of COVID-19 on business. Given this backdrop, the current study presents a bibliometric review of 107 papers on the ramifications of COVID-19 in the domain of business and management in order to delineate this emerging research field and summarize the available knowledge. doi = 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.057 id = cord-303585-8py6joh6 author = Verma, Surjeet title = Anti-SARS-CoV Natural Products With the Potential to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) date = 2020-09-25 keywords = 3CL; COVID-19; SARS summary = The objective of this review was to collate information regarding the potential of plants and natural products to inhibit coronavirus and targets associated with infection in humans and to highlight known drugs, which may have potential activity against SARS-CoV-2. Finally, this review discusses the potential use of Southern African medicinal plants, which have traditionally been used for the treatment of symptoms related to respiratory viral infections, and influenza, to inhibit SARS-CoV-2. The selective index (SI) values of compounds 1-6 were found to be 58, >510, 111, 193, 180 , and >667, respectively, indicating that these plants were able to inhibit viral replication without having a cytotoxic effect on the host cells. A chalcone, xanthoangelol E (8), isolated from the ethanolic leaf extract of Angelica keiskei (Miq.) Koidz., showed inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV 3CL pro and a papain-like protease (PL pro ) with IC 50 values of 11.4 and 1.2 µM, respectively, using cell-free assays. doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.561334 id = cord-292490-djp9onk5 author = Verma, V. R. title = Projecting Demand-Supply Gap of Hospital Capacity in India in the face of COVID-19 pandemic using Age-Structured Deterministic SEIR model date = 2020-05-19 keywords = ICU; India; case; covid-19 summary = Within a short span of time, a localized outbreak evolved into pandemic with three defining characteristics: a) Speed and Scale-the disease has spread quickly to all corners of the world, and its capacity for explosive spread has overwhelmed even the most resilient health systems b) Severity-Overall, 20% cases are severe or critical, with a crude clinical case fatality rate currently of over 3%, increasing in older age groups and in those with certain underlying conditions c) Societal and economic disruption-shocks to health and social care systems and measures taken to control transmission having deep socio-economic consequences (3) . Under case-3, where 10% of capacity in public facilities and 30% in private facilities is apportioned for COVID-19, and testing coverage is 200,000 per day with TTP of 5%, the estimated demand for severe and critical cases can only be met if supply of ICU beds and ventilators is increased by 8.4% and 2.6% before 27 th July 2020. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.14.20100537 id = cord-305703-ypeibwje author = Veronese, Nicola title = Use of Corticosteroids in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia: A Systematic Review of the Literature date = 2020-04-24 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; SARS summary = For each article, we extracted data regarding authors, year of publication, country, city or region in which the study was conducted, the period of observation, how the diagnosis of COVID-19 was obtained, the stage of COVID-19 infection (asymptomatic forms, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring intensive care unit, ICU; convalescent), sample size included, number of males and females, mean age and its standard deviation (or similar information such as median and range), the percentage of people treated with corticosteroids in the sample as a whole, and, if possible, the route of administration and type of corticosteroid considered. Overall, two studies reported negative findings regarding these medications, one reported no significant association between corticosteroids and clinical outcomes, and one concluded that methylprednisolone was associated with a significant reduction of mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia developing ARDS. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00170 id = cord-308545-5n55yl2s author = Verscheijden, Laurens F. M. title = Chloroquine Dosing Recommendations for Pediatric COVID‐19 Supported by Modeling and Simulation date = 2020-05-21 keywords = CHQ; COVID-19 summary = 4, 5 The Dutch Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIDC) recommends a total cumulative dose of 3,300 mg CHQ base (44 mg/kg for a 75 kg adult), reducing the risk of adverse events by limiting treatment to 5 days. As CHQ is licensed for use in children with malaria, 8 it may seem rational to use the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended antimalarial dose to treat COVID-19 infected pediatric patients (25 mg/kg given over 3 days). In fact, the current pediatric WHO dose may even be questionable for the treatment of malaria, as recent studies show that older infants and children may need a higher mg/kg dose to reach similar drug concentrations as adults. These doses support previous pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in pediatric patients with malaria showing a need for higher mg/kg doses, as compared with adults, to reach similar plasma exposures in children 6 months to 12 years. doi = 10.1002/cpt.1864 id = cord-309267-ihc7h8ik author = Vervaecke, Deanna title = Caremongering and Assumptions of Need: The Spread of Compassionate Ageism During COVID-19 date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; ageism; old summary = We offer the ''caremongering'' movement, a social movement driven by social media to help individuals impacted by COVID-19, as a case study example that illustrates how compassionate ageism has manifested during the pandemic. In the case of compassionate ageism (also known as benevolent ageism), so-called positive or warm perceptions of older people are combined with attributes of incompetence, frailty, dependence, passivity, and victimhood (Binstock, 1985; Cary, Chasteen, & Remedios, 2017; Marier & Revelli, 2017) , reflecting the mixed content of age stereotypes. The presumed ownership of the "elderly" stems from compassionate ageism and mixed age stereotypes which position older individuals as worthy of, and dependent upon, the support of younger people. Given that many younger individuals often adjust their behavior when interacting with older people according to age stereotypes they hold (O"Connor & St. Pierre, 2004) , it is likely that those engaging in helping behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as caremongering, are doing so in ways that have long-term implications for older recipients of this help. doi = 10.1093/geront/gnaa131 id = cord-330492-kbob8z48 author = Vervoort, Dominique title = Assessing the Collateral Damage of the Novel Coronavirus: A Call to Action for the Post-COVID-19 Era date = 2020-04-30 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = 2 Additionally, increased rates of burnout among health workers, and cases of post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of frontline experiences can lead to a shortage of professionals trained to care for patients. Additionally, the shift in priority of primary care to triage suspected COVID-19 patients may limit the time available for routine visits (e.g., tracking CVD risk factors, such as hypertension, cholesterol, and diabetes -which have previously demonstrated survival benefit), supporting smoking cessation, and providing psychosocial support, despite the emergence of telehealth visits. 1. Real-time outcomes tracking will better inform the development of disease-specific guidelines for specialty care during pandemics, as well as the interaction between COVID-19 and pre-existing surgical conditions. These include ensuring that a separate emergency team remains active and able to accept cases, minimizing crossover infections among patients and health workers, dedicating select hospitals, catheterization labs, operating rooms, and wards to non-COVID-19 patients, and allowing other healthcare personnel to become available when COVID-19 patients surge. doi = 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.04.015 id = cord-347151-ni94qi4r author = Vespa, Edoardo title = Liver tests abnormalities in COVID-19: trick or treat? date = 2020-05-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = We read with interest the recent study by Cai et al [1] , which describes the role of liver function tests (LFTs) in a population of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. This data is in line with other studies which reported a high prevalence of LFTs abnormalities in Covid-19 but failed to demonstrate an association with worse outcomes [3] . Interestingly, our observation on the clinical value of ALP as a marker of poor prognosis is in contrast with the finding by Cai and colleagues that the risk of progression to severe disease was associated with hepatocellular (AST and/or ALT >3 ULN) or mixed (a combination of AST/ALT >3 ULN and ALP/GGT >2 ULN) pattern of LFTs elevation, rather than a cholestatic pattern. In conclusion, we think that although LFTs alterations are common in hospitalized Covid-19 patients, it is still unclear whether they carry any prognostic value. Clinical characteristics of non-ICU hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and liver injury: A retrospective study doi = 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.05.033 id = cord-268084-pttsahkb author = Vest, N. A. title = Prison population reductions and COVID-19: A latent profile analysis synthesizing recent evidence from the Texas state prison system date = 2020-09-10 keywords = covid-19; prison summary = title: Prison population reductions and COVID-19: A latent profile analysis synthesizing recent evidence from the Texas state prison system Objective: Using latent profile analysis, we sought to characterize Texas prisons on levels of COVID-19 cases and deaths among incarcerated residents, and COVID-19 cases among prison staff. Additionally, current prison population and level of employee staffing predicted membership in the high outbreak and high death profiles when compared to the low outbreak profile. We use latent profile analysis (LPA) to provide data-driven patterns of the COVID-19 outbreak in Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ), the largest state prison system. The primary outcome was a latent profile of Texas prisons based on their levels of incarcerated resident COVID-19 cases, incarcerated resident COVID-19 deaths, and staff COVID-19 cases. Secondary outcomes included prison level predictors of latent profile membership (population, capacity, age of the prison, and staff levels). doi = 10.1101/2020.09.08.20190884 id = cord-347500-sigm6tos author = Vetter, Thomas R. title = The Response of the Anesthesia & Analgesia Community to Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In February 2020, SARS-CoV-2 was subsequently defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the causative agent of the emerging zoonotic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As presciently described in 3 articles in the July/ August 2005 issue of the journal Foreign Affairs, the recent emergence of a novel viral strain like SARS-CoV-2 and the ensuing COVID-19 global pandemic were by all accounts biologically, historically, culturally, and politically inevitable. 2-4 COVID-19 is only the most recent of a litany of so-called "emerging infectious diseases" that have opportunistically infected humans for centuries and likely for millennia. For severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), applying an R 0 value of 2.5, this equates to a herd immunity threshold of 60%. Emerging infectious diseases and pandemic potential: status quo and reducing risk of global spread doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000004905 id = cord-281733-bsq0ewac author = Veyseh, Maedeh title = Left gonadal vein thrombosis in a patient with COVID-19-associated coagulopathy date = 2020-09-07 keywords = COVID-19; patient; thrombosis summary = We report an unusual case of ovarian vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism associated with COVID-19 presenting with abdominal pain. We report an unusual case of ovarian vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism associated with COVID-19 presenting with abdominal pain. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of COVID-19 with absent respiratory symptoms and presentation with venous thrombosis in an unusual location. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of COVID-19 with absent respiratory symptoms and presentation with venous thrombosis in an unusual location. 8 9 Our patient was distinctive in terms of presentation as she lacked the common respiratory symptoms, rather acute venous thrombosis in an unusual location prompted the diagnosis of COVID-19. 1 24 In summary, we present an interesting case with an unusual presentation of COVID-19 who presented with abdominal pain and no significant respiratory symptoms and was diagnosed with thrombosis of the left ovarian vein. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-236786 id = cord-335518-ti889uye author = Vianya-Estopa, Marta title = Contact lens wear and care in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-11-11 keywords = COVID-19; contact; lens summary = Modifiable factors that need particular attention in Spain include: handwashing for at least 20 seconds before lens handling, drying hands with single use paper towels, including a rub-and-rinse step for reusable lenses, lens case cleaning and renewal, avoidance of water exposure and when to cease lens wear during the pandemic. The aim of the current study was to evaluate by means of a survey the behaviours associated with contact lens wear (compliance with hand hygiene and adherence to contact lens wear and care recommendations) as well as to elucidate the best ways to support wearers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. The questions related to lens care disinfection and lens case care were only displayed if the participant used reusable CLs. The final section focused on assessing concerns J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f associated with contact lens wear and ways to best support wearers during the COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.clae.2020.11.001 id = cord-286901-whvq8y1p author = Vidali, Sofia title = D-dimer as an indicator of prognosis in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review date = 2020-07-13 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; SARS summary = This study aims to highlight the correlation between elevated D-dimer (an indirect thrombosis marker) and the increased rate of poor prognosis-associated conditions, and to introduce D-dimer-labelled anticoagulant administration as a potentially useful tool to prevent complications and positively influence coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) course. The keywords and their variants (differently combined) used for the search were "COVID-19", "2019-nCoV", "2019 novel coronavirus", "SARS-CoV-2", "D-dimer", "coagulation", "hypercoagulative state", "laboratory analysis", "ARDS", "haemostasis", "thrombosis", "pulmonary embolism", "disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)", "heparin" and "anti-coagulation". The alterations of coagulation factors during SARS-CoV-2 infection and specifically that of D-dimer are, as documented in the clinical experiences described here, severe, constant and correlated with prognosis, complications and CEP rates. Among the factors that were demonstrated to be connected to the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients, the presence of comorbidities may represent a confounding factor for the interpretation of D-dimer and other coagulation parameter alterations, especially considering the heterogeneous aetiology of thrombotic and thrombophilic states. doi = 10.1183/23120541.00260-2020 id = cord-344117-lr6roxej author = Vieira, Ana Luisa Silveira title = Role of point-of-care ultrasound during the COVID-19 pandemic: our recommendations in the management of dialytic patients date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; LUS; patient summary = Reports from health services around the world have indicated that patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension, two of the main causes of ESRD worldwide, and also advanced age and cardiovascular complications, two frequent accompanying conditions in dialysis patients, are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and more prone to develop severe COVID-19 pneumonia, eventually requiring intensive care treatment [2, 6, 7] . The typical patterns detected by LUS in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia are characterized by B-lines in different forms, both separated and coalescent, an irregular and/or fragmented pleural line, peripheral small consolidations, and large consolidations with dynamic air bronchograms [3] (Fig. 7) (Additional file 5). If the B-lines pattern that can be observed by LUS in dialytic patients does not fully respect the typical characteristics of a COVID-19 pneumonia and cannot allow a definitive conclusion, we suggest to extend the ultrasound scan to the heart and the inferior vena cava (IVC). doi = 10.1186/s13089-020-00177-4 id = cord-309950-nutxlvmm author = Vieira, André title = Rapid Estimation of Excess Mortality during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Portugal -Beyond Reported Deaths date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; March summary = To understand the overall impact on mortality of the pandemic of COVID-19, we estimated the excess mortality registered in Portugal during the first month of the epidemic, from March 16 until April 14 using two different methods. For estimating total EM, we calculated the historical average and respective Standard Deviation (SD) of the number of daily all-cause mortality for the last 10 years, between January 1 and April 14. We considered Relevant Excess Mortality (REM) when the daily observed values exceed the estimated average value of deaths for each day plus corresponding 2 SDs or if they exceed the limits of the 95% confidence interval in the Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. In the study period, 599 deaths were registered by COVID-19, so we estimate that the excess of non-COVID-19 Mortality (EMnC) was 615 deaths (1214 -599), due to other causes natural causes not directly related to the pandemic. doi = 10.2991/jegh.k.200628.001 id = cord-280055-5iwo6tlb author = Vieira, Tiago title = The lose-lose dilemmas of Barcelona’s platform delivery workers in the age of COVID-19 date = 2020-12-31 keywords = COVID-19; PDW; group; work; worker summary = COMPANY -dealing with aspects of the relation with the companies (mainly doubts and complaints shared among peers, before/instead of addressing the company itself); LABOR RHYTHM -related to the ongoing movement of demands made by clients (usually to assess if low levels of requests were an individual situation or a broader issue); POLICE/SECURITY -shared information about (past or present) police controls and other aspects that could jeopardize the security of PDW, such as requests for delivery of illicit substances; RENTED ACCOUNTS -information on accounts to be rented (essentially from people procuring them, but also some advertising and some doubts'' clarification); STATE -discussion all aspects related to the relation of PDW with the state, mainly: the decision of the state of emergency, its renewal and its implications, and clarification of doubts on issues related with taxes and social security; COVID -information and debate of news and concerns directly related to COVID-19 (the evolution of numbers, who is to blame, what measures to take to reduce of the possibility of being infected); SERVICES -advertisement, sharing or procurement of services, disregard how work-related they are: second-hand backpacks, bikes'' workshops, flats for rent, cigarettes, fuel, videogames or even direct requests to workers seeking to avoid the fees charged by the apps; OTHER -jokes, memes, motivational messages of various sorts. doi = 10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100059 id = cord-335711-15gjv6ae author = Viganò, Chiara title = COVID-19 in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Single-center Observational Study in Northern Italy date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: COVID-19 in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Single-center Observational Study in Northern Italy For patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), significant concern arises from the widespread use of immunosuppressive therapies, 1 yet preliminary data do not indicate a worse clinical course. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among adult IBD patients followed in our center in Lombardy, aimed at defining prevalence and risk factors for acquiring the infection. Because during the study period virologic testing was available only for inpatients or health care workers besides laboratory confirmed diagnosis, we also included probable cases according to WHO reccomendations (ie, occurrence of an acute respiratory illness AND residence in a high-prevalence area or contact with a COVID-19 case). Diarrhea was the presenting symptom in 26 (49%) patients, and significantly more cases reported diarrhea compared with non-COVID-19 patients (OR, 29; P < 0.0001), independently from disease activity at multiple regression analysis (suppl Table 2 ). Italian Group for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IG-IBD). doi = 10.1093/ibd/izaa244 id = cord-284983-xvtkso79 author = Vigiola Cruz, Mariana title = Safety and Efficacy of Bedside Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Placement in the COVID-19 Era: Initial Experience at a New York City Hospital date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; catheter; patient summary = title: Safety and Efficacy of Bedside Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Placement in the COVID-19 Era: Initial Experience at a New York City Hospital INTRODUCTION: Acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) is common in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Unparalleled numbers of patients with AKI and shortage of dialysis machines and operative resources prompted consideration of expanded use of urgent-start peritoneal dialysis (PD) and evaluation of the safety and efficacy of bedside surgical placement of PD catheters. The catheter should be flushed with heparinized saline following each critical step of the procedure to ensure adequate Insertion of the catheters in surgical clinic for ambulatory patients with CKD mimics the ICU bedside technique, with slight modifications. In our limited series, bedside placement of peritoneal dialysis catheters in the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic offered a safe and effective option for establishment of access for renal replacement therapy. doi = 10.1007/s00268-020-05600-4 id = cord-316702-dj2fo8sn author = Vignesh, Ramachandran title = Is Herd Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 a Silver Lining? date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = Since many studies from different geographical locations are documenting preexisting immunity to SARS-CoV-2, it will be important to define specificities of these T and B cell immune response carefully to assess their association with COVID-19 disease severity. This preexisting cross-reactive T and B cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 may have wide implications as this could explain differential clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients, disease severity, vaccine development, and important in accessing herd immunity for SARS-CoV-2 viral infection/COVID-19 disease. Several studies have provided strong evidence for the importance of SARS-CoV-2 specific CTLs, and T helper cells in mild and moderate patients compared to severe COVID-19 disease (27, 28, (31) (32) (33) . Several studies have provided strong evidence for the importance of SARS-CoV-2specific neutralizing antibodies in association with less disease severity in COVID-19 patients (38, 39) . A recent modelling study has estimated that about one in five individuals worldwide would be at increased risk of severe COVID-19, upon infection with SARS-CoV-2, owing to the underlying conditions. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586781 id = cord-162772-5jgqgoet author = Viguerie, Alex title = Simulating the spread of COVID-19 via spatially-resolved susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered-deceased (SEIRD) model with heterogeneous diffusion date = 2020-05-11 keywords = Lombardy; covid-19; model summary = title: Simulating the spread of COVID-19 via spatially-resolved susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered-deceased (SEIRD) model with heterogeneous diffusion Additional simulations exploring alternative scenarios for the relaxation of lockdown restrictions suggest that reopening strategies should account for local population densities and the specific dynamics of the contagion. These initial conditions correspond to the data provided by Lab24 [1] from the date 27 February 2020, featuring a severe outbreak in the province of Lodi, and moderate numbers of exposed and infected individuals in the provinces of Bergamo, Brescia, and Cremona (see Fig. 2 ). In Fig. 2 , we demonstrate the remarkable qualitative agreement in the outbreak dynamics between our model forecasts and data in the three main affected areas: Milan, Bergamo, and Brescia. Thus, our results suggest that maintenance of lockdown measures in high-population, high-density areas like Milan may be necessary for longer times to effectively arrest the spread of contagious diseases like COVID-19. doi = nan id = cord-340464-axb6resr author = Vijayasekaran, D. title = COVID-19 Pandemic: The Way Forward – Correspondence date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To the Editor: The editorial on "COVID-19 Pandemic: The Way Forward" by Rakesh Lodha & S K Kabra covered many important precautions to be observed both in overcrowded hospitals and private clinics in the context of present crisis [1] . We applaud the authors'' valuable suggestions covering various aspects of handling the current pandemic. IAP''s initiative for establishing smart clinics has been automatically adapted by several of us in the current situation and should be taken up in a big way even in the post COVID era. Since corona virus family is constantly evolving and devastating the normalcy of world, causing epidemics like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (CFR 14%-15%), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (CFR 34.4%.) and the current pandemic, pinning the responsibility is also the need of the hour [4] . COVID-19 pandemic: the way forward doi = 10.1007/s12098-020-03553-z id = cord-276194-4sfc7hal author = Vijayvargiya, Prakhar title = In Reply–The “Perfect Cytokine Storm” of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To the Editor:We read with great interest the letter by Testori regarding our Review article "Treatment Considerations for COVID-19: A Critical Review of the Evidence (or Lack Thereof)," 1 Testori pointed out the important association of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of Coronavirus disease 2019 , which could account for the worse outcome in older individuals. Baricitinib will be tested as one of the drugs in the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial (ACTT). Since the online publication of our review, the investigational RNA-dependent RNA inhibitor, remdesivir, has been granted emergency use authorization in United States Food and Drug Administration based on preliminary data obtained from the ACTT. Treatment Considerations for COVID-19: A Critical Review of the Evidence (or Lack Thereof) NIH Clinical Trial Shows Remdesivir Accelerates Recovery from Advanced COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.05.016 id = cord-271187-rlevoj41 author = Vijh, Rohit title = Serological Survey following SARS-COV-2 Outbreaks at Long Term Care Facilities in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia: Implications for Outbreak Management and Infection Control Policies date = 2020-10-18 keywords = COVID-19; LTC summary = A cross-sectional serological survey was carried out in two long term care facilities that experienced COVID-19 outbreaks in order to evaluate current clinical COVID-19 case definitions. Serological testing may be useful to evaluate and inform public health infection control practices by uncovering cases missed during an outbreak using current laboratory-based and clinical case definitions. Our analysis aims to provide a descriptive overview of a serological survey of LTC residents and staff members following outbreaks at two facilities and evaluate clinical case definitions of COVID-19 used in LTC outbreaks against serological results. Clinical information (symptomatic/asymptomatic history, symptoms recorded, medical comorbidities, medications) for each individual was gathered by abstracting data from a standardized case report form (Appendix C), medical charts of LTC residents, and phone interviews. however, no studies to date have used serology to inform clinical case definitions and subsequently infection control measures in LTC facilities. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.10.009 id = cord-258150-ezatw341 author = Vilakati, Phesheya Ndumiso title = The neglected role of Faith-based Organizations in prevention and control of COVID-19 in Africa date = 2020-08-27 keywords = Africa; COVID-19 summary = Especially in the sub-Saharan countries, COVID-19 may have devastating effects as the response required is challenged by inherent fragilities in the national health systems, high population density in metropolitan slums, a lack of services in rural settings, generally poor sanitation, food insecurity and undernutrition, as well as the high burden of comorbidities such as HIV infection and tuberculosis. In the African continent, preparedness for a pandemic like COVID-19 is a challenge given the need for rapid adaptation of already constrained health systems, scarcity of laboratories and reagents to test, limited training capacity, and poverty of resources in care provision and in general. However, due to the general shortage in PPE, diagnostic kits, and effective therapeutic options in countries like Ethiopia and eSwatini, most funds and key supply and equipment may be directed to governmental facilities rather than engaging the numerous FBOs and other non-governmental organizations (NGOs) providing care. doi = 10.1093/trstmh/traa073 id = cord-257995-kgmsecg3 author = Vilallonga, Ramon title = Reply To The Article “Bariatric Surgical Practice During the Initial Phase of COVID-19 Outbreak.” by Aminian, A., Kermansaravi, M., Azizi, S. et al. Published in Obesity Surgery date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Reply To The Article "Bariatric Surgical Practice During the Initial Phase of COVID-19 Outbreak." by Aminian, A., Kermansaravi, M., Azizi, S. Also, it will be important to take into consideration that some inflammatory parameters such as CRP, white blood cell count, and liver function alterations, as well as pulmonary pneumonia or thromboembolism and collapsed lung, can also be seen in patients presenting with bariatric surgery complications. Finally, short case series can help to have a picture of early experiences in bariatric surgery patients. Some recommendations would be needed to be considered with regards to bariatric surgery [8, 9] . Bariatric surgical practice during the initial phase of COVID-19 outbreak Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases Recommendations for metabolic and bariatric surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic from IFSO for reporting their experience in bariatric cases during COVID-19 outbreak [1] . doi = 10.1007/s11695-020-04678-y id = cord-259267-trpo5w11 author = Vilibic-Cavlek, Tatjana title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 seroprevalence among personnel in the healthcare facilities of Croatia, 2020 date = 2020-08-26 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = From April 25 to May 24, 2020, when the COVID-19 epidemic curve was approaching the end of the first wave in Croatia, a total of 592 serum samples from HCWs and allied/auxiliary HCWs were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Two studies from the United Kingdom showed that 18% of symptomatic HCWs 6 and 3% of asymptomatic HCWs tested RT-PCR-positive for SARS-CoV-2 7 . Data are limited on the seroprevalence of COVID-19 among HCWs. In this study, using ELISA, SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were detected in 2.7% of participants, while neutralizing antibodies were detected in 1.5% of participants, indicating a low seroprevalence among HCWs in Croatia. In the present study, three seropositive HCWs reported experiencing COVID-19-consistent clinical symptoms, while six were asymptomatic. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody detection in healthcare workers in Germany with direct contact to COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0458-2020 id = cord-327253-gge6wzly author = Villa, Simone title = Stigma at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; chinese summary = 1 Beginning in late January 2020, when the COVID-19 epidemic was still largely limited to China, verbal and physical attacks against Chinese or people of Asian descent have been documented in many countries. 10 In contrary, uninfected COVID-19 people may be facing discrimination when applying for jobs in some countries that may implement COVID-19 passport strategies, despite recommendations of the World Health Organization against such a practice. This reactive behaviour facilitates spreading of infectious pathogens especially among those with mild symptoms who avoid seeking medical attention and act J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f as usual not to raise suspicion on their condition. The world cannot bear a parallel pandemic of stigma, which only serves to boost the spread of infectious diseases and worsen people''s health conditions and social behaviours. Noteworthy, individuals with COVID-19 may develop poor health-seeking behaviours (e.g. avoiding testing) because, by anticipating and fearing stigma, they may perceive the risk of losing their job and being marginalised in the society. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.001 id = cord-337751-ccf8w06i author = Villalobos Dintrans, Pablo title = It Is Not Just Mortality: A Call From Chile for Comprehensive COVID-19 Policy Responses Among Older People date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; Chile; LTC summary = RESULTS: Although several policies have been enacted to protect older people from COVID-19, these measures could have important unintended negative consequences in this group''s mental and physical health, as well as financial aspects. DISCUSSION: A wider perspective is needed to include a broader definition of health—considering financial scarcity, access to health services, mental health issues, and long-term care—in the policy responses to COVID-19 targeted to older people in Chile. This research report intends to provide a critical analysis of the policy response to COVID-19 for older people (OP) in Chile, calling for a more comprehensive response that considers a broad conception of health. Chile is a developing mid-to-high-income (2018 gross domestic product per capita purchasing parity power = US$25,222), highly unequal country (Gini coefficient = 0.55), which is currently facing a process of rapid population aging: While the share of people older than 65 years is 12%, in 2020 it is expected to reach 25% by 2050 (United Nations, 2019a). doi = 10.1093/geronb/gbaa092 id = cord-331375-tbuijeje author = Villalobos, Carlos title = SARS-CoV-2 Infections in the World: An Estimation of the Infected Population and a Measure of How Higher Detection Rates Save Lives date = 2020-09-25 keywords = SARS; covid-19; detection; number summary = This paper provides an estimation of the accumulated detection rates and the accumulated number of infected individuals by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This paper provides an estimation of the accumulated detection rates and the accumulated number of infected individuals by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). By weighting the age-stratified IFRs by the country population agegroups shares in each country, it is possible to obtain countryspecific IFRs. The relevance of this study is 3-fold: Firstly, the estimation of the true number of infections includes not only confirmed cases but COVID-19 undetected cases, as well as SARS-CoV-2infected individuals without the disease, or in a pre-symptomatic stage. In order to provide reliable estimates of the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections and of the cumulative detection rates, it is necessary that governments provide real-time information about the number of COVID-19 deaths. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00489 id = cord-292173-95t89yee author = Villani, Federico Alcide title = COVID-19 and Dentistry: Prevention in Dental Practice, a Literature Review date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; N95; SARS; dental; mask summary = Several authors have highlighted the importance of telephone triage and/or clinic questionnaires, body temperature measurement, usage of personal protective equipment, surface disinfection with ethanol between 62% and 71%, high-speed instruments equipped with an anti-retraction system, four-handed work, and large-volume cannulas for aspiration. The aim of this narrative review is to investigate preventive measures in dental practice by assessing the operator and patient health protection during the new COVID-19 emergency by considering past experiences in terms of prevention, as the virus was only recently discovered. In addition, a second search was made: "masks" OR "disinfectants" OR "PPE" OR "dental equipment" AND "Covid-19" OR "coronavirus" OR "SARS-CoV-2". instead obtained diametrically opposing results; they showed, through a randomized controlled clinical study on 3591 subjects, that health workers who used N95 masks continuously during the shift or in situations considered to be at high risk, presented an 85% chance of not contracting a viral infection transmitted via droplets [36] . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17124609 id = cord-258579-68suyath author = Villar, Sergio Ciria title = Sintomatología psicótica en relación con cuarentena por COVID-19 date = 2020-11-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Objetivo: el objetivo de este artículo es presentar tres casos caracterizados por una descompensación psicopatológica aguda durante el estado de alarma en España, a causa de la epidemia por COVID-19, como ejemplificación de la morbilidad psíquica que puede generarse en relación con las medidas de confinamiento y aislamiento social. En estos casos seleccionados, las restricciones sociales implementadas a consecuencia del COVID-19 han tenido un papel muy relevante como estresor externo para la aparición de síntomas psicóticos en los pacientes. Introducción La emergencia sanitaria internacional que ha supuesto el COVID-19, así como las necesarias medidas que se han ido adoptando (cuarentena domiciliaria y aislamiento social, entre otras) van a tener una repercusión en la salud mental, igual que ha sucedido en anteriores pandemias (2) . No existe por el momento suficiente investigación sobre la Conviene tener en cuenta tanto la posibilidad de aparición de alteraciones psiquiátricas en personas que no tienen patología mental previa, como las descompensaciones agudas de pacientes con trastornos conocidos. doi = 10.1016/j.rcp.2020.10.009 id = cord-289832-092dtzrd author = Villard, Orianne title = The Plasmatic Aldosterone and C-Reactive Protein Levels, and the Severity of Covid-19: The Dyhor-19 Study date = 2020-07-21 keywords = CRP; covid-19 summary = The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the Covid-19 pandemic, uses the angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2), a physiological inhibitor of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), as a cellular receptor to infect cells. In univariate analyses, aldosterone and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels at inclusion were significantly higher in patients with severe clinical course as compared to those with mild or moderate course (p < 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). Moreover, aldosterone levels were also gradually and significantly increased when we compared clinical status of patients in the three following categories: mild (OS ≤ 3), moderate (OS = 4) and severe (OS ≥ 5) on Day 2 and at OS max (analysis of variance, p = 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively) ( Figure 2B) . In the present study, higher plasmatic aldosterone and CRP levels at inclusion are associated with severe clinical course of Covid-19 in hospitalized patients, and both parameters appear to be correlated. doi = 10.3390/jcm9072315 id = cord-281281-knelqmzx author = Villas-Boas, Gustavo R. title = The New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Comprehensive Review on Immunity and the Application of Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling to the Discovery of Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents date = 2020-09-07 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; China; CoV-2; RNA; SARS; figure; virus summary = The use of bioinformatics and other computational tools in addition to molecular modeling has helped researchers from different areas in the search for strategies for diagnosing viral infection, in the development of vaccines for its prevention, as well as in the discovery of new anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. In the context of COVID-19, this characteristic was important for a better understanding of the origin of SARS-CoV-2 from the comparative analysis of genomic data of the new virus with others from the same family, suggesting its origin from natural selection, with modifications in its spike protein, more specifically in the host receptor binding domain, which may have enhanced its interaction and recognition by the human cell [83, 91] . The contributions of bioinformatics and molecular modeling in elucidating essential targets for the planning and development of new drugs, and the analysis of already known compounds, support the search for safer and more effective treatments against SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.3390/molecules25184086 id = cord-304956-zqm5fl38 author = Vinayachandran, Divya title = Is gustatory impairment the first report of an oral manifestation in COVID‐19? date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Dear Editor, More recently, researchers have reported about the chemosensory alterations observed in patients with COVID-19 (Giacomelli et al., 2020) . Therefore, in patients reporting with both olfactory and taste disturbances in COVID-19, the possibility of an underlying olfactory disturbance should be considered as the primary aetiology. Whereas, the patients who reported only with dysgeusia and ageusia, in the absence of any olfactory disorders, have to be highlighted, since this could be the first report of any oral manifestation associated with COVID-19. Hence, this could be a possible reason for the taste disturbance, observed in COVID-19 patients. It was earlier reported that ACE2 receptors in the epithelial cells of the salivary glands of rhesus macaques were an initial target for the SARS coronavirus (Liu et al., 2011) . Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: A cross sectional study doi = 10.1111/odi.13371 id = cord-286168-019rcbpg author = Vindegaard, Nina title = COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; health summary = Out of these, only two studies evaluated patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection, whereas 41 evaluated the indirect effect of the pandemic (2 on patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders, 20 on medical health care workers, and 19 on the general public). 23, 24 We aimed to systematically review the literature in order to provide an overview of the psychiatric complications to COVID-19 infection (direct effect) and how COVID-19 are currently affecting mental health among psychiatric patients and general public (indirect effect) alongside with factors altering the risk of psychiatric symptoms in both groups. A variety of factors were associated with higher risk of psychiatric symptoms and/or low psychological well-being of the general public including female gender, front-line health care workers, and poor self-rated health. From previous studies of the SARS CoV-1 epidemic it is known that health care workers are at risk of anxiety and depressive symptoms, which the current studies indicate also is the case of COVID19 . doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048 id = cord-277178-nbotxv35 author = Vindrola-Padros, C. title = Remote home monitoring (virtual wards) during the COVID-19 pandemic: a living systematic review date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; monitoring; patient summary = Objectives: The aim of this review was to analyse the implementation and impact of remote home monitoring models (virtual wards) during COVID-19, identifying their main components, processes of implementation, target patient populations, impact on outcomes, costs and lessons learnt. There is a paucity of published literature on the models of care developed to implement remote home monitoring across different healthcare contexts during the COVID-19 pandemic, the experiences of staff implementing these models and patients receiving care, the use of data for monitoring progress, resources required, as well as the impact of these models on clinical, process and economic outcomes. The included articles were analysed using a data extraction form developed in REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) that extracted data on: the design and general characteristics of the model, patient populations, main reported process and clinical outcomes and its potential economic impact. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.07.20208587 id = cord-343766-hlg7t5i5 author = Vinken, Mathieu title = A putative AOP for pneumonia related to COVID-19 date = 2020-07-20 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = In order to further encourage research in this direction, an updated version of the putative AOP for pneumonia linked to COVID-19 is proposed, which encompasses new knowledge that is rapidly accumulating (Fig. 1) . One of the major MIEs in this AOP is the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor at the plasma membrane surface of type II pneumocytes lining the alveoli in lung. Such AOP network should comprise the mechanisms driving the multi-organ failure frequently observed in severe COVID-19 patients, for which the causes (i.e. MIEs) are as yet not entirely clear or delineated. Thus, liver failure may be caused by the direct binding and actions of SARS-CoV-2 in hepatocytes or cholangiocytes, but could also be an indirect consequence of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome associated with COVID-19. A putative AOP for pneumonia linked to COVID-19 doi = 10.1007/s00204-020-02860-w id = cord-336790-29im4gxw author = Violetis, Odyssefs A. title = COVID-19 Infection and Haematological Involvement: a Review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Prognosis of Full Blood Count Findings date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first recognized in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 causing coronavirus disease 2019 and has swiftly spread all over the world infecting approximately 4 billion individuals until May 10. Herein, we summarize the hematologic findings on full blood count focusing on white blood cells and platelets analysing their pathophysiology and their potential use as a tool for spotting the patients who are prone to a more severe progression of the disease or even a lethal upshot. advocates that leukocytosis (2.0-fold rise) and neutrophilia (4.4-fold rise) were predictors of the severity of the disease, which was confirmed by the need for admission in an ICU environment, while examining 140 patients with COVID-19 infection [13] . included 9 studies with a total of 1779 COVID-19 patients examining the association between thrombocytopenia and severity of the disease. Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: a meta-analysis doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00380-3 id = cord-296426-upwsdgso author = Virmani, Sarthak title = Identifying a Kidney Transplant Recipient COVID Phenotype to Aid Test Utilization in the Setting of Limited Testing Availability - Does One Exist? date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = While it is true that other non-novel viruses tend to cause more severe disease in immunocompromised patients [1] , no conclusive data is available to suggest an increased susceptibility or severity of SARS-Cov-2 infection in immunosuppressed kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). This was a single center, retrospective chart review performed as a QAPI project to assess similarities in kidney transplant recipients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 as compared to those who tested negative, and guide testing recommendations in the setting of limited testing availability during the COVID-19 pandemic. We did not observe any significant association between patient gender, level of education, or history of diabetes on the SARS-CoV-2 test result. Our cohort of KTRs showed no significant difference in ALC between patients who tested positive and negative for SARS-CoV-2 (Table 3 ). Though statistically significant in our small patient cohort, larger studies of KTRs with COVID-19 disease and a history of BKV will be required to confirm and better understand this association. doi = 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.05.033 id = cord-253665-1dn3ek34 author = Vishnubalaji, Radhakrishnan title = Protein Coding and Long Noncoding RNA (lncRNA) Transcriptional Landscape in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Bronchial Epithelial Cells Highlight a Role for Interferon and Inflammatory Response date = 2020-07-07 keywords = CoV-2; SARS; covid-19; figure; nhbe summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 , caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on Phenomenal changes in ncRNA expression are also seen within host cells, which can play a major role in respiratory virus pathogenesis, with long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) exhibiting higher tissue specificity than coding genes [30] . Disease and function analysis on the differentially expressed genes revealed the most significant enrichment in pathways related to reactive oxygen species, induction of apoptosis and necrosis, as well as activation of neutrophils in SARS-CoV-2 infected NHBE cells (Figure 3a,b) . The top ten activated upstream regulator networks (CST5, IFNG, IFNL1, IFNA2, SPI1, RNY3, PRL, TGM2 , miR-122 and miR-122-5p) in lung tissue derived from COVID-19 patient based on transcriptome and IPA analyses, revealed the enrichment of functions related to immune system associated JAK-STAT cascade, type 1 interferon receptor binding, cytokine receptor binding, and MHC 1 biosynthesis (Figure 6a and Supplementary Table S10 ). doi = 10.3390/genes11070760 id = cord-341783-e7xz4utr author = Vistisen, Simon T. title = Risk and prognosis of COVID-19 in patients treated with renin–angiotensin–aldosterone inhibitors date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = 2 Because ACE2 plays an important role in the renin-angiotensin system and also acts as a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, hypotheses about an association between ACEi/ARBs and COVID-19 outcomes were rapidly generated. Nevertheless, based on these initial observational findings, there seems to be no increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection for ACEi/ARB users. Four studies examined the prognosis of COVID-19 patients and uniformly found that risk of severe outcomes was not higher for the collapsed group of ACEi and ARB 740 Vistisen et al. The transmembrane angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor allows SARS-CoV-2 entry and leads to virus replication, activation of innate immune system/complement, cytokine formation followed by neutrophils/lymphocytes in the lung and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Association of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors with severity or risk of death in patients with hypertension hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1097/eja.0000000000001277 id = cord-283177-qwinggg4 author = Viswanathan, Ramaswamy title = Support Groups and Individual Mental Health Care via Video Conferencing for Frontline Clinicians during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; Health; group summary = title: Support Groups and Individual Mental Health Care via Video Conferencing for Frontline Clinicians during the COVID-19 Pandemic METHODS: We developed recurring peer support groups via videoconferencing and telephone for physicians, resident physicians, and nursing staff, focusing on issues and emotions related to their frontline clinical work with COVID patients in our medical center which was designated as a COVID-only hospital by the state. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience suggests that this method of offering telehealth peer support groups and individual counseling is a useful model for other centers to adapt, to emotionally support frontline clinical workers in this ongoing worldwide crisis. From late March 2020, our department of psychiatry began offering support group and individual video-conference sessions to help our frontline attending physicians, resident physicians, nurses and other healthcare professionals, and students. We estimate that about 40 attending physicians, 40 residents, and 50 nurses, all frontline healthcare professionals, have participated in the group sessions, and 57 people have used the individual sessions. doi = 10.1016/j.psym.2020.06.014 id = cord-303959-e1654g5j author = Vitiello, Antonio title = COVID-19 Patients with Pulmonary Fibrotic Tissue: Clinical Pharmacological Rational of Antifibrotic Therapy date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In this direction, the use of a pharmacological approach to reduce or prevent fibrotic status, with antifibrotic agents such as pirfenidone, used with demonstrated clinical efficacy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [4] can be a valuable aid in the prevention of serious or fatal complications from COVID-19 in patients with ongoing infection, or in those already healed with residual fibrotic lung lesions [5] . Although many patients who develop SARS-CoV-2 respiratory distress syndrome survive the acute phase of the Fig. 1 Antifibrotic therapy, pleiotropic effects of Pirfenidone disease, data have shown that some of them die from progressive pulmonary fibrosis [19] . Several reports suggest, however, that there are differences between IPF and COVID-19-induced pulmonary fibrosis, diversity in the rapid evolution of the fibrotic and inflammatory state, and a highly developed procoagulant effect in SARS-CoV-2 viral infection [22, 23] . doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00487-7 id = cord-268190-r428y2j9 author = Vivanti, Alexandre J. title = Post-natal follow-up for women and neonates during the COVID-19 pandemic: French National Authority for Health recommendations date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; child; mother summary = INTRODUCTION: In the context of the stage 3 SARS-Cov-2 epidemic situation, it is necessary to put forward a method of rapid response for an HAS position statement in order to answer to the requests from the French Ministry of Solidarity and Health, healthcare professionals and/or health system users'' associations, concerning post-natal follow-up for women and neonates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the shorter length of stay in the maternity unit, it is recommended that a newborn child be examined in person between the 6 th and 10 th day after the birth, preferably by a paediatrician or a general practitioner. The newborn''s visit planned during the second week (close medical supervision of the infant) is left, during an outbreak of COVID-19, to the decision of the paediatrician or general practitioner who examined the child between the 6 th and 10 th day postpartum. A mother with COVID-19 and her child are monitored by their general practitioner and, if necessary, the paediatrician for the newborn. doi = 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101805 id = cord-332778-rf47ptj6 author = Vivarelli, Silvia title = Cancer Management during COVID-19 Pandemic: Is Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Based Immunotherapy Harmful or Beneficial? date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; cancer; patient summary = It was demonstrated that cancer patients have an increased risk of developing a worse symptomatology upon severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, often leading to hospitalization and intensive care. Given their immune-compromised status, cancer patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 might be at a higher risk of developing severe and critical consequences upon COVID-19, including ARDS, septic shock and acute myocardial infarction [29] [30] [31] . Nevertheless, cancer patients, when infected by SARS-CoV-2 might develop more severe outcomes, if anti-cancer treatments induce a weakening of the host immune health [38] . Since the beginning of this pandemic, nine independent clinical studies have been published about the risks possibly related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with cancer. In line with this concept, three additional independent clinical studies are currently enrolling non-cancer COVID-19 patients to test the efficacy of administering ICIs to reshape the impaired immune system of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals (i.e., NCT04268537; NCT04356508 and NCT04413838). doi = 10.3390/cancers12082237 id = cord-336373-xb3jrg75 author = Vivas, Esther X. title = COVID19 and Otology/Neurotology date = 2020-08-22 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, has caused unprecedented changes to society as we know it. The severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, has caused unprecedented changes to society as we know it. In the following text I will review some of the changes to the practice of otology and neurotology in the US, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In general, it is safe to say that while N95s have been used extensively, the role of CAPR and PAPR is limited for routine otologic and neurotologic procedures, but may be necessary on COVID-19 positive patients. Another change to standard operating procedures has been the implementation of pre-operative COVID-19 testing for all patients undergoing surgery. The COVID-19 pandemic has required otologists and neurotologists to implement several changes into our practice. doi = 10.1016/j.otc.2020.08.003 id = cord-342041-x0bwjl54 author = Vivien, Benoît title = Adaptation de la Régulation Médicale du SAMU face à la pandémie du COVID-19 date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; CRRA; SAMU summary = Si les différents SAMU de France ont pu montrer dans le passé leurs capacités d''adaptation pour faire face à des événements exceptionnels avec un nombre important de victimes, la pandémie du COVID-19 a été sans commune mesure avec tout ce qui avait pu être imaginé auparavant en termes d''ampleur pour une crise sanitaire. Outre les renforts internes respectifs de ces deux catégories de médecins, il a également été fait appel à des médecins extérieurs au SAMU-Centre 15 : médecins « jeunes retraités » du service qui se sont très rapidement réintégrés à la structure dans leurs activités respectives, médecins urgentistes de SMUR ayant ou non déjà pratiqué la régulation médicale dans un CRRA, voire médecins de services hospitaliers hors médecine d''urgence (pédiatres…) disponibles en raison de la sous-activité ou de la fermeture de leur service. doi = 10.1016/j.pxur.2020.08.020 id = cord-304306-rxjahqwh author = Vlachakis, Dimitrios title = Molecular mechanisms of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and potential anti-COVID19 pharmacological targets since the outbreak of the pandemic date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; RNA; SARS; protein summary = The currently available antiviral option for hospitalized patients is remdesivir, which may inhibit the replication process by targeting the RdRp. Previously proposed treatments for hospitalized patients included hydroxychloroquine, which thought to disrupt virus endocytosis, and lopinavir/ritonavir, which thought to inhibit SARs-CoV-2 main protease (Astuti and Ysrafil, 2020; Magro, 2020) . Silibilin is predicted to have a dual activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection; silibilin can potentially reduce viral replication activity by targeting NSP12 as a remdesivir-like inhibitor, and modulate inflammatory responses by direct inhibition of STAT3 (BoschBarrera et al., 2020) . A recombinant form of the human ACE2 protein was synthesized as a therapeutic treatment for COVID-19, functioning as a decoy for SARS-CoV-2 and essentially preventing the virus from binding to the cell surface ACE2 (Schuster et al., 2010) . Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure and host response doi = 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111805 id = cord-334814-stswaiep author = Vogrig, Alberto title = Causality in COVID-19-associated stroke: a uniform case definition for use in clinical research date = 2020-08-01 keywords = CAS; COVID-19 summary = Even if the World Health Organization (WHO) has provided definition for suspected, probable, and confirmed COVID-19 cases, we believe that only patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 should enter in the classification, in addition to clinic-radiological evidence of acute stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic). Minor criteria were designed to capture additional evidence of a causal and biologically plausible association: (1) onset of stroke few days to 3 weeks after COVID-19 symptoms [3] [4] [5] ,(2) lack of cardiovascular risk factors [1, 8] ,(3) D-dimer and/or lactate dehydrogenase elevation [3] [4] [5] . Typical clinical features of COVID-19-related stroke include large vessel occlusion, multi-territory involvement, and posterior circulation predisposition (Fig. 1a-g) [3] [4] [5] 8 ]. In particular, case 12 was a previously healthy 50-year-old man who developed a posterior circulation stroke 3 days after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms in the context of vertebral artery dissection [7] , consistent with our proposed definition. doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-10103-2 id = cord-302127-1abupl36 author = Vokó, Zoltán title = The effect of social distance measures on COVID-19 epidemics in Europe: an interrupted time series analysis date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; Disease; European summary = Recently published COVID-19 microsimulation models based on social network data in the UK and USA revealed that epidemic suppression would require a complex intervention package including social distancing of the entire population, home isolation of cases, and household quarantine of their family members, supplemented with school closure, in intermittent periods adjusted to epidemic intensity and unoccupied critical care capacity (Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team Report 9 2020; Kucharski et al. Our research aims were to identify the date when the COVID-19 pandemic started declining in each European country and to evaluate the association of the level of community mobility restrictions (social distancing) with the observed extent of decline in the national epidemics. To SDI social distance index, SD standard deviation prevent COVID-19 transmission in nursing homes and other chronic care facilities enriching high-risk elderly patient groups, effective local infection control measures are clearly more relevant than general interventions targeting the country population as a whole, without specific focus on critical hot spots of the epidemic. doi = 10.1007/s11357-020-00205-0 id = cord-280899-zoc1hk5g author = Volff, Maxime title = No added value of the modified NEWS score to predict clinical deterioration in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-07-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: No added value of the modified NEWS score to predict clinical deterioration in COVID-19 patients The current international outbreak of COVID-19 respiratory illness due to SARS-CoV-2 virus results in high rates of hospitalisation and intensive care unit (ICU) admission [1] . ICU resources in Europe are limited [2] , and managing ICU-bed flow is therefore vital to ensure high quality of care to all patients. The National Early Warning Score (NEWS) is recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in its guidelines for predicting the risk of clinical deterioration of COVID-19 patients [3] . However, the authors did not provide data to support this modification and we did not identify Predictive performance of the NEWS and mNEWS scores was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROCAUC) curve using the method described by DeLong et al. doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.07.008 id = cord-343773-9f7ew8uj author = Volo, T. title = Elective tracheostomy during COVID-19 outbreak: to whom, when, how? Early experience from Venice, Italy date = 2020-07-12 keywords = COVID-19; patient; tracheostomy summary = METHODS: A retrospective cohort study on 23 COVID 19 patients, to analyse the timing of tracheostomy, the risk factors associated with in-hospital death and the infection of the involved health care workers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the timing, appropriateness and staff security of tracheostomy in patients receiving PMV in our medical-surgical ICU for SARS-COVID19. Tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19-associated respiratory failure is a challenging procedure due to both its severity, duration and risk of infections. Considering that in our study, mean time from intubation to death was 21 days, for patients with higher SOFA score and higher D-dimer level, we suggest to wait until 21 days to decide for tracheostomy to avoid clinically vain procedures for patients and to rule out health care workers from worthless exposure risks. doi = 10.1007/s00405-020-06190-6 id = cord-349852-atayq3fi author = Volpe, Massimo title = COVID-19 and the Forgotten Majority date = 2020-08-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Millions of visits, procedures, surgical operations and screening or prevention programs were cancelled or postponed through the world due to the unavoidable and necessary new mission of the hospitals to face the COVID-19 wave. An issue of particular importance is represented by the interruption of screening or follow-up programs, particularly in the context of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, leading to a worrying number of missed diagnoses and delayed specific treatments, necessary to prevent morbidity and mortality [1] . The management of patients with cancer or heart failure in more advanced stages will have a countless socioeconomic impact for healthcare systems and it will need an immediate new program to recover the missing actions as fast as possible. The patients'' fear of a possible contagion in a hospital setting and the exclusive focus of emergency departments on COVID-19 with a consequent deferral of other procedures has generated an unpredicted pre-contemporary medical scenario [4, 5] . Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1007/s40292-020-00407-9 id = cord-303284-xwhxyy3d author = Volpicelli, Giovanni title = What’s new in lung ultrasound during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; LUS summary = Computed tomography scans of patients with COVID-19 typically show a diffuse bilateral interstitial pneumonia, with asymmetric, patchy lesions distributed mainly in the periphery of the lung [4] [5] [6] . Conversely, in our experience, patients with COVID-19 disease who suffer from severe respiratory failure are not likely to have no or mild LUS alterations. These include early quantification of the severity of lung involvement, periodic assessment for the appearance of findings suggestive of atelectasis or pneumonia and monitoring the effects of changes in mechanical ventilation and recruitment maneuvers on lung aeration. Early quantification of the severity of lung involvement in patients with COVID-19 may be obtained by estimating the overall amount of lung areas detected as being pathological with ultrasound. Identification of interstitial patterns or consolidations typical of pneumonia in patients with COVID-19 should lead to a change in care. doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-06048-9 id = cord-303787-dx1n8jap author = Vonck, Kristl title = Neurological manifestations and neuro‐invasive mechanisms of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; report summary = RESULTS: Neurological manifestations potentially related to COVID‐19 have been reported in large studies, case series and case reports and include acute cerebrovascular diseases, impaired consciousness, cranial nerve manifestations and auto‐immune disorders such as Guillain‐Barré Syndrome often present in patients with more severe COVID‐19. Neurological symptoms were more common in patients with severe infection according to their respiratory status (45.5% vs 30.2% in non-severe cases) and fell into 3 categories: central nervous system (CNS) manifestations (dizziness, headache, impaired consciousness, acute cerebrovascular disease, ataxia, and seizure), cranial and peripheral nervous system manifestations (taste impairment, smell impairment, vision impairment, and neuropathy), and skeletal muscular injury manifestations. This is illustrated by a recent report of a COVID-19 patient with an acute necrotizing encephalopathy, a rare complication observed in infections with viruses including influenza, and related to a cytokine storm in the brain without direct viral invasion 26 . doi = 10.1111/ene.14329 id = cord-202465-38oeau38 author = Voorhees, Ellen title = TREC-COVID: Constructing a Pandemic Information Retrieval Test Collection date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID; TREC; round summary = TREC-COVID is a community evaluation designed to build a test collection that captures the information needs of biomedical researchers using the scientific literature during a pandemic. The availability of CORD-19 provides the opportunity to create a test collection that captures the information needs of biomedical researchers using the scientific literature during a pandemic, and the TREC-COVID evaluation aims to do precisely that. Because we want to foster research on systems that are able to pivot quickly, deadlines are very short: roughly one week between when the test topics become available and the run submission deadline, followed by ten days for relevance assessing before the next round begins. The cumulative document, topic, and relevance judgment sets will reflect the changes observed in real use of search systems during the current pandemic. Because assessors were available before the first submission deadline, TREC-COVID organizers produced three runs based on the Anserini 5 system and used depth-40 pools across these three runs using the Round 1 release of CORD-19 (April 10) to create the 0.5 set. doi = nan id = cord-273774-mg0wq9g0 author = Votto, Martina title = How pediatric resident’s life has changed during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Since the World Health Organization declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a global pandemic, a few articles were published on the working experience of pediatric residents, especially from the most exposed countries worldwide. Pediatric residents continue to be essential pillars in managing and treating pediatric diseases and are currently fundamental health care providers for every ill patient, including children and adolescents with COVID-19. Although severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is changing everyone''s life, this previously unknown disease can represent a training tool and a hard challenge for pediatric residents to improve their skills and take part in an ongoing process of knowledge. To the Editor, Since the WHO declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a global pandemic [1] , a few articles were published on the working experience of pediatric residents. During the pandemic, pediatric residents continue to be essential pillars in managing and treating pediatric diseases and are currently fundamental health care providers for every ill patient, including children and adolescents with COVID-19. doi = 10.1186/s13052-020-00920-6 id = cord-337674-mb6ue2hl author = Voulgaris, Athanasios title = Sleep medicine and COVID-19. Has a new era begun? date = 2020-07-17 keywords = SARS; SDB; covid-19; pap summary = This is especially important for the treatment of patients with sleep disordered breathing (SDB) since the application of positive airway pressure (PAP) can induce spread of aerosol and increase substantially the risk of infection [6] . A group of experts in SDB from the Chinese Thoracic Society provided feedback on the management of patients with OSA and suggested that sleep studies and initiation of PAP application should be continued only in regions with low incidence of COVID-19, preferably with the use of home sleep apnea tests (HSAT) [19] . In case where in-laboratory sleep studies are necessary, especially for PAP titration or insurance demands, these could be performed only after patients'' negative screening for COVID-19, according to local recommendations and hospital guidelines, with the personnel using all necessary personal protective equipment (PPE) and keeping safe distances, as previously mentioned and according to WHO infection prevention and control guidance [34] . doi = 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.07.010 id = cord-301762-g14aik1e author = Voutsinas, Nicholas title = Incidental CT findings in the lungs in COVID-19 patients presenting with abdominal pain date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = As the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) continues to spread, some patients are presenting with abdominal symptoms without respiratory complaints. As the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) continues to spread, some patients are presenting with abdominal symptoms without respiratory complaints. Our case series documents four patients who presented with abdominal symptoms whose abdominopelvic CT revealed incidental pulmonary parenchymal findings in the imaged lung bases and were subsequently confirmed positive for COVID-19 via laboratory testing. Our case series documents four patients who presented with abdominal symptoms whose abdominopelvic CT revealed incidental pulmonary parenchymal findings in the imaged lung bases and were subsequently confirmed positive for COVID-19 via laboratory testing. Our case series describes four patients who presented to our health system with only abdominal symptomatology but notably without respiratory or thoracic symptoms, which triggered abdominopelvic CT imaging. Excluded from this series are presumed COVID-19 patients who presented with abdominal pain and similar lung CT findings, but not confirmed positive with nasopharyngeal swab. doi = 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.05.021 id = cord-323686-1bmpvmdd author = Vrdoljak, Eduard title = Cancer and COVID-19; how do we manage cancer optimally through a public health crisis? date = 2020-04-18 keywords = covid-19 summary = Given our dramatically-changed emotional and social infrastructure, given media''s specific focus on COVID-19 over all other health issues (cancer included), through 24 news cycle and social media, we should carefully and precisely measure the impact of these cumulative medical and social changes on oncology outcomes, particularly in CEE/LMIC regions. Cancer is the leading cause of death in the developed World (4) and is also a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in LMICs. Every month in Europe we are diagnosing 352,500 new oncology patients (4). Stage migration upwards at diagnosis, less organized multidisciplinary teamwork, suboptimally delivered oncology therapy and reduced follow-up could cause significant increases in cancer morbidity and mortality. We need to balance the COVID-19 challenge and the preventive measures we are taking to mitigate this pandemic with the undeniable risk of increased morbidity and mortality for oncology patients in a COVID-19 prioritized health system. doi = 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.04.001 id = cord-275202-zq4vvini author = Vu, David title = Three unsuspected CT diagnoses of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = CONCLUSION: Using imaging characteristics of COVID-19 on abdominal or neck CT when a portion of the lungs is included, patients not initially suspected of COVID-19 infection can be quarantined earlier to limit exposure to others. Each patient had suspicious imaging findings for COVID-19, which prompted the interpreting radiologist to suggest that the clinical team test for COVID-19. Two days later, the patient was notified that he had tested positive for COVID-19 and was directed to remain isolated and to return to the emergency room if any acute respiratory symptoms developed. Using pulmonary parenchymal ground-glass or nodular opacities in a predominantly peripheral distribution on abdominal or neck CT when a portion of the lungs is included, patients not initially suspected of COVID-19 can be placed into isolation at the hospital earlier and be instructed to stay quarantined until the test results come back, limiting exposure to others. doi = 10.1007/s10140-020-01775-4 id = cord-285327-m0yaa1oa author = Vuitton, Dominique A. title = A plea for the pathogenic role of immune complexes in severe Covid-19 date = 2020-06-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = This hypothesis is justified by the delayed occurrence of the cytokine storm and patient''s aggravation, pathological observations of endothelitis, association with disseminated microvascular thrombosis in the most severe cases, and location of the lesions to specific organs, including heart, brain, kidney and skin [1, 4] ; similar observations are common in experimental and clinical models of pathogenic ICs, such as serum sickness, or viral diseases with IC deposition and massive inflammatory reactions [5] . In the recent weeks, observations of intravenous immunoglobulins-(Igs-) responsive Kawasaki-like disease in children with SARS-CoV2 infection [6] and the efficacy of IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) in a severely ill COVID-19 teenage patient [7] were published. The specific humoral and cellular immune response towards SARS-CoV2 was comprehensively analyzed in a non-severe case of the disease [11] . Breadth of J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: a case report of non-severe COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108493 id = cord-325274-krmr4d6h author = Vulliamy, Paul title = Acute aorto‐iliac and mesenteric arterial thromboses as presenting features of COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported to induce a hypercoagulable state1 which is associated with disease severity and poor outcomes.2,3 Rates of thromboembolic events and use of augmented thromboprophylaxis in patients with COVID-19 are therefore the subject of significant interest. SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported to induce a hypercoagulable state, 1 which is associated with disease severity and poor outcomes. 2, 3 Rates of thromboembolic events and use of augmented thromboprophylaxis in patients with COVID-19 are therefore the subject of significant interest. correspondence Chest radiology demonstrated diffuse bilateral consolidation and peripheral ground-glass opacification consistent with SARS-CoV-2 infection (Fig 1A) . CT angiography revealed an acute thrombotic occlusion of the infrarenal aorta extending into the common iliac arteries (Fig 1B) . Chest imaging was indicative of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Fig 1C) . doi = 10.1111/bjh.16760 id = cord-283877-qy6s5xrw author = Vöö, Stefan title = Single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography lung perfusion imaging during the COVID-19 pandemic: does nuclear medicine need to reconsider its guidelines? date = 2020-07-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = An area of interest and controversy in clinical practice remains that of ventilation-perfusion scans in patients with respiratory symptoms who are referred for nuclear medicine imaging to exclude pulmonary embolism as a differential diagnosis to other respiratory conditions. We think that a perfusion-only scintigraphy with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) lowdose computed tomography (CT) of the chest while excluding the ventilation scan, as a first line investigation, could be still a well tolerated option while preserving the diagnostic quality of the scan and avoiding unnecessary risk related to aerosolization and possible viral spread. We, therefore, propose that lung perfusion-only SPECT-CT should be considered in patients with contraindications for CTPA and suspected acute PE during the COVID-19 pandemic as a first line of investigation. However, ventilation SPECT scan, although debatable, may still be performed, if lung perfusion scan is abnormal, after PCR swab testing preferably in PCR Covid-19 negative patients and with use or full PPE for aerosol generating procedures. doi = 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001246 id = cord-273495-hruq0hdw author = Waffo Tchounga, C.A. title = Composition analysis of falsified chloroquine phosphate samples seized during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COVID-19; Raman; sample summary = authors: Waffo Tchounga, C.A.; Sacre, P.Y.; Ciza, P.; Ngono, R.; Ziemons, E.; Hubert, Ph.; Marini, R.D. title: Composition analysis of falsified chloroquine phosphate samples seized during the COVID-19 pandemic These suspect samples were first analyzed in a screening phase using field tools such as handheld Raman spectroscopy (TruScan) and then in a confirmation phase using laboratory tools such as hyperspectral Raman imaging and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). A previous publication, at the origin of the WHO alert, showed about five falsified tableted chloroquine samples collected in Cameroon and DRC using thin layer chromatography (GPHF Minilab) as a screening method [16] [17] [18] . Raman imaging results showed the presence of chloroquine phosphate in samples F, G and H with correlation coefficients of 0.95, 0.98 and 0.99 respectively. Falsified samples of chloroquine phosphate seized by Cameroon, DRC and Niger during the COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed. doi = 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113761 id = cord-263002-f3itn0sb author = Wagener, Frank A. D. T. G. title = Targeting the Heme-Heme Oxygenase System to Prevent Severe Complications Following COVID-19 Infections date = 2020-06-19 keywords = HO-1; Heme; SARS; covid-19 summary = Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a clinically used Nrf2 activator [86] that could possibly be used to prevent the many heme-induced complications during SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as edema, inflammation, and thrombosis and fibrosis by induction of the versatile HO-1 enzyme. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a clinically used Nrf2 activator [86] that could possibly be used to prevent the many heme-induced complications during SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as edema, inflammation, and thrombosis and fibrosis by induction of the versatile HO-1 enzyme. These predisposing conditions, and inflammation in general, downregulate HO-1 expression and activity [67, 74, [100] [101] [102] [103] [104] [105] [106] , further supporting that this compromised protection and diminished tolerance against inflammatory and oxidative stress promotes adverse clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients. Since dexamethasone reduces hemolysis and induces HO-1 in macrophages [113] , it is tempting to speculate that this increased protection against free heme attenuates the severity of disease in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.3390/antiox9060540 id = cord-343414-2embihmf author = Wagner, Aaron B. title = Social distancing merely stabilized COVID‐19 in the US date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; state summary = Using the earlier of K‐12 school closures and restaurant closures, by state, to define the start of the intervention, and considering daily confirmed cases through April 23rd, 2020, we find that social distancing is associated with a statistically‐significant (p < 0.01) reduction in the doubling rate for all states except for Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota, when controlling for false discovery, with the doubling rate averaged across the states falling from 0.302 (0.285, 0.320) days(‐1) to 0.010 (‐0.007, 0.028) days(‐1). We focus on estimating the doubling rate, β, measured in inverse days, of new infections across the fifty states and the District of Columbia 1 , both before and after the intervention. This study finds that the social distancing measures enacted in the US are associated with a significant decrease in the doubling rate of COVID-19 infections. doi = 10.1002/sta4.302 id = cord-258125-2kkqqgop author = Wagner, Peter title = Knowing How to Act Well in Time date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; action; knowledge; social summary = Starting out from the plurality of forms of knowledge that are mobilized to analyse COVID-19 and its consequences as well as the lack of any clearly hegemonic knowledge, the article tries to understand how a limited convergence in the politico-medical responses to the crisis emerged, and speculates on what would have happened if this had not been the case. Starting out from the plurality of forms of knowledge that are mobilized to analyse COVID-19 and its consequences as well as the lack of any clearly hegemonic knowledge, the article tries to understand how a limited convergence in the politico-medical responses to the crisis emerged, and speculates on what would have happened if this had not been the case. In turn, the critics observe a crisis-driven move to authoritarianism, to new nationalism and restrictions to movement, to technocracy with political decisions based on expertise rather than deliberation, in short, the return to disciplinary society combined with isolation of individuals and loss of sociality. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10018-7 id = cord-348975-plne3xlz author = Wagner, Tyler title = Augmented curation of clinical notes from a massive EHR system reveals symptoms of impending COVID-19 diagnosis date = 2020-07-07 keywords = PCR; covid; covid-19; patient summary = By contrasting Electronic Health Record (EHR)-derived symptoms of COVID-19-positive (COVID(pos); n = 2,317) versus COVID-19-negative (COVID(neg); n = 74,850) patients for the week preceding the PCR testing date, we identify anosmia/dysgeusia (27.1-fold), fever/chills (2.6-fold), respiratory difficulty (2.2-fold), cough (2.2-fold), myalgia/arthralgia (2-fold), and diarrhea (1.4-fold) as significantly amplified in COVID(pos) over COVID(neg) patients. In order to investigate the time course of COVID-19 progression in patients and better define the presence or absence of symptoms, we used BERT-based deep neural networks to extract symptoms and their putative synonyms from the clinical notes for the week prior to the date when the COVID-19 diagnosis test was taken (see Materials and methods; Table 1 ). Augmented curation of the unstructured clinical notes from the EHR reveals specific clinically confirmed phenotypes that are amplified in COVID pos patients over COVID neg patients in the week prior to the SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing date. doi = 10.7554/elife.58227 id = cord-329996-f2hxpat3 author = Wahlster, Sarah title = The COVID-19 Pandemic’s Impact on Critical Care Resources and Providers: A Global Survey date = 2020-09-11 keywords = America; COVID-19; ICU summary = Emotional distress or burnout was high across regions (52%, highest in North America), and associated with female gender (aRR:1.16, 95% CI:1.01-1.33), being a nurse (aRR:1.31, 95% CI:1.13-1.53), reporting a shortage of ICU nurses (aRR:1.18, 95% CI:1.05-1.33) and powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) (aRR:1.30 95% CI:1.09-1.55), as well as experiencing poor communication from supervisors (aRR:1.30, 95% CI:1.16-1.46). We conducted multivariate log-binomial regression to assess predictors of three main outcomes: 1) limiting the use of mechanical ventilation (MV) for COVID-19 patients; 2) changing policies or practices of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); and 3) reporting emotional distress and burnout. In the multivariate regression, the likelihood of limiting MV was 2-3 times higher in all other world regions compared to North America (Table 3a) , highest in settings where a lack of ventilators was reported (aRR:2.10, 95% CI:1.61-2.74), and marginally associated with lack of PAPRs and caring for >50 COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.070 id = cord-290523-pqah68j8 author = Waite, Roberta title = Effects of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Black and Brown Racialized Populations in the U.S date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19; health summary = These communities have struggled with limited access to healthcare services and insufficient primary care providers, long standing unemployment, a dearth of businesses in the community, chronic illnesses, and a panoply of health risks and stressors that contribute to the pronounced lifespan gap between white and black Chicago residents (Pratt, 2020) The panel consists of not only the usual business leaders and healthcare experts, but a representative from NAMI and community advocates such as Mr. Anton Seals Jr., whose words are quoted at the beginning of this piece. We hope the work of the panel and these other models will be used as best practice guides to change the economic maps and social injustices that foster these health disparities still, especially for the black and brown racialized populations in this country. The new normal they can create should include better distribution of resources, such as clean water, more primary care providers, telehealth and telecounseling services, to people who need them…wherever they live. doi = 10.1016/j.apnu.2020.10.010 id = cord-323103-55yjl25x author = Waitzkin, Howard title = Confronting the Upstream Causes of COVID-19 and Other Epidemics to Follow date = 2020-08-03 keywords = COVID-19; Gates; Health summary = Convincing evidence shows that this and every other important viral epidemic emerging in the recent past and predictably into the future comes from the same upstream causes: capitalist agriculture, its destruction of natural habitat, and the industrial production of meat. These organizations have suffered cutbacks in public funding but have received increased support from international financial institutions and private philanthropies that emphasize the downstream effects rather than upstream causes of infectious diseases. This pandemic and every other important emerging viral epidemic in the recent past and predictably into the future come from the same upstream causes: capitalist industrial agriculture, destruction of natural habitat, and production of meat. Changing the upstream causes of epidemics such as COVID19 and others yet to come becomes a key scientific and practical priority for medicine and public health, considering the future of humanity and other inhabitants of the planet. doi = 10.1177/0020731420946612 id = cord-266283-xnzdkxm3 author = Wakfie-Corieh, Cristina Gamila title = Assessment of extra-parenchymal lung involvement in asymptomatic cancer patients with COVID-19 pneumonia detected on (18)F-FDG PET-CT studies date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19; FDG; PET summary = title: Assessment of extra-parenchymal lung involvement in asymptomatic cancer patients with COVID-19 pneumonia detected on (18)F-FDG PET-CT studies We evaluated the extra-parenchymal lung involvement in asymptomatic cancer patients with COVID-19 pneumonia through (18)F-FDG PET-CT. RESULTS: A total of 23 (18)F-FDG PET-CT scans with pulmonary infiltrates suggestive of COVID-19 and available laboratory data were included: 14 positive (cases) and 9 negative (controls) for COVID-19 infection, representing a low prevalence of COVID-19 pneumonia (1.3%). CONCLUSION: In cancer patients with asymptomatic COVID-19 pneumonia, (18)F-FDG PET-CT findings are more frequently limited to thoracic structures, suggesting that an early and silent distant involvement is very rare. This research was aimed to evaluate the extra-parenchymal lung involvement in asymptomatic cancer patients with COVID-19 pneumonia derived to 18 F-FDG PET-CT. The 18 F-FDG uptake related to SARS-CoV-2 infection is more often limited to thoracic structures, suggesting that an early and silent extra-thoracic involvement is very rare in cancer patients with asymptomatic COVID-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1007/s00259-020-05019-y id = cord-326527-j6ihs6jx author = Walker, Graham title = Psychological Defence Mechanisms during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Case Series date = 2020-11-07 keywords = COVID-19; defence; mechanism summary = This paper aims to describe a range of psychological defence mechanisms encountered within colleagues in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Deeper understanding of the gold-standard hierarchical organization of defence mechanisms could help increase utilisation of specific therapeutic interventions for enhancing changes from immature to mature defensive responses to stressful experiences as the COVID-19 pandemic progresses. It has been proposed that defence mechanisms associated with the COVID-19 pandemic could be more typically immature, in that anxiety over the viral outbreak can be temporarily alleviated by alteration of painful mental contents and/or radical distortion of external reality 10 . J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Despite these described negative impacts of defence mechanisms, they have also played an important role as protective factors against psychological distress during the COVID-19 Using the methodology of a case series, this paper aims to describe a range of psychological defence mechanisms encountered within colleagues in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.ejpsy.2020.10.005 id = cord-350784-v8n44lwa author = Walker, J. L. title = UK prevalence of underlying conditions which increase the risk of severe COVID-19 disease: a point prevalence study using electronic health records date = 2020-08-26 keywords = March; covid-19 summary = Findings On 5 March 2019, 24.4% of the UK population were at risk due to a record of at least one underlying health condition, including 8.3% of school-aged children, 19.6% of working-aged adults, and 66.2% of individuals aged 70 years or more. This study aimed to quantify the size, composition, and distribution of the population at risk of severe COVID-19 across the UK in March 2019, using electronic health records to define at-risk status based on all underlying conditions in national guidance. We conducted a point prevalence study among the UK general population using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) GOLD dataset, an anonymised sample of electronic health records from primary care practices across the UK. Global, regional, and national estimates of the population at increased risk of severe COVID-19 due to underlying health conditions in 2020: a modelling study. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.24.20179192 id = cord-327151-jn1w8h2p author = Walker, Kate F title = Maternal transmission of SARS‐COV‐2 to the neonate, and possible routes for such transmission: A systematic review and critical analysis date = 2020-06-12 keywords = covid-19; neonate; report summary = MAIN RESULTS: We included 49 studies which included 666 neonates and 655 women where information was provided on the mode of delivery and the infant''s infection status. Many early reports of COVID-19 in pregnancy described management by caesarean, isolation of the neonate from the mother at birth and formula feeding. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they, were case reports or case series, of pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 infection. These studies included 666 neonates and 655 women where information was provided on the mode of delivery and the infant''s infection status. It is disappointing that the details of outcome and care of so many neonatal cases born to COVID-19 positive mothers have not been fully reported. Our data suggest that COVID-19 disease should not be an indication for Caesarean birth, formula feeding or isolation of the infant from the mother. Vertical Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) from Infected Pregnant Mothers to Neonates: A Review doi = 10.1111/1471-0528.16362 id = cord-313528-rp15vi1o author = Wallace, Douglas W. title = An adapted emergency department triage algorithm for the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; patient summary = The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, with its public health implications, high case fatality rate, and strain on hospital resources, will continue to challenge clinicians and researchers alike for months to come. The authors describe an adapted COVID‐19 pandemic triage algorithm for emergency departments (EDs) guided by the best available evidence and responses to prior pandemics, with recommendations for clinician PPE use for each level of encounter in the setting of an ongoing PPE shortage. 3 Hospitals across the United States have adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic by limiting nonessential patient interaction and transforming their emergency departments (EDs) to treat patients who are both critically ill and highly contagious. It is the authors'' hope that use of this triage algorithm and PPE recommendations will aid frontline emergency clinicians in the ongoing response to COVID-19. doi = 10.1002/emp2.12210 id = cord-318938-7d731q65 author = Wallentin, Lars title = Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) levels in relation to risk factors for COVID-19 in two large cohorts of patients with atrial fibrillation date = 2020-09-27 keywords = ACE2; SARS; covid-19 summary = In unadjusted analyses and after adjustment for clinical variables and medical treatment, male sex, diabetes, congestive heart failure, prior myocardial infarction, and age were consistently associated with higher sACE2 levels in both cohorts ( Figure 3A ; Supplementary material online, Table S2 ). The results showed that higher levels of sACE2 were associated with male sex, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and older age, which are also the main risk factors for complications and mortality of COVID-19 infections. The indication that male sex and clinical or biomarker indicators of biological ageing, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes might be associated with a specific mechanism leading to higher risk of more severe SARS-CoV-2 infection might be useful for risk stratification concerning COVID-19. The close association between biomarkers and the sACE2 level suggests that biological ageing and cardiovascular disease and dysfunction might lead to increased ACE2 expression and a potentially higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 binding and more severe COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa697 id = cord-257717-fbfe5vt4 author = Wallis, Christopher J.D. title = The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Genitourinary Cancer Care: Re-envisioning the Future date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; cancer; care; health; patient summary = EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A collaborative narrative review was conducted using literature published through May 2020 (PubMed), which comprised three main topics: reduced in-person interactions arguing for increasing virtual and image-based care, optimisation of the delivery of care, and the effect of COVID-19 in health care facilities on decision-making by patients and their families. Several themes emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic that would be critical or beneficial to genitourinary cancer care in the future ( Fig. 1) : first, reduced in-person interactions argued for increasing virtual and image-based care; second, optimising the delivery of care to include better triage, understanding and addressing mental health implications due to less in-person care, and maintaining high-quality research and education endeavours are necessary; and third, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in health care facilities may affect decision-making by patients and their families. doi = 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.08.030 id = cord-289008-c4cu3vrp author = Wallis, Christopher J.D. title = Risks from Deferring Treatment for Genitourinary Cancers: A Collaborative Review to Aid Triage and Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-03 keywords = BCG; COVID-19; cancer; delay; patient; risk summary = Patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer are at risk of disease progression, with radical cystectomy delays beyond 12 wk from diagnosis or completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. To this end, PubMed was searched from inception until April 2, 2020 to identify studies examining the association between delays in treatment and clinical outcomes, including upstaging, recurrence, and mortality for patients with bladder cancer (BC; both muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive disease), prostate cancer (PCa), kidney cancer, upper tract urothelial cancer, germ cell tumors, and penile cancer. Where radiotherapy is planned to be administered, a recent Cochrane Database systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 studies including 8278 patients demonstrated that for those with intermediate-and high-risk PCa, hypofractionation is associated with equivalent oncologic outcomes (MFS, disease-specific survival, and OS), as well as functional outcomes [64] . doi = 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.04.063 id = cord-254144-8h6cli5d author = Wallis, Lee A. title = African Federation for Emergency Medicine resources for managing COVID-19 in low resourced settings date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: African Federation for Emergency Medicine resources for managing COVID-19 in low resourced settings In the meantime, AFEM would like to signpost to the open access, interim WHO Clinical management of COVID-19 guidelines. Practical and realistic strategies are presented for the care of patients of all severity levels, with the assumption that there is no easy access to more advanced testing such as troponin or CT scan. In these settings, the number of patients will significantly outweigh available resources. These resources are intended to assist with clinical management in these settings, but we can never replace clinical decision making at the bedside. COVID-19) outbreak Geneva: World Health Organization Available from Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Geneva: World Health Organization Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) situation Geneva: World Health Organization Available from A retrospective analysis of patient care in a district-level hospital in Uganda doi = 10.1016/j.afjem.2020.06.001 id = cord-264237-s14pygkh author = Wallis, Neil title = Implementation of field hospital pharmacy services during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The decision of which medications to stock at the FH was determined using the inventory list for an ADC on a UMMMC floor caring for patients with an acuity level and comorbidities similar to those of patients with COVID-19. Additionally, pharmacy managers determined that in the event the hospital reached maximum capacity, this arrangement would allow for expansion of staff resources beyond the initial FH staffing model. Patient-specific medications needed outside of this time frame were delivered by a courier service and received by the on-site pharmacist or a charge nurse if delivered outside of first-shift hours. The staffing model, policies, and procedures described here allowed for the successful integration of pharmacy services into FH operations during a surge in COVID-19 cases. On-site pharmacy services helped ensure that patients received care services equivalent to the services provided at surrounding hospitals. doi = 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa211 id = cord-336669-i7yul1c1 author = Walsh, Mary Norine title = COVID-19 pandemic and cardiovascular complications: what have we learned so far? date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; JACC summary = Included are cases of Brugada type I pattern positivization (1) in the context of fever, one of the most common presenting symptoms of the disease (2); electrical ventricular storm (3), transient AV block in the absence of myocarditis (4) , sinus node dysfunction requiring pacemaker implantation(5), and finally a provocative case on the use of amiodarone as a possible treatment for COVID-19 (6) . Another report suggested an increased risk for coronary stent thrombosis (Figure 3) causing STEMI in infected patients (11, 12) . Third, a number of cases of STEMI mimics were submitted including patients with ST-segment elevation due to myopericarditis, Brugada pattern, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, or endothelial dysfunction due to infection or cytokine storm. The now well-recognized thromboembolic disorders encountered with this disease include a case in this issue of massive pulmonary embolism and resultant severe right heart failure (8) . doi = 10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.06.017 id = cord-255940-chb4iuis author = Walton, David A. title = Facility-Level Approaches for COVID-19 When Caseload Surpasses Surge Capacity date = 2020-06-26 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = We present two COVID-19 treatment center designs that leverage lessons learned from previous outbreaks of communicable infectious diseases and provide potential solutions when caseload exceeds existing capacity, with and without access to SARS-CoV-2 testing. These designs are intended for settings in which health facilities and testing resources for COVID-19 are surpassed during the pandemic, are adaptable to local conditions and constraints, and mitigate the likelihood of nosocomial transmission while offering an option to care for hospitalized patients. To respond to the immediate crisis facing health workers and patients, we propose a COVID-19 treatment center design ( Figure 1 ) that harnesses lessons learned from other outbreaks and adheres to infection prevention and control principles recommended by the WHO for the novel coronavirus. The design assumes that two thresholds have been reached: first, the health center no longer has space to individually isolate COVID-19 patients, and second, laboratory capacity is limited or surpassed, such that rapid, accurate testing for COVID-19 may not be available, as is the reality facing our colleagues in Haiti. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0681 id = cord-307128-wwjeu8ie author = Walz, Lucas title = Janus Kinase-Inhibitor and Type I Interferon Ability to Produce Favorable Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; JAK; type summary = title: Janus Kinase-Inhibitor and Type I Interferon Ability to Produce Favorable Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Janus-kinase (JAK) inhibitors and Type I interferons have emerged as potential antiviral candidates for COVID-19 patients for their proven efficacy against diseases with excessive cytokine release and by their ability to promote viral clearance in past coronaviruses, respectively. METHODS: MEDLINE and MedRxiv were searched until July 30(th), 2020, including studies that compared treatment outcomes of humans treated with JAK-inhibitor or Type I interferon against controls. Meta-analysis of 3 sets of studies with 990, 454, and 1480 patients receiving Type I interferon therapy revealed that there were no significant associations between receiving Type I interferon therapy, compared to standard of care, and ICU admittance, requiring mechanical ventilation, or developing a severe or critical case of COVID-19, respectively (p>0.05; Figure 3B ; Figure 3C ; Figure 3D ).[28-36] The analyses included 97, 167, and 537 control patients, respectively. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.10.20172189 id = cord-257142-q79yy6o5 author = Wambier, Carlos Gustavo title = Androgen sensitivity gateway to COVID‐19 disease severity date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; TMPRSS2 summary = Similarly, we believe that shorter CAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene may be associated with increased COVID-19 disease severity and mortality. A spectrum of androgenic activity would imply in polar pauciviral COVID-19 (e.g., children < 7), with null airway/fecal transmission potential, women with normal androgen activity would have low transmission potential (borderline pauciviral COVID-19), male teenagers and adults would have high transmission potential (borderline multiviral , and infected individuals with abnormally high androgen receptor activity (genetic or acquired) would represent the multiviral COVID-19 pole of the spectrum, with extremely high transmission To further test this hypothesis, it would be interesting to observe for severe COVID cases in female patients who present with increase androgens, for example, females with metabolic syndrome, or whom are using birth control methods with progestogen hormones that bind to androgen receptor. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is likely to be androgen mediated doi = 10.1002/ddr.21688 id = cord-294871-bqw48zi5 author = Wambier, Carlos Gustavo title = Androgenetic alopecia in COVID-19: compared to age-matched epidemiologic studies and hospital outcomes with or without the Gabrin sign date = 2020-07-29 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Androgenetic alopecia in COVID-19: compared to age-matched epidemiologic studies and hospital outcomes with or without the Gabrin sign For example, our Indian colleagues, in a 56 pilot observational prospective study (raw data available at doi.org/10.17632/jdkx76y8fz.1), 57 examined outcomes in admitted COVID-19 patients by AGA severity. To further exemplify that, we present in this reply letter one of our 71 unpublished patients from Brazil: a previously healthy 37-year-old physician (HNS=5, depicted 72 in Fig1), with no previous co-morbidities; he required hospitalization for 21 days, which 73 included 16 days in the ICU (ventilator for 10 days and hemodialysis for 5 days). 5 It is remarkable that severe outcomes 81 such as requirement for ventilator and/or fatalities have occurred in men with this phenotype 82 without other known co-morbidities at younger age groups, such as 35-45 years. doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.07.099 id = cord-329353-0pwgzeec author = Wambier, Carlos Gustavo title = Male balding as a major risk factor for severe COVID-19: a possible role for targeting androgens and transmembrane protease serine 2 to protect vulnerable individuals date = 2020-09-11 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Male balding as a major risk factor for severe COVID-19: a possible role for targeting androgens and transmembrane protease serine 2 to protect vulnerable individuals Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Gabrin sign; vulnerability; androgen receptor; androgenetic 29 alopecia; anti-androgen therapy; transmembrane protease serine 2; TMPRSS2; Dutasteride; 7. 4 Recently, results of a study using 58 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f bromhexine hydrochloride, a common cough over-the-counter medication only available 59 outside the United States were reported. 4 Results of our recent COVID-19 prospective cohort study 67 involving 77 hospitalized men were also particularly encouraging: Only 1 out of 12 individuals 68 were admitted to the ICU (8%) in the cohort of men using 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors or other 69 anti-androgen drugs (dutasteride=9, finasteride=2, and spironolactone=1), versus 38 out of 65 70 men (58%) not taking anti-androgens (p=0.0015). Medications that target TMPRSS2 have demonstrated improved COVID-19 outcomes in clinical 73 studies, and have the potential to protect vulnerable individuals during the pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.09.015 id = cord-335795-hdko0zdw author = Wamsley, Christine E title = Trends and Challenges of Telehealth in an Academic Institution: The Unforeseen Benefits of the COVID-19 Global Pandemic date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19; UTSW; patient; telehealth summary = Age, type of visit, no-show rates, and geographic distance of the patient''s residence from UTSW for telehealth and in-person ambulatory scheduled encounters from January 1, 2020, through April 30, 2020, which were available to the UTSW community, were gathered and analyzed. The percentage of new patients seen From January through April 2020, 3313 (7.9%) of the scheduled appointments were telephone visits, and 38,510 (92.1%) were virtual care encounters, which included both audio and video ( Figure 3) . Whether this is due to the relaxed regulations at the state and federal levels, increased provider comfort with the technology, or increased patient awareness of the available platform, the data show that telehealth may be utilized not only to care for established patients but as a resource for bringing in new patients to our institution. doi = 10.1093/asj/sjaa212 id = cord-350236-7fit8q1s author = Wan, Bin title = On-site analysis of COVID-19 on the surfaces in wards date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; surface summary = Herein, surface contamination in the ward was detected on-site using an RNA extraction-free rapid method. (Guo et al., 2020; These researchers confirmed the virus by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which typically performs deactivation, nucleic acid extraction, and RT-PCR amplification of the collected samples. Samples were collected from seven sites: 1) bedrail; 2) bedside cupboard; 3) chairs; 4) door handles of the bathroom; 5) light switches; 6) remote controller or beeper; 7) fingertip of electrocardiograph (ECG) monitoring. We successfully applied an extraction-free SARS-Cov-2 isothermal amplification detection method to on-site analysis of surface contamination by COVID-19 patients in wards. Among 31 cases collected from 18 March to 27 April of 2020, 72.7% reported positive amplifications on the ECG fingertip, indicating that this surface is an important hygiene site. -The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wards was confirmed by nucleic acid isothermal amplification. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141758 id = cord-331378-3nqn48z7 author = Wand, Anne Pamela Frances title = COVID-19: the implications for suicide in older adults date = 2020-04-30 keywords = covid-19; old summary = The COVID-19 pandemic compounds this and other preexisting trauma in older adults, further contributing to risk of suicide and mental illness, and in addition to the "parallel epidemic" of anxiety, depression, and fear in the general community (Yao et al., 2020) . Continuity of access to mental health care (secondary and tertiary prevention) Community older persons'' mental health services should review their patient lists and screen for (Reger et al., 2020) or otherwise identify clients who are especially vulnerable to mental illness and suicide (e.g. those who live alone, were already socially isolated, have chronic medical comorbidities or functional disability, are currently unwell, or who are at risk of relapse) and institute regular welfare checks and enhanced follow-up. Informal and professional services have a role in reducing social isolationa factor increasing suicide riskin older people during the COVID-19 pandemic. This model of proactive connection of older adults with health services via phone could be used to provide home assistance to older people at risk of suicide through social isolation, and/or psychological or physical illness. doi = 10.1017/s1041610220000770 id = cord-278130-x83kl052 author = Wander, Pandora L. title = Risk factors for severe COVID-19 illness in healthcare workers: Too many unknowns date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We agree with the recommendations of Zhou et al including the importance of increasing production of personal protection equipment (PPE), training HCWs in proper use, and maintaining a high clinical suspicion for COVID-19 even in patients without respiratory symptoms. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72,314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient Viral shedding patterns of coronavirus in patients with probable severe acute respiratory syndrome doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.178 id = cord-332160-dytr70pi author = Wang, Biao title = The Role of Spine Surgeons in the Era of COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: The Role of Spine Surgeons in the Era of COVID-19 Outbreak When patients have to go to the hospital for treatment, they need to be informed to take protective measures, of course, spine surgeons also need to do the corresponding protection. For patients undergoing emergency surgery and surgery within a certain period of time, we must do a good job in screening work such as virus nucleic acid detection, and make sure whether the patients are infected with COVID-19. With the increase in the number of COVID-19 infections, there has been a shortage of medical supplies and staff around the world. On the basis of ensuring the department of spine surgery is in working order, some spine surgeons should invest in the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Of course, as a medical worker, spine surgeons can also be involved in nucleic acid testing, patient screening, patient education and so on. doi = 10.14245/ns.2040206.103 id = cord-321852-e7369brf author = Wang, Bo title = AI-assisted CT imaging analysis for COVID-19 screening: Building and deploying a medical AI system date = 2020-11-10 keywords = COVID-19; model summary = In this paper, we introduce a automatically AI system that can provide the probability of infection and the ranked IDs. Specifically, the proposed system which consists of classification and segmentation will save about 30-40% of the detection time for physicians and promote the performance of COVID-19 detection. Using the dataset, we train and evaluate several deep learning based models to detect and segment the COVID-19 regions. [34] also build a U-Net based segmentation model to separate lung lesions and extract the radiologic characteristics in order to predict the hospital stay of a patient. [42] develop three widelyused models, i.e., ResNet-50 [43] , Inception-V3 [44] , and Inception-ResNet-V2 [45] , to detect COVID-19 lesion in X-ray images and among them ResNet-50 achieves the best classification performance. The positive data for the segmentation models were those images with arbitrary lung lesion regions, regardless of whether the lesions were COVID-19 or not. doi = 10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106897 id = cord-351762-n95ar9ci author = Wang, Brian Xiangzhi title = Susceptibility and prognosis of COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular disease date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 1 Here, we outline what is known about the susceptibility of patients with CVDs to COVID-19 and the relative risk of these patients succumbing to severe illness. dIsease transmIssIon COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), phylogenetically related to the beta coronavirus SARS that caused a global outbreak in 2002. Importantly, this study also supported the notion that patients with CVDs were more likely to suffer severe illnesses from COVID-19 infection-10.5% of patients with CVDs and 6.0% with hypertension died, compared with the 0.9% in patients with no comorbidities. 10 This led to growing concerns that medications acting on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system increased the risk of patients contracting COVID-19 or having a more severe illness. 11 A population-based study by Mancia and colleagues on patients in Lombardy, Italy, identified that ACEIs and ARBs were more frequent in patients with COVID-19 than controls, attributed to the higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease. doi = 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001310 id = cord-274668-lh7c9izt author = Wang, Chaofu title = Alveolar macrophage dysfunction and cytokine storm in the pathogenesis of two severe COVID-19 patients date = 2020-06-20 keywords = China; SARS; covid-19; fig summary = BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection could lead to a serious of clinical symptoms and severe illness, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and fatal organ failure. INTERPRETATION: Infection of Alveolar macrophage by SARS-CoV-2 might be drivers of the "cytokine storm", which might result in damages in pulmonary tissues, heart and lung, and leading to the failure of multiple organs . One case report showed the pathological characteristics of a patient who died from severe infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by postmortem biopsies. Moreover, type II alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages in alveoli and pulmonary hilum lymphoid tissue were infected by SARS-CoV-2, as revealed by immunohistochemistry using Rp3-NP specific antibodies (Figs. [10] In the case of COVID-19, the viral infection of aggregated alveolar macrophages was obvious from early phase to the late stage, according to our study and the results in recent reports of pulmonary pathology [17, 20] . doi = 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102833 id = cord-261105-hydccq8m author = Wang, Chongying title = The Impact of COVID-19 on Anxiety in Chinese University Students date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; China; SAS summary = Some studies conducted during SARS and H1NI in China have indicated obvious anxiety and stress of university students and suggested coping strategies (Jia et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2004; Li et al., 2011) . One sample t-test showed that significant difference (p ≤ .001) was found between the mean SAS scores during SARS and COVID-19 in this study (mean = 58.75, SD = 8.9). The results indicated that SAS scores has no significant correlation with the confirmed affected cases of COVID-19 in each city outside Hubei province all over China. A Pearson''s product-moment correlation analysis was also conducted between the SAS Scores of 93 students from different cities in Hubei province and the confirmed affected cases in these places. A study on the public psychological states of 600 people during COVID-19 outbreak showed that their SAS score was 36.92 (SD = 7.33) and 6.33% had anxiety (Wang C. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01168 id = cord-342225-lcaemapt author = Wang, Chuanbin title = Initial CT features and dynamic evolution of early-stage patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The main dynamic evolution characteristics were as follows: ① Imaging findings of the progression process: the main CT changes were increased GGOs with consolidation (118/126, 93.7%), an increased "crazy paving pattern" (104/126, 82.5%), an increased "vascular thickening sign" (105/126, 83.3%), and an increased "air bronchogram sign" (95/126, 75.4%); ② Imaging findings of the absorption process: the main CT changes were the obvious absorption of consolidation displayed as inhomogeneous partial GGOs with fibrosis shadows, the occurrence of a "fishing net on trees sign" (45/126, 35.7%), an increased "fibrosis sign" (40/126, 31.7%), an increased "subpleural line sign" (35/126, 27.8%), a decreased "crazy paving pattern" (19.8%), and a decreased "vascular thickening sign" (23.8%); and ③ In the stage of discharge, the main CT manifestations were further absorption of GGOs, consolidation and fibrosis shadows in the lung, and no appearance of new lesions, with only a small amount of shadow with fibrotic streaks and reticulations remaining in some cases (16/126, 12.7%). doi = 10.1016/j.jrid.2020.08.002 id = cord-307741-j6ihxzm2 author = Wang, Cuiyan title = A Longitudinal Study on the Mental Health of General Population during the COVID-19 Epidemic in China date = 2020-04-13 keywords = IES; covid-19 summary = The novelty of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the temporal psychological impact and adverse mental health status during the initial outbreak and peak of COVID-19 epidemic and identity risk and protective factors among the general population in China. To analyze the differences in psychological impact, levels of depression, anxiety and stress, the independent sample t-test was used to compare the mean score between the first and second survey. In both surveys, physical symptoms, very poor self-rating of health status, and history of chronic illness were significantly associated with higher IES-R scores, DASS stress, anxiety or depression subscale scores ( Table 2 ). The important unexpected finding of our study is the stable levels of stress, anxiety and depression despite sharp increases in the number of COVID-19 cases between the two surveys as well as statistically but not clinically significant reduction in the psychological impact on the general population. doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028 id = cord-352152-d3owtd98 author = Wang, Cuiyan title = Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China date = 2020-03-06 keywords = China; DASS; IES; covid-19 summary = The aim of this study was to survey the general public in China to better understand their levels of psychological impact, anxiety, depression, and stress during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. Female gender, student status, specific physical symptoms (e.g., myalgia, dizziness, coryza), and poor self-rated health status were significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the outbreak and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Specific up-to-date and accurate health information (e.g., treatment, local outbreak situation) and particular precautionary measures (e.g., hand hygiene, wearing a mask) were associated with a lower psychological impact of the outbreak and lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Our results revealed that the general population presenting with specific symptoms including chills, coryza, cough, dizziness, myalgia, and sore throat, as well as those with poor self-rated health status and history of chronic illnesses, experienced a psychological impact of the outbreak and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17051729 id = cord-237140-ybfifsid author = Wang, Ding title = Impact of COVID-19 Behavioral Inertia on Reopening Strategies for New York City Transit date = 2020-06-23 keywords = NYC; covid; pre; transit summary = A new COVID model is calibrated that represents travel behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic by recalibrating the population agendas to include work-from-home and re-estimating the mode choice model for MATSim-NYC to fit observed traffic and transit ridership data. However, as far as we know, no research in the literature have used the agent-based traffic simulation model to study the impact of the epidemic/pandemic disease on people''s travel behaviors and mode share as well as its ability to test different transport system operating policies for decision-makers. Based on the synthetic population along with calibrated transit schedules, a multi-agent simulation (Horni et al., 2016) We propose to re-calibrate the MATSim-NYC model using ridership and WFH data during the COVID-19 stay-at-home period to update the mode choice utility functions for the synthetic population. To test the impacts of behavior inertia from COVID-19 with different transit operations in the full reopening Phase 4, we estimate the traffic volume and speed for car trips per road link from the simulation results. doi = nan id = cord-254469-7q6xi2xx author = Wang, Fuzhou title = An Evidence Based Perspective on mRNA-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; vaccine summary = In March 2020, the first phase I clinical trial of a novel lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine, mRNA-1273, which encodes the spike protein (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2, began in the United States (US). However, on March 16 2020, the first phase I clinical trial of a novel lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine, mRNA-1273, which encodes the spike protein (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2, began in the United States (US), conducted by Moderna and the Vaccine Research Center (VRC) of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [12, 13] . Although mRNA vaccines are commencing human clinical trials, due to the rapid global spread of this new viral pandemic, it may not be possible to develop a safe and effective vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 in time to prevent the increasing number of deaths due to this novel RNA virus. doi = 10.12659/msm.924700 id = cord-343601-po9br5zm author = Wang, Gan-Yi title = Perceived psychosocial health and its sociodemographic correlates in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: a community-based online study in China date = 2020-10-26 keywords = China; covid-19; health summary = title: Perceived psychosocial health and its sociodemographic correlates in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: a community-based online study in China We adopted a tactical approach to capture three key domains of perceived psychosocial health that are more likely to occur during a pandemic including hopelessness, loneliness, and depression. The elderly population need higher dependency and physical and emotional care, especially for those with chronic health conditions, lack of psychologically supportive environment and caregiving can lead to feelings of hopelessness and loneliness [19] [20] [21] [22] . In this study, we adopted a tactical approach to capture three key domains of psychosocial health that are more likely to occur during a pandemic including hopelessness, loneliness, and depression. Notably, the percentage of the perceived hopelessness, loneliness, and depression was comparatively higher among women than among men, implying that gender-gradient in the vulnerability to mental health implications of the pandemic. doi = 10.1186/s40249-020-00770-8 id = cord-303357-ufy8m1d1 author = Wang, Gang title = The challenge and response of mental health institutions in COVID-19 pandemic: from chaos to new normal date = 2020-11-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = In the late stage, many psychiatric patients with serious psychotic symptoms and physical conditions flooded hospitals, which greatly increased the risk of COVID-19 exposure and the difficulty faced by medical staff in providing treatment. In the early stage of the outbreak, similar to other medical institutions, mental health institutions were not adequately 4 prepared due to the lack of effective measures to prevent nosocomial infection of COVID-19. Thus, there was insufficient attention to and investment in the mental diseases of the general population and those with high risk needing attention (such as medical staff in pandemic areas), and mental health services could not be provided in a timely manner. We also built a psychiatric ward in an infectious disease hospital for the treatment of mental illness patients with serious COVID-19 complications. (1) Strengthening the concept of integrated multidisciplinary medical service: the pandemic exposed the limitations of mental health institutions in dealing with infectious and medical diseases. doi = 10.1038/s41398-020-01059-y id = cord-263936-8yud5o6c author = Wang, Gary X. title = Opportunities for Radiology Trainee Education Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons from an Academic Breast Imaging Program date = 2020-10-03 keywords = COVID-19; clinical; fellow summary = While reduced clinical imaging volume and mandates to maintain physical distancing presented new challenges to traditional medical education during this period, new opportunities developed to support our division in providing high-quality training for residents and fellows. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Core Competencies for Diagnostic Radiology helped guide division leadership in restructuring and reframing breast imaging education during this time of drastic change and persistent uncertainty. Here, we reflect on the educational challenges and opportunities faced by our academic breast imaging division during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic across each of the ACGME Core Competencies. Prior to the pandemic, all fellows participated in daily team huddles held in the diagnostic imaging clinic at 8:00 AM, which were attended in-person by all in-house personnel that day including assistants, technologists, and practice managers. doi = 10.1016/j.acra.2020.09.009 id = cord-259540-e7xt6pck author = Wang, Guan title = Description of COVID‐19 cases along with the measures taken on prevention and control in Zhejiang, China date = 2020-05-22 keywords = COVID-19; Zhejiang summary = Under the outbreak of COVID‐19, it was urgent to analyze the cases from clinical features and epidemiological factors, as well as understand the effectiveness of measures taken on disease prevent and control. 3, 12 Along with national actions against the disease, the Zhejiang government has also taken emergency measures to control the outbreak of disease, such as application of big data for monitoring the health status of citizens, 13 and development of nucleic acid detection kit for the early detection of COVID-19 cases. 10, 22 Since closely contact with confirmed cases was the leading cause to COVID-19 in Zhejiang Province, it is of great importance to quarantine the population with epidemiological exposure to prevent disease transmission. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series doi = 10.1002/jmv.25906 id = cord-280538-lrvqhx98 author = Wang, Haiyan title = Using A Partial Differential Equation with Google Mobility Data to Predict COVID-19 in Arizona date = 2020-06-30 keywords = Arizona; PDE; covid-19 summary = This paper aims to provide a forecasting model for COVID-19 cases with the help of human activity data from the Google Community Mobility Reports. To achieve this goal, a specific partial differential equation (PDE) is developed and validated with the COVID-19 data from the New York Times at the county level in the state of Arizona in the U.S. The proposed model describes the combined effects of transboundary spread among county clusters in Arizona and human actives on the transmission of COVID-19. To help to combat the spread of COVID-19, Google releases the COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports which provide daily, county-level aggregated data on time spent at different categories of activities, compared with a baseline period before the epidemic. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first PDE model incorporating COVID-19 Community Mobility data to predict the number of COVID-19 cases. doi = 10.3934/mbe.2020266 id = cord-312484-epbhdx55 author = Wang, Hongliang title = COVID-19 infection epidemic: the medical management strategies in Heilongjiang Province, China date = 2020-03-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: COVID-19 infection epidemic: the medical management strategies in Heilongjiang Province, China Education and training of staffs As soon as the outbreak of COVID-19 began in Wuhan, the Heilongjiang provincial health administration department started to launch training protocols for all the medical staffs. Heilongjiang province set up a multidisciplinary team (MDT) soon after the outbreak of COVID-19, including intensive care unit (ICU), emergency department, infectious disease department, respiratory department, psychological department, infection control department, administrative department, and nursing department. Medical staffs of the whole province, especially intensivist, respiratory physician, emergency physician, and infectious disease physician, were assigned to work in the designated hospitals. The group members included provincial health authorities, medical experts, and infection control experts. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China We would like to thank all the medical staffs and local authorities of Heilongjiang province for their efforts in combating the outbreak of COVID-19. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-2832-8 id = cord-282411-n5xlpqms author = Wang, Huali title = Dementia care during COVID-19 date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = As more and more businesses stop non-essential services or initiate telecommuting work in an attempt to maintain social distancing and limit the further spread of SARS-CoV-2, people living with dementia, who have little knowledge of telecommuni cation and depend primarily on in-person support might feel lonely and abandoned, and become withdrawn. According to an interactive online tool that estimates the potential number of deaths from COVID-19 in a population, by age group, in individual countries and regional groupings worldwide under a range of scenarios, most of During the COVID-19 outbreak in China, five organisations, including the Chinese Society of Geriatric Psychi atry and Alzheimer''s Disease Chinese, promptly released expert recommendations and disseminated key messages on how to provide mental health and psychosocial support. As recommended by international dementia experts and Alzheimer''s Disease International, 10 support for people living with dementia and their carers is needed urgently worldwide. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30755-8 id = cord-356132-1nisyl5r author = Wang, Huiyao title = The psychological distress and coping styles in the early stages of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic in the general mainland Chinese population: A web-based survey date = 2020-05-14 keywords = covid-19; psychological summary = The population with younger age (F = 102.04), unmarried (t = 15.28), with history of visiting Wuhan in the past month (t = -40.86), with history of epidemics occurring in the community (t = -10.25), more concern with media reports (F = 21.84), perceived more impacts of the epidemic outbreak (changes over living situations, F = 331.71; emotional control, F = 1863.07; epidemic-related dreams, F = 1642.78) and negative coping style (t = 37.41) had higher level of psychological distress. The general mainland Chinese population with unmarried, history of visiting Wuhan in the past month, perceived more impacts of the epidemic and negative coping style had higher level of psychological distress in the early stages of COVID-19 epidemic. Unmarried, history of visiting Wuhan, more serious changes over living situations, more difficult of emotional control, higher frequency of epidemic-related dreams, and negative coping style in the general population showed higher level of psychological distress. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0233410 id = cord-277816-ncdy9qgb author = Wang, Ji-gan title = Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal nucleic acid testing of children with 2019 coronavirus disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-10-20 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS summary = title: Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal nucleic acid testing of children with 2019 coronavirus disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis In order to understand the clinical manifestations and incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in children and discuss the importance of fecal nucleic acid testing.We retrospectively analyzed studies on gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal nucleic acid detection in pediatric COVID-19 patients from January 1, 2020 to August 10, 2020, including prospective clinical studies and case reports. Stata12.0 software was used for meta-analysis.The results showed that the most common gastrointestinal symptoms in children with COVID-19 were vomiting and diarrhea, with a total incidence of 17.7% (95% Cl 13.9–21.5%). At present, there is no relevant study on whether there is a difference in the positive rate of fecal nucleic acid testing in COVID-19 children with and without diarrhea. Clinical features of 33 cases in children infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Anhui Province, China: a multi-center retrospective cohort study. doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-74913-0 id = cord-354928-brliql4d author = Wang, Jian title = Overweight and obesity are risks factors of severe illness in patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; obesity summary = CONCLUSION: Overweight and obesity were independent risk factors of severe illness in COVID‐19 patients. Old age and comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disease, were identified as risk factors of poor outcomes for COVID-19 patients according previous studies (3, 4) . Obesity was regarded as a common risk factor to aggravate the severity of respiratory diseases, which was associated with poor prognosis in influenza A (H1N1) pulmonary infection (5, 6) . A retrospective study enrolled 124 COVID-19 patients who were admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) showed more patients required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) therapy with increased body mass index (BMI) (12) . Several studies have demonstrated that the presence of type 2 diabetes was a significant risk factor of severe illness and fatal outcome of COVID-19 (24) (25) (26) . doi = 10.1002/oby.22979 id = cord-252149-0n58lec6 author = Wang, Jiancong title = To relax restrictions: Are communities ready to deal with repeated epidemic waves of COVID-19? date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In China, resumption of works and production, reopening shops and restaurants, and even relaxation of travel restrictions have restored hope for virus-ravaged economies around the world. 7 The National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China strengthened and implemented various measures and/or policies in the face of another potential epidemic wave. 9 Various measures (eg, travel history declaration, health epidemiological survey, temperature measurement, and rapid screening at airports) were conducted to efficiently detect suspected cases. A green barcode indicated that a person was at low risk of having COVID-19 and/or transmitting SARS-CoV-2 and had been given approval for a "health permit" that allowed to access workplaces, shops, and restaurants (Supplementary Material Fig. 1 online) . A red barcode indicated that a person was at high risk of having COVID-19 and/or transmitting SARS-CoV-2 and that he or she would be contacted by the local health authorities for mandatory quarantine measures (by law) and medical observation. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.228 id = cord-286576-nirg7jdq author = Wang, Jiangshan title = Separate Fever Clinics Prevent the Spread of COVID-19 and Offload Emergency Resources: Analysis from a large tertiary hospital in China date = 2020-04-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = The main manifestations of this disease include acute fever, cough and dyspnea [4] , thus emergency departments (EDs) have become the primary facilities providing initial diagnoses and medical care for potential COVID-19 patients. Critically ill patients were identified according to the following criteria: (1) patients transferred to resuscitation rooms in the ED from the FC after initial screening and initial treatment; (2) APACHE II score ≥ 8; (3) patients who were ruled out the possibility of COVID-19 pneumonia [11] . The number of in-hospital deaths within seven days for critically ill patients initially presenting to the FC was 9 of 29 and 21 of 38 before and after the outbreak, respectively (p<0.05) (see Table 3 ). We found that after the outbreak, more patients received treatment in FC, critically ill patients received initial rescue management in the FC, and, most importantly, no confirmed COVID-19 patients were transferred to the ED and no other patients, doctors or nurses were infected in the hospital. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.03.20051813 id = cord-258859-iaiosjlu author = Wang, Jiao title = Mask use during COVID-19: A risk adjusted strategy() date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; mask summary = In the context of Coronavirus Disease (2019) (COVID-19) cases globally, there is a lack of consensus across cultures on whether wearing face masks is an effective physical intervention against disease transmission. This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context. The mask is generally used 278 by general public, while the respirator or a filtering face piece, which is designed to 279 protect the wearer from exposure to airborne contaminants, is mainly used by health care 280 workers especially during AGP (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 281 2020). doi = 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115099 id = cord-317126-j3o9cfkv author = Wang, Jigang title = Preparedness is essential for malaria-endemic regions during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-03-17 keywords = COVID-19; Ebola summary = The emergence of Ebola in malaria-endemic countries, including Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, led to a public health emergency and dealt a heavy blow to malaria control efforts. 1 These features of COVID-19 and the previous experiences of the Ebola outbreak point to the need for malaria-endemic countries to consider preventive measures against not only the COVID-19 threat but also its likely impact on existing malaria control efforts. WHO is monitoring the fast-evolving situation of the COVID-19 epidemic and needs to advise the countries in the malaria-endemic regions on how to establish and effectively execute public health policies. Additional and pre-emptive measures must be taken for malaria control in these countries, anticipating the potential challenge that would be faced by the public health system during an outbreak of COVID-19. Preparedness is the key to navigating any public health crisis, and malariaendemic countries must be prepared for the challenges that COVID-19 might bring while minimising disruption to malaria control. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30561-4 id = cord-256795-j66tcamq author = Wang, Jin title = The impacts of a COVID-19 epidemic focus and general belief in a just world on individual emotions() date = 2020-08-20 keywords = GBJW; covid-19 summary = title: The impacts of a COVID-19 epidemic focus and general belief in a just world on individual emotions() Isolation or lock downs established by governments are also considered to be effective precautionary measure to control the spread of an epidemic although they are experienced as taxing because it is difficult to estimate the time of the emergency period .Therefore, the belief that the world is fair to everyone (i.e., the GBJW) may protect an individual''s emotions. Therefore, in the face of psychological stress events with high interpersonal dependence, the GBJW may promote a sense of trust in others and a stable perception of the environment, which alleviates the negative impact of these events on individual emotions. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to explore the impacts of the COVID-19 epidemic and GBJW on individual emotions during a major social disaster. doi = 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110349 id = cord-304379-4mfyxp6h author = Wang, Jin title = Mathematical models for COVID-19: applications, limitations, and potentials date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = (5) conducted computational modeling of potential epidemic trajectories to estimate the outbreak size in Wuhan, China, and their results indicated that control measures need to block well over 60% of transmission to be effective in containing the outbreak. Incorporating such an environment-tohuman route into mathematical modeling may better characterize the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 and potentially gain deeper understanding of its epidemic patterns. For example, many countries (China in particular) implemented strong disease control measures, including large-scale quarantine, intensive tracking of movement and contact, strict isolation of infected individuals, expanded medical facilities, and social distancing, which can effectively (and, in some places, rapidly) reduce the transmissibility of the virus. Mathematical epidemic models are well positioned to incorporate the economic impact of COVID-19, to quantify the interaction of epidemiological and economic factors, and to suggest an optimal balance between the pandemic control and economic development. doi = 10.21037/jphe-2020-05 id = cord-325449-fl6ob5ja author = Wang, Jing title = COVID-19 and diabetes: the contributions of hyperglycemia date = 2020-10-01 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Thus, following SARS-CoV-2 infection, poor-controlled blood glucose in diabetes patients may promote macrophage inflammation and antigen presentation impairment in DCs, resulting in a great increase in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from immune cells and ultimately cytokine storm and increased mortality (Figure 1) . The exact mechanisms linking diabetes and COVID-19 remain to be further elucidated, but available clinical/laboratory observations suggest that hyperglycemia-induced immune dysfunction, cytokines storm, and elevated lactate levels may play critical roles in the severity of COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing diabetes. A large body of evidence shows that hyperglycemia or diabetes may impair immune response mediated by macrophages, monocytes, and DCs, weaken T-cell function, and promote cytokine storm, ultimately resulting in increased susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-associated mortality. Hyperglycemia may also increase lactate production via HIF-1α, which suppresses the innate immune RLR signaling by targeting MAVS, leading to delayed clearance of SARS-CoV-2 and thus severe outcomes in diabetes patients with COVID-19, including ARDS, septic shock, and MODS. doi = 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa054 id = cord-325628-pa3dkz2f author = Wang, Jinsong title = Strategy for treating vascular emergencies during the COVID-19 pandemic in China date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Clinicians treating COVID-19 patients face considerable danger of occupational exposure due to the highly infectious nature of the virus and precautions must be taken to prevent medical staff infections. The IPCP is to reinforce 13 and ensure the protection of medical personnel, the implementation of preoperative evaluations 14 and preventive measures, the use of protective strategies for patients pre-and postoperatively, 15 the use of isolated operating rooms, and the rehearsal of these procedures. To avoid cross-infections and prevent further spread of the epidemic, elective and nonurgent Suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients with unstable vital signs caused by vascular 12 emergencies should be resuscitated in an isolated area. National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China.Diagnosis and treatment 17 plan of COVID-19 pneumonia (trial version 7) 2020 National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China.WST 367-2012,Medical 1 institution disinfection technical specifications doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.05.049 id = cord-351431-xcqz9d3t author = Wang, Jun title = Excessive Neutrophils and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-18 keywords = covid-19; figure; patient summary = Increasing neutrophil counts paralleled lesion CT values (slope: 0.8 and 0.3–1.2), reflecting neutrophilia-induced lung injury in severe patients. Transcriptome analysis revealed that neutrophil activation was correlated with 17 neutrophil extracellular trap (NET)-associated genes in COVID-19 patients, which was related to innate immunity and interacted with T/NK/B cells, as supported by a protein–protein interaction network analysis. Principal component analysis was performed with R package "FactoMineR" to identify those clinical parameters that contribute most to distinguishing severe, moderate, and mild cases of COVID-19 (28) . For BALF, the most upregulated marker genes were similarly enriched in neutrophils, but more up-regulated genes in monocytes and B cells were observed in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls, which is different from the lung samples. Transcriptome analysis of lung specimens and BALF from COVID-19 patients also indicated the most up-regulated marker genes were neutrophil related. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as markers of disease severity in COVID-19 doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02063 id = cord-284820-29uiq6at author = Wang, Junfeng title = Heterogeneous Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown Measures on Air Quality in Northern China date = 2020-11-11 keywords = China; air; covid-19 summary = We found that the traffic restrictions, especially the restriction of intra-city travel intensity (TI), exhibited a significant heterogeneous effect on NO(2) with a decrease of approximately 13.6%, and every one-unit increase in control measures intensity reduced the concentration of air pollutants by approximately 2–4%. Our study chose data including daily air pollutant concentrations and weather conditions in the BTH region and designed a DID model to quantitatively identify the effect of control measures on air pollution during the COVID-19 outbreak. Here, real-time monitoring data from China''s air pollution monitoring stations were used to demonstrate air pollutant concentration trends before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, and a DID model was used to estimate the causal effect of the implementation of lockdown measures on air quality, controlling for the interference of meteorological, vacation, and other important factors. The implementation of control measures reduced air pollution, which provided empirical evidence on the identification of the causal effect of lockdown measures on air quality during the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116179 id = cord-279550-7u2hksxm author = Wang, Kai title = Longitudinal dynamics of the neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-08-03 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient summary = METHODS: Blood samples (n=173) were collected from 30 COVID-19 patients over a 3-month period after symptom onset and analyzed for SARS-CoV-2-specific NAbs, using the lentiviral pseudotype assay, coincident with the levels of IgG and proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, serological testing, especially to detect NAbs, is essential in determining the onset of the serological immune response, evaluating the potential capacity of the host body for viral clearance, and identifying donors for passive antibody therapy trials. 12, 13 However, the dynamics and roles of SARS-CoV-2-specific NAbs and their correlation with antibody responses have not been explored in COVID-19 patients more than two months after symptom onset. Furthermore, to determine if there was a statistical correlation between NAb levels and virus-specific IgG levels in COVID-19 patients, serum samples were grouped by time (weeks) after symptom onset. In summary, we determined the dynamics of NAb titers within 3 months after symptom onset in 30 SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and found a positive correlation between NAb titers and IgG antibodies. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1143 id = cord-350338-lcsa06gm author = Wang, Kun title = Clinical and laboratory predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19: a cohort study in Wuhan, China date = 2020-05-03 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan; patient summary = title: Clinical and laboratory predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19: a cohort study in Wuhan, China We then validated these models by randomly collecting COVID-19 patients in the Infection department of Union Hospital in Wuhan from January 1, 2020, to February 20, 2020. The laboratory model developed with age, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2), neutrophil and lymphocyte count, D-dimer, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) had a significantly stronger discriminatory power than the clinical model (p=0.0157), with AUC of 0.98 (95% CI, 0.92-0.99); threshold, -2.998; sensitivity, 100.00%; specificity, 92.82% and NPV, 100.00%. We developed a clinical model and laboratory model for predicting the in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 patients, the AUCs (95% CI) were 0.88 (0.80, 0.95) and 0.98 (0.92, 0.99) in training cohort, and 0.83 (0.68, 0.93) and 0.88 (0.77, 0.95) in validation cohort, respectively. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa538 id = cord-303237-xvba5mqq author = Wang, L.-Y. title = Genetic Profiles in Pharmacogenes Indicate Personalized Drug Therapy for COVID-19 date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COVID-19; drug; figure summary = Racial discrepancy of common nonsynonymous mutations was found in pharmacogenes including: VDR, ITPA, G6PD, CYP3A4 and ABCB1 which related to DCTs including ribavirin, -interferon, chloroquine and lopinavir. In addition to this mutation, we further identified 10 common non-synonymous polymorphisms in all populations ( Figure 4F ). Thus, we analyzed the expression of virus or drug target genes in different lung cells ( Figure 5A ). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.23.20041350 doi: medRxiv preprint drug metabolic enzymes in different liver cells ( Figure 6A ). Due to the activity difference exists among populations, the genotypes of important alleles in CYP450 family should be detected after diagnosis, then treatment strategies for these drugs can be suggested in these patients. pharmacogenes in patients can hardly be detected in single cell resolution during COVID-19 treatment, although the expression level of these genes can be associated with drug efficacy or toxicity. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.23.20041350 id = cord-256255-wqpndl46 author = Wang, Lang title = Prolonged prothrombin time at admission predicts poor clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-10-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = CONCLUSION: Prothrombin time, concentration of fibrin degradation products, respiration rate and age were predictive factors for clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients. The elevation of D-dimer and fibrin degradation products (FDP), shortened or prolonged prothrombin time (PT), abnormal platelet count, occurrence of thrombosis or bleeding and complication of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) were observed in COVID-19 patients in different clinical stages [6, 7] . The factors with significant differences between the death and survival groups, including age, sex, comorbidities, respiration rate, platelet count, PT, APTT, D-dimer and FDP, were included in the regression. Univariate analysis showed that age, sex, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, COPD, respiration rate, PT, concentrations of D-dimer and FDP may contribute to the death risk of COVID-19 patients. As the platelet count and several parameters of coagulation were significantly different between those who died and survivors, the prognostic value of these factors for COVID-19 was analyzed using logistic regression. doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i19.4370 id = cord-293359-6iw7dnz6 author = Wang, Laureen Yi-Ting title = COVID-19 treatment with lopinavir–ritonavir resulting in sick sinus syndrome: a case report date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; ritonavir summary = Besides being at higher risk of complications of COVID-19 infection, patients with underlying cardiovascular disease are more likely to develop cardiac-related side effects of treatment. 1 Our patient, with COVID-19 pneumonia, was started on lopinavir-ritonavir and developed sinus arrest. We want to highlight the potentially fatal side effect of lopinavir-ritonavir-induced bradyarrhythmia with this case report. [4] [5] [6] In the recent randomized controlled study in Wuhan China, no benefit was found in time to clinical improvement with 14-day treatment of lopinavir-ritonavir compared with standard of care. Before being used as a treatment for COVID-19, there have been case reports of lopinavir-ritonavir-induced cardiac arrhythmias in patients on treatment for HIV-1. 7,8 As our patient had pre-existing IHD with first-degree atrioventricular block and prolonged interval QTc, he was at risk for cardiac-related side effects of lopinavir-ritonavir. Transient cardiac arrhythmias related to lopinavir/ritonavir in two patients with HIV infection doi = 10.1093/ehjcr/ytaa171 id = cord-342888-o7ezn9dd author = Wang, Lei-Yun title = Remdesivir and COVID-19 date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Yeming Wang and colleagues 1 reported that the hazard of 28-day clinical improvement for 158 patients with severe COVID-19 randomly assigned to remdesivir was 1·2 times (95% CI 0·9 to 1·8) the hazard of patients randomly assigned to placebo, but the 28-day mortality in both these groups was similar. Additionally, Wang and colleagues 1 report that the effect of remdesivir on clinical improvement appeared stronger among patients who started treatment within 10 days of symptom onset than among those who started later. We appreciate the possible explanation raised by Lei-Yun Wang and colleagues that the genetic backgrounds of patients might be one of the reasons for discrepant results between the Chinese and American remdesivir clinical trials. Whether the different strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 between China and the USA contribute to the discrepant effect of remdesivir also needs to be confirmed. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32019-5 id = cord-309302-n6cd2fc3 author = Wang, Li title = Clinical management of lung cancer patients during the outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; cancer; patient summary = In this review, we focus on the epidemiological characteristics, early diagnosis, patient management and mental health of lung cancer patients during the COVID-19 epidemic. According to China''s New Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (Trial Version 8), drugs with potential antiviral effects should be used early in the course of the disease, and it is recommended to focus on patients with high risk factors for severe illness patients. However, hydroxychloroquine or combined azithromycin is not recommended for COVID-19 patients base on China''s New Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (Trial Version 8). In addition, convalescent plasma is suitable for patients with rapid disease progression, severe and critically ill patients base on China''s New Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (Trial Version 8). According to China''s New Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (Trial Version 8), Tocilizumab can be tried for patients with extensive lung disease and elevated IL-6 levels in the laboratory. doi = 10.1186/s13027-020-00322-7 id = cord-189307-qb0s06tl author = Wang, Linda title = COVID-Net: A Tailored Deep Convolutional Neural Network Design for Detection of COVID-19 Cases from Chest X-Ray Images date = 2020-03-22 keywords = COVID; Net; covid-19 summary = Motivated by this and inspired by the open source efforts of the research community, in this study we introduce COVID-Net, a deep convolutional neural network design tailored for the detection of COVID-19 cases from chest X-ray (CXR) images that is open source and available to the general public. Furthermore, we investigate how COVID-Net makes predictions using an explainability method in an attempt to not only gain deeper insights into critical factors associated with COVID cases, which can aid clinicians in improved screening, but also audit COVID-Net in a responsible and transparent manner to validate that it is making decisions based on relevant information from the CXR images. Motivated by the urgent need to develop solutions to aid in the fight against the COvID-19 pandemic and inspired by the open source and open access efforts by the research community, this study introduces COVID-Net, a deep convolutional neural network design tailored for the detection of COVID-19 cases from CXR images that is open source and available to the general public. doi = nan id = cord-287874-wl0wlxh6 author = Wang, Ling title = Quadruple therapy for asymptomatic COVID-19 infection patients date = 2020-05-03 keywords = China; IFN; covid-19; patient summary = From 31 January 2020 to 10 February 2020, the patient was given quadruple therapy, including lopinavir/ritonavir tablets (400/100 mg every 12 h), arbidol tablets (0.2 g every 8 h), Lianhuaqingwen granules (a Chinese patent medicine, 6 g every 8 h) orally, and recombinant human interferon-α2b injection via aerosol (6.0 × 10 6 IU with 2 ml of sterilized water for injection every 12 h). • Quadruple therapy, which is lopinavir/ritonavir tablets, arbidol tablets, Lianhuaqingwen granules, and recombinant human interferon-α2b (IFN-α2b) injection via aerosol, is a common regimen for patients with COVID-19 in China. From 31 January 2020 to 10 February 2020, the patient was treated with four drugs, which are oral administration of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets (400/100 mg every 12 h), arbidol tablets (0.2 g every 8 h), and Lianhuaqingwen granules (a Chinese patent medicine, 6 g every 8 h) and atomization inhalation of recombinant human interferon-α2b injection (6.0 × 10 6 IU with 2 ml of sterilized water for injection every 12 h). doi = 10.1080/14787210.2020.1758066 id = cord-280005-i9fp5rys author = Wang, Mengmei title = Treatment of COVID-19 Patients with Prolonged Post-Symptomatic Viral Shedding with Leflunomide -- a Single-Center, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; IFN; patient summary = title: Treatment of COVID-19 Patients with Prolonged Post-Symptomatic Viral Shedding with Leflunomide -a Single-Center, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial CONCLUSIONS: In COVID-19 patients with prolonged PCR positivity, no benefit in terms of the duration of viral shedding was observed with the combined treatment of leflunomide and IFN α-2a beyond IFN α-2a alone. Based on that background, we conducted a prospective randomized, controlled, open-label trial, to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral leflunomide to treat hospitalized COVID-19 patients with prolonged post-symptomatic viral shedding. Fifty eligible patients were randomly assigned to a combination treatment group that received leflunomide (50 mg, q12h, three consecutive times, orally; then 20 mg, once a day for 8 days; a total course of 10 days) plus nebulized IFN -2a (3 million IU each time, adding 2 ml of sterilized water, atomization inhalation twice daily for 10 days), or to a control group that received nebulized IFN -2a This was an open-label, prospective randomized, controlled trial, which was conducted at East Campus, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1417 id = cord-324529-xbrdtxnz author = Wang, Ming title = Clinical characteristics and risk factors of liver injury in COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study from Wuhan, China date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; liver; patient summary = title: Clinical characteristics and risk factors of liver injury in COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study from Wuhan, China This study was designed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of COVID-19-associated liver injury. extracted the currently largest cohort regarding 1099 mainly moderate SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and showed 39.4% with severe disease had elevated AST and 28.1% had elevated ALT, and the proportion was 18.2% and 19.8% in patients with non-severe disease [6] .Given that the number of patients in these studies is relatively small, information about the clinical characteristics of liver injury in these patients is scarce. The present study showed that liver injury was more prevalent in male, severe or critically ill patients with percutaneous oxygen saturation ≤ 93% or peak temperature ≥ 38.5 °C on admission, and comprehensively delineated the risk factors for COVID-19-associated liver injury. doi = 10.1007/s12072-020-10075-5 id = cord-337256-b3j3kg73 author = Wang, Peipei title = Prediction of Epidemic Trends in COVID-19 with Logistic Model and Machine Learning Technics date = 2020-07-01 keywords = covid-19; logistic summary = title: Prediction of Epidemic Trends in COVID-19 with Logistic Model and Machine Learning Technics We integrate the most updated COVID-19 epidemiological data before June 16, 2020 into the Logistic model to fit the cap of epidemic trend, and then feed the cap value into Fbprophet model, a machine learning based time series prediction model to derive the epidemic curve and predict the trend of the epidemic. Many scholars have developed a number of predicting methods for the trend forecasting of COVID-19, in some severe countries and global [8, 9] , debating 30 about mathematical model, infectious disease model, and artificial intelligence model. The models based on mathematical statistics, machine learning and deep learning have been applied to the prediction of time series of epidemic development [10, 11] . Generalized logistic growth modeling of the covid-19 outbreak in 29 provinces in china and in the rest of the world doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110058 id = cord-289378-ghmqd3yv author = Wang, Peng-Wei title = Subjective Deterioration of Physical and Psychological Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Taiwan: Their Association with the Adoption of Protective Behaviors and Mental Health Problems date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; Taiwan; health; psychological summary = We determined the subjective physical and psychological health states, cognitive and affective construct of health belief, perceived social support, mental health problems, adoption of protective behavior and demographic characteristics among 1954 respondents (1305 women and 649 men; mean age: 37.9 years with standard deviation 10.8 years). The association between the deterioration of physical and psychological health and adoption of protective behaviors against COVID-19 (avoiding crowded places, washing hands, and wearing a mask) and mental health problems (general anxiety, sleep problems, and suicidal ideation) was examined using multivariate logistic regression after controlling for the effects of gender, age, and educational level. Table 2 presents the results of the univariate logistic regression model examining the associations between demographic characteristics, cognitive and affective constructs of health beliefs related to COVID-19, perceived social support, and the subjective deterioration of physical and psychological health. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17186827 id = cord-347549-9pijmlpz author = Wang, Quan Qiu title = COVID-19 risk and outcomes in patients with substance use disorders: analyses from electronic health records in the United States date = 2020-09-14 keywords = OUD; SUD; covid-19 summary = Patients with a recent diagnosis of SUD (within past year) were at significantly increased risk for COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio or AOR = 8.699 [8.411–8.997], P < 10(−30)), an effect that was strongest for individuals with OUD (AOR = 10.244 [9.107–11.524], P < 10(−30)), followed by individuals with tobacco use disorder (TUD) (AOR = 8.222 ([7.925–8.530], P < 10(−30)). Among patients with recent diagnosis of OUD, African Americans had significantly higher risk of COVID-19 than Caucasians (4.162 [3.13-5 .533], after adjusting for age, gender, and insurance types (Fig. 2) . We showed that African Americans with recent diagnosis of SUDs had higher prevalence of asthma, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and HIV compared to Caucasians, while prevalence of COPD, chronic liver disease, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer was similar or lower (data not shown). Based on EHR patient data in the US we show that individuals with SUD, particularly recent OUD, were at increased risk for COVID-19 and these effects were exacerbated in African Americans compared to Caucasians. doi = 10.1038/s41380-020-00880-7 id = cord-206006-8l7hrany author = Wang, Rui title = Mutations on COVID-19 diagnostic targets date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Effective, sensitive, and reliable diagnostic reagents are of paramount importance for combating the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic at a time there is no preventive vaccine nor specific drug available for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Based on the genotyping of 7818 SARS-CoV-2 genome samples collected up to May 1, 2020, we reveal that essentially all of the current COVID-19 diagnostic targets have had mutations. We further show that SARS-CoV-2 has the most devastating mutations on the targets of various nucleocapsid (N) gene primers and probes, which have been unfortunately used by countries around the world to diagnose COVID-19. It is interesting to note that N-China-F [10] is the most inefficient reagent among all primers/probes and its SARS-CoV-2 target has eight mutations involving samples in all five clusters, which may explain many media reports about the inefficiency of certain COVID-19 diagnostic kits made in China. doi = nan id = cord-290592-c9bsielo author = Wang, Rui title = The vitamin D for COVID-19 (VIVID) trial: A pragmatic cluster-randomized design date = 2020-10-10 keywords = COVID-19; vitamin summary = Methods We report the rationale and design of a planned pragmatic, cluster randomized, double-blinded trial (N = 2700 in total nationwide), with 1500 newly diagnosed individuals with COVID-19 infection, together with up to one close household contact each (~1200 contacts), randomized to either vitamin D3 (loading dose, then 3200 IU/day) or placebo in a 1:1 ratio and a household cluster design. The household cluster design provides a cost-efficient approach to testing an intervention for reducing rates of hospitalization and/or mortality in newly diagnosed cases and preventing infection among their close household contacts. The Vitamin D for COVID-19 (VIVID) trial is a pragmatic, cluster-randomized, placebocontrolled, double-blind trial to evaluate the efficacy of Vitamin D3 supplementation with 3200 IU/d daily for 4 weeks to reduce disease severity in persons with newly diagnosed COVID-19 infection and to prevent infection in their closest household members. doi = 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106176 id = cord-294333-6azdm42x author = Wang, S title = Sleep disturbances among medical workers during the outbreak of COVID-2019 date = 2020-05-06 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19 summary = The questionnaire consisted of three parts, including socio-demographic characteristics and COVID-19 epidemic-related factors, the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), and Zung''s self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS). The questionnaire was completed by participants on their own smartphone and consisted of three parts, including socio-demographic characteristics and COVID-19 epidemic-related factors, the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) for evaluating sleep quality, and Zung''s self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) for evaluating psychological stress, which took ~10 min to complete. Our results showed that 38% of the paediatric healthcare workers participating in this study suffered from sleep disturbance, which was significantly higher than in the general population or in other professional occupations, consistent with the previous research [11] [12] [13] [14] . doi = 10.1093/occmed/kqaa074 id = cord-277774-kec1o4ys author = Wang, Shangqian title = The need for urogenital tract monitoring in COVID-19 date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which invades a cell through binding to the ACE2 receptor and TMPRSS2 priming. Most patients with severe COVID-19 present with pneumonia-related symptoms, but some patients with severe disease could develop serious urinary complications including acute kidney injury (AKI), which requires continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) 1 . Furthermore, male reproductive systems are vulnerable to infection; dramatic changes in sex hormones in patients with COVID-19 have been observed, suggesting gonadal function impairment 2 . Similar findings were also observed in autopsy kidney samples from patients with MERS-CoV infection 4 , which showed degeneration of the renal tubules, including ectasia changes and necrosis, sloughing, and loss of brush surface in the proximal tubular epithelial cells. Human kidney is a target for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection doi = 10.1038/s41585-020-0319-7 id = cord-340119-af8i359n author = Wang, Shi-xin title = Diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19; TCM; chinese summary = Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is capable of performing syndrome differentiation and treatment according to the clinical manifestations of patients, and has a better ability of epidemic prevention and control. TCM characteristics, prevention and treatment of pneumonia infected by novel coronavirus in Hunan Province from the perspective of dampness, toxin and dryness Notice of Beijing Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine on issuing the prevention and treatment plan for pneumonia infected by novel coronavirus in Beijing (trial second edition) Notice of Municipal Health Commission on issuing traditional Chinese medicine prevention and treatment plan for pneumonia infected by novel coronavirus in Tianjin (for trial implementation) Notice on issuing the prevention and treatment plan of traditional Chinese medicine for pneumonia infected by novel coronavirus in Gansu Province (trial second edition) Notice on issuing the diagnosis and treatment plan of traditional Chinese medicine for pneumonia infected by novel coronavirus in Hunan Province (trial second edition) doi = 10.1016/j.joim.2020.04.001 id = cord-347480-vs57lu1f author = Wang, Shu title = Psychological distress and sleep problems when people are under interpersonal isolation during an epidemic: A nationwide multicenter cross-sectional study date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = We conducted this large-scale, nationwide, multicenter, cross-sectional study using a population-based representative sampling procedure to explore the psychological impact of interpersonal isolation and the stress of infection among a wide range of people. Based on the preinvestigation results, areas were stratified by the number of confirmed patients, and psychological distress and sleep problems were measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale (GAD-7, Cronbach''s α = 0.90) [11] , the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9, Cronbach''s α = 0.89) [12] , and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI, Cronbach''s α = 0.83) [13] . However, the present study found that participants aged 35-49 years had more severe anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms during the outbreak of COVID-19. The present study found that 11.0-13.3% of participants had anxiety, depression, or insomnia symptoms and that 1.9-2.7% had severe psychological distress or sleep problems during the outbreak of COVID-19. doi = 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.78 id = cord-335619-t3yv5y7h author = Wang, Song-mi title = Screening of SARS-CoV-2 in 299 Hospitalized Children with Hemato-oncological Diseases: A Multicenter Survey in Hubei, China date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = A cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the clinical characteristics, lung CT scan, SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test and serum antibodies of hospitalized children with hemato-oncological diseases from January 23 to April 24, 2020. A cross-sectional study was performed to inves-tigate the SARS-CoV-2 infection status of children with hemato-oncological diseases hospitalized in three medical institutions from January 23 to April 24, 2020. The findings of this study showed that the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate in enrolled children with hematological malignancies was 0.33%. Zhang [3] reported that 53.6% of COVID-19infected cancer patients had serious clinical events, with a mortality rate of 28.6%. Therefore, for patients with hematological malignancies, the possibility of COVID-19 cannot be ruled out by negative antibody detection, which needs to be combined with multiple nucleic acid test, epidemiological history, and lung imaging to assist in the diagnosis. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China doi = 10.1007/s11596-020-2228-7 id = cord-309716-4wn3lx70 author = Wang, W. title = Thyroid function abnormalities in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-06-16 keywords = TSH; covid-19 summary = In 7 patients with dynamic changes of thyroid function, we observed the levels of TT3 and TSH gradually increased and reached normal range without thyroid hormone replacement at Day 30 post-admission. The thyroid function in COVID-19, pneumonia patients and healthy subjects was compared, and its relationship with disease severity, interval time for negative conversion of viral nucleic acid, auto-antibodies, leukocytes, inflammatory biomarkers and cytokines were also investigated to uncover the underlying clinical value of thyroid dysfunction. The association between thyroid function and disease severity, inflammatory biomarker (leukocytes, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin), inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ), auto-antibodies (thyroglobulin antibody, thyroid peroxidase antibody) and interval time for negative conversion of viral nucleic acid were analyzed. Since SARS-CoV has been reported to infect immune cells, mainly T lymphocytes and macrophages [24] , we suggest that the extent of decreased lymphocyte levels may reflect the severity of viral attack and indicate the outcome of COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.15.20130807 id = cord-312885-d4ku8dyz author = Wang, W. title = Global, regional, and national estimates of target population sizes for COVID-19 vaccination date = 2020-09-30 keywords = covid-19; population; preprint summary = Here, we provide global, regional, and national estimates of the size of the COVID-19 vaccine recipient population by priority group under the allocation frameworks proposed by various international teams (8, (10) (11) (12) . preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in In main analysis, to consider vaccine programs tailored the epidemiological situation of individual countries, we also used COVID-19 case counts (as of September 13, 2020) and serology data to estimate the size of the population already infected, who may be at lower priority for vaccination. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.29.20200469 id = cord-279875-jxnszm5k author = Wang, Wan-Ying title = Contribution of traditional Chinese medicine to the treatment of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; TCM summary = (Mahase, 2020) In China, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is concurrently playing an important role in the treatment of COVID-19, integrated with modern imaging system, first-aid facility and ordinary chemical therapy. Each mobile cabin hospital is equipped with 2-3 TCM experts and a team of 12 national TCM masters are accompanied with severe patients in Wuhan.(Liu，Ruiche, 2020) Currently, the national treatment guidance of COVID-19 (7 th edition) (General Office of the National Health Commission, 2020) and more than 20 provinces and regions have released modified treatment guidance inclining TCM integration according to their geographical and weather conditions, which is an unique methodology in TCM therapy based on the perspective of harmonization between environment and human body. Therefore, a qualitative definition of COVID-19 in TCM theory is a "cold and damp" (Chen and Nakamura, 2004; Jia and Gao, 2003) Using a different idea from the microbiology-oriented knowledge of the aetiology of the disease or the mechanism of novel drugs, TCM emphasizes on the relief of symptoms so as to cure infected patients and control the spreading of epidemics. doi = 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153279 id = cord-290053-2i0lqs12 author = Wang, Weiping title = Radiotherapy after the easing of public restrictions during COVID-19 epidemic date = 2020-07-09 keywords = covid-19 summary = Two hospitals in Wuhan reported that all new admitted patients are receiving COVID-19 screening, including blood test, chest CT, and nucleic acid test, before radiotherapy [2, 3] . In most hospitals, including our institute, COVID-19 nucleic acid test screening was not conducted for patients without fever and other symptoms suspicious of COVID-19 [4] [5] [6] . Compared with the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak, there have been more consensus statements or recommendations to conduct radiotherapy. With these consensus statements or recommendations, radiation oncologists could conduct radiotherapy more appropriately during the COVID-19 outbreak. After the COVID-19 outbreak, there have been some reports on experiences or guidance on radiotherapy workflow and protection procedures for infection control zoning, area disinfection, personal protective equipment, staff rotation, COVID-19 screening, and emergence plans, among other measures [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Our institute restarted necessary face-to-face meetings for discussions of patients'' diseases and treatment from 11 May, 25 days after the last new confirmed COVID-19 case in Beijing. doi = 10.1186/s13014-020-01612-5 id = cord-266214-l8pmhcd5 author = Wang, Xiaogang title = Management Strategies for Patients After CABG Surgery in the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-21 keywords = CABG; COVID-19; patient summary = CONCLUSION: The management strategy here we proposed could improve the outcome of patients after CABG during the pandemic and benefit both cardiovascular patients and health-care workers. According to the data reported by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, elderly patients with preexisting medical comorbidities are prone to severe illness and death after infection, which places the patients recovering from CABG surgery at a higher of infection. It is reported that in the over 40,000 confirmed cases, the casefatality rate of patients with CVD, diabetes, or hypertension is notably higher than average, which indicates the control of blood glucose (BG) and blood pressure (BP) playing a significant role in the prevention and outcome of COVID-19 infection for patients after CABG. Self-monitoring of COVID-19-related symptoms, including cough, fever, and dyspnea, is recommended for cardiovascular health-care workers, and a SARS-CoV-2 virus test should be considered when any kind of suspected exposure to infection occurs. doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s271133 id = cord-336298-odl1nv4i author = Wang, Xiaoqiang title = Effects of Chinese strategies for controlling the diffusion and deterioration of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in China date = 2020-03-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = For COVID-19 data, we collected the number of cumulative confirmed patients from January 21, 2020 to February 23, 2020 because almost all areas in China began to report confirmed cases from January 21, 2020, and the growth speed reached zero around most areas except Hubei before February 23, 2020. To inhibit the spread of COVID-19 as quickly as possible, the Chinese government took actions rapidly and implemented a series of strategies [5, 6, 9] is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint By implementing multiple Chinese strategies, the growth speed of confirmed patients reached Speedmax and began to decline within 14 days in almost all areas of mainland China. In conclusion, by analyzing the time to Speedmax, our study suggests that Chinese strategies are highly effective on controlling the diffusion and deterioration of the Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.10.20032755 id = cord-338790-rvdoq616 author = Wang, Xiaowen title = Be aware of acute kidney injury in critically ill children with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-26 keywords = AKI; COVID-19; SARS summary = BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of critically ill adult patients with COVID-19. METHODS: By extracting data from electronic medical records, we conducted a retrospective observational study of kidney involvement in confirmed pediatric COVID-19 cases in Wuhan Children''s Hospital during the coronavirus outbreak, from January 24 to March 20, 2020. The AWARE (Assessment of Worldwide Acute Kidney Injury, Renal Angina, and Epidemiology) study, which enrolled ICUs in 32 hospitals in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America, showed that the overall incidence of AKI in 4683 critically ill children was 26.9%, and the incidence of severe AKI (KDIGO stage 2 or 3) was 11.6% [8, 14] . The correlation between IL-6 titer and serum creatinine level in our patients suggests that cytokine storm might play a more important role in critically ill COVID-19 children with AKI, in addition to the prerenal and intrarenal injuries. doi = 10.1007/s00467-020-04715-z id = cord-355772-kvenaqj3 author = Wang, Xuan title = Letter: Strategies for Prevention and Control of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection Among Medical Staff date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19; medical summary = 3 In the very early stage of the epidemic, the first 14 of these infected medical staff were from the Department of Neurosurgery, which was located in the epidemic center of the COVID-19 outbreak. Here, we would like to summarize and share our successful experiences in the prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 infection in medical staff of hospital departments, especially those devoted to non-infection diseases. After the implementation of these measures in our department, there has been no further infection among patients or medical staff. In a scenario of epidemic and shortage of medical resources, the medical staff should triage outpatients and inpatients, to achieve early detection and warning of COVID-19 infection ( Figure 2 ). In addition to operating rooms and wards, the offices and living areas of the medical staff are important potential areas of infection Improve the Awareness of the Medical Staff About the Epidemic COVID-19 differs from any other known infectious disease, and information regarding adequate protection is lacking. doi = 10.1093/neuros/nyaa117 id = cord-253208-wknht58z author = Wang, Xue title = Ratios of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte predict all-cause mortality in inpatients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a retrospective cohort study in a single medical centre date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; NLR summary = title: Ratios of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte predict all-cause mortality in inpatients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a retrospective cohort study in a single medical centre The current study aims to explore whether the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are associated with the development of death in patients with COVID-19. In view of the small number of deaths (n = 12) in the current study, NLR of 2.306 might have potential value for helping clinicians to identify patients with severe COVID-19, with a sensitivity of 100.0% and a specificity of 56.7% (AUC: 0.729, 95% CI 0.563–0.892; P = 0.063). In the current study, the investigators aimed to determine whether the PLR can serve as a valuable predictor of in-hospital mortality, and the value of NLR for predicting the all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. The current study suggests that the elevated NLR is associated with all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19, while PLR was not associated with this. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002071 id = cord-283099-nhz3pye2 author = Wang, Xue title = Unprotected mothers and infants breastfeeding in public amenities during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; China; public summary = Here we outline the common issues in the current design of lactation facilities and the use of other public amenities by breastfeeding mothers, as a timely reminder on the potential risks to breastfeeding mothers and unprotected infants during the current pandemic ( Fig. 1) . Overall, breastfeeding appears to be a good practice to maintain the health and reduce the risks for infants during the current pandemic, yet there is a need for sufficient lactation rooms in the public space. The number of lactation rooms have increased in the public space, yet many issues remain to be solved, such as inadequate area, location near toilets, poor ventilation and lack of air temperature control The COVID-19 episode has also accentuated the risk induced by poor ventilation. In light of the known risks of fecal-oral transmission of COVID-19, breastfeeding in public toilets is not recommended during the current pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s10311-020-01054-1 id = cord-253392-cws6uj3c author = Wang, Yali title = The pros and cons of traditional Chinese medicines in the treatment of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The NHCC-recommended traditional medicines have been clinically used or studied for several inflammation-related disease conditions other than viral infections, with the inflammation processes regulated by similar sets of regulators as COVID-19 (Supplementary Table S1 ). In-vitro and in-vivo studies have led to useful clues to certain common inflammation-regulatory mechanisms of these traditional medicines against COVID-19 [4] , viral infections [5] and other inflammation-related disease conditions (Supplementary Table S1 ). Despite the incomplete investigations, the multi-omics data analysis revealed the inflammation-promoting adverse effects by 5 of the 8 traditional medicines (Table 1) , consistent with the reported pneumonitis and lung injury in the patients of interstitial lung diseases given various kampo formulations [3] . The multi-omics data analysis also provides useful indications about whether the pros of these traditional medicines outweigh the cons for the patients of the inflammationrelated disease conditions. doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104873 id = cord-353113-peqzaupr author = Wang, Yan title = Case Report: Opportunities for Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Patients—Lessons From a Death Case date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; February summary = Patients presenting with respiratory distress (respiratory rate [RR] ≥30 breaths/min), low oxygen saturation at rest (SpO 2 ≤93%), or arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2 )/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ) ≤300 mmHg are diagnosed as severe cases; critical cases develop worse conditions, such as respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, shock, or other organ failure, requiring an intensive care unit. On February 7, the Centers for Disease Control confirmed that the patient''s oropharyngeal swab test for SARS-CoV-2 was positive; thus, the patient was diagnosed with COVID-19 (severe case), ARDS, and hypertension. PaO 2 and CRP seemed to improve with increasing FiO 2 (up to 100%) and the use of methylprednisolone, but the clinical manifestation persisted, and, on February 15, PaO 2 could not be maintained; it fell to 35 mmHg, the SpO 2 was at 45%, the RR at 50 breaths/min, and confusion occurred. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00533 id = cord-217201-lvefk7qx author = Wang, Yang title = Ontology-based annotation and analysis of COVID-19 phenotypes date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Based on the HP classification, we systematically analyze three nervous phenotypes (loss of smell, loss of taste, and headache) and four abdominal phenotypes (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea) identified in patients, and found that patients from Europe and USA turned to have higher nervous phenotypes and abdominal phenotypes than patients from Asia. First, we analyzed the group of COVID-19-related nervous system phenotypes, which includes loss of smell (anosmia), loss of taste (parageusia), and headache ( Figure 1 ). To further study the relation between different comorbidity phenotypes and disease outcomes, we survey the disease data from the literature and compared the incidences of specific comorbidity phenotypes in severe or non-severe COVID-19 patients. In severe disease patients, the incidence of diabetes or kidney failure was higher than that in non-severe patient groups (The X-axis is country/city, report date, number of cases). Based on the HP classification, we systematically analyzed 17 clinical phenotypes of COVID-19 in case reported. doi = nan id = cord-346015-bzeqs5oh author = Wang, Yeming title = Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; remdesivir summary = Although several approved drugs and investigational agents have shown antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, 6, 7 at present there are no antiviral therapies of proven effectiveness in treating severely ill patients with A multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial (RCT) of hydroxychloroquine involving 150 adults admitted to hospital for COVID-19 reported no significant effect of the drug on accelerating viral clearance. This was an investigator-initiated, individually randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial to assess the effectiveness and safety of intravenous remdesivir in adults (aged ≥18 years) admitted to hospital with severe COVID-19. Our study is the first randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled clinical trial assessing the effect of intravenous remdesivir in adults admitted to hospital with severe COVID-19. Future studies of remdesivir, including earlier treatment in patients with COVID-19 and higher-dose regimens or in combination with other antivirals or SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies in those with severe COVID-19 are needed to better understand its potential effectiveness. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31022-9 id = cord-333745-nwnt2tde author = Wang, Yi title = Clinical characteristics and laboratory indicator analysis of 67 COVID-19 pneumonia patients in Suzhou, China date = 2020-10-12 keywords = Group; covid-19 summary = RESULTS: The study found that fibrinogen (FIB) was increased in 45 (65.2%) patients, and when FIB reached a critical value of 4.805 g/L, the sensitivity and specificity、DA, helping to distinguish general and severe cases, were 100 and 14%、92.9%, respectively, which were significantly better than those for lymphocyte count and myoglobin. In a comparison of patients in Group A with patients in Group B, the lymphocyte count absolute value (L), myoglobin (MB) and fibrinogen of COVID-19 pneumonia patients in Group A were significantly higher than those in Group B, with statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.001) ( Table 4 ). Laboratory data showed that the WBC, N%, and CRP in Group B COVID-19 pneumonia patients were significantly higher than those of Group A patients, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05468-8 id = cord-326010-8f891ocp author = Wang, Yibin title = Using “old” medications to fight new COVID-19: Re-purposing with a purpose date = 2020-07-18 keywords = covid-19 summary = Despite the unprecedented efforts and rapid scientific progress in the discovery of the cellular and molecular details for the pathogenesis of COVID-19 as a result of SARS-COV2 infection, there are still no specific new therapies that have been approved to either prevent or treat COVID19 in clinics [1, 2] . In recent retrospective studies led by a consortium of investigators based on a large clinical cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Hubei, China, one class of medicine originally used for blood pressure management (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blockers) [7] , and another class of medication originally prescribed for hyperlipidemia (statins) [8] , were analyzed for their association with COVID-19 related death and other secondary outcome. After extensive adjustment and matching for major clinical risk profiles, statistical analyses showed both ACEi/ARB and statins were found to be associated with a significant reduction in death and adverse outcome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Association of Inpatient Use of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers with Mortality Among Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized With COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.07.005 id = cord-273315-el2qjtqc author = Wang, Ying title = Cerebrovascular disease is associated with the risk of mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 date = 2020-06-30 keywords = covid-19 summary = Our meta-analysis showed that cerebrovascular disease was significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients on the basis of a fixed-effects model (OR = 4.78, 95% CI: 3.24-7.03, P < 0.001) (Fig. 1a) . All values are n (%), mean (SD), and median (IQR) NR not reported Fig. 1 Odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence intervals (CI) for cerebrovascular disease (a), sensitivity analysis for cerebrovascular disease (b), publication bias assessment: Egger''s test (c) and Begg''s test (d) disease was associated with an increased risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients (Fig. 1b) . did not observe a significant association between a past history of cerebrovascular disease and the risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients based on two published studies (OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 0.77-7.04) [11] . However, in our present meta-analysis based on eight published studies, the cerebrovascular disease was identified to be significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04542-y id = cord-315744-nr0fu2qb author = Wang, Yu title = Reduction of secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in households by face mask use, disinfection and social distancing: a cohort study in Beijing, China date = 2020-05-28 keywords = case; covid-19; transmission summary = title: Reduction of secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in households by face mask use, disinfection and social distancing: a cohort study in Beijing, China Conclusion The study confirms the highest risk of transmission prior to symptom onset, and provides the first evidence of the effectiveness of mask use, disinfection and social distancing in preventing COVID-19. Conclusion The study confirms the highest risk of transmission prior to symptom onset, and provides the first evidence of the effectiveness of mask use, disinfection and social distancing in preventing COVID-19. Given epidemic growth is dominated by household transmission, 5 6 studying the use of NPIs, such as face masks, social distancing and disinfection in the household setting, may inform community epidemic control and prevent transmission of COVID-19 in households. Transmission was significantly reduced BMJ Global Health by frequent use of chlorine or ethanol based disinfectant in households and family members (including the primary case) wearing a mask at home before the primary case developed the illness (table 4) . doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002794 id = cord-262100-z6uv32a0 author = Wang, Yuanyuan title = Changes in network centrality of psychopathology symptoms between the COVID-19 outbreak and after peak date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; network; symptom summary = Noticeably, psychomotor symptoms such as impaired motor skills, restlessness, and inability to relax exhibited high centrality during the outbreak, which still relatively high but showed substantial remission during after peak stage (in terms of strength, betweenness, or bridge centrality). This study provides novel insights into the changes in central features during the different COVID-19 stages and highlights motor-related symptoms as bridge symptoms, which could activate the connection between anxiety and depression. In a recent longitudinal study on mental health during COVID-19, no significant changes in anxiety and depression were found in the general Chinese population between the initial outbreak and the after peak period [6] . However, the existing studies did not investigate the mechanism and changes in anxiety and depressive symptoms throughout the COVID-19 outbreak and the after peak using network analysis. During the outbreak and after peak, the occurrence of either impaired motor skills with depression symptoms or restlessness with anxiety symptoms could increase the risk of activation for other mental disorders. doi = 10.1038/s41380-020-00881-6 id = cord-306322-vx1fqtl5 author = Wang, Yuanyuan title = Health care and mental health challenges for transgender individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Health care and mental health challenges for transgender individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic 4 Because of the difficulties caused by COVID-19 discussed above, it is likely that transgender individuals are also facing challenging situations with regards to their mental health. In our transgender clinic, in Beijing, China, we found that difficulty in accessing hormone interventions was associated with high levels of anxiety and depression due to uncertainty about the availability of future treatments and struggles with maintaining unwanted gender identities during the COVID-19 pandemic. After genderaffirming surgery, groups such as transgender women tend to have adverse outcomes of vaginoplasty, such as visceral injury, fistulas, vaginal prolapse, and pelvic floor disorders, which occur because of the complex nature of the gender reassignment and require long-term care after surgery. Health care and mental wellbeing in the transgender and gender-diverse Chinese population Reduction in mental health treatment utilization among transgender individuals after gender-affirming surgeries: a total population study doi = 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30182-0 id = cord-316137-6zdxfv8v author = Wang, Yuanyuan title = Effect and safety of Chinese herbal medicine granules in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective, single-center study with propensity score matching date = 2020-11-05 keywords = CHM; COVID-19; China; patient summary = title: Effect and safety of Chinese herbal medicine granules in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective, single-center study with propensity score matching The following data were extracted: sex; age; ethnicity; height; weight; exposure history; chronic medical histories (chronic pulmonary disease, chronic cardiovascular disease, chronic nephritic disease, diabetes, malignancy, and so on); duration from onset to hospital admission; presence and severity of symptoms (fever, cough, dyspnea, chest tightness, fatigue, and so on); vital signs (RR, pulse/heart rate, blood pressure, and peripheral blood oxygen saturation); laboratory examinations (complete blood count, blood chemical analysis, measures of electrolytes, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, liver and renal function test, lactate dehydrogenase, and so on); chest computed tomography findings; complications (coexisted infection and chronic disease progression); and supporting treatment (oxygen therapy, ventilation, antiviral and antibacterial agents, corticosteroids, and so on). doi = 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153404 id = cord-277693-6lrawta5 author = Wang, Yuanzhuo title = Contributions of dermatologists to COVID‐19 research: a brief systematic review date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; article summary = 298 articles were included and classified into cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19, operating experience against COVID‐19, mechanisms and treatment of COVID‐19, disinfection and personal protective equipment(PPE)‐related skin diseases and other topics. 70 articles focused on cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 (n=70), followed by the management on patients with common skin diseases (n=68), operating experience against COVID-19 (n=49), mechanisms and treatment of COVID-19 (n=34), disinfection and personal protective equipment(PPE)-related skin diseases (n=27) and other topics(n=50). This study systematically reviewed contributions of dermatologists to COVID-19 research. We hope this study may help dermatologists to have a better understanding of the mechanisms, management, and the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19, the operating experience of dermatology clinics in the " red-zone" area, and to use disinfectant and personal protective equipment properly. Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Biologic Therapy in Psoriasis: Infection Risk and Patient Counseling in Uncertain Times doi = 10.1111/dth.13713 id = cord-299082-s8bm40vy author = Wang, Yueying title = Cardiac arrhythmias in patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; clinical; patient summary = 5, 6, 9, 10, [12] [13] [14] [15] Several investigators have reported cardiac function and structural abnormalities in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, including acute heart failure (HF), 3,10,16 takotsubo syndrome, 17 ,18 viral myocarditis, 19 and acute myocardial infarction. In addition to exacerbating the previous cardiomyopathy and conduction disorders, inducing arrhythmia events, SARS-CoV-2 may also induce electrophysiological abnormalities in patients with no previous history of heart disease under a variety of mechanisms. Clinical features and mechanism of heart injury in patients suffered from severe acute respiratory syndrome. Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a randomized clinical trial Risk of QT interval prolongation associated with use of hydroxychloroquine with or without concomitant azithromycin among hospitalized patients testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) doi = 10.1002/joa3.12405 id = cord-349740-xed4aybr author = Wang, Yulong title = Recommendations of protective measures for orthopedic surgeons during COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; patient; surgery summary = The appropriate protective measures for orthopedic surgeons and patients were reviewed (on-site first aid, emergency room, operating room, isolation wards, general ward, etc.) during the entire diagnosis and treatment process of traumatic patients. To avoid occupational transmission of COVID-19 to medical staff, appropriate protective measures taken by orthopedic surgeons during pandemic in different sites from pre-hospital, emergency diagnosis and treatment, emergency surgery, anesthesia, and perioperative management are of great importance. Lessons learnt from our experience provide some recommendations of protective measures during the entire diagnosis and treatment process of traumatic patients and help others to manage orthopedic patients with COVID-19, to reduce the risk of cross-infection between patients and to protect healthcare workers during work. Lessons learnt from our experience provide some recommendations of protective measures during the entire diagnosis and treatment process of traumatic patients and help others to manage orthopedic patients with COVID-19, to reduce the risk of cross-infection between patients and to protect healthcare workers during work. doi = 10.1007/s00167-020-06092-4 id = cord-282142-76jr4p7n author = Wang, Yun title = Potential Effect of COVID-19 on Maternal and Infant Outcome: Lesson From SARS date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; infection summary = Pregnant women are susceptible to respiratory pathogens and the development of severe pneumonia, suggesting the urgent need to assess the potential maternal and infant outcome of pregnancy with COVID-19. Therefore, the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on maternal and infant outcomes needs to be explored, especially the intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19. SARS-CoV infection during pregnancy was associated with a risk of adverse maternal and neonatal complications, including intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery, spontaneous miscarriage, severe maternal illnesses, such as, admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and death (4, 6, 13, (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) . The samples of amniotic fluid, cord blood, neonatal throat swab, and breastmilk samples from six patients tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 (5), suggesting no intrauterine vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the nine pregnant COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.3389/fped.2020.00511 id = cord-354009-1ek4s8oe author = Wang, Yun title = Spatiotemporal Characteristics of COVID-19 Epidemic in the United States date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; States; United summary = We characterized the dynamics of COVID-19 epidemic through detecting weekly hotspots of newly confirmed cases using Spatial and Space-Time Scan Statistics and quantifying the trends of incidence of COVID-19 by county characteristics using the Joinpoint analysis. The results would enhance our understanding of small area-based spatiotemporal dynamics of COVID-19 outbreak, thus help inform multilevel strategies to control the spread of coronavirus and appropriate allocations of public health and healthcare resources in the United States. To identify the characteristics of counties with a high burden of COVID-19, we examined county-level geographic and sociodemographic factors, including rural-urban context, distance to the nearest core airport, population density, percentage of non-white minority population, percentage of population 65 years or older, and percentage of population below the federal poverty line. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa934 id = cord-312278-rin733w4 author = Wang, Yung‐Chih title = Current diagnostic tools for coronaviruses–From laboratory diagnosis to POC diagnosis for COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; dna summary = 22 For detecting the presence of novel infectious diseases, the gold standard method has been the use of qRT-PCR for the detection of 29 Saliva has also been approved as a noninvasive specimen for detecting SARS-CoV-2. Another well-known test is the Vivalytic COVID-19 test (Bosch, Germany), which delivers results in less than 2.5 hr using multiplex PCR and μArray-detection to identify SARS-CoV-2. All of these tests employ PCR to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and can provide results within 72 hr. Second, all of these at-home kits are designed to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA during early-stage infection, but they are not used to determine the presence of antibodies. Detection of SARS coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome by conventional and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assays Rapid detection of COVID-19 causative virus (SARS-CoV-2) in human nasopharyngeal swab specimens using fieldeffect transistor-based biosensor Development and clinical application of a rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody test for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis doi = 10.1002/btm2.10177 id = cord-293535-9bj5ev1a author = Wang, Yushu title = The influence of corticosteroid on patients with COVID-19 infection: A meta-analysis date = 2020-06-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: The influence of corticosteroid on patients with COVID-19 infection: A meta-analysis Therefore, we aim to perform this meta-analysis to identify the roles of corticosteroids in patients with or without severe COVID-19. An electronic search was performed in Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), using the keywords "steroid" or "corticosteroid" or "cortisol" or "prednisolone" or "prednisone" or "glucocorticoid" or "hydrocortisone" or "dexamethasone" or "methylprednisolone" AND "novel coronavirus" or "2019-nCoV" or "COVID-19" or "SARS-CoV-2" between 2019 and present time (i.e., up to May 7th, 2020) and without language restrictions. A total of 466 studies were originally identified based on our search criteria, 411 of which were excluded after title, abstract or full text reading since they were review articles, editorial materials or letters, and did not report the use of corticosteroid in patients with or without severe COVID-19. Correction to: Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.040 id = cord-262909-pixroj1k author = Wang, Zhao title = High Fluorescent Lymphocytes Are Increased in COVID‐19 Patients date = 2020-05-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = One study found that B cells were decreased substantially in severe COVID-19 patients (Zheng et al., 2020b) , while another study suggested the level was not changed . To our knowledge, this was the first study to count and compare the numbers of high fluorescent lymphocytes in different severity of COVID-19 This study may provide insight into understanding the interaction of B cells with SARS-CoV-2 and a clue to monitoring disease severity in COVID-19 patients. Lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in mild and severe COVID-19 patients compared with healthy controls (1400 x 10 6 /L and 820 x 10 6 /L vs 2100 x 10 6 /L, P < 0.0001). HFL counts were significantly higher in mild and severe COVID-19 patients compared with healthy controls (11.8 x 10 6 /L and 20.4 x 10 6 /L vs 0.0 x 10 6 /L, P < 0.0001). Study found that the levels of antibodies specific to SARS-Cov-2 were higher in severe patients . doi = 10.1111/bjh.16867 id = cord-343566-epvswt7f author = Wang, Zhao-Hua title = Critically Ill Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a Designated ICU: Clinical Features and Predictors for Mortality date = 2020-07-20 keywords = SARS; covid-19; patient; sofa summary = CONCLUSION: Critically ill COVID-19 patients aged higher than 70, arrhythmia, or a SOFA score above 4 have a high risk of mortality, and need prior medical intervention. In the present study, we present details of 59 critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Caidian Branch of Tongji Hospital, and then identified prognostic factors for mortality of these critically ill patients. 3, 4 According to the WHO interim guidance and Diagnostic and Treatment Program of COVID-19 (Version 7.0) published by the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China, all patients were diagnosed with severe pneumonia induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection who required mechanical ventilation, had inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO₂) ≥60%, or had the shock or organ failure. doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s263095 id = cord-273050-reez33md author = Wang, Zhenling title = Type I IFN deficiency: an immunological characteristic of severe COVID-19 patients date = 2020-09-14 keywords = IFN; covid-19 summary = reported that type I interferon (IFN) deficiency, could be a hallmark of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared with patients that had mild-to-moderate infection, the ISG score (based on the mean expression value of six ISGs defining a type I IFN signature) was significantly reduced in critical patients. By correlated analysis of viral loading with IFN-α production either on protein or on gene level, the authors suggest that the most severe cases of COVID-19 are featured by impaired IFN-α production. To further explore the transcription factors that may cause the excessive inflammatory response of COVID-19, the authors observed that upregulated genes in severe or critical patients mainly belonged to the NF-κB pathway by a kinetic analysis. Impaired type I IFN response featured immunological characteristics of severe COVID-19 patients, accompanied by lymphocytopenia, hypercytokinaemia, and high blood viral load. Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1038/s41392-020-00306-4 id = cord-263669-d4r4t6ls author = Wang, Zhichao title = Our Experiences with Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Procedures during Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date = 2020-05-13 keywords = PRS; covid-19 summary = Possible transmission routes, including respiratory droplets, close contact, and aerosol propagation, have put plastic and reconstructive healthcare professionals at high risk, especially during surgical procedures. Second, a triage workflow was established to identify high-/low-risk patients, with clinical manifestations (fever, fatigue, cough, nasal discharge, etc), epidemiologic survey, blood test, chest computed tomographic scan, and coronavirus test if necessary. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience could help global plastic and reconstructive healthcare professionals to get better preparation and continue to give qualified medical services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Not to mention, emergency injury and trauma cases are the inescapable responsibilities for healthcare professionals in the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (PRS) department. The aim is to summarize and share Shanghai Ninth People''s Hospital PRS department''s experience of infection control measures and corresponding outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic, http://links.lww. All patients who received treatments in PRS department would be followed 14 days after the visit or discharge from hospital to detect potential infection or coronavirus carrier. doi = 10.1097/gox.0000000000002868 id = cord-253990-m75xwrz9 author = Wang, Zhiguo title = Covid‐19: From structure to therapeutic targeting in studying approved drugs and local DNA vaccination date = 2020-10-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The current lack of specific and effective therapies for the COVID-19, and the continuous spread of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 across many parts of the world, represent one of the major challenges in controlling the disease severity, keeping to pose a huge threat to the global health. The current lack of specific and effective therapies for the COVID-19, and the continuous spread of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 across many parts of the world, represents one of the major challenges in controlling the disease severity and consequences, posing a huge threat to the global health. In this article, we highlight several previously approved drugs for potential effect on combating SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection, and modulating pulmonary inflammation and immune response. Despite unprecedented efforts to contain the virus spread and prevent infection, SARS-CoV-2 pneumonitis can still rapidly strike to incapacitate the lung causing severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), resulting in severe disease aftermath and sometimes death. doi = 10.1111/1440-1681.13409 id = cord-272553-bcmta2he author = Wang, Zhiqiang title = Clinical characteristics and laboratory results of pregnant women with COVID‐19 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = METHODS: A retrospective study to review and compare clinical data including electronic medical records and laboratory tests from pregnant and nonpregnant patients admitted the Central Hospital of Wuhan, China from December 8, 2019 to April 1, 2020. Laboratory test results showed that levels of inflammation markers such as white blood cell count, neutrophil count and percentage, C‐reactive protein, procalcitonin, and D‐dimer were significantly higher in pregnant women, whereas mean lymphocyte percentage was significantly lower compared with nonpregnant women. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate and report the clinical characteristics and laboratory test results of pregnant women with COVID-19 to strengthen the knowledge base. 6 The treatment strategy in the present study folThe clinical characteristics of pregnant patients extracted from medical records were gestational age; time interval between symptom onset and admission; time interval between hospitalization and delivery; delivery mode; length of hospital stay; initial symptoms (fever, cough, abdominal pain, blood-tinged mucus, ruptured membranes at term, chest tightness, asthma, fatigue, poor appetite, headache, nausea, and vomiting); and maternal comorbidities (gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, premature rupture of membranes, and obesity). doi = 10.1002/ijgo.13265 id = cord-336432-tu00gffr author = Wang, Zhiyu title = Small molecule therapeutics for COVID-19: repurposing of inhaled furosemide date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6; LPS; TNF; inflammatory summary = In this study, a library of small molecules endogenous to the human body was assembled, subjected to in silico molecular docking simulations and a focused in vitro screen to identify anti-pro-inflammatory activity via interleukin inhibition. To pre-clinically evaluate furosemide as a putative COVID-19 therapeutic, we studied its anti-inflammatory activity on RAW264.7, THP-1 and SIM-A9 cell lines stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Accordingly, we set out to identify a small molecule with the following properties: broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory mechanism of action targeting cytokines of innate immunity; low toxicity and excellent safety profile; chemically stable; easily stored and administered; able to be rapidly adopted in clinical settings worldwide; and, widespread availability with inexpensive and efficient means of production. A library of 1,136 small molecules endogenous to the human body was assembled, subjected to in silico molecular docking simulations and a focused in vitro screen to identify anti-pro-inflammatory activity via interleukin inhibition. doi = 10.7717/peerj.9533 id = cord-259073-dixskemz author = Ward, Christine F. title = Altered Mental Status as a Novel Initial Clinical Presentation for COVID-19 Infection in the Elderly date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The elderly are the most vulnerable to significant adverse complications from COVID 19 and AMS should be considered as a possible sign of infection to initiate treatment early in the course of the disease, perhaps before respiratory symptoms are apparent. In this report, we present four patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who initially presented with altered mental status without fever or cough or respiratory distress. Each of the four patients developed AMS without fever or respiratory symptoms and were transferred to the local emergency department and were tested for the COVID-19 virus as part of their medical work up. Recognizing the COVID-19 infection early is especially important in the frail elderly, particularly for individuals in communal living facilities where isolating these patients can help limit the spread of the virus, There is evidence from previous viral epidemics of associated neuropsychiatric symptoms. doi = 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.05.013 id = cord-327650-6afsk8ix author = Ward, Jeremy K. title = The French public''s attitudes to a future COVID-19 vaccine: The politicization of a public health issue date = 2020-10-06 keywords = covid-19; french; vaccine summary = However, other differences were observed as people with an educational level under the High School degree, those with a low or intermediate level of household income per consumption unit (HICU), and those feeling close to a Far-Right party, were more numerous to be certain they would refuse the vaccine. Also, people who did not feel close to any party and did not vote at the last presidential campaign were more likely to refuse the coronavirus vaccine following one main reason: they thought that a vaccine produced in a rush is too dangerous. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the effect of politicization on attitudes to vaccines in France, one of the most vaccine-hesitant countries in the world ( politicization in vaccine hesitancy has mostly been studied in the United States of America where political polarization has increasingly become an object of concern in the past 10 years. doi = 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113414 id = cord-316617-8cqxz3wi author = Ward, Michael P. title = SARS‐CoV‐2, where to now? date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = (2020) present the results of a SARS-CoV-2 serological survey in 35 animal species in China, including the dog of a COVID-19 patient and an additional two in-contact dogs. Tests available for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 are comprehensively described in this issue of Transboundary and Emerging Diseases (Li & Ren, 2020) . In addition to the publication of new knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 in this issue of Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, new ideas are also presented. A key enabler of such a shift in our thinking and approach to disease emergence and spread is a One Health workforce capable of undertaking integrated monitoring, surveillance, risk assessment and response activities. The COVID-19 pandemic could be a catalyst for such a seismic shift in how we approach emerging infectious diseases and One Health. We can be sure, even when the current COVID-19 pandemic is resolved, that the need for surveillance, response and prevention of transboundary and emerging diseases will remain. doi = 10.1111/tbed.13654 id = cord-351584-380s4j70 author = Ward, Michael P. title = The role of climate during the COVID‐19 epidemic in New South Wales, Australia date = 2020-06-01 keywords = covid-19; relative summary = Using COVID‐19 notification and postcode data from New South Wales, Australia during the exponential phase of the epidemic in 2020, we used time series analysis to investigate the relationship between 749 cases of locally acquired COVID‐19 and daily rainfall, 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. temperature, and 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. relative humidity. Each remaining variable was included in a univariate generalized additive model (GAM) with daily F I G U R E 1 Time series (a) of 749 notified cases of COVID-19 in New South Wales, Australia (counts) in which infection was determined to be locally acquired and for which postcode of residence was reported, during the period 12 February (day 43) to 31 March (day 91); and median rainfall and 9 a.m. doi = 10.1111/tbed.13631 id = cord-333326-n9ifhw5s author = Wardell, Hanna title = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Febrile Neonates date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = Most severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in pediatric patients are mild or asymptomatic. We report a case series of 4 full-term neonates hospitalized with fever and found to have SARS-CoV-2 infection with a spectrum of illness severities. Herein we present a case series of 4 full-term neonates who were hospitalized with fever and found to be infected with SARS-CoV-2. Due to the concern for end-organ involvement with possibly evolving acute myocardial injury as well as a supplemental oxygen requirement, the patient was initiated on therapy with remdesivir on inpatient day 4 via an expanded-access program from the manufacturer after approval from the US Food and Drug Administration and local institutional review board, with informed consent. In this report, we present 4 febrile neonates hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection with favorable outcomes. SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) in febrile infants without respiratory distress doi = 10.1093/jpids/piaa084 id = cord-331477-2x9szmjc author = Warnakulasuriya, Saman title = Protecting dental manpower from COVID‐19 infection date = 2020-06-01 keywords = BCG; COVID-19 summary = Oral health professionals are at risk of developing COVID 19 infection as they come into close contact with patients and accompanying relatives who may be carrying the virus. Knowledge of these symptoms would help the dental surgery staff to triage patients when it comes to spotting COVID-19-infected persons. When booking emergency dental appointments, having a checklist of COVID-19 symptoms at the reception may help to inform the dentist about symptomatic patients, to postpone non-urgent therapies and to direct such patients to hospital centres equipped for handling infected subjects and their relatives, living together. For undertaking any direct patient care, dentists and dental surgery assistants and other oral health professionals are advised to wear, disposable gloves, aprons, eye protection and face shields where there is a risk of saliva, blood, other body fluids, secretions or excretions splashing into the face and eyes. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine doi = 10.1111/odi.13410 id = cord-342108-5xd68rie author = Warne, D. J. title = Hindsight is 2020 vision: Characterisation of the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-05 keywords = Fig; covid-19 summary = Here, we consider a stochastic epidemiological model in which the true infected population is unobservable and a regulatory mechanism on the virus transmission process is included to capture the community response to a COVID-19 outbreak. Approximate Bayesian computation (Materials and Methods) [12] is applied to adaptively sample the approximate posterior distributions for all eight model parameters and posterior predictive distributions for the number of active confirmed cases, recoveries and deaths over time. Fig. 2 shows the distribution of these point estimates across all countries, and highlights countries having the highest cumulative confirmed cases to date (31 March 2020) without a decline in active cases: the United States (USA), Spain (ESP), Italy (ITA), Germany (DEU), France (FRA), United Kingdom (GBR), Iran (IRN), and Switzerland (CHE). This indicates a high tolerance response in which the transmission rate did not decline significantly until cases increased to larger numbers (See Fig. 6 in Materials and Meth-5 All rights reserved. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.30.20085662 id = cord-349678-79zlgjqi author = Warrior, Krishnan title = Acute Limb Ischemia Due to Arterial Thrombosis Associated With Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; arterial; patient summary = OBJECTIVES: To describe a case of acute limb ischemia caused by arterial thrombosis due to coronavirus disease 2019. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We report a case of peripheral arterial thrombosis associated with coronavirus disease 2019, resulting in acute limb ischemia of the right lower extremity. C oronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly spreading pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus (1). Although venous thromboembolism (VTE) is common in critically ill COVID-19 patients, there have been only a few reports of arterial thromboembolism (4, 5) . Here, we report a case of peripheral arterial thrombosis and acute limb ischemia (ALI) associated with COVID-19. Gelatinous-appearing thrombi have been noted in other patients with COVID-associated arterial thrombosis (12) . We thereby report a case of arterial thrombosis and ALI due to a hypercoagulable state caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus. doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000140 id = cord-330461-4bncbqsb author = Warth, Lucian C. title = How Has COVID-19 Affected Our Orthopedic Implant Industry Partners? Implications for the Surgeon-Industry Relationship in 2020 and Beyond date = 2020-04-28 keywords = AAHKS; COVID-19; Industry summary = The significant financial resources AAHKS Industry Partners have historically committed to 38 support national and regional orthopaedic meetings, surgeon education, clinical research, 39 surgical/vendor OR support, and technological innovation have required re-distribution to varying 40 degrees to maintain fiscal solvency. Orthopaedic practice models of AAHKS members differ 47 significantly and will be affected to varying extents moving forward; the ability to increase production 48 during the 2 nd half of the fiscal year for the private practice, academic, and hospital employed surgeon 49 must be considered both separately and as a collective; needs in terms of optimal industry support will 50 be heterogeneous. The survey and interview 105 responses provided by AAHKS Industry Partners varied considerably, however strong common themes 106 of continued commitment to education, as well as the expectation for elevated levels of vendor/surgical 107 support in the 2 nd half of 2020 emerged. doi = 10.1016/j.arth.2020.04.063 id = cord-268814-pk3gpumm author = Wasser, Lauren M. title = Response of ophthalmologists in Israel to the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; Israel summary = CONCLUSION: During the critical early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in Israel, this study emphasizes the delay in development of emergency guidelines, necessary to protect patients and ophthalmologists from this highly transmissible disease. Eighty-eight ophthalmologists (52.7%), most of whom practice in hospitals (61.2%), stated that no active measures were taken to decrease the number of patients seen in clinics since the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak until March 20th when the survey When private practitioners were excluded, this portion of participants decreased but was still evident (n = 60, 41.7%, P < 0.001). In this surveybased study, we obtained the opinions of Israeli ophthalmologists regarding the risk of ophthalmologic practice during the local early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak. At the time of the survey, 3 weeks after the first reported case of COVID-19 in Israel, most ophthalmologists reported starting to utilize PPE during routine clinic visits. doi = 10.1007/s00417-020-04694-9 id = cord-315440-he7sm7nj author = Wassie, Gizachew Tadesse title = Incubation period of SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-10-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; period summary = Since there is no effective COVID-19 vaccine available yet, it is increasingly important to understand the average incubation period of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to design appropriate preventive and control strategies. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to estimate the pooled average incubation period of SARS-CoV-2. We included peer-reviewed research studies written in the English language on the incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 using pre-defined quality and inclusion criteria. With regard to studies published in peer-reviewed journals or found in grey literature, all observational study designs (i.e. cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort), studies involving humans, and studies reporting the incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Studies with no accessible full text after using all the PRISMA-P search strategies and studies not reporting a specific incubation period for SARS-CoV-2 were excluded from this systematic review and meta-analysis. doi = 10.1016/j.curtheres.2020.100607 id = cord-298846-qb0frju1 author = Waszkiewicz, Napoleon title = Possible special needs for mental online support in female and male health care workers during the COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Possible special needs for mental online support in female and male health care workers during the COVID‐19 In their article Wu and colleagues, similarly to other authors, present the effects of stress on medical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic as an unprecedented challenge for all communities. Their observation is within current literature trends, which identify 7 population subgroups affected by the psychosocial consequences of the COVID-19: general population affected by restrictive measures, people subjected to quarantine, positive for the virus (isolated/hospitalized), health care personnel, relatives of persons who died, and mentally ill patients. Possible special needs for mental online support in female and male health care workers during the COVID-19 8 Other explanations may include stress-related undesirable health behaviors such as a sedentary lifestyle or substance abuse/dependence, which might affect the prognosis of mental and somatic diseases. Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic in China COVID-19: protecting health-care workers doi = 10.1002/jmv.26273 id = cord-282964-dmc8mlxu author = Wathore, Roshan title = Understanding air and water borne transmission and survival of coronavirus: Insights and way forward for SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-08-04 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = This has spurred efforts to characterize the coronavirus and understand the factors impacting its transmission and survival such as aerosols, air quality, meteorology, chemical compositions and characteristics of particles and surfaces, which are directly or indirectly associated with coronaviruses infection spread. Nonetheless, many peer-reviewed articles have studied these aspects but mostly in isolation; a complete array of coronavirus survival and transmission from an infected individual through airand water-borne channels and its subsequent intractions with environmental factors, surfaces, particulates and chemicals is not comprehensively explored. Finally, this study outlines probable air and water borne routes and suggest a way forward highlighting the need for investigating the effect of particulate matter characteristics on survival and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 due to the prominent presence of PM in ambient, spaces, and on the surfaces. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141486 id = cord-257374-8js7f9a3 author = Watson, A. title = COVID-19 in Youth Soccer date = 2020-09-27 keywords = COVID-19; incidence summary = Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the case and incidence rates of COVID-19 among youth soccer players and evaluate the relationship with background COVID-19 risk and phase of return to play. Methods: Surveys were distributed to soccer clubs throughout the country regarding their phase of return to soccer (individual only, group non-contact, group contact) and date of reinitiation, number of players, cases of COVID-19, and risk reduction procedures that were being implemented. Finally, to evaluate the relationship between COVID-19 cases and phase of play while adjusting for the local disease burden, a negative binomial regression model was developed to predict the number of club cases, including the incidence rate within each county in the prior 10 weeks, the phase of current soccer play for each club (contact, non-contact) and the log of player-days as an offset in the model. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.25.20201616 id = cord-300551-o1da3zds author = Watson, James A title = Concentration-dependent mortality of chloroquine in overdose date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; Clemessy; chloroquine; qrs summary = Using the blood concentration measurements taken from self-poisoning patients managed by experienced intensivists in the French National referral centre allowed development of a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model to estimate the relationship between chloroquine dosing and a fatal outcome. Predicting mortality in self-poisoning from peak chloroquine concentrations We pooled individual patient whole blood chloroquine + desethylchloroquine concentrations and outcomes from three large prospectively studied hospital self-poisoning cohorts (n = 302, Figure 2 , top panel) (Riou et al., 1988; Clemessy et al., 1995; Clemessy et al., 1996; Mégarbane et al., 2010) . Large single doses (as in self-poisoning) are very dangerous because they result in high blood concentrations as the drugs distribute out from a central ''compartment'' that is hundreds of times smaller than the total apparent V d (compartmental modeling of chloroquine pharmacokinetics provides only an approximation of the distribution processes). doi = 10.7554/elife.58631 id = cord-296607-h2zwlyz7 author = Watson, Ryan A. title = Anti-coagulant and anti-platelet therapy in the COVID-19 patient: a best practices quality initiative across a large health system date = 2020-06-09 keywords = American; COVID-19; VTE; patient; risk summary = What is clear is that patients appear to be at higher risk for thrombotic disease states including acute coronary syndrome (ACS), venous thromboembolism (VTE) such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), or stroke. In most scenarios, direct oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban) are recommended over warfarin due to large randomized controlled trials showing noninferiority or superiority for stroke reduction and superiority for bleeding risk in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation [29] [30] [31] [32] . The use of UFH or LMWH may be considered in patients with high potential stroke risk and new onset atrial fibrillation; however, heparin drips require constant monitoring and titration of dosing during hospitalization leading to increased nursing exposure to potential COVID-19 patients. A French cohort of ICU patients on pharmacologic prophylaxis found a high prevalence of thrombotic complications including PE, stroke, circuit clotting of continuous renal replacement therapy or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) with minimal bleeding risk suggesting the need for higher doses of prophylactic anticoagulation in this patient population [70] . doi = 10.1080/21548331.2020.1772639 id = cord-260002-hszdk4es author = Wayne, Annie S title = Cataloguing the response by emergency veterinary hospitals during the COVID‐19 pandemic via weekly surveys date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Cataloguing the response by emergency veterinary hospitals during the COVID‐19 pandemic via weekly surveys METHODS: Fifty, 24‐h small animal emergency veterinary hospital representatives were recruited to participate in weekly surveys in April 2020 to catalog changes due to COVID‐19 pandemic. KEY FINDINGS: The majority of emergency veterinary hospitals surveyed reported significant changes to day‐to‐day operations as a result of the COVID‐19 pandemic. SIGNIFICANCE: Reporting of weekly survey results provides useful information on how emergency veterinary hospitals with similar challenges are responding to the COVID‐19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has presented 24-h emergency small animal veterinary hospitals with unique and unprecedented challenges. The continuation of surveying emergency veterinary hospitals and dissemination of timely information is planned for remainder of the COVID-19 pandemic. Cataloguing the response by emergency veterinary hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic via weekly surveys doi = 10.1111/vec.12974 id = cord-327616-uu9uygic author = Wazny, Vanessa title = Vascular underpinning of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-27 keywords = ACE2; CD147; COVID-19; SARS; cell summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case study reports have called attention to the overrepresentation of cardiovascular diseases, in addition to respiratory diseases, among patients at risk of critical illness and mortality following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Initial concerns were also raised regarding the medical treatment of hypertension with adverse COVID-19 outcomes, as studies in animals have shown that the use of renin-angiotensin system blockers-angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers result in the upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, which is an entry factor for SARS-CoV-2 [13] . Collectively, these case reports of confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized patients strongly indicate a strong association between underlying cardiovascular diseases and diabetes with severe health outcomes and fatality following SARS-CoV-2 infection. In COVID-19 research, nasal and alveolar epithelial cells are generally believed to be the primary sites of viral infection due to the high expressions of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors [51] . doi = 10.1098/rsob.200208 id = cord-268062-f03acrrd author = Weaver, Michael title = COVID-19 and Jaundice date = 2020-10-08 keywords = covid-19 summary = This is sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill patients (SC-CIP) and biliary cast syndrome likely as sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection. 2 Secondary sclerosing cholangitis is characterized by multifocal biliary stricturing and can be due to a variety of causes including infection and ischemic cholangitis among others. 3 Here we postulate that our patient developed SC-CIP and biliary cast syndrome as sequelae of COVID-19 infection. The resultant hypotension and shock from the initial COVID-19 infection likely precipitated biliary ischemia and subsequent sclerosing cholangitis with biliary cast formation. Furthermore, it is plausible that the patient may have developed local microthrombi and microangiopathy, akin to the pulmonary vascular thrombosis and microangiopathy observed in COVID-19 autopsy specimens, 2 resulting in biliary ischemia, especially in a prothrombotic patient who developed bilateral DVTs who could not be anticoagulated. doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.006 id = cord-321543-qdmvn44h author = Webb, J. B. title = Computational Simulation to Assess Patient Safety of Uncompensated COVID-19 Two-patient Ventilator Sharing Using the Pulse Physiology Engine date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; Pulse; patient; ventilator summary = The simulated patient outcome metrics were satisfactory when the lung compliance difference between two patients was less than 12 cmH2O/mL, and the oxygen saturation index difference was less than 2 mmHg. Interpretation: In resource-limited regions of the world, the COVID-19 pandemic will result in equipment shortages. The simulated patient outcome metrics were satisfactory when the lung compliance difference between two patients was less than 12 cmH2O/mL, and the oxygen saturation index difference was less than 2 mmHg. In resource-limited regions of the world, the COVID-19 pandemic will result in equipment shortages. The new Pulse multi-patient engine simulates multiple patient physiology engines in lockstep to compute the effects of unequal, and potentially dynamic, differences in patient breathing mechanics when connected in parallel branched breathing circuits subject to a single pressuremode ventilator. Validated ARDS and mechanical ventilator models, with the added ability to specify the patient''s respiratory compliance, allows for reasonable COVID-19 pathophysiology simulations. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.19.20107201 id = cord-344065-87x5y9o6 author = Wedig, Isaac J title = Infographic. Stay physically active during COVID-19 with exercise as medicine date = 2020-10-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = Many experts 4 have emphasised the importance of increasing healthy living behaviours and others 5 have indicated that we are now simultaneously fighting not one but two pandemics (ie, COVID-19, physical inactivity). 6 Immediate action is required to facilitate physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic because it is an effective form of medicine 3 to promote good health, prevent disease and bolster immune function. Several organisations including the WHO, American Heart Association and American College of Sports Medicine have offered initial suggestions and resources for engaging in physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. For substantial health benefits, adults should engage in 150-300 min of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity each week and limit the time spent sitting. In summary, this infographic offers as an evidence-based tool for public health officials, clinicians, educators and policymakers to communicate the importance of engaging in physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103282 id = cord-315585-bjij8ds7 author = Wee, Liang En title = Respiratory surveillance wards as a strategy to reduce nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 through early detection: The experience of a tertiary-care hospital in Singapore date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; RSW; SARS summary = METHODS: Over a 6-week period during a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, our institution introduced a "respiratory surveillance ward" (RSW) to segregate all patients with respiratory symptoms in designated areas, where appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) could be utilized until SARS-CoV-2 testing was done. 15 Here, we report our experience with a novel concept, a respiratory surveillance ward (RSW), which was introduced as a strategy for admission, triage and disposition of patients presenting with respiratory syndromes during a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Respiratory surveillance wards (RSWs): Admissions criteria, layout, infection control, and transfer criteria At our institution, high-risk patients that fulfilled suspect case criteria for COVID-19 were admitted to an isolation ward with 37 negative-pressure rooms. During an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 with local transmission, an RSW to cohort all inpatients admitted from the community with respiratory symptoms may enhance case detection and reduce the potential of nosocomial transmission. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.207 id = cord-310594-i0586vfw author = Weemaes, Matthias title = Laboratory information system requirements to manage the COVID-19 pandemic: a report from the Belgian national reference testing center date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; LIS; SARS summary = OBJECTIVE: To describe the development, implementation and requirements of laboratory information system (LIS) functionality to manage test ordering, registration, sample flow, and result reporting during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: We outline the design, implementation and requirements of LIS functionality related to managing increased test demand during the COVID-19 crisis, including tools for test ordering, standardized order sets integrated into a computerized provider order entry module, notifications on shipping requirements, automated triaging based on digital metadata forms, and the establishment of databases with contact details of other laboratories and primary care physicians to enable automated reporting. DISCUSSION: Rapidly developed, agile extendable LIS functionality and its meaningful use alleviates the administrative burden on laboratory personnel and improves turn-around-time of SARS-CoV-2 testing. During the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, our laboratory was the only SARSNotably, the large majority of our expanded work force (30 of the 38 additional FTE) was assigned to help with administrative tasks (sample reception, triaging, patient registration, result validation and reporting, and epidemiological studies), and not directly involved in expanding analytical capacity (i.e. PCR analysis) ( Figure 2 ). doi = 10.1093/jamia/ocaa081 id = cord-025765-gd8217va author = Weersink, Alfons title = Economic thoughts on the potential implications of COVID‐19 on the Canadian dairy and poultry sectors date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; Canada; March summary = The dumping of milk, the offering of hospitality size goods in grocery stores, and the closure of processing facilities are examples of the disruptions caused by the pandemic to the dairy, poultry, and egg sectors. Although there are significant short-term disruptions as highlighted by the dumping of milk and the temporary closure of poultry processing facilities, the focus on a domestic market by these sectors along with the stability and coordination of its supply management marketing systems has mitigated, to an extent, the economic implications of COVID-19. The discussion highlights the importance of distinguishing between the farm output (i.e., milk, chicken, and eggs) and the products stemming from that output, the difference in the demand for those products for home consumption versus dining out, and the difference in the distribution systems for grocery retailers and the hospitality industry. doi = 10.1111/cjag.12240 id = cord-268065-mxvbbkc4 author = Wei, Maoti title = Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS summary = Shortly after the virus was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out, and an information storm occurred. Based on information of SARS, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19, the components of the epidemic (the sources, the routes of infection, and the susceptible population) will be discussed, as well as the role of natural and social factors involved. S ince the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , appeared in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Recent results showed that SARS-CoV-2 persists longer with a higher viral load and peaks later in the respiratory tissue of patients with severe disease; this phenomenon highlights the need for the prevention and control of the epidemic. Some experts commented that people with mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection were not identified by epidemic prevention measures, thus accelerating the spread of the disease. doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.155 id = cord-310150-j1mvr9r9 author = Wei, Wei title = Identification of common and severe COVID-19: the value of CT texture analysis and correlation with clinical characteristics date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; clinical summary = title: Identification of common and severe COVID-19: the value of CT texture analysis and correlation with clinical characteristics These features were then used to construct a radiomics texture model to discriminate the severe patients using multivariate logistic regression method. (4) The Spearman correlation analysis showed that most textural and clinical features had above-moderate correlations with disease severity (> 0.4). Both the clinical model and radiomics signature showed good performance in discriminating patients with common and severe COVID-19. Both the clinical and radiomics models showed good stability, indicating that the texture analysis was valuable for discriminating common and severe COVID-19 patients, and that the results were not due to overfitting. The strong correlation was found between inflammatory score and partial wavelet transform features and region size matrix GLSZM features (> 0.7), indicating that these image features are closely related to disease severity and can be used for clinical type classification of the COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-07012-3 id = cord-124654-zs2533s5 author = Wei, Wenqi title = A Real-time Robot-based Auxiliary System for Risk Evaluation of COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; cough; detection summary = It combines real-time speech recognition, temperature measurement, keyword detection, cough detection and other functions in order to convert live audio into actionable structured data to achieve the COVID-19 infection risk assessment function. Although the medical diagnosis of COVID-19 requires viral nucleic acid test based on saliva [6] , the most common way for detecting potential infections in public areas is body temperature measurement. Inspired by [17] , the detection method and evaluation metric we proposed can be unitedly implemented as an auxiliary real-time system in a robot for helping with remote screening of people with high infection risk. At the end of the conversation, the electronic medical record is generated for the current user which contains body temperature, demographic information (gender, age), disease history (extracted from the translated text), a complete recording and translation of the human-robots conversation, the users cough audio, intelligent diagnosis results, together with an epidemic map. doi = nan id = cord-265522-qutjr010 author = Wei, Xiaowei title = Timely glucose monitoring-related potential risk of occupational exposure during the pandemic of COVID-19: A diabetologist''s perspective date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = According to the therapeutic experience of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, timely glucose monitoring and control may improve the prognosis of diabetes patients with coronavirus infection [4] . Therefore, intensive glucose monitoring may be necessary for COVID-19 patients, especially for those who has underlying diabetes, hyperglycemia (fasting blood glucose≥7mmol/L) or receiving corticosteroid treatment. Frequent and invasive blood sampling means increased risk of occupational exposure for nurses when closely contacting with COVID-19 patients. An investigation on clinical characteristics of 30 medical workers infected with COVID-19 indicated that close contact (within 1 meter) was the main transmission route under such circumstance [6] . Flash glucose monitoring (FGM) may be an optimized choice for hospitalized COVID-19 patients, given that medical workers could check glucose levels by a scanner for up to 14 days without invasive operations or close contact. Blood glucose is a representative of the clustered indicators of multi-organ injury for predicting mortality of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108196 id = cord-138439-wvynetna author = Wei, Xiyi title = Sex Differences in Severity and Mortality Among Patients With COVID-19: Evidence from Pooled Literature Analysis and Insights from Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis date = 2020-03-30 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Objective: To conduct a meta-analysis of current studies that examined sex differences in severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19, and identify potential mechanisms underpinning these differences. Methods: We performed a systematic review to collate data from observational studies examining associations of sex differences with clinical outcomes of COVID-19. Conclusions: This meta-analysis detected an increased severity and mortality rate in the male populations with COVID-19, which might be attributable to the sex-based differences in cellular compositions and immunological microenvironments of the lung. However, whether the sex difference is related to the risk factors for infection, severity, and mortality of COVID-19 is still lacking a comprehensive analysis based on the integration of new studies. ACE2 as a receptor of SARS-CoV and spike protein can be primed by TMPRSS2 are exploited to entry into target cells, which play an vital role in coronavirus pneumonia infection. doi = nan id = cord-302159-exexcag6 author = Wei, Yanqiu title = Analysis of 2019 novel coronavirus infection and clinical characteristics of outpatients: An epidemiological study from a fever clinic in Wuhan, China date = 2020-06-16 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19 summary = BACKGROUND: Since the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) pneumonia, thousands of patients with fever or cough were flocked into fever clinic of designated hospitals in Wuhan, China. RESULTS: The nucleic acid positive rate for SARS‐CoV‐2 in the outpatients from our fever clinic was 67·1%, while the majority of COVID‐19 patients were mild cases. This study is designed to analyze the infection rate of SARS-CoV-2 in patients visiting fever clinic in Wuhan, and to compare the clinical features between COVID-19 and nucleic acid negative patients based on the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and CT scan results. Similarly, once patients only manifest bilateral lung ground-glass changes and eosinophil count below the normal level, the possibility for a positive result in nucleic acid assay could also reach 77.0% (95% CI: 71.0-83.0) ( Table 4) . Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1002/jmv.26175 id = cord-284393-s9qp9a4e author = Wei, Yiping title = Clinical characteristics of 276 hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Zengdu District, Hubei Province: a single-center descriptive study date = 2020-07-29 keywords = Wuhan; Zengdu; covid-19 summary = title: Clinical characteristics of 276 hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Zengdu District, Hubei Province: a single-center descriptive study BACKGROUND: We aimed to report the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) in Zengdu District, Hubei Province, China. Our study on 276 inpatients in Zengdu Hhospital confirms that COVID-19 patients in the areas surrounding the core COVID-19 outbreak region showed mainly mild and moderate illness with fever and lymphocytopenia as the main clinical features. Moreover, compared to studies in which only seriously ill COVID-19 patients were admitted, our admission criteria better reflect the disease characteristics in the area around the outbreak point, so as to provide a decision-making reference for hospitals in the residential area to decide which patients should stay at home for observation and which high-risk patients should be hospitalized in a timely manner. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05252-8 id = cord-332109-ont0tqpn author = Wei, Yufeng title = Substance Use Disorder in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Vulnerabilities and Complications date = 2020-07-18 keywords = ACE2; BBB; CNS; COVID-19; HPA; IL-6; SARS; immune; increase summary = The immunosuppression reduces antibody production, cytotoxicity, and T cell-mediated immune responses, and is linked to higher incidences of pathogen infections, slowed recovery, and severe disease progression in COVID-19. Due to compromised immune responses, cocaine abusers have considerably high incidences of viral infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, and potentially SARS-CoV-2. Cardiac arrhythmias and acute MI; oxygen imbalance; microvascular diseases and thrombosis [122] [123] [124] [125] [126] [127] [129] [130] [131] [132] Increased severity and mortality [12, 37, 38] Immune system Stimulating HPA axis; immunosuppression; defects in antibody formation, lymphocyte proliferation, macrophage and NK activation [141, 142] High incidence of viral infection [142] CNS Increased BBB permeability due to loss of tight junction proteins; rearrangement of cytoskeleton structure [143] [144] [145] [146] Endotheliitis and CNS infection [53, [55] [56] [57] Amphetamine, METH, MDMA doi = 10.3390/ph13070155 id = cord-261470-sqxdwu6j author = Weichmann, Franziska title = Projected supportive effects of Pycnogenol® in patients suffering from multi-dimensional health impairments after a SARS-CoV2 infection date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; Pycnogenol; SARS; patient summary = Two London based hospitals also found increasing numbers of patients with Kawasaki-like symptoms in communities with high rates of COVID 19, which was provisionally called pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) [68] [70] . Another double-blind, placebo-controlled study reported similar effects when supplementing type II diabetes and hypertensive patients, taking ACE inhibitor medication together with 125 mg Pycnogenol ® daily for 3 months. Regarding endotheliitis, Pycnogenol ® studies offer good evidence for potential beneficial effects for patients suffering from COVID-19 by improving endothelial function. As Pycnogenol ® offers antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and positively influences endothelial cell function as well as microcirculation and platelet reactivity, a supplementation might support the management of COVID-19 patients. We hypothesize possible additional beneficial effects of Pycnogenol ® in patients infected with the new coronavirus SARS-CoV2 and those who suffer from abiding health problems, when complemented to the standard treatment also upon the first day of symptoms or infection. doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106191 id = cord-259871-46al6phc author = Weill, Joakim A. title = Social distancing responses to COVID-19 emergency declarations strongly differentiated by income date = 2020-08-18 keywords = covid-19; income summary = In this paper, we use anonymized location pings data from mobile devices covering the entire United States to provide direct evidence of systematic differences in social distancing behavior across income levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. To address both concerns in a multivariate framework, we use a panel regression analysis with an event study design to estimate how social distancing behaviors are related to state emergency declarations, and how the response varies by income group (Eq. 1) . We find that pretrends are absent from our preferred social distancing measure "completely at home" as well as "device exposure." In contrast, for "median distance traveled," we find that individuals in wealthier counties show substantial behavior change before their state''s declaration, while "retail and recreation" shows an early pretrend that is then absent in the 2 wk before the event. Overall, we show that social distancing following states'' emergency declarations is substantial and strongly differentiated by county-level income. doi = 10.1073/pnas.2009412117 id = cord-028285-n4dommet author = Weilongorska, Natasha L. title = COVID-19: What are the challenges for NHS surgery? date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; NHS; PPE; patient; surgery; surgical summary = With there being a short interval from the time of the first COVID-19 case presentation, to the development of a global pandemic, validated management algorithms to support changes in operative strategies are lacking. The key components of NHS preoperative patient screening for COVID-19 are: structured questionnaires with temperature monitoring, viral real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) for SARS-CoV-2, and chest imaging. Full PPE (fluid resistant gown, double gloving, visor or goggles, fit-tested FFP3 mask or respirator, disposable hat, shoe covers) should be worn in the operating rooms for any suspected or positive COVID-19 case, for AGP 38 (Table 3) , and for procedures for which the risk is unknown. All surgical cases require a discussion about the patient''s COVID-19 status, the degree of aerosol risk for each part of the procedure (induction of anaesthesia, extubation, and for all operative phases), with PPE requirement stated for each stage. doi = 10.1016/j.cpsurg.2020.100856 id = cord-327607-g0jtrwot author = Weinberg, Marc Scott title = Clinical Trials and Tribulations in the COVID-19 Era date = 2020-05-19 keywords = Alzheimer; COVID-19; study; subject summary = Here we describe novel approaches and work-flow adaptations to study visits, drug delivery and interim and endpoint safety and outcomes assessments to avoid sacrificing years of preparation and substantial financial investments, to work in the best interest of participants and their caregivers, and to continue on the path towards discovering disease-modifying treatments for the millions of individuals impacted by major neurocognitive disorders. Here we describe novel approaches and work-flow adaptations to study visits, drug delivery and interim and endpoint safety and outcomes assessments to avoid sacrificing years of preparation and substantial financial investments, to work in the best interest of participants and their caregivers, and to continue on the path towards discovering disease-modifying treatments for the millions of individuals impacted by major neurocognitive disorders. While some of the same challenges limiting safety / biomarker visits also apply to in-person clinical and cognitive scale administration, there is already a literature base providing at least provisional support for the validity and reliability of performing assessments via tele-neuropsychology (TeleNP), including in older adults (e.g., [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . doi = 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.05.016 id = cord-348658-fz5nfdf9 author = Weiner, Joseph A. title = Learning from the past: did experience with previous epidemics help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 among spine surgeons worldwide? date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; GHSI; epidemic; prior summary = The current study addressed whether prior experience with disease epidemics among the spine surgeon community had an impact on preparedness and response toward COVID-19. The current study addresses the role of prior infectious disease outbreaks on the preparedness, response, and impact of COVID-19 on spine surgeons across the world. In total, 902 spine surgeons responded to the survey, representing 91 distinct countries and 7 global regions (Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, the Middle East, North America, and South America/Latin America Respondents overall reported a moderate to high level of concern regarding the COVID-19 outbreak, with a mean score of 3.7 ± 1.2 on a scale of one to five. Multivariate regression analysis, controlling for statistically significant demographic differences (geographic region, population, fellowship training, and practice breakdown), revealed that prior epidemic exposure was independently associated with an increase in respondents reporting personal health as a source of stress (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.21-2.27; p = 0.0015), music as a coping strategy (OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.21-2.30; p < 0.001, and still performing elective spine surgery (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.01-2.38; p = 0.0035). doi = 10.1007/s00586-020-06477-6 id = cord-277210-xaj2623u author = Weinkove, Robert title = Managing haematology and oncology patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic: interim consensus guidance date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cancer; patient; risk summary = • Adopt measures within cancer centres to reduce risk of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 acquisition; support population-wide social distancing; reduce demand on acute services; ensure adequate staffing; and provide culturally safe care. Patients with cancer could be at elevated risk of severe COVID-19, while delivery of cancer therapies could be disrupted by quarantines, social distancing measures, and interruption of routine health care delivery by the pandemic. 38 Community spread of COVID-19 has the potential to diminish the donor pool, to threaten the capacity of cancer services to provide routine transfusion support, and to increase the risks that transfusion-dependent patients will come into contact with other individuals with SARS-CoV-2. We present interim guidance for clinicians caring for patients with cancer who may be particularly vulnerable both to severe COVID-19 and the potential impact of the pandemic on the provision of cancer investigations and treatment. doi = 10.5694/mja2.50607 id = cord-334184-2zjbwmqn author = Weinstein, B. title = A methodological blueprint to identify COVID-19 vulnerable locales by socioeconomic factors, developed using South Korean data date = 2020-10-27 keywords = October; covid-19 summary = High area morbidity, risky health behaviors, crowding, and population mobility elevated area risk for COVID-19, while improved social distancing, healthcare access, and education decreased it. We used an independent variable proxy for education, and by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) created six thematic composite indices: healthcare access, health behavior, crowding, area morbidity, education, difficulty to social distancing, and population mobility. 10.26.20218842 doi: medRxiv preprint In the entire study period model using GNBR, the COVID-19 risk increased risky health behavior, area morbidity, and difficulty to social distancing (Table 2) . In the early phase, lower healthcare access and education, and increased risky health behavior, area morbidity, difficulty to social distancing, and population mobility associated with higher COVID-19 risk. Relative risks associated with healthcare access, health behavior, and crowding indices were significant in the early phase where each index varied in spatial coverage ( Figure 4 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.10.26.20218842 id = cord-318634-crjg72fj author = Weiss, Pnina G. title = Leading Change to Address the Needs and Well-being of Trainees During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; trainee summary = The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic challenged program leaders to respond rapidly to changes in healthcare delivery, protect trainee safety, and transform educational activities. Transforming education to effectively respond to trainee well-being needs requires leadership, and we use Kotter''s 8 step change management model as an example of a framework to effectively lead change. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic challenged program leaders, as stewards of trainee well-being and the educational mission, 1 to respond rapidly to changes in healthcare delivery, protect trainee safety, and transform educational activities. Kotter''s 8 step change management framework can offer guidance on HOW to effectively lead change during the COVID-19 pandemic: establish a sense of urgency, form a powerful guiding coalition, create a vision, communicate the vision, empower others to act on the vision, plan for and create short-term wins, consolidate improvement and produce more change, and institutionalize new approaches ( Table 2 ). doi = 10.1016/j.acap.2020.06.001 id = cord-341574-6pmd04m9 author = Weissman, Ruth S. title = IJED support for eating disorders research in the time of COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19; IJED summary = IJED recognizes the disruptive impacts that COVID‐19 has on all activities in our field, including clinical work, teaching, and advocacy, and is committed to supporting authors during this difficult time while striving to publish high‐quality research. International Journal of Eating Disorders (IJED) and members of its board long have embraced an author-centric ethos to maintain policies and practices that support authors (e.g., short review times; detailed and high-quality feedback; a range of manuscript types suitable for investigators across levels of research experience; workshops on publishing; and outreach to early career scholars). Detailed survey findings are described in a separate report (Weissman, Klump, & Rose, in press) , except for responses to the question which is the focus of this editorial: "Please describe 1-3 changes IJED should make to support eating disorders researchers during and after COVID-19." doi = 10.1002/eat.23293 id = cord-309769-phi3re5g author = Weissman, Ruth Striegel title = Conducting eating disorders research in the time of COVID‐19: A survey of researchers in the field date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; IJED; position; research summary = your concerns about the current pandemic''s impact on your future research program or career; and your thoughts or suggestions on how IJED and the eating disorders research community at large could support research during and after COVID-19." The invitation further specified that: the survey was anonymous; only one response was possible from an IP address (i.e., no multiple submissions permitted); and participation was voluntary, with all items being "skippable," yet completion of all items was encouraged. Of note, statistically significant differences (with a large effect size, d = 1.2) were found comparing respondents holding permanent positions versus those in time-limited positions on ratings of how concerned they were about the impact of COVID-19-related research challenges on their future career in terms of promotion and/or career advancement. Two, the research activities that were rated as most challenging or concerning because of COVID-19 included recruitment, data collection, and securing future funding, and our sample reported high level of stress experienced since onset of the pandemic. doi = 10.1002/eat.23303 id = cord-288366-xe3pxrhv author = Wellbelove, Zoe title = Comparing the 4C mortality score for COVID-19 to established scores (CURB65, CRB65, qSOFA, NEWS) for respiratory infection patients date = 2020-10-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Comparing the 4C mortality score for COVID-19 to established scores (CURB65, CRB65, qSOFA, NEWS) for respiratory infection patients Comparing the 4C mortality score for COVID-19 to established scores (CURB65, CRB65, qSOFA, NEWS) for respiratory infection patients We compared the newly validated 4C mortality score to the established CURB65, CRB65 and qSOFA scores in the prediction of 30-day mortality in a variety of existing respiratory infection cohorts in an exploratory analysis. Data from various previous studies performed in Dundee 3 , Hull 4 and South Yorkshire 5 of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), and influenza (flu), respectively, plus a COVID-19 cohort (local ISARIC study patients 2 ) were analysed. The 4C mortality score had the greatest AUROC in COVID 19, CAP and IPD patients (0.83, 0.78 and 0.74, respectively) and had a similar AUROC, compared to the other scores (except NEWS, which was not calculable), in the influenza cohort (0.88). doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.015 id = cord-321311-v2i1caug author = Weller, Michael title = How we treat patients with brain tumour during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = ► Weigh benefit versus risk of alkylating agent chemotherapy in patients with gliomas lacking MGMT promoter methylation, notably patients with recurrent disease, reduced performance status or in advanced age. Further, we should prudently weigh risk and benefit of systemic pharmacotherapy in all disease areas where there is little or no evidence for pharmacotherapy at all, not only in meningioma or ependymoma in adults but also in recurrent glioblastoma, where no intervention except nitrosoureas in patients with tumours with O 6 -methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation is likely to confer meaningful disease control. Essentially, the same holds true for phase III trials; however, clinical trials evaluating novel treatments that are associated with immunosuppression raise ethical concerns: randomising in the current situation against a standard of care indicates that the benefit of the new intervention is uncertain, but the perceived risk of increased sensitivity to infection would seem to make it prohibitory to place patients on such trials. doi = 10.1136/esmoopen-2020-000789 id = cord-291566-jwlvustd author = Wells Mulherin, Diana title = ASPEN Report on Nutrition Support Practice Processes With COVID‐19: The First Response date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = This paper summarizes clinician reports on these changed processes, including overall nutrition care, nutrition assessment, enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition care steps, and food and oral supplement delivery. Experience and research on nutrition support therapy in patients with COVID-19 has brought about new healthcare practice processes that include telemedicine, personal protective equipment (PPE), and exposure limitations. Inpatient nutrition support clinicians working from home have found it challenging to be involved in patient care rounds. Nutrition clinicians are also using telephone or video conferencing to round with the primary medical teams to see patients together and limit going into patients'' rooms to minimize COVID-19 exposure. Some dietitians are reporting that patients with COVID-19 infections are in negative-pressure rooms, and therefore they do not need to wear entire PPE on the patient care unit, which allows them greater access to other healthcare professionals. doi = 10.1002/ncp.10553 id = cord-337359-kvb7moqt author = Wells, Mike title = Ideas and the origin of evidence during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The novel concepts and ideas of the inventors need to be widely distributed so that the applied scientists can improve them, so that appropriate research can be performed, so that the sceptics can carefully and positively impact the next cycle of progression. We need the imaginative, innovative, knowledge-generating researchers, the optimisers and the careful validators to expertly craft appropriate, well-designed and adequately powered studies to rapidly-and carefullyadvance our knowledge. These ideas, when tested objectively in the real world, may actually result in patient harm because of factors not immediately evident (hydroxyethyl starch is a good example). This is certainly something that requires urgent further investigation in critically ill patients with COVID-19, before committing unthinkingly to new devices and procedures. In addition, other factors such as difficulties in cleaning the devices and any potential risks of transmitting infection to the patients and users would need to be investigated. doi = 10.1136/emermed-2020-210000 id = cord-308256-jy20xtwx author = Wells, P. M. title = Estimates of the rate of infection and asymptomatic COVID-19 disease in a population sample from SE England date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Methods: We undertook enzyme linked immunosorbent assay characterisation of IgM and IgG responses against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein of 431 unselected general-population participants of the TwinsUK cohort from South-East England, aged 19-86 (median age 48; 85% female). 382 participants completed prospective logging of 14 COVID-19 related symptoms via the COVID Symptom Study App, allowing consideration of serology alongside individual symptoms, and a predictive algorithm for estimated COVID-19 previously modelled on PCR positive individuals from a dataset of over 2 million. We undertook a population-based study of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2, with regards to longitudinal clinical symptoms collected through a mobile phone app in a population-based sample of 431 TwinsUK volunteers. For three months prior to the visit, the majority of participants had completed regular logging of symptoms, via the C-19 Covid Symptom Study app 5 , enabling measurement of antibody response to COVID-19 with regards to clinical symptoms. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.29.20162701 id = cord-322812-9u3ptqjs author = Wells, Philippa M. title = Estimates of the rate of infection and asymptomatic COVID-19 disease in a population sample from SE England date = 2020-10-15 keywords = App; COVID-19; SARS summary = METHODS: We undertook enzyme linked immunosorbent assay characterisation of IgM and IgG responses against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein of 431 unselected general-population participants of the TwinsUK cohort from South-East England, aged 19-86 (median age 48; 85% female). 382 participants completed prospective logging of 14 COVID-19 related symptoms via the COVID Symptom Study App, allowing consideration of serology alongside individual symptoms, and a predictive algorithm for estimated COVID-19 previously modelled on PCR positive individuals from a dataset of over 2 million. We undertook a population-based study of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2, with regards to longitudinal clinical symptoms collected through a mobile phone app in a population-based sample of 431 TwinsUK volunteers. For three months prior to the visit, the majority of participants had completed regular logging of symptoms, via the C-19 Covid Symptom Study app 5 , enabling measurement of antibody response to COVID-19 with regards to clinical symptoms. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.011 id = cord-322996-ormqm6dx author = Wells, Rebecca Erwin title = The Value of Headache‐Specific Recommendations During COVID‐19 date = 2020-04-26 keywords = COVID; COVID-19 summary = Providers can utilize this publication to help make effective decisions about treatment approaches for headache patients in the midst of the current COVID pandemic. This document serves to provide evidence that (1) effective outpatient treatment approaches are available and may be an effective alternative during this time and (2) many headache providers across the country are already effectively working to care for their patients without the increased risks of in-person visits. Given the targeted approach of this manuscript, additional issues important for headache care during COVID that were not discussed in this manuscript could be addressed with future papers. This paper also serves as a model for other providers to consider -as recommendations for disease-specific treatment options during COVID will enable patients to continue to receive non-COVID care during this pandemic. doi = 10.1111/head.13821 id = cord-320572-94fvtj4a author = Wendel Garcia, Pedro David title = Prognostic factors associated with mortality risk and disease progression in 639 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Europe: Initial report of the international RISC-19-ICU prospective observational cohort date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; Care; ICU; Intensive; patient summary = title: Prognostic factors associated with mortality risk and disease progression in 639 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Europe: Initial report of the international RISC-19-ICU prospective observational cohort METHODS: Following the critical developments in ICUs in regions experiencing early inception of the pandemic, the European-based, international RIsk Stratification in COVID-19 patients in the Intensive Care Unit (RISC-19-ICU) registry was created to provide near real-time assessment of patients developing critical illness due to COVID-19. Inclusion criteria for the RISC-19-ICU registry were (I) a laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by nucleic acid amplification according to the WHO-issued testing guidelines [10] , and (II) severe manifestation of COVID-19 requiring treatment in an ICU or intermediate care unit, defined as a hospital ward specialized in the care of critically ill patients with the availability of organ support therapies including invasive mechanical ventilation and/or non-invasive ventilation. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100449 id = cord-259033-op94wuy4 author = Wendling, Daniel title = Can SARS-CoV-2 trigger reactive arthritis? date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The potential mechanisms at the origin of arthritis in a context of viral infection by SARS-CoV-2 remain at the hypothesis stage. The mechanism of reactive arthritis is plausible, due to the clinical presentation, the delay between the onset (or diagnosis) of COVID and the onset of rheumatological manifestations, the usual negativation of nasopharyngeal RT-PCR at the time of onset of rheumatological involvement. However, cases of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported in patients treated with an anti IL-17 monoclonal antibody for spondyloarthritis [19] . Arthritis may be reactive to a masked pulmonary or digestive infection as a consequence of COVID [13] , or it may be a non-specific consequence of the "cytokine storm" that accompanies the symptomatic forms of the disease [20] . This new infectious disease may induce rheumatological manifestations, with the possibility of reactive arthritis. Patient-reported Disease Activity in an Axial Spondyloarthritis Cohort during the COVID-19 Pandemic. A Case of Reactive Arthritis Secondary to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection Case of acute arthritis following SARS-CoV-2 infection doi = 10.1016/j.jbspin.2020.105086 id = cord-287872-i6cahnxd author = Wendt, F. R. title = Host genetic liability for severe COVID-19 overlaps with alcohol drinking behavior and diabetic outcomes and in over 1 million participants date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COVID-19; severe summary = Severe respiratory COVID-19 and hospitalized COVID-19 were genetically correlated with 127 and 174 phenotypes, respectively, after multiple testing correction ( Figure 1A ). With 188 traits genetically correlated with either COVID-19 outcome after multiple testing correction (Table S3) , we tested for causality among UKB, severe respiratory COVID-19, hospitalized COVID-19. After multiple testing correction we detected 24 and 42 latent causal genetic relationships with severe respiratory COVID-19 and hospitalized COVID-19, respectively (Table S4) . After multiple testing correction there were no significant differences between genetic causality proportions estimated for severe respiratory COVID-19 and hospitalized COVID-19. Phenome-wide assessment of 14 COVID-19 liability loci (across three severity outcomes: severe respiratory, hospitalized COVID-19, and all COVID-19) identified 439 significant (FDR q<0.05, Figure 1C ) out of 7,221 phenotypes across six ancestries (Table S5) . doi = 10.1101/2020.11.08.20227884 id = cord-258281-gxwk8jq9 author = Wenling, Yao title = Pregnancy and COVID-19: management and challenges date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; clinical summary = Based on recently published literature and official documents, this review provides an introduction to the pathogenesis, pathology, and clinical features of COVID-19 and has focused on the current researches on clinical features, pregnancy outcomes and placental histopathological analysis from pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Although there is no unequivocal evidence to support the fetal infection by intrauterine vertical transmission of SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2 so far, more and more articles began to report maternal deaths due to COVID-19. There were no cases of vertical transmission identified among pregnant women infected with SARS 44-49 so far, but SARS during pregnancy is associated with high incidences of spontaneous miscarriage, preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, endotracheal intubation and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit [44] [45] [46] . This is a review on pregnant women infected by SARS-CoV-2, SARS, and MERS, including their pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and pregnancy outcomes. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: report of two cases & review of the literature doi = 10.1590/s1678-9946202062062 id = cord-320455-doup2bqq author = Werion, Alexis title = SARS-CoV-2 Causes a Specific Dysfunction of the Kidney Proximal Tubule date = 2020-08-10 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; IQR; SARS summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is commonly associated with kidney damage, and the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is highly expressed in the proximal tubule cells. At the structural level, kidneys from patients with COVID-19 showed prominent tubular injury, including in the initial part of the proximal tubule, with brush border loss, acute tubular necrosis, intraluminal debris, and a marked decrease in the expression of megalin in the brush border. Thus, our data establish that SARS-CoV-2 causes specific manifestations of proximal tubule dysfunction and provide novel insights into COVID-19 severity and outcome. The angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor mediating the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in human cells, is expressed in the lung, heart, intestine and kidney, providing a rationale for the systemic manifestations of the disease [4] [5] [6] [7] . Human Kidney is a Target for Novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection doi = 10.1016/j.kint.2020.07.019 id = cord-258885-ev2pvr3s author = Werth, Annette title = Impact analysis of COVID-19 responses on energy grid dynamics in Europe date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19; country; european summary = With this methodology, energy load, generation and international transmission were studied for 16 European countries, for which data were available, to understand how Europe''s electric grid was affected by the epidemic. To understand and measure the impact of governmental restrictions on the electrical power system, at a country level, it is necessary to assess the data recorded during COVID-19 emergency against a counterfactual scenario where the epidemic did not occur. This procedure enabled a systematic determination of the interval of time to study how European countries modulated electrical energy generation, and transmission in order to balance for the reduced consumption. The non-renewable energy sources, such as nuclear and fossil (which includes gas, oil and coal) that typically cover the baseline load, were observed decreasing in generation for most countries, although yearly productions were quite variable (Fig. 5B,C) . doi = 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116045 id = cord-312623-ktswh3fu author = Werthman-Ehrenreich, Amanda title = Mucormycosis with orbital compartment syndrome in a patient with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; mucormycosis summary = title: Mucormycosis with orbital compartment syndrome in a patient with COVID-19 I describe a novel case of COVID-19 in a previously healthy 33-year-old female who presented for altered mental status and proptosis. I describe a novel case of COVID-19 in a previously healthy 33-year-old female who presented for altered mental status and proptosis. She was ultimately diagnosed with mucormycosis and orbital compartment syndrome, in addition to COVID-19. Herein I present a case of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis in a patient who presented to the Emergency Department with altered mental status, proptosis, and COVID-19 infection. The most common clinical presentation of mucormycosis is rhino-orbital-cerebral infection, believed to be secondary to inhalation of spores into the paranasal sinuses of a susceptible host [1] . Seventy percent of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis cases have been found to be in patients with diabetes mellitus, most of whom had also developed ketoacidosis at the time of presentation. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.09.032 id = cord-347816-e2xkzps9 author = Wesemann, U. title = Influence of COVID-19 on general stress and posttraumatic stress symptoms among hospitalized high-risk patients date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; stress summary = title: Influence of COVID-19 on general stress and posttraumatic stress symptoms among hospitalized high-risk patients To the Editor: A recently published study found a 96.2% prevalence rate for significant posttraumatic stress symptoms in quarantined patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (Bo et al., 2020) . Thereby, the rates for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in COVID-19 affected patients appear higher when compared to PTSD rates in the general population or in emergency service staff after terrorist attacks (11% to 25%; Berninger et al. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ''general stress'' and severe posttraumatic stress in patients who were hospitalized with the initial suspect of a COVID-19 infection. The second goal was to compare patients with and without definitive confirmation of a COVID-19 diagnosis for general stress and posttraumatic stress. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China doi = 10.1017/s0033291720003165 id = cord-326600-wg1o85zq author = Westley, Suzanne title = Productively protecting a cohort of vulnerable plastic surgery trainees in the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Dear Sir, We submit a letter outlining how at The Queen Victoria Hospital we have so far successfully protected a group of vulnerable plastic surgeons while enabling them to continue to make a valuable contribution to the work of the department, specifically the hand trauma team, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary aim of the new virtual hand trauma clinic was to allow patients to be triaged in a timely manner while adhering to social distancing guidelines by remotely accessing the clinic from home. Local assessment of our practice is ongoing but we have found that this model has enabled a cohort of vulnerable plastic surgery trainees to successfully continue to work whilst reducing the risk of exposure to COVID-19 and providing gold standard care for patients. Transmission of COVID-19 to Health Care Personnel During Exposures to a Hospitalized Patient doi = 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.05.029 id = cord-265506-fxus6n65 author = Westrupp, Elizabeth M. title = Study Protocol for the COVID-19 Pandemic Adjustment Survey (CPAS): A Longitudinal Study of Australian Parents of a Child 0–18 Years date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; Facebook; australian; child; item summary = OBJECTIVE: This study aims to: (1) provide timely information on the mental health impacts of the emerging COVID-19 crisis in a close to representative sample of Australian parents and children (0–18 years), (2) identify adults and families most at risk of poor mental health outcomes, and (3) identify factors to target through clinical and public health intervention to reduce risk. CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide timely information on the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on parents and children in Australia; identify communities, parents, families, and children most at risk of poor outcomes; and identify potential factors to address in clinical and public health interventions to reduce risk. doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.555750 id = cord-354421-tqv2y7ey author = Wetzler, H. P. title = New Insights on Excess Deaths and COVID-19 date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Background: Weinberger and colleagues estimated that 27,065 of the 122,300 excess deaths in the United States between March 1 and May 30, 2020 did not have a COVID-19 cause of death. Methods: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) post weekly data on mortality for 13 causes of death from the most prevalent comorbid conditions reported on death certificates where COVID-19 was listed as a cause of death. Weinberger and colleagues estimated that 27,065 of the 122,300 excess deaths between March 1 and May 30, 2020 in the United States (US) did not have a COVID-19 cause of death. 1 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) post weekly data on mortality for 13 causes of death from the most prevalent comorbid conditions reported on death certificates where COVID-19 was listed as a cause of death. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.24.20051508 id = cord-344653-to7571tw author = Whatley, Mary C. title = Younger and Older Adults’ Mood and Expectations Regarding Aging During COVID-19 date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; adult; age summary = In the current studies, we examined mood, expectations regarding aging, coronavirus attitudes, and loneliness in younger and older adults. Eighty-six older adults who completed the Expectations Regarding Aging (ERA) and Brief Mood Introspection Scale (BMIS) between January 2018 and December 2019 (Time 1) were contacted to participate. In Study 1, we found that overall, our sample of older adults was maintaining positive mood and expectations about aging during the COVID-19 pandemic, but that they reported more negative arousal. In Study 2, we attempted to replicate findings from Study 1 regarding loneliness, COVID-19 attitudes, mood, and expectations regarding aging in a larger sample of older adults. We also examined age-related differences in mood, expectations about aging, loneliness, and attitudes toward COVID-19 in a national sample of older and younger adults. Pearson''s correlations were conducted within each age group to examine associations between overall ERA score, BMIS pleasant-unpleasant mood, COVID-19 score, loneliness rating, and relevant demographic factors like age, gender, education, income, and overall health. doi = 10.1177/2333721420960259 id = cord-350185-xastx0qi author = Whembolua, Guy-Lucien title = Public trust in the time of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): the case of the DR Congo date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19; DRC summary = As the world collectively navigates how to face the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is crucial to highlight how low-income and post-conflict countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) experiences COVID-19. More specifically, using the PEN-3 cultural model, we assessed the socio-cultural factors affecting public trust in the government and its agencies (i.e., the main regulator of public health in the country) prior to the announcement of the first reported COVID-19 case on March 10th 2020, one day before the World Health Organization declared the disease a pandemic [1] . The Relationships and Expectations domain considers elements that influence health behaviors and decisions such as perceptions, enablers, and nurturers that increased public mistrust in the government and its health agencies among the Congolese population. According to the PEN-3 model, perception is defined as beliefs, knowledge or attitudes about COVID-19 and health agencies that impact public trust into the Congolese institutions [5] . doi = 10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.2.22606 id = cord-302684-r4ger87o author = Whisenant, Jennifer G. title = TERAVOLT: Thoracic Cancers International COVID-19 Collaboration date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Albeit with small numbers (n = 22), a publication from China suggested that lung cancer patients had the second-highest risk of developing severe and critical symptoms, ICU admission, and death behind hematological malignancies (Dai et al., 2020) . The goals of TERAVOLT are (1) to determine in patients with thoracic malignancies who develop COVID-19 the demographic, comorbidities, and anticancer therapies that place these patients most at risk for hospitalization and death; (2) to determine the clinical picture of patients with thoracic malignancies infected by SARS-CoV-2, a diagnosis made more difficult when the presentation of the illness is so similar to the daily symptoms endured by many of our patients; (3) to provide practitioners with real-time data on therapies that may impact survival to and (4) to evaluate long-term impacts on care and the delay in care to patients with both curable and incurable thoracic malignancies. doi = 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.05.008 id = cord-321137-nxd8i7uh author = White, Michael D. title = Policing a Pandemic: Stay-at-Home Orders and What they Mean for the Police date = 2020-06-09 keywords = Amendment; COVID-19; Fourth; U.S.; police summary = 2 Clearly, activities that are deemed criminal become the business of the police, and public officials in some jurisdictions have been adamant about enforcement of COVID-19 SaHOs/SiPOs. Maryland Governor Hogan stated the recent arrest of a violator sent a "great message" regarding his intent to enforce the order (Cummings, 2020, para. Second, unlike in other countries where police can respond to emergency legislation that empowers them to enforce lockdown orders aggressively (see Cave & Dahir, 2020) , enforcement of public health orders in the United States is complicated by the Fourth Amendment since that constitutional provision limits police authority to stop, question, frisk, or arrest people absent certain quanta of proof (White & Fradella, 2016) . Given the compelling governmental interest in limiting the spread of COVID-19, reasonable police actions to enforce SaHOs/SiPOs are likely constitutional under several theories, but only one of which likely adequately safeguards civil liberties after the pandemic ends. doi = 10.1007/s12103-020-09538-0 id = cord-310115-uooszsta author = White, Ross G. title = Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and initial period of lockdown on the mental health and well-being of adults in the UK date = 2020-08-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = Recruited over 2 weeks during the initial phase of lockdown, participants completed an online survey that included COVID-19-related questions, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the World Health Organization (Five) Well-Being Index and the Oxford Capabilities Questionnaire for Mental Health. 4 The current study, which is part of a programme of research aimed at tracking the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, investigated whether mental health, well-being and QoL outcomes in UK adults are associated with experiencing symptoms of COVID-19, being in a group vulnerable to COVID-19 (the question read ''I am classified as being in a vulnerable group in terms of COVID-19 (aged 70 or above, heart disease, lung disease, pregnant, etc)''), being categorised as an ''essential worker'', experiencing COVID-19-related isolation and local community interactions. Participants who agreed that people''s kindness toward others in their local area had increased since the COVID-19 outbreak (68.8%) had lower levels of depression symptoms (t(551) = 2.25, P = 0.025), and higher QoL (t(467) = −4.56, P < 0.001) and well-being (t(535) = −2.85, P = 0.005). doi = 10.1192/bjo.2020.79 id = cord-354720-fu19u2b0 author = White-Dzuro, Gabrielle title = Multisystem effects of COVID-19: a concise review for practitioners date = 2020-11-04 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; infection; patient summary = It is important that clinicians managing critically ill COVID-19 patients be aware of the multisystem impact of the disease so that care can be focused on the prevention of end-organ injuries to potentially improve clinical outcomes. It is important that clinicians managing these critically ill patients be aware of the multisystem impact of the disease so that care can be focused on the prevention of end-organ injuries to potentially improve clinical outcomes. The indirect effects of the virus result from the host''s response to the viral infection, and are associated with a cytokine storm characterized by very high circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukins, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and chemokines [9] . include direct viral damage of nervous tissue, injury resulting from the excessive inflammatory response, unintended host immune response effects after the acute infection (e.g., Guillain-Barré syndrome as reported in a case series of four patients [24] ), and injury resulting from the effects of systemic illness. doi = 10.1080/00325481.2020.1823094 id = cord-257447-lwz5k0r8 author = Whitehead, Brenda R title = COVID-19 as a Stressor: Pandemic Expectations, Perceived Stress, and Negative Affect in Older Adults date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Based on the stress and coping framework, PS is expected to mediate the association between COVID-19 expectations and NA METHOD: 714 residents of the US and aged 60 and older completed an anonymous online survey in late March 2020 reporting PS, NA, and expectations regarding the pandemic RESULTS: Regression analyses controlling for demographic factors revealed that more dire pandemic expectations significantly predicted PS and NA directly, and the effects on NA were significantly mediated by PS DISCUSSION: Findings provide evidence that expectations about a pandemic influence the extent to which older adults experience stress and NA in the midst of a pandemic event. In the event of additional COVID-19 waves, future pandemic events, or even other broad-scale stressors, understanding how event expectations are associated with older adults'' stress experience will permit clinicians and gerontologists to more effectively support clients in distress and limit its downstream health effects. doi = 10.1093/geronb/gbaa153 id = cord-355146-6rat5j64 author = Whittemore, Paul title = Use of awake proning to avoid invasive ventilation in a patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonitis date = 2020-08-03 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = A 60-year-old man with swab-positive COVID-19 and extensive ground-glass change seen on CT imaging was successfully managed on our COVID-19 high-dependency unit with only low-flow oxygen and strict awake proning instructions. He was successfully weaned off oxygen entirely without any requirement for non-invasive or invasive ventilation and made a recovery to be discharged home after an 18-day hospital stay. A 60-year-old man with swab-positive COVID-19 and extensive ground-glass change seen on CT imaging was successfully managed on our COVID-19 highdependency unit with only low-flow oxygen and strict awake proning instructions. 1 We present a case of a 60-year-old man who developed extensive COVID-19 pneumonitis who was successfully managed with low-flow oxygen (up to 12 L/min given via a non-rebreather mask) and awake proning and was able to be discharged home. 2 Our case study highlights the potential for the use of awake proning in those patients who are not intubated, both as an adjunct to treatment with oxygen therapy and non-invasive ventilation. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-236586 id = cord-299650-lhphdjeu author = Whittle, John title = Persistent hypermetabolism and longitudinal energy expenditure in critically ill patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = Longitudinal IC data presented here demonstrate a progressive hypermetabolic phenotype beginning 1 week post-intubation in COVID-19 ICU patients, with significantly greater mREE versus predictive equations or ASPEN-recommended 11-14 kcal/kg ABW for obese subjects used currently to determine energy requirements. Our data support use of standard predictive equations or~20 kcal/kg as a reasonable approximation of mREE in 1st ICU week in COVID-19 patients. These data suggest personalization of nutrition delivery, including IC use [3, 5] , should be considered to provide more accurate assessments of energy expenditure and help guide nutrition delivery in COVID-19 ICU patients. Only the authors and investigators at Duke University participated in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03286-7 id = cord-330919-dep3v1pt author = Whyte, Claire S title = Fibrinolytic abnormalities in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and versatility of thrombolytic drugs to treat COVID‐19 date = 2020-04-23 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; acute; respiratory summary = The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which requires ventilation in critically ill patients. Tissue factor (TF) is exposed on damaged alveolar endothelial cells and on the surface of leukocytes promoting fibrin deposition, while significantly elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1) from lung epithelium and endothelial cells create a hypofibrinolytic state. In severe cases, patients with COVID-19 develop a type of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis and multiorgan failure. However, the principal fibrinolytic inhibitor described in the pathogenesis of ARDS is plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), which is known to be elevated in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ALI [11, 61] . Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) as a Novel Treatment for Refractory COVID-19 Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)? Activator (tPA) Treatment for COVID-19 Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): A Case Series doi = 10.1111/jth.14872 id = cord-261471-3msk5ggc author = Whyte, Martin B. title = The contribution of diabetic micro-angiopathy to adverse outcomes in COVID-19 date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Increasing evidence points to endothelial cell dysfunction as a key pathophysiological factor in severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), manifested by platelet aggregation, microthrombi and altered vasomotor tone. Major risk groups identified for adverse outcomes in COVID-19 are diabetes, and those from the Black, Asian and ethnic minority (BAME) populations. Major risk groups identified for adverse outcomes in are diabetes, and those from the Black, Asian and ethnic minority (BAME) populations. In this article, we propose that pre-existing endothelial dysfunction of microangiopathy, more commonly evident in diabetes and BAME groups, makes an individual vulnerable to the subsequent ''endothelitis'' of COVID-19 infection. In this article, we propose that pre-existing endothelial dysfunction of microangiopathy, more commonly evident in diabetes and BAME groups, makes an individual vulnerable to the subsequent ''endothelitis'' of COVID-19 infection. [10; 20] Microvascular disease and endothelial dysfunction may underlie adverse outcomes in COVID-19 and may represent the pathophysiological key missing link that identifies susceptible populations and may require specific treatment. doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108217 id = cord-333800-qqe331ok author = Whyte, Martin B. title = Pulmonary embolism in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of PE in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 and the diagnostic yield of Computer Tomography Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA) for PE. PATIENTS/METHODS: Retrospective review of single-centre data of all CTPA studies in patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 identified from Electronic Patient Records (EPR). RESULTS: There were 1477 patients admitted with COVID-19 and 214 CTPA scans performed, of which n = 180 (84%) were requested outside of critical care. We therefore examined the clinical and radiographic characteristics of patients with COVID-19, who underwent pulmonary imaging for possible thrombotic disease. Using the Electronic Patient Records (EPR; Allscripts Sunrise™, Chicago, Il), we collected data for vital signs (including the National Early Warning Score 2; NEWS2 [20] ), components of Wells score from the clinical notes (not the completed imaging request form), basic demographic data, laboratory values and imaging results (CTPA and venous ultrasonography, if performed). doi = 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.07.025 id = cord-262095-u3ns50lg author = Whyte, Richard I. title = Validation of an Intellectual Framework for Prioritizing Time-Sensitive Surgical Procedures During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-16 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Validation of an Intellectual Framework for Prioritizing Time-Sensitive Surgical Procedures During the COVID-19 Pandemic In the recent article by Prachand and colleagues, 1 the authors pose a simple and practical way of prioritizing nonemergent surgical cases in the midst of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Although prioritizing surgical cases is an everyday occurrence in non-COVID-19 times, the current crisis presents unusual constraints related to limited resources, viral exposure to both patients and staff, and a rapidly changing environment related to personal protective equipment, COVID-19 testing, and redeployment of hospital staff. In their manuscript, the authors separate factors related to surgical urgency into 3 domains: the procedure, the patient, and the underlying disease. In short, the authors propose a useful intellectual framework for prioritizing time-sensitive surgical procedures, yet while the simplicity of assigning numbers and using them as a definitive metric is attractive, such an approach requires validation before it can be used widely. doi = 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.04.024 id = cord-267124-8efdzlc0 author = Wichmann, Dominic title = Autopsy Findings and Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS; patient summary = In response to the pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2, the authorities of the German federal state of Hamburg ordered mandatory autopsies in all patients dying with a diagnosis of COVID-19 confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). During autopsy, tissue samples for histology were taken from the following organs: heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, brain, prostate and testes (in males), ovaries (in females), small bowel, saphenous vein, common carotid artery, pharynx, and muscle. In this autopsy study of 12 consecutive patients who died of COVID-19, we found a high incidence of deep venous thrombosis (58%). In studies that examined deceased patients with COVID-19 without relying on autopsy, no increased rates of pulmonary embolism were observed clinically. To our knowledge, only 3 case reports have been published on patients with COVID-19 who have undergone complete autopsy and a few more in which only lung tissue was examined (7, 8) . doi = 10.7326/m20-2003 id = cord-034517-ygiqrmbw author = Wieland, Mark L. title = Leveraging community engaged research partnerships for crisis and emergency risk communication to vulnerable populations in the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; Communication; Leaders summary = A risk communication framework was implemented by a community-engaged research (CEnR) partnership in Southeast Minnesota to address COVID-19 prevention, testing, and socioeconomic impacts. This study aims to demonstrate the use of a CEnR health partnership with vulnerable populations leveraging its social networks, credibility, and technical expertise to promote bidirectional crisis and emergency risk communication for the COVID-19 pandemic. Community and academic partners from Rochester Healthy Community Partnership (RHCP), a CEnR partnership with a 15-year history of participatory research with immigrant populations in Southeast Minnesota [9] , adopted the CDC Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication framework for co-creation of an intervention framework aimed at populations with limited English proficiency. This study describes the ways an existing CEnR partnership leveraged its credibility and trust with vulnerable populations for risk communication in the COVID-19 pandemic. By leveraging existing networks and credibility, CEnR partnerships may effectively implement crisis and emergency risk communication to vulnerable populations in the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1017/cts.2020.47 id = cord-276014-inv3hsbr author = Wijngaards, Indy title = Extraversion Moderates the Relationship Between the Stringency of COVID-19 Protective Measures and Depressive Symptoms date = 2020-10-02 keywords = COVID-19; measure summary = Drawing from pre-pandemic research, psychologists are proposing that extraversion-a personality trait characterized by sociability, assertiveness and high energy levels (John et al., 1991; Soto and John, 2017) -is one individual characteristic that could moderate the negative relationship between measure stringency and mental illness (e.g., Brogaard, 2020; Brooks and Moser, 2020; Smillie and Haslam, 2020; Steele, 2020) . In this study, drawing on publicly available survey data from over 90,000 respondents across 47 countries (Fetzer et al., 2020) , we therefore empirically test the hypothesis that extraversion moderates the relationship between measure stringency and depressive symptoms. Second, even though our analytical strategy allowed us to take out individual-specific heterogeneity, and extraversion is a relatively stable personality trait (Damian et al., 2019) , the crosssectional nature of the survey data, collected in the early days of the pandemic, did not allow us to examine whether introverts'' and extraverts'' responses to the protective measures changed as the situation evolved. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568907 id = cord-267494-186aztc3 author = Wilder-Smith, Annelies title = Lockdown to contain COVID-19 is a window of opportunity to prevent the second wave date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = These included early identification of cases by prompt laboratory testing, hospital or facility-based isolation of all cases 2 , rigorous contact tracing and meticulous follow-up of quarantined contacts, enhanced by artificial intelligence. New cases continued to increase exponentially before peaking on 12 Policy-makers are debating two strategies to reduce deaths and the demand on health care utilization 6 , in addition to considering major collateral damage to economic, society, mental health and other outcomes: (a) containment or suppression of COVID-19, which aims to reverse the rate of epidemic growth, thereby reducing new case numbers to low levels, and (b) mitigation, which focuses on slowing but not necessarily stopping epidemic spread -to reduce peak healthcare demand while protecting those most at risk of severe disease from infection. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts Institutional, not home-based, isolation could contain the COVID-19 outbreak doi = 10.1093/jtm/taaa091 id = cord-315681-p3j8kt80 author = Wiley, Lindsay F title = Public Health Law and Science in the Community Mitigation Strategy for Covid-19 date = 2020-05-08 keywords = CDC; New; covid-19; health; state summary = To mitigate the spread of Covid-19, federal, state, and local officials have exercised broad powers available to them under public health statutes and emergency declarations to close businesses and restrict the movement of individuals outside their homes. A court asked to address whether a public health agency has acted reasonably and without abusing its discretion need not simply defer to the expertise of the agency without requiring that the agency to identify and explain the logic the agency deployed to reach its conclusion that quarantine was appropriate." 97 The same is true of officials charged with developing emergency communicable disease control guidelines that, while technically voluntary, are likely to be relied on to enforce involuntary-and highly intrusive-measures by state and local governments. doi = 10.1093/jlb/lsaa019 id = cord-319899-nso0ob27 author = Wilke, Jan title = Restrictercise! Preferences Regarding Digital Home Training Programs during Confinements Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-07 keywords = covid-19; exercise summary = Our survey with 15,261 participants (38 ± 15 years, 58.5% females) examined preferences towards digital home exercise programs in 14 countries affected by COVID-19. Against this background, the present study examined the preferences towards digital home exercise programs in individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to ascertaining the general willingness to participate in related programs (yes/no), the optimal duration (free entry, min/week), training frequency (workouts per week; 1-2, 3-4, 4-6 or daily), and exercise types (flexibility, resistance, endurance, balance/stability, cognition, relaxation) were assessed. With regard to exercise types (Table 2) , older participants (≥40 years) were more likely to select flexibility and less likely to choose resistance, endurance, and cognitive training. Participants with high physical activity levels (meeting WHO PA recommendations) more often preferred resistance, endurance, and balance/stability training, but not other forms of exercise. In summary, a large portion of individuals affected by confinements related to the COVID-19 pandemic are interested in digital home exercise. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17186515 id = cord-293440-qoo2t1wt author = Wilkinson, Tom title = ACCORD: A Multicentre, Seamless, Phase 2 Adaptive Randomisation Platform Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Multiple Candidate Agents for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalised Patients: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; stage summary = title: ACCORD: A Multicentre, Seamless, Phase 2 Adaptive Randomisation Platform Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Multiple Candidate Agents for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalised Patients: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial TRIAL DESIGN: ACCORD is a seamless, Phase 2, adaptive, randomised controlled platform study, designed to rapidly test candidate agents in the treatment of COVID-19. If Stage 1 provides evidence of efficacy and acceptable safety the candidate will enter Stage 2 where a total of approximately 126 patients will be recruited into each study arm sub-protocol. PARTICIPANTS: The study will include hospitalised adult patients (≥18 years) with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, the virus that causes COVID-19, that clinically meet Grades 3 (hospitalised – mild disease, no oxygen therapy), Grades 4 (hospitalised, oxygen by mask or nasal prongs) and 5 (hospitalised, non-invasive ventilation or high flow oxygen) of the WHO Working Group on the Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 9-point category ordinal scale. doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-04584-9 id = cord-323980-rcyjthze author = Willems, Laurent M. title = SARS-CoV-2-related rapid reorganization of an epilepsy outpatient clinic from personal appointments to telemedicine services: A German single-center experience date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient; telemedicine summary = METHODS: Documentations of telephone contacts and telemedicine consultations at the Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main were recorded in detail between March and May 2020 and analyzed for acceptance, feasibility, and satisfaction of the conversion from personal to telemedicine appointments from both patients'' and medical professionals'' perspectives. The aim of this study was to analyze the acceptance, feasibility, and satisfaction of the SARS-CoV-2-related conversion from face-to-face to telemedicine appointments from the perspectives of both patients and medical professionals. General understanding and acceptance of cancelations of elective face-to-face ambulatory visits and of the option to have telemedicine consultations during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Germany was high, especially in patients with very urgent or urgent appointment priority. doi = 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107483 id = cord-315424-i3nnennw author = Willer, Brittany L. title = The otolaryngologist’s and anesthesiologist’s collaborative role in a pandemic: a large quaternary pediatric center’s experience with COVID-19 preparation and simulation date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Because of the aerosolization inherent in airway management, the pediatric otolaryngologist and anesthesiologist should be intimately familiar with strategies to mitigate the high-risk periods of viral contamination that are posed to the environment and healthcare personnel during tracheal intubation and extubation procedures. Since both the pediatric otolaryngologist and anesthesiologist are directly involved in emergency airway interventions, both specialties impact the safety of caring for COVID-19 patients and are a part of overall hospital pandemic preparedness. The pediatric otolaryngologist and anesthesiologist will encounter the COVID-19 patient in a variety of clinical settings (perioperative/operative, intensive care unit, emergency department, and radiology suite) and situations (emergent airway management, urgent or emergent surgical intervention, diagnostic or interventional radiology, and critical care resuscitation). Because of the aerosolization inherent in airway management, the pediatric otolaryngologist and anesthesiologist should be welleducated in and familiar with strategies to mitigate these high risk periods of viral contamination that are posed to the environment and healthcare personnel during endotracheal intubation and extubation procedures [9] . doi = 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110174 id = cord-300236-mon1loph author = Williams, Bryan title = Hypertension, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibition, and COVID-19 date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Two factors have contributed to this: first, the observation that hypertension is one of the most common comorbidities associated with severe cases of COVID-19 in patients who have been admitted to hospital and their risk of death; 1 and second, that like the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via specific binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is ubiquitously expressed in the lung and other tissues. Thus, an interesting and potentially clinically important finding in the study by de Abajo and colleagues is that the use of RAAS inhibitors compared with other antihypertensive drugs almost halved the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19 who had diabetes (adjusted OR 0·53, 95% CI 0·34-0·80). Nor does evidence exist to suggest that, once infected, the risk of admission to hospital due to COVID-19, progression to more severe complications, or death is increased with RAAS inhibitor use compared with treatment with other antihypertensive drugs. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31131-4 id = cord-322868-o3r0y6bz author = Williams, E. J. title = Routine measurement of serum procalcitonin allows antibiotics to be safely withheld in patients admitted to hospital with SARS-CoV-2 infection. date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; PCT; patient summary = We retrospectively collected 28-day outcome data on patients admitted to Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK, between 5 March and 15 April 2020, with a positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCT within 48 hours of diagnosis. We set out to evaluate whether PCT use had an impact on i) antibiotic usage and ii) outcomes in patients with confirmed COVID-19 at a large NHS Foundation Trust Hospital in the United Kingdom (UK). To investigate the relationship between PCT positivity and total DDD, antibiotic receipt at 48 hours post-diagnosis and meropenem prescription, linear and logistic regression models were explored adjusting for demographic confounders (age, sex, ethnicity and comorbidities). This observational study supports the hypothesis that implementation of a local guideline advising against the use of antibiotics for patients with confirmed COVID-19 and a PCT level Previous studies have demonstrated that procalcitonin-guided therapy in lower respiratory tract infections substantially reduces antibiotic use without compromising outcome [22] [23] [24] , including in the critically ill [25] . doi = 10.1101/2020.06.29.20136572 id = cord-330063-rigpx36k author = Williams, Owain Hedd title = Multiple internal border zone infarcts in a patient with COVID-19 and CADASIL date = 2020-06-09 keywords = CADASIL; COVID-19 summary = • Novel case report highlighting association of COVID-19 precipitating symptoms of CADASIL; • Multiple internal border zone infarcts in a patient with COVID-19 and CADASIL; • Proposed mechanism is endothelial injury with microvascular thrombosis and cerebral dysautoregulation; • We advise to consider patients with CADASIL a vulnerable group during the pandemic. (1) An association between COVID-19 and strokes have been described with characteristics including large vessel occlusion, multi-territory infarcts, concomitant venous thromboembolism, raised inflammatory markers, antiphospholipid antibody production, younger age of stroke, premorbid vascular co-morbidities, and a higher incidence of stroke with increasing COVID-19 severity.(2-4) Small vessel involvement have rarely been described; our case demonstrates multiple internal border zone infarcts, which are subcortical lesions at the junction between two arterial territories, typically attributed to haemodynamic compromise. There is evidence of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in CADASIL, with a proposed mechanism being impairment in the myogenic component of autoregulation where vascular smooth muscle constricts or dilates to transmural pressure changes.(1) Internal border zone infarcts have been reported in nine patients with CADASIL; whereby six had documented systemic hypotension, one occurring with intercurrent Influenza A infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116980 id = cord-336732-9zp5agja author = Williams, R. D. title = Seek COVER: Development and validation of a personalized risk calculator for COVID-19 outcomes in an international network date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; cover summary = Objective To develop and externally validate COVID-19 Estimated Risk (COVER) scores that quantify a patient''s risk of hospital admission (COVER-H), requiring intensive services (COVER-I), or fatality (COVER-F) in the 30-days following COVID-19 diagnosis. To develop and externally validate COVID-19 Estimated Risk (COVER) scores that quantify a patient''s risk of hospital admission (COVER-H), requiring intensive services (COVER-I), or fatality (COVER-F) in the 30-days following COVID-19 diagnosis. In this paper we aim to develop COVID-19 Estimated Risk (COVER) scores to quantify a patient''s risk of hospital admission (COVER-H), requiring intensive services (COVER-I), or fatality (COVER-F) due to COVID-19 using the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) Patient-Level Prediction framework 17 . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.26.20112649 doi: medRxiv preprint For model development, we identified patients over 18 with a GP, ER, or OP visit with influenza or flu-like symptoms (e.g. fever and either cough, shortness of breath, myalgia, malaise, or fatigue), at least 365 days of prior observation, and no symptoms in the preceding 60 days. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.26.20112649 id = cord-029226-eagbwk7j author = Williamson, Brian title = Beyond COVID‐19 lockdown: A Coasean approach with optionality date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; risk summary = While younger people are at greatly reduced risk from COVID-19, they are on the other hand likely to suffer some of the more severe impacts in terms of forgone education, employment, and social and longer-term opportunities from measures to increase physical distancing. The combination of low health risk for younger people from COVID-19 with disproportionately high economic and social costs from the current policy response suggests that a more targeted policy response is desirable. In this article, building on a blog post where the idea was first suggested (Williamson & Wilson, 2020) , what is proposed is a Coasean social contract that recognises the reciprocal nature of the problem of mitigating the risk of harm to health, welfare, and the economy from the COVID-19 pandemic. The proposed approach could substantially reduce the economic and social cost of the COVID-19 policy response while limiting mortality and the risk of overloading the health-care system. doi = 10.1111/ecaf.12414 id = cord-268707-fip5e95c author = Williamson, Heather J title = Addressing the Needs of Rural Caregivers of Individuals With Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias During and Beyond Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-09-04 keywords = ADRD; COVID-19 summary = Caregivers in rural areas face unique challenges in accessing needed health and social services, while also having limited informal supports from family and friends due to geographic isolation (Cho et al., 2016; Greenwood et al., 2015; Pinquart & Sörensen, 2005) . Rural-residing ADRD caregivers living in northern Arizona have been disproportionately affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with higher rates of COVID-19 than urban areas and with limited community resources (Arizona Department of Health Services, 2020; Kaplan, 2020; Sanderson et al., 2017) . Caregivers in rural areas face unique challenges in accessing needed health and social services, while also having limited informal supports from family and friends due to geographic isolation. This "digital divide" experienced by older adults and rural providers is creating additional barriers for local AAA chapters to keep in touch with the aging family caregivers they are attempting to serve during COVID-19. doi = 10.1093/ppar/praa024 id = cord-269826-l44xbgok author = Wills, Timothy T. title = Utilization of an Orthopedic Hood as Personal Protective Equipment for Intubation of Coronavirus Patients: a Brief Technical Report date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; PPE summary = title: Utilization of an Orthopedic Hood as Personal Protective Equipment for Intubation of Coronavirus Patients: a Brief Technical Report Personal protective equipment (PPE) has been tailored accordingly, but as of April 2020, close to 10 000 health care workers in the United States have contracted COVID-19 despite wearing recommended PPE. In this brief technical report, we describe the integration of an orthopedic hood cover as an item for full barrier protection against COVID-19 transmission. CONCLUSION: Modification of existing PPE may provide protection for health care workers during high-risk aerosolizing procedures such as endotracheal intubation. We describe in a brief technical report the integration of an orthopedic hood cover as an item for full barrier protection against COVID-19 transmission during endotracheal intubation. The addition of an orthopedic hood covering to standard PPE may provide protection for health care workers during highrisk aerosolizing procedures such as endotracheal intubation. doi = 10.1177/2151459320930554 id = cord-317729-ruvx9zwd author = Wilson, Darius Cameron title = Adrenomedullin in COVID-19 induced endotheliitis date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Indeed, a recent study investigating gene upregulation in patients with systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS), characterised by plasma leakage into peripheral tissue and transient episodes of hypotensive shock and oedema, found that ADM was not only one of the most upregulated genes, but that subsequent application to endothelial cells resulted in a protective effect on vascular barrier function [3] . Furthermore, recent clinical studies on sepsis patients upon emergency department (ED) presentation and during intensive care (ICU) treatment using the stable protein surrogate, mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM), found that its assessment could accurately identify disease progression in patients with nonsevere clinical signs and symptoms, safely increase outpatient treatment with decreased readmission rates and no subsequent mortalities [4] , and identify patients requiring a rapid administration of antibiotics or triage to the ICU [5] . Abbreviations ADM: Adrenomedullin; ED: Emergency department; ICU: Intensive care unit; MR-proADM: Mid-regional proadrenomedullin; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SCLS: Systemic capillary leak syndrome doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03151-7 id = cord-321089-x85tg8g5 author = Wilson, Jacob M. title = Quantifying the Backlog of Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Cases: Predicting the Impact of COVID-19 date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19; THA; TKA summary = QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: To help strategize an effective return to elective orthopedic surgery, we aimed to quantify the volume of THA and TKA cases delayed across the USA and estimate the time required to care for these patients when non-urgent surgery resumes. The purpose of this study is to estimate the volume of delayed THA and TKA procedures resulting from COVID-19 related bans on elective surgery and to project the time it will require to catch up on care for delayed patients as hospitals resume elective procedures. This was defined as number of months needed to surgically manage patients who had surgery delayed by COVID-19, in addition to the baseline procedural volume that would have been expected without the occurrence of the pandemic. Our multi-scenario, adaptable model offers projections of the non-urgent THA and TKA surgical volume postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s11420-020-09806-z id = cord-302304-wc40gouw author = Wilson, M.P. title = Potential implications of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) related gastrointestinal symptoms for abdominal imaging date = 2020-05-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Potential implications of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) related gastrointestinal symptoms for abdominal imaging The most frequently reported symptoms in a recent meta-analysis of 46,248 infected patients include fever (91%), cough (67%), fatigue (51%), and dyspnea (30%). 1 However, a recent review has demonstrated that gastrointestinal symptoms including anorexia (40e50%), diarrhea (2e50%), vomiting (4e67%), nausea (1e29%), abdominal pain (2e6%) and gastrointestinal bleeding (4e14%) may also occur in patients with COVID-19. 5 The rise in reporting of gastrointestinal symptoms related to COVID-19 has important potential implications for radiographers. Secondly, radiographers should be prepared that the number of requests for COVID-19 related abdominal imaging may increase. Abdominal organs with high concentrations of ACE2 expression may be theoretically vulnerable to COVID-19 related infections. At the present time, there are no known imaging reports of COVID-19 related inflammatory changes in these abdominal organs. doi = 10.1016/j.radi.2020.04.016 id = cord-317859-afvi0g0a author = Wilson, Mathew G title = Cardiorespiratory considerations for return-to-play in elite athletes after COVID-19 infection: a practical guide for sport and exercise medicine physicians date = 2020-09-02 keywords = RTP; athlete; covid-19; symptom summary = To support safe RTP, we provide sport and exercise medicine physicians with practical recommendations on how to exclude cardiorespiratory complications of COVID-19 in elite athletes who place high demand on their cardiorespiratory system. Overall, we recommend that any athletic individual that has been hospitalised with a radiologically confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia and breathlessness undergoes specialist respiratory review prior to RTP, and this process is likely to involve the need for: (1) planned repeat imaging; (2) baseline physiological measures (including consideration of gas transfer measurement±lung volumes); and (3) the possible need for cardiopulmonary exercise testing with measurement of oxygen saturation in selected cases with ongoing dyspnoea on exertion. 3. In those athletes who report COVID-19 related respiratory symptoms that are persistent and taking longer than 14 days to recover, we recommend a thorough assessment to exclude the presence of thromboembolic events, ongoing intrapulmonary pathology or cardiac injury. doi = 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102710 id = cord-264052-uph136sn author = Wilson, Mitchell P title = Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in neurology and neurosurgery: A scoping review of the early literature date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in neurology and neurosurgery: A scoping review of the early literature A search of MEDLINE, J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f EMBASE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library (including the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Special Collections) from inception to April 7, 2020 was performed in order to identify articles evaluating both COVID-19 and neurology or neurosurgery. A total of 10 articles including 4 articles discussing clinical symptomatology and/or the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2 (5-8) and 6 articles discussing recommendations for modified neurosurgical (9-11), stroke (12) , and spine (13) (14) practices during the COVID-19 crisis. Thus far, early experience and recommendations in neurosurgical (9) (10) (11) 33) , stroke (12) , and spine (13, 14) practices have been reported (Table 2) As an early scoping review of available literature to date, this study has certain limitations. doi = 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.105866 id = cord-030192-ebsh62ll author = Winant, Abbey J. title = Thoracic Imaging Findings of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Associated with COVID-19: What Radiologists Need to Know Now date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; Kawasaki; MIS summary = 12 Furthermore, emerging new evidence suggests that COVID-19 infection in children and adolescents is associated with a multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), with features similar to Kawasaki disease and toxic shock syndrome, frequently requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. The United States CDC has presented the following case definition for a diagnosis of MIS-C associated with COVID-19, with pediatric patients required to meet all three of the following criteria: (1.) Individual under 21 years of age presenting with fever, laboratory evidence of inflammation, and evidence of clinically severe illness requiring hospitalization, with multisystem (≥2) organ involvement (cardiac, renal, respiratory, hematologic, gastrointestinal, dermatologic, or neurologic); (2.) No alternative plausible diagnosis; (3.) Positive current or recent SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR, serology, or I n p r e s s antigen test; or COVID-19 exposure within four weeks prior to symptom onset. doi = 10.1148/ryct.2020200346 id = cord-348464-1c08mb2k author = Winter, Taylor title = Evaluation of the English Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and Its Relationship with Behavior Change and Political Beliefs date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COVID-19; fcv-19s; sample summary = Consistent with the earlier validation studies, the FCV-19S displayed a moderately strong relationship with the perceived infectability and germ aversion subscales of the perceived vulnerability to disease scale (PVDS). With respect to the motivating role of fear, there was a significant relationship between FCV-19S scores and adherence to the lockdown rules that were implemented in New Zealand. Finally, consistent with recent reports on the politicization of the COVID-19 pandemic, an exploratory question found that participants who rated themselves as more conservative tended to report lower FCV-19S scores. The current study demonstrates that the English version of the COVID-19S is a sound unidimensional scale with robust psychometric properties that can be used with confidence Also shown is the association between FCV-19S and adherence to each rule among English-speaking populations. Validation and psychometric evaluation of the Italian version of the fear of COVID-19 scale doi = 10.1007/s11469-020-00342-9 id = cord-276711-y74zr7fn author = Winthrop, Kevin L title = To immunosuppress: whom, when and how? That is the question with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; study summary = 1 After a difficult March 2019 of high hospitalisation and death rates with COVID-19, on 1 April their institution started a standard protocol of treating patients with COVID-19 with high-dose methylprednisolone for 5-7 days during which time individuals not showing clinical improvement were also given the interleukin 6 (IL-6) receptor-blocking agent tocilizumab. An early observational report from China that used propensity methods to match steroid-treated COVID-19 cases to noncases suggested non-significant trends towards worse outcomes among those using 40-50 mg of methylprednisolone per day compared with those not using steroids. 19 Contrary to this study, an institutional cohort at the University of Michigan of patients with COVID-19 on mechanical ventilation suggested a strong survivor benefit for those using tocilizumab, as mortality was nearly halved, despite an increase in secondary bacterial infections. Their phase 2/3 adaptive trial first reported that in phase 2, sarilumab was not effective in patients with less severe COVID-19 pneumonia (ie, those not mechanically ventilated 27 ). doi = 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218694 id = cord-328826-guqc5866 author = Wissel, Benjamin D title = An Interactive Online Dashboard for Tracking COVID-19 in U.S. Counties, Cities, and States in Real Time date = 2020-04-25 keywords = COVID-19; datum summary = MATERIALS AND METHODS: This R Shiny application aggregates data from multiple resources that track COVID-19 and visualizes them through an interactive, online dashboard. It displays COVID-19 data from every county and 188 metropolitan areas in the U.S. Features include rankings of the worst affected areas and auto-generating plots that depict temporal changes in testing capacity, cases, and deaths. Our team developed a methodology to aggregate county-level COVID-19 data into metropolitan areas and display these data in an interactive dashboard that updates in real-time. To track the proportion of each area''s residents that became infected or died of COVID-19, we used the U.S. Census Bureau''s 2019 population estimate for each county to normalize data to tests, cases, and deaths per 10,000 residents. Users can view COVID-19 cases and deaths from The NYT at the county, city, state, or national level, and the total number of tests reported by the COVID Tracking Project, including the breakdown between positive and negative tests, is shown for each state. doi = 10.1093/jamia/ocaa071 id = cord-332085-s58sd8e4 author = Wissmath, B. title = Understanding the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and containment measures: an empirical model of stress. date = 2020-05-16 keywords = covid-19; stress summary = title: Understanding the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and containment measures: an empirical model of stress. In particular, individuals who did not agree with the containment measures, as well as those who saw nothing positive in the crisis, experienced even higher levels of stress. To prevent stress, authorities should explain containment measures well, highlight positive aspects of the crisis, address worries, and facilitate support. Seeing positive aspects of the crisis, as well as agreement with the government''s containment strategy, are correlated, and both mitigate worries and boost perceived support. Highlighting positive aspects about the crisis and convincing people of the effectiveness and the necessity of containment measures may not only boost compliance, but also decrease stress, since individuals feel protected by the authorities and experience less worries. Understanding the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and containment measures: an empirical model of stress doi = 10.1101/2020.05.13.20100313 id = cord-318370-l2fdd4zt author = Wittayanakorn, Nunthasiri title = COVID-19’s Impact on Neurosurgical Training in Southeast Asia date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19; Indonesia; Philippines summary = Methods We conducted an online survey among neurosurgery residents in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand from 22 to 31 May 2020 using Google Forms. In this study, we aimed to describe the COVID-19 pandemic''s impact on neurosurgical training in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. The following data were collected: country of origin, residency training information (name of institution and year level), changes in neurosurgical department activities due to (emergency and elective surgeries, outpatient clinics, conferences, research activities), ongoing educational activities and availability of resources to support online learning, as well as information relevant to health worker safety (availability of personal protective equipment This is a survey on the impact of COVID-19 on neurosurgical training and education in Southeast Asia. During the pandemic, a higher percentage of neurosurgery residents from Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore continued to perform surgeries for brain tumors, spinal cord tumors, and degenerative diseases of the spine. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.073 id = cord-337813-r9okti1v author = Wiwanitkit, Viroj title = Delay and Differential Diagnosis and Screening for Symptoms of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-15 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-337813-r9okti1v title: Delay and Differential Diagnosis and Screening for Symptoms of COVID-19 cord_uid: r9okti1v The letter "Beware of Time Delay and Differential Diagnosis when Screening for Symptoms of COVID-19 in Surgical Cancer Patients" by Ghannam and Souadka 1 is very interesting. The authors conclude that "in low-risk COVID-19 urgent surgical procedures with an initial negative symptom screen, we recommend carrying out a new symptom screening before each patient movement." I agree with this suggestion. Symptomatic screening seems to be a poor screening tool because many patients can have no symptoms and transmit disease to medical personnel. The high cost of the polymerase chain reaction test might limit the use in some poor, developing countries. The most important consideration is the universal precautions practice for any patient undergoing an operation regardless of screening result. Beware of time delay and differential diagnosis when screening for symptoms of COVID-19 in surgical cancer patients doi = 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.05.014 id = cord-324385-v8onclcc author = Woertz, Eckart title = Wither the self-sufficiency illusion? Food security in Arab Gulf States and the impact of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; Gulf; food summary = Food accessibility for vulnerable population segments such as migrant labour is another issue that requires yet further policy measures, such as safety nets – whose expansion would be politically controversial if not impossible, however. Neither domestic self-sufficiency nor self-sufficiency by proxy (i.e. farmland abroad) are the main challenges, rather the management of value chains, food diplomacy to ensure the functionality of multilateral frameworks, tackling malnutrition and its consequences (e.g. obesity) and ensuring food accessibility for vulnerable segments of the populationsuch as migrant labour and people with insecure residency statuses. This all means that the Gulf countries find themselves in a relatively privileged position: their global supplies of agricultural products are unlikely to dry up in the foreseeable future, while their modern food value chains that are dominated by supermarkets and capital-intensive processing plants are less vulnerable to COVID-19-related disruptions. doi = 10.1007/s12571-020-01081-4 id = cord-270970-9gtnsyts author = Wolf, Michael S. title = Awareness, Attitudes, and Actions Related to COVID-19 Among Adults With Chronic Conditions at the Onset of the U.S. Outbreak: A Cross-sectional Survey date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19; health; table summary = In multivariable analyses, participants who were black, were living below the poverty level, and had low health literacy were more likely to be less worried about COVID-19, to not believe that they would become infected, and to feel less prepared for an outbreak. We did a time-sensitive study among higher-risk, older adults living with 1 or more chronic conditions to determine their current awareness of COVID-19, their perception of the seriousness of its threat, their level of worry and concern related to contracting the virus, whether it is affecting their daily routine or existing plans, how prepared they feel to handle an outbreak, and their confidence in the federal government response. In our study, disparities by race, socioeconomic status, and health literacy were not reflected in ratings of the seriousness of the COVID-19 threat, demonstrated knowledge of its symptom presentation or general means to prevent it, or reported changes to daily routines and plans. doi = 10.7326/m20-1239 id = cord-287076-uxuff57y author = Wolfson, Julia A. title = Food Insecurity and COVID-19: Disparities in Early Effects for US Adults date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; food; low summary = The short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are magnifying existing disparities and disproportionately affecting low-income, food-insecure households that already struggle to meet basic needs. The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, and the associated social and economic response [10] (e.g., school closures, stay at home orders, business closures, and job losses) have the potential to dramatically increase food insecurity and its related health disparities among already at-risk populations. We designed a web-based (Qualtrics) survey to measure the initial effects of COVID-19 on low-income adults in the United States (US) in mid-March 2020, just as some states were beginning to implement school closures and "stay at home" orders. This study presents results from a national survey of low-income adults in the US in the days immediately following the first major policy steps to enforce COVID-19-related social distancing measures on a wide scale in the US. doi = 10.3390/nu12061648 id = cord-338145-al2m9lou author = Wolka, Eskinder title = Awareness Towards Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) and Its Prevention Methods in Selected Sites in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Quick, Exploratory, Operational Assessment date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; God; disease; participant summary = The government of Ethiopia has taken several measures such as shutting down of schools including universities, restricting the movement of people under a State of Emergency (stay at home), introducing chains of training programs for health workers, identifying isolation areas and hospitalization sites, starting screening tests at Bole International Airport and different engagement in mobilizing resources including equipment, supplies, food, money and educating the people about the disease and preventive methods, and so on. Hand washing, avoiding hand shaking, wearing masks and gloves, using sanitizer, physical distancing, general personal hygiene, holy water, consuming hot drinks, chili papers, garlic and ginger were identified as prevention methods of the disease by participants of in-depth interview. Participants noted challenges like consistent availability of water, affordability of materials used to keep hygiene for the rural poor, keeping physical distancing in funeral area and markets, lack of awareness (particularly in rural areas), difficulty of avoiding usual trend of greetings like hand shaking in rural areas, not obeying rules and instructions, misunderstanding on lifting of some of the restrictions like allowing motorbike movement, stigmatizing people with cough. doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s266292 id = cord-327058-7cnuem33 author = Wong, Anna S. Y. title = Social capital and public health: responding to the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; health summary = We analyse current research with respect to mental health, public health policy compliance, and the provision of care for vulnerable populations, and highlight how considerations of bonding, bridging, and linking capital can contribute to health systems strengthening in the context of the COVID-19 response and recovery effort. CONCLUSIONS: This article argues that considerations of social capital – including virtual community building, fostering solidarity between high-risk and low-risk groups, and trust building between decision-makers, healthcare workers, and the public – offer a powerful frame of reference for understanding how response and recovery programs can be best implemented to effectively ensure the inclusive provision of COVID-19 health services. As countries adopt urgent public health measures in response to the many challenges posed by COVID-19, lessons learned from public health intervention studies that link enhanced social capital with improved mental health outcomes, greater community buy-in, and the extension of health services to vulnerable populations suggest a critical role for social capital in ensuring a rapid adjustment to today''s new public health reality. doi = 10.1186/s12992-020-00615-x id = cord-292952-z7ajsf2r author = Wong, Anselm title = COVID‐19 and toxicity from potential treatments: Panacea or poison date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = One of the repercussions of promotion of medications/treatments prior to the results of large robust clinical trials being available is that people may start to self-medicate and potentially overdose. As emergency doctors, we need to be able to tease out the disease process of COVID-19 from potential side effects of trial medications or overdose of these. A small (n = 42), non-randomised open label trial showed decreased viral load in patients receiving hydroxychloroquine (600 mg daily for 10 days) and azithromycin. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial No evidence of clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 infection and requiring oxygen: results of a study using routinely collected data to emulate a target trial Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1111/1742-6723.13537 id = cord-303072-3whrbuq6 author = Wong, Fui Lin title = Disruption of paediatric orthopaedic hospital services due to the COVID-19 pandemic in a region with minimal COVID-19 illness date = 2020-08-01 keywords = Australia; covid-19 summary = PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric orthopaedic services in a paediatric tertiary hospital in South Australia. Conclusion Despite an overall decline in all paediatric orthopaedic hospital activity, the number of emergency admissions for musculoskeletal conditions did not change. In contrast to other developed countries with advanced healthcare systems, such as the USA and UK, Australia has seen rapid control of COVID-19 case numbers with minimal mortality rate, despite initiating lockdown and restricting non-urgent elective surgeries in a similar timeframe (Table 1) . Data were sourced for outpatient clinics attendance, ED presentations, musculoskeletal-related hospital admissions and surgeries performed within a six-week period between 16 March 2020 and 26 April 2020 (weeks 12 to 17 of 2020). All patients admitted to the hospital for paediatric orthopaedic surgery within the study period were identified and reviewed for: demographics, diagnosis, admission category (elective, emergency), type of surgical procedures and length of stay. doi = 10.1302/1863-2548.14.200140 id = cord-308680-moligska author = Wong, Justin title = Epidemiological Investigation of the First 135 COVID-19 Cases in Brunei: Implications for Surveillance, Control, and Travel Restrictions date = 2020-08-14 keywords = Brunei; case; covid-19 summary = We report findings from the epidemiological investigation of the initial 135 COVID-19 cases in Brunei and describe the impact of control measures and travel restrictions. Regular and ongoing testing of high-risk groups to supplement the existing surveillance program and a phased easing of physical distancing measures has helped maintain suppression of the COVID-19 outbreak in Brunei, as evidenced by the identification of only six additional cases from April 5 to August 5, 2020. Here, we report findings from the first 135 COVID-19 cases, detected within the first 5 weeks of the local epidemic, along with their epidemiological, clinical, and transmission characteristics. In Hong Kong, case isolation and contact tracing were combined with other physical distancing measures (but no lockdown), which resulted in an estimated effective reproduction number near 1 for 8 weeks. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0771 id = cord-035443-mkba8f1e author = Wong, Leslie P. title = COVID-19 and Elder Health Inequity in Dialysis date = 2020-11-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = As the pandemic surfaced, dialysis facilities rapidly implemented new infection control protocols to screen, triage, and cohort patients based on symptoms and history of exposure to COVID-19. But the safety precautions dialysis facilities implement cannot be maintained reliably for many patients in LTC. Maintaining six-foot boundaries is nearly impossible in living quarters where rooms and bathrooms are often shared and distancing efforts are LTC facilities have been the target of much public scorn for their care during the pandemic, but in many respects were "sitting ducks" for COVID-19 (8, 10) . Caring for dialysis patients in a time of COVID-19 COVID-19 Infection Risk Among Hemodialysis Patients in Long-Term Care Facilities Long-Term Care Policy after Covid-19 -Solving the Nursing Home Crisis Uncovering the Devaluation of Nursing Home Staff During COVID-19: Are We Fuelling the Next Health Care Crisis? doi = 10.1016/j.xkme.2020.11.002 id = cord-336591-a31oe7kc author = Wong, Martin title = Evaluation on different non-pharmaceutical interventions during COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of 139 countries date = 2020-06-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We extracted the rate of increase in cumulative incidence for each country between 15 April to 30 April, 2020 from the COVID-19 data repository of the Johns Hopkins Centre for Systems Science and Engineering [3] . A linear regression model was constructed to examine the association between average stringency index and increase in incidence of COVID-19 cases as the outcome variable. The distribution of the Government response stringency index in various countries shows its increase over time (01 March, 2020 to 31, March 2020) [7] , probably due to the increase in incidence in this period. In multivariaable regression analysis of data in 139 countries (Table 1) , a higher stringency index was significantly associated with lower incidence increase between 15 The findings of this study showed that more stringent containment and control measures could potentially lead to better COVID-19 pandemic control. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.044 id = cord-287823-avi14ee5 author = Wong, Martin CS title = The potential impact of vulnerability and coping capacity on the pandemic control of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-28 keywords = covid-19 summary =  We examined if these dimensions were associated with COVID-19 pandemic control  Higher vulnerability and poorer coping capacity were associated with poorer control  Modifying these two dimensions might potentially mitigate COVID-19 pandemic control Dear Editor, Worldwide, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has induced a substantial global burden. On the contrary, a recent study published in the Journal of Infection examined the association between country-specific global health security index (GHSI) and the burden of COVID-19, but the findings showed that countries with higher GHSI did not have higher COVID-19 rate and had greater number of COVID-19 cases and deaths. We aimed to evaluate if countries with lower vulnerability and higher coping capacity were associated with better control of the COVID-19 pandemic, as measured by incidence and mortality outcomes. From multivariate regression analysis ( Table 1) , countries with higher vulnerability were significantly associated with higher maximum 14-day cumulative incidence since the first case ( coefficient Our findings imply that reducing vulnerability and enhancing capacity to cope could potentially mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.060 id = cord-323363-mcmce24i author = Wong, Raymond L.M. title = COVID-19 Pandemic: Ways Forward date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = However, we have featured an article entitled, "COVID-19: Special Precautions in Ophthalmic Practice and FAQs on Personal Protection and Mask Selection" in the current issue of the Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology (APJO). The American Academy of Ophthalmology also publishes daily updates on their web page, providing information regarding the disease, mode of transmission, updates on case numbers, and new findings: https://www.aao.org/headline/ d6e1ca3c-0c30-4b20-87e0-7668fa5bf906 4. The Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology through its official journal, APJO, has also established a "COVID-19: FAQs" to serve as a resource platform not just for issues related to the understanding and prevention of the disease, but also other things such as humanity, government policy, market response, art, and science of COVID-19: https://apjo-covid-faqs.org/ 5. Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: a data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak Stepping up infection control measures in ophthalmology during the novel coronavirus outbreak: an experience from Hong Kong doi = 10.1097/apo.0000000000000283 id = cord-312730-4ejjmab4 author = Wong, Rebecca S. Y. title = The SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak: an Epidemiological and Clinical Perspective date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak started with the detection of an increasing number of pneumonia cases of unknown origin in Wuhan, China, since December 2019. In response to the rapidly growing number of confirmed cases and deaths, some measures taken by the Chinese authorities include the quarantine of millions of its citizens with the unprecedented lockdown of many cities, in an attempt to contain the virus and slow down the spread of the disease [3] . One study in China reported a young 22-year-old male who spread SARS-CoV-2 infection to his contacts (1 relative and 6 classmates, all of which were youngsters from 16 to 23 years) just after a few-hour contact during the incubation period, when he was totally asymptomatic [18] , suggesting that the disease is highly infectious during the incubation period. doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00546-z id = cord-328455-kg2pg8y2 author = Wong, S.-C. title = Is it possible to achieve 100 percent hand hygiene compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic? date = 2020-05-15 keywords = covid-19 summary = Since the SARS-CoV-2 is predominantly transmitted via droplet and contact routes, hand hygiene with appropriate PPE are key infection control measures to protect HCWs. 2 We therefore expected hand hygiene compliance among our HCWs to increase further during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is unexpected to observe relatively lower hand hygiene compliance among HCWs working in ward B, of which some of the beds are used for caring suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients. Hand hygiene among HCWs has become even more important in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, 6 especially with evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission while presymptomatic or asymptomatic. Absence of nosocomial transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 in the pre-pandemic phase in Hong Kong Hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers in two paediatric units before and during COVID-19 pandemic All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.016 id = cord-291851-xesef17i author = Wong, Yu-Jun title = A systematic review and meta-analysis of the COVID-19 associated liver injury date = 2020-08-31 keywords = covid-19; liver; study summary = Our meta-analysis aims to compare the risks and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 associated liver injury among adults with severe and non-severe COVID-19. The objective of this meta-analysis is to compare the risk and clinical outcome of COVID-19 associated liver injury between COVID-19 patients with severe and non-severe COVID-19. In this meta-analysis, we included all studies that met the following inclusion criteria: (1) population: adult patients infected with the COVID-19, (2) reported outcome data on liver enzymes derangement (3) reported outcome data on the risk or severity of liver injury between severe and non-severe COVID-19. We extracted data on the demographic of study populations (age, gender, sample size, the proportion of subjects with baseline chronic liver disease and the use of Lopinavir/ritonavir) as well as the pattern of COVID-19 associated liver injury (ALT, AST, bilirubin, albumin and GGT) from all included studies. and performed a meta-analysis on the severity and risk of COVID-19 associated liver injury in these patients. doi = 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.08.064 id = cord-291661-hn1z0817 author = Wood, David A. title = Precautions and Procedures for Coronary and Structural Cardiac Interventions during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Guidance from Canadian Association of Interventional Cardiology date = 2020-03-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This document from the Canadian Association of Interventional Cardiology -Association Canadienne de Cardiologie d''intervention, specifically addresses the implications for the care of patients in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory (CCL) in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic. We believe the framework and recommendations in this document will provide crucial guidance for clinicians and policy makers on the management of coronary and structural procedures in the CCL as the COVID-19 pandemic escalates and eventually abates. We believe the framework and recommendations in this document will provide crucial guidance for clinicians and policy makers on the management of coronary and structural procedures in the CCL as the COVID-19 pandemic escalates and eventually abates. In summary, we believe the above framework and the recommendations in Table 1 will provide crucial guidance for clinicians and policy makers on the management of coronary and structural procedures in the CCL as the COVID-19 pandemic escalates and eventually abates. doi = 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.03.027 id = cord-332932-mq36xpai author = Wood, David A. title = Safe Reintroduction of Cardiovascular Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Guidance from North American Society Leadership date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; PPE summary = In this consensus report, we harmonize recommendations from North American cardiovascular societies and provide guidance on the safe reintroduction of invasive cardiovascular procedures and diagnostic tests after the initial peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. As discussed below, COVID-19 testing of potential patients and health care workers (HCW), as well as personal protective equipment (PPE), must also be carefully monitored to minimize the risk of shortages as the pandemic escalates and abates. 2) COVID-19 Screening: Encourage routine screening of all patients prior to any cardiovascular procedure or test to ensure the safety of HCWs. This testing may include nasopharyngeal swabs and saliva or rapid antibody tests and should be guided by local institutional infectious disease experts and closely coordinated with regional public health officials. It provides an ethical framework with appropriate safeguards for the gradual reintroduction of invasive cardiovascular procedures and diagnostics tests after the initial peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.063 id = cord-258725-z79gel8h author = Wood, R. title = Sharing a household with children and risk of COVID-19: a study of over 300,000 adults living in healthcare worker households in Scotland date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Methods Using a Scotland-wide record-linkage based occupational cohort comprising healthcare workers and members of their households, we examined whether sharing a household with young children (aged 0 to 11) attenuated the risk of hospitalisation with COVID-19, and/or testing positive for COVID-19 infection of any severity (any case of Covid-19). Similar, but slightly stronger associations were found when the analysis was restricted to households where at least one member of staff had a patient-facing role (fully adjusted model, HR per child 0.83; 95% CI 0.68-1.02, Supplementary Table S3), a group with greater occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 than non-patient facing healthcare workers, although on formally testing for an interaction between patient facing and non-patient facing groups, the coefficient included the null, (P-value for interaction = 0.80). doi = 10.1101/2020.09.21.20196428 id = cord-269958-nj0ub9in author = Woods, Eric Taylor title = COVID‐19, nationalism, and the politics of crisis: A scholarly exchange date = 2020-07-19 keywords = COVID-19; China; Greenfeld; States; United; chinese; nationalism; pandemic summary = This is deepening as Taiwan gains substantial support from other democratic states, while China appears to be taking advantage of the health crisis to step up its naval and air force intrusions into the waters around the island and into the South China Sea. This growing linkage of the pandemic with the national security of the United States and China creates a context within which individuals in both countries are likely to be harassed as carriers of COVID-19, especially in the context of the rising populism that is highlighted by Miller-Idriss. doi = 10.1111/nana.12644 id = cord-307512-70j4vn78 author = Worku, Elliott title = Provision of ECPR during COVID-19: evidence, equity, and ethical dilemmas date = 2020-07-27 keywords = CCPR; COVID-19; ECMO; ECPR summary = The logistics of patient selection, expedient cannulation, healthcare worker safety, and post-resuscitation care must be weighed against the ethical considerations of providing an intervention of contentious benefit at a time when critical care resources are being overwhelmed by pandemic demand. The first is in-hospital cannulation, whereby patients suffering an IHCA or OHCA who fail to achieve ROSC with standard CCPR and advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) may be cannulated for ECPR. b Expedient cannulation and establishment of extracorporeal perfusion is a requisite of an effective ECPR; for OHCA, this may occur: (i) on-scene cannulation by mobile ECMO practitioners and (ii) rapid retrieval to ECPR hospital recognising those patients who might benefit from ECPR, requirements for donning personal protective equipment (PPE), impaired ambulance response times, and lack of critical care resources, may preclude the use of ECPR even in those who would otherwise be eligible. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03172-2 id = cord-316906-0x3j41ae author = Woznitza, N. title = COVID-19: A case series to support radiographer preliminary clinical evaluation date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 5 The British Society of Thoracic Imaging (BSTI) have developed a clinical decision support tool to aid clinicians, radiographers and radiologists when managing patients where COVID-19 is within the differential diagnosis e the chest radiograph (CXR) forms the bedrock of this tool. 8 As radiographers are almost invariably the first practitioner to see the diagnostic image, it follows that radiographer PCE and triage for an immediate clinical report plays a vital role in identifying possible COVID-19 patients. Rapid radiographer PCE and triage will facilitate prompt reporting of the investigation, aid patient diagnosis and management decisions in a timely way. Mobile chest radiograph (Fig. 1) demonstrates classical findings associated with COVID-19 of bilateral, predominantly peripheral lower zone ground glass and interstitial opacification. b. Repeat chest radiograph day 5 with bilateral ground glass opacification in the lower zones (Classic/ Probable COVID-19) . c. Repeat chest radiograph day 7 with diffuse bilateral ground glass opacification (Classic/Probable COVID). doi = 10.1016/j.radi.2020.04.002 id = cord-320822-etibcspx author = Wright, Franklin L. title = Fibrinolysis Shutdown Correlates to Thromboembolic Events in Severe COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; TEG; VTE summary = CONCLUSIONS: Fibrinolysis shutdown, as evidenced by elevated D-Dimer and complete failure of clot lysis at 30 minutes on thromboelastography, predicts thromboembolic events and need for hemodialysis in critically ill patients with COVID-19. While not significant, thrombotic stroke rate was also increased from 7% to 30% (p=0.274 In the trauma population, hypercoagulable TEG parameters predict venous thromboembolism (VTE) 2.4 -6.7 fold higher based on higher maximum amplitude (MA) parameters despite appropriate prophylactic anticoagulation [16] [17] [18] [19] . Elevated D-dimer levels were also associated with potential micro-thrombotic disease leading to Recently, acute fibrinolysis shutdown has been demonstrated in early sepsis and found to correlate to increased morbidity and mortality 32 . A TEG LY30 of 0% and a D-dimer of greater than 2600 ng/ml together suggest complete fibrinolysis shutdown and markedly elevated risk of renal failure, VTE, and thrombotic events. doi = 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.05.007 id = cord-323616-53kksp5w author = Wright, L. title = What predicts adherence to COVID-19 government guidelines? Longitudinal analyses of 51,000 UK adults. date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; October; international summary = We find evidence that increased confidence in government to tackle the pandemic is longitudinally related to higher compliance, but little evidence that factors such as mental health and wellbeing, worries about future adversities, and social isolation and loneliness are related to changes in compliance. Therefore, in this paper we use data from a weekly panel of 51,600 adults across twelve weeks of lockdown in the UK (01 April -22 June) to explore which factors out of a wide range drawn from the literature cited above were associated with self-reported adherence to government guidelines to tackle COVID-19. Our study presents a substantial advance on previous research by exploiting the longitudinal structure of our data to test for reverse causality and to account for time-invariant heterogeneity across individuals, and by using Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models (RI-CLPM) 42 to assess whether within-person changes in potential predictors of compliance are related to later changes in compliance, a question that is more consistent with a causal process 43 . doi = 10.1101/2020.10.19.20215376 id = cord-326874-rdwvsm4s author = Wu, Chaomin title = Corticosteroid therapy for coronavirus disease 2019-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a cohort study with propensity score analysis date = 2020-11-10 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; corticosteroid summary = In Cox regression analysis using corticosteroid treatment as a time-varying variable, corticosteroid treatment was associated with a significant reduction in risk of in-hospital death within 60 days after adjusting for age, sex, SOFA score at hospital admission, propensity score of corticosteroid treatment, comorbidities, antiviral treatment, and respiratory supports (HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.21, 0.85; p = 0.0160). CONCLUSION: In this clinical practice setting, low-dose corticosteroid treatment was associated with reduced risk of in-hospital death within 60 days in COVID-19 patients who developed ARDS. However, there was comprehensive controversy on its efficacy [9, 10] , due to the results of observational studies that showed corticosteroid treatment was associated with increased mortality and nosocomial infections for influenza and delayed virus clearance for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) [11] . In this observational study, prescription of low-to-moderate dose systemic corticosteroids was associated with lower risk of 60-day in-hospital death among COVID-19 patients who developed ARDS. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03340-4 id = cord-332100-l3r7qxxm author = Wu, Chaomin title = Mental health status and related influencing factors of COVID‐19 survivors in Wuhan, China date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 4 However, few studies have reported the post-discharge follow-up status, especially the mental health status of COVID-19 survivors. As shown in Table 2 , survivors with post-discharge respiratory symptoms, worry about recurrence, or worry about infection to others had significantly increased incidence of anxiety (P < .05). Female, or survivors with post-discharge respiratory symptoms, worry about recurrence, worry about infection to others, or home quarantine lifestyle had significantly increased incidence of depression (P < .05). In this study, we conducted a post-discharge follow-up of COVID-19 survivors. We Chinese experts pointed out that SARS-CoV-2 RNA turning into positive in survivors is not equal to recurrence or re-infection. We found anxiety and depression are significantly associated with post-discharge residual symptoms, worry about recurrence, and worry about infection to others. In summary, about 10% of COVID-19 survivors develop anxiety or depression, because of post-discharge residual respiratory symptoms, worry about recurrence, and infection to others. doi = 10.1002/ctm2.52 id = cord-024613-yump76qu author = Wu, Chunxing title = Recommendations for control and prevention of infections for pediatric orthopedics during the epidemic period of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; medical summary = Combined with our experience, we have consulted the relevant national regulations and the latest research advances and have formulated the prevention and control measures of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including outpatient, emergency, inpatient and surgical cares, for clinical practices of pediatric orthopedics according to the physicochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2. Combined with our experience, we have consulted the relevant national regulations and the latest research advances and have formulated the prevention and control measures of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including outpatient, emergency, inpatient and surgical cares for pediatric orthopedics, pediatric surgery and others. reCommendAtion formAtion proCeSS Given the high demand of patients for medical treatment and the need to protect medical staff from infectious diseases, a recommendation working group "Recommendation Formulating Team for Pediatric Orthopedic Infection controls during the Epidemic''s Period of COVID-19" (including all authors) was formed to focus on relevant issues for protection of medical staff in pediatric surgery, pediatric orthopedics, infectious diseases department, anesthesiology department, and nursing department to hospital administrators. doi = 10.1136/wjps-2020-000124 id = cord-335859-k37jivp6 author = Wu, Daphne C. title = Predictors of self-reported symptoms and testing for COVID-19 in Canada using a nationally representative survey date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID; SARS summary = To understand the socio-demographic predictors of COVID symptoms, we conducted a logistic regression analysis where the outcome was self-reported symptoms suggestive of COVID infection which we defined in this study as the respondent reporting himself/herself and/or at least one member of the household having had a combination of fever (with or without hallucinations) and any of i) difficulty breathing/shortness of breath or ii) dry cough so severe that it disrupts sleep or iii) a loss of a sense of smell in the past month; and the explanatory variables were gender (male, female, or other), education level (high school and under, or some college/ university and higher), province, age, ethnicity (Indigenous, English and other European, or others), visible minority (defined as persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are nonwhite in race or colour) [6] , and number of household members. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240778 id = cord-334973-jemeyudi author = Wu, Dingye title = Analysis of the lymphocyte count in type 2 diabetic patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A retrospective study in a centralized treatment center date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Analysis of the lymphocyte count in type 2 diabetic patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A retrospective study in a centralized treatment center Hospitalization days, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleic acid positive days, minimal lymphocyte count, and occurrence time were collected and comparatively analyzed. In addition, a multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the effect of diabetes on minimal lymphocyte count and its emergence time, patient''s hospitalization days, and SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid positive days by adjusting for potential confounding factors including age; gender; BMI; SBP; DBP; and ALT, AST, and Cr levels. This single center, observational, retrospective study of patients with COVID-19 showed that, patients with T2DM have higher CRP, lower level and more rapid decline in lymphocyte count, and longer hospitalization time than those without T2DM. Our study found a decrease in lymphocyte count in patients with COVID-19, and the lower the lymphocyte count, the longer SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid positive days and hospitalization days. doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108340 id = cord-285897-ahysay2l author = Wu, Guangyao title = Development of a Clinical Decision Support System for Severity Risk Prediction and Triage of COVID-19 Patients at Hospital Admission: an International Multicenter Study date = 2020-07-02 keywords = covid-19; model; patient summary = OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate machine-learning model based on clinical features for severity risk assessment and triage for COVID-19 patients at hospital admission. CONCLUSION: The machine-learning model, nomogram, and online-calculator might be useful to access the onset of severe and critical illness among COVID-19 patients and triage at hospital admission. Therefore, our objective is to develop and validate a prognostic machine-learning model based on clinical, laboratory, and radiological variables of COVID-19 patients at hospital admission for severity risk assessment during hospitalization, and compare the performance with that of PSI as a representative clinical assessment method. This international multicenter study analyzed individually and in combination, clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics for COVID-19 patients at hospital admission, to retrospectively develop and prospectively validate a prognostic model and tool to assess the severity of the illness, and its progression, and to compare these with PSI scoring. doi = 10.1183/13993003.01104-2020 id = cord-299869-4yjyqjpe author = Wu, J. title = Systemic corticosteroids show no benefit in severe and critical COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study date = 2020-05-14 keywords = corticosteroid; covid-19 summary = Background: Systemic corticosteroids are recommended by some treatment guidelines and used in severe and critical COVID-19 patients, though evidence supporting such use is limited. We performed multivariable Cox models, Cox model with time-varying exposure and propensity score analysis (both inverse-probability-of-treatment-weighting (IPTW) and propensity score matching (PSM)) to estimate the association of corticosteroid use with the risk of in-hospital mortality among severe and critical cases. For critical COVID-19 patients at admission, results were consistent with former analysis that corticosteroid use did not reduce in-hospital mortality. Two studies of patients with SARS and influenza A (H1N1) viral pneumonia showed that the use of systemic corticosteroids was associated with reduced mortality in critical patients [6, 8] . 11.20097709 doi: medRxiv preprint harm or benefit for the use of systemic corticosteroids in severe and critical COVID-19 patients. Corticosteroid use showed no benefit in reducing in-hospital mortality either in severe or in critical COVID-19 cases. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.11.20097709 id = cord-307646-4m80o5yw author = Wu, Jianfeng title = Systemic corticosteroids and mortality in severe and critical COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China date = 2020-09-03 keywords = Cox; corticosteroid; covid-19 summary = Multivariable Cox models, Cox model with time-varying exposure and propensity score analysis (inverse-probability-of-treatment-weighting (IPTW) and propensity score matching (PSM)) were used to estimate the association of corticosteroid use with risk of in-hospital mortality in severe and critical cases. Compared to non-corticosteroid group, systemic corticosteroid use was not associated with beneficial effect in reducing in-hospital mortality in both severe cases (HR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.08-2.89, p=0.023), and critical cases (HR=2.07, 95% CI: 1.08-3.98, p=0.028). Two studies of patients with SARS and influenza A (H1N1) viral pneumonia showed that the use of systemic corticosteroids was associated with reduced mortality in critical patients (6, 8) . In the current study, we analysed the clinical data of 1514 severe and 249 critical COVID-19 cases from two medical centres in Wuhan city and investigated if the effects of systemic corticosteroids seen in Recovery trial were observed in the Wuhan dataset. doi = 10.1210/clinem/dgaa627 id = cord-319860-zouscolw author = Wu, Jianhua title = Place and causes of acute cardiovascular mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-28 keywords = covid-19; death summary = The greatest proportional increase of excess COVID-19-related acute CV death was due to pulmonary embolism (251, a proportional increase of 11%) followed by stroke (562, a proportional increase of 6%), acute coronary syndrome (318, a proportional increase of 5%), cardiac arrest (93, a proportional increase of 6%) and heart failure (273, a proportional increase of 4%) (figure 2, table 2). The most frequent causes of excess acute CV death in care homes and hospices were stroke (715, a proportional increase of 39%) and heart failure (227, a proportional increase of 25%), which compared with acute coronary syndrome (768, a proportional increase of 41%) and heart failure (734, a proportional increase of 33%) at home, and pulmonary embolism (155, a proportional increase of 13%) and cardiogenic shock (55, a proportional increase of 15%) in hospital ( figure 3, table 3 ). ► Our study of all adult deaths in England and Wales between 1 January 2014 and 30 June 2020 has quantified the CV mortality impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, be this related to contagion and/or the public response. doi = 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317912 id = cord-332944-yqhuh3gc author = Wu, Jianhua title = Patient response, treatments and mortality for acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-30 keywords = AMI; COVID-19; NSTEMI summary = Over the three time periods, the median length of hospital stay changed from 3 to 2 to 3 days, and crude all-cause mortality at 30 days decreased from 10.2% pre lockdown to 7.7% in the decline phase and increased to 8.3% in the recovery phase (Supplement table 1, Figure 4) . The onset of social containmenta state of lockdownto reduce the spread of COVID19 infection has been associated with almost 50% decline in hospitalisations with AMI and a significantly higher early mortality for NSTEMI until the nadir of admissions, despite high levels of in-hospital care. What is more, the COVID-19 pandemic has enabled a natural experiment of the NHS AMI services in England indicating that for NSTEMI the duration of time to receive an invasive coronary strategy may be dramatically reduced when the ratio of staff and facilities to patients is increased. doi = 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa062 id = cord-252050-e71b15vg author = Wu, Jie title = Pharmacy services at a temporary COVID-19 hospital in Wuhan, China date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19; hospital summary = a To ensure effective treatment of patients with COVID-19 admitted to these COVID-19 ark hospitals, a range of pharmacy services had to be provided, including formulation of a catalog of required drugs, medication supply chain management, storage of drugs, medication dispensing, and evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of drug therapy. The outbreak of COVID-19, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), 1 emerged in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province, in December 2019. 5 As the local epidemic was getting worse, health officials recognized a problem: the growing number of patients with mild COVID-19, whose initial symptoms did not require admission to one of the city''s established acute care hospitals but who might spread the illness among family members if they continued to reside in the community. 7 The COVID-19 ark hospitals, typically housing a medical function unit, ward unit, and technical support unit, provided services ranging from clinical examination to emergency treatment and surgical intervention. Establishing and managing a temporary coronavirus disease 2019 specialty hospital in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa160 id = cord-315656-asvf4roo author = Wu, Junjiao title = Revisiting the Immune Balance Theory: A Neurological Insight Into the Epidemic of COVID-19 and Its Alike date = 2020-10-15 keywords = ACE2; CNS; COVID-19; IL-6; SARS summary = However, in the central nervous system (CNS), the activation of resident immune cells including microglia and astrocytes may lead to chronic immune imbalance, which underlies the potential long-term effects in synaptic changes and neuropsychiatric impairments. (II) Multiple organ failure in severe COVID-19 is caused by the systemic acute immune responses, the cytokine storm, and unsurprisingly caused the brain inflammation and led to encephalitis. Apart from the direct infection of the brain, SARS-CoV-2 may cause neurological disorders indirectly by triggering an over-activated immune responses, characterized as cytokine storm. Although with exciting benefits, the inhibition of IL-6 pathway works mostly for severe cases, the long-term treatment strategy against the SARS-CoV-2 infection requires the rapid development of effective anti-viral drugs and, more importantly, vaccines. However, in addition to protective effects, microglia may also mediate hippocampal presynaptic membrane damage through complement system, resulting in long-term memory impairment and cognitive decline in patients with encephalitis, caused by coronavirus or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (69) . doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.566680 id = cord-197818-asd39zbj author = Wu, Kai title = Magnetic Immunoassays: A Review of Virus and Pathogen Detection Before and Amidst the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; GMR; NMR; SARS; detection; magnetic summary = In this review, magnetic biosensors'' application in virus and pathogen detection will be summarized and discussed based on the different working principle of the technologies. [69] The key take-away point here is that several experimental demonstrations of the magnetic assays for virus detection based on GMRs and the reported LOD indicate that GMR-based bioassay is one of the promising candidates for onsite, rapid, and sensitive detection of COVID-19. reported the volume-based MPS immunoassay platform utilizing the polyclonal antibodies induced cross-linking of MNPs for one-step, wash-free detection of H1N1 nucleoprotein molecules. In this section, we reviewed some representative works that use magnetic materials are auxiliary tools for high sensitivity virus and pathogen detections, as summarized in Table 3 . We reviewed the magnetic immunoassay literatures prior to COVID-19 and highlighted some promising tools for detecting pathogens as well as viruses with high specificity and sensitivity. Magnetic quantum dot based lateral flow assay biosensor for multiplex and sensitive detection of protein toxins in food samples doi = nan id = cord-282219-7kzbnymp author = Wu, Liu title = The effect of massage on the quality of life in patients recovering from COVID-19: A systematic review protocol date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; massage; patient summary = title: The effect of massage on the quality of life in patients recovering from COVID-19: A systematic review protocol Secondary outcomes were accompanying symptoms (such as myalgia, expectoration, stuffiness, runny nose, pharyngalgia, anhelation, chest distress, dyspnea, crackles, headache, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea) disappear rate, negative COVID-19 results rate on 2 consecutive occasions (not on the same day), average hospitalization time, clinical curative effect, and improved quality of life. CONCLUSION: The conclusion of our study will provide evidence to judge whether massage is an effective intervention on the quality of life in patients recovering. [6] Coronaviruses (CoVs), mainly targeting human respiratory system, are responsible for health-threatening outbreaks including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome, and lastly coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We will include articles related to massage therapy of patients recovering from COVID-19. This article will use the evidence quality rating method to evaluate the results obtained from this analysis. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000020529 id = cord-318044-podm4mjd author = Wu, P. title = The Trans-omics Landscape of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-22 keywords = covid-19; figure summary = In addition to the above abundant structural lipid classes, 314 several bioactive lipids also changed significantly in the symptomatic groups, including 315 lysophosphatidylcholine (inhibiting endotoxin-induced release of late proinflammatory cytokine) (Yan et al., 2004) and lysophosphatidyliositol (an endogenous agonist for 317 GPR55 whose activation regulates several pro-inflammatory cytokines) Cancino et al., 2017), suggesting that lipidome changes that interfere with cell 319 membrane integrity and normal functions or disturb inflammatory and immune states 320 may play important and complex roles in COVID-19 disease development ( Figure S9) . However, comprehensive analysis of multi-omics data 379 within a large cohort remains lacking, especially for patients with various severity 380 grades, i.e., asymptomatic across the course of the disease to critically ill. Performance of Machine Learning Model to Predict COVID-19 Patient 1229 Severity of Asymptomatic, Mild, Severe and Critical using Multi-omics Data doi = 10.1101/2020.07.17.20155150 id = cord-354824-7fdcu2f0 author = Wu, Renyi title = An Update on Current Therapeutic Drugs Treating COVID-19 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; RNA; SARS; patient; treatment summary = Evolving research and clinical data regarding the virologic SARS-CoV-2 suggest a potential list of repurposed drugs with appropriate pharmacological effects and therapeutic efficacies in treating COVID-19 patients. This estimated 20% of patients developing more severe disease with SARS-CoV-2 infection are most likely due to genetics, epigenetics, and or other factors, with dampened innate immune response to fight the virus coupled with enhanced viral load leading to cytokine storm, severe inflammatory/oxidative stress response, and severe lung injury secondary to ARDS. Chloroquine can inhibit the entry of SARS-CoV-2 and prevent virus-cell fusion by interfering with glycosylation of ACE2 receptor and its binding with spike protein, suggesting that chloroquine treatment might be more effective in the early stage of infection, before COVID-19 reduces ACE2 expression and activity [30, 38, 39] . Chloroquine diphosphate in two different dosages as adjunctive therapy of hospitalized patients with severe respiratory syndrome in the context of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection: Preliminary safety results of a randomized, doubleblinded, phase IIb clinical trial (CloroCovid-19 Study) doi = 10.1007/s40495-020-00216-7 id = cord-267438-8e7wxzel author = Wu, Vincent title = Considerations for head and neck oncology practices during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic: Wuhan and Toronto experience date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; Neck; Toronto summary = We outline key practice considerations for personal protective equipment (PPE), triaging and decision making for new referrals, ongoing surgical care, and follow-up practices from the perspective of two large cancer institutions with experiences in pandemic management. To protect health care providers, the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery has stated that airborne precautions should be taken for all aerosolizing procedures including, but not limited to, the use of N95 respirators, face shields or goggles, gloves, gowns, disposable medical caps, and shoe covers. 37, 38 From an adjuvant therapy perspective, both the radiation oncology and medical oncology services across Toronto hospitals are adapting their practices to help mitigate risk to head and neck patients with cancer in the wake of COVID-19. Considerations for head and neck oncology practices during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: Wuhan and Toronto experience doi = 10.1002/hed.26205 id = cord-297362-mhtvrn0c author = Wu, Xian-rui title = Practice Patterns of Colorectal Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-11-05 keywords = covid-19; surgery summary = L., R.P.K.) mainly consisted of 4 domains: surgeon''s expertise and setting, practice patterns of colorectal surgery, factors associated with decision making for colorectal surgery, and safety and protection concerns of patients and health care providers. Colorectal cancer was the main indication for elective or emergent colorectal surgery during the pandemic as reported by 237 (65.3%) surgeons. 10 Consistent with this reality, this study showed that the percentage of surgeons who operated on at least 7 cases per week previous to the pandemic dropped significantly after the COVID-19 pandemic began, with emergent colorectal surgeries being less likely to be affected than elective cases. 11 This fact was reflected by the results of our survey which demonstrated that most surgeons reported colorectal cancer as the main indication for colorectal surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, a high percentage of participating surgeons felt that more patients could safely have had elective surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1097/dcr.0000000000001840 id = cord-284130-2q6qmex3 author = Wu, Xiao title = Exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: A nationwide cross-sectional study date = 2020-04-07 keywords = April; covid-19 summary = We investigated whether long-term average exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 death in the United States. Data sources: COVID-19 death counts were collected for more than 3,000 counties in the United States (representing 98% of the population) up to April 22, 2020 from Johns Hopkins University, Center for Systems Science and Engineering Coronavirus Resource Center. • Second, existing COVID-19 testing and case count data are unable to accurately capture the size of an outbreak in a given county, and the inability to fully adjust for this factor could induce confounding in our analyses (e.g., if counties with high PM 2.5 exposure also tend to have large outbreaks relative to the population size, then their death rates per unit population could appear differentially elevated, inducing a spurious correlation with PM 2.5 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.05.20054502 id = cord-315486-pjb5v1tc author = Wu, Xiaojun title = Different Laboratory Abnormalities in COVID-19 Patients with Hypertension or Diabetes date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = As expected, COVID-19 patients with health conditions like hypertension or diabetes had a longer length of hospital stay than those without, but this was at the limit of statistical significance (Fig. 1A , P = 0.07). These findings confirmed an increased disease severity in COVID-19 patients with hypertension or diabetes (Liu et al. SARS-CoV-2 infections lead to a fast activation of innate immune cells, especially in COVID-19 patients developing severe disease . These results suggest different mechanisms exist for hypertension or diabetes as risk factors for severe cases of COVID-19. Despite these limitations, we were able to identify different laboratory abnormalities on admission in COVID-19 patients with hypertension or diabetes, which might shed light on future mechanistic studies. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for covid-19 infection? Risk factors associated with disease severity and length of hospital stay in covid-19 patients doi = 10.1007/s12250-020-00296-1 id = cord-350130-c4u0gxp5 author = Wu, Yi-Chi title = The outbreak of COVID-19: An overview date = 2020-02-12 keywords = COVID-19; January; SARS summary = In late December 2019, a previous unidentified coronavirus, currently named as the 2019 novel coronavirus#, emerged from Wuhan, China, and resulted in a formidable outbreak in many cities in China and expanded globally, including Thailand, Republic of Korea, Japan, United States, Philippines, Viet Nam, and our country (as of 2/6/2020 at least 25 countries). The 2019-nCoV, SARS-CoV, and bat SARS-like CoV belong to Abstract: In late December 2019, a previous unidentified coronavirus, currently named as the 2019 novel coronavirus # , emerged from Wuhan, China, and resulted in a formidable outbreak in many cities in China and expanded globally, including Thailand, Republic of Korea, Japan, United States, Philippines, Viet Nam, and our country (as of 2/6/2020 at least 25 countries). The virus has a preferential tropism to human airway epithelial cells and the cellular receptor, The first confirmed nCoV case in Wuhan (no Huanan seafood market exposure) December 10 doi = 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000270 id = cord-280491-tarb3mu7 author = Wu, Yin title = Validation of the COVID-19 fears questionnaires for chronic medical conditions: A scleroderma patient-centered intervention network COVID-19 cohort study date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; Fears; Questionnaire summary = title: Validation of the COVID-19 fears questionnaires for chronic medical conditions: A scleroderma patient-centered intervention network COVID-19 cohort study 14 We used suggestions from 121 people with SSc and content analysis to develop a preliminary 15-item version of a fear measure for people with chronic medical conditions. The objectives of the present study were to (1) evaluate items for inclusion in the final COVID-19 Fears Questionnaire for Chronic Medical Conditions; (2) evaluate the factor structure, internal consistency reliability, and convergent validity of the questionnaire; and (3) verify the factor structure and other validity indictors in follow-up data. In addition to the COVID-19 Fears Questionnaire for Chronic Medical Conditions, we tested a SSc-specific version, which included an additional item that reflected fears of having to discontinue the use of immunosuppressant medications, which are used by approximately half of people with SSc. 48 The measurement properties did not change meaningfully by inclusion or exclusion of the item, but some patient advisors and team members believed that content validity of a measure for people with SSc required coverage of this topic. doi = 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110271 id = cord-272071-445ivhx0 author = Wunsch, Hannah title = Mechanical Ventilation in COVID-19: Interpreting the Current Epidemiology date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = What we are seeing in the current publications on COVID-19 are different rates of invasive mechanical ventilation across the world that have always existed, but these differences are now writ large because it is a particularly high-stakes game of worldwide data interpretation and a desperation to learn as much as possible from the experiences of others. This variability in preferences is intertwined with resources and always will be a huge factor in understanding the data coming out of different countries; for example, in 2008, Gray and colleagues published a large randomized controlled trial comparing noninvasive ventilation to conventional oxygen therapy for patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Similarly, information on care preferences, such as how many patients preferred not to receive mechanical ventilation (because of age, comorbidity, or other personal preference) would aid in interpreting data, such as when reporting that only 20.2% of those who died with COVID-19 received this intervention (12) . doi = 10.1164/rccm.202004-1385ed id = cord-304399-7t2mu13s author = Wynne, Keona Jeane title = Dying individuals and suffering populations: applying a population-level bioethics lens to palliative care in humanitarian contexts: before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; care; health; humanitarian; palliative; patient; population summary = Many healthcare professionals, emergency services staff and humanitarian workers, as well as organisational leaders and policy-makers are shaken by powerlessness, guilt and fear from witnessing COVID-19 deaths which could have been avoided with better preparation; from being aware of the suffering and loneliness of those who are dying, while all available staff are needed to fight for the lives of those with higher chances of survival; or, with a growing likelihood, from contemplating decisions about withholding or withdrawing critical treatment because of severe resource limitations. Yet until the COVID-19 pandemic, these challenges were not openly discussed in the context of palliative care-including in the WHO guide which is our main focuseven if they were a way of life for many humanitarian and emergency workers and intuitively sensed by individuals external to the sectors. doi = 10.1136/medethics-2019-105943 id = cord-328814-s3963anw author = XU, Jing title = Exploration on the feasibility of moxibustion in prevention and treatment of COVID-19 from the perspective of modern medical mechanism date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; effect; moxibustion; patient summary = From the perspective of modern medical mechanism, during the prevention and treatment of novel coronaviral infection, moxibustion may be able to prevent and treat COVID-19 by improving the body''s immunity so as to conquer virus, by anti-inflammation to alleviate the inflammatory response of COVID-19 and by improving lung function to inhibit pulmonary fibrosis. In the treatment with moxibustion and infrared irradiation for community-acquired pneumonia, the results of purulent sputum disappearance time, fever relief time, rale absorption time, inflammation absorption time in chest X-ray test, the time length of hospital stay and the changes in serum inflammatory indexes, as well as immune function indexes are all better than those in the control group with western medication, indicating a better therapeutic effect and the improvement of immune functions in the patients [21] . Discussion on the effect pathways of preventing and treating coronavirus disease 2019 by acupuncture and moxibustion from the regulation of immune inflammatory response doi = 10.1016/j.wjam.2020.06.001 id = cord-320426-fber0yzi author = Xia, Tianyi title = Small Solitary Ground-Glass Nodule on CT as an Initial Manifestation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia date = 2020-04-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Small Solitary Ground-Glass Nodule on CT as an Initial Manifestation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in 2019 led to large numbers of people being infected and developing atypical pneumonia (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19). However, we treated three patients with COVID-19 pneumonia initially manifesting as a solitary sub-centimeter nodule on baseline CT imaging in hospital. On baseline chest CT images, there was a sub-centimeter ground-glass nodule with an ill-defined margin in the right middle lobe during a period when the patient did not present with any symptoms (Fig. 3A) . The aim of this study was to alert radiologists that some patients with COVID-19 infection could have only a sub-centimeter ground-glass nodule on baseline chest CT images. Initial CT findings and temporal changes in patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia (2019-nCoV): a study of 63 patients in Wuhan, China doi = 10.3348/kjr.2020.0240 id = cord-344284-dn9nlcgs author = Xia, Wei title = Clinical and CT features in pediatric patients with COVID‐19 infection: Different points from adults date = 2020-03-05 keywords = covid-19 summary = PURPOSE: To discuss the different characteristics of clinical, laboratory, and chest computed tomography (CT) in pediatric patients from adults with 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) infection. METHODS: The clinical, laboratory, and chest CT features of 20 pediatric inpatients with COVID‐19 infection confirmed by pharyngeal swab COVID‐19 nucleic acid test were retrospectively analyzed during 23 January and 8 February 2020. Otherwise, under the circumference of wildly spread of COVID-19 and low detection rate by pharyngeal swab COVID-19 nucleic acid test, how to distinguish it from other common respiratory tract infection pathogens in pediatric patients is still a problem. As the clinical and imaging features of pediatric patients with COVID-19 infection were limited, we would like to present a series of 20 cases who have been identified by the pharyngeal swab COVID-19 nucleic acid test. Twenty pediatric inpatients with COVID-19 infection confirmed by pharyngeal swab COVID-19 nucleic acid test from 23 January to 8 February in Wuhan Children''s Hospital were included in this study. doi = 10.1002/ppul.24718 id = cord-293503-e7be12qb author = Xiang, Chao title = CT Findings in a Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia at Initial Presentation date = 2020-08-15 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = COVID-19 leads to respiratory infections similar to those of SARS and MERS, causing pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure, and even death. The CT image characteristics were recorded as follows: (a) lesion''s location (segment), (b) morphology (patchy, nodular, and linear), (c) distribution (single or multiple, peripheral or/and central), (d) type (ground-glass opacity, consolidation, and linear opacity), (e) pattern (reticulation, parenchymal bands, crazy-paving, and interlobular thickening), (f) atelectasis, (g) cavitation, (h) pleural effusion, (i) hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy, (j) bronchiectasis, and (k) air bronchogram. Although a patient with exposure history may be asymptomatic and obtained negative results of CT findings and viral nucleic acid test at initial presentation, the potential infection cannot be totally excluded, and performing repeating CT scan and coronavirus RNA test is needed. Ground-glass opacity and consolidation with multiple, bilateral, and lower lobe distribution are the main features of COVID-19 pneumonia at initial CT scan. doi = 10.1155/2020/5436025 id = cord-266238-922ncaay author = Xiang, Mi title = Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents'' lifestyle behavior larger than expected date = 2020-04-30 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents'' lifestyle behavior larger than expected It is well-known that reduced PA and prolonged SB are linked to both negative physical and mental health outcomes, 2 such as loss of muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness, weight gain, 3 psychosocial problems, 4 and even poor academic achievements. 9 Therefore, governments, schools, professionals for health and exercise, and parents need to be aware of the severe situation and implement more effective interventions for PA immediately to minimize the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children''s and adolescents'' health. Physical activity and sedentary time in relation to academic achievement in children Global recommendations on physical activity for health Global trends in insufficient physical Journal Pre-proof adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants A tale of two pandemics: How will COVID-19 and global trends in physical inactivity and sedentary behavior affect one another? doi = 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.013 id = cord-295357-dv1fxprr author = Xiang, Yu-Tao title = The COVID-19 outbreak and psychiatric hospitals in China: managing challenges through mental health service reform date = 2020-03-15 keywords = China; covid-19 summary = title: The COVID-19 outbreak and psychiatric hospitals in China: managing challenges through mental health service reform We outlined major challenges for patients with psychiatric disorders and mental health professionals during the COVID-19 outbreak, and also discussed how to manage these challenges through further mental health service reform in China. On 8 February 2020 an alarming report in the China News Weekly emerged that [1] at least 50 inpatients with psychiatric disorders and 30 mental health professionals in a major psychiatric hospital in Wuhan, Hubei province, China were diagnosed with the 2019 novel coronavirus disease . To limit the transmission of the COVID-19 and provide acute treatment for severely ill patients, central and regional authorities have undertaken several effective measures, such as setting up emergency infectious hospitals and quarantine facilities, and isolating suspected and diagnosed patients and their close contacts [3] . doi = 10.7150/ijbs.45072 id = cord-270474-jaurhjvr author = Xiang, Zhen title = Glucocorticoids improve severe or critical COVID-19 by activating ACE2 and reducing IL-6 levels date = 2020-06-27 keywords = ACE2; IL-6; SARS; covid-19 summary = We verified the efficacy of nine chemicals on regulating ACE2 expression in human GES-1, an upper digestive tract epithelial cell line, and THP-1, a human monocyte cell line, and found that several glucocorticoids imparted activating effects on ACE2 in both cell lines. We retrospectively analyzed the therapeutic efficacy of nine severe or critical patients from a cohort of 90 COVID-19 cases, who received medium to small doses of glucocorticoids from our integrated medical team in Wuhan. This study provides experimental and clinical evidence that medium-to-low-dose glucocorticoids may play a protective role in the respiratory and digestive systems by activating ACE2 and suppressing cytokine storm. Because the epithelial cells of the respiratory and digestive tracts are susceptible targets of SARS-CoV-2, we verified the regulatory effects of several candidate agonists of ACE2 expression on available normal human epithelial cells. Compared to the blank control, hydrocortisone revealed the strongest activating effect on ACE2 expression, followed by prednisolone, dexamethasone, and methylprednisolone. doi = 10.7150/ijbs.47652 id = cord-264769-gp2tie7k author = XiangNg, Qin title = A Framework to Deal with Uncertainty in the Age of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We adapted some of the key elements of the VUCA framework and correspondingly, we see in Figure 1 , that the complexity and uncertainty inherent in the COVID-19 pandemic mandates that governments must face "unknown unknowns". An important lesson we have learned from this evolving pandemic is that the lack of transparency creates further confusion and undermines public trust (Alwan et al., 2020; Tandon, 2020) , and the bureaucratic process should aid and not hinder crisis management. Evidence informing the UK''s COVID-19 public health response must be transparent. Asymptomatic Transmission, the Achilles'' Heel of Current Strategies to Control Covid-19 Public health interventions for COVID-19: emerging evidence and implications for an evolving public health crisis COVID19-The need for Public Health in a time of emergency The COVID-19 pandemic personal reflections on editorial responsibility. Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102263 id = cord-291311-5hw307v1 author = Xiao, Hongjun title = How to avoid nosocomial spread during tracheostomy for COVID‐19 patients date = 2020-04-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = Some patients with unfavorable neck anatomy, such as short neck, enlarged thyroid, and neck cicatricial contracture, are not suitable for percutaneous tracheostomy, a minimally invasive method.1 In these circumstances, conventional open tracheostomy is the primary option for surgeons. However, it is one of the most hazardous procedures, because the direct airway opening and the coughing of patients causes aerosolization of the virus potentially exposing healthcare workers.2 To prevent healthcare-associated infections, we are willing to share our modified tracheostomy procedures with other surgeons worldwide. In hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 infection, endotracheal intubation is one of the most common and indispensable life-saving interventions. However, it is one of the most hazardous procedures, because the direct airway opening and the coughing of patients causes aerosolization of the virus, potentially exposing healthcare workers. 2 To prevent health-care-associated infections, we are willing to share our modified tracheostomy procedures with other surgeons worldwide. doi = 10.1002/hed.26167 id = cord-289451-yjrh5l4u author = Xiao, Huidi title = Social Distancing among Medical Students during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease Pandemic in China: Disease Awareness, Anxiety Disorder, Depression, and Behavioral Activities date = 2020-07-14 keywords = China; Wuhan; covid-19; student summary = title: Social Distancing among Medical Students during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease Pandemic in China: Disease Awareness, Anxiety Disorder, Depression, and Behavioral Activities We enrolled medical students studying public health in Beijing and Wuhan to assess their COVID-19 awareness and to evaluate their mental health status/behaviors using a self-administered questionnaire. A 2020 COVID-19 survey in China found that many respondents (including students) reported symptoms of moderate to severe anxiety and depression [8] . We studied the associations between COVID-19 distancing and the lives of public health students on anxiety [14] , depression, and other behaviors. We also examined the differences among public health students in two universities, Capital Medical University (CCMU) in Beijing, and Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) in Wuhan, the early epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among the medical students in two schools of public health at two universities: CCMU in Beijing and HUST in Wuhan. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17145047 id = cord-266209-gvvc8wqe author = Xiao, Lu-shan title = Development and Validation of a Deep Learning-Based Model Using Computed Tomography Imaging for Predicting Disease Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; Honghu; Nanchang summary = CONCLUSION: Our deep learning-based model can accurately predict disease severity as well as disease progression in COVID-19 patients using CT imaging, offering promise for guiding clinical treatment. In this study, we established and verified a multiple instance deep learning model using CT imaging to predict disease severity and the risk of future development of severe COVID-19. This study included patients from the People''s Hospital of Honghu and The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, who met the following selection criteria: (1) confirmed case of COVID-19 with positive tests for 2019-nCoV nucleic acid and compliance with the guideline of Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (Trial Version 7)(National Health Commission, 2020) developed by the Chinese National Health Commission and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; (2) availability of initial lung CT imaging on admission. doi = 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00898 id = cord-353228-fxrf5wsp author = Xiao, Yaru title = Clinical characteristics of diarrhea in 90 cases with COVID-19: a descriptive study date = 2020-08-08 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Among the gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19 cases including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, diarrhea is the one that possibly increases the chance of potential fecal-oral transmission but could be easily overlooked by health care workers. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive study on the clinical features of ninety COVID-19 patients with diarrhea as the symptom before admission based on our first-hand experience, aiming to achieve a better understanding of the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and help the clinicians accurately and promptly identify infected cases. Among the 912 cases with COVID-19 we retrieved, 90 patients (9.87％) presented with diarrhea, and their demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes were summarized, as shown in Table 1 . Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study doi = 10.1016/j.ienj.2020.100912 id = cord-034289-6y4437ah author = Xiao, Zhenxu title = Management of people with epilepsy during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey among epileptologists in China date = 2020-10-27 keywords = China; covid-19 summary = The survey questions to each board member included: (1) the number of patients for consultation (including clinical consultation and other forms of teleconsultation); (2) the proportion of telephone/internet-based consultation; (3) the proportions of new presentations and regular case reviews (follow-ups) in all patients (including face-to-face clinic patients and telemedical patients); (4) the proportions of patients with increased episodes of seizures, with status epilepticus, and with aggravated psychological disorders, among the regular case reviews; (5) the proportion of patients who should but did not come for regular case review; and (6) the proportion of patients who were unable to obtain anti-seizure medications (ASMs). The consensus on the impacting factors for epilepsy care during the COVID-19 epidemic (Fig. 1 ) may explain the poor management of epilepsy in China, reflected by the finding that patients in the high-risk area were more likely to have increased episodes of seizure and aggravation of psychological disorders (Table 1 ). doi = 10.1186/s42494-020-00030-0 id = cord-333749-45v6b4tc author = Xie, Guogang title = The role of peripheral blood eosinophil counts in COVID‐19 patients date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; EOS; patient summary = We aimed to investigate the role of peripheral blood eosinophil (EOS) as a marker in the course of the virus infection to improve the efficiency of diagnosis and evaluation of COVID‐19 patients. In the process of diagnosing and treating COVID-19 patients, we found that peripheral blood eosinophils (EOS) significantly reduced among most patients regardless of the severity of the diseases at the early stage, which had not been reported in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) [5, 6] , or the other types of pneumonia. Our analysis of fever clinic patients with pneumonia found that EOS counts of peripheral blood in patients with COVID-19 were significantly reduced, which was further confirmed by the data in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Data analysis showed that decreased EOS counts were more common in COVID-19 patients than other types of pneumonia, and no significant difference was identified between severe and non-severe patients, which was also mentioned in patients from Wuhan [12, 13] or outside Wuhan [14] . doi = 10.1111/all.14465 id = cord-265078-u19e9j2w author = Xie, Jingui title = Association between ambient temperature and COVID-19 infection in 122 cities from China date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A generalized additive model (GAM) was applied to explore the nonlinear relationship between mean temperature and COVID-19 confirmed cases. RESULTS: The exposure-response curves suggested that the relationship between mean temperature and COVID-19 confirmed cases was approximately linear in the range of <3 °C and became flat above 3 °C. To provide useful implications for policymakers and the public, our paper aimed to investigate the relationship between daily mean temperature and newly confirmed COVID-19 cases in 122 cities from China. Therefore, in this study, a GAM with a Gaussian distribution family (Hastie, 2017; Liu et al., 2020) was applied to examine the moving average lag effect (lag0-7, lag0-14, lag0-21) of mean temperature on daily confirmed cases of COVID-19. In this paper, we explored the nonlinear relationship between ambient temperature and COVID-19 confirmed cases by using a generalized additive model. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138201 id = cord-252870-52fjx7s4 author = Xie, Kefan title = The Impact of Risk Perception on Social Distancing during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China date = 2020-08-27 keywords = covid-19; distancing; risk; social summary = Hence, these findings suggest effective management guidelines for successful implementation of the social distancing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic by emphasizing the critical role of risk perception, perceived understanding, and safety climate. Individual''s perceived understanding and safety climate are also examined to identify their effectiveness in the relationship between risk perception and social distancing. Perceived Understanding about the COVID-19 pandemic plays a mediating role between Risk Perception and Social Distancing behavior. The initial questionnaire contained 22 questions to measure these 4 latent variables, including Risk Perception-RP (7 items), Perceived Understanding-PU (4 items), Social Distancing-SD (5 items), and Safety Climate-SC (6 items). This study provided evidence that risk perception and perceived understanding can significantly affect people''s social distancing behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the data collected from an online survey among 317 participants in China throughout May 2020, our analyses indicate that positive changes in social distancing behaviors are associated with increased risk perception, perceived understanding, and safety climate. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17176256 id = cord-343876-2inr4mcy author = Xie, Qin title = COVID-19 patients managed in psychiatric inpatient settings due to first-episode mental disorders in Wuhan, China: clinical characteristics, treatments, outcomes, and our experiences date = 2020-10-02 keywords = SARS; covid-19; disorder; patient summary = During the outbreak of COVID-19, the selection of an appropriate treatment setting for COVID-19 patients with mental disorders is a dilemma: in respiratory treatment settings these patients are more likely to not adhere with The main findings of this comparative study are 1) adjustment disorder and acute and transient psychotic disorders, with associated acute stress were the main clinical diagnoses in the COVID-19 group and some other disorders had their organic basis such as delirium due to infection and chloroquine-induced psychosis, while serious mental illnesses (SMIs) and alcohol use disorders were overrepresented in the control group, a common feature of inpatients of most Chinese psychiatric hospitals; 2) a wide range of psychiatric symptoms were found in COVID-19 patients with mental disorders on admission, including psychotic symptoms, aggressive behaviors, and anxiety symptoms; 3) the most common respiratory symptom of COVID-19 patients was cough, followed by fever, chills, and fatigue; and 4) mental disorders and COVID-19 of most patients were successfully treated after symptomatic and supportive treatments, including conventional psychotropic treatment and antiviral treatment, and, COVID-19 patients left the hospital earlier than psychiatric patients without COVID-19, on average by 16 days after admission. doi = 10.1038/s41398-020-01022-x id = cord-298899-lkrmg5qr author = Xie, Yewei title = Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings of the COVID-19 in the current pandemic: systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; Wuhan; clinical summary = To fill the research gaps mentioned above, this review article systematically summarizes global findings on the natural history, clinical spectrum, transmission patterns, laboratory findings, CT results, and risk factors of the COVID-19. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Clinical course and potential predicting factors of pneumonia of adult patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a retrospective observational analysis of 193 confirmed cases in Thailand Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan Epidemiology, risk factors and clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in a Swiss university hospital: an observational retrospective study doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05371-2 id = cord-284853-6efhdogi author = Xie, Yun title = Effect of regular intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on prognosis of severe pneumonia in patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-04-10 keywords = IVIG; covid-19 summary = Intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) has been clinically used as an adjunctive drug in the treatment of severe pneumonia caused by influenza [3] , but there is controversy about its therapeutic effect on COVID-19 pneumonia, despite inclusion in the seventh edition of the guidelines stating that it can be considered for use in severe and critically ill patients. For this reason, this study retrospectively observed the relationship between the prognosis of patients with severe and critical COVID-19 pneumonia and the adjuvant therapy of IVIG and explored whether IVIG could improve the clinical symptoms, laboratory examination and prognosis of these patients. In summary, initiation of IVIG as adjuvant treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia within 48 hours of admission to the ICU can reduce the use of mechanical ventilation, shorten the hospital length of stay, promote the early recovery of patients, and improve the effective treatment of patients to achieve significant clinical efficacy. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.044 id = cord-261687-632r6uqe author = Xie, Z. title = Health and Demographic Impact on COVID-19 Infection and Mortality in US Counties date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Multivariable linear mixed effects models were used to investigate potential correlations of health and demographic characteristics with the infection and mortality rates of COVID-19 in US counties. Results Our models showed that several health and demographic factors were positively correlated with the infection rate of COVID-19, such as low education level and percentage of Black. Much effort has been put in understanding the COVID-19 virus infection mechanism and further developing effective vaccines for COVID-19 [3] [4] [5] While COVID-19 becomes an epidemic in the US, there are geographic variations in the number of COVID-19 confirmed cases and related deaths, which might due to the differences in epidemiologic and population-level factors 8 . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.06.20093195 doi: medRxiv preprint investigated potential correlations of health and demographic factors with the infection and mortality rates of COVID-19 in US counties. To investigate the potential correlation of health and demographic factors with the COVID-19 infection rate at the county level, we performed a multivariable linear mixed effects model. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.06.20093195 id = cord-304925-9gvx3swf author = Xie, Zhixiang title = Spatial and temporal differentiation of COVID-19 epidemic spread in mainland China and its influencing factors date = 2020-07-14 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19; epidemic summary = Abstract This paper uses the exploratory spatial data analysis and the geodetector method to analyze the spatial and temporal differentiation characteristics and the influencing factors of the COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019) epidemic spread in mainland China based on the cumulative confirmed cases, average temperature, and socio-economic data. Thus, we selected the indicators reflecting the population distribution, population inflow from Wuhan, traffic accessibility, economic connection intensity, average temperature, and medical facilities conditions J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f as the detection factors (Table 2) , and the epidemic spread rate as the detected factor to assess the formation mechanism for the spatial pattern of COVID-19 epidemic. Specifically, the influence of the population distribution (X1) on the spatial distribution of the epidemic spread rate was significantly different from the population inflow from Wuhan (X2), economic connection intensity (X4), and average temperature (X5), but not different from the traffic accessibility (X3) and medical facility conditions (X6). doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140929 id = cord-350842-4m82l5t8 author = Xing, Jun title = Study of the mental health status of medical personnel dealing with new coronavirus pneumonia date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; medical; personnel summary = Factors affecting the mental health and status of medical personnel based on their significance from high to low are: the degree of suspicion that they were infected when the novel coronavirusrelated symptoms occurred, the level of concern whether they and their family members have been infected, age, whether they have supported in affected areas in Hubei Province, designated hospitals, and other places for the novel coronavirus, and whether family members support them working on the front line (p < 0.05). The results of this study have shown that the factors affecting the mental health status of medical personnel based on the significance from high to low are: the degree of suspicion that they were infected when the novel coronavirus-related symptoms occurred, the level of concern whether they and their family members have been infected, age, whether they have supported in affected areas in Hubei Province, designated hospitals, and other places for the novel coronavirus, and whether their family members support them working on the front line. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0233145 id = cord-273816-4sxe7s03 author = Xing, Q.-Q. title = Liver Chemistries in COVID-19 Patients with Survival or Death: A Meta-Analysis date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19; preprint summary = 5 Lay Summary 75 Abnormal liver chemistries are linked to higher risk of death related to coronavirus 76 disease (COVID-19). Our meta-analysis also reveals the different patterns of abnormal liver 111 chemistries between patients with severe and non-severe COVID-19 [10] . Significant heterogeneity was observed for the AST levels among the studies (I 2 = 194 74%, p < 0.01), which was significantly higher than that of the ALT levels (I 2 = 42%, (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. There were significant differences in the coagulation-related (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. doi: medRxiv preprint in Patients with Severe or Non-severe COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis (unpublished 408 data) doi = 10.1101/2020.04.26.20080580 id = cord-125190-87wcp92x author = Xiong, Chenfeng title = Data-Driven Modeling Reveals the Impact of Stay-at-Home Orders on Human Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the U.S date = 2020-05-02 keywords = COVID-19; state; stay summary = This study uses real-world location-based service data collected from anonymized mobile devices to uncover mobility changes during COVID-19 and under the ''Stay-at-home'' state orders in the U.S. The study measures human mobility with two important metrics: daily average number of trips per person and daily average person-miles traveled. While the data confirmed that, nationwide, mobility had dropped significantly one week or even two weeks before the orders were issued, an additional 6.1% decrease in daily average number of trips per person and 10.8% decrease in daily average person-miles traveled (PMT) were observed in the week after the order took effect across different states. To quantify how people in different states responded to "Stay-at-home" orders during the COVID-19 pandemic, we studied the longitudinal changes in state-level mobility using a generalized additive model (GAM) (Wood, 2017; Hastie, 1993; Hastie & Tibshirani, 1990 ) of daily average number of trips per person and daily average person-miles traveled. doi = nan id = cord-316690-s8jtv4an author = Xiong, Huan title = The Psychological Status and Self-Efficacy of Nurses During COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Survey date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COVID-19; self summary = title: The Psychological Status and Self-Efficacy of Nurses During COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Survey We performed a cross-sectional survey to investigate the psychological status and self-efficacy of nurses in public hospital during COVID-19 outbreak between 16th and 25th February 2020. 8 A multinational, multicentre study showed that out of 906 health care workers who participated in the survey during COVID-19 pandemic suffered from expansive range of physical symptoms, 5.3% was moderate to very-severe depression, and 8.7% was moderate to extremely-severe anxiety. 23, 24 This study was to examine the psychological status and self-efficacy of nurses still working in public hospital during COVID-19 outbreak, and explore the relationships among demographic variables, anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy. This survey was to investigate psychological status and self-efficacy of nurses in public hospital, still caring for patients during COVID-19 outbreak. In conclusion, our results show that nurses in non government designated hospital have great prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms during COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1177/0046958020957114 id = cord-262519-qjolkwsd author = Xiong, X. title = Are COVID-19 infected children with gastrointestinal symptoms different from those without symptoms? A comparative study of the clinical characteristics and epidemiological trend of 244 pediatric cases from Wuhan date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We analyzed COVID-19 infected children in Wuhan who presented with initial GI symptoms to determine the GI characteristics and epidemiological trend of the disease. Conclusion: COVID-19 infected children with GI symptoms are prone to presenting with more clinical and laboratory abnormalities than patients without GI symptoms. The main purpose of this study was to describe the gastrointestinal clinical characteristics, to compare the differences between patients with and without GI symptoms, and to find out the epidemiological trend of COVID-19 children in Wuhan. [17] A study focusing on GI symptoms in COVID-19 adults noted that GI cases had a significantly higher rate of fever and a higher tendency to have a more severe disease. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.29.20084244 id = cord-288865-5hu8i546 author = Xu, Gang title = New view on older adults with COVID-19: comments on “SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in older adults: what we may expect regarding pathogenesis, immune responses, and outcomes” date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Studies in lower prevalence areas showed that the outcomes of older patients seemed not to be worse than that of younger patients. Several case reports showed atypical symptoms including falls, delirium, abdominal pain, and diarrhea in older patients, while olfactory and taste disorders were more likely to occur in younger patients (Giacomelli et al. Although older COVID-19 patients suffered more severe cases and complications, the outcomes seemed not to be worse than those of younger patients if handled properly in lower prevalence areas. It will be helpful to have a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of COVID-19 for the prevention and treatment in older patients. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China (2019): a single-centered, retrospective study Characteristics and clinical outcomes of adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19 -Georgia SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in older adults: what we may expect regarding pathogenesis, immune responses, and outcomes doi = 10.1007/s11357-020-00232-x id = cord-338973-73a7uvyz author = Xu, Jiabao title = Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV date = 2020-02-22 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; MERS; SARS summary = After the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the world in 2003, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been reported as pathogens that cause severe symptoms in respiratory tract infections. Recently, a new emerged HCoV isolated from the respiratory epithelium of unexplained pneumonia patients in the Wuhan seafood market caused a major disease outbreak and has been named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The source of unexplained pneumonia was first discovered in Wuhan in Dec, 2019, and SARS-CoV-2, a new coronavirus, was isolated from the respiratory epithelium of patients. Hong Kong scholars found that, compared with ribavirin alone, patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir and ribavirin had lower risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or death caused by SARS-CoV [76, 77] . A high-resolution crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus 3CL hydrolase (Mpro) was announced after the outbreak of COVID-19 in the world [80] , and human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been treated as severe pathogens in respiratory tract infections. doi = 10.3390/v12020244 id = cord-308383-j1gi1cxu author = Xu, Jie title = Associations of Stay-at-Home Order and Face-Masking Recommendation with Trends in Daily New Cases and Deaths of Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 in the United States date = 2020-07-08 keywords = April; COVID-19; SAHO summary = METHODS: In this quasi-experimental interrupted time-series study, we modeled temporal trends in daily new cases and deaths of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases, and COVID-19 time-varying reproduction numbers in the USA between March 1 and April 20, 2020. There were two turning points in daily new-case trend, being March 28 (slope-changes = −0.09) and April 3 (slope-changes = −0.09), which appeared to be associated with implementation of SAHO on March 28 (affecting 48.5% of the US population in 22 states and District of Columbia), and face-masking recommendation on April 3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We identified two turning points of COVID-19 daily new cases or deaths in the USA, which seem to be linked to implementation of SAHO and the Center for Disease Control''s face-masking recommendation. The multivariable piecewise log-linear regression models identified two turning points of COVID-19 daily new cases and the time-varying reproduction number, Rt, in the USA, as well as the link between states'' relationship with New York and COVID-19 epidemics. doi = 10.14218/erhm.2020.00045 id = cord-252933-bu4oihem author = Xu, Jieqing Jessica title = Renal Infarct in a COVID‐19 Positive Kidney‐Pancreas Transplant Recipient date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is associated with increased risk of thromboembolic events, but the extent and duration of this hypercoagulable state remains unknown. We describe the first case report of renal allograft infarction in a 46‐year‐old kidney‐pancreas transplant recipient with no prior history of thromboembolism, who presented 26 days after diagnosis of COVID‐19. Since we are the first to report this complication, further investigation is required before making recommendations for thromboembolic prophylaxis in all solid organ transplant recipients with COVID-19. In summary, we present the case of a kidney-pancreas transplant recipient with moderate to severe COVID-19 complicated by late kidney allograft segmental infarction. This is the first case of a thromboembolic event in a SARS-CoV-2 positive solid organ recipient. High incidence of venous thromboembolic events in anticoagulated severe CoVID-19 patients Case report of CoVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient: does immunosuppression alter the clinical presentation? doi = 10.1111/ajt.16089 id = cord-315056-ohyb6oa0 author = Xu, Juanjuan title = Clinical characteristics and outcomes of severe or critical COVID-19 patients presenting no respiratory symptoms or fever at onset date = 2020-10-29 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; patient summary = title: Clinical characteristics and outcomes of severe or critical COVID-19 patients presenting no respiratory symptoms or fever at onset This retrospective study presents the clinical, laboratory, and radiological profiles, treatments, and outcomes of atypical COVID-19 patients without respiratory symptoms or fever at onset. The study examined ten atypical patients out of 909 severe or critical patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Wuhan Union Hospital West Campus between 25 January 2020 and 10 February 2020. Chest computed tomography (CT) scan and nucleic acid detection should be performed immediately on close contacts of COVID-19 patients to screen out those with atypical infections, even if the contacts present without respiratory symptoms or fever at onset. In this study, we aimed to describe the clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of severe or critical COVID-19 patients who presented no respiratory symptoms or fever at onset. An atypical patient was defined as a patient with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 but without characteristic fever or respiratory symptoms before hospital admission. doi = 10.1016/j.eng.2020.09.009 id = cord-340938-mk01k235 author = Xu, Kandi title = Application of ordinal logistic regression analysis to identify the determinants of illness severity of COVID-19 in China date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; illness summary = A retrospective cohort of COVID-19 patients from four hospitals in three provinces in China was established, and 598 patients were included from 1 January to 8 March 2020, and divided into moderate, severe and critical illness group. To our knowledge, no previous studies have been conducted to investigate the risk factors of severity of COVID-19 based on ordinal response, namely moderate, severe and critical illness. Here, we conducted a retrospective study based on COVID-19 patients from four designated hospitals in Shanghai, Hubei and Anhui provinces to describe the clinical features of COVID-19, and aimed to identify the predictors of multi-level response of severity from moderate, severe to critical illness. In this study, we identified older age, presence of hypertension, elevated ALT, cTnI and myohaemoglobin, prolonged interval between illness onset and diagnosis and admission as the independent determinants to predict the risk of developing more severe illness among COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001533 id = cord-313071-9nm460b0 author = Xu, M. title = Accurately Differentiating COVID-19, Other Viral Infection, and Healthy Individuals Using Multimodal Features via Late Fusion Learning date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; covid summary = A moderately trained radiologist can differentiate CT scans of COVID-19 patients from healthy individuals with high accuracy as well, making the current efforts of developing DL algorithms not clinically useful for the binary classification problem ). Low-dimensional clinical and lab testing data are usually analyzed with traditional hypothesis-driven methods (e.g., binary logistic regression or multinomial classification) or other non-DL machine learning methods such as random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and k-nearest neighbor (kNN). The huge discrepancy of feature space dimensionality between CT scan and clinical/lab testing data makes it an especially challenging task of multimodality fusion to combine these different aspects of biomedical information directly (Balrtusaitis et al. A study using CT scans to differentiate three multinomial classes: COVID (no clinical state information), non-COVID viral pneumonia, and health individuals had 89%-96% accuracy based on a total of 230 participants (Hu et al. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.18.20176776 id = cord-261967-10mbsqmo author = Xu, Stanley title = Estimating the Growth Rate and Doubling Time for Short-Term Prediction and Monitoring Trend During the COVID-19 Pandemic with a SAS Macro date = 2020-04-11 keywords = covid-19; growth summary = title: Estimating the Growth Rate and Doubling Time for Short-Term Prediction and Monitoring Trend During the COVID-19 Pandemic with a SAS Macro Our goal was to develop an approach and create a SAS macro using observed data to estimate the growth rate and doubling time in days for short-term prediction. This paper illustrates that death data can be used to estimate the growth rate and doubling time to aid predicting future deaths, hospitalizations and COVID-19 cases. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20057943 doi: medRxiv preprint /*Next, get r_k from the doubling time, which is the estimated growth rate from the last period*/ proc sql noprint; select distinct r ,r_lowerCL ,r_upperCL into :r_k, :r_k_lower, :r_k_upper from r_doubling_time where end_day = &fup_end ; quit; %put &fup_end &y_k &r_k &r_k_lower &r_k_upper; data prediction; k=&fup_end; do i=1 to &int_length; m = k + i; y_m = round(&y_k*((1+&r_k))**(m-k)); y_m_lowerCL = round(&y_k*((1+&r_k_lower))**(m-k)); y_m_upperCL = round(&y_k*((1+&r_k_upper))**(m-k)); output; end; format m date9.; keep m y_m y_m_lowerCL y_m_upperCL; run; doi = 10.1101/2020.04.08.20057943 id = cord-133143-ws708tsc author = Xu, Wentao title = Characterizing the roles of bots during the COVID-19 infodemic on Twitter date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COVID-19; credible summary = In this paper, we examined the roles of bots in the case of the COVID-19 infodemic and the diffusion of non-credible information such as"5G"and"Bill Gates"conspiracy theories and"Trump"and"WHO"related contents by analyzing retweet networks and retweeted items. We show the bipartite topology of their retweet networks, which indicates that right-wing self-medium accounts and conspiracy theorists may lead to this opinion cleavage, while malicious bots might favor amplification of the diffusion of non-credible information. Although "5G" was considered as a popular conspiracy theory in the early COVID-19 pandemic, a larger number of non-credible bots were not observed in comparison with other topics. According to our data, this is the top retweeted user by non-credible bots in both "5G" and "Bill Gates" conspiracy topics. Overall, the noncredible bots and non-credible humans share 71%, 50%, 80% and 50% terms (nouns) used in the retweeted articles related to the "WHO","Trump","5G" and "Bill Gates" topics, respectively. The non-credible humans and bots share many users and domains in the four topics considered. doi = nan id = cord-271212-y8denvju author = Xu, Xia title = Analysis of inflammatory parameters and disease severity for 88 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China date = 2020-07-25 keywords = COVID-19; China; patient summary = title: Analysis of inflammatory parameters and disease severity for 88 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected and analyzed among moderate, severe and critically ill group patients. From February 3, 2020, to March 20, 2020, we conducted a retrospective study focusing on the clinical characteristics of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, during which the rapid growth speed of diagnosis rated up to 58% in Wuhan, Hubei province. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.7150/ijms.47935 id = cord-154091-uuupn82y author = Xu, Zhanwei title = GASNet: Weakly-supervised Framework for COVID-19 Lesion Segmentation date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The proposed framework is designed to mine the potential knowledge contained in many COVID-19 positive and negative CT volumes by embedding Generative Adversarial training in a standard Segmentation Network, referred to as GASNet, and hence its demand for voxel-level annotations is very small. When using only one voxel-level labeled sample in training, GASNet obtains a 70% Dice score on a public COVID-19 lesion segmentation dataset [5] , comparable to representative fully-supervised algorithms (U-Net [21] , V-Net [22] , and UNet ++ [23] ) requiring a large number of voxel-level annotated samples. We will also detail a simple but effective method of generating COVID-19 positive CT volumes with voxel-level pseudo-label to improve the segmentation performance of GASNet. Finally, we provide the implementation details, including the specific structure, data preprocessing, and the training hyperparameters. doi = nan id = cord-280631-9hq9e1o6 author = Xu, Zheng‐Li title = COVID‐19 & Allogeneic Transplant: Activity and Preventive Measures for Best Outcomes in China date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = The COVID‐19 pandemic poses a great challenge to all aspects of medical activities, including haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). To minimize the risk of infection in transplantation, we focused on preventive measures and strict screening in each section of transplantation, involving healthy donors, recipients, caregivers and medical workers. The rapidly expanding COVID-19 pandemic has affected all aspects of medical activity, including haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This comment describes the possible impact of the current COVID-19 pandemic on transplantation activity and introduces interim precautions in our centre during the outbreak period. recently demonstrated the impact of COVID-19 on the provision of donor haematopoietic stem Accepted Article cell products worldwide. In patients with low risk disease, a three-month transplantation deferral is Accepted Article recommended. Efficacy and Safety of Unmanipulated Haploidentical Related Donor Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia doi = 10.1002/acg2.94 id = cord-305286-nbbg511n author = Xu, Zihui title = The impact of type 2 diabetes and its management on the prognosis of patients with severe COVID‐19 date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; T2DM summary = In this observational study, we characterized risk factors for severe COVID-19 with and without T2DM, and described the effects of commonly prescribed anti-hyperglycaemic drugs, and glucocorticoid therapy on clinical outcomes in hospitalized T2DM patients with severe COVID-19, which still remain unanswered. Information recorded included demographic data, medical history, underlying comorbidities, symptoms, signs, laboratory findings (e.g., random blood glucose on admission, cellular immunity, metabolic enzymes and other biochemical parameters), treatment measures (e.g., oxygen therapy, ventilator use), and drugs (e.g., insulin, anti-hyperglycaemic agents and glucocorticoids use). All of these indicate that diabetes status is a major risk factor for worse clinical outcomes/fatality in COVID-19 patients. 36 Our study found that a higher risk of all-cause fatality with GC treatment in severe COVID-19 patients with T2DM. GC treatment and fasting plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L were found to be risk factors for fatality in diabetes patients with COVID-19. Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1111/1753-0407.13084 id = cord-265082-gjbabh4g author = Xuan, Tian-ming title = Primary percutaneous coronary intervention in a COVID-19 patient with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after lung transplantation: a case report date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19; myocardial; patient summary = title: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention in a COVID-19 patient with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after lung transplantation: a case report We present an unusual case of a patient with bilateral-lung transplantation due to severe coronavirus disease 2019 , who subsequently suffered complications with acute myocardial infarction and underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Based on the clinical characteristics of this case, we propose that the possible mechanism of myocardial infarction here included severe pulmonary infection, imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis subsequent to lung transplantation, changes in blood flow shear stress, and possible cytokine storms, which in combination led to plaque rupture in the LAD artery. In terms of treating acute myocardial infarction, considering that the patient had recent 2019-nCoV infection and bilateral-lung transplantation, we organized multiple rounds of multi-disciplinary discussions and decided that primary coronary intervention rather than thrombolytic therapy was suitable for the patient. In addition to the patient''s underlying severe coronary atherosclerosis, factors such as viral infection, inflammatory cytokine storm, hypoxia, blood loss, and bilateral-lung transplantation may contribute to the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction. doi = 10.1631/jzus.b2000182 id = cord-032222-i6gfp4me author = Xue, Ling title = A quick look at the latest developments in the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = Later, the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses formally named this virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, and an effective vaccine has yet to be developed. 51 A recombinant adenovirus type 5 vector vaccine, developed by Chen Wei''s team, showed good safety and immunogenicity in a phase I clinical trial, rapidly inducing both humoral and T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 in most participants. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia doi = 10.1177/0300060520943802 id = cord-292417-hauq93v2 author = Xue, Mingshan title = Predictive effects of IgA and IgG combination to assess pulmonary exudation progression in COVID‐19 patients date = 2020-08-17 keywords = IgA; covid-19 summary = In severe COVID‐19 patients, the combination of IgA and IgG can predict the progress of pulmonary lesions and is closely related to hypoxemia and both also play an important defense role in invasion and destruction of bronchial and alveolar epithelium by SARS‐CoV‐2. In severe COVID-19 patients, the combination of IgA and IgG can predict the progress of pulmonary lesions and is closely related to hypoxemia and both also play an important defense role in invasion and destruction of bronchial and alveolar epithelium by SARS-CoV-2. In our study, the level of IgG and increased to highest when the first symptoms began, and IgA peaked after admission 15-20 days, which were earlier than the chest PA & LAT and CT to the maximum lung exudation area, and both showed significant correlation with the oxygen partial pressure difference (A-aDO 2 ) and oxygenation index (OI) of arterial alveolar blood. doi = 10.1002/jmv.26437 id = cord-255326-ito3q8da author = YOUMNI, A. title = Exploring Causal relationship between risk factors and vulnerability to COVID-19Cases of Italy, Spain, France, Greece, Portugal, Morocco and South Africa date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; international summary = To do this, We used Multiple linear regression in our approach to modeling the relationship between the dependent variable (DV): vulnerability to COVID19 (which we presented by number of totals inhospital infected cases per million for each country) and the independent variables, probable risk factors approved by other studies, which are: median age, aged 65+, population density, international arrivals, BMI, diabetes prevalence, and temperature. We conducted multiple linear regression in our approach to modeling the relationship between the dependent variable : vulnerability to COVID19 (which we presented by number of totals in-hospital infected cases per million for each country) and the independent variables scores: median age, aged 65+, population density, international arrivals, BMI, diabetes prevalence, and temperature. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.24.20139121 id = cord-291627-5dqwyd9r author = Yadav, Rakhee title = SARS-CoV-2-host dynamics: Increased risk of adverse outcomes of COVID-19 in obesity date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; obesity summary = 11 Many recent studies are now reporting obesity as one of the risk factors for severity of COVID-19 in USA, Brazil, UK, Italy, Spain and France [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] 67 (summarised in the In the current scenario, since USA has become the epi-centre of the COVID-19 pandemic; the dynamics of patient characteristics in terms of associated complications is showing a difference from the initial data put out by China. During the present pandemic, till now, it has been well established that cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are the major risk factors for poor outcomes but considering a higher BMI to be a forerunner for both these co-morbidities, the inclusion of obesity and overweight individuals as candidates for poor COVID-19 outcomes becomes very important. 58 Thus, the interaction between ACE2-RAS system, adipose tissue and the SARS-CoV-2 could, at least partially, explain the higher morbidity and mortality risk of COVID-19 in obese patients. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.07.030 id = cord-321633-qr2w7azj author = Yadav, Sanjay Kumar title = Rapid Scoping Review of Laparoscopic Surgery Guidelines During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Appraisal Using a Simple Quality Appraisal Tool “EMERGE” date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; evidence; guideline; surgery summary = title: Rapid Scoping Review of Laparoscopic Surgery Guidelines During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Appraisal Using a Simple Quality Appraisal Tool "EMERGE" Given the importance of this subject, we recognized an overt need to evaluate these guidelines in the form of a rapid scoping review and to construct a simple quality appraisal tool which gives due weightage to their impact on surgical services from the global south and can be used to evaluate rapidly emerging guidelines. This rapid scoping review of rapidly emerging laparoscopic surgery guidelines during COVID-19 found two major research gaps: lack of systematic review of the evidence (due to the urgency of situation and fear for the safety of HCPs) during their development and insufficient weightage of their impact on surgical services from the global south. EMERGE'': Construction of a simple quality appraisal tool for rapid review of laparoscopic surgery guidelines during COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s12262-020-02596-y id = cord-274163-yxl9a9u7 author = Yadav, Uday Narayan title = A Syndemic Perspective on the Management of Non-communicable Diseases Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic in Low- and Middle-Income Countries date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; health; pandemic; plwncd summary = These interactions can affect the physical, emotional, and social well-being of PLWNCDs. In this paper, we discuss the effects of the COVID-19 syndemic on PLWNCDs, particularly how it has exposed them to NCD risk factors and disrupted essential public health services. We argue that, for people living with NCDs (PLWNCDs), COVID-19 is considered a syndemic-a synergistic pandemic that interacts with various pre-existing medical conditions and social, ecological, and political factors and exacerbates existing NCDs. Studies have reported higher proportions of frailty (13, 14) , malnutrition (15) , psychological problems (16) , and coinfections, including antimicrobial resistance pathogens, among PLWNCDs (17) in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00508 id = cord-282956-f7if9e5q author = Yaghi, Shadi title = SARS2-CoV-2 and Stroke in a New York Healthcare System date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19; patient; stroke summary = BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: With the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the current worldwide pandemic, there is mounting evidence that patients affected by the illness may develop clinically significant coagulopathy with thromboembolic complications including ischemic stroke. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with ischemic stroke who were hospitalized between March 15, 2020, and April 19, 2020, within a major health system in New York, the current global epicenter of the pandemic. In this multi-ethnic study, we report key demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who develop ischemic stroke associated with acute severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 coronavirus infection. The observed rate of imaging-confirmed acute ischemic stroke in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 of 0.9% was lower compared with prior reports from Chinese COVID-19 studies. doi = 10.1161/strokeaha.120.030335 id = cord-310738-fnsf2qqm author = Yalcin Bahat, Pinar title = Micronutrients in COVID-19 Positive Pregnancies date = 2020-09-23 keywords = b12; covid-19; vitamin summary = The aim of this study was to measure serum 25(OH)D, vitamin B12, and zinc levels in COVID-19 positive pregnant women to evaluate the role of these micronutrients in treatment and prevention. The aim of this study was to measure serum 25(OH)D, vitamin B12, and zinc levels in COVID-19 positive pregnant women to evaluate the role of these micronutrients in the prevention and to evaluate the possible cause between the blood levels of micronutrients and the COVID-19 infection. Pregnant women whose PCR test was positive for COVID-19, pregnancies older than eight weeks of gestation, and women who did not receive any antibacterial or antiviral treatment during the past three months or did not receive any 25(OH)D, vitamin B12, and zinc supplements during their pregnancy were included in the study. Additionally, it has been shown that serum zinc levels correlate positively with better immune response in pregnant women against infections [17] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.10609 id = cord-155804-ft2pbgsl author = Yamac, Mehmet title = Convolutional Sparse Support Estimator Based Covid-19 Recognition from X-ray Images date = 2020-05-08 keywords = CSEN; covid-19; image summary = To address this deficiency, Convolution Support Estimation Network (CSEN) has recently been proposed as a bridge between model-based and Deep Learning approaches by providing a non-iterative real-time mapping from query sample to ideally sparse representation coefficient'' support, which is critical information for class decision in representation based techniques. The socalled Convolutional Support Estimation Network (CSEN) uses a pre-defined dictionary and learns a direct mapping using moderate/low size training set, which maps query samples, y, directly to the support set of representation coefficients, x (as it should be purely sparse in the ideal case). Having the pre-trained CheXNet for feature extraction, we develop two different strategies to obtain the classes of query X-ray images: (i) using collaborative representation-based classification with a proper preprocessing; (ii) a slightly modified version of our recently proposed convolution support estimator (CSEN) models. doi = nan id = cord-288575-srpc68t8 author = Yamakage, Michiaki title = Anesthesia in the times of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-25 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = As anesthesiologists, our work in operating rooms, emergency departments, and/or intensive care units often brings us in close proximity to the patient''s airway, exposing us to their aerosolized respiratory secretions. Wen X and Li Y briefly, but adequately, described anesthesia procedures for emergency surgery in patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 in their letter [4] . [25] described the anesthetic management of cardiac surgical patients in their literature; we, could not, however, find any further information regarding this, especially in relation to cardiac anesthesia. Anesthesia procedure of emergency operation for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 Anesthetic management of patients with COVID 19 infections during emergency procedures Anesthesia management and perioperative infection control in patients with the novel coronavirus Recommendations for anesthesia in patients suspected of COVID-19 coronavirus infection Chinese society of anesthesiology expert consensus on anesthetic management of cardiac surgical patients with suspected or confirmed Coronavirus disease 2019 doi = 10.1007/s00540-020-02798-4 id = cord-294139-78c5h7la author = Yamakawa, Mai title = Clinical Characteristics of Stroke with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-08-29 keywords = COVID-19; patient; stroke summary = The frequency of common comorbidities (hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, acute coronary syndrome /coronary artery disease), atrial fibrillation, stroke/transient ischemic attack, and malignancy), etiology of stroke if specified in the articles, and treatment (tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), mechanical thrombectomy, and anticoagulation were calculated by summation of events divided by the number of total patients from all studies whose information is available for each value. The salient findings of the study can be summarized as the followings; (1) the frequency of stroke in hospitalized COVID-19 patients was 1.1%, with mean days from COVID-19 symptom onset to stroke at 8 days, most commonly cryptogenic; (2) even with early case series with younger patients without a pre-existing medical condition, the mean age was 66.6, with slight male preponderance (65.6%); (3) stroke risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and prior strokes were common as comorbidities; altered mental status was as frequent as 51.4 % as presenting symptom of stroke; (4) elevation of d-dimer and CRP were reproduced after synthesis of results; (5) case fatality rate was as high as 44.2% in patients with COVID-19 and stroke. doi = 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105288 id = cord-352562-qfb478sf author = Yamamoto, Lidia title = SARS-CoV-2 infections with emphasis on pediatric patients: a narrative review date = 2020-09-04 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; PCR; SARS summary = In the section devoted to the specific laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19, the most used RT-PCR protocols were described and some studies on the serological diagnosis with IgA, IgM and IgG detection were detailed, including the use of rapid immunochromatographic assays and discussing the ideal period after the onset of symptoms to perform each type of test. They identified 191 cases in hospitalized patients younger than 21 years of age, reported by hospitals in the New York State with the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome, myocarditis, and suspected multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19 in children (MIS-C). The laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 are based on the detection of viral RNA by real time amplifications (RT-PCR) 40 or the detection of antibodies (immunoglobulins) anti-SARS-CoV-2 from the classes IgM, IgA and IgG, produced by the host''s immune system. Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents: a systematic review doi = 10.1590/s1678-9946202062065 id = cord-315576-bgcqkz0p author = Yamamoto, Naoki title = Apparent difference in fatalities between Central Europe and East Asia due to SARS-COV-2 and COVID-19: Four hypotheses for possible explanation date = 2020-08-05 keywords = Asia; COVID-19; East; Europe; SARS summary = The comparison of the numbers of cases and deaths due to SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 shows that people in Central Europe are much more affected than people in East Asia where the disease originally occurred. Trying to explain this difference, this communication presents four hypotheses that propose the following reasons for the observed findings: 1) Differences in social behaviors and cultures of people in the two regions; 2) Possible outbreak of virulent viruses in Central Europe due to multiple viral infection, and the involvement of immuno-virological factors associated with it, 3) Possibility of corona resistance gene mutation occurring among East Asians as a result of long-term co-evolution of virus and host, and 4) possible involvement of hygienic factors. For the analysis of the difference regarding the number of infected people and the death tolls due to COVID-19 between Central European and East Asian 5 countries, we have chosen Italy, Spain, France, Germany and UK from Central Europe and China, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan from South East Asia. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110160 id = cord-318319-efqf5e1i author = Yamasaki, Yukitaka title = The peripheral lymphocyte count as a predictor of severe COVID-19 and the effect of treatment with ciclesonide date = 2020-07-03 keywords = covid-19; severe summary = The lymphocyte count after ciclesonide treatment in the non-severe pneumonia group was significantly higher (p = 0. Many patients with coronavirus infection disease 2019(COVID-19) are subclinical, and it has been reported that people are J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f contagious even when asymptomatic [1, 2] , which means preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 is challenging [3] . Risk factors of severe pneumonia include age, comorbidities, smoking, reduced lymphocyte count, elevated ferritin levels, and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . In addition, we examined whether ciclesonide could prevent the development of severe COVID-19 among patients with these predictors. Moreover, the lymphocyte count after ciclesonide therapy in the non-severe pneumonia group was significantly higher (p=0.0156) compared to before treatment (mean 6.14 days, SD 2.17) (Figure 3b ). doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198089 id = cord-277107-gs7j6fxo author = Yamin, Mohammad title = Counting the cost of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; cause; pandemic; virus summary = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the name given by the World Health Organization (WHO) to the highly contagious and infectious disease caused by the Novel Corona Virus or SARS-CoV-2, which was first reported on 31 December 2019 in Wuhan city of the capital of China''s Hubei province. In recent years we have witnessed an increased growth and spread of communicable and highly contagious viruses and diseases like EBOLA [3] , HIV Aids [4] , Swine Influenza (H1N1, H1N2) [5] , various strands of Flu [6] , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) [7] and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) [8] in Africa, the Middle East and several other parts of the world. The coronavirus disease COVID-19 is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ( Fig. 1) , which is resulting in a heavy toll on people''s lives and colossal economic damage. doi = 10.1007/s41870-020-00466-0 id = cord-355503-9baof9z8 author = Yan, Aihua title = How hospitals in mainland China responded to the outbreak of COVID-19 using IT-enabled services: an analysis of hospital news webpages date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; China; hospital summary = RESULTS: We identified five focal themes across the webpages published by the hospitals during our study period including (1) popular medical science education, (2) digitalized hospital processes, (3) knowledge management for medical professionals, (4) telemedicine, and (5) new IT initiatives for healthcare services. Our analysis revealed that Chinese hospitals spent greater effort in promoting popular medical science education in the initial stages of our study period and more on telemedicine in the latter stages. Based on the 360 events identified in the published hospital pages, five themes emerged on how IT was used to respond to COVID-19, including Theme 1 (T1): dissemination of popular medical science education, Theme 2 (T2): digitalized hospital processes, Theme 3 (T3): Second, the response strategy may contain one or more of these four categories of IT-enabled services, i.e., disseminating popular medical science education, knowledge management for healthcare workers, telemedicine, and digitalized hospital processes. doi = 10.1093/jamia/ocaa064 id = cord-345360-wlzgq7f9 author = Yan, Alice F. title = Perceived Risk, Behavior Changes and Health-related Outcomes During COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings among Adults with and without Diabetes in China date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19; China; diabetes summary = AIMS: To examine perceived infection risk of COVID-19 and the health and related behavior changes among people with diabetes, compared with people without diabetes, and to examine factors associated with self-reported health during the national quarantine period in China. The objectives of this time-sensitive study are: 1) to examine perceived risk of COVID-19 and levels of worry among people with diabetes, and compare with the perceptions of those without diabetes; 2) to examine the health-related experiences and behaviors of people with diabetes when compared with those without diabetes, and 3) to examine factors associated with self-reported health status during the COVID-19 quarantine period in China. To our knowledge, no studies to date have reported findings related to perceived infection risks and the impacts of COVID-19 on a large sample of people with diabetes on health-related outcomes and lifestyle behavior changes in China, where COVID-19 was first reported, and many vigorous nationwide measures were taken to control its spread. doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108350 id = cord-281185-myfuzsh7 author = Yan, Bin title = China’s experience on mental health in response to the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Encourage patients to self-study and help each other, obtain scientific outbreak information and mental health knowledge, carry out self-psychological evaluation and adjustment, and seek online professional help. Participate in medical care shifts and ward rounds to identify patients who need psychological assistance and help them adopt psychological assessment, and develop specific plans based on the patient''s mental status. Second, identify patients with psychosocial problems, provide crisis intervention and psychiatric medication. For discharged patients who need continuous J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f psychological assistance or psychiatric drug intervention, the information handled by the psychiatric department should be recorded in medical documents and referred to the corresponding isolation places, so as to continue to provide psychological assistance and social work services, to avoid extreme events. Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102205 id = cord-258583-5qdthy0j author = Yan, He title = Multiple organ injury on admission predicts in‐hospital mortality in patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = We aimed to explore the association between OI and mortality according to the number of affected organs (heart, liver, and kidney) in patients with COVID-19. The primary findings of this investigation were the following: Clinical studies suggested SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with heart, kidney, and liver injury, which could serve as possible risk factors for increased disease severity. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China Clinical characteristics of non-ICU hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and liver injury: a retrospective study A comparative study of clinical presentation and risk factors for adverse outcome in patients hospitalised with acute respiratory disease due to MERS coronavirus or other causes Association of reninangiotensin system inhibitors with severity or risk of death in patients with hypertension hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China Multiple organ injury on admission predicts in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 doi = 10.1002/jmv.26534 id = cord-306377-s9j21zsy author = Yan, Li title = A machine learning-based model for survival prediction in patients with severe COVID-19 infection date = 2020-03-01 keywords = COVID-19; LDH; patient summary = To support decision making and logistical planning in healthcare systems, this study leverages a database of blood samples from 404 infected patients in the region of Wuhan, China to identify crucial predictive biomarkers of disease severity. For this purpose, machine learning tools selected three biomarkers that predict the survival of individual patients with more than 90% accuracy: lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), lymphocyte and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.27.20028027 doi: medRxiv preprint Data Pre-processing: Imported patients'' data, used all clinical measurements of their last available date as features and set ''survival'' and ''death'' as labels for two classes. Multi-tree XGBoost was trained with the parameters setting as the max depth with 4, the learning rate was equal 0.2, the tress number of estimators was set to 150, the value of the regularization parameter α was set to 1 and the ''subsample'' and ''colsample_bytree'' both were set to 0.9 to prevent overfitting when there were many features but the sample size was not large [5] . doi = 10.1101/2020.02.27.20028027 id = cord-312362-i18rlo2r author = Yan, Linlin title = The relationship between perceived stress and emotional distress during the COVID-19 outbreak: Effects of boredom proneness and coping style date = 2020-10-29 keywords = covid-19; stress summary = title: The relationship between perceived stress and emotional distress during the COVID-19 outbreak: Effects of boredom proneness and coping style A recent online survey found that moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety, and depression were noted in 8.1%, 28.8%, and 16.5%, respectively, However, few studies explored the relationship between perceived stress related to the current pandemic and emotional distress. This study aimed to explore (a) whether the level of perceived stress to the COVID-19 pandemic would link with emotional distress (i.e., depression, fear, compulsion-anxiety, neurasthenia, and hypochondria), (b) whether boredom proneness would mediate the relationship between perceived stress and emotional distress, (c) and whether the direct path between perceived stress and emotional distress would be moderated by individuals'' coping style. The results demonstrated that individuals who experienced greater perceived stress about the COVID-19 pandemic reported more emotional distress measured by PQEEPH including depression, fear, compulsion-anxiety, neurasthenia, and hypochondria. doi = 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102328 id = cord-342294-x18xmrji author = Yan, Nao title = Medium Term Follow-Up of 337 Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Fangcang Shelter Hospital in Wuhan, China date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Risk factors of nucleic acid re-positivity including the number of lobes infiltration (odds ratio[OR], 1.14; 95% CI, 1.09–1.19), distribution (OR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.13–0.19), CT imaging feature of patchy shadowing accompanying with consolidation (OR, 9.36; 95% CI, 7.84–11.17), respiratory symptoms of cough accompanying with expectoration (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.28–1.52), and chest congestion accompanying by dyspnea (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.28–1.57). Considering the high infectious characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, all recovered patients continue to undergo 14 days postdischarge quarantine at designated locations, which is required by the diagnosis and treatment program for novel coronavirus pneumonia (Trial Version 6). All patients were detected to be SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid positive by a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and classified as mild to moderate cases on admission based on the criteria issued by the National Health Commission (NHC) of the People''s Republic of China. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00373 id = cord-340398-bph0ro5v author = Yan, Xisheng title = Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as prognostic and predictive factor in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective cross‐sectional study date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; NLR summary = title: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as prognostic and predictive factor in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective cross‐sectional study This retrospective study was designed to explore whether neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a prognostic factor in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors, NLR more than 11.75 was significantly correlated with all‐cause in‐hospital mortality (odds ratio = 44.351; 95% confidence interval = 4.627‐425.088). The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been suggested as a simple marker of the systemic inflammatory response in critical care patients. In this study, we found there was an association between NLR and the clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is associated with in-hospital mortality in older adults admitted to the emergency department Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as prognostic and predictive factor in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective cross-sectional study doi = 10.1002/jmv.26061 id = cord-309128-gmraihg6 author = Yanai, Hidekatsu title = A Significance of High Prevalence of Diabetes and Hypertension in Severe COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-06-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = It remains unknown why the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension is high in COVID-19 patients and why such diseases can be risk for severe COVID-19 including death. Half of studies showed a statistically significantly higher prevalence of diabetes in severe patients than in non-severe patients. Five of 12 studies showed a statistically significantly higher prevalence of hypertension in severe patients than in non-severe patients. Since hypertension is one of the most significant risk factors for severe disease and mortality in COVID-19, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 is the entry receptor of SARS-CoV-2 [14, 15] , the effects of ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in COVID-19 patients have received much focus. Four of 11 studies showed a statistically significantly higher prevalence of CVD in severe patients than in non-severe patients. A very recent article reported the development of Kawasaki disease in COVID-19 patient [23] , supporting an association between endothelial injury and severe COVID-19. doi = 10.14740/jocmr4218 id = cord-337460-60blhbcq author = Yang, Ai-Ping title = Infection with SARS-CoV-2 causes abnormal laboratory results of multiple organs in patients date = 2020-06-01 keywords = NLR; covid-19 summary = Aim: To evaluate the clinical value of abnormal laboratory results of multiple organs in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) and to help clinicians perform correct treatment. Recent studies have also reported decreases in the lymphocyte (LYM) counts in the peripheral blood and increases in serum inflammatory cytokine levels in COVID-19 patients [12] . In this study, the changes in LYM subsets and cytokines profiles in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients with distinct disease severities were longitudinally characterized. Therefore, the steady raise in the number of immune cells and the sustained decline in the levels of inflammatory factors are important laboratory manifestations for the clinical improvement of severe patients with COVID-19. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify the major contributing factors among clinical parameters to distinguish mild and severe cases of COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.18632/aging.103255 id = cord-319140-wxe0tpzs author = Yang, Bin title = Computed tomography findings in a case of coronavirus disease 2019 date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is mainly characterized by pulmonary inflammation. The preferred imaging modality is chest computed tomography (CT) which plays an important role in early diagnosis, quarantine, and treatment as well as in the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is predominantly characterized by pulmonary inflammation. COVID-19 is an acute infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 that is predominantly characterized by pulmonary inflammation, but can also involve other organs. Given the similarities in the imaging findings of different viral pneumonias, however, a diagnosis of COVID-19 should be considered only after taking into account the clinical data, epidemiology, and laboratory test results, and the final diagnosis should be confirmed by pathogenic tests. Chest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): relationship to duration of infection doi = 10.1016/j.jrid.2020.05.002 id = cord-333999-k92fmnq7 author = Yang, Chih-Jen title = Remdesivir Use in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Mini-Review date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19; Remdesivir; SARS summary = In this mini-review, we summarize the current evidence on the efficacy and challenges of remdesivir for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Based on several clinical trials and reports on its compassionate use, remdesivir is considered by many to be the most promising drug for the treatment of COVID-19 [44] [45] [46] . First, to evaluate the efficacy and safety of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter, phase 3 clinical trial was launched on February 5, 2020, in China 30, 60 . Clinically, common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) noted during the compassionate use of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19 reported by Grein et al. doi = 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.09.002 id = cord-311129-5p9mf37g author = Yang, Dong title = COVID-19 & Chronic Renal Disease: Clinical characteristics & prognosis date = 2020-08-25 keywords = CKD; covid-19 summary = AIM: Evaluate clinical characteristics, course and outcomes of COVID-19 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who did not require RRT and those on dialysis. Dialysis patients with COVID-19, comparing to the CKD cases not requiring RRT, suffered from even severe kidney abnormalities, anemia, and infection, and showed abnormally increased creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) on admission (Table 2) . This two-center retrospective study identified that CKD not requiring RRT is an independent risk factor for in-hospital death and poor prognosis of patients with COVID-19 (Table 3) , which is consistent to previous meta-analyses revealing the association of CKD and severe COVID-19 illness. Although patients with CKD not requiring RRT, compared to patients without CKD, had similar proportions of moderate cases on admission, they showed significantly higher incidence of in-hospital death and poor prognosis (Table 1 ). In conclusion, CKD not requiring RRT as an independent risk factor for in-hospital death and https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/qjm 15 poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa258 id = cord-281193-sb7kgu24 author = Yang, Hai-Jun title = Re: Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARSCoV-2: a prospective cohort study date = 2020-08-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-281193-sb7kgu24 title: Re: Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARSCoV-2: a prospective cohort study cord_uid: sb7kgu24 H. et al.''s paper published in the European Respiratory Journal. with COVID-19 pneumonia were associated with increased risk of death from this disease [1] . They further identified that CD3+CD8+ T-cells ⩽75 cells·μL −1 and cardiac troponin I especially ⩾0.05 ng·mL −1 could be used as predictors for mortality of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia using matched case-control study [1] . With great interest, we have read the full text of the paper and found that there are several issues which are worth to clarifying. We hope our comments will be helpful to improve the expression and increase the quality of the paper published by Du R et al. Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2: a prospective cohort study doi = 10.1183/13993003.02439-2020 id = cord-275853-fym8qze2 author = Yang, Juan title = Disease burden and clinical severity of the first pandemic wave of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-09-01 keywords = September; Wuhan; covid-19 summary = In 62 contrast, the 2009 influenza pandemic is considered mild but provides a benchmark 63 for a pandemic in modern times, as the health systems, supportive care, and Wuhan is a particularly well-suited location to assess the health burden of Firstly, Wuhan experienced intense community transmission of severe acute 73 respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); secondly, the first wave has 74 ended, with only seven sporadic cases reported between March 24 and May 18 3 . Here we used multiple data sources to estimate age-78 specific rates of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections, medically attended cases, 79 hospitalizations, and deaths, accounting for health seeking behaviors and 80 underdiagnoses. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.27.20183228 doi: medRxiv preprint burden and clinical severity of seasonal and pandemic influenza using Wuhan age 290 profile as a reference (Supplementary Information File 5 and File 8). doi = 10.1101/2020.08.27.20183228 id = cord-270019-er70ehk4 author = Yang, Kunyu title = Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors for mortality in patients with cancer and COVID-19 in Hubei, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; patient summary = title: Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors for mortality in patients with cancer and COVID-19 in Hubei, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study METHODS: We did a retrospective, multicentre, cohort study of 205 patients with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and with a pathological diagnosis of a malignant tumour in nine hospitals within Hubei, China, from Jan 13 to March 18, 2020. Multivariable regression analysis showed that receiving chemotherapy within 4 weeks before symptom onset (odds ratio [OR] 3·51 [95% CI 1·16–10·59]; p=0·026) and male sex (OR 3·86 [95% CI 1·57–9·50]; p=0·0033) were risk factors for death during admission to hospital. 5 In particular, male sex and receiving chemotherapy within 4 weeks before symptom onset were identified as risk factors for death in patients with cancer who were diagnosed with COVID-19. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30310-7 id = cord-256893-3sh87h2x author = Yang, Li title = COVID-19: immunopathogenesis and Immunotherapeutics date = 2020-07-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = The recent novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is seeing a rapid increase in infected patients worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 not only activates antiviral immune responses, but can also cause uncontrolled inflammatory responses characterized by marked pro-inflammatory cytokine release in patients with severe COVID-19, leading to lymphopenia, lymphocyte dysfunction, and granulocyte and monocyte abnormalities. The number of people infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, is rapidly increasing worldwide. The effect of elevated cytokine production on clinical manifestations Increasing evidence shows that viral infection can induce severe syndromes of shock and organ failure; 8,57 this phenomenon was also investigated for COVID-19. Treg cell-based therapy The dysregulated inflammatory processes caused by SARS-CoV-2 in patients with severe COVID-19 are partially due to the dysfunction of Tregs, which are responsible for inhibiting inflammation. doi = 10.1038/s41392-020-00243-2 id = cord-285502-rvv64190 author = Yang, Lie title = Emergency response to the explosive growth of health care wastes during COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China date = 2020-08-18 keywords = MEE; Wuhan; covid-19 summary = During the pandemic, municipal solid wastes (MSWs) from designated hospitals, Fangcang shelter hospitals, isolation locations and residential areas (e.g. face masks) were collected and categorized as HCWs due to the high infectiousness and strong survivability of COVID-19, and accordingly the average production of HCWs per 1000 persons in Wuhan explosively increased from 3.64 kg/d to 27.32 kg/d. However, during the pandemic, municipal solid wastes (MSWs) from designated hospitals, Fangcang shelter hospitals, isolation locations and residential areas (e.g. face masks) are of potential infectiousness due to the high infectiousness and strong survivability of COVID-19, and need to be collected, transported, storage and treated as part of HCWs (MEE, 2005 (MEE, , 2006a . For instance, MSWs from designated hospitals, Fangcang shelter hospitals and isolation locations were packaged and collected as HCWs. Therefore, all of these HCWs were collected with strict segregation packages and managed according to the criterions of infectious wastes (MEE, 2008) during the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan. doi = 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105074 id = cord-267152-m9m0aunk author = Yang, Philip title = Investigating the sex differences in COVID-19: Another step forward, but many unanswered questions date = 2020-06-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The main finding from the study was that while female patients were more likely to be affected by COVID-19, female patients had a lower proportion of severe or critical cases (PSCC) and a lower case fatality rate (CFR) compared to male patients. It appeared that the sex differences in the attack rate, PSCC, and CFR in Hubei Province, which contained the vast majority of COVID-19 cases in mainland China, likely shaped the overall trends seen nationwide; the trends seen in other regions were more variable. The results of this study are similar to those of a smaller prior study, which also reported more severe illness and higher mortality from COVID-19 in men compared to women 7 . It is also worth noting that a similar coronavirus outbreak, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2002-2004, also showed a higher case fatality rate in men compared to women 7, 8 . doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa776 id = cord-269453-30l6rzgo author = Yang, Po title = Feasibility study of mitigation and suppression strategies for controlling COVID-19 outbreaks in London and Wuhan date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; London; Wuhan summary = While above methods demonstrate good performance in prediction of COVID-19 outbreak by taking strong public intervention, also named as suppression strategy [13] that aims to reverse epidemic growth, one important challenge is that taking suppression strategy only is to treat disease controls as single-objective optimization of reducing the overall infectious populations as soon as possible, and require strategic consistency in a long term. Targeting at this problem, this paper conducts a feasibility study that analyses and compares mitigation and suppression intervention strategies for controlling COVID-19 outbreaks in Wuhan and London. In order to utilize our proposed SEMCR model into practical cases, we design an evaluation protocol to access multiple effects of taking different intervention strategies to control outbreak of COVID-19 in 4 typical cases, including Hubei province, Wuhan city, the UK and London, as shown in doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0236857 id = cord-305530-b6r6j1ek author = Yang, Po title = Feasibility of Controlling COVID-19 Outbreaks in the UK by Rolling Interventions date = 2020-04-07 keywords = covid-19 summary = If we took a simultaneous 3 weeks rolling intervention with intensity between 3 and 5 in all regions of the UK, the total infections and deaths increased slightly to 2.69 million and 37 thousand; the peak time of healthcare kept the same at the 65th day, where it needs equivalent hospital beds for severe and critical cases of 25.3 thousand. We provided an evidence verification point that implementing suppression in London and rolling intervention with high intensity in non-London regions is probably an optimal strategy to control COVID-19 breakouts in the UK with minimised deaths and economic impacts. 22 We separately combined the calibrated model with data on the cases of COVID-19 in London, the UK (non-London) and the UK during February 2020 and March 2020 to estimate the total number of infections and deaths, and also peak time and value of healthcare demand by applying different interventions. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.05.20054429 id = cord-265877-dund6unq author = Yang, Q. title = Incidence and risk factors of kidney impairment on patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-06-03 keywords = AKI; SARS; covid-19 summary = We extracted data from eligible studies to summarize the clinical manifestations and laboratory indexes of kidney injury on COVID-19 infection patients and further compared the prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and the mean differences of three biomarkers between in ICU/severe and non-ICU/non-severe cases. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.28.20116400 doi: medRxiv preprint "SARS-CoV-2", "clinical", "laboratory", "kidney", "Acute Kidney Injury", "proteinuria" and "hematuria". To identify the risk factors for critical illnesses of COVID-19 patients, we then analyzed the relevance of the AKI and the three laboratory indexes with the clinical severity through comparing the incidences of AKI and mean differences of those biomarkers between ICU/severe and non-ICU/non-severe cases. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.28.20116400 doi: medRxiv preprint Due to the restriction of clinic information and most of the studies did not include in the death cases and the mortality of COVID-19, the association between kidney impairment and COVID-19-induced death was not be analyzed in our meta-analysis. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.28.20116400 id = cord-346105-2f6nj4to author = Yang, T.-H. title = Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effectiveness and Safety of Hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19. date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; medRxiv; preprint summary = Many review articles which have discussed the use of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients showed limitation as they included only few relevant studies, significant Chinese studies were omitted and analysis of treatment effects was not quantified while formulating the results [17] [18] [19] . Hence, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to demonstrate the significance of present evidence regarding benefits and safety of hydroxychloroquine use, for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Our study included only comparative studies that examined the efficacy or safety of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin in comparison with standard treatment based on factors such as virological cure, degree of progression to severe illness and allcause mortality as identified in COVID-19 patients. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first systematic review and meta-analysis which has addressed the issue of combining hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in COVID-19 patients, by summarizing available results extracted from clinical trials. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.07.20093831 id = cord-332541-mntietmw author = Yang, Tianan title = Lessons Learnt from China: National Multidisciplinary Healthcare Assistance date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = METHODS: We adopted the "Difference-in-difference Method" to investigate whether the national multidisciplinary healthcare assistance policy could provide significant benefits in areas affected by COVID-19 by increasing their recovery rates. CONCLUSION: The national multidisciplinary healthcare assistance was an effective intervention to reduce the burden of COVID-19 and ease pressure on the healthcare system in Hubei and China. The national multidisciplinary healthcare assistance is a Chinese policy to coordinate inter-regional, inter-industrial, and inter-departmental cooperation at a national level, combining financial disclosure, business disclosure, and scientific evaluation mechanisms to achieve effective prevention and control of the current epidemic. We adopted the difference-in-difference method to investigate whether the national multidisciplinary healthcare assistance policy could provide significant benefits in areas affected by COVID-19 by increasing their recovery rates. After controlling for the impact of the above variables, the number of recovered cases per day increased by 39.36 as a result of the national multidisciplinary healthcare assistance ( Table 1 ). doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s269523 id = cord-298865-5pe33eos author = Yang, Tuo-Yun title = Clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms as initial symptoms: Retrospective case series date = 2020-07-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms as initial symptoms: Retrospective case series To gain an insight into the different initial symptoms of both pulmonary and gastrointestinal categories, determine the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, and to compare outcomes of patients presenting with different initial symptoms, we collected data from the west campus of Wuhan Union Hospital for further investigation. When infected patients with gastrointestinal symptoms as initial symptoms visit the gastroenterology clinic, the novel coronavirus may have already increased the pulmonary virus content through gut-lung crosstalk [16] . First, patient cases were limited as all from one hospital in Wuhan, which prevented that more clinical features related to initial presentations of gastrointestinal symptoms were characterized. General COVID-19 patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms as initial symptoms need more days of viral shedding and hospitalization compared to the patients presenting with pulmonary symptoms. doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i14.2950 id = cord-292002-g0v0xc21 author = Yang, Wenjing title = The role of imaging in 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS summary = Imaging features of multiple patchy areas of ground glass opacity and consolidation predominately in the periphery of the lungs are characteristic manifestations on chest CT and extremely helpful in the early detection and diagnosis of this disease, which aids prompt diagnosis and the eventual control of this emerging global health emergency. • Among the infected patients, characteristic findings on CT imaging include multiple, patchy, ground-glass opacity, crazy-paving pattern, and consolidation shadows, mainly distributed in the peripheral and subpleural areas of both lungs, which are very helpful for the frontline clinicians. The typical chest CT imaging characteristics of COVID-19 include multiple, peripheral, bilateral, patchy, sub-segmental, or segmental ground glass opacities and areas of consolidation, which are mostly distributed along the bronchovascular bundles and subpleural space. Furthermore, in the currently available reports, the most common chest CT findings in COVID-19 patients are the peripheral areas of ground glass opacity/consolidation (without subpleural sparing) which are bilateral in distribution [21] [22] [23] . doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-06827-4 id = cord-298654-sb9kevkb author = Yang, Xiang-Hong title = Focus on coronavirus disease 2019 associated coagulopathy date = 2020-09-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Tang''s [3] study of 183 confirmed cases with COVID-19 (21 deaths, 162 survivors) from the Wuhan Tongji Hospital has reported that the non-survivors had significantly elevated values of D-dimer compared to the survivors (2.12 vs. [8] Reports have been made showing that up to 31% of severe COVID-19 patients admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) showed the incidence of VTE or thrombotic complications, and D-dimer >1.5 mg/mL was a good indicator for identifying high-risk groups of VTE. Tang et al [10] have reported that anticoagulant therapy mainly with prophylaxis doses of LMWH appears to be associated with better prognosis in severe COVID-19 patients with SIC score ≥4 (40.0% vs. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy doi = 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001019 id = cord-310166-gt6icwul author = Yang, Xiang-Hong title = Expert recommendations on blood purification treatment protocol for patients with severe COVID-19(): Recommendation and consensus date = 2020-04-28 keywords = AKI; COVID-19; patient summary = The basic principles of blood purification treatment for patients with severe COVID-19 mainly include the following: (1) removal of metabolic products such as creatinine and urea nitrogen; removal of various inflammatory mediators by convection, absorption, or plasma replacement; and reshaping of the immune homeostasis; (2) regulation of volume and correction of fluid overload to help maintain hemodynamic stability in critically ill patients; (3) correction of electrolyte and acid-base balance disorders to maintain internal environment stability; (4) control of high fever; and (5) combined treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for extracorporeal multiple organ support. Based on the above principles, the internationally renowned critical care experts Claudio Ronco and Jean Louis Vincent jointly published an expert review titled "Coronavirus epidemic: preparing for extracorporeal organ support in intensive care" in the focus column of The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 12 emphasizing their position on blood purification treatment for severe COVID-19: CRRT is the most commonly used blood purification method in clinical practice, and for patients with severe COVID-19 with sepsis and ARDS, blood perfusion/plasma absorption treatment can also be selected to eliminate more inflammatory medium. doi = 10.1016/j.cdtm.2020.04.002 id = cord-352122-u9pv2x2j author = Yang, Xiao title = Social support and clinical improvement in COVID-19 positive patients in China date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19; social; stage summary = Nevertheless, studies on sleep, anxiety, and depressive symptoms of COVID-19 positive patients and those on the psychological intervention for them are still limited. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship between the measured social support-related factors and baseline sleep, anxiety, and depression symptoms and the improvement of these measures. Social support related factors for linear regression included age, gender, marital status, education level, number of family members infected, any close relatives or friends who died in the pandemic, severity of pneumonia, and score of social support rating scale (SSRS). Social support related factors for linear regression included age, gender, marital status, education level, number of family members infected, any close relatives or friends who died in the pandemic, severity of pneumonia, nucleic acid test at Stage 2, and score of social support rating scale (SSRS) at Stage 2. doi = 10.1016/j.outlook.2020.08.008 id = cord-266303-6igk5jmn author = Yang, Xiaopeng title = Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-11-03 keywords = AKI; COVID-19; acute summary = Purpose Reported rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) have varied significantly among studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) published to date. One retrospective analysis of 536 SARS patients found that while acute kidney injury (AKI) was uncommon among these patients (36 cases), its incidence was associated with a 91.7% mortality rate [6] . The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, medRxiv, and bioRxiv databases were systematically searched for relevant studies published as of 25 July 2020, without any language restrictions, using the following search terms: "COVID-19", "2019-nCoV", "SARA-CoV-2", "novel coronavirus" "Acute Kidney Injury", and "Acute Renal Failure". This meta-analysis also reported the rates of AKI (38.9%) and RRT use (15.6%) among kidney transplant patients. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A single-center retrospective observational study. Risk Factors and Mortality Outcome in Patients with Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: A Single-Center Observational Study doi = 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107159 id = cord-257161-lx3ar43e author = Yang, Xu title = Learner behaviors in synchronous online prosthodontic education during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-03 keywords = COVID-19; online summary = PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess learner behaviors in synchronous online prosthodontic continuing education lectures in China during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Synchronous online prosthodontic education courses in China had a high number of participants but low learning progress and completion rates during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Importantly, the extent of learner participation and completion of these courses remains unknown, and the authors are unaware of research that has investigated the effectiveness of synchronous online learning during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The present observational study assessed learner behaviors in synchronous online prosthodontic continuing education lectures in China during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The null hypotheses were that the completion rate of synchronous online prosthodontic education during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic would not be influenced by the specific lectures and the learners'' first-visit time to the online classroom. This research assessed learner behaviors in synchronous online prosthodontic education courses in China during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.08.004 id = cord-318355-38x3f3ee author = Yang, Yang title = Visceral Adiposity and High Intramuscular Fat Deposition Independently Predict Critical Illness in Patients with Sars‐COV‐2 date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; IMF; patient summary = High visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue area ratio (VSR, called visceral adiposity) (OR: 2.47, 95CI: 1.05 to 5.98, p=0.040) and low mean attenuation of skeletal muscle (SMD, called high intramuscular fat [IMF] deposition) (OR: 11.90, 95CI: 4.50 to 36.14, p<0.001) were independent risk factors for critical illness. In the present study, we explored the relationship between abdominal adipose tissue distribution, skeletal muscle area and IMF deposition and severity of COVID-19, in a retrospective cohort of 143 patients who had an un-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT). In this study, visceral adiposity and high IMF deposition were significantly associated with critical illness for patients with COVID-19. The present study showed that high IMF deposition was significantly associated with risk of critical illness and requiring mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19. Our findings show that patients with visceral adiposity or high IMF deposition were more likely to develop into critical illness when infected with COVID-19. doi = 10.1002/oby.22971 id = cord-299375-ve4lag21 author = Yang, Yichang title = Use of herbal drugs to treat COVID-19 should be with caution date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = On April 14, 2020, a Chinese official announced at a press conference that indications of three patent herbal drugs were approved to be expanded to include COVID-19 symptoms. 2,3 Certain batches of an injectable herbal drug called Xiyanping, which is recommended by the Chinese Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol of COVID-19, 4 have already been recalled after reports of adverse effects. 5 Although these patent herbal drugs have been used clinically for several years, when we apply them to a novel disease like COVID-19, especially in combination with other antivirals, antibiotics, and immune suppressants, the safety should be cautiously evaluated. Driven by the claim that some patent herbal drugs can effectively treat COVID-19, some patients with flu symptoms who fear quarantine measures are likely to selfmedicate with herbal remedies and avoid going to hospital, thus delaying the proper diagnosis and treatment of the disease, and hampering the government''s testing, tracing, and quarantining efforts. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31143-0 id = cord-303107-f5k686pg author = Yang, Yifan title = Globalism or Nationalism? The Paradox of Chinese Official Discourse in the Context of the COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-09-16 keywords = China; chinese; covid-19; discourse; western summary = This is consistent with China''s longstanding diplomatic discourse on globalism after the 2008-2009 global financial crisis, evident in its official discourse on the "Community of Shared Destiny for Mankind" and "Global Community of Health for All." Chinese top leaders publicly emphasize the importance of international cooperation against COVID-19, to protect global public health by proactively collaborating with multilateral institutions such as the United Nations, the WHO, and other G20 countries and providing funding and clinical support for developing countries affected by the global pandemic [60] . Therefore, mass media help the discursive construction and symbolic representation of national identity by drawing on the logic of "the self" and "the other" or "us" and "them." Accordingly, analyzing media discourse on national identity can facilitate an understanding of political (official) discourse in China, particularly in terms of identity performance in during a global public health crisis such as the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1007/s11366-020-09697-1 id = cord-298936-76xurcof author = Yanguas, Xavier title = Returning to Sport during the Covid-19 pandemic: The sports physicians’ role date = 2020-06-30 keywords = athlete; covid-19 summary = Specifically LaLiga, the highest authority, has implemented a mandatory protocol for professional teams in order to minimize the risks of infection by SARS-CoV-2 during training, taking into account all the factors that could put the staff and athletes health at risk 11 . 20, 21 These are the main reasons why we think that sports physicians will play a major role in the ''''post-lockdown period'''', in the management of athletes'' health and condition through close monitoring and daily follow-up, symptom control and detection of early signs of complications, and also specifically assessing individual risk factors regarding injuries. Knowing the prevalence and incidence of COVID-19 during the return to training and competition will provide interesting information that will allow us to evaluate the effectiveness of the different protocols that have been followed to lower the risk of infection, and at the same time assess the immunization during the study period and make sure the players resume competition in an optimal physical condition. doi = 10.1016/j.apunsm.2020.06.001 id = cord-252251-ji45igni author = Yannouchos, T. title = Characteristics and risk factors for COVID-19 diagnosis and adverse outcomes in Mexico: an analysis of 89,756 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases date = 2020-06-05 keywords = covid-19 summary = Objectives: We estimated the association between patients characteristics and COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalization and adverse outcome in Mexico. Male gender, older age, having one or more comorbidities, and chronic renal disease, diabetes, obesity, COPD, immunosuppression and hypertension were associated with hospitalization and adverse outcome. We performed a cross-sectional secondary data analysis using a publicly available individual level dataset which included patients classified as ''suspected cases of viral respiratory disease'' . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.04.20122481 doi: medRxiv preprint COVID-19 diagnosis, the dataset included additional information related to clinical endpoints, namely whether the patient was admitted into an intensive care unit, intubated, and died. Patients with one or more comorbidities, particularly those with hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and COPD were also more prevalent in both the hospitalized and the adverse outcome groups. Approximately 1 in 5 patients with laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 had more than 1 comorbidity, and they had approximately 3-fold higher risk for hospitalization and adverse outcome. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.04.20122481 id = cord-257806-jcc7ljcm author = Yao, Jasper Seth title = Covid-19 in dementia: an insidious pandemic date = 2020-06-25 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-257806-jcc7ljcm title: Covid-19 in dementia: an insidious pandemic cord_uid: jcc7ljcm We provide a detailed history of patients of older age with dementia who developed Covid-19. While in large cohorts, fever and cough are the most common presenting symptoms among Covid-19 patients, 1 our findings show that dyspnea and altered mental status may manifest as the prominent symptoms of Covid-19 among patients of older age with dementia. As the majority of this cohort was unable to provide their own history in the emergency department, it is possible that Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Prevalence of dementia in the United States: The aging, demographics, and memory study Clinical Management of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) When COVID-19 Disease Is Suspected Clinical phenotypes of delirium during critical illness and severity of subsequent long-term cognitive impairment: a prospective cohort study doi = 10.1093/ageing/afaa136 id = cord-331257-z2x1wax0 author = Yao, Yang title = Psychological Status and Influencing Factors of Hospital Medical Staff During the COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; psychological summary = BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the psychological status of and its influencing factors in health care workers (HCWs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak so as to provide sufficient theory and scientific basis for the formulation and implementation of relevant policies and measures in improving the psychological status of HCWs. METHOD: During February 1 to February 20, 2020, 1,002 members of the HCWs from Xi''an and Wuhan completed a 12-item questionnaire regarding pressure about the COVID-19 influenza pandemic, along with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Hospital medical staff show an absolutely important position in the outbreak of infectious diseases, but people often pay more attention to the cure rate, diagnosis, and treatment effect and prognosis of patients and ignore the psychological distress of HCWs. Studies that investigated the psychological status during SARS and A/H1N1 influenza pandemic indicated that a high level of distress is common (Caputo et al., 2006; Goulia et al., 2010) . doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01841 id = cord-271980-8x5g8r7c author = Yao, Ye title = Ambient nitrogen dioxide pollution and spread ability of COVID-19 in Chinese cities date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; Hubei summary = When examining the correlation between NO 2 and R 0 of COVID-19, we estimated the associations of NO 2 concentration with R 0 both inside and outside Hubei province (r & p) in the same period by using multiple linear regression models after controlling for temperature and relative humidity (as covariates in the regression model) separately. We also examined the corresponding temporal associations between NO 2 and R 0 of COVID-19 across the different cities inside and outside Hubei Province using multiple linear regression models after controlling for temperature and relative humidity separately. The cross-sectional analysis indicates that, after adjustment for temperature and relative humidity, R 0 was positively associated with NO 2 concentration at city level (meta χ 2 =10.18, J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f p=0.037) (Figure 3) . doi = 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111421 id = cord-350714-zfprrxt4 author = Yao, Ye title = Association of particulate matter pollution and case fatality rate of COVID-19 in 49 Chinese cities date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = This study aimed to investigate the associations between particulate matter (PM) concentrations and the case fatality rate (CFR) of COVID-19 in 49 Chinese cities, including the epicenter of Wuhan. Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution has been reported to increase the risks of mortality and morbidity from cardiopulmonary diseases worldwide (Atkinson et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2017; Samet et al., 2000; Samoli et al., 2005) , with higher likelihood of adverse effects among elderly or people with underlying medical conditions (Zeka et al., 2006) ; elderly and people with underlying medical conditions also experienced higher fatality from COVID-19 Pan et al., 2020) . To date, few studies have estimated and quantified the effects of air pollutants on case fatality rate (CFR) from COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140396 id = cord-340367-h608bj86 author = Yarali, Neşe title = Hematological parameters and peripheral blood morphologic abnormalities in children with COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To the Editor, Quantitative and qualitative changes in peripheral blood cells have been described in adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The mean hemoglobin value of SARS-CoV-2 test-positive and -negative groups was 13.1 ±1.7 g/dL (7.7-6.4) and 12.4 ± 1.9 g/dL (8.3-17.1), respectively (P > .05). Within the SARS-CoV-2 test-positive group, two patients In the whole cohort, thrombocytopenia was detected in four patients; one of them was the patient with aplastic anemia and COVID-19, the remaining three were in the SARS-CoV-2-negative group. In the peripheral smears of children with COVID-19, vacuolated monocytes (n = 3; 13.3%) and hypergranulation/lobulation abnormalities in neutrophils (n = 11; 36.7%) were noted. Although a significant difference was detected in leukocyte, platelet, neutrophil, and monocyte counts, many patients'' values were in normal limits; so the leukocyte count and differentials could not help to distinguish COVID-19 from other symptomatic patients. Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19) infections: a metaanalysis doi = 10.1002/pbc.28596 id = cord-034614-r429idtl author = Yasar, Huseyin title = A new deep learning pipeline to detect Covid-19 on chest X-ray images using local binary pattern, dual tree complex wavelet transform and convolutional neural networks date = 2020-11-04 keywords = CNN; covid-19 summary = title: A new deep learning pipeline to detect Covid-19 on chest X-ray images using local binary pattern, dual tree complex wavelet transform and convolutional neural networks In this study, which aims at early diagnosis of Covid-19 disease using X-ray images, the deep-learning approach, a state-of-the-art artificial intelligence method, was used, and automatic classification of images was performed using convolutional neural networks (CNN). Within the scope of the study, the results were obtained using chest X-ray images directly in the training-test procedures and the sub-band images obtained by applying dual tree complex wavelet transform (DT-CWT) to the above-mentioned images. In the study, experiments were carried out for the use of images directly, using local binary pattern (LBP) as a pre-process and dual tree complex wavelet transform (DT-CWT) as a secondary operation, and the results of the automatic classification were calculated separately. doi = 10.1007/s10489-020-02019-1 id = cord-345528-rk16pt0i author = Yasar, Y. title = MantisCOVID: Rapid X-Ray Chest Radiograph and Mortality Rate Evaluation With Artificial Intelligence For COVID-19 date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; CXR summary = This tool delivers a rapid screening test by analyzing the X-ray Chest Radiograph scans via Artificial Intelligence (AI) and it also evaluates the mortality rate of patients with the synthesis of the patient history with the machine learning methods. A rapid analysis for the Chest X-ray (CXR) scans, CT, Infection Rate or Mortality Rate with the machine learning methods are some of the helpful tools and researchers are trying to build such tools for pre-screening COVID-19. This study defines a deployed environment 1 for rapid evaluation of the mortality rate and CXR scans via machine learning tools. The evaluation platform has two outputs after screening the group of patients as the prediction about the risk in COVID-19 via CXR and the mortality rate. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.04.20090779 doi: medRxiv preprint mantisCOVID cannot catch COVID-19 patient via AI elimination from CXR, the physician can change approaching style to the patient via evaluating the mortality rate. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.04.20090779 id = cord-302081-l9whadpi author = Yasin, El-Wajeh title = Opening Pandora’s box: surgical tracheostomy in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients date = 2020-07-09 keywords = covid-19; tracheostomy summary = title: Opening Pandora''s box: surgical tracheostomy in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients 1 Key lessons derived from the cumulative experience of Asian and European intensive care units (ICUs), which dealt with critically ill patients during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and lessons from the previous SARS and MERS outbreaks allowed hospitals in the UK to prepare preventive measures and adopt specific processes for the COVID-19 crisis. El-Wajeh, Yasin*; Varley, Iain; Raithatha, Ajay; Glossop, Alastair; Smith, Austen; Mohammed-Ali, Ricardo Performing a conventional tracheostomy in a COVID-19 patient can be compared to the Greek myth of opening Pandora''s box, which unleashed untold evils. When an ope surgical tracheostomy is performed in a COVID-19 patient, the risk of viral transmission to all the involved team members can be reduced by implementing a systematic and integrated approach with the surgeon and the intensivist/anaesthesiologist working in a synchronised manner. doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2020.06.052 id = cord-032450-mklmsw01 author = Yasin, Rabab title = Chest X-ray findings monitoring COVID-19 disease course and severity date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19; TSS summary = Initial chest X-ray showed right peripheral mid and lower zonal air space consolidation opacities (arrows), smaller patches of consolidation is seen on the side (arrows), the severity score for the right lung was 2 and for the left lung was 1, so TSS was 3. Initial chest X-ray showed right small midzonal pulmonary nodules (short arrow), left midzonal neither peripheral nor perihilar air space consolidation opacities are seen (long arrows), and the severity score was 1 for each lung, so TSS was 2 Fig. 4 Four different patients with positive COVID-19. d 28-year male patient presented with cough, on initial X-ray showed right upper zonal (long arrow) and left midzonal (short arrow) air space consolidation opacities; the severity score was 1 for each lung, so TSS was 2 Yasin and Gouda Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (2020) 51:193 doi = 10.1186/s43055-020-00296-x id = cord-300889-3tzg6few author = Yasri, S title = Re: Testing recommendation for COVID-19 and planned surgery date = 2020-06-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-300889-3tzg6few authors: Yasri, S; Wiwanitkit, V title: Re: Testing recommendation for COVID-19 and planned surgery cord_uid: 3tzg6few Please cite this article in press as: Yasri S, Wiwanitkit V. We found that the publication on "Testing recommendation for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients planned for surgery -continuing the service and "suppressing" the pandemic" is very interesting. 1 Al-Muharraqi noted that "The aforementioned recommendations may be expensive, but they can mitigate the risks to patients, staff, and public. 2 The concept to apply preoperative testing for COVID-19 is interesting. Regardless of preoperative testing for COVID-19, universal precautions for all patients are necessary. Testing recommendation for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients planned for surgery -continuing the service and ''suppressing'' the pandemic Detection and analysis of nucleic acid in various biological samples of COVID-19 patients Comparison of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 detection in 353 patients received tests with both specimens simultaneously doi = 10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.04.052 id = cord-261328-prczsz9m author = Yassa, Murat title = How to perform and interpret the lung ultrasound by the obstetricians in pregnant women during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic date = 2020-10-02 keywords = COVID-19; LUS summary = title: How to perform and interpret the lung ultrasound by the obstetricians in pregnant women during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic By contrast, lung ultrasound scanning (LUS) is easy to perform, has a non-ionizing nature, and has the advantages of bed-side application and thus is well suited for monitoring patients (2) (3) (4) (5) . In this educational, non-systematic pictorial review, all lung images and videoclips were obtained with a dedicated machine [Esaote S.p.a., Italy; Manufactured by: Eizo Nanao Corp., Model: EA720] for use in pregnant women with suspicion or diagnosis of COVID-19. LUS is a promising non-invasive, safe, and easily learned and performed imaging tool that can be used in pregnant women suspected of having COVID-19 pneumonia following an initial fetal assessment. How to perform lung ultrasound in pregnant women with suspected COVID-19 Lung ultrasound in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: an interobserver agreement study among obstetricians doi = 10.4274/tjod.galenos.2020.93902 id = cord-270528-3rsv3jlh author = Yazdanpanah, Fereshteh title = The immune system and COVID-19: Friend or foe? date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cell; immune summary = The pathogenesis of this virus is not yet clearly understood, but there is evidence of a hyper-inflammatory immune response in critically ill patients, which leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , and has affected people''s lives globally, since first observed in Wuhan, China in the last days of 2019 (1, 2) . On the other hand, the hyper-inflammatory and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) typical of COVID-19 causes tissue damage to the lung epithelium and ARDS (32); therefore, immunosuppressive drugs may be useful as there is some evidence that an anti-IL-6 approach is effective in critically ill patients in the ICU (33) . Also, due to the overexpression of ACE2 in islet cells of the pancreas, SARS-CoV-2 may be a diabetogenic virus that causes severe instability in the blood glucose levels of diabetes patients, which worsens the inflammatory imbalance (37) . doi = 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117900 id = cord-253196-et1ekgdl author = Yazdany, Jinoos title = Use of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine During the COVID-19 Pandemic: What Every Clinician Should Know date = 2020-03-31 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ summary = Two medications often used for treatment of immune-mediated conditions, hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, have recently attracted widespread interest as potential therapies for coronavirus disease 2019. The antimalarials hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) have demonstrated antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro and in small, poorly controlled or uncontrolled clinical studies (1) (2) (3) . Here, we try to provide guidance regarding clinical decision making both for patients with COVID-19 and those with immune-mediated conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and strategies to mitigate further harm to these patients. At this time of crisis, it is our ethical obligation as physicians and researchers to organize and refer patients to expedited, well-performed randomized trials that can clarify if, when, and for whom antimalarial medications are helpful in COVID-19. A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) doi = 10.7326/m20-1334 id = cord-031940-bbord079 author = Ye, Tingqing title = Analysis and prediction of confirmed COVID-19 cases in China with uncertain time series date = 2020-09-16 keywords = covid-19 summary = In this section, classical time series analysis is applied to modeling the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 cases by local transmission in China. To model the data in Table 1 , we denote the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in China from February 13 to March 23, 2020 by X 1 , X 2 , . Thus the disturbance term cannot be regarded as a random variable, and the classical time series analysis is not appropriate for predicting the future the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in China. In this section, we will introduce the uncertain time series analysis, including least squares estimations, residual analysis, uncertain hypothesis test, forecast value, and confidence interval. In this section, we will introduce the uncertain time series analysis, including least squares estimations, residual analysis, uncertain hypothesis test, forecast value, and confidence interval. doi = 10.1007/s10700-020-09339-4 id = cord-226263-ns628u21 author = Ye, Yanfang title = $alpha$-Satellite: An AI-driven System and Benchmark Datasets for Hierarchical Community-level Risk Assessment to Help Combat COVID-19 date = 2020-03-27 keywords = COVID-19; Malware; area; datum summary = In the system of α-Satellite, (1) we first construct an attributed heterogeneous information network (AHIN) to model the collected large-scale and real-time pandemic related data in a comprehensive way; (2) based on the constructed AHIN, to address the challenge of limited data that might be available for learning (e.g., social media data to learn public perceptions towards COVID-19 in a given area might not be sufficient), we then exploit the conditional generative adversarial nets (cGANs) to gain the public perceptions towards COVID-19 in each given area; and finally (3) we utilize meta-path based schemes to model both vertical and horizontal information associated with a given area, and devise a novel heterogeneous graph auto-encoder (GAE) to aggregate information from its neighborhood areas to estimate the risk of the given area in a hierarchical manner. doi = nan id = cord-283616-ef84i589 author = Ye, Zheng title = Chest CT manifestations of new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pictorial review date = 2020-03-19 keywords = COVID-19; GGO summary = In COVID-19 diagnosis, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of viral nucleic acid is regarded as the reference standard; however, recent studies addressed the importance of chest computed tomography (CT) examination in COVID-19 patients with false negative RT-PCR results [4, 5] , and reported the CT sensitivity as 98% [6] . However, with further analysis of increasing cases, a diversity of interesting CT imaging features were found, including crazy paving pattern, airway changes, reversed halo sign etc. Reportedly, chest CT images could manifest different imaging features or patterns in COVID-19 patients with a different time course and disease severity [18, 20] . Recently, the first post-mortem biopsy in a COVID-19 patient was reported [27] , showing pulmonary edema and hyaline membrane formation in both lungs, which we speculate may be the underlying pathological driver of GGO sign. Although bilateral GGO and consolidation were reported as the predominant imaging characteristics in COVID-19, chest CT manifestations can vary in different patients and stages. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-06801-0 id = cord-238881-tupom7fb author = Yeh, Chun-Fu title = A Cascaded Learning Strategy for Robust COVID-19 Pneumonia Chest X-Ray Screening date = 2020-04-24 keywords = CXR; covid-19 summary = Although the recent international joint effort on making the availability of all sorts of open data, the public collection of CXR images is still relatively small for reliably training a deep neural network (DNN) to carry out COVID-19 prediction. Although the recent international joint effort on making the availability of all sorts of open data, the public collection of CXR images is still relatively small for reliably training a deep neural network (DNN) to carry out COVID-19 prediction. Our approach leverages a large CXR image dataset of non-COVID-19 pneumonia to generalize the original well-trained classification model via a cascaded learning scheme. Our approach leverages a large CXR image dataset of non-COVID-19 pneumonia to generalize the original well-trained classification model via a cascaded learning scheme. To extend the model, we collaborate with several medical research centers in Taiwan to collect chest x-ray images from COVID-19 patients at various stages, and re-train the pneumonia classification system using a three-stage cascaded learning strategy. doi = nan id = cord-266755-y2lf7ssp author = Yehualashet, Awgichew Shewasinad title = ACEIs and ARBs and Their Correlation with COVID-19: A Review date = 2020-09-16 keywords = ACE-2; ACE2; COVID-19; SARS summary = 21, 22 Both ACE-1 and ACE-2 cleave angiotensin peptides in that ACE-1 cleaves angiotensin I and generating angiotensin (Ang) II, which causes vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, increases vascular permeability, inflammation, and fibrosis and enhance the development of acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS) and lung failure in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. 36 The probable rational proposed for the possible relation between the use of ACEIs/ARBs, and progression to ARDS in COVID-19 is the increased availability of ACE-2 attached to surface in the lung endothelium, an inherent effect of these two classes, leading to enhanced coupling of SARS-CoV2 to ACE-2 and its consequent cell entry. Based on prior animal studies, it was suggested that proposed ACEIs and ARBs can enhance ACE2 activity and thereby increase infectivity of COVID-19 virus. 48 In severe lung injury animal models, preclinical studies have showed that ACE2 is significantly downregulated and it has been shown that the inhibition of the angiotensin type 1 receptor by ARB like losartan reduces severe acute lung injury in mice administered with the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV. doi = 10.2147/idr.s264882 id = cord-317823-ztawznod author = Yehya, Nadir title = Statewide Interventions and Covid-19 Mortality in the United States: An Observational Study date = 2020-07-08 keywords = New; covid-19 summary = Historical analysis of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic during the second wave of infections that examined 43 cities in the United States demonstrated an association between earlier school closures and bans on public gatherings with lower mortality [5] . Therefore, we assessed the association between the timing of emergency declarations and school closures, two specific statewide distancing measures, and subsequent Covid-19 mortality. Second, because deaths per million is a common method to compare localities, we provide an analysis testing the association between deaths per million at the state level after multivariable adjustment relative to timing of emergency declarations or statewide school closures. States implementing emergency declarations or school closures later in the course of the pandemic experienced higher Covid-19 mortality, with each day of delay increasing mortality risk 5 to 6%. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa923 id = cord-342873-eu7f0zjm author = Yeleswaram, Swamy title = Inhibition of cytokine signaling by ruxolitinib and implications for COVID-19 treatment date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; JAK2; ruxolitinib summary = Patients with severe COVID-19 experience elevated plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can result in cytokine storm, followed by massive immune cell infiltration into the lungs leading to alveolar damage, decreased lung function, and rapid progression to death. Although most patients with COVID-19 experience only mild-to-moderate disease, approximately 15% progress to severe pneumonia, and 5% develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), septic shock, and/or multiple organ failure, which can rapidly lead to death [3] . The high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines lead to massive immune cell infiltration of the lungs in patients with COVID-19, resulting in alveolar damage, decreased lung function, and rapid progression to death [7, 8] . Ruxolitinib (INCB018424) is a selective inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2 that is approved for the treatment of myelofibrosis (MF), polycythemia vera, and steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof 6 host disease (SR-aGVHD) [15] . doi = 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108517 id = cord-322290-zx3i8mpo author = Yelin, Dana title = Long-term consequences of COVID-19: research needs date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Long-term consequences of COVID-19: research needs Long-term sequelae of COVID-19 are unknown (as are many aspects of the acute disease). Long-term consequences were observed in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 5,6 but it is unknown whether lessons from SARS are applicable to COVID-19. We owe good answers on the long-term consequences of the disease to our patients and healthcare providers. Careful recording of symptoms and patient examination should allow understanding of which part of the sequelae is common to all severe infections, which symptoms might be explained by the anxiety caused by a new disease and by the isolation, 9 and which symptoms are secondary to a complicated form of COVID-19 (eg, pulmonary involvement during the acute disease). Mental morbidities and chronic fatigue in severe acute respiratory syndrome survivors: long-term follow-up The long-term impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on pulmonary function, exercise capacity and health status doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30701-5 id = cord-301388-p3juk2vv author = Yen, Muh-Yong title = Recommendations for protecting against and mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic in long-term care facilities date = 2020-04-10 keywords = LTCF; SARS; covid-19 summary = 5, 6 It is therefore essential that the health care community develop infection control guidelines on prevention measures to address pandemic preparedness and response in LTCFs. 7, 8 Here we offer recommendations based on what we consider the "gold standard" for pandemic preparedness and response in LTCFs. However, we recognize that the ideal response we describe is likely not an option for LTCFs in the midst of the current COVID-19 pandemic. 18 Given the significant vulnerability of LTCF residents and staff to the COVID-19 pandemic, here we recommend adopting eTCB, and adapting it to LTCFs. Enhanced TCB protects LTCF staff and residents from droplet, contact and fomite transmission through a process including triage prior to entering the facility, separate zones of risk within the facility and checkpoint hand hygiene throughout. doi = 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.04.003 id = cord-033204-v17d98c9 author = Yen, Wei‐Ting title = Taiwan’s COVID‐19 Management: Developmental State, Digital Governance, and State‐Society Synergy date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; Taiwan; government summary = The country''s success mainly lies in three factors: (1) reliance on the mask policy as the main disease prevention measure and the ability to quickly expand mask production capacity; (2) use of big data and technology to enhance effective implementation of disease prevention and detection measures; and (3) strong state‐society relations favoring transparency, communication, and collaboration. I then turn to the crisis management framework, discussing how the developmental state foundations and the democratic regime lead to Taiwan''s success on mask policy, digital governance, and strong state-society collaboration and communication. Moreover, the capacity of a government to define and communicate the uncertainty the crisis brings is also an essential element in an effective response because collective sense-making can help increase citizens'' voluntary compliance. Specifically, during COVID-19, digital governance helped improve disease detection through integrated databases of people''s health records and travel history, through more accurate contact tracing, and through active surveillance tracking for people under quarantine. doi = 10.1111/aspp.12541 id = cord-332292-n7k4va9k author = Yen, Yung-Feng title = Olfactory disorder in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-08-20 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Therefore, we conducted this cohort study to characterize the clinical course of olfactory disorder in COVID-19 patients in Taiwan. Two patients exhibited anosmia as the main symptom at the onset of SARS-CoV-2 infection, while one patient had hyposmia 4 days after the onset of COVID-19. 7 All patients with olfactory disorder in our study fully recovered their olfactory function before the RT-PCR results for SARS-CoV-2 turned negative. This cohort study was the first to characterize the clinical course of olfactory disorder in COVID-19 patients. 2 Limited COVID-19 cases in this study may preclude this J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f analysis from estimating the precise prevalence of olfactory disorder in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, consistent with a current report, 7 the findings of our study suggest that olfactory disorder is not an uncommon symptom in COVID-19 patients. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a cross-sectional study doi = 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.08.010 id = cord-289154-rwk2wajl author = Yeo, Danson title = COVID-19 and the General Surgical Department – Measures to Reduce Spread of SARS-COV-2 Among Surgeons date = 2020-04-13 keywords = NCID; covid-19 summary = title: COVID-19 and the General Surgical Department – Measures to Reduce Spread of SARS-COV-2 Among Surgeons The screening centre also functions as a full-fledged Emergency Department as some patients may have symptoms of both COVID-19 and also a concurrent medical or surgical presentation and diagnosis. In order to ensure continuity of our surgical services in the unfortunate event of HCW COVID-19 transmission, each subspecialty team is divided into 2 or more sub-teams. Inter-hospital rotation of surgical residents has also been halted to reduce the chance of crosshospital interaction and potential transmission of COVID-19 between HCWs. Patients undergoing essential elective surgery are screened on arrival to the hospital for fever, upper respiratory tract (URTI) symptoms and contact/travel history. Emergency surgery for confirmed COVID-19 patients or suspect cases are performed in a dedicated operating theatre in NCID. doi = 10.1097/sla.0000000000003957 id = cord-033312-ja45g4b0 author = Yetkin, Ertan title = COVID-19 pandemic: a glimpse into newly diagnosed hypertensive patients date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Clinicians also need strong recommendations regarding the prescription of these agents for newly diagnosed hypertension cases with or without concomitant conditions, including heart failure (HF), diabetes mellitus, and ischemic heart disease, during the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19. Considering the obscure and multifaceted effects of ACEIs and ARBs in various clinical conditions, it seems plausible to prescribe these agents exclusively for compelling indications (for which these agents are known to be indisputably beneficial), including concomitant heart failure and ischemic heart disease, etc, in the setting of newly diagnosed hypertension. On the other hand, withholding ACEIs or ARBs as the first choice with particular preference of other antihypertensive classes, including calcium antagonist, β-blockers, diuretics, and α-blockers in the absence of compelling indications may eliminate the concerns on the patient''s side and thereby may increase the drug compliance in the setting of newly diagnosed hypertension during the spreading outbreak of COVID-19. Effect of Renin-Angiotensin system blockage in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective case control study doi = 10.1097/xce.0000000000000234 id = cord-168557-xt4bf31r author = Yi, Jirong title = Optimal Pooling Matrix Design for Group Testing with Dilution (Row Degree) Constraints date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Optimal Pooling Matrix Design for Group Testing with Dilution (Row Degree) Constraints In this paper, we consider the problem of designing optimal pooling matrix for group testing (for example, for COVID-19 virus testing) with the constraint that no more than $r>0$ samples can be pooled together, which we call"dilution constraint". We explicitly give pooling matrix designs that satisfy the dilution constraint and have performance guarantees of identifying anomalous elements, and prove their optimality in saving the largest number of tests, namely showing that the designed matrices have the largest width-to-height ratio among all constraint-satisfying 0-1 matrices. Pooled sample testing has been proposed as a method for increasing the effective capacity of existing testing infrastructure using the classical method of group testing or newly introduced compressed sensing techniques for virus testing [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] using the RT-qPCR (real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) tests. Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA issues first emergency authorization for sample pooling in diagnostic testing doi = nan id = cord-305422-t8azymo7 author = Yi, Ye title = COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease date = 2020-03-15 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; MERS; SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in China and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. The virus is highly homologous to the coronavirus (CoV) that caused an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003; thus, it was named SARS-CoV-2 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020, and the associated disease was named CoV Disease-19 (COVID-19) [1] . Whenever possible, we will try to compare COVID-19 with SARS and another CoV-caused disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS, an outbreak in 2012). Due to the lack of experience with the novel CoV, physicians can mainly provide supportive care to COVID-19 patients, while attempting a variety of therapies that have been used or proposed before for the treatment of other CoVs such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and other viral diseases ( Table 2) . doi = 10.7150/ijbs.45134 id = cord-350082-n39wakfp author = Yi, Zhan-Miao title = Mapping Evidence of Pharmacy Services for COVID-19 in China date = 2020-10-02 keywords = COVID-19; China; Pharmaceutical summary = Pharmacist interventions for COVID-19 patients most commonly related to guidelines or consensus development for the treatment of disease and practice procedure to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (n = 10, 10.98%), the supply of medicines to treat patients with severe respiratory or systematic symptoms related to COVID-19 (n = 10, 10.98%), formulating infections prevention and control strategies related to COVID-19 for pharmaceutical personnel/pharmacy staff (n = 14, 15.39%), new way of delivery pharmacy services and the implementation of new pharmacy services for COVID-19 outbreak (n = 14, 15.39%), routine pharmacy services under the restrict limit of COVID-19 outbreak (n = 39, 42.86%), and case series analysis of treatment regimens using existing, routinely collected data (n = 4, 4.40%). Majority are providing routine pharmaceutical care and medication information, especially for special population under the restrict limit of COVID-19 outbreak, prevention and control strategies for hospital pharmacy, clinics specially for fever patients or emergency room, and emergency management model set up. doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.555753 id = cord-269301-3e5uxunm author = Yilmaz, Resul title = Anesthetic management for cesarean birth in pregnancy with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) date = 2020-05-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Anesthetic management for cesarean birth in pregnancy with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) There is limited information about COVID-19 infection and its treatment during pregnancy. Based on these two reports, we preferred to apply spinal anesthesia. In order to avoid possible hypotension, after the case was taken to the operation room, we applied approximately 500 ml of iv hydration and spinal anesthesia with 10 mg of bupivacaine. Hydroxychloroquine, oseltamivir and azithromycin Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f treatment was applied for the COVID-19 infection of the patient after surgery. We provided a successful anesthetic management in this case, where we applied spinal anesthesia with cesarean delivery. Safety and efficacy of different anesthetic regimens for parturients with COVID-19 undergoing Cesarean delivery: a case series of 17 patients Emergency Caesarean delivery in a patient with confirmed COVID-19 under spinal anaesthesia doi = 10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109921 id = cord-297918-840thddt author = Yilmaz, Umut title = COVID-19: neurologische Manifestationen: Was wir bisher wissen date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; Fälle; SARS summary = So wurde in einer ersten Studie mit 214 COVID-19-Patienten aus Wuhan eine neurologische Beteiligung in 36,4 % der Fälle beschrieben [1] . Eine Studie mit 58 aufgrund eines akuten Lungenversagens ("acute respiratory distress syndrome", ARDS) intensivmedizinisch behandelten COVID-19-Patienten aus Straßburg berichtet von neurologischen Komplikationen in 84 % der Fälle. Im weiteren Verlauf der Pandemie sind in den letzten Monaten zahlreiche Fallberichte und Fallserien publiziert worden, die von unterschiedlichen neurologischen Manifestationen bei CO-VID-19-Patienten berichten. Daher wurden in einer aktuellen Metaanalyse von Fallberichten und Studien zu neurologischen Komplikationen standardisierte Falldefinitionen für die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Zusammenhangs zur COVID-19-Infektion gefordert [7] . Eine PCR-Analyse des Liquors auf SARS-CoV-2 wurde in 4 Fällen durchgeführt und fiel bei einem Patienten positiv aus. In einer europäischen Studie mit 417 Patienten wird von Störungen des Geruchs-oder Geschmackssinnes in über 85 % der Fälle mit bestätigter Infektion berichtet [2] . Saggese und Kollegen berichten von einem 62-jährigen COVID-19-positiven Patienten mit multiplen vaskulären Risikofaktoren, der aufgrund eines Schlaganfalls behandelt wurde. doi = 10.1007/s00117-020-00748-5 id = cord-171660-iqgi1906 author = Yin, Hui title = Detecting Topic and Sentiment Dynamics Due to COVID-19 Pandemic Using Social Media date = 2020-07-05 keywords = covid-19; sentiment; topic summary = In this work, we propose a novel framework to analyze the topic and sentiment dynamics due to COVID-19 from the massive social media posts. Based on a collection of 13 million tweets related to COVID-19 over two weeks, we found that the positive sentiment shows higher ratio than the negative sentiment during the study period. Such massive personal posts from social media could become invaluable data sources for large-scale sentiment and topic mining for monitoring people''s mental health across different events or topics [21] . With the spreading of COVID-19 across the world, researchers have proposed to use sentiment analysis based on social media as a tool to monitor people''s mental health. [15] adopted a classic Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic model method to generate 10 topics in a random sample of 18,000 tweets about coronavirus, then they used NRC sentiment dictionary to calculate the presence of eight different emotions, which were "anger", "anticipation", "disgust", "fear", "joy", "sadness", "surprise" and "trust". doi = nan id = cord-283376-6wolrfvk author = Yin, M. title = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection During Pregnancy In China: A Retrospective Cohort Study date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; pregnant summary = For this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed clinical records, laboratory findings, and chest CT scans from 31 pregnant women and 35 non-pregnant women from Jan 28 to Feb 28, 2020 to evaluate the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. 4, [7] [8] [9] Although numerous studies have illuminated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of general population with COVID-19, 2, 8 little has been reported about the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on pregnant women. Considering that inflammatory cytokine storm was the main lethal factor of infectious pneumonia such as SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), 18-21 we compared the levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and some inflammatory indices including NLR, LMR, PLR, SII, ANRI and APRI, in pregnant and non-pregnant patients ( author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. 12 However, we found a shorter interval from onset to hospitalization and severer COVID-19 in pregnant patients than non-pregnant patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.07.20053744 id = cord-339266-glmshsh6 author = Yin, R. title = Clinical characteristics of 106 patients with neurological diseases and co-morbid coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective study date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; patient; severe summary = Objectives:To describe the clinical characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with co-morbid neurological symptoms. Conclusions:Patients with COVID-19 with co-morbid neurological diseases had an advanced age, a high rate of severe illness, and a high mortality rate. Clinical case studies of COVID-19 showed that elderly patients and patients with co-morbid neurological diseases had a high rate of severe and critical illness and a high rate of mortality. 13, 14 To the best of our knowledge, except for a few case reports, there has been no clinical analysis of patients with neurological diseases and co-morbid COVID-19. In summary, patients with COVID-19 with co-morbid neurological diseases had an advanced age, a high rate of severe illness, and a high mortality rate. Patients with COVID-19 with co-morbid neurological diseases had an advanced age, a high rate of severe illness, and a high mortality rate. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.29.20085415 id = cord-347288-ub0l4mov author = Yin, Xi title = Assessment of the Severity of Coronavirus Disease: Quantitative Computed Tomography Parameters versus Semiquantitative Visual Score date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracies of quantitative computed tomography (CT) parameters and semiquantitative visual score in evaluating clinical classification of severity of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). To classify the severity of COVID-19, area under the curve of the percentage of lesions was the highest (0.807; 95% confidence interval, 0.744–0.861: p < 0.001) and that of the quantitative CT parameters was significantly higher than that of the semiquantitative visual score (p = 0.001). The aim of this study was to use an open-source software platform to compare the accuracy of the clinical classification of the severity of COVID-19 based on quantitative CT parameters and the semiquantitative visual score. Table 5 shows the cutoff values, sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC) and 95% confidence interval when the chest CT images of all subjects were assessed with the two different systems: the quantitative CT parameters were more accurate than the semiquantitative visual score for determination of the severity of COVID-19. doi = 10.3348/kjr.2020.0423 id = cord-341818-mm3d4jkh author = Ying, Mingliang title = COVID-19 with acute cholecystitis: a case report date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = CASE PRESENTATION: A case of 68-year-old female with COVID-19 pneumonia who had constant pain in the right upper quadrant of her abdomen during her hospitalization that was finally diagnosed as acute cholecystitis. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGD) was performed, and the real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) COVID-19 nucleic acid assay of the bile was found to be negative. Here, we report a confirmed case of a female with COVID-19 pneumonia who had constant pain in the right upper quadrant of her abdomen during her hospitalization that finally diagnosed as acute cholecystitis. At first, the patient did not show any abdominal symptoms except diarrhea; however, she developed constant pain in the right upper quadrant of her abdomen and Murphy''s sign after 10 days of hospitalization, and her body temperature was elevated to 38.3°C (100.9°F). doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05164-7 id = cord-266501-7jkzbmsf author = Ying, Wang title = Drugs supply and pharmaceutical care management practices at a designated hospital during the COVID-19 epidemic date = 2020-04-06 keywords = COVID-19; China; Health summary = According to COVID-19 prevention and control policy and requirements, combined with series of diagnosis and treatment plans, pharmacists in the first provincial-level COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment unit in Jilin Province in Northeast China have established the management practices of drug supply and pharmaceutical care from four aspects: personnel, drugs supply management, off-label drug use management and pharmaceutical care. This paper summarized the details and practices of drug supply and pharmaceutical services management to provide experience for the people who involving in COVID-19 prevention and contain in other abroad epidemic areas. 4 The Pharmaceutical Department of THJU has carried out a series of work in terms of drug supply and pharmaceutical service, which has provided effective support for prevention, control and treatments of COVID-19. By implementing the man-management guarantee practice, the pharmacology department of THJU has resolve the problem of insufficient medical staff, ensuring the physical and mental health of pharmacists and deepen understanding COVID -19 prevention and control plans. doi = 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.04.001 id = cord-252799-p2ulrnsi author = Ying-Ying Wong, Ashley title = Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports and exercise date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; Ying summary = The local professional football leagues, governed by the Hong Kong Football Association, ultimately postponed all matches after much deliberation on the transmission risk for the spectators and on-field players. We performed a laboratory study to investigate the physiological effect of wearing a facemask during simulated hiking and found that it significantly elevated heart rate and perceived exertion. 1 The highly transmittable viral infection is caused by the virus 39 known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), which genomic 40 analysis revealed that it is genetically related to the SARS outbreak 2 that infected 8098 individuals The final impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports and exercise cannot be determined at this 257 stage, however, the information that we gathered may provide valuable guidance to athletes and governing committees to move forward safely. doi = 10.1016/j.asmart.2020.07.006 id = cord-318457-k5kkd5qp author = Yoganathan, Anusha title = Cardiovascular disease and the impact of COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-318457-k5kkd5qp cord_uid: k5kkd5qp It is, by now, well established that patients with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension or ischemic heart disease, are more vulnerable and at risk from severe complications due to COVID-19. One of the most important pathophysiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is lying in its affinity to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) through angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or utilization of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Several studies have reported equivocal outcomes in using ACEi and ARBs in patients with COVID-19, whether they were using ACEi/ARBs before contracting COVID-19 or they were initiated/suspended during the course of the infection; yet there is lack of robust evidence supporting the use or discontinuation of RAAS medications. Continuing versus suspending angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: impact on adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Association of inpatient use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers with mortality among patients with hypertension hospitalized with COVID-19 doi = 10.1111/jocs.14682 id = cord-337499-jzpgtkai author = Yong Choi, Sung title = Safe surgical tracheostomy during the COVID-19 pandemic: A protocol based on experiences with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and COVID-19 outbreaks in South Korea date = 2020-06-17 keywords = ICU; MERS; PPE; covid-19 summary = title: Safe surgical tracheostomy during the COVID-19 pandemic: A protocol based on experiences with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and COVID-19 outbreaks in South Korea RESULTS: Compared with previous guidelines, our protocol consisted of enhanced PPE, simplified procedures (no limitation in the use of electrocautery and wound suction, no stay suture, and delayed cannula change) and a validated screening strategy for healthcare workers. In contrast, the surgical tracheostomy for the COVID-19 patient was performed by one dedicated head and neck surgeon and ICU medical staff (two intensivists and one senior nurse), who worked only in the negative pressure room for COVID-19, and assisted with all procedures (Supplementary Figure 1) . The first cannula change for the COVID-19 patient was performed by the same surgeon with enhanced PPE at 13 days because that patient had three consecutive negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests 11 days after tracheostomy. doi = 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104861 id = cord-028624-dzx62k23 author = Yong, Celina M. title = Picking Up the Torch: Our Mission as the New FIT & EC Section Editors date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-028624-dzx62k23 title: Picking Up the Torch: Our Mission as the New FIT & EC Section Editors cord_uid: dzx62k23 The editorial process for the FIT & EC page involves a personal review from each of us, followed by a joint discussion about each submission to provide a collaborative decision and feedback. Complex, higher-risk, and indicated PCI (CHIP) fellowship: putting training into practice Cardiac critical care: training pathways and transition to early career The emergence of sports cardiology as a specialty Surgical training in an era of change and innovation: transition within a transition Call for FITs/ECs to become engaged with social media Preparing fellows for precision cardiology: are we ready? Finding mentorship among your peers: sharing the wealth Mentorship during fellowship Women in cardiology: fellows'' perspective Virtual learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: a disruptive technology in graduate medical education Adapting the educational environment for cardiovascular fellows-in-training during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.06.020 id = cord-267476-j59tm40d author = Yong, Sarah Ee Fang title = Connecting clusters of COVID-19: an epidemiological and serological investigation date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; Church; SARS summary = We describe an epidemiological investigation that, with use of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serological assays, established links between three clusters of COVID-19. When epidemiological information suggested that people might have been nodes of disease transmission but had recovered from illness, SARS-CoV-2 IgG serology testing was used to establish past infection. Serological testing had a crucial role in establishing a link between clusters, showing its use in identifying convalescent COVID-19 cases and supporting epidemiological investigations. In our epidemiological investigation, we used RT-PCR and serological testing to diagnose cases of COVID-19 and establish links between clusters. This investigation shows how SARS-CoV-2 serological analysis (ELISA detecting IgG and VNT detecting neutralising antibodies), in addition to use of traditional epidemiological methods, was important in establishing links among locally transmitted COVID-19 cases and tracing the transmission chain to an imported source. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30273-5 id = cord-304101-b9na3yf6 author = Yong, Suh Kuan title = Molecular Targets for the Testing of COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = This diagnostic panel is working with Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast DX Real-Time PCR Instrument with SDS 1.4 software; 2) "New coronavirus nucleic acid assay" which targeted on ORF1ab and N genes was developed by Chinese National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention; 3) Molecular test kits from four companies such as Seegene Inc., Kogene Biotech Co. Ltd., Sd Biosensor Inc., and Solgent Co. were approved by Ministry Food and Drug Safety and Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention which are now widely being used in South Korea. A probe, usually a specific antibody, is needed before a successful viral protein detection method can be developed. As aforementioned, the serology testing of COVID-19 is not targeting the virus itself but the antibodies such as immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) induced following viral infection. Serology testings targeting on viral-induced antibodies are given different information as those for viral RNA and proteins from SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1002/biot.202000152 id = cord-304550-6j1pb1pu author = Yongchen, Zhang title = Different longitudinal patterns of nucleic acid and serology testing results based on disease severity of COVID-19 patients date = 2020-05-02 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Here, we conducted a serial investigation on 21 individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 in two medical centres from Jiangsu Province, including 11 non-severe COVID-19 patients, and 5 severe COVID-19 patients and 5 asymptomatic carriers based on nucleic acid test and clinical symptoms. In this respective study, we serially analysed the virus RNA test results in swab samples, along with anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG responses among 21 COVID-19 patients at the Second Hospital of Nanjing and the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University in Jiangsu Province, China. Our serial SARS-CoV-2 RNA testing identified a prolonged viral shedding for asymptomatic cases compared to COVID-19 patients, suggesting the importance of early identification and timely quarantine for these asymptomatic carriers. It is possible that significantly high level of SARS-CoV-2 viral load observed in severe cases [8, 9] drives an early antibody response produced by immediate activation of extrafollicular B cells during acute infection [10, 11] . doi = 10.1080/22221751.2020.1756699 id = cord-302252-3hgy4msc author = Yoon, Soon Ho title = Chest Radiographic and CT Findings of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Analysis of Nine Patients Treated in Korea date = 2020-02-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Chest Radiographic and CT Findings of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Analysis of Nine Patients Treated in Korea OBJECTIVE: This study presents a preliminary report on the chest radiographic and computed tomography (CT) findings of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia in Korea. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 pneumonia in Korea primarily manifested as pure to mixed ground-glass opacities with a patchy to confluent or nodular shape in the bilateral peripheral posterior lungs. Early radiologic investigations consistently reported that the typical computed tomography (CT) findings of COVID-19 pneumonia were bilateral ground-glass opacities (GGOs) and consolidation with a peripheral and posterior lung distribution (4) (5) (6) . The proportion of patients with abnormal initial radiographic findings was 78.3-82.4% in SARS (15, 16) and 83.6% in MERS (17), but only 33% in our cases of COVID-19 pneumonia. In conclusion, COVID-19 pneumonia in Korea generally manifested as pure GGO to mixed GGO and consolidative lesions in the bilateral peripheral posterior lungs. doi = 10.3348/kjr.2020.0132 id = cord-278850-q5eg1uhl author = Yoshida, Shuntaro title = Real-world clinical data of endoscopy-based cancer detection during the emergency declaration for COVID-19 in Japan date = 2020-10-16 keywords = covid-19 summary = Therefore, we examined the significance of endoscopy based on the recommendation of Asian-Pacific Society for Digestive Endoscopy and Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society during the COVID-19 pandemic by evaluating the details of gastrointestinal endoscopy performed during the declaration of emergency in Japan. It is possible that an outpatient endoscopy units can contribute to the detection of advanced cancer, while the hospital in charge for patients with COVID-19 infection could not perform endoscopy during the declaration of emergency. It is possible that an outpatient endoscopy units can contribute to the detection of advanced cancer, while the hospital in charge for patients with COVID-19 infection could not perform endoscopy during the declaration of emergency. It is possible that an outpatient endoscopy units can contribute to the detection of advanced cancer, while the hospital in charge for patients with COVID-19 infection could not perform endoscopy during the declaration of emergency. doi = 10.4253/wjge.v12.i10.401 id = cord-279735-3sq7m3qw author = Yoshihiro, Noda title = Socioeconomical Transformation and Mental Health Impact by the COVID-19''s ultimate VUCA Era: Toward the New Normal, the New Japan, and the New World date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Socioeconomical Transformation and Mental Health Impact by the COVID-19''s ultimate VUCA Era: Toward the New Normal, the New Japan, and the New World distance and remote work are recommended to prevent the spread of COVID-19; however, such public health policies will consequently promote the rapid digitalization of social infrastructure. Furthermore, the digitalization of the social environment is not only related to the mental health domain, but also to the question of existential readiness in how people adapt to the New Normal (Miao and Cao, 2019) . Specifically, a certain number of people may have mental health problems due to the "techno-stress" (La Torre et al., 2019) associated with the rapid changes in social systems in the process of digitization of the social infrastructure. Impact of Human Disasters and COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health: Potential of Digital Psychiatry doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102262 id = cord-302659-2hyiz5dr author = Young, H. A. title = Meat Processing Facilities and County Level Risk Factors for COVID-19 date = 2020-09-26 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Meat Processing Facilities and County Level Risk Factors for COVID-19 The purpose was to determine if counties with higher proportions of population employed in meat processing had higher incidence of COVID-19 infection after accounting for other population level risk factors. Poisson regression generated incidence rate ratios (IRR) to model the association between proportion employed in meat processing and the incidence of COVID-19 while controlling for other factors. Results: Counties with higher proportion of employment in meat processing facilities had significantly higher incidence of COVID-19 (IRR ¼ 1.77; 95% CI: 1.76-1.78) after adjusting for other county level variables. Controlling for differences between states resulted in a significantly higher rate of COVID-19 in counties with higher proportions employed in meat processing facilities (IRR ¼ 1.25; 95% CI: 1.24-1.26). Conclusions: After accounting for state differences and other county level factors, higher levels of employment in meat processing facilities increased the incidence of COVID-19 infection. Meat Processing Facilities and County Level Risk Factors for COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.08.046 id = cord-338438-q5fis2v8 author = Young, Sean D. title = Clinical Care, Research, and Telehealth Services in the Era of Social Distancing to Mitigate COVID-19 date = 2020-05-21 keywords = HIV; covid-19 summary = In this Note, we describe considerations for integrating technologies, such as telemedicine; social media, mobile applications (apps), and chatbots; and biosensors/wearables into clinical HIV care delivery and research, as well as case examples of current uses of these technologies in adapting to the changing clinical and research needs among populations at risk for and/living with HIV as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Social media, chatbots, and mobile apps have been studied across a number of clinical and public health settings, including patient outreach, screening and monitoring; intervention delivery; remote vital sign assessment; as well for providing treatment recommendations and retaining patients in care. COVID-19 will continue to impact the way that technologies are integrated into HIV clinical care and research long after the removal of social distancing policies, making it important to begin investing in the knowledge, infrastructure, and implementation of these technologies now to be prepared for the future. doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-02924-z id = cord-352256-qxdakdk0 author = Yousefi, Bahman title = A global treatments for coronaviruses including COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; MERS; SARS summary = Neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir, peramivir, and zanamivir are invalid for 2019‐nCoV and are not recommended for treatment but protease inhibitors such as lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) inhibit the progression of MERS‐CoV disease and can be useful for patients of COVID‐19 and, in combination with Arbidol, has a direct antiviral effect on early replication of SARS‐CoV. Chloroquine inhibits SARS-CoV entry, which exerts its inhibitory effect by altering glycosylation of the ACE2 receptor and spike protein. | 5 in a MERS-CoV rhesus macaque model were promising, with the results of the trial and the effect of ribavirin and IFN (either α2a or β1) on MERS-CoV infected patients it was different, however, ribavirin lowers hemoglobin concentrations in respiratory patients and therefore reduces its potential as an antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 (Arabi et al., 2017; Falzarano et al., 2013) . doi = 10.1002/jcp.29785 id = cord-344503-gw5d721n author = Yousefzadegan, Sedigheh title = Case Report: Death due to COVID-19 in Three Brothers date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We report fatal cases of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in three brothers in Iran. We report fatal cases of novel coronavirus disease in three brothers in Iran. Considering the fact that most of them who are affected by COVID-19 recover, deaths in three brothers who lived separately and had no known underlying disease suggest genetic predisposition to COVID-19 in some individuals. Considering the fact that most of them who are affected by COVID-19 recover, deaths in three brothers who lived separately and had no known underlying disease suggest genetic predisposition to COVID-19 in some individuals. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. Although most critically ill COVID-19 patients are either elderly or have underlying medical problems such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or cancer, some previously healthy and even relatively young individuals have died from COVID-19. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0240 id = cord-303667-z3tmy8hw author = Yousefzai, Rayan title = Misdiagnosis in the COVID era: When Zebras are Everywhere, Don’t Forget the Horses date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Abbreviation: ECG = Electrocardiogram ECHO = Echocardiogram STEMI = ST-elevation myocardial infarction ARDS = Acute respiratory distress syndrome LV = left ventricle RV = right ventricle LAD = left anterior descending artery LCX = left circumflex artery RCA = right coronary artery ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation Abstract: We report a patient who presented with respiratory failure, chest pain, and fever. For example, in the case of the patient that we presented, before the COVID era, most likely, he would have been referred for a further evaluation immediately. Even in the case of the patients who are already admitted to the hospital, when the suspicious for COVID is raised, it can affect the care either by distracting from other diagnoses or delaying the procedures to avoid the exposure. COVID-19 patients can present with cardiovascular manifestations. Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.04.018 id = cord-260993-udajtsmm author = Youssef, Mohanad title = COVID‐19 and Liver Dysfunction: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of retrospective studies date = 2020-05-23 keywords = clinical; covid-19 summary = Meta-regression analysis was employed using OpenMeta Analyst software, taking into consideration the following study characteristics; sample size, mean age of patients, percentage of males, city of the hospital, publication date, and quality score. We applied TSA on mortality rate available among all eligible articles of COVID-19 patients with a mild and severe exhibition and indicated that the cumulative Z-curve transverses the monitoring boundaries before reaching the required sample size and achieving considerable significant and so no further studies are necessary (Figure 2 ). Our meta-analysis including 3428 subjects from 20 retrospective studies explored the potential relationship between liver injury and the severity of COVID-19 disease. 32 A recent study reported that the liver injury observed in COVID-19 patients might be caused by lopinavir, which is used as an antiviral for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this meta-analysis, we comprehensively analyzed liver dysfunction in accordance with the severity of clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1002/jmv.26055 id = cord-349095-fnlgm4dv author = Youssef, Sofian title = First impressions of the foundation interim year 1 postings: positives, pitfalls, and perils date = 2020-06-25 keywords = covid-19 summary = Changes were made to expand patient capacity including hospital restructuring, cancellation of most elective surgeries and early graduation of final year medical students.(1) The UK foundation programme (UKFP) curated a new training position for graduates as foundation interim year 1 (FiY1) doctors, where they voluntarily work in paid positions prior to entering formal foundation year 1 (FY1) roles.(2) Expediting the process of fulfilling these positions, the General Medical Council facilitated early provisional registration of doctors. We discuss the positives, pitfalls, and perils of the new roles and the first impressions of three newly qualified FiY1 s in medical, obstetrics and gynaecology and surgical posts, a surgical FY1 doctor and a clinical supervisor in surgery. From the perspective of a surgical FY1 doctor working on a ward with an FiY1, the role of an interim F1 is much the same to that of a final year medical student with additional benefits of being able to prescribe, request investigations and complete medical documentation. doi = 10.1080/10872981.2020.1785116 id = cord-294350-6veeygzp author = Yu, Caizheng title = Clinical Characteristics, Associated Factors, and Predicting COVID-19 Mortality Risk: A Retrospective Study in Wuhan, China date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; PCT; mortality summary = Conclusions The independent risk factors for COVID-19 mortality included older age, male sex, history of diabetes, lymphopenia, and increased procalcitonin, which could help clinicians to identify COVID-19 patients with poor prognosis at an earlier stage. The independent risk factors for COVID-19 mortality included older age, male sex, history of diabetes, lymphopenia, and increased procalcitonin, which could help clinicians to identify COVID-19 patients with poor prognosis at an earlier stage. In this study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China conducted between mid-January to late March 2020, the authors found patients who were male, elderly (>65 years), and had a history of diabetes, lymphopenia, and increased PCT tended to have higher odds of mortality. After further adjustment for potential confounders, significant independent associations were observed between older age, male sex, history of diabetes, lymphopenia, and increased PCT and higher risk of COVID-19 mortality. doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.002 id = cord-256752-x7h4tix2 author = Yu, Hua title = Coping style, social support and psychological distress in the general Chinese population in the early stages of the COVID-19 epidemic date = 2020-08-27 keywords = China; covid-19; distress; psychological summary = We hypothesized that an active coping style and social support were protective factors against psychological distress in the general Chinese population in the early stages of the COVID-19 epidemic. Differences in demographic characteristics between respondents with high or low psychological distress in non-suspected cases were assessed for significance using the independent two-samples t test, in the case of age and family income coefficient; or the chi-squared test, in the case of sex, marital status, education level, residence location, presence of COVID-19 in the respondent''s community, time spent per day searching for information about COVID-19 (Supplementary Table 3 ). Among those without suspected infection, factors significantly associated with high psychological distress were unmarried status, spending > 6 h per day searching for information about COVID-19, a passive coping style and lower social support. doi = 10.1186/s12888-020-02826-3 id = cord-338359-pd4bfjet author = Yu, J. title = Risk assessment of admission procedures for cancer patients during the convalescence of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-30 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Conclusions: Unbiased proteomic profiling of COVID-19 patient serum identified a panel of candidate protein biomarkers that associate with tocilizumab treatment response as well as the ensuing course of the disease. Background: There are limited data on cancer patients (pts) and the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) respiratory disease (COVID-19). We aim to evaluate the frequency of ILI in cancer pts during the pandemic, and to identify high-risk subjects to test for COVID-19. Results: Overall, 562 pts were enrolled: 13 (2%) pts had a positive SARS-CoV2 swab, none of which performed on the basis of triage procedures or questionnaires, rather detected through telephone communications and triage; 52 (9%) pts reported suspect symptoms and/or laboratory tests. The incidence of both COVID-19 diagnosis (2%), and SARS-CoV2 Ab positivity in pts tested on the basis of suspect symptoms (<1%), were similar to those observed in the general population. doi = 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.1759 id = cord-263613-gh9zm05u author = Yu, Jingjing title = Impact of citywide COVID‐19 testing on people’s behaviour in seeking for dental services in Wuhan date = 2020-08-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A retrospective analysis was conducted on patient attendance at WHUSS before and after citywide COVID-19 testing, including the headquarter and 14 satellite clinics of the hospital located in Wuhan. This study presented meaningful insights into the differences in patient attendance at WHUSS before and after the citywide rapid COVID-19 testing campaign in Wuhan. People''s fear of COVID-19, because of its novel and rapid transmission, made them reluctant to go to medical and dental hospitals (Guo, Zhou, Liu & Tan, 2020) , and the citywide COVID-19 testing campaign in Wuhan showing only 300 asymptomatic infected persons seemed to restore the confidence of patients in seeking for dental services. All rights reserved study, the patient attendance in the Department of Implant and the Department of Orthodontics has almost reached the same levels compared with those of previous year at 98.80% and 80.44%, respectively, after citywide COVID-19 testing, which reflected the people''s demands for dental health care services of non-urgent reasons during the post-COVID-19 era. doi = 10.1111/odi.13613 id = cord-283464-v4x0gaqc author = Yu, Kimberley title = Otorhinolaryngology, head and surgery practice during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Otorhinolaryngology, head and surgery practice during the COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19''s mode of transmission and symptoms have important implications for the field of otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery. These include the importance of airway management and respiratory droplet precautions during otorhinolaryngology, head and neck procedures. We include publications by several authors from Wuhan, China, where the unique symptoms and management needs for COVID-19 were first reported, as well as the U.S., where the outbreak is still actively ongoing and where the largest number of cases have been confirmed. The SARS-CoV-2 virus poses several hazards for the practice of otorhinolaryngology due to its droplet-based mode of transmission. Three groups from the major medical centers in Wuhan, China, report on their methods to prevent COVID-19 transmission in the department of otorhinolaryngology-head and neck surgery during the early outbreak of the pandemic. Otorhinolaryngology, head and surgery practice during the COVID-19 pandemic Otorhinolaryngology, head and surgery practice during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.wjorl.2020.06.001 id = cord-024956-oht0v33s author = Yu, Minhua title = Thin-section Chest CT Imaging of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia: Comparison Between Patients with Mild and Severe Disease date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Thin-section Chest CT Imaging of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia: Comparison Between Patients with Mild and Severe Disease The purpose was to compare radiological characteristics of COVID-19 pneumonia on thin-section CT upon admission between patients with mild and severe disease. Thus, the purpose of our current study was to compare radiological characteristics of COVID-19 pneumonia on thin-section CT between patients with mild and severe disease. We studied the findings on chest CT at hospital presentation in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia, focusing our comparisons between the patients with mild and severe disease. As for characteristics in CT images, COVID-19 pneumonia seems to be more extensive in the severe form of disease, involving a larger number of lung segments. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in wuhan, china doi = 10.1148/ryct.2020200126 id = cord-354223-0ckpz0bx author = Yu, Pengming title = Early Rehabilitation for Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: More Benefits Than Risks date = 2020-04-13 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = 1 One recent study reported that of the 52 COVID-19 patients who were critically ill, 61.5% died within 28 days and 71% required mechanical ventilation. The main goal of early rehabilitation is minimizing the adverse effects of critically ill with COVID-19 on the respiratory system, restoring respiratory and physical independence, preventing the need for subsequent dependence on mechanical ventilation and subsequent hospitalizations and improving patient''s quality of life. As of April 4, there is no report on early rehabilitation of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in the world. Secondly our experience at West China Hospital, where early rehabilitation intervention was introduced for critically ill patients with COVID-19, has been very positive. We believe that it is safe and effective to carry out early rehabilitation intervention for critical ill patients of COVID-19 with the cooperation of multidisciplinary teams. Early rehabilitation for critically ill patients with COVID-2019 will give more benefits than risks. doi = 10.1097/phm.0000000000001445 id = cord-295140-4gdlbc45 author = Yu, Pey‐Jen title = Hypermetabolism and COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = METHOD: Resting energy expenditure (REE), carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured by indirect calorimetry on seven critically ill patients with COVID‐19. As Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is associated with production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and induction of a hypermetabolic state, 2 we hypothesize that patients with COVID-19 may develop a hypermetabolic state which may be a major contributing factor to the extraordinary ventilatory and oxygenation demands in patients with COVID-19. 2, 3 The profoundly increased oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production seen in our patient cohort as a result of their hypermetabolism may help explain the high failure rates for mechanical ventilation for patients with severe COVID-19. 6 We are currently involved in studies looking at the ideal target calories relative to the REE measured from indirect calorimetry in critically ill patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1002/jpen.1948 id = cord-285414-vd2d7db2 author = Yu, Qian title = Multicenter cohort study demonstrates more consolidation in upper lungs on initial CT increases the risk of adverse clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Multicenter cohort study demonstrates more consolidation in upper lungs on initial CT increases the risk of adverse clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients In this study, we aimed to assess the imaging characteristics and risk factors associated with adverse composite endpoints in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. In this study, we aimed to report the quantitative imaging characteristics and risk factors for adverse composite endpoints, including admission to ICU, acute respiratory failure occurrence, and shock during hospitalization in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Jiangsu province, China. In this retrospective, cohort, and AI-assisted study, we reported the imaging risk factors associated with adverse clinical composite endpoints, including admission to ICU, acute respiratory failure, and shock during hospitalization in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Jiangsu province, China. Our study of 421 COVID-19 patients suggested an increased pulmonary lesion in bilateral upper lungs were independent risk factors for adverse clinical outcomes, which as far as we know, has not been reported. doi = 10.7150/thno.46465 id = cord-323981-jo2n51mi author = Yu, Wei title = ACE2 contributes to the maintenance of mouse epithelial barrier function date = 2020-10-21 keywords = ACE2; Fig; covid-19 summary = ACE2 is highly expressed in the gut, but its role has not been fully understood and thus COVID-19 treatments intending to downregulate ACE2 level may cause untoward side effects. For immunofluorescence, gut tissue slides or intestine organoids were blocked with 3% BSA, 0.2% TWEEN 20 in PBS, and incubated with primary antibodies (1:100 dilution) (MUC2 Monoclonal Antibody, KI-67 Antibody, LGR5 Monoclonal Antibody, Alexa Fluor™ 488 Phalloidin, MitoSOX™ Red Mitochondrial Superoxide Indicator). Ace2 deficiency led to an increased FITC fluorescence in organoids, suggesting that ACE2 contributes to intestinal barrier function (Fig. 2E) . reported that ace2 deficiency causes a high risk of colitis due to hampered immune cell trafficking as well as alterations of gut microbiota [19] . We herein observed a markedly higher intracellular calcium concentration and ROS level in ace2 À/À intestinal organoids. In conclusion, neither ACE2 downregulation nor ACEI is the ideal treatment for COVID-19 patients with gut diseases, and combination therapy of ACEI and calcium blocker merits further investigation. doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.002 id = cord-295603-mk9oartb author = Yu, Xiaoqi title = Retrospective detection of SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized patients with influenza-like illness date = 2020-07-05 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = However, it is unclear whether there has been cryptic transmission before these early officially confirmed cases, we therefore retrospectively screened for the SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 1271 nasopharyngeal swab samples, as well as the prevalence of IgM, IgG, and total antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in 357 matched serum samples collected from hospitalized patients with influenza-like illness between 1 December 2018 and 31 March 2020 in Shanghai Ruijin Hospital. Additionally, among 6662 patients with influenza-like illness from 1 December 2017 to 31 March 2020, the overall number of patients positive for influenza and other respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 period decreased significantly when compared with that in the same period of the last two years, reflecting that public health interventions can effectively control the spread of common respiratory viruses. The nasopharyngeal swab samples for this study were collected from 1271 hospitalized patients with influenza-like illness from 1 December 2018 to 31 March 2020 in Ruijin Hospital (Shanghai, China). doi = 10.1080/22221751.2020.1785952 id = cord-341187-jqesw4e8 author = Yu, Xinhua title = Modeling Return of the Epidemic: Impact of Population Structure, Asymptomatic Infection, Case Importation and Personal Contacts date = 2020-08-27 keywords = case; covid-19; epidemic summary = title: Modeling Return of the Epidemic: Impact of Population Structure, Asymptomatic Infection, Case Importation and Personal Contacts J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 7 We investigate the impact of population structure, case importation, asymptomatic cases, and the number of contacts on a possible second wave of epidemic through mathematical modelling. Methods: we built a modified Susceptible-exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model with parameters mirroring those of the COVID-19 pandemic and reported simulated characteristics of epidemics for incidence, hospitalizations and deaths under different scenarios. Methods: we built a modified Susceptible-exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model with parameters mirroring those of the COVID-19 pandemic and reported simulated characteristics of epidemics for incidence, hospitalizations and deaths under different scenarios. Epidemic model simulation has been used extensively to estimate essential epidemic parameters, In this study, we will build a modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model [27] to simulate the COVID-19 pandemic and investigate the impact of population structure, asymptomatic cases, case importation, and the number of contacts on the epidemic progression. doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101858 id = cord-347349-caz5fwl1 author = Yu, Xinhua title = Distinctive trajectories of COVID-19 epidemic by age and gender: a retrospective modeling of the epidemic in South Korea date = 2020-07-02 keywords = Korea; covid-19; epidemic summary = METHODS: Using publicly available data from South Korea, daily new COVID-19 cases were fitted with generalized additive models, assuming Poisson and negative binomial distributions. In addition to identifying the best fit of the epidemic process, we explore gender-and age group-specific trajectories of COVID-19 to facilitate our understanding of the disease and its impact on different populations, and inform the potential and severity of COVID-19 rebound. In this study, we demonstrated different trajectories of COVID-19 epidemic between gender and age groups based on South Korea data. In summary, in South Korea, and likely in other countries, COVID-19 epidemic processes had distinctive dynamic patterns among age and gender groups. Risk interactions of coronavirus infection across age groups after the peak of COVID-19 epidemic medRxiv:2020 doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.101 id = cord-275531-88iqxzqc author = Yu, Xinyu title = Management of acute aortic dissection during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience from an epicenter in Wuhan, China date = 2020-05-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Management of acute aortic dissection during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience from an epicenter in Wuhan, China During the subsequent 3 months, more than 50,000 cases of COVID-19 had emerged in Wuhan alone, which had a substantial effect on the clinical management of some life-threatening emergencies, such as acute aortic dissection, because of the following challenges. 3 Hence, patients with acute aortic dissection could potentially be carriers of SARS-Cov-2 (the pathogen of COVID-19) and might cause a spread of nosocomial infections in hospitals. Thus, the remaining medical resources for treating other diseases (including acute aortic dissection) were rather limited in the particular circumstances in Wuhan during the pandemic period. Coping with these challenges, our team successfully performed surgery to treat four patients with acute Stanford type A aortic dissection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.04.478 id = cord-282058-it0ojdk3 author = Yu, Yuanqiang title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Neonates and Children From China: A Review date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; SARS; Wuhan summary = References for this review were identified through searches of PubMed for articles published from January 1, 2003, to May 1, 2020, by use of the terms "coronavirus, " "neonate, " "children, " "COVID19, " and "SARS-CoV-2." Relevant articles published between 2003 and 2020 were identified through searches in the authors'' personal files. The World Health Organization (WHO) subsequently named the novel coronavirus pneumonia Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and named the virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The World Health Organization (WHO) subsequently named the novel coronavirus pneumonia Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and named the virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The symptoms of COVID-19 appear to be less severe in infants and children than in adult patients, similar to the SARS-CoV infection (15) (16) (17) . Of the 34 pregnant women who were confirmed with the SARS-CoV-2 infection in multiple hospitals in Wuhan, including one pregnant woman with a negative nucleic acid test result, 30 had a fever and 16 had a cough (54) (55) (56) (57) . doi = 10.3389/fped.2020.00287 id = cord-285890-tbh54zju author = Yuan, Niu title = Investigation of adverse reactions in healthcare personnel working in Level 3 barrier protection PPE to treat COVID-19 date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; L3PPE summary = PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The aim of our study was to investigate potential adverse reactions in healthcare professionals working in Level 3 barrier protection personal protective equipment (L3PPE) to treat patients with COVID-19. During the 1 week of volunteer service while wearing level 3 barrier protection PPE (L3PPE), the author experienced discomfort including heat stress, perspiration, respiratory difficulties, facial skin indentation, nausea and vomiting. 6 While there is insufficient evidence to suggest the development of dizziness and nausea in healthcare professionals when wearing PPE, we further included the investigation of digestive discomforts in this study due to the personal experiences of the author who experienced nervous and digestive discomforts after wearing a L3PPE to treat patients with COVID-19. ► Would healthcare professionals working in L3PPE experience varying degrees of adverse reactions, including skin reactions, respiratory difficulties, heat stress, dizziness and nausea? doi = 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-137854 id = cord-327628-fl8dyahe author = Yuan, Qi title = Spatiotemporal variations and reduction of air pollutants during the COVID-19 pandemic in a megacity of Yangtze River Delta in China date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID; Hangzhou summary = The three-month period of continuous field observations for aerosol particles and gaseous pollutants, which extended from January 2020 to March 2020, covered urban, urban-industry, and suburban areas in the typical megacity of Hangzhou in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China. Note that this public health emergency not only locked down people in the community but stopped the operation of the public traffic system and industry machine, which caused a short-term regional reduction of air pollutant emissions from vehicles and some industries in China (Huang et al., 2020b; Shi and Brasseur, 2020; The strictest nationwide restrictions for preventing the COVID-19 spread greatly reduced the primary emissions and weakened the regional transport effect of air pollutants due to the large-scale regional decrease in the primary pollution (Huang et al., 2020b; Zhang et al., 2020b) . During the observation period, the daily average mass concentrations of PM 10 , concentrations of PM 2.5 , NO x , and CO at the urban site were higher than those at the urban-industry and suburban sites (Table S2) , which suggests that vehicle emissions was the major source of air pollutants in the urban area. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141820 id = cord-342902-y1v8wzxq author = Yuan, Shuofeng title = Clofazimine is a broad-spectrum coronavirus inhibitor that antagonizes SARS-CoV-2 replication in primary human cell culture and hamsters date = 2020-10-07 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; RNA; SARS; clofazimine; figure summary = Here, we show that clofazimine, an anti-leprosy drug with a favorable safety and pharmacokinetics profile, possesses pan-coronaviral inhibitory activity, and can antagonize SARS-CoV-2 replication in multiple in vitro systems, including the human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and ex vivo lung cultures. In a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, prophylactic or therapeutic administration of clofazimine significantly reduced viral load in the lung and fecal viral shedding, and also prevented cytokine storm associated with viral infection. Since clofazimine is orally bioavailable and has a comparatively low manufacturing cost, it is an attractive clinical candidate for outpatient treatment and remdesivir-based combinatorial therapy for hospitalized COVID-19 patients, particularly in developing countries. We found that co-application of clofazimine and remdesivir impacts SARS-CoV-2 replication in a manner that extends beyond the additive combinatorial activity predicted by the Bliss independence model (maximal Bliss Synergy Score of 44.28; Figure 5a , Extended Data Figure 2) , and indicates these two drugs harbor a synergistic antiviral relationship. doi = 10.21203/rs.3.rs-86169/v1 id = cord-289377-2vqqabum author = Yubero, P. title = Evidence for immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from epidemiological data series date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; immunity summary = We then estimate the capacity of EAKF techniques to infer the duration of this memory and then apply this approach to mortality time series from New York City, discerning immunity times against SARS-CoV-2 with reasonable accuracy. (B) The value of the synthetic infection rate β synth (dotted line) is captured by the protocol β model (blue) after some data assimilation steps, and prior to the pandemic peak. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.22.20160028 doi: medRxiv preprint uity of a strong reduction of the infection rate during the initial days of the epidemic in all data sets that we studied (results of Belgium, Spain and France are available in Fig. S4 ). In our case, the time-dependent state variables are the infection rate β , the immunity memory τ and the population in each compartment of the model. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.22.20160028 id = cord-252771-6kwfulqe author = Yue, Jing-Li title = Mental health services for infectious disease outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; health; mental summary = Group-based cognitive behavioral therapy, psychological first aid, community-based psychosocial arts program, and other culturally adapted interventions were reported as being effective against the mental health impacts of COVID-19, Ebola, and SARS. Specifically, mental health professionals including psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, and psychologists were deployed to provide psychological counseling and support for vulnerable populations (e.g. frontline healthcare workers, confirmed COVID-19 patients, suspected COVID-19 cases and their families) in China and for people in quarantine in South Korea. For example, group-based CBT (Waterman et al., 2018; Waterman et al., 2019) , PFA, PTL (Decosimo et al., 2019) , culturally adapted interventions such as SMART (Ng et al., 2006) , ultra-brief psychological interventions (Ping et al., 2020) and peer supports (Rastegar Kazerooni et al., 2020) have been reported to effectively mitigate the emotional impacts of COVID-19, EVD, and SARS outbreaks. Culturally-adapted and cost-effective mental health emergency systems based on evidence-based intervention methods integrated into public health emergency responses at the national and global levels are recommended to reduce the psychological impacts of infectious disease outbreaks, especially for COVID-19. doi = 10.1017/s0033291720003888 id = cord-029859-fhm0d9t9 author = Yue, Ling title = How psychiatrists coordinate treatment for COVID-19: a retrospective study and experience from China date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = We collected information including sociodemographic characteristics, whether patients received psychiatric consultation, mental health symptoms, psychiatric diagnoses, psychiatric treatments and severity level of COVID-19. The psychiatric consultation rate was highest in critically ill patients (69.2%), with affective symptoms or disturbed behaviour as their main mental health problems. Psychiatric diagnoses for patients who received consultation included acute stress reaction (39.3%), sleep disorders (33.3%), anxiety (15.5%), depression (7.1%) and delirium (4.8%). This study is a retrospective General Psychiatry analysis of psychiatric medical records of 329 patients with COVID-19 in the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center. The psychiatric diagnoses for the 84 patients with COVID-19 who used mental health consultation were as follows: acute stress reaction (39.3%), sleep disorders (33.3%), anxiety state (15.5%), depression state or major depression (7.1%), and delirium (4.8%) (see table 4 ). In this study, 25.5% of patients with COVID-19 received psychiatric consultations, suggesting a high risk of developing mental or psychological diseases. doi = 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100272 id = cord-347631-78h9w2ty author = Yun, Debo title = Use of lung ultrasound for diagnosis and monitoring of coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia: A case report date = 2020-10-10 keywords = COVID-19; LUS summary = title: Use of lung ultrasound for diagnosis and monitoring of coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia: A case report Knowledge of lung ultrasound characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia might be useful for early diagnosis and clinical monitoring of patients, and lung ultrasound can help to control the spread of infection in healthcare settings. When the patient recovered from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, lung ultrasound images showed a normal pleural line with A-lines regularly reverberating. Performing lung ultrasound at the bedside minimizes the need to move the patient, thus reducing the risk of spreading infection among healthcare staff. When the patient recovered from the SARS-CoV-2 infection, LUS images showed a normal pleural line with A-lines regularly reverberating (Figure 1(i) and (j) ). Point-of-care lung ultrasound findings in novel coronavirus disease-19 pneumonia: a case report and potential applications during COVID-19 outbreak doi = 10.1177/2050313x20958915 id = cord-028525-0ckagrt1 author = Yung, Chee Fu title = Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from Adults to Children date = 2020-07-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Beginning on March 5, because of concern that infected children might not display symptoms, the Ministry of Health Singapore implemented screening for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction from nasopharyngeal swabs for all pediatric household contacts (regardless of symptoms) of persons with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. During March and April, among 137 households with a total of 223 adults (index patients) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, 213 children aged ≤16 years were tested for SARS-6 CoV-2; 13 cases were detected in seven households, for an attack rate of 6.1% among children and 5.2% of households with confirmed exposure to COVID-19 (Table) . Based on systematic surveillance and screening of children who were household contacts of persons with confirmed COVID-19, the attack rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children was 6.1%. The low attack rate suggests that strict compliance with infection control may be able to eliminate or reduce the risk of transmission from adults to children in household settings. doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.009 id = cord-263901-hmqq9w1a author = Yurdaisik, Isil title = Effectiveness of Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus-2019 date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = Correct diagnosis of viral pneumonia based on chest CT indicates isolation and plays an important role in the management of patients suspected to have an infection, especially in the absence of scientifically proven treatment methods. Radiologists to have sufficient knowledge about the clinic and chest CT imaging of COVID-19 will help early detection of the infection and evaluation of the disease course. In a study from Wuhan, China, it was reported that COVID-19 had abnormal findings on chest CT even in asymptomatic patients [26] . In a study by radiologists from Wuhan, China, it was found that chest CT had a low misdiagnosis rate in COVID-19 and this method can help standardization of imaging and a rapid diagnosis [10] . Liu: Relation between chest CT findings and clinical conditions of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia: a multicenter study Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases doi = 10.7759/cureus.8134 id = cord-276241-4g6pa7kz author = Yurttaş, Berna title = Characteristics and outcomes of Behçet’s syndrome patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: a case series of 10 patients date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Recently two European centers reported that the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among patients with systemic autoimmune diseases was comparable to that observed in the general population [8, 9] . Table 2 shows presenting symptoms, laboratory tests, length of hospital stay and management related to COVID-19. Due to parenchymal CNS involvement with a progressive relapsing course, he received several immunosuppressive agents including cyclophosphamide and Case no 3, 4, 5 and 6 had been diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia. Our case series suggests that BS patients are much younger and appear to have increased risk for severe outcome when infected with COVID-19 compared to the general population. In line with our observations, very recently a study from Wuhan, China, reported that respiratory failure was more commonly observed in RD patients infected with COVID-19 compared to those without RD [15] . High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02427-8 id = cord-348709-y1tws6p9 author = Yusoff, Muhamad Saiful Bahri title = Sustainable Medical Teaching and Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Surviving the New Normal date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; online summary = However, the MCO that resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic has created significant challenges for the higher education community in ensuring continuous provision of education to the students. It should be noted that if the duration for the MCO following the COVID-19 outbreak were to exceed two months, which is now the case, it was essential for medical schools to activate emergency risk management for the implementation of online teaching and learning during the outbreak. However, online teaching continues to be an adjunct teaching method for medical curricula, as face-to face teaching is still required for the development of certain learning outcomes such as the acquisition of clinical skills and development of values (i.e. professionalism) (12) . Being able to conduct fullblown online teaching and learning in medical schools during this pandemic is critical to ensure the continuity of educational delivery to medical students after the prohibition of movement and mass assemblies had been undertaken to break the chain of infection. doi = 10.21315/mjms2020.27.3.14 id = cord-285922-4gge917e author = Yusuff, Hakeem title = Thrombosis and Coagulopathy in COVID-19 Patients Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; ECMO summary = 1 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used to manage patients with COVID 19-associated severe respiratory or cardiac failure with mortality in excess of 50%. 5 In addition, there is early development of a disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)-like picture in a subset of patients, the management of which is made more complicated if providing systemic anticoagulation to prevent thrombosis and maintain the extracorporeal circuit. 24 The hyperinflammatory state associated with COVID-19 disease may create these effects as well, potentially contributing to hemorrhagic complications encountered during ECMO support. The associated increased risk of thrombosis and coagulopathy in ECMO patients is a result of a combination of processes driven by the disease occurring in synergy with the effect of the extracorporeal circuit on the coagulation system. Ongoing analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry data and data from ECMO centers around the world (ExtraCorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for 2019 novel Coronavirus Acute Respiratory Disease (ECMOCard study) will hopefully help to better characterize and understand these pathologic derangements of coagulation. doi = 10.1097/mat.0000000000001208 id = cord-348614-im7qtr9k author = Yánez Benítez, Carlos title = International cooperation group of emergency surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; PPE; emergency; surgical summary = These COVID-19 dedicated protocols addressed surgical team organization, operating room (OR) preparation, rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE), considerations on anesthesiology, and intraoperative management of emergency surgical pathology. Continuity performing their regular tasks was reported by 73 (54%) of the respondents, in contrast with the rest, whose newly assigned duties were to the emergency department COVID-19 triage (25%), the intensive care unit (ICU) activities (13%), or had to manage mechanically ventilated patients in the surgical ward (7%). About half (51%) of the respondents had not received training in the use of PPE for airborne infectious risk while performing emergency surgical procedures before the pandemic, and roughly over one-third (37%) had it during the studied period. This study provides an international snapshot of the level of adoption of the guidance for surgical team organization, adequacy of PPE availability and usage, OR preparation, anesthesiologic considerations, and intraoperative management of emergency surgical cases during 2 weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1007/s00068-020-01521-y id = cord-348358-dg3sa9ho author = Yüce, Meltem Özden title = An analysis of YouTube videos as educational resources for dental practitioners to prevent the spread of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-23 keywords = COVID-19; dental; video summary = Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of dentistry-related medical information about COVID-19 on YouTube as educational resources for dental practitioners. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of YouTube videos as an informative tool for dental practitioners regarding additional preventive measures that need to be taken during the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, it is important to inform the patients and dental practitioners about the novel coronavirus in an accurate and effective way and our study provides a detailed analysis of YouTube videos as a source of dentistry-related medical information about COVID-19. Therefore, the reliability of YouTube videos as a source of information about preventing the spread of COVID-19 for dental practitioners is very important. In the present study, we analysed the source and quality of dentistry-related scientifically based medical information given by professionals about COVID-19 on YouTube for dental practitioners as demonstrated above. doi = 10.1007/s11845-020-02312-5 id = cord-349696-w3ajpaxo author = Yıldız, Erman title = What can be said about lifestyle and psychosocial issues during the coronavirus disease pandemic? first impressions date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; pandemic summary = 1 Everything regarding COVID-19 started with cases detected in the city of Wuhan in China 2 and became a public even that concerns the entire world in a short time due to the disease''s high contagiousness. 15 Indeed, unhealthy lifestyle behaviors encountered in the pandemic period are not just related to noncontagious diseases, but these behaviors are also closely in interacting with the mental health of individuals. Considering that unhealthy lifestyle behaviors due to quarantine, such as physical limitation and ineffective weight management are frequently comorbid with stress, anxiety, and depression, the mental health of individuals should not be neglected. 16 For all these reasons, from the perspectives of public health and protective care, there is an emergent need to provide information and interventions to individuals, communities and healthcare institutions for them to continue the healthiest lifestyle under quarantine. Lifestyle at time of COVID-19: how could quarantine affect cardiovascular risk doi = 10.1111/ppc.12560 id = cord-273322-zz733a0k author = ZHAO, Yang title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 versus Influenza A in Children: An Observational Control Study in China date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = This study aimed to understand the differences in clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features between the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) and influenza A in children. Compared with either inpatients or outpatients with influenza A, children with COVID-19 showed significantly more frequent family infections and higher ratio of low fever (< 37.3 °C), but shorter cough and fever duration, lower body temperature, and lower rates of cough, fever, high fever (> 39 °C), nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, vomiting, myalgia or arthralgia, and febrile seizures. This study compared the clinical characteristics, epidemiology, and routine laboratory test results between 23 inpatients (5.7 ± 3.8 years; 9 boys, 39% of total) with pediatric COVID-19 (recruited from January 1 to March 28, 2020) and age-and sexmatched 69 inpatients and 69 outpatients with pediatric influenza A (from January 1 to December 31, 2019) who received treatment in the Beijing Ditan Hospital in Beijing, China, which has been designated as treatment facility of infectious diseases including COVID-19. doi = 10.3967/bes2020.080 id = cord-351528-23lbs8al author = Zacharia, Brad E title = Letter: Surgical Management of Brain Tumor Patients in the COVID-19 Era date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Letter: Surgical Management of Brain Tumor Patients in the COVID-19 Era In regions with high baseline COVID-19 rates and available testing, all patients should undergo testing as close as possible to surgery. 5 In regions where COVID-19 testing is not readily available, all patients should be screened with a questionnaire to assess the likelihood of active disease and prior exposure. 6 In institutions without routine testing availability and without high rates of disease presence, those patients who screen negative may likely proceed to the operating room with standard precautionary measures. Given the high viral load in the upper airway of infected patients, aerosolization of SARS-CoV-2 may be extremely high during sinonasal and upper airway procedures, particularly when powered instruments (such as drills) are employed. 9 The American Association of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) recommends deferring endoscopic endonasal procedures unless emergent or until preoperative COVID-19 testing can be performed. doi = 10.1093/neuros/nyaa162 id = cord-335551-1qc5b8a9 author = Zachariah, Rony title = Investing in Operational Research Capacity Building for Front-Line Health Workers Strengthens Countries’ Resilience to Tackling the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; SORT; health summary = title: Investing in Operational Research Capacity Building for Front-Line Health Workers Strengthens Countries'' Resilience to Tackling the COVID-19 Pandemic "The operational research training I received from TDR and its partners has been invaluable as it has enabled me to transfer the skills I acquired while conducting research on Ebola to my current work on COVID-19"-Dr James Squire, Ministry of Health, Sierra Leone. SORT IT is a global partnership-based initiative led by TDR, The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, and implemented with various partners including ministries of health, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and academic institutions [1] . Of those who responded, 417 from 72 countries were actively involved in the COVID-19 response and 307 (74%) from 60 countries were applying their skills acquired from SORT IT courses to tackle the pandemic ( Figure 2 ). doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed5030118 id = cord-219107-klpmipaj author = Zachreson, Cameron title = Risk mapping for COVID-19 outbreaks using mobility data date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; Facebook; datum; transmission summary = For community transmission scenarios, our results demonstrate that mobility data adds the most value to risk predictions when case counts are low and spatially clustered. In each case, we use the Facebook mobility data that was available during the early stages of the outbreak to estimate future spatial patterns of relative transmission risk. For each of the three outbreak scenarios, we present the mobility-based estimates of the relative transmission risk distribution, and a time-varying correlation between our estimate and the case numbers ascertained through contact tracing and testing programs. Our results indicate that aggregate mobility data can be a useful tool in estimation of COVID-19 transmission risk diffusion from locations where active cases have been identified. A heat map (Supplemental Figure S1 ) of the average number of Facebook users present during the nighttime period (2am to 10am) as a proportion of the estimated resident population reported by the ABS (2018 [32] ) shows qualitative similarity to the spatial distributions of active cases and relative risk shown in Figure 5 doi = nan id = cord-320082-gbli8zn2 author = Zadnik, Vesna title = Impact of COVID-19 on Cancer Diagnosis and Management in Slovenia – Preliminary Results date = 2020-07-29 keywords = Institute; covid-19 summary = RESULTS: Compared to the November 2019 – February 2020 average, the decrease in April 2020 was about 43% and 29% for pathohistological and clinical cancer notifications; 33%, 46% and 85% for first, control and genetic counselling referrals; 19% (53%), 43% (72%) and 20% (21%) for first (and control) outpatient visits at the radiotherapy, surgery and medical oncology sectors at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, and 48%, 76%, and 42% for X-rays, mammograms and ultrasounds performed at the Institute, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Significant drops in first referrals for oncological services, first visits and imaging studies performed at the Institute, as well as cancer notifications in April 2020 point to a possibility of a delayed cancer diagnosis for some patients during the first surge of SARS-CoV-2 cases in Slovenia. doi = 10.2478/raon-2020-0048 id = cord-330728-tul659fr author = Zaed, Ismail title = How is COVID-19 going to affect education in neurosurgery? A step toward a new era of educational training date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; technology summary = Many medical offices have either made the 40 transition to telemedicine or greatly reduced their patient volumes to accommodate the widely accepted 41 "social distancing" recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States COVID-19 has forced us to rapidly adapt, integrate, and use technology to help us survive during these 46 challenging times. Despite being a very promising 110 technology able to influence neurosurgical training, several barriers still need to be defeated, such as the 111 expensiveness of the acquisition, the significant amount of space that many hospitals and programs do not 112 have for its installation and the fact that even the most modern simulators allow the performance of only a 113 few specific procedures. In more recent times, VR technologies started to be used also 124 in surgical fields, allowing an enhanced training of surgical skills. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.032 id = cord-351246-0kjqrf06 author = Zahnd, Whitney E. title = The COVID‐19 Pandemic Illuminates Persistent and Emerging Disparities among Rural Black Populations date = 2020-05-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = In South Carolina, where black persons comprise 27% of the population, the percentage of COVID-19 cases and deaths among black persons was 38% and 46%, respectively, as of April 8. 5 The South, where 94% of black rural populations live, has the perfect storm of more lax "stay at home" and social distancing policies, higher rates of underlying conditions, and lack of access to health care services, inviting racial disparities in COVID-19 cases and deaths to be even more stark in rural communities. 6 Finally, most states that have yet to expand Dr. Fauci rightly notes that the coronavirus pandemic shines a bright light on racial disparities, but let us work and hope that the big city lights do not blind the world to both the persistent and emerging disparities experienced by rural black populations. Fauci say COVID-19 data sheds light on racial disparities in health care doi = 10.1111/jrh.12460 id = cord-289613-4ep4a3sn author = Zahra, Shaker A. title = International entrepreneurship in the post Covid world date = 2020-09-14 keywords = Covid; international; inv; venture summary = It will then discuss how these changes are likely to affect international new ventures (INVs), which could be independently owned or corporate sponsored, such as those created by MNEs (Cumming, Sapienza, Siegel, & Wright, 2009; Zahra, 2020) . Most important of these changes brought about by Covid to date are: damaging long standing institutions, reshaping the global supply chains, disrupting existing businesses and personal networks, and undermining the flow of knowledge, technology capital, ideas and people across international borders. The arrival of Covid, damage to international institutions, shifting ideologies and changing patterns of international operations have also disrupted international business networks, widely viewed as essential to innovation, learning, access to resources, international expansion, and opportunity recognition (Lorenz, Ramsey, & Richey, 2018; Pedersen, Soda, & Stea, 2019) . Finally, given the growing reliance on digital platforms around the globe, how do changes induced by Covid in institutions and platforms affect the innovativeness of INVs from emerging and developed markets? doi = 10.1016/j.jwb.2020.101143 id = cord-278313-gadui4r7 author = Zakeri, R. title = A case-control and cohort study to determine the relationship between ethnic background and severe COVID-19 date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; July summary = 6 A UK Office of National Statistics (ONS) analysis suggested that individuals of Black and South Asian descent had a higher likelihood of death than White people after adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic factors, but was limited by lack of information on comorbidities and the use of historic (2011) data for the reference population. In analyses adjusting for the matching variables (age and sex) only, Black and Mixed/Other ethnicity were associated with higher odds of admission compared to White ethnicity ( is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. These data confirmed a disproportionately higher number of minority ethnic group patients among those admitted for COVID-19 compared with emergency respiratory infection admissions in the preceding year. First, we employ a case-population study to identify an approximately 3-fold higher risk of hospital admission with COVID-19 for Black and Mixed ethnicity groups (but not Asians) compared to White among inner city residents. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.08.20148965 id = cord-339506-pkusvf82 author = Zaki, N. title = The estimations of the COVID-19 incubation period: a systematic review of the literature date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; incubation summary = One reason for this is that generally we can only discover the times when the patient was in contact with persons carrying the virus, and then assume that the incubation period runs from the earliest date of exposure to the appearance of clinical symptoms or medical diagnosis. et al [15] researched the early data regarding transmission dynamics for the virus in Wuhan, estimating the mean incubation period at 5.2 days (95% CI: 4.1-7.0), with the distribution''s 95 th percentile being 12.5 days. They took individual patient histories from COVID-19 subjects in China (not from Hubei Province) for estimating the distribution of the time for generation, incubation, and the time span between onset of symptoms and isolation/diagnosis. The researchers undertook analysis of clinical data for 34 subjects submitting to elective surgery during the COVID-19 incubation period at four Chinese hospitals (Renmin, Tongji, Zhongnan, and Central) in Wuhan between January 1 and February 5, 2020. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.20.20108340 id = cord-326421-ng1uhwgs author = Zalesky, C. Christopher title = Emergency Medicine Physician Work Environments During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 1, 2 To better understand these conditions and their effects, we surveyed a nationwide cross-section of Emergency Medicine (EM) attending and resident physicians. We obtained a convenience sample of United States (US) EM physicians via the Emergency Medicine Residents'' Association email distribution list [AQ: How many email addresses are on this list]?. The survey included questions covering four topics: demographics, workplace environment, COVID-19 exposure, and a validated instrument on burnout and professional wellbeing -the Stanford Professional Fulfilment Index (PFI). We report several key differences in measures for respondents practicing in self-reported COVID-19 "hotspots." Not surprisingly, a greater proportion of physicians in hotspots had rationed medical resources compared with non-hotspot respondents (82% vs. Our survey suggests that a concerning proportion of emergency physicians have rationed medications, critical interventions, and basic PPE during the pandemic. This data is the result of a cross-sectional survey of emergency medicine physicians using the Emergency Medicine Resident''s Association (EMRA) email distribution list. doi = 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.09.007 id = cord-310769-y6orh217 author = Zaman, A. title = The Relationship between Deteriorating Mental Health Conditions and Longitudinal Behavioral Changes in Google and YouTube Usages among College Students in the United States during COVID-19: Observational Study date = 2020-08-25 keywords = ANX; COVID-19; DEP; Google; Search summary = title: The Relationship between Deteriorating Mental Health Conditions and Longitudinal Behavioral Changes in Google and YouTube Usages among College Students in the United States during COVID-19: Observational Study Objective: The goal of this study is to examine, among college students in the United States, the relationship between deteriorating mental health conditions and changes in user behaviors when engaging with Google Search and YouTube during COVID-19. Conclusions: The results suggested strong discrepancies between college student groups with and without deteriorating mental health conditions in terms of behavioral changes in Google Search and YouTube usages during the COVID-19. In this study, we collected longitudinal individual-level Google Search and YouTube data from college students, and we measured their anxiety (GAD-7) and depression (PHQ-9) levels before and after the outbreak of COVID-19. First, while most of the online behavioral features we developed showed significant differences between groups of students with and without deteriorating anxiety and depressive disorders during COVID-19, our study cohort only represented a small portion of the whole population suffering from mental health difficulties. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.22.20178640 id = cord-120442-qfgoue67 author = Zaman, Anis title = The Relationship between Deteriorating Mental Health Conditions and Longitudinal Behavioral Changes in Google and YouTube Usages among College Students in the United States during COVID-19: Observational Study date = 2020-09-05 keywords = COVID-19; Google; Search; mental summary = title: The Relationship between Deteriorating Mental Health Conditions and Longitudinal Behavioral Changes in Google and YouTube Usages among College Students in the United States during COVID-19: Observational Study The goal of this study is to examine, among college students, the relationship between deteriorating mental health conditions and changes in user behaviors when engaging with Google Search and YouTube during COVID-19. In this study, we collected longitudinal individual-level Google Search and YouTube data from college students, and we measured their anxiety (GAD-7) and depression (PHQ-9) levels before and after the outbreak of COVID-19. First, while most of the online behavioral features we developed showed significant differences between groups of students with and without deteriorating anxiety and depressive disorders during COVID-19, our study cohort only represented a small portion of the whole population suffering from mental health difficulties. doi = nan id = cord-304115-xs54f295 author = Zamaniyan, Marzieh title = Preterm delivery in pregnant woman with critical COVID‐19 pneumonia and vertical transmission date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Given the patient''s history and fever and cough, two nasal and throat swab samples were taken and tested to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 with SuperScript III Platinum, Quantitive Real-time PCR system Kits (Invitrogen company, USA) 4 . The RT-PCR tests was positive for amniotic fluid and neonate, suggesting the infant might have been affected intrauterine by COVID-19; therefore, once more, it raised the concerns regarding possible vertical transmission of the virus in mothers with serious illness. In some previous studies, the authors reported 21 healthy babies delivered by infected mothers to COVID-19, but they could not detect the virus in any of the feto-maternal parts namely placenta, amniotic fluid and cord blood [9] [10] [11] . The current case study, once again, raises concerns regarding possible vertical transmission of COVID-19 in pregnant women infected by SARS CoV-2 in contrast to the findings reported in some small studies published previously. doi = 10.1002/pd.5713 id = cord-257566-56h2jmn9 author = Zamboni, Paolo title = COVID-19 as a Vascular Disease: Lesson Learned from Imaging and Blood Biomarkers date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; LUS summary = The ultrasound imaging patterns at both the lung and peripheral vascular level can also be very useful weapons that have the advantage of being able to monitor longitudinally the clinical picture, something that real-time PCR/nasopharyngeal swab is not able to do and that CT can only pursue with significant radiation exposure. Indeed, of the 72,314 COVID-19 patients at the Wuhan University Hospital, only 62% had a positive swab-PCR [1] , with diagnosis in the remaining 38% of cases achieved through contact history, symptoms, blood chemistry tests and pulmonary CT. The introduction of the severity score leads us to prefer LUS to both swab-PCR and CT scan for the following clinical needs:  When following-up the evolution of COVID-19 pneumonia, in situations where the use of a CT scan would expose the patient to an excess of radiation. doi = 10.3390/diagnostics10070440 id = cord-276061-7b8h2sjw author = Zammit, M title = A rise in facial nerve palsies during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic date = 2020-10-01 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = OBJECTIVE: An increase in spontaneous lower motor neuron facial nerve (VIIth cranial nerve) palsies was seen during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 outbreak in our emergency clinic. • There was an increased incidence of spontaneous lower motor neuron facial nerve palsy in our emergency ENT clinic • Only two prior case reports have referenced an association between VIIth cranial nerve palsy and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) • Facial nerve palsy incidence of 3.5 per cent was seen in clinic during 2020, 2.7 times higher than the previous year at 1.3 per cent • A SARS-CoV-2 incidence of 11.8 per cent was seen in our cohort, contrasting with that of the Liverpool population of 0.5 per cent • It is important for clinicians to be aware that facial nerve palsy may be an initial presentation of the disease doi = 10.1017/s0022215120002121 id = cord-252374-obl6pfpf author = Zaninotto, Martina title = Cardiac troponin I in SARS-CoV-2-patients: the additional prognostic value of serial monitoring date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; patient; troponin summary = Aim of our study has been to investigate in COVID-19 patients the kinetics of release of cardiac troponin I and time course of its concentrations, measured with a high-sensitivity method (hs-TnI), in order to verify if serial measurements may provide additional and clinically useful information in identifying the underlying mechanisms of release and patients'' risk stratification and prognosis. Several papers in the recent literature have highlighted the complex interaction between the cardiovascular system and COVID-19, showing myocardial injury in 20 to 40% of hospitalized patients (14, 15) : heart failure, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), arrhythmia and myocarditis, the most frequent complications, are all associated with elevated cardiac troponins, evidenced in particular by high-sensitivity immunoassays (16, 17) . These results seem to provide clinically relevant and specific informations regarding the type and the severity of myocardial injury associated to COVID 19 disease (21, 22) , thus assuring additional clinical data for stratifying risk, establishing the prognosis, managing patients and gaining important epidemiological insight on cardiac involvement in SARS-CoV-2 patients (23, 24) . doi = 10.1016/j.cca.2020.09.036 id = cord-322861-q7uk6rdp author = Zanon, Ezio title = How haemophilia A impacts severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) treatment: a case report date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Even if much more data are needed to ascertain the real thrombotic risk of haemophilia A in COVID-19 patients, it''s clear that the FVIII and vWF should be strictly monitored in order to promptly establish an adequate treatment and avoid the onset of thromboembolic events, even fatal, causing many deaths in COVID-19 patients. The Italian Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (SISET) suggests tailoring the therapy on the patient''s characteristics, using intermediate or therapeutic dosages of anticoagulants according to the pre-existing thromboembolic risk factors and to maintain the treatment for the duration of the hospitalization and, in the cases at high risk for VTE, even at discharge (5) . Here we are reporting a case of an elderly Italian patient with mild haemophilia A who was hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Sars-Cov-2). Our case showed that patients with mild haemophilia A presented a clinical course of COVID-19 similar to that of non-haemophilic patients, as coagulation parameters changed towards hypercoagulability as well (9) . doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02227-z id = cord-026806-pn4lwhr7 author = Zargar, Showkat Ali title = Gastrointestinal Endoscopy during COVID: Do Some, Leave Most date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1712337 id = cord-347548-h5fk64p8 author = Zarza, José title = Evans syndrome associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in a patient with SARS-COV-2 infection date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Evans syndrome associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in a patient with SARS-COV-2 infection Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), which has sparked growing interest and concern in the international community. 1 We present a case of COVID-19 associated with Evans syndrome (hemolytic anemia plus thrombocytopenia, both with autoimmune causes) and antiphospholipid antibodies. With these findings, her diagnoses upon admission were SARS-COV-2 infection, SLE with associated antiphospholipid antibodies, and Evans syndrome. We present the case of a young patient who was apparently in good health but had a history of venous thrombosis of unknown cause in her childhood, which started with Evans syndrome and a high titer of antiphospholipid antibodies, in coincidence with a SARS-COV-2 infection. 4 Although the decreased platelet count is usually mild in COVID-19, some cases of severe thrombocytopenia have been reported in the context of disseminated intravascular coagulation in these patients. doi = 10.1016/j.htct.2020.08.003 id = cord-339935-tguhrqvz author = Zavattaro, Staci M. title = Introduction: COVID‐19 Viewpoint Symposium, Part II date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID; pandemic; response summary = Charbonneau and Doberstein (2020) consider work surveillance practices and their relationship to performance management With so many public servants being forced to shift to remote working from home in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, such oversight is increasing in importance. The COVID-19 pandemic showed the crippling holes in existing MFM plans, and the authors, using lessons learned from the earthquake, recommend increased collaboration, psychological support, and network leads when it comes to developing viable MFM plans going forward. They offer economic development approaches requiring coordination, and like the other essays in this Viewpoint symposium offer a path for future research to see if these strategies work, such as active versus passive partnerships. Network of networks: preliminary lessons from the Antwerp Port Authority on crisis management and network governance to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1111/puar.13290 id = cord-309931-cpzp33b3 author = Zawawi, Ayat title = The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on malaria elimination date = 2020-10-20 keywords = Africa; SARS; covid-19 summary = As lowand middle-income countries shift increasingly to focus on identifying and treating COVID-19, questions are emerging about the impact this shift in focus will have on ongoing efforts to control other infectious diseases, such as malaria. This review discusses how the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in lowand middle-income countries might impact these efforts, focusing in particular on the effects of co-infection and the use of antimalarial drugs used to treat malaria as therapeutic interventions for COVID-19. This review addresses this gap in the literature by discussing how the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in low-and middle-income countries might impact efforts to control malaria. Despite the CQ and HCQ treatment potential for COVID-19, the use of these two drugs could pose many challenges in low-and middle-income countries and not just in malaria-endemic areas. doi = 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00187 id = cord-328011-6lf3no6u author = Zayed, Hatem title = Vaccine Development Against COVID-19 Prior to Pandemic Outbreaks, Using in vitro Evolution and Reverse Genetics date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Vaccine Development Against COVID-19 Prior to Pandemic Outbreaks, Using in vitro Evolution and Reverse Genetics Since coronaviruses are increasing alarmingly, there is an urgent need for a safe and effective vaccine to prevent the spread of the virus during pandemic outbreaks, and stop deaths associated with the virulent COVID-19. We now know that SARS-CoV-2 shares 88% identity with two SARS-like coronaviruses (bat-SL-CoVZXC21 and bat-SL-CoVZC45) that both originated in China, and use the same human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor for cell entry during the process of infection (3). In response to such forewarnings from scientists, a predictive vaccine could have been designed and developed for the potential virus pandemic. Thereafter, during the time of pandemic, suitable stored transgenic cell lines could be used, based on the Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; VLP, virus-like particle; WHO, World Health Organization. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02051 id = cord-270799-2pmpspuj author = Zayet, Souheil title = Clinical features of COVID-19 and influenza: A comparative study on Nord Franche-Comte cluster date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Fever or feeling of fever, fatigue, cough and pain 133 symptoms (myalgia, arthralgia and headache) were the fourth most prevalent symptoms for both 134 diseases (COVID-19 and influenza A/B) without significant statistical differences except for frontal 135 headache and other localization of headache. The onset of 145 these symptoms (from illness onset) didn''t differ between the two groups except for fever which 146 appeared earlier in COVID-19 than in influenza (respectively 1.9 days [±1.5] vs 2.7 days [±1.5], 147 p=0.045). However, we noticed two otorhinolaryngological symptoms recently described 169 with SARS-CoV-2: anosmia and dysgeusia, present in half of our patients. On the other hand, sore throat, conjunctival hyperemia, tearing, sneezing, sputum production, 222 dyspnea, vomiting and rhonchi at pulmonary auscultation were more frequently described in 223 influenza group than COVID-19 group with statistically significant differences. doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.016 id = cord-353628-f6ew980g author = Zayet, Souheil title = Encephalopathy in patients with COVID‐19: ‘Causality or coincidence?’ date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Since its discovery in December 2019, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused several clinical presentations: mainly respiratory, rarely gastrointestinal, and exceptionally neurological. In addition to the usual symptoms (general, respiratory and otorhinolaryngological) of the infection with SARS-CoV-2, several authors have described neurological manifestations as headache, nausea, and vomiting. These viruses can invade brainstem via a synapse-connected route from the lungs and airways 9 .Considering the high similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and others CoVs 10 , it is still not clearly known whether the potential neuro-invasion of SARS-CoV2 is partially responsible for respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19 9,11,12 . Therefore, in the context of COVID pandemic, it would be reasonable to perform a thoracic CT and a RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 in case of encephalopathy with normal lumbar puncture and brain imaging. The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1002/jmv.26027 id = cord-346100-j105jmmg author = Zehra, Syeda Sakina title = An Insight into Weighing the Impact of Draconian Measures in the Battle Against COVID-19 [Letter] date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: An Insight into Weighing the Impact of Draconian Measures in the Battle Against COVID-19 [Letter] 5 In conclusion, we agree that draconian measures have benefitted nations against COVID-19, but on the other side of the coin, it has come at a price. Let''s stop the Draconian visiting restrictions medscape The content of the Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare ''letters to the editor'' section does not necessarily represent the views of Dove Medical Press, its officers, agents, employees, related entities or the Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare editors. The Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare is an international, peerreviewed open-access journal that aims to represent and publish research in healthcare areas delivered by practitioners of different disciplines. This includes studies and reviews conducted by multidisciplinary teams as well as research which evaluates the results or conduct of such teams or healthcare processes in general. The journal covers a very wide range of areas and welcomes submissions from practitioners at all levels, from all over the world. doi = 10.2147/jmdh.s273816 id = cord-035142-axyjd96e author = Zein, Joe G. title = Safety of influenza vaccine during COVID-19 date = 2020-09-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-035142-axyjd96e authors: Zein, Joe G.; Whelan, Georgina; Erzurum, Serpil C. title: Safety of influenza vaccine during COVID-19 journal: nan cord_uid: axyjd96e nan Quantifying social distancing arising from pandemic influenza Association of use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin ii receptor blockers with testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) The Guillain-Barre syndrome and the 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 influenza vaccines Association between seasonal influenza vaccination in 2008-2009 and pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection among school students from Kobe Association between the 2008-09 seasonal influenza vaccine and pandemic H1N1 illness during Spring-Summer 2009: four observational studies from Canada Prevalent Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus with 2009 pandemic viral genes facilitating human infection Two unadjuvanted split virion, inactivated, quadrivalent influenza vaccines were provided to patients in 2019. A high-dose vaccine was given to patients 65 years and older The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. doi = 10.1017/cts.2020.543 id = cord-301281-yur5hs2h author = Zelek, Wioleta M. title = Complement Inhibition with the C5 Blocker LFG316 in Severe COVID-19 date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = We here report the contribution of complement activation and impact of complement blockade in severe COVID-19, defined as marked respiratory impairment requiring intensive care and ventilation support. Five patients were selected, based on high levels of TCC (above the mean 1 2 SD for controls; 7.14 mg/L) and either treatment failure (patients 1-3) or failure to improve (patients 4 and 5) where death was not considered imminent (clinical judgement), for inclusion in a compassionate use study of complement blockade using LFG316 (tesidolumab; Novartis Managed Access Program), a C5-blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) that prevents generation of the proinflammatory effectors C5a and membrane attack complex (6) . We describe a preliminary evaluation of the potential benefit of C5 blockade in severe COVID-19; we show that the C5-blocking mAb LFG316 could be administered in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19; a single dose of LFG316 blocked C5 activity and complement activation for at least 4 days in all treated patients. doi = 10.1164/rccm.202007-2778le id = cord-296773-5o4hr6ir author = Zeneli, A. title = Mitigating strategies and nursing response for cancer care management during the COVID‐19 pandemic: an Italian experience date = 2020-10-02 keywords = COVID-19; cancer; nursing; patient summary = In the early phase of the pandemic, the search of emerging literature was aimed at finding peer-reviewed information needed to keep nursing teams and other healthcare professionals upto-date in the following areas: disease physiopathology and symptoms, ways of person-to-person transmission; evidence or recommendations on infection prevention and control precaution measures; epidemiology, reusable equipment and environmental cleaning procedures, diagnostic tests, efficacy of personal protective equipment (PPE) and communication strategies in healthcare organizations during health emergency events. Patient, caregiver and employee safety, patient health outcomes, use of resources Adopted strategies and instruments for achieving goals Risk assessment to screen those with flu-like symptoms and refer them to their general practitioner for early communication, isolation and treatment for COVID-19 to prevent severe disease; telephone triage of patients before planning their visit to hospital; triaging patients and their caregivers before their access to cancer services; Continuity of essential services, appropriate case management Communication instruments doi = 10.1111/inr.12625 id = cord-275185-9br8lwma author = Zeng, Hao title = The efficacy assessment of convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19 patients: a multi-center case series date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; RBD; SARS; patient summary = Following CP transfusion, six out of eight patients showed improved oxygen support status; chest CT indicated varying degrees of absorption of pulmonary lesions in six patients within 8 days; the viral load was decreased to a negative level in five patients who had the previous viremia; other laboratory parameters also tended to improve, including increased lymphocyte counts, decreased C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and indicators for liver function. Herein, we performed a retrospective observational study involving eight critical or severe patients with COVID-19 from four designated hospitals in the southwest region of China, aiming to explore the potential efficacy and safety of CP therapy, and to provide more evidence for the quality control of donated plasma and reasonable clinical application of CP transfusion. 23 Assessing the effects of neutralizing activity of CP on the patients'' clinical efficacy, we found that patients treated by CP with high NAT50 (>1:640) had more obvious improvement than patients receiving low NAT50 value (≤1:640) of CP, including shorter negative conservation time of viral RNA, and higher increment of IgG level after CP transfusion. doi = 10.1038/s41392-020-00329-x id = cord-352823-1os3kwp1 author = Zeng, Hui title = The strategies of perioperative management in orthopedic department during the pandemic of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; patient summary = CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicated that medical quality and efficiency were affected little with the help of strategies described above during the epidemic, which could be a reference tool for medical staff in routine clinical practice for admission of patients around the world. Orthopedic surgeons performed the superiority of accurate diagnosis and treatment for patients, summarized how to carry out the clinical practice of orthopedic surgery under the situation of the prevention and control of the COVID-19, and minimized the risk of infection exposure. Meanwhile, we hope that it could provide more treatment model schemes for colleagues and share the flow charts of management for patients during the breakout of pandemic, including prevention and control measures for staff, operating rooms, and surgical instruments, which may be beneficial for medical staff (Fig. 1) . In relationship with orthopedic diseases during the epidemic, related prevention and control, clinical recommendations, diagnosis and treatment, clinical management, health care personnel protection, and disinfection were applied soon in our hospital. doi = 10.1186/s13018-020-01978-y id = cord-285533-f1fonmo6 author = Zeng, Jia title = Clinical efficacy of tocilizumab treatment in severe and critical COVID-19 patients date = 2020-09-06 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6 summary = The Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines of New Coronavirus Pneumonia (7(th) Edition) includes tocilizumab as a recommended drug for immunotherapy in severe and critical COVID-19 patients. Some studies [3] [4] [5] have found that the main pathophysiological basis of COVID-19 causing respiratory failure and even hypoxic death, is immune cells released by mononuclear/macrophage cells after infection with the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in the blood which further activate the body''s immune cells (such as monocytes, macrophages, T cells, B cells, etc.) or non-immune cells (such as endothelial cells), causing these cells to release a large number of cytokines (cytokine storm), thereby seriously destroying the ventilation function of lungs. The Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines of New Coronavirus Pneumonia (7 th Edition) includes tocilizumab as a recommended drug for immunotherapy in patients with severe COVID-19 [6, 7] . The results showed that after tocilizumab treatment, the lymphocyte count and oxygenation index of the improved patients increased significantly, while CRP and FIB showed an overall downward trend. doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i17.3763 id = cord-252284-cgdcsazr author = Zeng, Jia-Hui title = First case of COVID-19 complicated with fulminant myocarditis: a case report and insights date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = CONCLUSION: COVID-19 patients may develop severe cardiac complications such as myocarditis and heart failure. Bedside echocardiography showed an enlarged left ventricle (61 mm), diffuse myocardial dyskinesia along with a low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (32%), pulmonary hypertension (44 mmHg), and no decrease in right cardiac function (Figs. Recently published COVID-19 studies have shown that cardiac complications, including heart failure, arrhythmia and myocardial infarction, are not uncommon, and the proportion of people with increased Trop I in severe cases is higher than other cases [3, 4] . In this case, the patient had the following features: sudden onset, obvious symptoms of viral infection, rapid emergence of severe hemodynamic disorders, severe myocardial injury, and diffuse decreased ventricular wall movement. In this case, the patient had no history of heart disease; therefore, the decreased cardiac function was likely to be caused by COVID-19. COVID-19 patients may develop severe cardiac complications such as myocarditis and heart failure. doi = 10.1007/s15010-020-01424-5 id = cord-313268-j51zyodw author = Zeng, Xiangxiang title = Repurpose Open Data to Discover Therapeutics for COVID-19 Using Deep Learning date = 2020-07-12 keywords = COVID-19; KGE; SARS; drug summary = Using Amazon''s AWS computing resources and a network-based, deep-learning framework, we identified 41 repurposable drugs (including dexamethasone, indomethacin, niclosamide, and toremifene) whose therapeutic associations with COVID-19 were validated by transcriptomic and proteomics data in SARS-CoV-2-infected human cells and data from ongoing clinical trials. 10−12 Deep learning has also recently demonstrated its better performance than classic machine learning methods to assist drug repurposing, 13 −16 yet without foreknowledge of the complex networks connecting drugs, targets, SARS-CoV-2, and diseases, the development of affordable approaches for the effective treatment of COVID-19 is challenging. Via systematic validation using transcriptomics and proteomics data generated from SARS-CoV-2-infected human cells and the ongoing clinical trial data, we successfully identified 41 drug candidates that can be further tested in large-scale randomized control trials for the potential treatment of COVID-19. Using Amazon''s AWS computing resources, we identified 41 high-confidence repurposed drug candidates (including dexamethasone, indomethacin, niclosamide, and toremifene) for COVID-19, which were validated by an enrichment analysis of gene expression and proteomics data in SARS-CoV-2 infected human cells. doi = 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00316 id = cord-268531-igjeai8c author = Zerah, Lorène title = Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of 821 Older Patients With SARS-Cov-2 Infection Admitted to Acute Care Geriatric Wards: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study date = 2020-08-26 keywords = ADL; COVID-19; patient summary = title: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of 821 Older Patients With SARS-Cov-2 Infection Admitted to Acute Care Geriatric Wards: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study On multivariate analysis, at COVID-19 onset, the probability of in-hospital mortality was increased with male gender (odds ratio [OR] 1.85; 95% CI 1.30–2.63), ADL score <4 (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.25–2.70), asthenia (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.08–2.32), quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score ≥2 (OR 2.63; 95% CI 1.64–4.22), and specific COVID-19 anomalies on chest computerized tomography (OR 2.60; 95% CI 1.07–6.46). Although age has been widely reported as a major risk factor for severe COVID-19 and death, no large geriatric cohort of older patients hospitalized in a geriatric ward has been described. The objective of this multicentric French retrospective study was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of a large cohort of older patients with confirmed COVID-19 who were admitted to acute care geriatric wards and to determine the prognostic factors of in-hospital mortality. doi = 10.1093/gerona/glaa210 id = cord-281106-vzb5xzza author = Zerwes, S. title = COVID-19-Infektion – Risiko für thrombembolische Komplikationen date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; die; patient summary = According to current data, the risk of thromboembolic events in hospitalized COVID-19 patients is significantly increased, making thrombosis prophylaxis with low molecular weight or unfractionated heparin necessary. Neben den bekannten Ursachen der Thromboseentstehung, wurden bei der COVID-Erkrankung spezielle Pathomechanismen beobachtet, die zur Bildung von Thrombosen sowohl im venösen als auch im arteriellen System beitragen können. Auch wenn die Mechanismen noch nicht in Ihrer Gesamtheit erfasst sind, so ist bereits jetzt ersichtlich, dass die thrombembolischen Komplikationen im Zusammenhang mit dem SARS-CoV-2-Virus auf eine exzessive Inflammationsreaktion, Veränderung von Blutflusseigenschaften, direkte virusbedingte Thrombozytenaktivierung und Endothelschädigung zurückzuführen sind [3] . Diese Hypothese wird von nahezu allen bisher publizierten Arbeiten zu thrombembolischen Ereignissen bei COVID-19-Patienten postuliert und könnte eine Erklärung für die deutlich erhöhte Anzahl von TVT bieten [1, 7, 17, 28, 39] . Eine einheitliche Nomenklatur besteht noch nicht, die Pu-blikationmitdergrößtenSerie benennt es als "Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated With SARS-CoV-2" (PIMS-TS) [36] . doi = 10.1007/s00772-020-00687-4 id = cord-032757-4nqg9m74 author = Zhan, Bingyan title = Radiographic characteristics and early clinical manifestations of family clustered coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Radiographic characteristics and early clinical manifestations of family clustered coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) OBJECT: To study chest computed tomography (CT) findings in family clusters of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). On chest CT, 14 patients with family clustered COVID-19 had bilateral lung lesions. Through the study of patients with COVID-19, we have reached a preliminary understanding of the significance of familial clustering and imaging changes in diagnosis. Cases of family clustered COVID-19 showed bilateral involvement in chest radiographs, subpleural involvement and ground-glass opacity on chest CT (P < 0.05) (Figures 1-4) . [5] [6] [7] There were many similarities in chest CT between cases of family clustered and sporadic COVID-19. Family clustered and sporadic COVID-19 cases showed different changes on chest CT. In patients with family clustered COVID-19, chest CT often showed multiple exudative lesions in both lungs. In patients with family clustered COVID-19, chest CT often showed multiple exudative lesions in both lungs. doi = 10.1177/0300060520945893 id = cord-320860-qt84oicg author = Zhang, Aining title = Meta-Analysis of coagulation parameters associated with disease severity and poor prognosis of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = title: Meta-Analysis of coagulation parameters associated with disease severity and poor prognosis of COVID-19 However, a recent study suggested that the characteristics of COVID-19-associated J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f coagulopathy(CAC) are different from clotting disorders caused by bacterial infections and other diseases. In order to explore the relationship between coagulopathy and the severity and prognosis of the disease, we conducted this meta-analysis to compare the difference in blood coagulation parameters among COVID-19 patients. Our exclusion criteria included (1) asymptomatic patients; J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f (2) studies without reporting coagulation parameters; (3) systematic reviews, metaanalyses, editorials and other forms not presenting original data. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy Procalcitonin in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A meta-analysis doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.021 id = cord-350066-xwf7u4n5 author = Zhang, Baozhen title = Acupuncture for breathlessness in COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; TCM; acupuncture summary = title: Acupuncture for breathlessness in COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis [12] In total, 303 ongoing clinical trials concerning the assessment of the therapeutic safety and efficacy for COVID-19 patients have been launched in China by March 1, 2020, 50 of which focus on TCM, including 14 clinical trials aimed at evaluating the efficacy of TCM combined with Western medicine. The recent systematic review and meta-analysis show that acupuncture can relieve breathlessness in subjects with advanced diseases. [16] Therefore, in this meta-analysis review, our goal is to systematically review the efficacy of acupuncture in relieving breathlessness, subsequently improving the physiological function and quality of life of patients with COVID-19 combined with dyspnea. First, it is the first systematic review concerning the safety and effectiveness of acupuncture for breathlessness in COVID-19. The effectiveness of acupuncture in prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting-a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000020701 id = cord-253648-n13sgorb author = Zhang, C. title = The Role of Weather Conditions in COVID-19 Transmission: A Study of a Global Panel of 1236 Regions date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; July; international summary = Moreover, a large-scale satellite data was combined with these data with a regression analysis model to explore effects of temperature and relative humidity on COVID-19 spreading, as well as the possible transmission risk due to temperature change driven by seasonal cycles. By explicitly controlling for socialeconomics variables and government interventions, we found that every degree Celsius increase in daily average temperature of 6-day lag results in a 2.88% decrease in new daily cases fraction (supplementary Table S2 ) and a 0.1 percent point decrease in R0 (supplementary Table S3 ). There are a number of obvious confounding factors (e.g., active case fraction, economic development, population concentration 25 , age structure 26 , geographic conditions 27 , and government intervention 18 ) that affect the transmission of an epidemic, so they should be controlled in the regression analysis. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.29.20164152 id = cord-330788-2wsn8t2r author = Zhang, Caiyun title = The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Teenagers in China date = 2020-10-08 keywords = covid-19; high; school summary = The aim of this study was to survey junior high and high school students in China to better understand the psychological consequences, such as anxiety, depression, and stress, of the COVID-19 pandemic. Resilience and positive coping were protective factors for the occurrence of depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms in junior high and high school students (p < .05). Negative coping is a risk factor for depression, anxiety, stress symptoms, and trauma-related distress in junior high and high school students (p < .05). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on teenagers and adolescents is substantial, causing more than one fifth of Chinese junior high and high school students to experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. The present study sought to examine depressive, anxiety, stress, and trauma-related distress symptoms in a sample of junior high and high school students. doi = 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.026 id = cord-327028-dbvucvy3 author = Zhang, Cantong title = Controversial treatments: An updated understanding of the coronavirus disease 2019 date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = To reduce the case‐fatality rate among coronavirus disease 2019 patients, we should not ignore the complications, such as RNAaemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction. To help understand the advantages and limitations of differential treatments, we provide a timely review and discuss the complications and corresponding major treatments, especially controversial ones such as antiviral therapy (remdesivir, ribavirin, and chloroquine), glucocorticoid therapy, extracorporeal support including an artificial liver system, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation based on available evidence. Furthermore, we list a table to conclude the mechanism, advantages, and limitations for different treatments mentioned in this review (Table 2) The mechanism of remdesivir against the virus showed that the drug effectively inhibited the Ebola virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan Inhibition of SARS coronavirus infection in vitro with clinically approved antiviral drugs Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1002/jmv.25788 id = cord-273349-penb65x7 author = Zhang, Chao title = Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The severity, mortality, and incidence of complications in these patients, including secondary infection, hepatic encephalopathy, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and liver failure, need to be examined in large-cohort clinical studies. As the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread from China to other countries, governments and the medical community are taking steps to prevent transmission, from common sense recommendations to radical quarantine measures. SARS-associated viral hepatitis caused by a novel coronavirus: report of three cases Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalised patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study doi = 10.1016/s2468-1253(20)30057-1 id = cord-253456-u9num2o9 author = Zhang, Che title = Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infections in China: A multicenter case series date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = Suspected patients with clinical and/or radiological features of pneumonia were quarantined prior to SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection according to WHO guidelines for cases with suspected infection [8] as well as the instructions from the Pediatric Branch of the Hubei Medical Association for pediatric cases [9] . Specifically, suspected cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection should meet 1 of the following criteria [10] : (1) at least 1 clinical symptom, including fever, expectation, tachypnea, lethargy, poor feeding, cough, vomiting, and diarrhea; (2) chest radiologic abnormalities consistent with viral pneumonia. Patients were discharged when all the following criteria were met [10] : (1) fever had recovered for at least 3 days; (2) upper respiratory symptoms were alleviated; (3) the exudative lesion was alleviated significantly according to radiological evidence; (4) negative results were obtained for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection in 2 consecutive tests performed with an interval of 24 hours. doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003130 id = cord-327084-r12copka author = Zhang, Chenxi title = Survey of Insomnia and Related Social Psychological Factors Among Medical Staff Involved in the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease Outbreak date = 2020-04-14 keywords = SARS; covid-19; staff summary = A multiple binary logistic regression model revealed that insomnia symptoms were associated with an education level of high school or below (OR = 2.69, p = 0.042, 95% CI = 1.0–7.0), being a doctor (OR = 0.44, p = 0.007, 95% CI = 0.2–0.8), currently working in an isolation unit (OR = 1.71, p = 0.038, 95% CI = 1.0–2.8), is worried about being infected (OR = 2.30, p < 0.001, 95% CI = 1.6–3.4), perceived lack of helpfulness in terms of psychological support from news or social media with regard to COVID-19 (OR = 2.10, p = 0.001, 95% CI = 1.3–3.3), and having very strong uncertainty regarding effective disease control (OR = 3.30, p = 0.013, 95% CI = 1.3–8.5). doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00306 id = cord-293080-b4pxjrcj author = Zhang, Chunyan title = Establishing a high sensitivity detection method for SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG and developing a clinical application of this method date = 2020-09-18 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = Immunological diagnosis of COVID-19 is mainly achieved through testing specific antibody IgM and IgG responses after human infection with SARS-CoV-2 and is based on antigen-antibody capturemethods. Such methods include lateral flow assays and provide the advantages of easy operation, quick test results, no need of a special laboratory site with (complex) instruments, and high sensitivity and specificity, and is suitable for carrying out large-scale SARS-CoV-2 infection/screening as point-of-care sites [7] . Based on the process of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the production of specific antibody responses, a diagnostic IgG and IgM detection assay would be the most useful method to diagnosis the occurrence of COVID-19 and development of pulmonary disease. In the present study, the recombinant protein and test strip for detecting the SARS-CoV-2 antibody by the antigen capturing method, and its preparation method were provided, supporting a new method for SARS-CoV-2 infection screening, diagnosis, disease monitoring and prognosis evaluation. doi = 10.1080/22221751.2020.1811161 id = cord-256500-nlavfnpt author = Zhang, Dan title = COVID-19 infection induces readily detectable morphological and inflammation-related phenotypic changes in peripheral blood monocytes, the severity of which correlate with patient outcome date = 2020-03-26 keywords = COVID-19; FSC; SARS summary = Background: Excessive monocyte/macrophage activation with the development of a cytokine storm and subsequent acute lung injury, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a feared consequence of infection with COVID-19. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is a new coronavirus, first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, which frequently induces fatal inflammatory responses and acute lung injury. Herein we describe novel observations in relation to changes in monocyte morphology and activation status, which correlate with the prognosis and severity of COVID-19 infection and which can be readily quantified by flow cytometry with the concurrent measurement of forward scatter (FSC) and (SSC), which measure cell size and complexity, respectively. We have shown that simple assessment of FSC by flow cytometry in the context of COVID-19 infection can rapidly identify those patients with an increasing proportion of large, activated, IL-6 and TNF secreting monocytes, who have severe disease and are at greatest risk of ICU admission. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.24.20042655 id = cord-300517-41pr3dwa author = Zhang, Dan title = The clinical benefits of Chinese patent medicines against COVID-19 based on current evidence date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; China; Injection; TCM; chinese summary = As recommended in the Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Revised 7th version) which was officially released by National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China, TCM could exert favorable effects for patients with different syndromes and distinct stages of COVID-19, contributing to infections in the periods of both medical observation and clinical treatment [23] . In addition, prevenient Chinese research pointed out its clinical J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f advantages that were related to improve respiratory symptoms, inhibit concurrent bacterial infection, and regulate immune function, superior clinical safety, especially certain hepatoprotective effects, suggesting it might have potentials to relieve some drug-induced liver injury during the treatment of COVID-19 for serious cases [60] . doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104882 id = cord-119307-rlc2f6zw author = Zhang, Edwin title = Covidex: Neural Ranking Models and Keyword Search Infrastructure for the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset date = 2020-07-14 keywords = Anserini; COVID-19; TREC; run summary = We present Covidex, a search engine that exploits the latest neural ranking models to provide information access to the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset curated by the Allen Institute for AI. In addition, we provide robust and easy-to-use keyword search infrastructure that exploits mature fusion-based methods as well as standalone neural ranking models that can be incorporated into other applications. 2. Leveraging our own infrastructure, we explored the use of sequence-to-sequence transformer models for text ranking, combined with a simple classification-based feedback approach to exploit existing relevance judgments. In the latest round 3 results, we report the highest-scoring run that exploits relevance judgments in a user feedback setting and the secondhighest fully automatic run, affirming the quality of our own ranking models (2). Despite the success of BERT for document ranking (Dai and Callan, 2019; MacAvaney et al., 2019; Yilmaz et al., 2019) , there is evidence that ranking with sequence-to-sequence models can achieve even better effectiveness, particularly in zero-shot and other settings with limited training data (Nogueira et al., 2020) , such as for TREC-COVID. doi = nan id = cord-285755-zblitbo0 author = Zhang, F. title = Myocardial injury is associated with in-hospital mortality of confirmed or suspected COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A single center retrospective cohort study date = 2020-03-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = [Results] A total of 110 patients with confirmed (n=80) or suspected (n=30) COVID-19 were screened and 48 patients (female 31.3%, mean age 70.58{+/-}13.38 year old) among them with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) test within 48 hours after admission were included, of whom 17 (17/48, 35.4%) died in hospital while 31 (31/48, 64.6%) were discharged or transferred to other hospital. [Conclusions] Cardiac injury defined by hs-cTnI elevation and elevated d-dimer on admission were risk factors for in-hospital death, while higher SpO2 could be seen as a protective factor, which could help clinicians to identify patients with adverse outcome at the early stage of COVID-19. Short-term prognosis of COVID-19 patients are discrepancy and in-hospital mortality risk are high in severe cases[1] [2] Although previous study had indicated that several risk factors were independently associated with short-term mortality, such as elevated d-dimer, older age and higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score [2] , few studies focused on cardiac injury with COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.21.20040121 id = cord-327432-ogw27tob author = Zhang, Feng-jian title = Expert Consensus on Nurses’ Human Caring for COVID-19 Patients in Different Sites date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; human; patient summary = Therefore, the experts were invited to develop a consensus on delivering human caring in different sites, thus to provide guideline for the human caring to COVID-19 patients as well as other similar infectious diseases during the whole process of treatment and recovery. Take away the left food and plates as soon as patients finish eating; (9) Keep the wards clean and warm, and ventilate and disinfect regularly; (10) Assist in or implement bed bath and other hygiene care for the patients to keep clean and comfortable; (11) Encourage the patients in the recovery rehabilitation and activities involvement, and express the appreciation for the patient cooperation; (12) Record the special caring needs or measures of patients on the whiteboard and handover between each shift; (13) Provide wake-up service for coma patients four times a day, and play audio materials with patients'' favorite music, the blessing, and encouraging words from relatives, colleagues, and friends; (14) Provide detailed guidance on medication, isolation, condition report, and follow-up for discharged patients. doi = 10.1007/s11596-020-2222-0 id = cord-290740-vt4txzfx author = Zhang, H. title = Challenges and Measures in Prevention of Nosocomial Infection of COVID‐19 During Resumption of Work: Experience from a Pancreatic Surgery Department, Wuhan, China date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Challenges and Measures in Prevention of Nosocomial Infection of COVID‐19 During Resumption of Work: Experience from a Pancreatic Surgery Department, Wuhan, China The World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) (SARS-CoV-2) on March 2020 1 . At present the epidemic situation of COVID-19 is relieving and under gradual resumption of work, we aim to share our experiences in this unique position and hope to help pancreatic First, we carried out an architecture reconstruction to the ward. Fourth, both the department and hospital provide various forms of psychological counselling since job burnout, mild anxiety and depression are commonly seen in those who have participated in the first-line against COVID-19 as well as the medical staff who have just returned to work. From the resumption of work (6 th April) to the manuscript drafting (29 th May) the department had finished 107 surgeries. doi = 10.1002/bjs.11943 id = cord-314272-ey2onl0j author = Zhang, H. title = A Web-based, Mobile Responsive Application to Screen Healthcare Workers for COVID Symptoms: Descriptive Study date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID; Pass; employee summary = manual screening), employee attestations by time of day, and percentage of employees reporting COVID-19 symptoms Results: We rapidly created the MVP and gradually deployed it across the hospitals in our organization. For employees without access to a computer or mobile device to use the self-service application, we established a manual process where in-person, socially distanced screeners asked employees entering the site if they have symptoms and then manually recorded the responses in an Office 365 Form. Human Resources and Occupational Health provided initial requirements including an application that would enable employees who must work onsite at a facility that provides direct patient care to be able to self-screen for symptoms concerning for COVID-19 infection prior to being allowed into the facility. This application needed to be mobile-responsive, provide guidance to the employee about next steps if they do indicate symptoms are present, create a pass that would be "glance-able" to entrance way screening staff, and be able to export user logs on at least a daily basis. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.17.20069211 id = cord-327397-8rxjju0t author = Zhang, H.-Y. title = A Multicentre Study of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease Outcomes of Cancer Patients in Wuhan, China date = 2020-03-26 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Two previous case series from China have suggested that cancer patients are at a higher risk of COVID-19 pneumonia, but the reports were limited by small numbers and few clinical information. Conclusion: This study showed COVID-19 patients with cancer seem to have a higher proportion of severe cases and poorer prognosis. Here, we conducted a multicentre retrospective study to show the clinical information and outcomes of 67 cancer patients infected with COVID-19 in 1548 cases from four designated COVID-19 hospitals. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.21.20037127 doi: medRxiv preprint proportion of all cancers; (2) 10 cases lung cancer patients were ongoing anticancer treatment, and they may have high risks of nosocomial infection and low immunity to SARS-CoV viral particles. As reported in previous studies, 4 15 16 male and older patients had a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which was validated in our cancer cohort. This study showed COVID-19 patients with cancer seem to have a higher proportion of severe cases and poorer prognosis. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.21.20037127 id = cord-259481-og7n82fl author = Zhang, Hai-tao title = Automated detection and quantification of COVID-19 pneumonia: CT imaging analysis by a deep learning-based software date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; Zhang summary = Radiological examinations, especially thin slice chest Computed tomography (CT) scans, play an important role in identifying the early phase of lung infection, monitoring disease progression and guiding clinical decision making for COVID-19 patients [5, 7, 8] . In the present study, the uAI Intelligent Assistant Analysis System, a deep learning-based software, was used to automatically extract and analyse regions suspected to be infected with the virus. The uAI Intelligent Assistant Analysis System, a deep learningbased software, was specifically developed by United Imaging Medical Technology Company Limited (Shanghai, China) for COVID-19 assessment. In this study, we analysed the CT scans of 2460 COVID-19 patients using the uAI Intelligent Assistant Analysis System. The ability of the uAI Intelligent Assistant Analysis to quickly and accurately localize and quantify infection regions from CT scans will not only aid in the diagnosis of COVID-19, but also aid in assessing the disease to help guide physicians in their treatment plans. doi = 10.1007/s00259-020-04953-1 id = cord-121285-4ni1vv4l author = Zhang, Han title = How Does COVID-19 impact Students with Disabilities/Health Concerns? date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; disability; health; student summary = In addition to these changes, students with disabilities/health concerns may face accessibility problems with online learning or communication tools, and their stress may be compounded by additional risks such as financial stress or pre-existing conditions. In this paper, we present data from a survey of 147 students with and without disabilities collected in late March to early April of 2020 to assess the impact of COVID-19 on these students'' education and mental health. We argue that students with disabilities/health concerns in higher education need confidence in the accessibility of the online learning tools that are becoming increasingly prevalent in higher education not only because of COVID-19 but also more generally. At the time our data was collected, just after classes went online and three weeks after it was discovered that community spread of COVID-19 was present in Seattle (Table 1) , we did not find evidence of changes in anxiety, stress, or depression among students with or without disabilities/health concerns. doi = nan id = cord-277430-x02u7oh0 author = Zhang, Hongyan title = Outcomes of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection in 107 patients with cancer from Wuhan, China date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan; patient summary = Secondary analyses included the reporting of clinical presentation and outcomes based on the different cancer types, and the association between mortality due to COVID-19 and whether the patient was receiving ongoing active anticancer treatment (systemic therapy, local therapy, or a combination). 5, 16 Rather, in the current study cohort of 107 patients, we observed that active anticancer treatment within 1 month of a diagnosis of COVID-19 was associated with profound lymphopenia (median of 0.55 vs 1.05 for those on follow-up) and markedly elevated inflammatory markers of C-reactive protein (36.00 vs 27.40) and procalcitonin (0.17 vs 0.06). The results of the current study demonstrated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in a large cohort of 107 patients with different cancer types, and suggested a high incidence of severe illness and case fatality rates compared with the community population. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China. doi = 10.1002/cncr.33042 id = cord-266324-uvsmbrbf author = Zhang, Hu title = Clinical characteristics of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) patients with gastrointestinal symptoms: A report of 164 cases date = 2020-05-08 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = title: Clinical characteristics of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) patients with gastrointestinal symptoms: A report of 164 cases A cohort study of 140 COVID-19 patients showed that gastrointestinal symptoms were observed in 39.6% of the patients, including nausea (17.3%), diarrhoea (12.9%) and vomiting (5.0%) [4] . Therefore, we determined that a retrospective analysis of cases might be useful for clinicians to identify the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. In this study, red and white blood cells were not identified in the faeces of patients who experienced gastrointestinal symptoms, a finding characteristic of viral infections. Second, this study was the lack of the result of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the stool of COVID-19 patients, so we did not determine the hypothesis that the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms may be related to the presence of viral replication in stool. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan doi = 10.1016/j.dld.2020.04.034 id = cord-346241-w076l97s author = Zhang, Hua title = Dynamic CT assessment of disease change and prognosis of patients with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-09-19 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = The analyzed clinical data included the following characteristics: age, sex, exposure history, disease course, laboratory results, symptoms, comorbid conditions, and CT score focusing on the characteristics of pulmonary lesions, including (a) lesion size and distribution characteristics, (b) number of lung segments involved, (c) patterns of the lesion including GGO, consolidation, vascular thickening, bronchial wall thickening, crazy-paving pattern, (d) and other signs associated with the lesion (for example, adjacent pleural thickening, pleural effusion, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy). According to the seventh edition of diagnosis and treatment protocols from the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China [7] , the standard of diagnosis for COVID-19 pneumonia are as follows: (1) epidemiological travel or history of exposure to patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection, or exposure to those from Wuhan with fever showing obvious respiratory symptoms within two weeks of the onset of illness; (2) typical clinical manifestations including fever, respiratory symptoms, and/or normal or reduced white blood cell count or decreased lymphocyte count; (3) obvious imaging characteristics of pneumonia and (4) laboratory diagnosis using swabs of the throat or lower respiratory tract via real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) reveal positivity for COVID-19. doi = 10.3233/xst-200711 id = cord-022175-h83aed9u author = Zhang, Hui title = Consensus on Pre-examination and Triage in Clinic of Dermatology During Outbreak of COVID-19 From Chinese Experts(#) date = 2020-03-13 keywords = COVID-19; fever summary = Considering that certain skin diseases may have symptom of fever, and some of the carriers of 2019 novel coronavirus and patients with COVID-19 at their early stage may do not present any symptoms of COVID-19, to properly deal with the visitors to clinics of dermatology, the Chinese Society of Dermatology organized experts to formulate the principles and procedures for pre-examination and triage of visitors to clinics of dermatology during the epidemic of COVID-19. Considering the most common symptom of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is fever, and many kinds of skin diseases are also accompanied by fever, properly carrying out pre-examination and triage for patients with skin lesions and fever has been a practical problem encountered in the hospitals for skin diseases and dermatology clinics in general hospitals. doi = 10.1097/jd9.0000000000000084 id = cord-354778-fqfzznns author = Zhang, Jian title = The associated factors of cesarean section during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in nine cities of China date = 2020-10-10 keywords = China; covid-19 summary = In multi-variant model, maternal age > 30 years (OR, 95% CI = 1.71, 1.21–2.41), higher pre-gestational BMI (OR, 95% CI = 1.16, 1.10–1.23), living in regions with confirmed COVID-19 cases > 500 (OR, 95% CI = 2.45, 1.74–3.45), and excess gestational weight gain (OR, 95% CI = 1.73, 1.17–2.55) were associated with cesarean delivery. The questionnaire included four parts: sociodemographic characteristics, information on delivery modes and pregnancy and neonatal health, physical activities, and the medical services which women accessed during the lockdown period. In the sensitivity analysis, the associations of age, pregestational BMI, number of COVID-19 cases in the resident region, and GWG with delivery modes did not change after additionally including education level and getting regular prenatal check-ups in the multivariate model (Supplementary Table 2 ). doi = 10.1186/s12199-020-00899-w id = cord-352272-9zg8q0gk author = Zhang, Jiancheng title = Poor-sleep is associated with slow recovery from lymphopenia and an increased need for ICU care in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19; RCSQ; sleep summary = title: Poor-sleep is associated with slow recovery from lymphopenia and an increased need for ICU care in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study This retrospective, single-center cohort study was conducted to investigate the effects of sleep quality on recovery from lymphopenia and clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to the West District of Wuhan Union Hospital between January 25 and March 15, 2020. In tour study, we aimed to describe the effects of self-reported sleep quality on recovery from lymphopenia, deterioration based on an increased NLR, and clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. To our knowledge, this report is the first case series to study the effects of sleep quality on the recovery from lymphopenia, deterioration based on an increased NLR, and clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Poor-sleep quality in patients with COVID-19 was associated with a slow recovery from lymphopenia, an increased risk of becoming critically ill and requiring ICU care, and doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.075 id = cord-272961-z0pbah73 author = Zhang, Jie title = Relationship of chest CT score with clinical characteristics of 108 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Relationship of chest CT score with clinical characteristics of 108 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China OBJECTIVE: Analyze COVID-19 patients to determine the relationships of clinical characteristics, chest CT score, and levels of inflammatory mediators. RESULTS: All patients exhibited signs of significant systemic inflammation, including increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), procalcitonin, chest CT score, and a decreased lymphocyte (LY) count. Our analysis of laboratory data indicated the LY count was reduced in most patients, and that a greater chest CT score negatively correlated with LY count. Our analysis of chest CT scores of patients with COVID-19 indicated that the lesions were mainly at level 5, suggesting that the virus is most abundant in the more active parts of the lung. In conclusion, the chest CT score of patients with COVID-19 is associated the severity of the systemic inflammatory response. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan doi = 10.1186/s12931-020-01440-x id = cord-328163-kytnsrkq author = Zhang, Jin-nong title = Potential of Arbidol for Post-exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 Transmission—A Preliminary Report of a Retrospective Cohort Study date = 2020-05-30 keywords = Arbidol; COVID-19 summary = The efficient transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) from patients to health care workers or family members has been a worrisome and prominent feature of the ongoing outbreak. On the basis of clinical practice and in-vitro studies, we postulated that post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) using Arbidol is associated with decreased infection among individuals exposed to confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection. We conducted a retrospective cohort study on family members and health care workers who were exposed to patients confirmed to have SARS-CoV-2 infection by real-time RT-PCR and chest computed tomography (CT) from January 1 to January 16, 2020. The low HR for the family members and the health care workers on Arbidol PEP suggests a protective effect of Arbidol against COVID-19 transmission. doi = 10.1007/s11596-020-2203-3 id = cord-032891-pvijxcgi author = Zhang, Joe title = Veno-venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Case Series date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; ECMO summary = RATIONALE: The use of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) in severe hypoxaemic respiratory failure from Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been described, but reported utilisation and outcomes are variable, and detailed information on patient characteristics is lacking. While VV-ECMO was associated with improved outcome during the H1N1 influenza pandemic (4, 5) , COVID-19 demonstrates features unique from other respiratory infections and early case-series have reported high mortality in patients on ECMO (6) (7) (8) . National criteria were adapted for the COVID-19 pandemic on the 10 th of April 2020 (11) to include clinical frailty scale ≤3 (12) , the use of the Respiratory ECMO Survival Prediction (RESP) score (13) to aid pre-ECMO decision-making (with RESP score ≤3 requiring agreement between at least two centres), and an exclusion of "refractory multi-organ failure". Poor survival with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Pooled analysis of early reports doi = 10.1183/23120541.00463-2020 id = cord-325173-2jw15w28 author = Zhang, K. title = Causally Associations of Blood Lipids Levels with COVID-19 Risk: Mendelian Randomization Study date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Causally Associations of Blood Lipids Levels with COVID-19 Risk: Mendelian Randomization Study Design: We performed two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) analyses to explore whether dyslipidemia, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were causally related to COVID-19 risk and severity. If the difference Q − Qʹ is sufficiently extreme with respect to a χ2 distribution with the 1 degree of 114 freedom, we indicated that directional pleiotropy is an important factor and MR-Egger model provides 115 a better fit than the IVW method 20 CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. This is the first study to characterize the potential causality of blood lipids for the susceptibility and 249 severity of COVID-19 using two-sample MR design rather than observational and perspective studies 250 based on conventional association analysis. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.07.20147926 id = cord-338821-khc3dqay author = Zhang, Kai title = Treatment concerns for psychiatric symptoms in patients with COVID-19 with or without psychiatric disorders date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Treatment concerns for psychiatric symptoms in patients with COVID-19 with or without psychiatric disorders Many psychiatric patients have been infected with COVID-19, and patients with COVID-19 may develop psychiatric symptoms after treatment with antiviral drugs. The National Health Commission of China (NHCC) has published guidelines for treatment of COVID-19. First, many patients with psychiatric disorders have been infected with COVID-19, and second, patients with COVID-19 infections may develop a number of psychiatric symptoms, including anxiety, fear, depression and insomnia, after treatment with antiviral drugs. This is concerning because Wuhan Mental Health Center, the largest psychiatric hospital in Hubei province, reports that more than 80 staff and patients have been infected with COVID-19. 3 If a patient with psychiatric disorder is infected with COVID-19, antiviral drugs must be used in combination with psychotropic drugs, including antipsychotic, antidepressant and antianxiety drugs. If antiviral drugs are used without supplemental medication, patients with psychiatric disorders can experience relapses in their mental illness. doi = 10.1192/bjp.2020.84 id = cord-273556-rvo0vyk3 author = Zhang, Kui title = The combined therapy of a traditional Chinese medicine formula and Western medicine for a critically ill case infected with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; TCM summary = title: The combined therapy of a traditional Chinese medicine formula and Western medicine for a critically ill case infected with COVID-19 OBJECTIVE: Presentation of a case illustrating the benefits of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treatment of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in critically ill patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our case report suggests that collaborative treatments with traditional Chinese medicine prove beneficial in the management of COVID-19 in critically ill patients. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly recognised illness that has spread rapidly throughout Wuhan (Hubei province) to other provinces in China and around the world. Here, we report 1 critically ill case, who was infected by COVID-19, obtained good results after the combined therapy of our TCM formula and Western medicine. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study doi = 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102473 id = cord-303917-2tu707ng author = Zhang, Lei title = Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review date = 2020-03-03 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; coronavirus; vitamin summary = We suggest that the nutritional status of each infected patient should be evaluated before the administration of general treatments and the current children''s RNA‐virus vaccines including influenza vaccine should be immunized for uninfected people and health care workers. In addition, Semba et al 12 had reported that vitamin A supplementation reduced morbidity and mortality in different infectious diseases, such as measles, diarrheal disease, measles-related pneumonia, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and malaria. 15 The mechanism by which vitamin A and retinoids inhibit measles replication is upregulating elements of the innate immune response in uninfected bystander cells, making them refractory to productive infection during subsequent rounds of viral replication. Remdesivir (RDV), a nucleoside analog GS-5734, had been reported to inhibit human and zoonotic coronavirus in vitro and to restrain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in vivo. Potent neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus by a human mAb to S1 protein that blocks receptor association doi = 10.1002/jmv.25707 id = cord-293427-hwkmvo4p author = Zhang, Li title = The psychological typhoon eye effect during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: the role of coping efficacy and perceived threat date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19; health; mental summary = CONCLUSION: This study detected the psychological typhoon eye effect and demonstrated the mediating role of coping efficacy and perceived threat between exposure to COVID-19 and mental health problems. According to protection motivation theory, we hypothesized that the association between the exposure level during the COVID-19 epidemic and mental health problems was mediated by both individuals'' perceived threat of COVID-19 risk and their coping efficacy (see Fig. 1 ). This hypothesis is based on the fact that numerous studies have indicated Fig. 1 Proposed model of exposure level, risk perception and mental health problems that self-efficacy is an effective factor to cope with a crisis and buffer psychological distress [34] . Overall, this study confirmed the psychological typhoon eye effect during the outbreak of COVID-19 in China and demonstrated the mediating role of coping efficacy and perceived threat between exposure to COVID-19 and mental health problems. doi = 10.1186/s12992-020-00626-8 id = cord-351512-h4vigeuy author = Zhang, Lin title = How scientific research reacts to international public health emergencies: a global analysis of response patterns date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; China; Ebola; SARS; research summary = In the present paper, we attempt to characterise, quantify and measure the response of academia to international public health emergencies in a comparative bibliometric study of multiple outbreaks. From our analysis of six infectious disease outbreaks since 2000, including COVID-19, we find that academia always responded quickly to public health emergencies with a sharp increase in the number of publications immediately following the declaration of an outbreak by the WHO. Researches in the fields of virology, infectious diseases and immunology are the most active, and we identified two characteristic patterns in global science distinguishing research in Europe and America that is more focused on public health from that conducted in China and Japan with more emphasis on biomedical research and clinical pharmacy, respectively. From the perspective of countries and world regions, funding agencies in the USA, China, and the UK contributed most to supporting research in response to public health emergencies, as shown in Fig. 11 . doi = 10.1007/s11192-020-03531-4 id = cord-259052-m2mg4lf4 author = Zhang, Lina title = In Reply date = 2020-05-11 keywords = covid-19 summary = Our paper published in Anesthesiology did not specifically discuss the experience of using lung ultrasonography in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Lung ultrasonography can help to quickly screen for the potential causes of respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients. Second, it is the current consensus that the timely application of appropriate gas exchange support is essential in COVID-19 patients complicated with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Third, in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients, lung ultrasonography can comprehensively assess the potential of lung recruitment based on pulmonary lesions'' uniformity and severity and the presence of dynamic air bronchograms and tidal recruitment. Overall, lung ultrasonography has the potential and unique advantages in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19 patients who require gas exchange support. Chinese Critical Ultrasound Study Group (CCUSG): Lung ultrasound can be used to predict the potential of prone positioning and assess prognosis in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome doi = 10.1097/aln.0000000000003375 id = cord-294831-pem059zk author = Zhang, Ling-Pu title = Focus on a 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; MERS; SARS summary = A report of five patients in a family cluster who traveled to Wuhan and were infected with SARS-CoV-2 was the first report directly illustrating that the virus is capable of person-to-person transmission in hospital and family settings [23] . Xiao and colleagues showed that 53.42% of 73 hospitalized COVID-19 patients had SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stool specimens, and the duration time of positive stool results ranged from 1 to 12 days [27] . In a study published in The Lancet, 41 of 41 patients who were identified as positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection presented with pneumonia and abnormal chest computed tomography (CT) [6] . An article reported in Science shows that SARS-CoV-2 can replicate in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets, indicating that ferrets represent an ideal animal model for evaluating antiviral drugs or vaccine candidates against COVID-19 [64] . Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan doi = 10.2217/fmb-2020-0063 id = cord-298777-hit7rs6q author = Zhang, Linjie title = What we know so far about Coronavirus Disease 2019 in children: A meta‐analysis of 551 laboratory‐confirmed cases date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis of currently available studies to summarize what we know so far about the epidemiological, clinical, radiological, and laboratory features, as well as therapeutic and prognostic aspects, of COVID-19 in children. To be included in this review, studies needed to meet the following criteria: (a) Study design: randomized trials, observational studies (cross-sectional, cohort and case-control), case series or case reports, and research letters; (b) Participants: children up to 18 years of age with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19; (c) Variables: epidemiological and demographic characteristics, clinical, radiological and laboratory findings, treatments, and prognosis. Thus, 46 articles [7] [8] [9] 14, 15, reporting 551 laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 in children were included in the review (Figure 1 ). A case series of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection: clinical and epidemiological features Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study doi = 10.1002/ppul.24869 id = cord-261075-wqtxhiy8 author = Zhang, Meng title = The nervous system——a new territory being explored of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-10-28 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = However, there is growing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can result in a broad spectrum of neurologic diseases (6) (7) (8) (9) , which is not surprising, as neurological manifestations have been reported in other respiratory viral infections, including coronavirus, but the nervous system manifestations of COVID-19 are more common and disabling, raising the worldwide concerns about its potential long-term complications to humans (10, 11) . In particular, we focused on its neurological manifestations and specific pathogenesis, as well as its comparison with other viral respiratory infections.Finally, we further summarized the significance of the neuroinvasion and the follow-up issues that need to be paid attention to by scientists, so as to help neurologists understand the influence of SARS-CoV-2 on nervous system better and promote the accurate diagnosis and efficient treatment of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.10.056 id = cord-324528-517vb02n author = Zhang, Mo title = Terminator or accelerator? Lessons from the peer-to-peer accommodation hosts in China in responses to COVID-19 date = 2020-11-11 keywords = AMC; COVID-19; China; P2PA summary = To answer these questions, this study applied the awareness-motivationcapability (AMC) framework as a foundation for building a dynamic loop of decisionmaking processes to investigate P2PA host responses to COVID-19 in China during the outbreak period (January-March 2020) and the resume period (April-May 2020) . A multi-case study with semi-structured in-depth interviews of nine P2PA hosts from six cities in China was conducted to develop the dynamic loop of the AMC framework and explore the decision-making processes of hosts during the COVID-19. Also, the study highlighted the impact of capabilities, such as host-guest interaction, financial resources and the handling of legal issues, on survival under COVID-19 (Farmaki & Kaniadakis, 2020; Guttentag, 2015; Jiang et al., 2020; Kreeger & Smith, 2017; Tussyadiah & Pesonen, 2016) , while exploring that platform collaboration failed to provide support (Liang et al., 2020; Yannopoulou, 2013) . doi = 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102760 id = cord-317085-qc8bfb9g author = Zhang, Nan title = Risk Factors for Poor Outcomes of Diabetes Patients With COVID-19: A Single-Center, Retrospective Study in Early Outbreak in China date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19; IQR; SARS; patient summary = In addition to general clinical characteristics of COVID-19, the severe events diabetes patients showed higher counts of white blood cells and neutrophil, lower lymphocytes (40, 76.9%), high levels of hs-CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and procalcitonin (PCT) as compared to the non-severe diabetes patients. In addition to general clinical characteristics of COVID-19, the severe events diabetes patients showed higher counts of white blood cells and neutrophil, lower lymphocytes (40, 76.9%), high levels of hs-CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and procalcitonin (PCT) as compared to the non-severe diabetes patients. In the present study, the clinical characteristics of 52 diabetic patients with COVID-19 from a designated hospital in Wuhan, China are described, and the risk factors associated with severe clinical events which were defined as the patients'' admission to ICU, the use of mechanical ventilation, or death are investigated. doi = 10.3389/fendo.2020.571037 id = cord-338756-jzz250o1 author = Zhang, Nan title = Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of 42 deaths caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China: A retrospective study date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of 42 deaths caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China: A retrospective study This study described the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of patients who died from SARS-CoV-2 infection, and pointed out the potential risk factors associated with fatal outcomes. In December 2019, novel cases of pneumonia appeared in China, with its etiology known as SARS-CoV-2 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] , predominantly were transmitted from human-to-human [6, 7] and clinical syndrome termed as -coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)‖, by the World Health Organization (WHO). Data including age, gender, underlying diseases, clinical signs and symptoms, virus detection, computed tomography (CT) findings, treatments, routine blood and biochemistry, coagulation function, infection-related biomarkers, and routine urine etc., was gathered. The present retrospective study aimed to analyze the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who died of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Potential risk factors associated with COVID-19 fatalities include being male and those with underlying comorbidities. doi = 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.07.007 id = cord-324776-upfguze6 author = Zhang, Peihua title = Elevated interleukin-6 and adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis based on adjusted effect estimates date = 2020-10-17 keywords = IL-6; covid-19 summary = title: Elevated interleukin-6 and adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis based on adjusted effect estimates This study aimed to evaluate the association of interleukin-6 (IL-6) level with the poor outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients by utilizing a meta-analysis based on adjusted effect estimates. The results based on random-effects model indicated that elevated value of IL-6 was significantly associated with adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19 (pooled effect = 1.21, 95% CI 1.13–1.31, I(2) = 90.7%). Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the association of IL-6 level with the adverse outcomes of COVID-19 patients by utilizing a meta-analysis on the basis of adjusted effect estimates. The results of subgroup analysis only based on prospective studies showed that elevated IL-6 values were also significantly associated with adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients (pooled effect = 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.14) (Fig. S2b) . doi = 10.1007/s00251-020-01179-1 id = cord-202824-jb47s9qt author = Zhang, Pengyi title = DRR4Covid: Learning Automated COVID-19 Infection Segmentation from Digitally Reconstructed Radiographs date = 2020-08-26 keywords = DRR; covid-19 summary = Thus, we expect to take advantages of the public CT scans with voxel-level annotations of COVID-19 infection and the correlation between DRR and CXRs to realize automatic infection segmentation based on CXRs. main insight behind these approaches is to extract domain-invariant representations by embedding domain adaptation modules in the pipeline of deep learning [31] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] . In our implementation of DRR4Covid, we directly use an off-the-shelf MMDbased domain adaptation approach, i.e., LMMD proposed by Zhu et al [34] , to enable the deep models trained on DRRs to generalize to real CXRs. Segmentation is an essential step in automated infection measurement and COVID-19 diagnosis, which can provide the delineation of the regions of interest (ROIs), e.g., infected regions or lesions, in the CXRs for further assessment and quantification. The basic workflow of DDR4Covid involves generating DRRs with pixel-level infection annotations from CT scans, and training deep models on synthetic labeled DRRs and unlabeled CXRs by using the domain adaptation module. doi = nan id = cord-268760-31i0mpvn author = Zhang, Qian title = Anosmia and Ageusia as the Only Indicators of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = There is currently a lack of published case reports describing COVID-19 patients with the sole symptoms of anosmia and ageusia in the United States of America. This case report details a 60year-old woman with the chief complaint of right-sided headache along with anosmia and ageusia but was eventually found to be SARS-COV-2 positive. The most common COVID-19 symptoms include fever (43.8% on initial presentation and 88.7% during hospitalization), cough (67.8%), nasal congestion (4.8%), nausea or vomiting (5.0%), and diarrhea (3.8%) based on a research study of 1099 patients from China. Our patient had a very low clinical suspicion of COVID-19 infection, as she was afebrile along with no respiratory symptoms despite having anosmia and ageusia in the setting of headache caused by trigeminal neuralgia. Awareness of a possible COVID-19 infection should be raised in patients with the sole presentation of anosmia and ageusia despite the lack of published case reports or research findings on its exact mechanisms of action. doi = 10.7759/cureus.7918 id = cord-262010-y1hevlxd author = Zhang, Qiongshuai title = Efficacy of acupuncture and moxibustion in adjuvant treatment of patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis date = 2020-07-10 keywords = A&M; COVID-19 summary = title: Efficacy of acupuncture and moxibustion in adjuvant treatment of patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis METHODS: Nine electronic databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Web of Science (WOS), Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), Chinese Scientific and Journal Database (VIP), Wan Fang database (Wanfang) and 2 clinical trials register platforms: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.ClinicalTrials.gov/) will be searched for RCTs of A&M for COVID-19. We will search 9 electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science(WOS), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), Chinese Scientific and Journal Database (VIP) and Wan Fang database (Wanfang) to identify literature of RCTs of A&M for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000021039 id = cord-298663-t4aui90j author = Zhang, Qiongshuai title = The efficacy and safety of Jinhua Qinggan granule (JHQG) in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; JHQG summary = title: The efficacy and safety of Jinhua Qinggan granule (JHQG) in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis METHODS: We are going to search the electronic databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Web of Science (WOS), Google scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Biomedical literature Database (CBM), Chinese Scientific and Journal Database (VIP), Wan Fang database (Wanfang) for published clinical trails and search clinical trials register platforms of Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) and ClinicalTrials.gov (www.ClinicalTrials.gov/) for ongoing trials of Jinhua Qinggan granule for COVID-19. The primary outcomes of the included studies contain Clinical symptom disappearance rate and the secondary outcomes obtain: TCM syndrome scale score, Hamilton anxiety scale score, and adverse events. Two reviewers (CF and XQ) will review all the included studies and extract data contain items of title, first author, publication year, country, publication language, journal, information of participants: gender, age, study design, sample size, intervention, controls, type of measures, primary and second outcomes and other detail information. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000020531 id = cord-178783-894gkrsk author = Zhang, Rui title = Drug Repurposing for COVID-19 via Knowledge Graph Completion date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; base; drug; graph; knowledge; model summary = In one early study, a virus-related knowledge graph which consists of drug-target and protein-protein interactions and similarity networks from publicly available databases (e.g., DrugBank [36] , ChEMBL [37] , BioGRID [38] ) was constructed and network-based machine learning and statistical analysis were used to predict an initial list of COVID-19 drug candidates. SemMedDB has supported a wide range of computational applications, ranging from gene regulatory network inference [76] to in silico screening for drug repurposing [55] and medical reasoning [77] , and has also found widespread use for literature-based knowledge discovery and hypothesis generation [44, 48, [78] [79] [80] . In this study, we trained our models on semantic relations extracted from publications dated 03/11/2020 or earlier and tested whether they can predict the drugs that have been proposed for COVID-19 since then or have been evaluated in clinical trials. In this study, we proposed an approach that combines literature-based discovery and knowledge graph completion for COVID-19 drug repurposing. doi = nan id = cord-320681-b3ui95vx author = Zhang, Rui title = COVID-19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment date = 2020-06-01 keywords = ALI; SARS; covid-19; melatonin summary = Based on clinical features, pathology, the pathogenesis of acute respiratory disorder induced by either highly homogenous coronaviruses or other pathogens, the evidence suggests that excessive inflammation, oxidation, and an exaggerated immune response very likely contribute to COVID-19 pathology. Herein, we review the evidence indicating that melatonin will have supportive adjuvant utility in treating COVID-19 induced pneumonia, acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infected animal model, marked inflammatory and immune responses may activate a "cytokine storm", and apoptosis of epithelial cells and endothelial cells; subsequently, vascular leakage, abnormal T cell and macrophages responses ensue and induce ALI/ARDS or even death [13] . The amplification of the inflammatory response would promote cellular apoptosis or We postulated that lungs infected by SARS-CoV-2, and a suppressed immune response, elevated inflammation and excessive oxidation stress proceed unabated, this results in the activation of the cytokine storm. doi = 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117583 id = cord-253343-3dmuxts5 author = Zhang, Ruochi title = COVID19XrayNet: A Two-Step Transfer Learning Model for the COVID-19 Detecting Problem Based on a Limited Number of Chest X-Ray Images date = 2020-09-21 keywords = covid-19; image summary = title: COVID19XrayNet: A Two-Step Transfer Learning Model for the COVID-19 Detecting Problem Based on a Limited Number of Chest X-Ray Images A two-step transfer learning model (COVID19XrayNet) was proposed to provide a candidate solution for training an accurate neural network model using the existing small dataset of COVID-19 X-ray images. Firstly, a pre-trained deep residual network (DRN) model ResNet34 was fine-tuned on a large dataset of pneumonia chest X-ray images. The pre-trained model ResNet34 may be used to detect COVID-19 patients based on the chest X-ray images through fine-tuning on a small dataset of COVID-19 images. This study transferred the pre-trained ResNet34 model to the COVID-19 detection problem based on the chest X-ray images. In the first step of our pipeline, the pre-trained model ResNet34 was transferred to the dataset dsPneumonia and the proposed framework COVID19XrayNet(2) was utilized to tune the parameters of the internal layers. doi = 10.1007/s12539-020-00393-5 id = cord-322054-whjisspt author = Zhang, S. title = Concerns about disease management and psychological stress in SAPHO patients during the COVID-19 epidemic date = 2020-05-11 keywords = SAPHO; covid-19; patient summary = title: Concerns about disease management and psychological stress in SAPHO patients during the COVID-19 epidemic We aimed to investigate the disease status, concerns about management, and psychological stress in SAPHO patients during the COVID-19 epidemic. Conclusions The COVID-19 epidemic imposes a negative impact on the disease management and psychological stress in SAPHO patients. The effects on SAPHO syndrome therapy during COVID-19 epidemic Therapeutic medication used during the epidemic was variable, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or glucocorticosteroids (47, 29.9%), biologicals (27, 17.2%), traditional Chinese medicine (111, 70.7%), and drugs for external use (11, 7 .0%). We presented a detailed analysis of psychological stress of SAPHO patients during the COVID-19 epidemic under different disease conditions and disease manifestations. The data showed that the epidemic had a negative psychological effect on SAPHO patients and led to their worries about disease conditions. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.07.20084087 id = cord-259129-4dio8us0 author = Zhang, S. X. title = Succumbing to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Healthcare Workers not Satisfied and Intend to Leave Their Jobs date = 2020-05-24 keywords = covid-19 summary = Methods: Between 10 to 30 April, 2020, 240 healthcare workers in Bolivia completed a cross-sectional online survey, which assessed their job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and turnover intention in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This study presents the first attempt to document healthcare workers'' job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and turnover intention, and their predictors during the COVID-19 pandemic. We predict the job-related outcome variables by not only the risk factors of mental health issues identified by the literature, but also healthcare workers'' job-related characteristics, such as office days, and whether they are temporary staff or redeployed during the COVID-19 pandemic. . https://doi.org/10.1101 evidence-based screening for mental health, job satisfaction, and turnover issues of their staff during the COVID-19 pandemic (Yang et al., 2020) . This study presents the first attempt to identify which healthcare workers have more or less job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and turnover intention during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.22.20110809 id = cord-307291-2jhrd9ex author = Zhang, S. X. title = Beyond predicting the number of infections: predicting who is likely to be COVID negative or positive date = 2020-05-05 keywords = covid-19 summary = This study provides the first attempt to identify people at greater risk of COVID-19 infection, enabling more targeted infectious disease prevention and control, which are especially important in the ongoing shortage of COVID-19 testing. Given the testing shortage in many countries, we identify a novel approach to predict the likelihood of COVID-19 infection by a set of personal and work situation characteristics, in order to help to identify individuals with more or less risk of contracting the virus. Participants also reported whether they had chronic health issues (no; unsure; yes), exercise hours per day in the past week, working situation (worked from home; worked in workplace; stopped work due to COVID-19; unemployed), and Patient Health . . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.30.20086348 doi: medRxiv preprint Table 2 shows the ordered logistic regressions analysis predicting the likelihood of being COVID-19 negative from the alternatives (i.e. being unsure or positive). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.30.20086348 id = cord-351885-hjw1940x author = Zhang, S. X. title = First study on mental distress in Brazil during the COVID-19 crisis date = 2020-04-23 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19 summary = Methods: We conducted a primary survey of 638 adults in Brazil on March 25-28, 2020, about one month (32 days) after the first COVID-19 case in South America was confirmed in Sao Paulo. Building from early research evidence on mental health in China and Iran, where the COVID-19 outbreak occurred earlier, 7, 8, 11 we explore several predictors of distress during the COVID-19 crisis in Brazil. We assessed the participants'' socio-demographic characteristics, including gender, age, educational level, the number of children under 18 years old, geographic location, whether they were COVID-19 positive, their exercise hours per day during the past week, and their workplace attendance. The distance from the epicenter is emerging as an interesting predictor of mental health in the crisis literature, and this study found the distance effect depended on individuals'' age and workplace attendance. We found gender, age, education, exercise, and distance from the epicenter all predicted distress in adults in Brazil during the COVID-19 crisis. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.18.20070896 id = cord-298426-hhly45md author = Zhang, Shan-Yan title = Clinical characteristics of different subtypes and risk factors for the severity of illness in patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Zhejiang summary = title: Clinical characteristics of different subtypes and risk factors for the severity of illness in patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should pay close attention to these features in patients with COVID-19 including older age, male, fever, cough, hemoptysis, gastrointestinal symptoms and hypertension to identify the severity of illness as early as possible. Hence, the aim of our study is to summarize the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, laboratory and radiograph findings, treatments, and outcomes of different subtypes of patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang Province. We conducted a retrospective study investigating on the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, radiograph, treatments and outcomes characteristics of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Zhejiang Province from 17 January to 12 February 2020. Several risk factors for the severity of illness in patients with COVID-19 were identified in our study including male, fever, cough, hemoptysis, gastrointestinal symptoms, hypertension, and higher age-grading. doi = 10.1186/s40249-020-00710-6 id = cord-351600-bqw9ks4a author = Zhang, Shuai title = Development and validation of a risk factor-based system to predict short-term survival in adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; Hospital; Wuhan summary = title: Development and validation of a risk factor-based system to predict short-term survival in adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study We aimed to explore the risk factors of 14-day and 28-day mortality and develop a model for predicting 14-day and 28-day survival probability among adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Nomogram scoring systems for predicting the 14-day and 28-day survival probability of patients with COVID-19 were developed and exhibited strong discrimination and calibration power in the two external validation cohorts (C-index, 0.878 and 0.839). CONCLUSION: Older age, high lactate dehydrogenase level, evaluated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and high direct bilirubin level were independent predictors of 28-day mortality in adult hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19. We aimed to explore the risk factors of 28-day mortality and develop a nomogram scoring system for predicting 28-day survival probability among patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03123-x id = cord-297236-wnuvofwr author = Zhang, Si title = SARS-CoV-2 binds platelet ACE2 to enhance thrombosis in COVID-19 date = 2020-09-04 keywords = ACE2; SARS; Spike; additional; covid-19; platelet summary = SARS-CoV-2 and its Spike protein directly enhanced platelet activation such as platelet aggregation, PAC-1 binding, CD62P expression, α granule secretion, dense granule release, platelet spreading, and clot retraction in vitro, and thereby Spike protein enhanced thrombosis formation in wild-type mice transfused with hACE2 transgenic platelets, but this was not observed in animals transfused with wild-type platelets in vivo. However, similar to the results from the SARS-CoV-2 virus experiments, we were able to demonstrate that the Spike protein dose-dependently enhanced platelet aggregation and ATP release (Additional file 1: Online Figure 6 ). In addition, the Spike protein potentiated platelet aggregation and ATP release in response to agonists in vitro and enhanced thrombosis formation in vivo on hACE2 transgenic mice, while it had no effect on wild-type mice ( Fig. 6c and Additional file 1: Online Figure 8 ). doi = 10.1186/s13045-020-00954-7 id = cord-258817-9xzjlegx author = Zhang, Stephen X. title = At the height of the storm: Healthcare staff’s health conditions and job satisfaction and their associated predictors during the epidemic peak of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-05 keywords = covid-19 summary = This study reports the physical health, mental health, anxiety, depression, distress, and job satisfaction of healthcare staff in Iran when the country faced its highest number of total active COVID-19 cases. This study reports the health conditions (SF-12, K6, PHQ-4) and job satisfaction of healthcare staff during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran in early April. PPE access predicted better physical health and job satisfaction, and lower distress. Taken together, the results suggest distinct predictor patterns for healthcare staff''s mental health in Iran versus China, resonating with an earlier study of an Iranian public sample (Jahanshahi et al., 2020) . Our results corroborate their suggestions and call for future research to identify mental health predictors for the public and healthcare staff in different countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. As countries vary in their medical systems and clinical capacity, future studies should examine healthcare workers'' health conditions and their predictors in individual countries, given protecting their health and satisfaction is paramount during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.010 id = cord-266791-ng1xlvkf author = Zhang, W. title = Leukopenia of Asymptomatic COVID-19 Infections under 18 Years Old in Recovery Stage date = 2020-05-26 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To compare the difference of epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 involving 25 patients under 18 years old in recovery stage between confirmed and asymptomatic infections. Methods Retrospective, single-center cohort study of COVID-19 involving 25 patients under 18 years old in the recovery stage at Guizhou Provincial Staff Hospital in Guiyang, China, from January 29, to March 31, 2020; final date of follow-up was April 22. Conclusions Leukopenia mostly occurred in asymptomatic COVID-19 infections under 18 years old compared with the confirmed patients. [11] [12] [13] We aim to compare and analyze the epidemiological characteristics and physiological test data of asymptomatic patients and symptomatic group, explored whether there were significant differences between the two groups, so as to provide a theoretical basis for later clinical diagnosis and related studies. Leukopenia mostly occurred in asymptomatic patients under 18 years old with COVID-19 than in those with confirmed infections. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.21.20074682 id = cord-316972-5jtd5ytz author = Zhang, Wen-rui title = Mental Health and Psychosocial Problems of Medical Health Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic in China date = 2020-04-09 keywords = covid-19; health; worker summary = Mental health variables were assessed via the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Symptom Check List-revised (SCL-90-R), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), which included a 2-item anxiety scale and a 2-item depression scale (PHQ-2). Among medical health workers, having organic disease was an independent factor for insomnia, anxiety, depression, somatization, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p < 0.05 or 0.01). Among nonmedical health workers, having organic disease was a risk factor for insomnia, depression, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p < 0.01 or 0.05). Medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic had high prevalence rates of severe insomnia, anxiety, depression, somatization, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Our report found potential risk factors for medical health workers to develop insomnia, anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and somatization. Independent factors (i.e., currently having organic disease, living in rural areas, being at risk of contact with COVID-19 patients in hospitals, or being female) were common risk factors for insomnia, anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms among medical health workers. doi = 10.1159/000507639 id = cord-316126-j51dik7f author = Zhang, X. Sophie title = SARS-CoV-2 and Health Care Worker Protection in Low-Risk Settings: a Review of Modes of Transmission and a Novel Airborne Model Involving Inhalable Particles date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; N95; PPE; SARS; mask; study; transmission summary = title: SARS-CoV-2 and Health Care Worker Protection in Low-Risk Settings: a Review of Modes of Transmission and a Novel Airborne Model Involving Inhalable Particles Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been intense debate over SARS-CoV-2''s mode of transmission and appropriate personal protective equipment for health care workers in low-risk settings. This review attempts to summarize current cumulative data on SARS-CoV-2''s modes of transmission and identify gaps in research while offering preliminary answers to the question on everyone''s mind: is the airborne route significant and should we modify our COVID-19 PPE recommendations for frontline workers in low-risk settings? Given that substantial disagreement persists on the importance of natural aerosol generation by COVID-19 patients, and consequently, the necessary level of respiratory protection in non-AGP contexts, our review will focus on transmission and PPE in low-risk health care settings. doi = 10.1128/cmr.00184-20 id = cord-296375-gf0mgz5x author = Zhang, Xi title = Comparison of spatiotemporal characteristics of the COVID-19 and SARS outbreaks in mainland China date = 2020-10-30 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 and SARS outbreaks exhibited distinct spatiotemporal clustering patterns at the provincial levels in mainland China, which may be attributable to changes in social and demographic factors, local government containment strategies or differences in transmission mechanisms. Therefore, in this study, by collecting the daily numbers of newly confirmed COVID-19 and SARS cases during the two epidemics, we aimed to determine the spatial behavior and temporal features of the COVID-19 spread in mainland China and compared them with respective features from the SARS epidemic using spatiotemporal analysis. Incident cases infected by COVID-19 were extracted from the daily briefings on novel coronavirus cases from January 20 to March 4, 2020, provided on the official website of the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China [5] . Incident cases of SARS were extracted from daily situation reports for mainland China from April 21 to August 3, 2003 , which were posted by China.org.cn (in Chinese) and were also provided by the National Health Commission. doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05537-y id = cord-353537-skeajydw author = Zhang, Xian title = Asymptomatic Subclinical Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 without Viral Transmission in Three Independent Families date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Their close contacts were systematically evaluated based on COVID-19-related symptoms, nucleic acid tests, serological tests, and chest computed tomography (CT) as needed to determine if they were infected by SARS-CoV-2. Three medical staff diagnosed with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection by serological tests after returning to work and their family members were recruited for this study. The patients and their close contacts were systematically evaluated based on COVID-19-related symptoms, nucleic acid tests, serological tests, and chest computed tomography (CT) as needed to determine if they were infected with SARS-CoV-2. All their family members-including four old people, three young persons, and three children-showed no symptoms of COVID-19, and their nucleic acid and antibody tests were negative, indicating that they were not infected. During the following 2 months more, almost covering the whole disease process, from the incubation period to the recovery period, the indexes lived together with their family members, including a nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient who is theoretically vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection due to impaired immune function as a result of radiotherapy or chemotherapy, without taking any protective measures. doi = 10.2147/idr.s261304 id = cord-291150-u9v7gp37 author = Zhang, Xiao title = Suggestions for safety and protection control in Department of Nuclear Medicine during the outbreak of COVID-19 date = 2020-03-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Suggestions for safety and protection control in Department of Nuclear Medicine during the outbreak of COVID-19 Patients with confirmed or suspected diagnosis of COVID-19 should be invited to postpone the radiopharmaceutical imaging and treatment. For the medical staffs who inject the radiopharmaceuticals to the patients with confirmed or suspected diagnosis of COVID-19, safety goggles or face shield, isolation gown, disposable latex gloves, and shoe covers are needed. In Wuhan, the center of the epidemic area, particular attention is paid to avoid the exposure to coronavirus in the Department of Nuclear Medicine. In our department, patients are required to perform chest CT and RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2, to exclude the diagnosis of COVID-19 before radiopharmaceutical imaging. Expert consensus on the safety prevention and control of nuclear medicine diagnosis and treatment during the outbreak of COVID-19 COVID-19): Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) or Persons Under Investigation for COVID-19 in Healthcare Settings doi = 10.1007/s00259-020-04779-x id = cord-305342-6t5il86c author = Zhang, Xiao title = Coming back to the normal clinic: how has COVID-19 changed us? date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = COVID-19 also brings changes to nuclear medicine department. The patients with positive results should be reported to the relevant infection or medical management departments, and further diagnosis or treatment will be arranged. In our department, we developed a non-contact nuclear medicine imaging appointment software. Through this software, patients can input general information such as name, gender, age, and so on; upload the test results of SARS-CoV-2; input medical history; or upload the whole processes of diagnosis and treatment. Before getting back to work, all medical staffs are also needed to test the antigen and antibody of SARS-CoV-2. All staffs are required to learn the information about COVID-19 and the prevention measurements via videoconference software. COVID-19 pandemic: guidance for nuclear medicine departments Nuclear medicine services after COVID-19: gearing up back to normality Suggestions for safety and protection control in Department of Nuclear Medicine during the outbreak of COVID-19 doi = 10.1007/s00259-020-04906-8 id = cord-274570-dcewfkmi author = Zhang, Xiao-Bo title = Response to children’s physical and mental needs during the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-05-25 keywords = covid-19; health summary = As concerns rose over the potential impacts of such NPI measures on children''s health, such as longer exposure to digital screens, irregular sleep pattern, weight gain, and loss of cardiorespiratory fitness [1] , the Chinese Government, experts on public health, educators on school health, and teachers have been making joint and massive efforts to provide distance learning with well-organized online courses to help. How can we cooperate with experts on public health and with educators on school health to perform health communication and to minimize the impact of the pandemic on children''s physical and mental health? In the context of such a crisis, as the National Children''s Medical Center, we launched a special project, the Child Health Initiative for Children and Adolescents (CHI) (https ://erke-he.51tin gyi.com/home/index ), to provide multidisciplinary support and services on physical and mental health, to perform health communication, and to relieve anxiety and stress. doi = 10.1007/s12519-020-00365-1 id = cord-313355-166b6fep author = Zhang, Xiao-Jing title = In-hospital Use of Statins is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Mortality among Individuals with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-24 keywords = ARB; COVID-19; Cox; Table; statin summary = To examine endpoints as a time to mortality in the statin and the non-statin group, we performed a Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for age, gender, blood pressure (SBP and DBP), preexisting comorbidities (DM, hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebral arterial disease, and chronic kidney disease), indicators of disease severity and organ injuries (lesions in chest CT, neutrophil counts increase, procalcitonin increase, D-dimer increase, ALT increase, AST increase, creatinine increase, and SpO2), LDL-c increase, cholesterol increase, medications at admission, using invasive mechanical ventilation support, and days from symptom onset to hospitalization covariates with statin therapy as a time-varying exposure. Baseline characteristic, including age, gender, blood pressure (SBP and DBP), pre-existing comorbidities (DM, hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease), indicators of disease severity and organ injuries (lesions in lung CT, neutrophil counts increase, procalcitonin increase, D-dimer increase, creatine increase, and SpO2), LDL-c increase, cholesterol increase, medications at admission, using invasive mechanical ventilation support, and days from symptom onset to hospitalization were adjusted in the model. doi = 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.015 id = cord-300445-qzu4gz2d author = Zhang, Xiao-lei title = Pharmacological and cardiovascular perspectives on the treatment of COVID-19 with chloroquine derivatives date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; chloroquine; patient summary = Chloroquine phosphate and its derivative hydroxychloroquine, which have been used in the treatment and prevention of malaria and autoimmune diseases for decades, were found to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection with high potency in vitro and have shown clinical and virologic benefits in COVID-19 patients. However, chloroquine phosphate and its derivative hydroxychloroquine, which have been used for decades in the treatment and prevention of malaria and chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, were discovered to have a high inhibitory potency against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro [2] [3] [4] [5] and favorable clinical and virologic benefits in COVID-19 patients [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] , and they have emerged as important therapies for COVID-19 in several countries, including China, France, USA, and India, although the mechanisms of their anti-COVID-19 effects remain unclear. doi = 10.1038/s41401-020-00519-x id = cord-333119-vu4qbcy1 author = Zhang, Xiao-rui title = The Important Role of Volatile Components From a Traditional Chinese Medicine Dayuan-Yin Against the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; Dayuan; Yin; chinese; effect summary = title: The Important Role of Volatile Components From a Traditional Chinese Medicine Dayuan-Yin Against the COVID-19 Pandemic Moreover, 1,8-cineole, the major constituent of the essential oil of Lanxangia tsao-ko (Crevost & Lemarie) M.F.Newman & Skornick., is commonly applied for treating inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract caused by viruses since it potentiates the antiviral effect of IRF3, in addition to its inhibitory effect on proinflammatory NF-kB signaling (Müller et al., 2016) . However, according to data collected by the National Health Commission of the people''s Republic of China, clinical practice in Chinese hospitals have reported that traditional Chinese medicine has a definite therapeutic effect in the early stages of COVID-19 infection . The antiinflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects of these volatiles seem to play the most critical roles in treating patients infected with COVID-19. Study on the Mechanism of Aromatic Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound on Prevention and Treatment of New Coronavirus Pneumonia doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.583651 id = cord-317371-v7hmc9sj author = Zhang, Xiaolei title = Predicting turning point, duration and attack rate of COVID-19 outbreaks in major Western countries date = 2020-04-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = In this paper, we employed a segmented Poisson model to analyze the available daily new cases data of the COVID-19 outbreaks in the six Western countries of the Group of Seven, namely, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK and USA. Our analysis allowed us to make a statistical prediction on the turning point (the time that the daily new cases peak), the duration (the period that the outbreak lasts) and the attack rate (the percentage of the total population that will be infected over the course of the outbreak) for these countries. To identify the turning point and predict the further spread of COVID-19 outbreaks while accounting for governments enforcement of stay-at-home advises/orders, social distancing, lockdowns, and quarantines against COVID-19, we combine the power law with the exponential law for daily new cases based on a segmented Poisson model. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109829 id = cord-324727-bj8oei0v author = Zhang, Xiaomei title = Management of Digestive Disorders and Procedures Associated With COVID-19 date = 2020-06-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = The Chinese Gastroenterology Expert Group, comprising experts from the gastroenterology units and national medical aid teams of the epidemic region of Wuhan, along with the Chinese Society of Gastroenterology introduce and recommend this management consensus for digestive disorders in patients with COVID-19. Liver injury in patients with COVID-19 may be caused by either systemic inflammation or direct effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the angiotensin-converting enzyme 22 of cholangiocytes (13) . To prevent or control the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in epidemic communities, gastroenterological procedures such as esophageal pH test, gastrointestinal motility, hydrogen breath test, fecal microbiota transplantation, Helicobacter pylori breath test, and stool antigen detection are recommended for suspension or postponement until the epidemic is under control. Don''t overlook digestive symptoms in patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Digestive symptoms in COVID-19 patients with mild disease severity: Clinical presentation, stool viral RNA testing, and outcomes doi = 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000728 id = cord-313682-t3zhqrs9 author = Zhang, Xiaomeng title = Safe and effective management of tracheostomy in COVID‐19 patients date = 2020-05-19 keywords = covid-19; tracheostomy summary = Clinical features of patients, ventilator withdrawal after tracheostomy, surgical complications, and nosocomial infection of the health care workers associated with the tracheostomy were analyzed. Therefore, whether the COVID-19 patients need to undergo tracheotomy and how to avoid nosocomial spread during tracheostomy or after tracheostomy is crucial to benefit the patients and prevent health care workers from the risk of transmission of coronavirus. Therefore, in addition to the safety of patients, the important issue of the tracheotomy is to protect the health care workers and the surgical environment to avoid nosocomial infection. According to our protocol of tracheostomy and nursing, no health care workers associated with the tracheostomy are confirmed to be infected by SARS-CoV-2. These results may be due to the fact that in the early stage of the outbreak of COVID-19, the patients were often in more severe condition and percutaneous tracheostomy were preferred, because of concerns about for the safety of health care workers and the stress on medical resources. doi = 10.1002/hed.26261 id = cord-308473-x2tfx8l9 author = Zhang, Xiu-jie title = COVID-19: What is next for nursing in public health emergency? date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In China, a total of 42,000 health care providers have been sent to Hubei to support of patients with COVID-19, of whom 28,600 were nurses (68% of total as of 29 February) (SCJDCMPC., 2020). The basic and essential strategies remain the early detection, early diagnosis, early isolation, and early treatment of the disease , in which nurses, especially public health nurses, play an important role (Kelly., 2018) . On the other hand, the management of artificial airway, First, it is important to strengthen the training of specialized nursing talents, broaden the nursing professional field, and carry out education and training on public health emergencies. Finally, nurses play multiple roles, such as caregiver, educator, patient advocate, administrator, collaborator, coordinator, and researcher (Li., 2017) , so continued effort is important to strengthen the training of nursing, broaden the research field, for the future prevention and care of COVID-19 to provide evidences. Nurses played an important role in the medical treatment of the 2019-nCoV doi = 10.1016/j.nepr.2020.102821 id = cord-261070-cvj1t0gi author = Zhang, Xue title = ACEI/ARB Use and Risk of Infection or Severity or Mortality of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis date = 2020-05-15 keywords = ACEI; ARB; covid-19 summary = title: ACEI/ARB Use and Risk of Infection or Severity or Mortality of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis To provide a quantitative estimate of the association of ACEI/ARB use with critical or mortal risk in COVID-19 patients, the ORs (most adjusted, if available) and the corresponding 95% CIs were abstracted from published articles. In subgroup analyses by type of data, no significant higher risk of mortality was When our analysis limited to the studies only included patient with antihypertensive indication, a significant lower risk of mortality was observed among those with ACEI/ARB use (OR=0.62, 95%CI 0.38-1.02, P=0.059; Figure 3 ). After excluded studies enrolled patients with hypertension but without antihypertensive treatment, the meta-analysis of four studies also found that ACEI/ARB exposure was associated with a lower risk of mortality compared those with non-ACEI/ARB antihypertensive drugs (OR=0.48, 95% CI 0.29-0.81, P=0.006; I 2 =0%). Further analysis limited to studies only included patients with drug indication found a lower risk of mortality among those with ACEI/ARB use. doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104927 id = cord-275216-dnt88ycw author = Zhang, Xue-Yan title = Biological, clinical and epidemiological features of COVID-19, SARS and MERS and AutoDock simulation of ACE2 date = 2020-07-20 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; MERS; SARS summary = This review is intended to summarize the research on this new coronavirus, to analyze the similarities and differences between COVID-19 and previous outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and to provide guidance regarding new methods of prevention, diagnosis and clinical treatment based on autodock simulations. Given that the epidemic is still spreading and the evidence that there are similarities among the three coronaviruses in terms of their biological, clinical and epidemiological features, a comparison among the three is very helpful to guide the improvement of treatment and prevention measures, and the similarities and differences among the three are likely to provide the key to addressing the COVID-19 epidemic. In 2002-2003, SARS-CoV caused an epidemic of severe acute respiratory diseases in China; MERS-CoV was found in the Middle East in 2012 [9, 10] . doi = 10.1186/s40249-020-00691-6 id = cord-278735-bu2w2ox6 author = Zhang, Y. title = Gastrointestinal tract symptoms in coronavirus disease 2019: Analysis of clinical symptoms in adult patients date = 2020-03-27 keywords = COVID-19; preprint summary = Objective: To investigate the clinical presentation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly the incidence of gastrointestinal tract symptoms. [2] [3] Gastrointestinal tract symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea are often seen in coronavirus infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). [4] [5] Recent studies report that gastrointestinal tract symptoms are rarely observed in COVID-19 patients, 2-3 observed in about 3.0% of cases. Coronavirus is a large virus family that can cause various conditions ranging from the common cold to severe infectious diseases such as SARS and MERS.8 COVID-19 is a recently discovered infection in humans and is now considered a pandemic. In conclusion, gastrointestinal tract symptoms are common in COVID-19 and most occur during the middle stage of the disease and lasts for a short period of time. In conclusion, gastrointestinal tract symptoms are common in COVID-19 and most occur during the middle stage of the disease and lasts for a short period of time. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.23.20040279 id = cord-306670-c2jm0g88 author = Zhang, Yan title = Association of Diabetes Mellitus with Disease Severity and Prognosis in COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study date = 2020-05-22 keywords = covid-19; diabetes; patient summary = COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death (11.1% vs. In the current study, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 258 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, and compared the differences in clinical characteristics, laboratory markers, treatment strategies, and short-term prognosis including death between patients with and without diabetes. We found that COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severely or critically ill subtypes, including more complications with ARDS, acute cardiac injury, resulting in receiving more antibiotic therapy and mechanical ventilation. Additionally, we found that COVID-19 patients with diabetes also had preexisting cardiovascular disease, and were more susceptible to having acute cardiac injury during hospitalization, which might increase the possibility of short-term poor prognosis in patients with diabetes after SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108227 id = cord-309830-3iztragp author = Zhang, Yang title = Commentary: Challenges to thoracic surgeons in the global coronavirus pandemic date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Commentary: Challenges to thoracic surgeons in the global coronavirus pandemic Yang Zhang, MD, and Haiquan Chen, MD, PhD On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization officially declared the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a public health emergency of international concern. Since the early signs of COVID-19 may be masked by physiological changes following thoracic surgeries, thoracic surgeons should cautiously monitor their patients and also protect themselves from infection. Clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 in 11 patients after thoracic surgery and challenges in diagnosis The global pandemic of COVID-19 brings challenges to thoracic surgeons. The global pandemic of COVID-19 brings challenges to thoracic surgeons. It is important to avoid unnecessary surgeries and to be alert to the risk of COVID-19 infection following thoracic surgeries. It is important to avoid unnecessary surgeries and to be alert to the risk of COVID-19 infection following thoracic surgeries. doi = 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.04.004 id = cord-266257-hp11at50 author = Zhang, Yao title = Mental Health Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemics and the Mitigation Effects of Exercise: A Longitudinal Study of College Students in China date = 2020-05-25 keywords = chinese; covid-19 summary = The focus of this longitudinal study is twofold: (1) To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 severity on Chinese college students'' mental health and life status and explore the underlying mechanisms of this effect during the peak time of the COVID-19, from February 19 to March 20, 2020; and (2) to assess the mitigation effects of exercise on negative emotions and advance a suitable physical activity level as a psychological intervention strategy to improve mental health. The focus of this longitudinal study is twofold: (1) To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 severity on Chinese college students'' mental health and life status and explore the underlying mechanisms of this effect during the peak time of the COVID-19, from February 19 to March 20, 2020; and (2) to assess the mitigation effects of exercise on negative emotions and advance a suitable physical activity level as a psychological intervention strategy to improve mental health. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17103722 id = cord-273644-m6cub4sx author = Zhang, Yimin title = A Promising Anti-Cytokine-Storm Targeted Therapy for COVID-19: The Artificial-Liver Blood-Purification System date = 2020-03-20 keywords = covid-19; cytokine summary = A previous study revealed high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF), IP-10, MCP-1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 a (MIP1A), and TNF-a) in severely and critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection; furthermore, the presence of cytokine storm was correlated with disease severity [3] . The experience gained in the treatment of critically ill patients with H7N9 influenza infection and cytokine storm revealed the high efficacy of plasma-exchange modules in artificial-liver blood-purification systems, based on the extent of cytokine clearance [19] . The artificial-liver blood-purification system was applied in Zhejiang province, China, and showed good prognosis in the treatment of severely or critically ill COVID-19 patients with cytokine storm [22] . This work recommends artificial-liver blood purification for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 infection who exhibit cytokine storm and rapid disease progression, as confirmed by lung imaging. doi = 10.1016/j.eng.2020.03.006 id = cord-325862-rohhvq4h author = Zhang, Yong title = Applicability of time fractional derivative models for simulating the dynamics and mitigation scenarios of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-04 keywords = COVID-19; China; Fig; model summary = The model results revealed that 1) the transmission, infection and recovery dynamics follow the integral-order SEIR model with significant spatiotemporal variations in the recovery rate, likely due to the continuous improvement of screening techniques and public hospital systems, as well as full city lockdowns in China, and 2) the evolution of number of deaths follows the time FDE, likely due to the time memory in the death toll. The main contributions of this work, therefore, include 1) the first application of FDEs in modeling the evolution of the COVID-19 death toll, 2) an updated SEIR model with a transient recovery rate to better capture the dynamics of COVID-19 pandemic within China and for other countries, and 3) a particle-tracking approach based on stochastic bimolecular reaction theory to evaluate the mitigation of the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109959 id = cord-269245-bp4q4plt author = Zhang, Yuan title = Status and influential factors of anxiety depression and insomnia symptoms in the work resumption period of COVID-19 epidemic: A multicenter cross-sectional study date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; Health; psychological summary = title: Status and influential factors of anxiety depression and insomnia symptoms in the work resumption period of COVID-19 epidemic: A multicenter cross-sectional study Objective: In this study, the authors analyzed the status of anxiety depression and insomnia symptoms and influential factors in the work resumption period of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were used to assess the anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms. An online survey [17] and another study on Chinese web users [18] suggested that one-third of people had anxiety symptoms during the outbreak of COVID-19 and the negative emotion increased. suggested participants aged 35-49 years had more severe anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms during the outbreak of COVID-19 [20] . The outbreak of COVID-19 limited face-to-face counseling and individualized psychological interventions, which was a serious challenge to the mental health service. doi = 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110253 id = cord-290372-vv47wnqk author = Zhang, Yufang title = Association of digestive symptoms with severity and mortality of COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-10-23 keywords = COVID-19; analysis summary = title: Association of digestive symptoms with severity and mortality of COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis METHODS: We will search PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to September, 2020, to identify studies that compared the prevalence of at least one specific digestive symptom between severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients or between non-survivors and survivors. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis will comprehensively evaluate the association between different digestive symptoms and the severity and mortality of patients infected with COVID-19. We will search PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) to identify clinical studies using search terms "coronavirus disease-19", "coronavirus disease 2019", "COVID-19", "2019-nCoV", "novel corona virus", "novel coronavirus", "new coronavirus", "nCoV-2019", "novel coronavirus pneumonia", "2019 novel coronavirus", "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2", "SARS-CoV-2", "clinical characteristic", "clinical feature", "risk factor", "prognosis", "nausea", "vomiting", "diarrhea", "digestive symptom", and "gastrointestinal symptom". Liver injury is associated with severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective studies doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000022736 id = cord-306585-kdlv46tq author = Zhang, Z. title = Dynamical balance between the transmission, intervention of COVID-19 and economic development date = 2020-08-15 keywords = covid-19 summary = Further results indicate the existence of interaction and mutual restraint among the transmission, intervention and economy, in which strong coupling of COVID-19 and economy would trigger disease outbreak and form poverty trap, while adaptive isolation of at-risk population could effectively reduce morbidity at the cost of least economic loss. where the parameter θ and g 0 represent the growth rate of GDP per capita, and the maximum income in absence of disease; r 1 (r 2 ) is the original reproduction number contributed by individuals in incubation (infectious) states, which equals the product of effective contact rates and time 2 . Furthermore, the growth rate of GDP per capita (θ), and the maximum income in absence of disease (g 0 ), as well as the isolation rates (q i ) are negatively associated with R 0 , indicating that economic development and quarantine strategies can significantly reduce infection risk. In this paper, a new dynamical model is developed for coupling the transmission, intervention of COVID-19 and economic growth. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.13.20174755 id = cord-347906-3ehsg8oi author = Zhang, Zizhen title = Dynamics of COVID-19 mathematical model with stochastic perturbation date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; model summary = title: Dynamics of COVID-19 mathematical model with stochastic perturbation Thirdly, we examine the threshold of the proposed stochastic COVID-19 model, when noise is small or large. The same set of parameter values and initial conditions for deterministic models will lead to an ensemble of different outputs. They obtained the condition of the disease extinction and persistence according to noise and threshold of the deterministic system. Similarly, several authors discussed the same conditions for stochastic models; see [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] . To study the effects of the environment on spreading of COVID-19 and make the research more realistic, first we formulate a stochastic mathematical COVID-19 model. In this section, a COVID-19 mathematical model with random perturbation is formulated as follows: The extinction and persistence of the stochastic SIS epidemic model with vaccination A stochastic differential equation SIS epidemic model doi = 10.1186/s13662-020-02909-1 id = cord-279960-1phc0wds author = Zhao, Ai title = Dietary Diversity among Chinese Residents during the COVID-19 Outbreak and Its Associated Factors date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19; China; chinese; hdd summary = This study aimed to (1) explore the dietary diversity during the lockdown time in China and (2) examine factors associated with dietary diversity including socio-economic characteristics, sources for food and food purchases, and specific dietary behaviors responding to COVID-19 and isolation. Logistic regression was used to model the associations among HDDS, participants'' characteristics, approaches to purchase or obtain food, and behaviors adopted to cope with COVID-19. We also identified a total of 37.7% participants who consumed certain foods or nutritional supplements to cope with COVID-19, which included vitamin C, probiotics, other dietary supplements, alcohol, and vinegar. This study was conducted via a quick online survey to assess dietary diversity among Chinese residents during the time of isolation and "staying at home" due to COVID-19 and to explore its associated factors. Logistic regression was used to model the associations among HDDS, participants'' characteristics, approaches for food purchasing/sourcing, and certain dietary strategies to cope with COVID-19. doi = 10.3390/nu12061699 id = cord-312185-ojdrzskl author = Zhao, Dahai title = Evidence-Based Framework and Implementation of China’s Strategy in Combating COVID-19 date = 2020-10-07 keywords = China; Taizhou; covid-19 summary = This article aims to use empirical data from all cases from a prefecture-level city of China to introduce and examine the feasibility and efficiency of the screening and isolation strategies and how these were essential in combatting the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS: For this retrospective study, all confirmed COVID-19 patients were recruited from the Taizhou prefecture-level city of Zhejiang province, China. Patient information included demographics, epidemiological data, close contact history, whether patients were from Wuhan or other places outside of Taizhou, dates when the cases were confirmed, exposure tracing dates, dates when first symptoms presented, first hospitals where and when patients were admitted for symptoms, and clinical outcomes. 19 Subsequent to the replications of methods and data in the reports, it can be deduced that all prefecturelevel cities in China (except for Wuhan) implemented good quality, effective, and efficient interventions involving screening and isolation to interrupt the chains of transmission of COVID-19 in the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s269573 id = cord-031835-jx8lzdl8 author = Zhao, Fei title = Time to lead the prevention and control of public health emergencies by informatics technologies in an information era date = 2020-09-14 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Time to lead the prevention and control of public health emergencies by informatics technologies in an information era Numerous models such as the classical dynamic model (SEIS) and artificial intelligence (AI) tools, are helping in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic by predicting the spread of the disease, hospital demand, diagnosis, and death. Real-time data sharing makes spread forecasting for public health emergencies and the evaluation of various interventions available. The turning point, however, where informatics technologies lead the prevention and control of public health emergencies in an information era, has already arrived. Forecasting the impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital demand and deaths for the USA and European Economic Area countries The effect of control strategies to reduce social mixing on outcomes of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China: a modelling study doi = 10.1016/j.jobb.2020.06.001 id = cord-268064-ljjcyv92 author = Zhao, Guolian title = A comparative study of the laboratory features of COVID‐19 and other viral pneumonias in the recovery stage date = 2020-07-21 keywords = covid-19 summary = RESULTS: A higher RDW‐CV level and neutrophil percentage and lower levels of total proteins, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and MCH were found in COVID‐19 patients compared with those in controls from the clinical recovery to the postdischarge recovery stages. Further analysis showed that decreases in lymphocytes, total proteins, and SOD and elevations in neutrophils, FDP, CRP, and ESR were more common in severe than moderate cases of COVID‐19 during hospitalization; however, differences in these indicators, except total proteins, were not observed in the postdischarge recovery stages. In this study, a systematic review and pooled analysis were performed to compare the laboratory characteristics of COVID-19 patients and patients with other viral pneumonias from the clinical recovery stage to the 4 weeks postdischarge recovery stage. To observe the major differences between COVID-19 and other viral pneumonias in the recovery stages, the dynamic profiles of the major laboratory parameters in COVID-19 and control patients doi = 10.1002/jcla.23483 id = cord-295891-c9rfy1w7 author = Zhao, J. title = ConceptWAS: a high-throughput method for early identification of COVID-19 presenting symptoms date = 2020-11-10 keywords = COVID-19; November summary = Here, we present a high-throughput approach (ConceptWAS) for early identification of clinical manifestations of COVID-19 using natural language processing (NLP) on EHR clinical notes. Specifically, symptoms concepts associated with COVID-19-positive patients included "absent sense of smell" (OR = 4.97, 95% CI = 3.21-7.50), "fever" (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.28-1.59), "with cough fever" (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.75-2.96), and "ageusia" (OR = 5.18, 95% CI = 3.02-8.58) (Figure 2 ). Our work describes a high-throughput and reproducible approach (ConceptWAS) that use EHR notes to early identify pandemic disease symptoms and investigate clinical manifestations for further hypothesis-driven study. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.06.20227165 doi: medRxiv preprint 13 pandemic crisis evolves and more patients are tested for SARS-CoV-2 in our healthcare system, our ability to detect COVID-19 and clinical concepts'' associations will continue to improve. By applying ConceptWAS on EHR clinical notes from patients subjecting to a COVID-19 test, we detected loss of smell/taste three weeks prior to their inclusion as symptoms of the disease by CDC. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.06.20227165 id = cord-333827-zpdnzwle author = Zhao, Jinqiu title = Potential risk factors for case fatality rate of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in China: A pooled analysis of individual patient data date = 2020-08-17 keywords = CFR; COVID-19 summary = title: Potential risk factors for case fatality rate of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in China: A pooled analysis of individual patient data This study aims to perform the meta-analysis of risk factors for the case fatality rate (CFR) of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). After comparing the patients between fatal cases and non-fatal cases, several important factors are found to significantly increase the CFR in patients with COVID-19, and include the age ranging 60–70 (OR = 1.85; 95% CI = 1.62 to 2.11; P < .00001) and especially≥70 (OR = 8.45; 95% CI = 7.47 to 9.55; P < .00001), sex of male (OR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.30 to 2.73; P = .0008), occupation of retirees (OR = 4.27; 95% CI = 2.50 to 7.28; P < .00001), and severe cases (OR = 691.76; 95% CI = 4.82 to 99,265.63; P = .01). doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.08.039 id = cord-267697-b6cg5j32 author = Zhao, Kedong title = Negligible risk of the COVID-19 resurgence caused by work resuming in China (outside Hubei): a statistical probability study date = 2020-03-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Negligible risk of the COVID-19 resurgence caused by work resuming in China (outside Hubei): a statistical probability study 1, 2 Along with a significant decrease of daily new confirmed cases from over 3000 to less than 100 (19 on 9 March 2020), 3 China (outside Hubei) has entered a new stage of epidemic prevention and control coupled with a stepwise restoration of social and economic operations. 4 Rational risk assessment for the COVID-19 resurgence upon such economic restoration is of significance. Here, we estimated the probability of COVID-19 resurgence caused by work resuming in typical provinces/cities (see Table 1 ) that were most affected by the outbreaks and/or are most economically important in China. Under the above assumptions, we collected the data of new COVID-19 cases in the past 14 days (from 28 February to 12 March; see Supplementary Table S1) in each area and also the population size and numbers of enterprises in 2019. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa046 id = cord-298461-tyhtdawb author = Zhao, L. title = COVID-19: Effects of weather conditions on the propagation of respiratory droplets date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; droplet; figure summary = This study investigates the influence of weather conditions including temperature, humidity and wind velocity, on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2-containing respiratory droplets. We suggest that the current pandemic may not ebb over the summer without continuous and proper public health intervention, because (1) in hot and dry weather, respiratory droplets more easily evaporate into aerosol particles capable of long-range transmission; (2) infectious PM2.5 that can infiltrate deeply into our lung has a longer suspension time in hot and dry weather; (3) many public spaces implement air-conditioning systems that can still operate at temperature and humidity setpoints that favor droplet transport. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.24.20111963 doi: medRxiv preprint Key parameters considered in the model include the distribution of initial droplet size d0, initial velocity v0, environmental temperature T ∞ , relative humidity RH, air velocity Vair, whose values are given here. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.24.20111963 id = cord-259691-3bo4md44 author = Zhao, Ming title = Cytokine storm and immunomodulatory therapy in COVID-19: role of chloroquine and anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies date = 2020-04-16 keywords = COVID-19; IL-6 summary = • Other immunomodulatory agents with good safety profiles may be considered for use in combination with antiviral drugs for the treatment of severe or critical cases of COVID-19. Combined use of an immunomodulatory agentto reduce the cytokine stormwith an antiviral agent may give physicians more time to provide supportive treatment for patients with Corticosteroids are among the most commonly used drugs for immunomodulatory therapy of infectious diseases. Tocilizumab, a specific monoclonal antibody that blocks IL-6, has been recommended for use in severe or critically ill patients with extensive lesions in bilateral lungs and a confirmed elevated level of IL-6 in the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (Trial Version 7) issued by the National Health Commission of China [7] . Overall, certain immunomodulatory agents with good safety profiles may be considered for use in combination with antiviral drugs for the treatment of severe or critical cases of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105982 id = cord-295513-q5f8d0ig author = Zhao, Pengcheng title = A Comparison of Infection Venues of COVID-19 Case Clusters in Northeast China date = 2020-06-03 keywords = case; covid-19; figure summary = In this study, we compared various types of infection locations in which COVID-19 cases clustered, based on the data from three adjacent provinces in Northeast China. Thus, we propose choosing a region with a sufficient number of COVID-19 cases and their detailed case reports to illustrate the role of different types of location in person-to-person transmission of this disease. Based on the collected and deduced information, we compared the epidemic situations between cities and/or provinces and enumerated the cases for the various location clusters. Figure 1 specifies all locations outside the home where case clustering occurred, and all train or flight numbers are marked along with the cases'' travel date. Figure 3b , the number of contacts between cases of different distances (i.e., inter-province, inter-city and intra-city) varied by location category. This study analysed the epidemic situations in various areas in the three provinces of Northeast China and the effects of various types of infection location on identified COVID-19 clusters. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17113955 id = cord-274230-old0xmcc author = Zhao, Qianwen title = Lymphopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: A systemic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-05-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Lymphopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: A systemic review and meta-analysis Mean difference (MD) of lymphocyte count in COVID-19 patients with or without severe disease and odds ratio (OR) of lymphopenia for severe form of COVID-19 was evaluated with this meta-analysis. The pooled analysis showed that lymphocyte count was significantly lower in severe COVID-19 patients (MD -0.31×109/L; 95%CI: -0.42 to -0.19×109/L). After the significant clinical heterogeneity was excluded, the 130 randomized effects model was used for meta-analysis. Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) -United States Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 284 and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease Retrospective study on the epidemiological 300 characteristics of 139 patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia on the effects of Severity Effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 311 infection on peripheral blood lymphocytes and their subsets Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a 322 descriptive and predictive study doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.086 id = cord-312360-ynemtqua author = Zhao, Ruxing title = Distinguishable Immunologic Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients with Comorbid Type 2 Diabetes Compared with Nondiabetic Individuals date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; NDM summary = CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 patients comorbid with T2D demonstrated distinguishable immunological parameters, which represented clinical relevancies with the predisposed disease severity in T2D. In this retrospective pilot study, we examined the population of leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets, humoral immunity, infection-related biomarkers, and inflammatory cytokines in two subcohorts of sex-and age-matched clinically and laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19. As increases in neutrophil counts and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were most recently established as predicative markers of severity during SARS-CoV-2 infection [20] , we further conducted logistic regression analysis to verify whether neutrophilia represents an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes of COVID-19 in T2D. These preliminary data suggested that an abnormal increase in neutrophil count and its contribution to COVID-19 severity may be associated with dysregulated immune response in T2D. And the abnormal increase in neutrophil count and its contribution to COVID-19 severity may be associated with innate dysregulation of immune response in T2D [33] . doi = 10.1155/2020/6914878 id = cord-254428-n0uwy77g author = Zhao, Wen title = Clinical characteristics and durations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Beijing: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-03-17 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Multivariable stepwise Cox regression model showed bilateral pneumonia on CT scan, shorter time from the illness onset to admission, the severity of disease and lymphopenia were independently associated with longer hospitalized duration. In the present study, we reported the retrospective data of 77 hospitalized patient with COVID-19 in Beijing, China, with 64 (83.1%) discharged home alive by the end of follow-up. Previous studies reported that the duration of the illness onset to hospital admission in the early stage of this outbreak was 7 to 12.5 days. Currently, few studies reported the average hospital length of stay of discharged patients COVID-19. Bilateral pneumonia on CT scan, shorter period of illness onset to admission, lymphopenia, severity of disease are the risk factors for longer hospitalization duration of COVID-19. Bilateral pneumonia on CT scan, shorter period of illness onset to admission, lymphopenia, severity of disease are the risk factors for longer hospitalization duration of COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.13.20035436 id = cord-329628-2bqrutrt author = Zhao, Xiaofang title = Early decrease in blood platelet count is associated with poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients—indications for predictive, preventive, and personalized medical approach date = 2020-05-14 keywords = count; covid-19; platelet summary = title: Early decrease in blood platelet count is associated with poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients—indications for predictive, preventive, and personalized medical approach The platelet count reflects the thrombocyte turnover, acting as a sensitive indicator of illness severity that is of great clinical utility to monitor a quickly changing health condition of patients affected by aggressive viral infections. In fact, several clinical observational studies have found that COVID-19 patients had lower counts of platelet [8, 9, 12, [14] [15] [16] . This study aimed to investigate the difference in platelet count between survivors and non-survivors among COVID-19 patients. Finally, the relationship between early (0-7 days) changes in platelet count and death in 532 COVID-19 patients derived from a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) was analyzed ( Table 3) . Our data indicate that platelet count has important information, which could be used for improved prediction, patient stratification (moderate vs high severity of the disease), and personalized prevention needed for the COVID-19-infected individuals, in order to save lives and economical resources. doi = 10.1007/s13167-020-00208-z id = cord-328040-5qd05e4r author = Zhao, Xin-Ying title = Clinical characteristics of patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in a non-Wuhan area of Hubei Province, China: a retrospective study date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = title: Clinical characteristics of patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in a non-Wuhan area of Hubei Province, China: a retrospective study Since December 2019, several cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection were first reported the virus has caused an outbreak in a short time by human-to-human transmission throughout China, especially in Hubei Province. A considerable proportion of COVID-19 patients develop severe pneumonia, pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and even multiple organ failure within a short time. Patients suspected of having COVID-19 were admitted and quarantined, and throat swab samples were collected and tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay (qPCR). Clinical data [age, previous chronic disease, epidemiological history, symptoms, vital signs, computed tomography (CT) images, virus load, laboratory tests, complications, and treatment process] of the 91 patients involved in this study were collected. doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05010-w id = cord-327586-06r1ifuy author = Zhao, Yue title = Atypical Computed Tomography Presentations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Methods The clinical and chest CT imaging data of 16 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were retrospectively analyzed, and patients with atypical CT presentations were selected for analysis and review. To further improve the radiographic J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f examination and diagnosis of COVID-19 in patients, this study retrospectively analyzed the clinical and imaging data of 16 patients and selected 6 patients with atypical CT presentations for analysis. A third CT examination was performed on days 6-9, and there were 2 cases of dissipated single subpleural lesions; 1 case of dissipation and reduction of lesions in the lateral basal segment of the lower right lung than that observed before, with a new reticular opacity in the medial basal segment and a small amount of ground-glass opacity; and 1 case of bilateral multiple linear opacities on initial CT examination after transfer from an outside hospital at day 7 after disease onset. doi = 10.1016/j.jrid.2020.07.006 id = cord-262489-cecg3geg author = Zhao, Zhanqi title = COVID-19 pneumonia: phenotype assessment requires bedside tools date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We would like to point out that another phenotype is often presented in COVID-19-associated moderate to severe ARDS, based on our observation and discussions with colleagues treating these patients. Different from the phenotypes described in [1] , the COVID-19 patients we encountered had rather low compliance and their lungs were non-recruitable, despite of large amount of non-aerated tissue. When assessing the lung recruitability with either the bedside estimates suggested in [2] , or with electrical impedance tomography (EIT) [3, 4] , we found that instead of recruiting non-aerated lung tissue, increasing PEEP to around 15 cmH 2 O rather induced overdistension in previously ventilated regions. Lung recruitment in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome Lung recruitability in SARS-CoV-2 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: a single-center, observational study The authors equally contributed to the idea presented in the manuscript, which is derived from the observation of numerous COVID-19 patients treated in the intensive care. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-02973-9 id = cord-258012-wzwowl4l author = Zhaori, Getu title = Smoke evacuation, is it important for prevention of COVID‐19? date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19 summary = A Method for smoke evacuation in laparoscopic surgeries for suspected coronavirus infected patients reported by Drs. Mints Y et al 1 in Ann Surg a month ago, is one of the outstanding examples that can prevent transmission of the disease via the smoke produced during the laparoscopic surgery from a suspected or confirmed patient with COVID-19. To effectively apply such a filtering and evacuation of smoke produced during laparoscopic surgery in a patient with confirmed or suspected COVID-19, any surgeons outside the EAES have to solve the following important problems: Then we need to consider how to prevent and control possible spreading of the pathogen via the smoke during the surgery through the different endoscopes as long as the patient is a suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 carrier. doi = 10.1002/ped4.12207 id = cord-340028-6oicmeam author = Zhavoronkov, Alex title = Geroprotective and senoremediative strategies to reduce the comorbidity, infection rates, severity, and lethality in gerophilic and gerolavic infections date = 2020-03-31 keywords = COVID-19; NAD; SARS; age; clinical; infection summary = Here we compare the expected benefit of treatments for elderly populations (60 years and older) that are currently in development, including standard preventative strategies such as vaccines and antivirals targeting SARS-CoV-2, and the potential added benefit of speculative geroprotective strategies such as rapalogs, NAD+ boosters, senolytics, and stem cell treatment. People >60 years of age with chronic medical conditions, such as type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease, direct immunosuppression from HIV, posttransplant or biologic treatment, pregnant individuals, or those with BMI>40, are believed to be at higher risk for influenza infection due to a weakened immune response [31] . As discussed in this paper, small clinical studies have shown that several geroprotective and senoremediative interventions, such as treatment with AGING sirolimus and rapalogs, can induce immunopotentiation, increase resistance to infection, and reduce disease severity in the elderly, without severe side effects. doi = 10.18632/aging.102988 id = cord-308807-9yggo5yk author = Zheng, DavidX. title = National analysis of COVID-19 and older emergency physicians date = 2020-11-04 keywords = covid-19 summary = On October 23, 2020, the U.S. reached a new pandemic record of 83,010 daily cases, 1 and all signs point toward an impending "second wave" or "third surge." Given the association between advanced age and COVID-19 severity, 2 our objective was to compare the geographic distribution of U.S. EPs age  60 years to the cumulative distribution of confirmed COVID-19 cases, to highlight the potential risks faced by this vulnerable population of clinicians. Emergency departments could also amend operations to prioritize reduction of nosocomial transmission risk among advanced age EPs (e.g., allocating critically limited PPE to higher-risk physicians, geographically cohorting patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection within an emergency department). States were grouped into color-coordinated quintiles based on relative proportion of older EPs, and cumulative COVID-19 case volumes were adjusted with a logarithmic scale to create proportionally-sized data points. doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.10.074 id = cord-273209-ou80n3p3 author = Zheng, Fang title = Clinical Characteristics of Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Hubei, China date = 2020-03-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; Wuhan summary = Since December 2019, an epidemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has occurred unexpectedly in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and it had quickly spread from Wuhan to the other areas in China and abroad [1] [2] [3] [4] . In recent weeks, emerging studies have reported that most patients with COVID-19 had an epidemiological history including a travel or residence history in Wuhan City and neighboring areas, and contacting with confirmed or suspected cases [7] . Clinical diagnoses included upper respiratory tract infection (URI) (n=8), mild pneumonia (n=15), and critical cases (n=2). In our study, most patients had mild diseases including upper respiratory tract infection and mild pneumonia, which were less severe than symptoms reported in adult patients [9, 10] . Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1007/s11596-020-2172-6 id = cord-301189-6sq1pfo8 author = Zheng, Hua title = Impact of sex and age on respiratory support and length of hospital stay among 1,792 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Impact of sex and age on respiratory support and length of hospital stay among 1,792 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China Editor -The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread rapidly since the early cases identified in Wuhan, China. The respiratory support included low-flow or high-flow oxygen therapy via nasal cannula or mask; noninvasive or invasive positive pressure ventilation; or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) . Previous studies have reported that older age and male sex were risk factors for poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients, with limited information about the need for respiratory support 4, 5 . Among all patients, high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and invasive positive pressure ventilation were given to 60 (3.3%), 135 (7.5%), 104 (5.8%) patients, respectively, with increased requirement for this amongst male and older patients. doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2020.07.001 id = cord-271362-qn5i6cdj author = Zheng, Lei title = Perceived Control Buffers the Effects of the COVID‐19 Pandemic on General Health and Life Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Psychological Distance date = 2020-09-21 keywords = covid-19; pandemic; psychological summary = According to the literature, high perceived control increases the psychological distance from a negative target (Han et al., 2018) , which may in turn help individuals in coping with the COVID-19 pandemic and further lead to high levels of perceived general health and life satisfaction. Next, the results of the mediation model showed that regional pandemic severity had a negative effect on the psychological distance from COVID-19 (B = À0.54, SE = 0.12, p < .001), which subsequently led to low levels of perceived general health (B = 0.06, SE = 0.01, p < .001) and life satisfaction (B = 0.15, SE = 0.02, p < .001). In particular, the regional pandemic severity adversely affects psychological distance when people have low perceived control, which in turn can lead to low levels of both life satisfaction and perceived general health. doi = 10.1111/aphw.12232 id = cord-283912-ha2xwjzy author = Zheng, Meijuan title = Serum inflammatory factors are positively correlated with the production of specific antibodies in coronavirus disease 2019 patients date = 2020-09-22 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = 5 Thus, a detailed characterization of the associations between humoral immune responses and inflammatory factors could result in a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2-host interactions in COVID-19 patients. In the current study, the levels of RBD-specific IgG, RBD-specific IgA, and the frequencies of ASCs and ICOS+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells were found to be higher in severely affected COVID-19 patients than those in nonseverely affected patients. Collectively, these results indicated that severe COVID-19 illness induced strong humoral immune responses, which is consistent with previous studies showing higher IgG titers in severe patients than in nonsevere patients. Our study showed that the severely affected patients displayed higher levels of anti-RBD antibodies, increased frequencies of ASCs and ICOS + TFH cells, and elevated levels of CXCL13. Effective control of SARS-CoV-2 requires further investigation of the mechanism underlying the correlations between humoral immunity and inflammatory factors in severe COVID-19, and the results of such studies could be used to guide immunotherapy with passive antibodies while controlling hyperinflammation. doi = 10.1038/s41423-020-00551-1 id = cord-288500-ko4eda9w author = Zheng, Ruijun title = Prevalence and associated factors of depression and anxiety among nurses during the outbreak of COVID-19 in China: A cross-sectional study date = 2020-10-23 keywords = China; SARS; covid-19 summary = The results indicated that COVID-19-related stress, relationship quality with family, and demographic characteristics were associated with depression, anxiety, and perceived health status. A study reported that health care workers at high risk of contracting SARS were more likely to have a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety, and develop post-traumatic stress during the SARS epidemic (McAlonan et al., 2007) . In this study, we hypothesize that COVID-19-related stress, relationship quality with family, and perceived health status are associated with the risk of depression and anxiety. The questionnaire contained ten main items: unknown origin of COVID-19, fear of infection, lack of effective treatment, poor patient compliance, nursing workload, poor social support, parent-child relationship quality, couple relationship quality, relationship quality with other family members, and perceived health status. The main findings indicated that nurses experiencing COVID-19-related stress and poor relationship quality with family were more likely to develop depression and anxiety symptoms and have health concerns. doi = 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103809 id = cord-335061-wn8u7u9y author = Zheng, Yichao title = A Learning-based Model to Evaluate Hospitalization Priority in COVID-19 Pandemics date = 2020-08-03 keywords = covid-19; figure; severe summary = This model is found effective to identify severe COVID-19 cases on admission, with a sensitivity of 84.6%, a specificity of 84.6%, and an accuracy of 100% to predict the disease progression toward rapid deterioration. In light of this unmet need in efficient triage of COVID-19 cases, the study is sought to 56 develop and validate a learning-based model that evaluates patients'' priority of being 57 admitted to hospital care due to their appearance or susceptibility toward severe 58 COVID-19. As this study was sought to identify 86 the hospitalization priority according to the prehospital assessment of severe COVID-19 87 risk, only clinical data obtained on admission were used to evaluate the importance of 88 clinical variables in identification of severe or potentially severe cases. To assess the 358 effectiveness of models in early prediction of severe progressions, patients who were 359 presented with non-severe symptom on admission but developed severe disease during 360 hospitalization were enrolled as an external testing set for analysis. doi = 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100092 id = cord-288810-ab7k70c4 author = Zheng, Yingyan title = Development and Validation of a Prognostic Nomogram Based on Clinical and CT Features for Adverse Outcome Prediction in Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Development and Validation of a Prognostic Nomogram Based on Clinical and CT Features for Adverse Outcome Prediction in Patients with COVID-19 OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to investigate the predictive abilities of clinical and computed tomography (CT) features for outcome prediction in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The prognostic nomogram based on the combination of clinical and CT features could be a useful tool for predicting adverse outcomes of patients with COVID-19. Chest CT manifestations of regional involvement, scattering distribution, transverse distribution, the number of involved https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2020.0485 kjronline.org pulmonary segments, extent, shape, ground-glass opacity (GGO), consolidation, crazy-paving sign, halo sign, reversed halo sign (RHS), air bronchogram, bronchiectasis, vascular enlargement, pleural thickening, pleural retraction, pleural effusion, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy were assessed. The nomogram developed using a combination of clinical and CT features could aid in https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2020.0485 kjronline.org predicting adverse outcomes for patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.3348/kjr.2020.0485 id = cord-277880-g0c6jchg author = Zhong, Jim title = The Impact of COVID-19 on Interventional Radiology Services in the UK date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19 summary = RESULTS: A 31% decrease in overall number of IR procedures was observed during COVID-19 compared to the control group (1363 cases vs 942 cases); however, the acute work decreased by only 0.5%. During the subsequent weeks, the rising number of new COVID-19 cases and hospital admissions in the UK resulted in increased pressures on the national health service (NHS). COVID-19 has brought new challenges for interventional radiology (IR), both in terms of workflow and IR preparedness; however, IR has continued to provide acute and emergency treatments due to the unique value that IR has to offer in terms of adaptability and offering minimally invasive procures (MIPs), the majority of which are done under local anaesthetic which are not aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) [2, 3] . Three out of the six sites report a decrease in workload, whereas the other 50% have performed more cases in the acute setting when compared to the pre-COVID-19 time period. doi = 10.1007/s00270-020-02692-2 id = cord-303035-xfg3iczd author = Zhong, Yajuan title = Immunity and Coagulation/Fibrinolytic Processes may Reduce the Risk of Severe Illness in Pregnant Women with COVID-19 date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19; pregnant; woman summary = They displayed increased WBC, neutrophil count, NLR, and levels of D-dimer and fibrinogen, along with decreased lymphocyte and IL-4 level (P<0.05), compared with non-pregnant women with mild/moderate COVID-19. We 114 hypothesize that the specific immunity response and coagulation-fibrinolysis state among 115 pregnant women COVID-19 may play important roles in progression of illness in Herein, the clinical characteristics and laboratory indicators in 539 Chinese Han 117 COVID-19 patients including 36 pregnant women were analyzed. 257 non-pregnant women with severe/critical COVID-19, there are significant difference in 267 immunological and coagulation/fibrinolysis indicators. This may explain why the immunological files are similar between pregnant 322 women with COVID-19 and pregnant women without Our data indicated that for the general COVID-19 women population, the immune 324 dysregulation mainly manifesting as increased IL-6 , IL-10 and IL-6/10 levels and a decreased 325 lymphocyte count and its subsets, along with increased NLR, is related to the risks for severe 326 and critical illness. doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.032 id = cord-025482-9iy4fxd5 author = Zhong, Yueyang title = COVID-19: Evidence of the Eye date = 2020-05-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = Based on 13 case series and 9 case reports, we would like to share five key points of the ocular manifestations of COVID-19 patients, hoping to provide a new perspective and broader view of the disease. First, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can cause ocular manifestations. The first large epidemiological study reported 9 cases of conjunctival congestion among 1099 patients in China 2 . Ocular manifestations may present as the initial and the only symptoms of infection. Ocular involvements are more likely to present in severe COVID-19 cases, and there is no age or gender preference. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China Characteristics of Ocular Findings of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Isolation From Ocular Secretions of a Patient With COVID-19 in Italy With Prolonged Viral RNA Detection doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.054 id = cord-027759-5mz0qlwq author = Zhou, Anli Yue title = Mental health and the medical profession during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic threatens to overwhelm well-established healthcare systems, and medical professionals have to work under extreme pressures and uncertainty [1, 2] . Front-line staff such as doctors involved in diagnosis, treatment and care are particularly vulnerable to negative mental health outcomes [4] . Healthcare organizations are recognizing how mental health problems can impact on the quality of healthcare [1, 9] and there have been suggestions to provide ongoing remote psychological support for front-line staff [9, 10] . The multidisciplinary nature of in-house occupational health departments can be a source of psychological support for distressed medical staff alongside other services that may be available to front-line staff such as the recently implemented mental health hotline [12] . Due to the overwhelming impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, single and simple solutions are very unlikely to mitigate the negative mental health outcomes of COVID-19 on medical professionals. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak doi = 10.1093/occmed/kqaa076 id = cord-321873-9l9zp6gm author = Zhou, Bo title = The duration of viral shedding of discharged patients with severe COVID-19 date = 2020-04-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: The duration of viral shedding of discharged patients with severe COVID-19 However, little studies have focused on clinical characteristics of discharged patients with severe COVID-19, especially the duration of viral shedding. The RT-PCR tests were performed on throat swabs following a previously described method 3 Moreover, another study displayed that four patients with COVID-19 who met the criteria for hospital discharge in China had positive RT-PCR test results 5 to 13 days later 6 , suggesting that recovered patients might still be virus carriers. Based on the results, we did not observe shortening of viral shedding time in the above groups, so it implied that all patients with severe COVID-19 should complete adequate course of treatment, regardless of sex and age. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa451 id = cord-351273-tfmq085x author = Zhou, Bo title = A Case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 With Concomitant Acute Cerebral Infarction and Deep Vein Thrombosis date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19; February summary = We report a case of a 75-year-old woman diagnosed with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) complicated by acute cerebral infarction. In the present article, we report a case of a 75-year-old woman diagnosed with severe COVID-19, complicated by acute cerebral infarction and venous thrombosis of the bilateral lower extremities. Because of blood oxygen saturation of 85%, the patient was diagnosed with COVID-19 (severe) according to the New Coronavirus Pneumonia Prevention and Control Program (4th edition) published by the National Health Commission of China (5) , and was transferred to the isolation ward of our hospital. In this case report, we present one patient with severe COVID-19 and a previous history of hypertension and atherosclerosis Frontiers in Neurology | www.frontiersin.org with concomitant acute cerebral infarction, posterior tibial and intermuscular venous thrombosis of bilateral lower extremities. doi = 10.3389/fneur.2020.00296 id = cord-309032-idjdzs97 author = Zhou, Feng title = Epidemiological Characteristics and Factors Associated with Critical Time Intervals of COVID-19 in Eighteen Provinces, China: A Retrospective Study date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; China; Hubei summary = Several studies conducted in China, Italy and the United States have reported some epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in the initial phase (Grasselli et al., 2020 , Liang et al., 2020 , Price-Haywood et al., 2020 , Richardson et al., 2020 , Wu and McGoogan, 2020 , However, there is still a lack of research on the space-time characteristics in the populations of imported and local cases respectively which is of great significance. In this study, we described the spatiotemporal distribution of the COVID-19 in eighteen provinces of China (outside Hubei province) and investigated the epidemiological characteristics in the population of imported cases and local cases, from the beginning of this epidemic until it was under good control. We further assessed the critical influence factors associated with time interval from symptom onset to hospitalization (TOH) and length of hospital stay (LOS), including demographic and temporal and spatial characteristics. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1487 id = cord-348297-k9fuegol author = Zhou, Feng title = Shelter Hospital: Glimmers of Hope in Treating Coronavirus 2019 date = 2020-04-16 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In this comment, we report the unexpected beneficial effect of a deployable rapid-assembly shelter hospital on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. I n December 2019, the type of pneumonia caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, 1,2 spreading rapidly to other parts of Hubei province and China. Under these circumstances, the Chinese Government decided to build a deployable rapid-assembly shelter hospital for the treatment of mild COVID-19 patients. During the epidemic prevention, 16 shelter hospitals were built in Wuhan, providing 13 467 beds and treating more than 12 000 patients. On the afternoon of March 10, 2020, all patients in 16 shelter hospitals were discharged and all shelter hospitals were declared closed, representing a temporary victory of prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.105 id = cord-328687-clr1e9p6 author = Zhou, Fuling title = Tracing asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers among 3674 hospital staff:a cross-sectional survey date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Wuhan summary = BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic carriers were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) without developing symptoms, which might be a potential source of infection outbreak. Recently, in order to avoid further nosocomial infection, all staff without clinical symptoms in our hospital participated in the physical examination before resumption of ordinary job, including chest CT, throat swab RT-PCR test and plasma COVID-19 IgM/IgG antibodies test. This study aims to analyze the examination results, understand the infection status of staff, track the infection related risk factors, as well as tracing of asymptomatic infection individual, so as to provide effective suggestions for other hospitals and non-medical institution in Wuhan, ensuring scientific and safe return to work. In our study, asymptomatic carrier refers to patients who have mild or non-symptoms but with positive test for viral nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 or with positive test for serum specific IgM antibody. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100510 id = cord-320349-6hbuq0k7 author = Zhou, Hua title = Development of early warning and rapid response system for patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19): A research protocol date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; EWRRS; patient summary = Secondary outcomes include the proportion of patients with different disease severity types; critical deterioration events; patients who had unplanned transfers to an intensive care unit (ICU) and required critical care interventions; intervals from warning to implementation of clinical interventions; hospital mortality; length of ICU and hospital stay; workload of medical staff and risks of exposure to COVID-19. Secondary outcomes include the proportion of patients with different disease severity types; critical deterioration events of patients during treatment, including total incidences and classification of each type of event; patients with unplanned transfers to ICU and requiring critical care interventions (mechanical ventilation, noninvasive ventilation, inotropes, and/or other organ-supported therapies) during treatment; time intervals from patient warning information received to implementation of clinical interventions; the severity of illness at unplanned transfer to ICU; hospital mortality; length of ICU and hospital stay; workload of physicians and nurses during study period; risks of exposure to potential COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000021874 id = cord-326903-t2cx2ju5 author = Zhou, J. title = Altered blood cell traits underlie a major genetic locus of severe COVID-19 date = 2020-09-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = Results: Our PheWAS identified and replicated multiple blood cell traits to be associated with the COVID-19 risk variant, including monocyte count and percentage (p = 1.07e-8, 4.09e-13), eosinophil count and percentage (p = 5.73e-3, 2.20e-3), and neutrophil percentage (p = 3.23e-3). The PGS analysis revealed positive associations between the expression of candidate genes and genetically predicted counts of specific blood cells: CCR3 with eosinophil and basophil (p = 5.73e-21, 5.08e-19); CCR2 with monocytes (p = 2.40e-10); and CCR1 with monocytes and neutrophil (p = 1.78e-6, 7.17e-5). Conclusions: Multiple blood cell traits, especially monocyte, eosinophil, and neutrophil numbers, are associated with the COVID-19 risk variant and the expression of its candidate target genes, representing probable mechanistic links between the genetic locus 3p21.31 and severe COVID-19. In conclusion, our phenome-wide association study for the severe COVID-19 risk variant at locus 3p21.31 and its candidate target genes identified altered blood cell traits, especially counts of monocyte, eosinophil, and neutrophil, as the probable mechanistic links between the genetic locus and severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.09.20191700 id = cord-123714-1ll0a9q6 author = Zhou, Jianlong title = Examination of community sentiment dynamics due to covid-19 pandemic: a case study from Australia date = 2020-06-22 keywords = March; NSW; covid-19 summary = In this paper, we exploit the massive text data posted by Twitter users to analyse the sentiment dynamics of people living in the state of New South Wales (NSW) in Australia during the pandemic period. Based on the analysis of around 94 million tweets that posted by around 183 thousand users located at different LGAs in NSW in five months, we found that people in NSW showed an overall positive sentimental polarity and the COVID-19 pandemic decreased the overall positive sentimental polarity during the pandemic period. This study also analysed the sentimental dynamics delivered by the hot topics in Twitter such as government policies (e.g. the Australia''s JobKeeper program, lock-down, social-distancing) as well as the focused social events (e.g. the Ruby Princess Cruise). In order to analyse the dynamics of sentiment during the COVID-19 pandemic period in a fine-grained level, we collected tweets from Twitter users that live in the different LGAs of NSW in Australia. doi = nan id = cord-278629-8fva8fwr author = Zhou, Jun title = Differential diagnosis between the coronavirus disease 2019 and Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia by thin-slice CT features date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = OBJECTIVE: The chest computed tomography (CT) features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia (S. CONCLUSION: The findings of GGO, the crazy paving sign, and abnormally thickened interlobular septa on chest CT were significantly higher in COVID-19 than S. From the chest CT data of all 246 enrolled pneumonia patients, the distribution features of disease foci are analyzed and summarized in Table 2 . Although the Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 (the provisional 7th edition) already abolished the use of typical CT findings as independent criteria for the clinical diagnosis of suspected cases in Hubei Province, many scholars reported that abnormalities might be found in the chest CT of some patients with negative viral nucleic acid detection results [16] [17] [18] . The most important differential points were whether the disease foci had the CT features of lung lobular and segmental distribution, the crazy paving sign, abnormally thickened interlobular septa, and consolidation lesions. doi = 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.09.012 id = cord-271416-53qxs7ge author = Zhou, Kehua title = Towards precision management of cardiovascular patients with COVID-19 to reduce mortality date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = 1 Suppression of the classical angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-angiotensin II (angII)-angiotensin receptor (AT) 1 axis may be part of the treatment of COVID-19 while decreasing CVD complications and mortalities. Lower levels of ACE2 mediates the occurrence of cytokine production that can cause or is the result of the imbalance between oxygen supply and demand, 2,5 similar to the pathophysiology of type 2 myocardial infarction in COVID-19, especially in those with underlying CVDs. Going one step further, we postulate that CVD patients with a poorer tolerance to hypoxia may have higher morality risks of COVID-19, which may also apply to healthy people. In conclusion, the alignment between our postulated clinical mechanisms and epidemiological estimates, despite some confounding factors, enables us to propose a novel hypothesis between patients of high-altitude origin and their lower mortality risk of COVID-19. The association of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphisms with adaptation to high altitude: A meta-analysis doi = 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.012 id = cord-287222-wojyisu0 author = Zhou, Min title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical update date = 2020-04-02 keywords = COVID-19; China; MERS; SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = Of the first 99 laboratory-confirmed patients, 49 (49%) had been exposed to HSWM, which was reported to be the possible initial source of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) [5] . New Coronavirus Infection Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Trial Version) published by Military Support Hubei Medical Team also put forward that for mild to moderate COVID-19 patients, corticosteroids should not be given principally and highdose corticosteroid pulse therapy was not recommended. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Clinical pathology of critical patient with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) doi = 10.1007/s11684-020-0767-8 id = cord-319859-6mt34av6 author = Zhou, Min title = Research on the individualized short‐term training model of nurses in emergency isolation wards during the outbreak of COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; emergency; training summary = To seek efficient nursing training mode under the epidemic situation and improve the nurses'' knowledge reserve on emergency handling and control capabilities, a combination of on-site training and online training was implemented to provide COVID-19 related knowledge on nursing operation skills and hospital infections to the nursing team in a short term. Supported by research, the comparison between online and faceto-face training, well-designed online training shows more advantages in terms of time efficiency and memory effect (Kalyuga, 2007 ; TA B L E 5 Before and after training, the nursing staff improved the COVID-19 theory knowledge, operation skills and psychological conditions Kalyuga & Sweller, 2005) , which is consistent with the results of this study. Emergency training of nursing staff is crucial on preventing the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic effectively and ensuring the operation of emergency isolation ward orderly. doi = 10.1002/nop2.580 id = cord-317648-lyxz10mo author = Zhou, Qi title = Mental health and psychosocial function of general population during the COVID‐19 epidemic in China date = 2020-06-11 keywords = China; covid-19 summary = 4 The COVID-19 epidemic has resulted in serious threats to health and safety, as well as various psychological problems, such as high levels of perceived stress, insomnia, anxiety, and depression symptoms. 5 Previous studies have reported that the medical workers experiencing tremendous pressure, from factors, such as high risk of infection, overwork, depression, and emotionally impacted by negative patients, and lack of protection for their families, have been shown to exhibit long-term psychological implications. A binary logistic regression analysis (Table S2) showed that the risk of insomnia in the general population was independently associated with four variables: age, occupation, marital status, and geographical location (P < .05). The risk of stress in the general population was independently associated with three variables: gender, occupation, and education level (P < .05). Age, education, and profession were shown to be significant risk factors contributing to the stress vulnerability for the general population. doi = 10.1002/ctm2.103 id = cord-333083-8bxqsga2 author = Zhou, Shuchang title = Imaging features and evolution on CT in 100 COVID-19 pneumonia patients in Wuhan, China date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; GGO summary = OBJECTIVES: To investigate CT images of 100 confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia patients to describe the lesion distribution, CT signs, and evolution during different courses. • In the early rapid progressive stage, GGO plus a reticular pattern, GGO plus consolidation, and GGO were all common signs; in the advanced stage, signs of progression and absorption coexisted; lung abnormalities showed an asynchronous process with parts with absorption and parts progressing. In this study, we collected 100 cases of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia patients, including 84 cases with CT follow-up scan, to describe the CT imaging features and evolution of this disease. We investigated the CT imaging features of COVID-19 pneumonia and CT changes according to the disease course of a large sample of 100 patients with 272 CT scans in this study. In conclusion, the main CT signs of COVID-19 pneumonia mainly included GGO, GGO plus consolidation, and GGO plus reticular pattern, single or multiple focus onset, distributed predominantly in the peripheral, middle, and lower zones, and the posterior zone in bilateral lungs. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-06879-6 id = cord-290995-ok6lsh9m author = Zhou, Xiang title = COVID-19 infection in patients with multiple myeloma: a German-Chinese experience from Würzburg and Wuhan date = 2020-07-18 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: COVID-19 infection in patients with multiple myeloma: a German-Chinese experience from Würzburg and Wuhan The Chinese colleagues from Wuhan reported for the first time the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), which caused severe acute respiratory syndrome [1] . The plasma cell neoplasm multiple myeloma (MM) represents the second most common hematological malignancy in adults, which is characterized by secondary immune dysfunction and usually causes infectious complications, especially of the respiratory tract [2] [3] [4] . recently reported the experience from Belgium in this Journal (published on 23 June 2020), which also demonstrated a high mortality of 35% caused by COVID-19 infection in MM patients, and patients with immigration background especially North-Africans showed the worst survival outcome. Infections in patients with multiple myeloma in the era of high-dose therapy and novel agents Real-world assessment of the clinical impact of symptomatic infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (COVID-19 disease) in patients with multiple myeloma receiving systemic anti-cancer therapy doi = 10.1007/s00277-020-04184-2 id = cord-317605-s9vv7rw4 author = Zhou, Y. title = A New Predictor of Disease Severity in Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-03-27 keywords = COVID-19; L*CRP*D summary = This study sought to elucidate a novel predictor of disease severity in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) cased by SARS-CoV-2. The outcomes of patients with severe pneumonia and those with non-severe pneumonia were compared using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) to explore clinical characteristics and risk factors. The ROC curve was used to analyze the predictive value of N/L, CRP, and D-dimer for determining disease severity in patients with COVID-19. To further explore the predictive value of N/L*CRP*D-dimer in the severity of COVID-19, we also conducted an internal validation. Patients with N/L*CRP*D-dimer results of less than 5.32 were classified as patients with non-severe pneumonia in predicted groups. Although N/L, CRP, and D-dimer were independent risk factors for the severity of COVID-19, the ROC curve showed that they have a low predictive value for the severity of the infection. In general, the product of N/L*CRP*D-dimer is a new predictive value for the severity of COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.24.20042119 id = cord-264979-pc1s093k author = Zhou, Yan title = Management for patients with pediatric surgical disease during the COVID-19 epidemic date = 2020-04-20 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Management for patients with pediatric surgical disease during the COVID-19 epidemic Besides, in addition to the COVID-19 itself, the relative shortage of medical resources caused by a surge in the number of coronavirus patients and accompanying economic downturn may also affect the diagnosis and management plan for children with surgical disease. Hence, the treatment plans for pediatric surgical disease during the COVID-19 outbreak deserve attention. Hence, a priority of treating the COVID-19 and a short delay in surgical treatment (or oncotherapy) may be an optimal option for those infected children without presenting a surgical emergency. Preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and giving the necessary treatment should be the main treatment principles for treating children with pediatric surgical diseases but without COVID-19. During the outbreak, the impact of insufficient medical resources for pediatric surgical diseases may be greater than the infection itself. Optimal timing of surgical procedures in pediatric patients doi = 10.1007/s00383-020-04656-6 id = cord-263716-ywsm11aw author = Zhou, Yifan title = Clinical time course of COVID-19, its neurological manifestation and some thoughts on its management date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Patients in the initial incubation phase often have insidious clinical symptoms, but they are still highly contagious. At the later clinical symptomatic phase, the immune system is fully activated and the disease may enter the severe infection stage in this phase. Although many patients are known for their respiratory symptoms, they had neurological symptoms in their first 1–2 days of clinical symptomatic phase, and ischaemic stroke occurred 2 weeks after the onset of the clinical symptomatic phase. 3 However, we have found that many patients had neurological symptoms in their early stages, 4 and ischaemic stroke often happened around 2 weeks after the onset of infection. 9 Patients with COVID-19 often have insidious clinical symptoms, without fever or coughing, even though their lungs may have rather severe damages. His nucleic acid testing of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was positive. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1136/svn-2020-000398 id = cord-347245-35naeuo7 author = Zhou, Yongjie title = The prevalence and risk factors of psychological disturbances of frontline medical staff in China under the COVID-19 epidemic: workload should be concerned date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; medical; staff summary = BACKGROUND: To our best knowledge, this was the first time to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of psychological disturbances, including depression, anxiety, somatization symptoms, insomnia and suicide, among frontline medical staff, who were working with the COVID-10 infected patients directly. METHODS: Patient Health Questionnaire Depression (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire scale (GAD-7), Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90) somatization, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and the suicidal module of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview were used for online survey. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors (including work overload) of psychological disorders among frontline medical staffs in China, including depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms, insomnia and suicide risk. After adjusting for age, sex, education, marital status, ethnicity, family income, physical diseases and infection of relatives or friends, , the prevalence rates of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, somatization symptoms, and insomnia were higher in frontline medical staff than those in general population (57.6% vs. doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.059 id = cord-348221-w37lfv7e author = Zhou, Yongjie title = The prevalence of psychiatric symptoms of pregnant and non-pregnant women during the COVID-19 epidemic date = 2020-09-19 keywords = covid-19; pregnant; woman summary = Our results indicate that during the COVID-19 epidemic in China, pregnant women have an advantage of facing mental problems caused by COVID-19, showing fewer depression, anxiety, insomnia, and PTSD symptoms than non-pregnant women. We conducted this mental health survey among pregnant and non-pregnant women in China during the COVID-19 outbreak to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety, physical discomfort, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in both groups, and to explore whether pregnant women have more serious mental symptoms than non-pregnant women. The mental health status of the participants was assessed by the Chinese version of various scales, including the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9), generalized anxiety disorder scale (GAD-7), insomnia severity index (ISI), somatization subscale of the symptom checklist 90 (SCL-90), and post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-5 (PCL-5). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first investigation to assess and compare the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms including depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms, insomnia, and PTSD between pregnant and non-pregnant women during COVID-19 epidemic. doi = 10.1038/s41398-020-01006-x id = cord-309134-mxk8d9jd author = Zhou, Yongxia title = Cohort study of chest CT and clinical changes in 29 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; PII summary = The changes in the clinical and laboratory characteristics, imaging features, lesion-to-muscle ratio (LMR), and pulmonary inflammation index (PII) at baseline, 1–6 days, 7–13 days, and ≥ 14 days were compared. CONCLUSIONS: Lung lesion development on chest CT reflects the clinical time course of COVID-19 progression over 1–6 days, followed by clinical improvement and the resorption of lesions. This retrospective single-center cohort study attempted to disprove the hypothesis that chest CT findings at follow-up do not reflect the clinical time course of COVID-19. According to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (trial version six) of China [8] , the discharge criteria were as follows: (i) afebrile for more than 3 days, (ii) significant reduction in respiratory symptoms, (iii) acute exudative lesions with substantial improvements on chest radiograph or CT, and (iv) two consecutively negative COVID-19 nucleic acid tests at least 24 h apart. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-07007-0 id = cord-309930-zlzuoeh2 author = Zhou, Zhiming title = Coronavirus disease 2019: initial chest CT findings date = 2020-03-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the initial chest CT data of 62 confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 patients (34 men, 28 women; age range 20–91 years old) who did not receive any antiviral treatment between January 21 and February 4, 2020, in Chongqing, China. Since December 2019, an increasing number of pneumonia cases caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, Hubei, China, and subsequently, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) swept the globe [1] [2] [3] [4] . Hence, it is very necessary to systematically analyze the chest CT findings associated with this disease systematically, for the timely isolation, COVID-19 RT-PCR and respiratory care of patients, and early implementation of infection prevention and control measures. To fully understand and early discriminate the CT features of this disease in its early stages, we collected initial chest CT data from confirmed COVID-19 patients who did not receive any antiviral treatment mainly from Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital for analysis. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-06816-7 id = cord-304088-xkg0ylz8 author = Zhu, Han title = Cardiovascular Complications in Patients with COVID-19: Consequences of Viral Toxicities and Host Immune Response date = 2020-04-21 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; SARS; infection summary = While limited data exist, potential mechanisms of cardiac injury include direct viral entry through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and toxicity in host cells, hypoxia-related myocyte injury, and immune-mediated cytokine release syndrome. The increased incidence of cardiac injury among those with severe systemic inflammatory response syndromes (SIRS) and shock in the setting of COVID-19 also highlights an important relationship between the immune response to the virus and the cardiovascular system. Of note, SARS-CoV-2 also contains an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase which is the target of the anti-viral agent remdesivir, currently being studied randomized clinical trials for use against COVID-19 disease [26] . A recent retrospective, multi-center study of 150 patients confirmed that inflammatory markers, including elevated ferritin (mean 1297.6 ng/ml in non-survivors vs 614.0 ng/ml in survivors, p < 0.001) and IL-6 (p < 0.0001) were associated with more severe COVID-19 infection, suggesting that systemic inflammation may be a significant driver of multi-organ damage [18, 64] . doi = 10.1007/s11886-020-01292-3 id = cord-328859-qx7kvn0u author = Zhu, Hongjun title = Transmission Dynamics and Control Methodology of COVID-19: a Modeling Study date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; SEIR; Wuhan; number summary = Unfortunately, to our best knowledge, the existing models are based on the common assumption that the total population follows a homogeneous spatial distribution, which is not the case for the prevalence occurred both in the community and in hospital due to the difference in the contact rate. Using the model alongside the exclusive optimization algorithm, the spread process of COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan city is reproduced and then the propagation characteristics and unknown data are estimated. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 introduces the previous work; Section 3 defines the related terminology; Section 4 explains the SEIR-HC model in detail; Section 5 describes the two-step optimization for parameter estimation; Section 6 shows the analysis results, and finally, Section 7 states the conclusions. ( ) : number of outbound travellers every day in Wuhan at time t; : contact rate in the community; ℎ : contact rate in hospitals; ( ) : incidence rate of the exposed individuals who are infected days ago, which follows the Weibull distribution; doi = 10.1016/j.apm.2020.08.056 id = cord-319876-psilbis0 author = Zhu, Jian title = COVID-19 Epidemic: Clinical Characteristics of Patients in Pediatric Isolation Ward date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = It was found that 55 cases (83.3%) had fever and 48 cases (72.7%) coughed in the isolated area, 31 cases (47%) had a history of exposure, 26 cases (39.4%) had a decrease in lymphocytes (LYM), more than half had an increase in lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase isoenzyme, 14 cases (21.2%) had positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, 58 cases (87.9%) had abnormal chest computed tomography (CT), and 11 cases (16.7%) had sinus arrhythmia. Therefore, for some suspected children with COVID-19, we can make a comprehensive judgment through clinical symptoms, epidemiological history, LYM number, myocardial enzyme spectrum, chest CT, and electrocardiogram; put these children in an isolation ward for treatment; and then transfer them to a general ward for treatment after excluding COVID-19. At present, some of COVID-19 are asymptomatic infection, 10, 11 which suggests that it is not only from the clinical symptoms to judge whether the children should be admitted to the isolation ward. doi = 10.1177/0009922820941228 id = cord-327257-doygrgrc author = Zhu, Jocelyn title = Deep transfer learning artificial intelligence accurately stages COVID-19 lung disease severity on portable chest radiographs date = 2020-07-28 keywords = CXR; covid-19 summary = title: Deep transfer learning artificial intelligence accurately stages COVID-19 lung disease severity on portable chest radiographs This study employed deep-learning convolutional neural networks to stage lung disease severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection on portable chest x-ray (CXR) with radiologist score of disease severity as ground truth. Deep-learning convolutional neural network (CNN) was used to predict lung disease severity scores. In conclusion, deep-learning CNN accurately stages disease severity on portable chest x-ray of COVID-19 lung infection. This study tested the hypothesis that deep-learning convolutional neural networks accurately stage disease severity on portable chest x-rays using radiologists'' severity scores as ground truths associated with COVID-19 lung infection. Deep-learning AI, specifically a convolutional neural network, is well suited to extract information from CXR and stage disease severity by training using chest radiologist determination of disease severity scores. In conclusion, deep-learning convolutional neural networks accurately stage lung disease severity on portable chest x-rays associated with COVID-19 lung infection. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0236621 id = cord-312192-hxhohtmj author = Zhu, Lan title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Immunosuppressed Renal Transplant Recipients: A Summary of 10 Confirmed Cases in Wuhan, China date = 2020-04-18 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Immunosuppressed Renal Transplant Recipients: A Summary of 10 Confirmed Cases in Wuhan, China CONCLUSIONS: Kidney transplant recipients had more severe COVID-19 pneumonia than the general population, but most of them recovered after a prolonged clinical course and virus shedding. PATIENT SUMMARY: Immunosuppressed transplant recipients with coronavirus disease 2019 infection had more severe pneumonia, but most of them still achieved a good prognosis after appropriate treatment. In this study, we enrolled 10 patients with laboratoryconfirmed COVID-19 pneumonia from among the renal transplant recipients who had been followed up long term in Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China. Serving as control patients without immunosuppression, the 10 family members with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia had a mean age of 42.3 AE 14.4 yr, which was similar to that of the infected transplant recipients (45.0 AE 14.0 yr, p > 0.05). doi = 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.03.039 id = cord-268112-zk8z8z4i author = Zhu, Linnan title = Single-cell sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveals distinct immune response landscapes of COVID-19 and influenza patients date = 2020-07-19 keywords = cell; covid-19; figure summary = Genes in the 210 group "Response to type I interferon signaling" were enriched in T, B and NK cell 211 subsets of D1 and D4, but not D16 samples (Figures 3A and S3A 3A and S3A) , which may be due to a higher proportion of plasma cells in B cell 219 clusters because high demand of protein synthesis was required during antibody 220 production. In 263 addition to the XAF1 related apoptosis pathway, expression of genes in other 264 apoptosis-linked pathways, including TNF-and Fas pathways (Elmore, 2007) , was 265 examined in both COVID-19 patients and healthy controls (Figures 3F and S3E) . Taken together, we find that up-regulated genes relevant to 274 the XAF1-, TNF-, and Fas pathways may lead to increased T cell apoptosis in 275 COVID-19 patients. In addition, RUNX3 expression was up-regulated 297 in activated CD4 + T cells of IAV patients compared to the other groups ( Figure 4B) . doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.009 id = cord-261062-9zhe3ejy author = Zhu, Shu-Ting title = Utility of Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound for Clinical Classification of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; LUS; patient summary = In this study, the utility of point-of-care lung ultrasound for the clinical classification of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was prospectively assessed. Twenty-seven adult patients with COVID-19 underwent bedside lung ultrasonography (LUS) examinations three times within the first two weeks of admission to the isolation ward. Early studies suggested that the irregular pleural line with small subpleural consolidations, white lung, confluents and irregular vertical artifacts (B-lines) are ultrasonic manifestations of COVID-19 pneumonia , and LUS scores have been used for the identification of patients with lung involvement and disease severity (Vetrugno et al. According to Spearman correlation test results (Table 2) Then, we divided the LUS scores into three scales (low ≤9; 9150 patients are on the waiting list. To decrease the potential of developing COVID-19 infections among both donor and recipients, patients were admitted 1 week before transplant and categorized into high and low risk based on the risk of COVID exposure (history of travel outside the country; living in a high COVID incidence areas; direct or indirect exposure to COVID-19 positive individuals and clinical symptoms including cough, fever, and fatigue. Between February 1 and April 15, 33 liver transplants including 25 from living donors have been performed without COVID-related complications. doi = 10.1097/tp.0000000000003348 id = cord-190407-l9mutkby author = Ziems, Caleb title = Racism is a Virus: Anti-Asian Hate and Counterhate in Social Media during the COVID-19 Crisis date = 2020-05-25 keywords = COVID-19; asian; counterhate; hate summary = We create COVID-HATE, the largest dataset of anti-Asian hate and counterhate spanning three months, containing over 30 million tweets, and a social network with over 87 million nodes. Using this data to conduct longitudinal analysis, we find that while hateful users are less engaged in the COVID-19 discussions prior to their first anti-Asian tweet, they become more vocal and engaged afterwards compared to counterhate users. In this paper, we present COVID-HATE, the largest dataset of anti-Asian hate and counterhate speech on Twitter in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, along with a long-term longitudinal study. • We conduct statistical, linguistic, geographic, and network analysis of hate and counterhate tweets and users to reveal characteristic patterns of the origin, evolution, and spread of anti-Asian hate throughout the world. In this section, we describe COVID-HATE, a Twitter dataset containing COVID-19 related anti-Asian hate and counterhate tweets and network. doi = nan id = cord-330711-y65csypc author = Zimmerer, Karl S. title = Informal food chains and agrobiodiversity need strengthening—not weakening—to address food security amidst the COVID-19 crisis in South America date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; food; informal summary = title: Informal food chains and agrobiodiversity need strengthening—not weakening—to address food security amidst the COVID-19 crisis in South America This framework examines the interactive functioning of agrobiodiversity in food and nutrition security together with the influence of food-system governance including markets, distribution and logistics networks, and seed systems. This framework enables us to focus on key links of informal food chains that are particularly disrupted in the COVID-19 crisis and threaten to undermine food and nutrition security as well as agrobiodiversity. Informally sourced, affordable seed accounts for 95% or more of supply in western South America and many regions, being generally critical for food security and agrobiodiversity access globally (Almekinders et al. Seed trade in rural markets: Informal food chains and agrobiodiversity need strengthening-not weakening-to address food security amidst the COVID-19 crisis in South America Implications for crop diversity and agricultural development doi = 10.1007/s12571-020-01088-x id = cord-291371-9wadja0w author = Zimmerman, R. K. title = Proposed Clinical Indicators for Efficient Screening and Testing for COVID-19 Infection from Classification and Regression Trees (CART) Analysis date = 2020-05-14 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Background: The introduction and rapid transmission of SARS CoV2 in the United States resulted in implementation of methods to assess, mitigate and contain the resulting COVID-19 disease based on limited knowledge. Background: The introduction and rapid transmission of SARS CoV2 in the United States resulted in implementation of methods to assess, mitigate and contain the resulting COVID-19 disease based on limited knowledge. Cases significantly more often reported chills, loss of taste/smell, diarrhea, fever, nausea/vomiting and contact with a COVID-19 case, but less frequently reported shortness of breath and sore throat. CART recursive partitioning, based on presence or absence of symptoms, was used to create a decision tree to correctly classify enrollees into laboratory-confirmed (RT-PCR) COVID-19 cases. Those who tested positive significantly more frequently reported chills, loss of taste/smell, diarrhea, fever, nausea/vomiting and contact with a COVID-19 case, but less frequently reported shortness of breath and sore throat (Table) . doi = 10.1101/2020.05.11.20097980 id = cord-344400-2gzip67i author = Zimmermann, M. title = They stumble that run fast: the economic and COVID-19 transmission impacts of reopening industries in the US date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; industry summary = . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.11.20128918 doi: medRxiv preprint After summing the four factors of workplace size, human interactions, inability to work from home, and industry size, in both California and Washington, the industries with the highest transmission risk index were (1) accommodation and food services, (2) retail trade, and (3) healthcare and social assistance ( Figure 2 ). . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.11.20128918 doi: medRxiv preprint We found that the industry with the highest estimated economic impact due to COVID-19 was manufacturing in 40 states; accommodation and food services in six states (AZ, CO, FL, HI, NV, and NY); healthcare and social assistance in three states (AK, MD, and RI); and wholesale trade and other services (which includes repair and maintenance; personal and laundry services; religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations; and private households) in one state each (NJ and DC, respectively) (Figure 4 , top left). doi = 10.1101/2020.06.11.20128918 id = cord-322102-4fi0y96f author = Zimmermann, Matthias title = Approaches to the management of patients in oral and maxillofacial surgery during COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the specialty must organize patient treatment in such a way that infection transmission is reduced to a minimum, while all relevant treatment options are at hand to provide adequate patient care. The search items used were "coronavirus disease 19, COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, transmission, pandemic, oral surgical procedures, oral and maxillofacial surgery, dental, personal protective equipment, infection prevention and control." The last search was run on 29 March 2020. Healthcare workers who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 and have recovered from COVID-19 should continue to follow infection control precautions, including use of the recommended personal protective equipment. Depending on the number of infected patients, there might come a time of risk of a scarcity of medical staff, ventilators, negative pressure rooms, and personal protective equipment. doi = 10.1016/j.jcms.2020.03.011 id = cord-236775-tshyi559 author = Zine, Houssine title = Modeling the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; March; Morocco summary = [3] used a Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) compartmental model to estimate the basic reproduction number of COVID-19 transmission based on data obtained for the confirmed cases of the disease in mainland China. In this study, we propose a mathematical model governed by delay differential equations (DDEs) to predict the epidemiological trend of COVID-19 in Morocco and taking into account multiple preventive measures and strategies implemented by Moroccan authorities, related to the confinement period between March 2 and June 20, 2020, in order to control the spread of disease. On the other hand, the basic reproduction number is an important threshold parameter that determines the spread of infection when the disease is introduced into the population [12] . In this section, we present the forecasts of COVID-19 in Morocco relating with different preventive measures and strategies implemented by Moroccan authorities on the confinement period between March 2 and June 20, 2020. doi = nan id = cord-319007-w3pk3ha1 author = Zingaropoli, Maria Antonella title = Major reduction of NKT cells in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-11-13 keywords = NKT; covid-19 summary = Conclusions: The low percentage of NKT cells in peripheral blood of COVID-19 subjects and the independent association with the severity of the disease suggests a potential role of this subset. The increase of PMN/T ratio and the reduction in the percentages of T cells, CD3+CD8+ cells and NKT cells resulted independently associated to the severity of the disease in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (Table 4) . To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that characterized NK populations according to CD56 expression and that investigated NKT cells in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia correlating these subsets to clinical parameters and severity of the disease. (30) , in COVID-19 subjects we observed a significant lower percentage of NKT cells compared to HDs. We reported also the same finding in the severe group compared to the non-severe one. doi = 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108630 id = cord-320100-kyvje05n author = Zingone, Fabiana title = No Need of Transforming Gastroenterology Units to COVID Units at the Time of SARS-COV2 Infection - A Single-Center Analysis from Northern Italy date = 2020-05-15 keywords = covid-19 summary = Although the Veneto region was declared ''red zone'' area since the early days of the outbreak in Italy due to the high number of infections and deaths, our gastroenterology ward at the University Hospital of Padua has continued its activity, primarily because of the high volume of emergencies routinely treated, with patients admitted on a 24 hours daily basis. Indeed, we commonly manage and follow-up patients with different gastrointestinal conditions: severe flares of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) for medical and surgical treatment; gastrointestinal bleeding or bilio-pancreatic disorders for interventional endoscopy; end-stage liver disease for stabilization and staging; hepatocellular carcinoma for oncological treatments (i.e. trans-arterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation and alcoholization); and oesophageal disorders for motility testing (i.e. achalasia) and endoscopic interventions (i.e. eosinophilic esophagitis, Barrett''s esophagus and cancer). Screening for active COVID-19 infection and immunization status prior to biologic therapy in IBD patients at the time of the pandemic outbreak. doi = 10.1016/j.dld.2020.05.010 id = cord-290309-6i82ieim author = Zini, Gina title = Morphological anomalies of circulating blood cells in COVID‐19 date = 2020-04-22 keywords = COVID-19; China summary = In patients with COIVD-19, in the early aggravation phase before treatment, observation of peripheral blood film shows the presence of pronounced morhological anomalies of the granulocyte series. cases, the disease progresses, through subsequent phases, from an upper respiratory tract infection with local and general flu-like symptoms to a viral pneumonia and hyperinflammatory host reaction, which leads to acute respiratory distress and multi-organ failure. After microscope observation of peripheral blood films from the first 40 cases at admission, when antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatment was not yet administered, we have noted the presence of marked morphological abnormalities of the neutrophil lineage. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of 91 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China: a retrospective, multi-centre case series Clinical characteristics of refractory COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1002/ajh.25824 id = cord-273567-8fp3a9h8 author = Zipprich, Hannah M. title = Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Burden During the COVID-19 Pandemic in People with Parkinson’s Disease in Germany date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; Parkinson; patient summary = Methods: Semi-structured telephone interviews were performed with 99 patients with Parkinson''s disease (PD) and 21 controls to explore knowledge, attitudes, practices, and burden in order to elucidate nonadherence to preventive measures. Since then, local and national governments have taken unprecedented measures in response to the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2-induced coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19), including quarantining infected individuals and their family members, canceling public transportation, exit controls, travel restrictions, contact restrictions, curfews, school closures, and requiring people to wear mouth and nose masks [4, 5] . The semi-structured questionnaire consisted of 22 questions to assess the patient''s current situation and adherence to the ongoing regulations, with four of these questions examining the patient''s knowledge of preventive measures (questions 4, 5, 6, and 7), three capturing their attitude toward the virus (questions 8, 9, and 16) , and six exploring practices and behavioral changes regarding COVID-19 (questions 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 ). doi = 10.3390/jcm9061643 id = cord-282528-g1cpd2hg author = Zobairy, H. title = Association of olfactory dysfunction with hospitalization for COVID-19: a multicenter study in Kurdistan date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Herein, we report the results of a multicenter study of COVID-19 patients who presented to 13 hospitals across the Kurdistan province of Iran. Herein we report the results of a multicenter center study of OD as a predictor of hospitalization for COVID-19 in patients presenting to the emergency departments of thirteen different hospitals in the Kurdistan province of Iran. Our study results are consistent with the previous studies by Speth et al and Benezit et al who found OD to be associated with more severe 24 In our cohort of patients, those who were hospitalized also had a greater prevalence of all symptoms of COVID-19, not just OD. Amongst patients presenting to emergency departments for COVID-19, patient-reported OD was more prevalent in those needing hospitalization for COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.26.20158550 id = cord-332709-0plblo4k author = Zodda, David title = Optimizing Non-invasive Oxygenation for COVID-19 Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report date = 2020-06-22 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = title: Optimizing Non-invasive Oxygenation for COVID-19 Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report INTRODUCTION: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has led to an increase in the number of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with severe hypoxia and acute respiratory distress. With limited resources and ventilators available, emergency physicians working at a hospital within the epicenter of the United States outbreak developed a stepwise, non-invasive oxygenation strategy for treating COVID-19 patients presenting with severe hypoxia and acute respiratory distress. CONCLUSION: Our case highlights a stepwise, organized approach to providing non-invasive oxygenation for COVID-19 patients presenting with severe hypoxia and acute respiratory distress. We present a stepwise approach to providing non-invasive oxygenation to confirmed or suspected COVID-19 patients presenting to the ED with hypoxia and acute respiratory distress. Our case report describes a stepwise approach to providing non-invasive oxygenation for confirmed or suspected COVID-19 patients presenting to the ED with hypoxia and acute respiratory distress. doi = 10.5811/cpcem.2020.6.48456 id = cord-285510-qrivd52o author = Zokaeinikoo, M. title = AIDCOV: An Interpretable Artificial Intelligence Model for Detection of COVID-19 from Chest Radiography Images date = 2020-05-25 keywords = AIDCOV; COVID-19 summary = We develop a novel hierarchical attention neural network model to classify chest radiography images as belonging to a person with either COVID-19, other infections, or no pneumonia (i.e., normal). This hierarchical structure enables the model to capture the dependency of features extracted from chest images via a pre-trained network (e.g., VGG-16) in both horizontal and vertical directions and helps improve model performance. While the early layers of VGG-16 learn low-level features of the image, our hierarchical attention model learns subtle signs of COVID-19 and other viral/bacterial infections and determines the final classification. The hierarchical attention model had a sensitivity (true positive rate) of 99.3%, a specificity (true negative rate) of 99.98%, and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 99.6% for detecting COVID-19 from chest radiography images (Figure 2) . These results suggest that AIDCOV performs well in detecting COVID-19, other viral/bacterial infections, and normal cases based on the chest radiography images. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.24.20111922 id = cord-352288-zr96k6p1 author = Zou, Fengwei title = Cardiac Injury and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-06-23 keywords = cardiac; covid-19 summary = This article provides a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of the incidence, comorbidities, outcomes and possible mechanisms of acute cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: We searched PubMed and Embase for studies that evaluated cardiac injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to present a systematic review and 69 meta-analysis of literature to investigate the incidence of cardiac injury, its correlations with co-70 morbidities and outcomes, and its possible mechanisms in the global COVID-19 population. More than a dozen studies have reported 173 incidence of cardiac injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, ranging from 7% to 44% 2-4, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] . Clinical features, 339 laboratory characteristics, and outcomes of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 340 (COVID-19): Early report from the United States Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of 351 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study doi = 10.1016/j.cjco.2020.06.010 id = cord-275277-q0eghbna author = Zou, Huachun title = How Shenzhen, China avoided widespread community transmission: a potential model for successful prevention and control of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; Shenzhen summary = In the wake of the 2003 SARS outbreak, Shenzhen health authority created a network for surveillance and responding to novel respiratory infections, including pneumonia of unknown causes (PUC). In the wake of the 2003 SARS outbreak, Shenzhen health authority created a network for detecting and responding to novel respiratory infections, including pneumonia of unknown cause (PUC). Once SARS-CoV2 had been identified as the cause of these cases of PUC, the Shenzhen CDC laboratory coordinated with national healthcare authorities to obtain approval to conduct confirmatory testing locally and directed the city''s 39 influenza surveillance network laboratories to convert their existing infrastructure to test for SARS-CoV2. Ten working groups were formed (epidemic monitoring, laboratory and diagnostics, sanitization, logistics, information dissemination, medical observation, risk assessment, biosafety management, scientific research, and command and control), and 720 public health personnel were mobilized to conduct case finding and contact tracing for each new confirmed case of COVID-19. doi = 10.1186/s40249-020-00714-2 id = cord-297552-n4uvsi3v author = Zou, Li title = Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Disease Severity and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan summary = title: Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Disease Severity and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China Methods: In this retrospective study, we collected data from 121 COVID-19 cases confirmed by RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 30, 2019, to March 23, 2020, and conducted statistical analysis. Our goal is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients diagnosed with COVID-19, to compare the clinical characteristics of severe and non-severe cases, and to describe the potential risk factors for disease deterioration and death. We collected data including demographic information (age, gender, and address of usual residence), clinical characteristics (including medical history, comorbidities, symptoms, and signs), initial laboratory findings (hematologic, blood biochemicals, coagulation function, infection-related, and immune-related indices), and clinical outcomes (survival and death). doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00532 id = cord-273036-nrc35akc author = Zou, Xiaojing title = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II Score as a Predictor of Hospital Mortality in Patients of Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; Health summary = We aimed to assess the association between Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and hospital mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019, and to compare the predictive ability of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, Age 65 (CURB65) score. Conclusions: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was an effective clinical tool to predict hospital mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 compared with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and CURB65 score. Conclusions: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was an effective clinical tool to predict hospital mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 compared with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and CURB65 score. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score are commonly used to assess disease severity and estimate hospital mortality in general critical illnesses (7, 8) . doi = 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004411 id = cord-337958-472xu87g author = Zuberi, Maaz K. title = SHOULD I BE CONCERNED? SURGICAL TRAINING IN THE TIME OF COVID19 date = 2020-10-15 keywords = COVID-19; resident; surgical summary = 1, 2 In light of the expected decline in case volumes for the residents, the American Board of Surgery (ABS) has responded by changing its graduation requirements for the current academic year; it has reduced required annual work weeks to 44 from 48 and slashed required surgical cases by 10%. Even though there is a looming fear of contracting the disease, junior residents share a feeling of achievement in being able to support our medical colleagues during these tough times, and we believe that this crucial experience will not only help improve our ventilator management skills but also enable us to better understand the critically ill patient. Understandably, most ER and medical residencies have reduced their resident exposure by only having attendings manage COVID positive patients, however this structure is not always possible for general surgery programs. doi = 10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.10.006 id = cord-035095-wo5fq359 author = Zubieta-Calleja, Gustavo title = Pneumolysis and “Silent Hypoxemia” in COVID-19 date = 2020-11-09 keywords = COVID-19; altitude; high summary = We compare medical and physiological high altitude acute and chronic hypoxia experience with COVID-19 hypoxemia. At high altitude, normal low oxygen saturation (SpO(2)) levels (with intact lung tissue and adequate acid–base status) could be considered silent hypoxemia. Fifty years of experience treating patients at high altitude are useful in explaining the critical hypoxia encountered in COVID-19, causing countless deaths. Conversely, unlike pneumonia, CoV-2 induces rapid lung inflammation and alveolar-capillary destruction [6, 7] as described in a recently submitted paper: ''''COVID-19 simulating extreme high-altitude exposure with altered oxygen transport physiology, multiple diseases, and scarce need of ventilators: Andean Condor'' s-eye-view''''. Superimposed edema, inflammatory, and immune reaction with pulmonary shunts in COVID-19 with a low hemoglobin count [9] , can aggravate hypoxemia. At sea level, post-COVID-19 patients with resulting lung fibrosis could also develop sea level poly-erythrocythemia (higher than normal hemoglobin values) [15] and reduced tolerance to exercise. doi = 10.1007/s12291-020-00935-0 id = cord-327836-6o66a4i5 author = Zuily, S title = Thrombose artérielle et veineuse au cours du COVID-19 date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; les; patient summary = Wahl Université de Lorraine, Inserm, DCAC et CHRU de Nancy, Service de Médecine Vasculaire et Centre de Compétences Régional Maladies Rares Vasculaires, Institut Lorrain Louis Mathieu, rue du Morvan, 54511 Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy cedex, France s.zuily@chru-nancy.fr Dès le début du mois de mars 2020, la problématique de la thrombose veineuse au cours COVID-19 s''est rapidement imposée comme un défi médical majeur puisqu''un taux significatif de patients thrombosaient dont certains malgré une anticoagulation préventive bien conduite. Il est important de noter que jusqu''à un tiers de ces ETEV sont diagnostiqués à l''admission et que les patients admis en réanimation avec une embolie pulmonaire (EP) ont cinq fois plus de chance de mourir que ceux n''ayant pas de thrombose [8] . De la même manière que pour les SCA, l''incidence des nouveaux cas a chuté et l''absence de données scientifiques incite à adopter les mêmes attitudes médicamenteuses qu''avec les patients sans COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.amcp.2020.08.003 id = cord-271957-osaycpe8 author = Zuin, Marco title = Arterial hypertension and risk of death in patients with COVID-19 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-04-11 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Arterial hypertension and risk of death in patients with COVID-19 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis Also other recent investigations have reported a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and a direct association between the severity of COVID-19 infection [2] . However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous meta-analyses have globally estimated the risk of death in hypertensive patients with COVID-19 infection. We therefore perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the risk of death in COVID-19 infection patients with and without HT. The analysis was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement (Supplementary file 1) [3] . Our brief meta-analysis demonstrated that patients with COVID-19 infection and HT have a significant high mortality risk. Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and metaanalysis doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.059 id = cord-292988-q1yz9y8k author = Zumla, Alimuddin title = Reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with severe COVID-19 disease by advancing ongoing trials of Mesenchymal Stromal (stem) Cell (MSC) therapy - achieving global consensus and visibility for cellular host-directed therapies date = 2020-05-17 keywords = MSC; SARS; cell; covid-19 summary = title: Reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with severe COVID-19 disease by advancing ongoing trials of Mesenchymal Stromal (stem) Cell (MSC) therapy achieving global consensus and visibility for cellular host-directed therapies We focus this editorial specifically on the background to, and the rationale for, the use and evaluation of mesenchymal stromal (Stem) cells (MSCs) in treatment trials of patients with severe COVID-19 disease. We focus this editorial specifically on the background to, and the rationale for, the use and evaluation of mesenchymal stromal (Stem) cells (MSCs) in treatment trials of patients with severe COVID-19 disease. It appears that all three lethal zoonotic coronaviruses, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CV-2 seem to induce excessive and aberrant host immune responses which are associated with severe lung pathology leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Li G et al, 2020; Li G et al, 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.040 id = cord-320646-xk77u4g0 author = Zumla, Alimuddin title = The explosive epidemic outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the persistent threat of respiratory tract infectious diseases to global health security date = 2020-04-09 keywords = China; SARS; covid-19 summary = The emergence of new pathogens that cause lethal human respiratory illnesses with pandemic potential [2, 3] pose major challenges and rapidly focus the attention of global public health authorities and HCWs. Two zoonotic coronaviruses which cause lethal respiratory tract infections in humans feature on the WHO Blueprint list of priority pathogens for research and development [4] because of their pandemic potential. The World Health Organization International Health Regulations Emergency Committee declared COVID-19 outbreak a Global emergency [11] because SARS-CoV has spread rapidly within and outside China at an alarming pace and has caused considerable consternation and panic among the national, regional, and international public and political communities compounded by news media and social media hype [12] . Although the world awaits the development and evaluation of new vaccines, anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific drugs, antibody, and/or other host-directed interventions [32, 33] , public health infection control measures remain of prime importance in limiting human-to-human transmission, especially among close contacts and HCWs, and minimizing risk of international spread by identifying and isolating patients early. doi = 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000676 id = cord-344135-pyibu6rj author = Zuo, Peiyuan title = Decreased prealbumin level is associated with increased risk of mortality in hospitalized elderly patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; patient; prealbumin summary = Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were employed to evaluate the correlation between prealbumin and in-hospital outcomes (in-hospital mortality, ICU admission and mechanical ventilation) in elderly COVID-19 patients. There was a linear trend correlation between serum prealbumin concentration and risk of in-hospital mortality, ICU admission and mechanical ventilation in elderly patients with COVID-19 infection. Moreover, stratified by gender, age, hypertension and diabetes, increased level of serum prealbumin was associated with the decreased risk of all-cause death, ICU admission and mechanical ventilation, which determine the consistency of the relationship between lowest serum prealbumin tertile and the increased risk of worse outcomes in elderly COVID-19 patients. Low prealbumin concentration was associated with increased risk of worse outcomes (all-cause death, ICU admission and mechanical ventilation) in elderly COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110930 id = cord-293922-knzv4jvj author = Zuo, Y. title = Plasma tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in hospitalized COVID-19 patients date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; PAI-1; patient summary = Results: We found markedly elevated levels of tPA and PAI-1 among patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Conclusion: While both tPA and PAI-1 are elevated among COVID-19 patients, extremely high levels of tPA enhance spontaneous fibrinolysis and are significantly associated with mortality in some patients. These data indicate that fibrinolytic homeostasis in COVID-19 is complex with a subset of patients expressing a balance of factors that may favor fibrinolysis and suggests that further study of tPA as a potential biomarker is warranted. Utilizing established Luminex platforms, we measured total PAI-1 and tPA levels in the plasma of 118 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and 30 healthy controls. Elevated PAI-1 and its associated hypofibrinolytic state were observed in the 2002 SARS-CoV epidemic [22] , while recent characterizations of COVID-19 patients have suggested impaired global fibrinolysis [16, 23] . Interestingly, in our large cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, we observed elevated levels of not only PAI-1, but also tPA. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.29.20184358 id = cord-338633-pxxon1ni author = Zuo, Yu title = Neutrophil extracellular traps and thrombosis in COVID-19 date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19; Neutrophil; dna summary = We found that remnants of NETs (cell-free DNA, myeloperoxidase-DNA complexes, and citrullinated histone H3) and neutrophil-derived S100A8/A9 (calprotectin) in patient sera were associated with higher risk of morbid thrombotic events in spite of prophylactic anticoagulation. Neutrophil-derived extracellular traps (NETs) play a pathogenic role in many thrombo-inflammatory states including sepsis [4, 5] , thrombosis [6] [7] [8] , and respiratory failure [9, 10] . Here, we describe 11 cases of thrombosis in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and demonstrate an association with neutrophil hyperactivity and NET release. As compared with the control group, patients with a thrombotic event demonstrated significantly higher levels of calprotectin, a marker of neutrophil activation (Fig. 1a) . Finally, we asked whether there was an association between blood markers of neutrophil activation (such as calprotectin and cell-free DNA) and D-dimer within this cohort of COVID-19 patients (n = 44). doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02324-z id = cord-301857-56pot8f6 author = Zvizdic, Zlatan title = Decreased number of acute appendicitis cases in pediatric population during the COVID-19 pandemic: Any link? date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Decreased number of acute appendicitis cases in pediatric population during the COVID-19 pandemic: Any link? Non-emergent surgical procedures and outpatient departments/units have been suspended in many countries, particularly in heavily affected regions, so all the hospital resources are readily available for COVID-19 patients [2] . Some authors have adopted conservative treatment approaches for COVID-19 positive patients having surgical emergencies such as acute appendicitis (AA), particularly for non-complicated forms [7, 8] reported that 45.5% of children with AA underwent non-operative treatment in one of the COVID-19 epicenters (New York) [11] . Perspectives on Pediatric Appendicitis and Appendectomy During the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pandemic Antibiotics alone as an alternative to appendectomy for uncomplicated acute appendicitis in adults: Changes in treatment modalities related to the COVID-19 health crisis Non-operative management of acute appendicitis in a pediatric patient with concomitant COVID-19 infection Successful Conservative Management of Acute Appendicitis in a Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patient doi = 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.08.016 id = cord-318363-1mv5j4w2 author = Zvolensky, Michael J. title = Psychological, addictive, and health behavior implications of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; HIV; PTSD; anxiety; health; risk; stress summary = Additional risk factors for the development or exacerbation of PTSD symptoms include a prior history of trauma or mental health disturbances, depressed or anxious mood, significant concurrent life stressors (e.g., financial problems, job loss, relationship stress), low social connectedness or support, sleep disturbance, substance use, and emotional numbing or detachment (Colvonen, Straus, Acheson, & Gehrman, 2019; Cusack et al., 2019; Germain, McKeon, & Campbell, 2017; Hancock & Bryant, 2018; Shalev et al., 2019; Steenkamp et al., 2017; Vujanovic & Back, 2019) . That is, a specific type of individual difference factor like anxiety sensitivity is linked to a particular type of problem (e.g., anxiety disorder, worsening of a chronic respiratory illness, severity of hazardous drinking) via a specified mediating process (e.g., smoking, sleep disruption) in the context of certain moderating variables (e.g., higher levels of COVID-19 stress burden). doi = 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103715 id = cord-331815-518wljiy author = amram, o. title = Data-Driven Development of a Small-Area COVID-19 Vulnerability Index for the United States date = 2020-08-18 keywords = August; covid-19; zip summary = 2, 6, 7 Notably, Black, Indigenous, and Latinx individuals are more likely to be essential workers, live in confined housing conditions, and lack adequate healthcare access, however the degree to which these and other factors potentiated by systemic racism may contribute to higher infection risk is not fully known. 17.20176248 doi: medRxiv preprint In this study, we assessed socio-demographic and economic predictors of COVID-19 infection risk at the U.S. ZIP-code level, based on sampling of publicly-available data. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.17.20176248 doi: medRxiv preprint According to INLA models, higher population density, higher percentage of noninsured, nonwhite race and Hispanic ethnicity were positively associated with COVID-19 diagnosis rates (Table 2) . In this study, we develop the first data-driven national COVID-19 risk index at the zip-code level, identifying several significant independent risk factors to infection, including race, ethnicity, insurance status, and population density. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.17.20176248 doi: medRxiv preprint housing conditions, be employed as essential workers, and lack health insurance, however race remained an independent predictor of infection after controlling for these factors. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.17.20176248 id = cord-342566-ym81lce9 author = barasa, s. title = The major predictors of testing positive for COVID-19 among symptomatic hospitalized patients date = 2020-09-13 keywords = covid-19; positive summary = 7, 8 However, these published studies did not compare the prevalence of lymphopenia and or bilateral chest image abnormality among COVID-19 positive and negative patients presenting with cough, dyspnea and or fever in the hospital. Our study sought to determine whether lymphopenia and or bilateral chest image abnormality in association with cough, dyspnea, fever or weakness increased the risk of testing positive for COVID-19. Our study hypothesized that COVID-19 positive patients were more likely to have lymphopenia and or bilateral chest image abnormality in association with cough, fever, dyspnea or weakness compared to COVID-19 negative patients. The Generalized Poisson regression analysis was used to determine whether COVID-19 positive patients were more likely to have bilateral chest image abnormality, lymphopenia, cough, fever, dyspnea or weakness adjusting for non-COVID-19 respiratory viral illness, history of smoking, asthma, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, SLE, COPD, CHF, hypertension and BMI. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.11.20192963 id = cord-284220-55mckelv author = batista, m. title = Estimation of a state of Corona 19 epidemic in August 2020 by multistage logistic model: a case of EU, USA, and World date = 2020-09-02 keywords = covid-19; epidemic summary = title: Estimation of a state of Corona 19 epidemic in August 2020 by multistage logistic model: a case of EU, USA, and World The article provides an estimate of the size and duration of the Covid-19 epidemic in August 2020 for the European Union (EU), the United States (US), and the World using a multistage logistical epidemiological model. The second is that at the beginning of the outbreak or at a new wave, the parameters of the models are not known (Keeling & Rohani, 2008) , or better they depend on the course of the epidemic. In the graph in Figure 4 , we can see that the trend in predicting the size of the epidemic and its duration was linear, then began to rise sharply at the end of June and reached its peak in mid-June with an estimate of 10 million final infections. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.31.20185165 id = cord-265589-mn2wr79n author = buonsenso, d. title = Management of malaria in children under 5-years-old during COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone: a lesson learned? date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19; Sierra summary = Therefore, we performed a retrospective study aimed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on Malaria programs in a peripheral region of Sierra Leone, previously involved by the Ebola outbreak in 2015, when malaria care have been impaired since local health systems were overwhelmed by Ebola cases. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.04.20225714 doi: medRxiv preprint the routine immunization activities to infants aged 10 weeks to 9 months nationwide free distribution of ITNs given to every household in May 2020, while this campaign has been interrupted during the previous Ebola outbreak systematic malaria diagnostics as part of fever management and measures for early detection and treatment of malaria, including presumptive malaria treatment -Implementation of community-based health workers for social engagement and monitoring of peripheries -Continuation of malaria drug and test supply This experience in a local health center previously involved by the EVD shows how a pro-active approach is necessary in order to keep appropriate care for major killers in Africa, performing proactive screening not only to diagnose COVID-19 but also Malaria. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.04.20225714 id = cord-313785-8tipkksu author = d''Ettorre, Gabriella title = Challenges in the Management of SARS-CoV2 Infection: The Role of Oral Bacteriotherapy as Complementary Therapeutic Strategy to Avoid the Progression of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; bacteriotherapy; lung; patient summary = The patients evaluated in this study were hospitalized at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto Abbreviations: ABX, antibiotics; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALT, aspartate aminotransferase; CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavIrus disease 19; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; FDR, False Discovery Rate; GLA, gut lung axis; Hb, hemoglobin; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus; HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; IRQ, interquartile range; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2p45-related factor 2; OB-, oral bacteriotherapy not administered group; OB+, oral bacteriotherapy administered group; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SCFA, short chain fatty acids; TCZ, Tocilizumab. The observed partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO 2 ), the fraction of inspired oxygen FiO 2 , the disappearance of symptoms associated to COVID-19, adverse events, and the number of patients transferred to ICU were collected at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 7 days from the start of oral bacteriotherapy and hospitalization for all the patients independently from the treatments. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00389 id = cord-306858-8ypafd3h author = da Silva, Flaviane Cristine Troglio title = Psychiatric symptomatology associated with depression, anxiety, distress, and insomnia in health professionals working in patients affected by COVID-19: A systematic review with meta-analysis date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Psychiatric symptomatology associated with depression, anxiety, distress, and insomnia in health professionals working in patients affected by COVID-19: A systematic review with meta-analysis RESULTS: Health professionals working to fight COVID-19 are being more severely affected by psychiatric disorders associated with depression, anxiety, distress and insomnia, stress, and indirect traumatization than other occupational groups. In the face of long work shifts (that reach 16 hours per day on average), the risk of getting infected by a high-infectious disease and the lack of enough biological protection measures, mental suffering among health professionals suddenly became evident and, as a consequence, it brought sleep, anxiety, and depression disorders. (2020) present higher statistically significant risks of a psychiatric symptomatology associated with depression, anxiety, distress, and insomnia in health professionals working in patients affected by COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110057 id = cord-327232-oavox35v author = da Silva, Flaviane Cristine Troglio title = Psychological effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in health professionals: A systematic review with meta-analysis date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Psychological effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in health professionals: A systematic review with meta-analysis This study aimed at analyzing the main psychological effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in health professionals. The studies concluded this review process and in the event the researchers'' decision was included, they would be assigned a table with the following extracted information: Author and Year, Sample, Country, Collection Instrument (Questionnaire) and main conclusion in the order they were found in the databases. The levels of depression and anxiety shown by health professionals was significantly higher during the outbreak (Xu et al., 2020) mainly due to stress, insomnia, J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f fear of the disease and infectiousness (Lu et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020b) . During the COVID-19 pandemic, health professionals, regardless of their age, showed significant levels of mental disorders, which were higher compared to other periods. doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110062 id = cord-268561-vq1uhj5i author = da Silva, Severino Jefferson Ribeiro title = Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, the Virus Causing COVID-19 date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; Disease; SARS; patient summary = 11 The causative agent was identified as a novel CoV, eventually named SARS-CoV-2, and the respiratory syndrome associated with the infection was designated as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO). In direct tests, the clinical sample is examined directly for the presence of particles, virus antigens, or viral nucleic acids, whereas indirect methods detect the serological response against the infection (Figure 2 ). 11 Culture-based methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection have been used in research and public health laboratories in different parts of the world, but virus isolation is not recommended as a routine diagnostic procedure because it has low sensitivity, it is time-consuming, and it requires BSL-3 containment. 11 In addition to unequivocally confirming the diagnosis of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, regular sequencing of a percentage of patient samples from clinical cases can be used to monitor changes in the viral genome over time and trace transmission patterns. doi = 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00274 id = cord-307229-wjx90xki author = da Silveira, Matheus Pelinski title = Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: an integrative review of the current literature date = 2020-07-29 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; exercise; immune; physical; response summary = Additionally, elevations of IL-1β, IFN-γ, IP10 and MCP1 in infections by the novel coronavirus were associated with the Th1 response; however, an increase in interleukins of the T helper type 2 (Th2) profile, such as IL-4, IL-5, IL10, which suppress the inflammation, was also associated with a greater severity of COVID-19, which may demonstrate an imbalance in immune regulation and an attempt to minimize tissue inflammatory damage [35, 40] . In addition, obesity is an important factor for the development of T2DM-especially when associated with low levels of physical activity and poor physical conditioning-and as mentioned, both diseases are related to higher expression of ACE2, increasing the risk of advanced infection by SARS-CoV-2 [43] . Similarly, regular exercise practices at moderate levels favor the function of the human body''s immune surveillance against pathogens, as they stimulate an exchange of white blood cells between the circulatory system and tissues, a fact that reduces morbidity and mortality from acute respiratory disease and infections viral. doi = 10.1007/s10238-020-00650-3 id = cord-349566-zx9kt144 author = de Alencar, Julio Cesar Garcia title = Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with N-acetylcysteine for treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by COVID-19 date = 2020-09-23 keywords = NAC; covid-19; patient summary = title: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with N-acetylcysteine for treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by COVID-19 There is still no robust experimental confirmation for this fact; however, increased serum AngII levels have been reported in patients with severe Covid-19 cases [7] and enhanced expression of ACE2 in adults, compared to children, has been advocated to cause the difference of disease prevalence in these age ranges [8] . Therefore, we designed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial to determine whether NAC (in doses used to treat acute liver failure), is able to protect alveolar cells and avoid respiratory failure in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by (confirmed or suspect) Covid-19. This is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to assess the effectiveness and safety of intravenous NAC to prevent respiratory failure in patients with confirmed or suspect severe Covid-19. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1443 id = cord-035067-ic843wr9 author = de Almeida, Joana Ferro Machado title = COVID-19 and the gastrointestinal tract: what do we already know? date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS; patient summary = Those infected may be asymptomatic, present typical symptoms (fever, dry cough and dyspnea), gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain) and viral RNA in stools. Information on country of origin, mean age, different comorbidities, typical symptoms (fever, cough, and dyspnea, among others), gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain), and the presence of viral RNA in feces, when cited, were included in this study for analysis. (19) According to the descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study (three hospitals in Hubei, China) by Pan et al., with 204 patients, in which 107 were male, mean age of 52.91±15.98 years, 103 (50.5%) reported some gastrointestinal symptom, such as lack of appetite (81; 78.6%), diarrhea (35; 34.0%), vomiting (4; 3.9%), and abdominal pain (2; 1.9%). (26) Cipriano et al., conducted a systematic review with six studies of patients from China, which points to the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the gastrointestinal tract and fecal-oral transmission. doi = 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020rw5909 id = cord-300303-d4qmtysd author = de Azambuja, Evandro title = ESMO Management and treatment adapted recommendations in the COVID-19 era: Breast Cancer date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; breast; cancer; health; patient summary = The global preparedness and response to the rapid escalation to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2-related disease (COVID-19) to a pandemic proportion has demanded the formulation of a reliable, useful and evidence-based mechanism for health services prioritisation, to achieve the highest quality standards of care to all patients. The global preparedness and response to the rapid escalation to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2-related disease to a pandemic proportion has demanded the formulation of a reliable, useful and evidence-based mechanism for health services prioritisation, to achieve the highest quality standards of care to all patients. The global preparedness and response to the rapid escalation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2-related disease at a pandemic proportion has demanded the prompt development of a reliable, applicable and evidenceinformed mechanism for the priority-setting of health services, to assure the attainment of the highest standards of quality care to all. doi = 10.1136/esmoopen-2020-000793 id = cord-255669-gpc5k7lf author = de Burgos-Berdud, Isabel title = Are healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic at risk of psychosis? Findings from a scoping review date = 2020-07-02 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-255669-gpc5k7lf authors: de Burgos-Berdud, Isabel; Valdés-Florido, María José; López-Díaz, Álvaro title: Are healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic at risk of psychosis? Findings from a scoping review date: 2020-07-02 journal: Gen Hosp Psychiatry DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.015 sha: doc_id: 255669 cord_uid: gpc5k7lf nan results of a scoping review. Psychological distress, coping behaviors, and preferences for support among New York healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis Brief Psychotic Disorder Triggered by Fear of Coronavirus? Reactive psychoses in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical perspectives from a case series Unravelling potential severe psychiatric repercussions on healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 crisis Psychological Support System for Hospital Workers During the Covid-19 Outbreak: Rapid Design and Implementation of the Covid-Psy Hotline doi = 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.015 id = cord-262878-ygvbqmxd author = de Carranza, María title = Aortic thrombus in patients with severe COVID-19: review of three cases date = 2020-07-09 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = Thrombotic arterial events (APE or cerebral stroke) have been previously related to other viral infections, especially among HIV patients, but no acute aortic events have been reported [10] . In our hospital, we established a specific screening protocol to rule out APE in COVID-19 patients with a significant increase of D-Dimer, even with the improvement of clinical and analytical parameters. CXR presented a rapid progression of opacities and a significant increase in acute reactants such as ferritin and IL-6 were detected, so a single dose of 600 mg of tocilizumab was administered following hospital protocols (severity criteria). We have described three moderate-severe COVID-19 patients over 60 years with cardiovascular risk factors, who presented aortic thrombus despite the use of LMWH prophylaxis, in slow and poor clinical progression with highly increased inflammatory markers. Our local incidence for incidental aortic thrombus is 0.75% in moderate-severe COVID-19 patients, representing 6.6% of 45 cases of arterial thrombosis (including pulmonary embolism). High incidence of venous thromboembolic events in anticoagulated severe COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02219-z id = cord-339616-4ctpq5v3 author = de Carvalho, Carolina Abreu title = How is Brazil facing the crisis of Food and Nutrition Security during the COVID-19 pandemic? date = 2020-10-12 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; FNS summary = The goal of this commentary is to expose the situation of Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) in Brazil in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic by providing a critical analysis of this scenario and suggesting ways to move forward. The fight against food insecurity in Brazil was interrupted with the adoption of austerity measures, such as the National Amendment 95/2016 (4) , which reduced public expenditure on social policies, in addition to labour and social security reforms, which represents a scenario of violation of human rights that are being aggravated by the current pandemic. Finally, with the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, another action which has become even more urgent is that the government again should prioritise the FNS agenda and update the National Plan for Food and Nutrition Security (PNSAN). doi = 10.1017/s1368980020003973 id = cord-308597-ieju8gd8 author = de Carvalho, Renata Cristina title = The interference of COVID-19 in the male reproductive system: Important questions and the future of assisted reproduction techniques date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = If the presence of SARS-Cov-2 in semen is confirmed, the methods of assisted human reproduction conduct should be modified, ensuring the timely safety of couples; however, current information about the virus raises other issues, such as: if seminal transmission exists, should a couple avoid sexual intercourse or use a barrier method if the male partner is known to be positive for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? If there is SARS-Cov-2 in an infected male''s semen, is double sperm washing effective in isolating the virus as it is for HIV and hepatitis C? In addition, even with the absence of the virus in the seminal sample, a study has reported the presence of orchialgia in men diagnosed with COVID-19 (16) , which is indicative of testicular damage. Absence of 2019 novel coronavirus in semen and testes of COVID-19 patients Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men With Coronavirus Disease doi = 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2183 id = cord-340015-x9frt0jh author = de Carvalho, Werther Brunow title = Expert recommendations for the care of newborns of mothers with COVID-19 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; newborn summary = Despite the lack of scientific evidence regarding the potential for viral transmission to their fetus in pregnant mothers diagnosed with or suspected of COVID-19, it is important to elaborate the lines of care by specialists from hospitals caring for suspected and confirmed COVID-19 cases to guide multidisciplinary teams and families diagnosed with the disease or involved in the care of pregnant women and newborns in this context. (10) proposed the presence of at least one of following clinical signs or symptoms as criteria for the neonatal diagnosis of COVID-2: thermal instability, hypoactivity, feeding difficulty, respiratory distress, chest X-ray with changes (including single or bilateral ground-glass patterns), COVID-19 diagnosis in family or caregiver of the newborn, intimate contact with people with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, or patients with unclear pneumonia. Despite the lack of scientific evidence regarding the potential viral transmission to their fetus by pregnant women with suspected or positive for COVID-19, multidisciplinary teams must be attentive to the disease signs and symptoms for guided and assertive decision making in the management of both mothers and newborns in the hospital environment and discharge. doi = 10.6061/clinics/2020/e1932 id = cord-256011-0cr4ejxu author = de Castro-Hamoy, Leniza title = Age Matters but it should not be Used to Discriminate Against the Elderly in Allocating Scarce Resources in the Context of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; life; patient summary = This paper examines the fairness of recommendations contained in resource allocation guidelines in the Philippines that have implications for the way elderly patients could be treated or excluded from some forms of critical care treatment in the context of the ongoing Corona virus emergency. Anticipating a surge in demand for ventilators and other critical care equipment at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, many institutions, agencies, and responsible authorities have had to issue guidelines or recommendations for the allocation of scarce medical resources in their respective territories or jurisdictions. After starting with an examination of the principle of net utility, the commentary goes on to explore and clarify what the TFG means by "maximizing prognosis." It emphasizes the importance of invoking short-term-rather than long-term-prognosis as a criterion to determine a patient''s ability to benefit from the use of critical care resources during the period of scarcity. doi = 10.1007/s41649-020-00130-6 id = cord-314121-ez62fx9p author = de Chaisemartin, C. title = BCG vaccination in infancy does not protect against COVID-19. Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden. date = 2020-06-23 keywords = BCG; covid-19 summary = Instead, this paper takes advantage of a rare nationwide natural experiment that took place in Sweden in 1975, where discontinuation of newborns BCG vaccination led to a dramatic fall of the BCG coverage rate from 92% to 2% , thus allowing us to estimate the BCG''s effect without all the biases associated with cross-country comparisons. found that countries with universal Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) childhood vaccination policies tend to be less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, in terms of their number of cases and deaths 3 . This suggests that universal BCG vaccination has no effect on the number of COVID-19 cases per 1000 inhabitants for individuals born in 1975. In this study, we took advantage of a change in vaccination policy in Sweden to investigate the link between BCG vaccination in infancy and Covid-19 cases, hospitalizations and deaths, using a regression discontinuity approach. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.22.20137802 id = cord-292372-kn27ghlv author = de Chaisemartin, Clément title = BCG vaccination in infancy does not protect against COVID-19. Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden date = 2020-08-23 keywords = BCG; covid-19 summary = Instead, this paper takes advantage of a rare nationwide natural experiment that took place in Sweden in 1975, where discontinuation of newborns BCG vaccination led to a dramatic fall of the BCG coverage rate, thus allowing us to estimate the BCG''s effect without the biases associated with cross-country comparisons. found that countries with universal Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) childhood vaccination policies tend to be less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, in terms of their number of cases and deaths [7] . In this study, we took advantage of a change in vaccination policy in Sweden to investigate the link between BCG vaccination in infancy and Covid-19 cases, hospitalizations and deaths, using a regression discontinuity approach. For instance, this study estimates the effect of universal BCG vaccination for individuals born around April 1st 1975, who are in their mid-forties during the COVID-19 pandemic, and cannot be generalized to the entire population. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa1223 id = cord-290428-zrlqzbss author = de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani, Christianne title = Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-12 keywords = SARS; covid-19; dietary; food; vitamin summary = Since to date there is no vaccine or evidence-based treatment for COVID-19, the optimization of nutrient intake through well-balanced meals and the use of good hygiene practices in food selection, preparation, and conservation is probably the most effective approach for managing the continuous risk of viral infection. There is no evidence that COVID-19 is spread through eating or touching raw fruits or vegetables; Prior to consumption, fresh fruits and vegetables should be washed or scrubbed under cold, running, potable tap water; While there are no special precautions for storing food, handwashing after putting away purchased food and before preparing food is recommended; Hands should be washed before and after food containers are washed EUFIC (2020) 19 Appropriate intakes of copper, folate, iron, selenium, zinc, and vitamins A, B 6 , B 12 , C, and D play an important role in the immune system; In general, these nutrients should be obtained through foods Supplements can be used to add nutrients to the diet in individuals who have specific challenges in meeting dietary requirements doi = 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa067 id = cord-321770-g5xcfhnh author = de Farias, Emmerson Carlos Franco title = MULTISYSTEM INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME IN A CHILD ASSOCIATED WITH CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 19 IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON: FATAL OUTCOME IN AN INFANT date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = CASE DESCRIPTION: A seven-month-old infant, with SARS-CoV-2 infection and a history of extreme preterm birth and very low weight at birth, with an initial course of mild respiratory symptoms and abrupt progression to vasoplegic shock, myocarditis and hyperinflammation syndrome, shown by high levels of troponin I, ferritin, CRP, D-dimer and hypoalbuminemia. The diagnosis of MIS-C should be considered among children and adolescents aged from zero to 19 years, with characteristics of typical or atypical Kawasaki disease or shock syndrome, according to the case definition proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) 8 , described in Chart 1. In this study, we describe a case of MIS-C in an infant infected with SARS-CoV-2, after parental authorization, which had a fatal outcome despite the support received in pediatric intensive care. This case report emphasizes the fatal clinical course of an infant admitted with infection by SARS-CoV-2, associated with significant comorbidity, presenting with hyperinflammatory and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes. doi = 10.1590/1984-0462/2020/38/2020165 id = cord-263363-2um8ntvi author = de Havenon, Adam title = Excess neurological death in New York City after the emergence of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-20 keywords = covid summary = title: Excess neurological death in New York City after the emergence of COVID-19 Figure 1b shows the concept of excess non-COVID deaths, which averaged 1670/week during 03/21/20-05/30/20. In mid-March 2020, after the rise in COVID-19 infections in NYC, excess non-COVID deaths increased for cerebrovascular and Alzheimer''s disease, but this increase was far less than multiple other causes of death. Lack of widespread COVID-19 testing during this period [4] means that many of the excess non-COVID deaths were likely due to complications from undiagnosed COVID-19. The relatively small 11.8% increase in cerebrovascular death suggests that while stroke may complicate COVID-19 infection, it may not be as fatal as other complications. Despite these limitations, we found that the two most common neurological causes of death, cerebrovascular and Alzheimer''s disease, increased comparatively less than pulmonary, cardiac, and diabetic deaths in NYC during the recent peak of COVID-19 mortality. doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-10084-2 id = cord-315465-u3zq9k5j author = de Jesus, Myrela Conceição Santos title = Family COVID-19 cluster analysis of an infant without respiratory symptoms date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Here, we report the case of a child with COVID-19 who attended an outpatient clinic in Aracaju, Northeast-Brazil, with gastrointestinal symptoms and no respiratory problems and the subsequent screening of his close family members. A 45-year-old asymptomatic uncle, who was unable to maintain social isolation due to work commitments had a positive nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal RT-PCR assay result on 15th May 2020, but his IgM and IgG tests performed on the same day yielded negative results. This is a case report comprising a child with a chief complaint of diarrhea and the clinical history of his six contact family members during the 20 days prior to the onset of his symptoms. We also describe the clinical findings, molecular and serological assay results of the family members with whom he had been in contact up to 20 days before symptom onset. doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0494-2020 id = cord-297825-gfyj52of author = de Joode, K. title = Dutch oncology COVID-19 Consortium (DOCC): Outcome of COVID-19 in patients with cancer in a nationwide cohort study date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; cancer summary = title: Dutch oncology COVID-19 Consortium (DOCC): Outcome of COVID-19 in patients with cancer in a nationwide cohort study Simulations of individual projections from actual hospital data, show a 2.25% increase of the 5-year risk of death and that pandemic-related cancer burden is mainly due to patient-induced lateness in seeking care. Results: To date, > 600 cancer patients diagnosed with COVID-19 have been registered by 45 Dutch hospitals. In multivariate analyses, age 65 years (p < 0.001), male gender (p ¼ 0.035), prior or other malignancy (p ¼ 0.045), and active diagnosis of haematological malignancy (p ¼ 0.046) or lung cancer (p ¼ 0.003) were independent risk factors for a fatal outcome of COVID-19. The findings in this registry indicate that patients with a haematological malignancy or lung cancer have an increased risk of a worse outcome of COVID-19. LBA80 Outcome and prognostic factors of SARS CoV-2 infection in cancer patients: A cross-sectional study doi = 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.2320 id = cord-307406-59yh48tt author = de Loyola, Mariana Braccialli title = Alpha‐1‐antitrypsin: A possible host protective factor against Covid‐19 date = 2020-08-26 keywords = A1AT; ACE2; SARS; TMPRSS2; covid-19 summary = 2, 3 A1AT is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection and two of the most important proteases in the pathophysiology of Covid-19: the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and the disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17), as was well as an inhibitor of inflammatory molecules, such as IL-8, TNF-α, and neutrophil elastase. [4] [5] [6] Moreover, recent data indicate that lower IL-6:A1AT levels are related to worse prognosis in This review addresses the interplay between A1AT, TMPRSS2, ADAM17, and inflammatory molecules during SARS-CoV-2 infection with the aim of identifying new avenues for effective treatments against Covid-19. In order to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of A1AT in Covid-19, is important to address the following concerns: The evidence presented in this review highlights the relevance of the A1AT as a host protective factor, which can inhibit the TMPRSS2-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection, modulate the deleterious effect of ADAM17 activation and the activity of inflammatory molecules, such as IL-8, TNF-α, and neutrophil elastase. doi = 10.1002/rmv.2157 id = cord-252699-0xw9xvox author = de Marcaida, Joy Antonelle title = Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) among Patients at a Movement Disorders Center date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; Parkinson; patient summary = Second, we reviewed Hartford HealthCare''s EHR to identify patients with Parkinson disease who were admitted for COVID-19 to any of our six affiliate hospitals across the state as a way to estimate the burden of COVID-19 on the population of patients with movement disorders. Of the patients who died, twelve (92%) were greater than 60 years old, eleven (85%) had parkinsonism, eleven (85%) were from an extended care facility, nine (69%) had comorbid dementia, nine (69%) had at least one high-risk comorbid condition, eight (62%) had alteration in mental status as a presenting symptom, and eight (62%) received a medication with antiviral properties (hydroxychloroquine, oseltamivir, amantadine, and memantine), including three who were on an adamantane prior to contracting COVID-19. Within our cohort of patients with movement disorders, factors related to increased mortality were age over 60 years, PD or parkinsonism diagnosis, residing in an extended care facility, comorbid dementia, and comorbid medical conditions. doi = 10.3390/geriatrics5030054 id = cord-347602-ab2gv1e5 author = de Melo, A. C. title = Cancer inpatient with COVID-19: a report from the Brazilian National Cancer Institute date = 2020-06-29 keywords = COVID-19; June summary = Standing out worldwide for having one of the steepest epidemiological curves, the country has already reached the second place in incidence with almost 1.08 million cases and second place in mortality with more than 50,500 deaths so far 3 Patients with cancer are more likely to have severe complications and even death when affected by COVID-19 [6] [7] [8] , mainly due to the effects of the immunosuppressive anticancer treatments, frequent use of corticosteroids, advanced age, comorbidities and pulmonary involvement (primary tumors or secondary lung metastases). Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors for mortality in patients with cancer and COVID-19 in Hubei, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 disease severity in patients with cancer in Wuhan, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study doi = 10.1101/2020.06.27.20141499 id = cord-254025-j1l0mder author = de Melo, Andreia C. title = Cancer inpatients with COVID-19: A report from the Brazilian National Cancer Institute date = 2020-10-26 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = According to the univariate analysis COVID-19-specific mortality was significantly associated with age over 75 years (P = .002), metastatic cancer (p <0.001), two or more sites of metastases (P < .001), the presence of lung (P < .001) or bone metastases (P = .001), non-curative treatment or best supportive care intent (P < .001), higher C-reactive protein levels (P = .002), admission due to COVID-19 (P = .009), and antibiotics use (P = .02). As shown in Table 3 , mortality related to COVID-19 was significantly associated to older age (P < .001 for patients between 60 to 74 years and P = .002 for patients aged 75 years or older), metastatic cancer (P < .001), two or more sites of metastases (P < .001), the presence of lung (P < .001) or bone metastases (P = .001), non-curative treatment or best supportive care intent (P < .001), higher C-reactive protein levels (P = .002), admission due to COVID-19 (P = .009), and antibiotics use (P = .02). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241261 id = cord-347874-cmgd5rqt author = de Miguel Beriain, Iñigo title = Immunity passports, fundamental rights and public health hazards: a reply to Brown et al date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; immunity summary = title: Immunity passports, fundamental rights and public health hazards: a reply to Brown et al We argue that if a person has been tested positive for and recovered from COVID-19, becoming immune to it, she cannot be considered a hazard to public health and, therefore, the curtailment of her fundamental rights (eg, the right to freedom of movement) is not legitimate. If a person does not pose a threat to public health because she cannot spread the infection, then her right to freedom of movement should be respected, regardless of how she acquired that immunity. It is necessary to emphasise that the Convention does not even allow in principle to limit the freedom of movement to avoid a risk of collapse for the health system-one of the reasons given to justify the lockdowns, as Brown et al pointed out. doi = 10.1136/medethics-2020-106814 id = cord-346248-6wkyar57 author = de Moura, Diogo Turiani Hourneaux title = Diagnostic Characteristics of Serological-Based COVID-19 Testing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; testing summary = The aim of this study was to perform a structured systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic characteristics of serological-based COVID-19 testing. This meta-analysis demonstrates suboptimal sensitivity and specificity of serologic-based diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2 and suggests that antibody testing alone, in its current form, is unlikely to be an adequate solution to the difficulties posed by COVID-19 and in guiding future policy decisions regarding social distancing and reopening of the economy worldwide. While this test is still the most effective method to date for the diagnosis of active COVID-19, serologic-based antibody testing to assist with known exposure to SARS-CoV-2 remains pivotal to accurately assessing the burden of disease. Therefore, we aim to perform a structured systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic characteristics of serological-based testing (IgG and IgM) for COVID-19. doi = 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2212 id = cord-347515-3dbx61tz author = de Moura, J. title = Deep convolutional approaches for the analysis of Covid-19 using chest X-Ray images from portable devices date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; Ray; image summary = This work presents novel fully automatic approaches specifically tailored for the classification of chest X-Ray images acquired by portable equipment into 3 different clinical categories: normal, pathological and COVID-19. In that line, we selected in this work the most complex scenario of differentiation to analyze the COVID-19 disease; (ii) to date, this proposal represents the only study specifically designed for the analysis of COVID-19 in chest X-Ray images acquired by means of portable devices, with a significant penalization in the quality of the captured images; (iii) the methodology has been trained and validated using a dataset specifically designed for this research; (iv) these fully automatic approaches provided accurate results even though portable devices acquire images with poor quality conditions, allowing a reliable analysis to support the clinical decision-making process in the context of this dramatic global pandemic. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.18.20134593 id = cord-294772-nma7w7of author = de Oliveira Collet, Giulia title = COVID-19 pandemic and pediatric dentistry: fear, eating habits and parent’s oral health perceptions date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; child; pandemic summary = title: COVID-19 pandemic and pediatric dentistry: fear, eating habits and parent''s oral health perceptions The questions addressed topics regarding changes in daily routine, dietary habits, fear level, oral health, and variation of income during the pandemic. The changes in diet, economic issues, general concerns, fear, added to the lack of preventive dental care, could impact the oral health of children during the enforced stay-at-home orders. Thus, this study aimed to assess the fear level, dietary choices and parent''s oral health perceptions during the stay-at-home orders period in Brazil. Regarding oral health, 24.4% of parents/caregivers reported their children were undergoing dental treatment before the pandemic. Association was found among parents/caregivers'' willingness to take their children to dental appointments, fear level (p<0.001), and the local number of COVID-19 cases (p<0.001) ( Table 4) . The present study concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the eating habits and dental care of children in Brazil. doi = 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105469 id = cord-352911-9wbq9qo2 author = de Oliveira, Pedro Gonçalves title = Diacerein: a potential multi-target therapeutic drug for COVID-19 date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; cell summary = The mortality related to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure in COVID-19 patients has been suggested to be connected with cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), an excessive immune response that severely damages healthy lung tissue. Total extracts from monolayer cell cultures infected with SARS-CoV-2 and treated with rhein under the conditions described above will be analysed using commercially available protein arrays to determine the levels and activation state of proteins involved in the TLR-, Akt-, MAPK-, and NF-B-regulated signalling pathways. The mechanisms of action involved include the control of hyperinflammatory conditions by multi-faceted cytokine inhibition of IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-18 and TNF-α; anti-platelet aggregation activity; and potential effects on viral infection and replication. Rhein suppresses lung inflammatory injury induced by human respiratory syncytial virus through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via NF-κB pathway in mice doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109920 id = cord-292894-p3099zpb author = de Oliveira, Rodrigo Ribeiro title = Lung ultrasound: an additional tool in COVID-19 date = 2020 keywords = COVID-19; figure summary = Lung and pleural ultrasound has become very important in the assessment of patients in emergency and intensive care units. Patients bedridden for some time may have thickened septa, especially in the posterior regions (decubitus-dependent), which would lead to the presence of up to two B-lines per intercostal space, an aspect that still represents the absence of significant changes (11, 14) . In the context of COVID-19, multiple coalescent B-lines on ultrasound configure a white lung pattern and correlate with ground-glass opacities identified on CT (15) (Figure 6 ). The presence of scattered coalescent B-lines across the lung parenchyma, in addition to thickening and pleural Figure 12 . Findings such as pleural thickening, presence of more than two B or coalescent B-lines per intercostal space, Figure 14 . The presence of pleural thickening, a hypoechogenic image with irregular contours, compatible with subpleural consolidation, less than 2.0 cm, and discrete C-lines are identified with the linear transducer in the intercostal space. doi = 10.1590/0100-3984.2020.0051 id = cord-344829-adlp2rjy author = de Rivero Vaccari, Juan Carlos title = The Inflammasome in Times of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-08 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; NLRP3; SARS; activation; inflammasome summary = Here we review the literature regarding the mechanism of inflammasome activation by CoV infection, the role of the inflammasome in ARDS, ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) as well as the potential mechanism by which the inflammasome may contribute to the damaging effects of inflammation in the cardiac, renal, digestive, and nervous systems in COVID-19 patients. Here we review the literature on the role of the inflammasome in CoV infections, which includes how CoVs activate inflammasomes upon infection, the role of the inflammasome in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), how ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) activates the inflammasome, how the inflammasome plays a role in the systemic complications associated with COVID-19, and how the inflammasome is involved in the process of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583373 id = cord-322259-khknne8s author = de Roquetaillade, C. title = Unusual arterial thrombotic events in Covid-19 patients date = 2020-09-10 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = All patients with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and arterial thromboembolic events were included in the analysis. Patients with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (rt-PCR) and arterial thromboembolic events were included in the analysis. Reported arterial thrombotic events were acute coronary occlusions (n=9), stroke (n=6), limb ischemia (n=3), splenic infarcts (n=3), aortic thrombosis (n=2) activity tested in 2 patients was normal. In this multicentric serie of patients, severe SARS-CoV-2 infection was complicated with atypical severe arterial thrombotic events including acute coronary infarction, stroke, and limb ischemia not prevented by thromboprophylaxis. This statement is to certify that all authors have seen and approved the manuscript being submitted, have contributed significantly to the work, attest to the validity and legitimacy of the data and its interpretation, and agree to its submission to the International Journal of Cardiology. doi = 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.08.103 id = cord-255525-7w5u789h author = de Sales, Anderson Ribeiro title = The Reversed Halo Sign and COVID-19: Possible Histopathological Mechanisms Related to the Appearance of this Imaging Finding date = 2020-07-27 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: The Reversed Halo Sign and COVID-19: Possible Histopathological Mechanisms Related to the Appearance of this Imaging Finding Related to the Appearance of this Imaging Finding El signo de halo invertido y la covid-19: Posibles mecanismos histopatológicos relacionados con la aparición de este hallazgo radiológico The disease presents challenging clinical, pathophysiological, laboratory, and histopathological aspects that have been the subject of research in practically all countries in the world. [1] [2] [3] Another tomographycal finding recently related to COVID-19 pneumonia is the reversed halo sign (RHS). Although some authors have reported the appearance of the RHS in later stages of the disease, during the evolution of the pulmonary infectious process, 1,2 other authors have described its presence in the first days after symptom onset. 12 This finding suggests that the disease course of COVID-19 might be similar to those of other viral infections, with early progression to organizing pneumonia and presentation of the RHS. doi = 10.1016/j.arbres.2020.06.029 id = cord-322087-gj5mfzxz author = de Sanctis, Vincenzo title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adolescents: An update on current clinical and diagnostic characteristics date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; China; Disease; SARS summary = This paper summarises the current findings (April 3,2020) from a systematic literature review on the current knowledge of COVID-19 in adolescents (10-19 years according to the WHO definition) and reports the preliminary epidemiological data stated by the Italian National Institute of Health. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was also detected in stool specimens but according to WHO-China report, fecal-oral transmission did not appear to be a significant factor in the spread of infection (Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-2019. Detailed epidemiological information based on a larger sample of COVID-19 patients is needed to determine the infectious period of SARS-CoV-2, as well as whether transmission can occur from asymptomatic individuals during the incubation period ("pre-symptomatic" period). In a small number of case reports and studies, a familial cluster of infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 has been reported, indicating possible personto-person transmission during the incubation period (18, 19) . doi = 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9543 id = cord-349124-nhnl7zgi author = de Sandes‐Freitas, Tainá Veras title = Lessons from SARS‐CoV‐2 screening in a Brazilian organ transplant unit date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Evidence suggests that asymptomatic carriers might transmit the SARS‐CoV‐2, challenging the implementation of transmission preventive strategies. We report a single‐center experience using universal SARS‐CoV‐2 screening for all inpatients and newly admitted patients to an Organ Transplant Unit located in a region with significantly high community‐based transmission. We will describe the experience of a single center of screening all inpatients and newly admitted patients to the Organ Transplant Unit. On March 31, 2020, a 43-year-old man with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, hospitalized since March 23rd presented acute dyspnea and fever and was tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (patient 1). We reported the COVID-19 screening strategy adopted by our center in a attempt to prevent nosocomial transmission and keep "clean" the Transplant Unit. Alert for non-respiratory symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in epidemic period: a case report of familial cluster with three asymptomatic COVID-19 patients Lessons from SARS-CoV-2 screening in a Brazilian organ transplant unit doi = 10.1111/tid.13376 id = cord-268455-btuzihsy author = de Santiago, Javier title = COVID-19: gynecologic cancer surgery at a single center in Madrid date = 2020-07-07 keywords = PCR; covid-19; patient summary = The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical treatment of gynecological cancer patients during the COVID-19 outbreak in our center. During this period, the hospital was divided into two separate areas, independent of each other, assisting COVID-19 cases and at the same time allocating resources to surgical care, follow-up, or ongoing treatments of patients with cancer. Our study showed that we were able to safely manage 126 gynecological cancer surgeries in the COVID free zone during the pandemic, avoiding delays or cancellations. The number of low complexity surgeries with short hospital stays included in the study may have influenced the risk of postoperative contagion, and the fact that the PCR test before surgery was not performed in half of the patients due to low availability could have reduced the diagnosis of the infection. This study, conducted in a partial COVID-19 free hospital, showed that with adequate preventive and protective measures, cancer surgery was possible and did not significantly compromise patients or healthcare workers. doi = 10.1136/ijgc-2020-001638 id = cord-354699-u4s2r8gy author = de Souza, Carlos Dornels Freire title = Human development, social vulnerability and COVID-19 in Brazil: a study of the social determinants of health date = 2020-08-31 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; MHDI summary = In this study, the following three epidemiological indicators were adopted as dependent variables: i) COVID-19 incidence rate/100 000 inhabitants, ii) COVID-19 mortality rate/1 million inhabitants, and iii) COVID19 In addition to these, the following 16 variables that make up the Social Vulnerability Atlas and that express the population''s living conditions were included: 1) illiteracy rate of people 18 years or elder, 2) illiteracy rate of people 25 years or elder, 3) income per capita of those vulnerable to poverty, 4) percentage of income from work, 5) Gini Index, 6) percentage of employees 18 years or older with a formal contract, 7) percentage of employees 18 years or elder without a formal contract, 8) percentage of public sector workers 18 years or elder, 9) percentage of self-employed workers 18 years or elder, 10) percentage of employers 18 years or elder, 11) degree of formality of the employed 18 years or elder, 12) percentage of employed persons 18 years or elder who have completed primary education, 13) percentage of employed persons 18 years or elder who have completed secondary education, 14) percentage of employed persons 18 years or older who have completed higher education, 15) average income of employed persons 18 years or elder, and 16) percentage of employed persons 18 years or elder without income. doi = 10.1186/s40249-020-00743-x id = cord-331888-lbtuvdv3 author = de Souza, Dalton Garcia Borges title = Forecasting COVID-19 cases at the Amazon region: a comparison of classical and machine learning models date = 2020-10-09 keywords = ARIMA; covid-19 summary = title: Forecasting COVID-19 cases at the Amazon region: a comparison of classical and machine learning models We compare the models autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), Holt-Winters, support vector regression (SVR), k-nearest neighbors regressor (KNN), random trees regressor (RTR), seasonal linear regression with change-points (Prophet), and simple logistic regression (SLR). We evaluate the models according to their capacity to forecast in different historical scenarios of the COVID-19 progression, such as exponential increases, sudden decreases, and stability periods of daily cases. Holt-Winters, support vector regression (SVR), k-nearest neighbors regressor (KNN), 43 random trees regressor (RT), seasonal linear regression with change-points (SLiR) and 44 simple logistic regression (SLR), which dictates the baseline performance in this study. Thus, in this paper, we compared classical and machine learning models to forecast 231 the evolution of COVID-19 in the state. Application of ARIMA and Holt-Winters forecasting model to predict 294 the spreading of COVID-19 for India and its states doi = 10.1101/2020.10.09.332908 id = cord-306952-cpltrsa7 author = de Souza, Pedro Mansueto Melo title = Validation of verbal autopsy and nasopharyngeal swab collection for the investigation of deaths at home during the COVID-19 pandemics in Brazil date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19; SVO summary = title: Validation of verbal autopsy and nasopharyngeal swab collection for the investigation of deaths at home during the COVID-19 pandemics in Brazil Moreover, unlike most other Death Verification Services in Brazil, the SVO-RF also implemented a medical team that drives to the houses where the death occurred, to investigate cases where a clinical necropsy was not indicated, such as with patients with advanced cancer diagnoses or other chronic terminal illnesses that die at home, without any home care program. All deaths from this period were investigated through physician-certified verbal autopsies (PCVA), external body examination, and collection of nasopharyngeal swab samples in cases of suspected COVID-19, with the 3 SVO-Mobile teams moving to their homes while continuing to receive bodies at headquarters. Among the 2,115 household deaths in this period, 353 (16.69%) cases had clinical-epidemiological criteria for suspected COVID-19, with the weekly variation starting from 0.00% in the first 2 weeks studied, up to 37.71% in the 20th EW (Table 1) . Secretaria de Vigilâ ncia em Saúde. doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008830 id = cord-299544-r3cqvf0c author = de Souza, T. H. title = Clinical Manifestations of Children with COVID-19: a Systematic Review date = 2020-04-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Study Selection: Inclusion criteria were: (1) studied patients younger than 18 years old; (2) presented original data from cases of COVID-19 confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction; and (3) contained descriptions of clinical manifestations, laboratory tests or radiological examinations. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.01.20049833 doi: medRxiv preprint children infected with SARS-CoV-2 may not meet all the criteria required in the suspected case definition. The following data were extracted, when available, from each elected article: first author, publication year, study design, number of cases, gender, age, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, radiological examinations and outcomes (discharged, still hospitalized or death). In our study, we described the main clinical, laboratorial and radiological characteristics of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 reported in the literature. A case series of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection: clinical and epidemiological features Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study doi = 10.1101/2020.04.01.20049833 id = cord-332992-8rmqg4rf author = de Vries, A. A. F. title = SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: a primer for cardiologists date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; RNA; SARS; cell; patient; virus summary = Although SARS-CoV-2 particles/components have been detected in, for example, endothelial cells, the digestive tract and the liver, not all extrarespiratory manifestations of COVID-19 are necessarily caused by direct viral injury but may also be the consequence of the hypoxaemia, (hyper)inflammatory response, neuroendocrine imbalance and other pathophysiological changes induced by the airway infection [43] . Factors that may contribute to the thrombophilia observed in severely ill COVID-19 patients include the following: (1) a disturbed balance between pro-and anticoagulant activities due to excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, activation of complement, formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and activation of platelets; (2) inflammation-related endothelial activation; (3) death of SARS-CoV-2-infected endothelial cells; (4) endothelial dysfunction caused by unbalanced angiotensin IIangiotensin II type-1 receptor signalling; (5) formation of prothrombotic antiphospholipid antibodies; (6) immobility-associated reduction of blood flow; (7) hypoxia due to respiratory impairment resulting from SARS-CoV-2-induced lung injury [79] [80] [81] . doi = 10.1007/s12471-020-01475-1 id = cord-321598-ae241pmd author = de Vries, A.P.J. title = Immediate impact of COVID-19 on transplant activity in the Netherlands date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; transplant summary = Worldwide, the delivery of transplant care is severely challenged by matters concerning but not limited to organ procurement, risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, screening strategies of donors and recipients, decisions to postpone or proceed with transplantation, the attributable risk of immunosuppression for COVID-19 and entrenched health care resources and capacity. In less than 60 days, despite increasingly stringent measures of the Dutch government to halt the spread of the infection, 28, 153 individuals have tested positive for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), 9,127 patients have been admitted to hospitals across the country (of which 2,508 in the Intensive Care Units (ICU) [4] ) and 3,134 have died, according to RIVM (National Institute for Public health and the Environment, April 15, 2020). To facilitate extra time needed for recipient test results to become available, allocation for liver, heart and lung transplantation is initiated before donor SARS-CoV-2 screening is known (Table 1A) . doi = 10.1016/j.trim.2020.101304 id = cord-334694-7pjoaj37 author = de Vroege, Lars title = UpdatesMental support for health care professionals essential during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: UpdatesMental support for health care professionals essential during the COVID-19 pandemic 2 However, the continuing huge pressure on mental health care professionals warrants the supporting of their mental health but regretfully, this topic received little attention. Others addressed important topics, 1,2 but since it is uncertain when the COVID-19 pandemic ends, the workload for health care professionals will continue to be high. 5-8 Measures to prevent or support mental health of professionals in health care are limited, which is worrying because 25% of the general population reported decreased mental health during the pandemic. 9 Some initiatives were developed to support the mental health of professionals in health care (e.g. World Health Organization). Mental support for the health care professional is necessary to prevent burnout and realize quick recovery when necessary, so more attention to this topic is pivotal. Don''t Forget about Yourself When Taking Care of Others": Mental Health Support for Health Care Professionals during the COVID-19 Crisis doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa107 id = cord-031232-6cv8n2bf author = de Weck, Olivier title = Handling the COVID‐19 crisis: Toward an agile model‐based systems approach date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; crisis; figure; model; system summary = In this paper, authors from several of the key countries involved in COVID‐19 propose a holistic systems model that views the problem from a perspective of human society including the natural environment, human population, health system, and economic system. 34 In order to take into account and to avoid such paradoxical consequences, one must choose a systems approach to analyze the COVID-19 crisis, integrating all existing domains of knowledge into a common understanding of the crisis, in order to obtain a global vision, both in space and time and at different possible observation scales, and thus giving a chance to find the global optimum for human society as a whole. • The lifecycle of the social system can be analyzed to first order in terms of wealth and health, where these features can be, respectively, In a systems approach, we will thus have to construct the different possible global lifecycle scenarios that can be achieved in this way (see Figure 4 for an illustration of this classical process), to evaluate their probabilities and to define means to mitigate the worst consequences. doi = 10.1002/sys.21557 id = cord-281961-5mdiwzvc author = de las Heras-Pedrosa, Carlos title = Sentiment Analysis and Emotion Understanding during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain and Its Impact on Digital Ecosystems date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; Health; March; Spain; communication summary = This study examines how social media has affected risk communication in uncertain contexts and its impact on the emotions and sentiments derived from the semantic analysis in Spanish society during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study has allowed for the Some reasons include political parties'' criticism of the government''s management, contradictions of the experts, the constant increase of infected and dead, Spain being among the most affected countries, the state of confinement suffered by society not always in the best conditions, the anxiety of not having financial resources, the population''s insecurity in the face of a public health crisis with global effects that are caused by millions of infected people and hundreds of thousands of deaths in the world. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17155542 id = cord-321380-e5zq15hz author = del Campo, P. Lázaro title = No transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a patient undergoing allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation from a matched-related donor with unknown COVID-19 date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = In our knowledge this is the first case report of an adult hematopoietic cell donor with COVID-19 in the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f incubation period where the transplant is successfully completed with no transmission of SARS-CoV-2. In our knowledge this is the first case report of an adult hematopoietic cell donor with COVID-19 in the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f incubation period where the transplant is successfully completed with no transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Lastly, applied to our case, the low concentration of viral RNA in plasma of asymptomatic patients with COVID-19 [5] , and a theoretical inefficacy of SARS-CoV-2 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f to replicate inside lymphocytes could support the safety of blood products, including peripheral blood hematopoietic cells. doi = 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102921 id = cord-315693-w60craan author = del Pilar Estevez-Diz, Maria title = Management of cervical cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: a challenge for developing countries date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; cancer; cervical summary = Cervical cancer is concentrated mainly in low-middle income countries (LMICs), which face particular challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the scarcity of health resources in many places. Considering this, as well as the global efforts to minimise the overwhelming of health services in general, many cancer centres and oncology societies have been discussing the need for clinic visits and oncologic treatment procedures in different scenarios; however, many malignancies represent a considerable threat to patients'' lives and treatment delays may impact oncologic outcomes. Thus, management recommendations should be adapted considering many factors, including the type of cancer, type of oncologic treatment, COVID-19 incidence on the location, and availability of health care facilities. Follow-up visits after curative treatment-in case of asymptomatic patients, clinic visits can be postponed or replaced for telemedicine Moreover, as another strategy to decrease health services burden, surgical staging for locally advanced cervical cancer should be avoided. doi = 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1060 id = cord-277248-7qnymo98 author = dos Reis, Helena Lucia Barroso title = Severe coronavirus infection in pregnancy: challenging cases report date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = This is a report of three cases of COVID-19 confirmed by real-time reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of nasopharyngeal secretions collected in swabs from pregnant women in the city of Vitoria, Espirito Santo State, Brazil. This study reports three cases of COVID-19 comprising pregnant women with severe respiratory failure and evaluates the clinical management of COVID-19 infection in obstetric clinics in Vitoria, Espirito Santo State, Brazil. The newborns were premature in two of the three cases due to the need to perform the C-section, but none of the newborns presented symptoms of infection, and all three tested negative for COVID-19 using RT-PCR that tested nasopharyngeal secretions. An analysis of 38 Pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes doi = 10.1590/s1678-9946202062049 id = cord-296579-oa67njov author = d’Ettorre, Gabriella title = Analysis of type I IFN response and T cell activation in severe COVID-19/HIV-1 coinfection: A case report date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Hence, this study aims to compare type I IFN response and T cell activation levels between a SARS-CoV-2/HIV-1-coinfected female patient and age-matched HIV-1-positive or uninfected women. LESSONS: These results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection in HIV-1-positive female patient was associated with increased levels of IFNα/β-mRNAs and T cell activation compared to healthy individuals. [1] Despite high number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 globally (about 37 million) and higher severity impact for certain viral infections in this category, [2] severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)/HIV-1 coinfection has been described in few cases. This study reports a severe case of SARS-CoV-2 in a black female patient co-infected by HIV-1 under protease inhibitors (PI) regimen, who was treated with hydroxychloroquine. Because of the key role of chronic immune activation and persistent IFN-I response in driving HIV-1 disease, [8, 9] we evaluated IFNa and IFNb gene expression and T cell activation levels in patient with SARS-CoV-2/HIV-1 coinfection. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000021803 id = cord-025619-vtk2ujx9 author = nan title = Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine increase risk of death in COVID-19 date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Two months ago, the WHO initiated the Solidarity Trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of four drugs and drug combinations against COVID-19, said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of WHO, at a media briefing on COVID-19 on 25 May 2020. However, after the results of the above observational trial were published in The Lancet, the Executive Group of the Solidarity Trial met and agreed "to review a comprehensive analysis and critical appraisal of all evidence available globally," said the Director-General. The Executive Group has implemented a temporary pause of the hydroxychloroquine arm within the Solidarity Trial while the safety data is reviewed by the Data Safety Monitoring Board, but the other treatment arms are continuing. "This concern relates to the use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in COVID-19. Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis WHO Director-General''s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 -25 doi = 10.1007/s40278-020-79019-x id = cord-029332-yn603pvb author = nan title = Full Issue PDF date = 2020-07-15 keywords = Brugada; COVID-19; China; SARS; acute; clinical; disease; figure; patient summary = Included are cases of Brugada type I pattern positivization (1) in the context of fever, one of the most common presenting symptoms of the disease (2); electrical ventricular storm (3); transient atrioventricular block in the absence of myocarditis (4); sinus node dysfunction requiring pacemaker implantation (5) ; and finally a provocative report on the use of amiodarone as a possible treatment for COVID-19 (6) . In addition to cases of direct myocardial injury, some with pathological evidence, we also present 2 cases of takotsubo cardiomyopathy (16, 17) Two cases highlight the special circumstances faced by patients with left ventricular assist devices (18, 19) , which include the inability to tolerate prone positioning to augment respiratory support because of the mechanical equipment and the hypothesis that mechanical circulatory support may provide a type of protection against the most serious hemodynamic consequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/s2666-0849(20)30838-x id = cord-029545-fspjpmsr author = nan title = Council of International Neonatal Nurses (COINN) News page date = 2020-07-22 keywords = COVID-19; NICU; care; neonatal summary = (NNAP, 2019) As such, neonatal units around the world began to close their doors to parents and extended family, in an attempt to protect infants and minimise potential sickness in the number of healthcare professionals available to care for them. Neonatal nurses had to quickly adapt to this situation to provide the best care possible to the families whilst ensuring the safety of all babies on the unit, their colleagues and their own families. Over the next few editions of the JNN, we will present the experiences of neonatal nurses from around the world, and how they have adapted their practices to ensure family centred care remains at the heart of what we do. Working together with other scientific societies and the government of Spain, a document generated is "Management of pregnant women and new-borns with COVID-19" (Gobierno de España -Ministerio de Sanidad, 2020b), a reference document for health professionals associated with perinatal care in our country. doi = 10.1016/j.jnn.2020.05.007 id = cord-030636-wpjmwwpu author = nan title = Dear Editor, date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: nan Despite the observation that elderly subjects are more susceptible to severe illness, probably due to underlying co-morbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular and cerebro-vascular diseases, 1,2 literature concerning geriatric patients with COVID-19 pneumonia remained very scant. We included in this analysis 118 consecutive patients; data on clinical and demographic characteristics, blood test results and COVID-19-related treatments were collected. Elderly patients have higher levels of inflammatory blood tests at the time of admission in the emergency department; in particular, elevated d-dimer levels was an independent predictor of mortality, confirming the close correlation between this parameter and the severity of COVID-19 disease. In conclusion, our study confirms that the majority of elderly subjects with COVID-19 pneumonia have an unfavorable outcome, especially in the very first days after admission. Analysis of epidemiological and clinical features in older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outside Wuhan doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.023 id = cord-030909-6if3qquj author = nan title = Perspectives on the Economics of the Environment in the Shadow of Coronavirus date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; ECB; EU27; European; GHG; change; climate; economic; effect; environmental; pandemic; policy summary = Based on these points, it becomes clear that a green recovery plan with resources directed towards achieving the combined objective of both providing the necessary economic stimuli for recovery and also promoting the transition to a low-carbon economy and adaptation to climate change along with investment in natural capital and increase in comprehensive savings could be a feasible and efficient plan. The current global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trajectory indicates that the world is likely to experience catastrophic consequences due to climate change, unless swift action is taken towards funding green solutions and the defunding of fossil fuel activities ( Given the ambition of the European Union to become a net zero-carbon economy by 2050 and the numerous calls to avoid the bailout and stimulus packages towards fossil fuel companies , we examine whether the features of the European Central Bank''s (ECB) €1350 billion Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP) encourages the resilience of the incumbent fossil fuel sector, or whether it promotes the growth of the emerging low-carbon energy sector during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. doi = 10.1007/s10640-020-00493-2 id = cord-031418-ucdu4btq author = nan title = Nervenschäden schon bei milden COVID-19-Verläufen? date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-031418-ucdu4btq authors: nan cord_uid: ucdu4btq nan F Welche Auswirkungen SARS-CoV-2 auf das Nervensystem hat, ist noch immer unklar. In sehr seltenen Fällen wurden Virusenzephalitiden mit einem Nachweis des neuen Coronavirus im Liquor oder im Hirnparenchym Verstorbener beschrieben, meist scheinen die neurologischen Effekte aber nicht auf einer direkten Virusinvasion des Nervengewebes zu beruhen. So werden die häufig auftretenden Geruchsstörungen eher einer Schädigung des Nasenepithels zugeschrieben, Schlaganfälle auf Koagulationsstörungen und Vaskulitiden. Dennoch gibt es immer wieder Hinweise, wonach die Viren auch direkt Nervenzellen schädigen. Auch hier gingen stationäre Aufnahme und schwerer Verlauf primär mit hohem Alter, einer progredienten MS sowie weiteren Begleiterkrankungen einher, nicht jedoch mit der Art der MS-Therapie. Association of neuronal injury blood marker neurofilament light chain with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vs Patients With Influenza Characteristics and Outcomes in Patients With COVID-19 and Acute Ischemic Stroke. The Global COVID-19 Stroke Registry doi = 10.1007/s00739-020-00661-5 id = cord-034640-ygtbuy4k author = nan title = Corrigenda date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-034640-ygtbuy4k authors: nan cord_uid: ygtbuy4k This is highlighted by preliminary findings in a recent study demonstrating the efficacy of dexamethasone in reducing mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19, but showing no benefit in those not requiring respiratory support. 4 Furthermore, our study 5 demonstrated a ''''dose-response,'''' with greater degrees of respiratory allergy being associated with larger reductions in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene expression in the nasal epithelium, and the impact of suppressing type 2 inflammation in these individuals is not currently known. SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infection gradient in the respiratory tract Effect of dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: preliminary report Association of respiratory allergy, asthma, and expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 The names were shown as Gregori Silvia, PhD, and Aiuti Alessandro, MD, PhD. The first and last names of both authors were inadvertently reversed and should be Silvia Gregori doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.023 id = cord-284093-w2ppj0yz author = nan title = Praticiens de la cavité orale. Recommandations professionnelles. Risques infectieux par le COVID-19. Faire front pour faire face date = 2020-04-16 keywords = COVID-19; des summary = De façon gé né rale, les « professionnels de santé classé s comme sujets contacts au COVID-19 et ne pré sentant pas de symptôme, peuvent poursuivre leur activité ». Pour tous ces praticiens, la prise de risque est ré elle au moment : de l''examen endobuccal aidé d''un abaisse-langue, d''un miroir d''examen, d''une pré celle ou d''une sonde ; des rhinoscopies anté rieures ; des fibroscopies et endoscopies des voies aé rodigestives supé rieures ; des intubations ; des soins dentaires et prothé tiques ; des avulsions dentaires ; des gestes opé ratoires de la cavité orale (des dents et des mâchoires). Si l''examen ou l''intervention chirurgicale de patients infecté s par le COVID-19 ou suspects d''une telle infection (toux, dyspné e, fiè vre) n''est pas indispensable en urgence, il faut reporter cet examen ou ce geste. Recommandations relatives à la pré vention et à la prise en charge du COVID-19 chez les patients à risque de formes sé vè res doi = 10.1016/j.jormas.2020.03.012 id = cord-286408-bhrrb5s7 author = nan title = Medical sequelae of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; acute summary = authors: nan The lung is the most frequently affected organ in the acute phase of the disease, and epidemics due to other coronaviruses such as Sars-CoV and Mer-CoV have shown that pulmonary fibrosis can persist after the initial infection. Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is a frequent consequence of respiratory distress observed in the acute phase of the disease. Heart failure, myocardial necrosis, and arrythmia persist after the acute phase and require a prolonged monitoring and an appropriate treatment. Brain damage may be directly related to the virus or more often the consequence of prolonged anoxia in patients on artificial ventilation, strokes, or an autoimmune syndrome such as an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis which, if accompanied by peripheral disorders and affecting the diaphragm, can aggravate respiratory disorders. Patients apparently recovering from the acute episode have been found to require prolonged convalescence or to complain of new symptoms after a period of remission. doi = 10.1016/j.banm.2020.09.005 id = cord-289399-ij23mvma author = nan title = Facing the future—what lessons could we learn from Covid-19? date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; health summary = In this issue, there are articles on a range of public health issues including two systematic reviews: one reviewing the association of smokeless tobacco and cerebrovascular accident 3 and the other a review of physical and psychological health and wellbeing of older women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rufai and Bunce 8 in their article analysing the content of world leaders'' usage of Twitter in response to the pandemic warn that while Twitter may be a powerful tool, caution needs to be exercised when using Twitter for health information. However, now is possibly the time to learn lessons from the experiences of living through a pandemic. The small state of Kerala in South India has received international praise for the ''Kerala model'' of dealing with Covid-19; 9 ''the system had e ective protocols in place, and stuck to the time-tested strategy of case isolation and contact-tracing, combined with an alert community surveillance system''. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa061 id = cord-297286-bo6pr34s author = nan title = Medical conferences in the post-COVID world: a challenge, and an opportunity date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; European summary = Like all involved clinicians, radiologists have had to learn the features of the disease as they apply to our practice, including typical and atypical radiologic findings, appropriate use of imaging techniques (depending on available resources) and a correlation of findings with other clinical and laboratory data [6, 8, 9] . Future online (or hybrid) conferences must find or invent new methods of allowing discussions and interactions involving remote participants during all sessions, to create the same sense of community and collective learning that can be felt during successful on-site events. This will not be easy, but making this necessary shift successfully will establish a new standard for what defines medical conference success in the future. Scientific meetings must change their structure to survive, and successful societies in the future will be those which embraced this new circumstance, and adapted early. The radiology department during the COVID-19 pandemic: a challenging, radical change doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-06933-3 id = cord-322205-vui1jh2v author = nan title = Images from the Frontlines of the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-322205-vui1jh2v authors: nan title: Images from the Frontlines of the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-08-17 journal: Anesthesiology DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003513 sha: doc_id: 322205 cord_uid: vui1jh2v nan Staff nurse Natasha Singh sits on a bench outside a COVID-19 ward. She is nearing the end of her shift and is tired beyond words, and thus takes a moment to sit down and catch her breath. However, there is work to be done and she does the necessary documentation work before the end of her shift. A self-portrait wearing personal protective equipment. Photo credits (page XX): Top row, left to right: self-portrait of Carlos Borba All India Institute of Medical Science doi = 10.1097/aln.0000000000003513 id = cord-325319-4n2g87hx author = nan title = Read, use and cite date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19 summary = are locations where research can be published without peer review and simply stay there to be read by the world. The work can subsequently be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal and, even if the submission is rejected, the research can remain on the pre-print server. I suspect we will look back on these times and say that COVID-19 was when academic publishing changed. Thanks to the rush to be published during the pandemic, journals seem to be falling over each other to publish papers on COVID-19. The letter declared that both surgical and cotton masks were ineffective in preventing dissemination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from the coughs of patients with COVID-19, to the environment and external mask surface. Pre-print servers, which are not peer-reviewed, are dictating policy and may sometimes be the first port of call for those who wish to be updated on current research. doi = 10.1093/jhps/hnaa032 id = cord-326526-evms6810 author = nan title = Practice Notes from the AAAI date = 2020-06-30 keywords = AAAAI; COVID-19 summary = Visit the AAAAI COVID-19 resources page regularly for updated information to help you and your practice navigate the quickly changing situation and to access the aforementioned resources. 99441 e [Telephone evaluation and management service by a physician or other qualified healthcare professional who may report evaluation and management services provided to an established patient, parent, or guardian not originating from a related E/M service provided within the previous seven days nor leading to an E/M service or procedure within the next 24 hours or soonest available appointment; Five-10 minutes of medical discussion.] 99442 e 11-20 minutes 99443 e 21 minutes or more If you have a coding question of your own, send it to coding@ aaaai.org. The authors of all posters, oral abstract presentations, and case reports originally scheduled for the 2020 AAAAI Annual Meeting were invited to submit their work to be featured in the Virtual Poster Hall.* The posters and oral abstracts are displayed based on their slotting in the Annual Meeting program. doi = 10.1016/s2213-2198(20)30432-3 id = cord-327595-00fxzyhq author = nan title = American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Policy Brief: COVID‐19 and Assisted Living Facilities date = 2020-05-14 keywords = PPE; care; covid-19 summary = This policy brief sets forth the American Geriatrics Society''s (AGS''s) recommendations to guide federal, state, and local governments when making decisions about care for older adults in assisted living facilities (ALFs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. ALFs, other congregate living settings (eg, NHs, residential care facilities for older adults, continuing care retirement communities), and home healthcare agencies (eg, Visiting Nurse Association) must be included as priorities when estimating what is needed for the US coordinated response to COVID-19. For older adults residing in ALFs and other congregate living settings, screening for COVID-19 will be particularly important for protecting the health and safety of their communities. This includes the ability to isolate or cohort the resident(s) separately from the rest of the community and provide dedicated staff to meet increased care needs for people with COVID-19. doi = 10.1111/jgs.16510 id = cord-331442-ztzug9j4 author = nan title = Introducing special cutaneous “sign” tribute to healthcare workers managing new coronavirus disease (Covid −19)()() date = 2020-04-19 keywords = covid-19 summary = We read the publication on "Covid-19 pandemic and the skin -What should dermatologists know" with great interest. 1,2 Doctors, nurses, laboratory workers, and other related medical staff have emerged as the new soldiers in every country, amid growing cases of Covid-19 across the world. During this new coronavirus epidemic treatment process, protective device-related pressure injuries and deep indentations among front-line medical staff have frequently been reported to have been caused by wearing facial protective equipment for long hours. 1,2 Protective gear is well sealed against the skin, and high-intensity work of medical staff will generate a lot of sweat. Covid-19 pandemic and the skin -What should dermatologists know? Letter from the Editor: Occupational skin disease among healthcare workers during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic Nursing strategies for skin injuries caused by facial medical grade protective equipment Medical Device Related pressure ulcers in Hospitalized patients doi = 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.04.009 id = cord-331785-ljsd8qld author = nan title = A Systematic Framework to Rapidly Obtain Data on Patients with Cancer and COVID-19:CCC19 Governance, Protocol, and Quality Assurance date = 2020-10-29 keywords = CCC19; COVID-19; cancer summary = Future directions include increased electronic health record integration for direct data ingestion, expansion to additional domestic and international sites, more intentional patient involvement, and granular analyses of still-unanswered questions related to cancer subtypes and treatments. In addition to the steering committee, operational subcommittees include publications (to establish authorship guidelines for projects utilizing CCC19 data and/or resources), funding (to identify sources of funding for the consortium, disseminate this information to consortium members, and assist in the writing and critical revision of grants), epidemiology and biostatistics (to establish guidelines and provide support to investigators in designing and executing studies with the highest rigor, reproducibility, and impact), informatics (to develop and maintain the survey instrument[s] and oversee standardization of the data model, integration of data directly from EHRs, and visualization of data), and patient advocacy (to engage with cancer patient communities and advocacy networks and to coordinate with parties reaching out to CCC19). doi = 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.10.022 id = cord-332245-yfj1kkj7 author = nan title = SARS-CoV-2 Infektion bei Kindern und Jugendlichen: Ein Literaturüberblick der AG Infektiologie der ÖGKJ1 date = 2020-06-10 keywords = COVID-19; China; Kindern; SARS summary = aktuell Infektiologie SARS-CoV-2 Infektion bei Kindern und Jugendlichen Ein Literaturüberblick der AG Infektiologie der ÖGKJ 1 F Im Dezember 2019 kam es in der chinesischen Region Hubei zum gehäuften Auftreten von Pneumoniefällen unbekannter Ätiologie [1] . Allerdings waren in dieser Altersgruppe knapp 80 % der Fälle lediglich Verdachtsfälle (ohne SARS-CoV-2-Laborbestätigung), sodass die Autoren davon ausgehen, dass ein nicht unbeträchtlicher Teil dieser schweren Verläufe durch andere Viren (v. Jedoch zeigten sich in einer diesen Kohorten vermehrte fetale Komplikationen wie Frühgeburtlichkeit oder respiratorischer Stress, wobei der direkte Zusammenhang mit SARS-CoV-2 nicht geklärt ist. So muss natürlich auf neonatalen Intensivstationen damit gerechnet werden, dass aufgrund einer SARS-CoV-2-Erkrankung der Mutter eine prämature Entbindung indiziert wird und die Frühgeborenen behandelt werden müssen. Bei den wenigen detaillierten Berichten über spezifische Symptome bei Kindern mit COVID-19 wird Fieber in 40-100 % und Husten in 40-100 % der symptomatischen Fälle beschrieben [7, 8, [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . Bisher gibt es keine zugelassenen Medikamente zur Therapie von COVID-19 bei Erwachsenen und Kindern [32] . doi = 10.1007/s00608-020-00794-1 id = cord-333462-h6czvcyq author = nan title = COVID-19 olfactory screening test using trained dogs date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = The idea of using dog olfactory tests to detect patients suffering from COVID-19 has been considered by multidisciplinary teams (veterinarians, physicians, biologists, dog handlers) to meet the worldwide demand for a rapid, simple, non-invasive, sensitive and specific screening test that can reduce the workload of medical biology laboratories. First results obtained by a German and a French team, using new medical biology olfactory tests, show that trained DOI of original article: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.banm.2020.09.018. The French study of the National Veterinary School of Alfort (projet NOSAÏS), using axillary sweat considered as non-contaminating, obtained similar results with 8 dogs and 368 tests: 4 dogs were 100% effective, the other 4 were 83%, 84%, 90% and 94% effective [4] . Given the promising results of these various olfactory tests obtained with dogs trained in respect of animal welfare, the National Academy of Medicine and the Veterinary Academy of France recommend: doi = 10.1016/j.banm.2020.09.019 id = cord-335597-anrzcsrt author = nan title = 44. Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie date = 2020-10-26 keywords = COPD; FEV1; SARS; covid-19; lung; patient; pulmonary; result; vat summary = Conclusions: In this study assessing the prognostic relevance of pulmonary exercise hemodynamics in patients with systemic sclerosis, PVR and TPR at peak exercise as well as mPAP/CO-slope and TPG/CO-slope turned out as age-independent predictors of all-cause mortality. Later-line treatment with lorlatinib in ALKand ROS1-rearrangement-positive NSCLC: a retrospective, multicenter analysis Background: Anti-fibrotic medication is effective in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILD), but a subgroup of fibrotic ILD patients also benefits from immunomodulatory therapies. Methods: HRCT of 127 subsequent single-center ILDboard patients (mean age 65 (standard deviation 14) years, 65 % male), were evaluated for radiological findings considered noninflammatory (reticulation including honeycombing (RET), traction bronchiectasis (TBR), emphysema (EMP)) or active inflammatory (consolidations (CON), ground glass opacities (GGO), noduli (NDL), mosaic attenuation (MOS)) in 6 distinct lung regions. doi = 10.1007/s00508-020-01745-3 id = cord-335918-uc225mhn author = nan title = COVID-19 Guidance for Triage of Operations for Thoracic Malignancies: A Consensus Statement from Thoracic Surgery Outcomes Research Network date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = Representatives from multiple cancer, surgical and research organizations have come together to provide a guide for triaging patients with thoracic malignancies, as the impact of COVID-19 evolves as each hospital. Thoracic oncology decisions are further complicated by the fact most of the patients with lung, esophageal and other thoracic malignancies would be considered to be a "high risk" group for poor outcomes with COVID-19 (advanced age, emphysema, heart disease). We have assembled a document to offer guidance, intended to facilitate these difficult decisions when caring for patients with thoracic malignancies during the COVID-19 pandemic (Table 1) . There are nuances to each patient''s management approach (i.e. proceeding with surgery, delaying surgery, or pursuing alternative treatment) that will impact risk tolerance for both patient and surgeon. Effects of Delayed Surgical Resection on Short-Term and Long-Term Outcomes in Clinical Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer doi = 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.03.061 id = cord-337646-gkcm6ds0 author = nan title = The Federation’s Pages: WFPHA: World Federation of Public Health Associations www.wfpha.org Bettina Borisch and Marta Lomazzi, Federation’s Pages Editors date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; human summary = The next coronavirus to generate a global public health crisis was the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) that emerged in Saudi Arabia in 2012 among people working closely with camels. During the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), held on 30 January 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic was underway. The association between Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) and environmental destruction is widely recognized: deforestation destroys natural habitats, increases the density of remaining wild animal populations, increases their movements to look for food accompanied by the probability of human contact-all induce stress that impairs immune systems and increases viral shedding [16] . Environment preservation is urgent for many reasons: conservation of biodiversity, the fight against climate change, reduction of air, water and food pollution, and improvement of human health and quality of life [18] . doi = 10.1057/s41271-020-00240-3 id = cord-353293-vjdwh19x author = nan title = Post-COVID-19 global health strategies: the need for an interdisciplinary approach date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; patient summary = Gemelli IRCSS (Rome, Italy) has set up a multidisciplinary healthcare service called "Post-COVID-19 Day Hospital." The specialist assessments offered to patients are outlined in the following sections. Furthermore, the important role of geriatrician acting as a care manager of patients who suffered COVID-19 disease is described. A respiratory follow-up is of pivotal importance to evaluate lung function, alveolar-arterial gas exchange, and exercise tolerance in recovered non-infective COVID-19 patients [5] . In this Post-COVID-19 Day Hospital, internal medicine and geriatric specialists are integrated with infectious disease physicians, pneumologists, immuno-rheumatologists, and other specialists into the management of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. As a whole, the post-acute care service at the Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli aims at expanding the knowledge of COVID-19 and its impact on health status and care needs as well as at promoting healthcare strategies to treat and prevent the clinical consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection across different organs and systems. doi = 10.1007/s40520-020-01616-x id = cord-353942-l9kjnrky author = nan title = Essais cliniques au cours de la pandémie COVID-19 : cibles thérapeutiques, exigences méthodologiques, impératifs éthiques date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; des; les summary = Essais cliniques au cours de la pandémie COVID-19 : cibles thérapeutiques, exigences méthodologiques, impératifs éthiques3 hospitalisés, souffrant d''une forme grave, est la mortalité toutes causes (voir Solidarity dans le Tableau). La mort est l''issue pour une minorité de cas symptomatiques, même dans les formes graves On n''attend pas que les traitements candidats réduisent la mortalité de 50 %, plus raisonnablement de 20 %, ce qui suppose des essais à très grands effectifs ou la méta-analyse d''essais concordants dans leurs critères d''inclusion et de jugement. Après son autorisation par la Food and Drug Administration (FDA), la demande internationale de remdesivir --qui améliorait le statut ventilatoire de 53 patients analysables au cours d''une administration compassionnelle [2] --a rendu ce traitement indisponible en France, ce qui a participé aux déboires de l''essai DisCoVeRy. Il n''y a pas de preuve de l''efficacité clinique de l''HCQ [3,4]. doi = 10.1016/j.banm.2020.06.007 id = cord-340060-l1okt3lm author = pathak, Mamta title = Global Threat of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and the Need for More and Better Diagnostic Tools date = 2020-04-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = key: cord-340060-l1okt3lm title: Global Threat of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and the Need for More and Better Diagnostic Tools cord_uid: l1okt3lm Caused by the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), this emerging disease has been extended to more than 200 countries facilitated by inappropriate and insufficient preventive measures along with unrestricted travel (2) . Moreover, there is always a need for rapid, accurate, and highly sensitive diagnostic assays to stop the menace created by the worldwide spread of this virus by early detection and follow up of subsequent timely implementation of appropriate prevention, control and mitigation strategies. Practical Strategies Against the Novel Coronavirus and COVID-19-the Imminent Global Threat Going global-Travel and the 2019 novel coronavirus Rapid colorimetric detection of COVID-19 coronavirus using a reverse tran-scriptional loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) diagnostic plat-form: iLACO Point-of-Care RNA-Based Diagnostic Device for COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.003 id = cord-354627-y07w2f43 author = pinter, g. title = COVID-19 Pandemic Prediction for Hungary; a Hybrid Machine Learning Approach date = 2020-05-06 keywords = ANFIS; SIR; covid-19; model summary = As an alternative to the susceptible-infected-resistant (SIR)-based models, this study proposes a hybrid machine learning approach to predict the COVID-19 and we exemplify its potential using data from Hungary. The hybrid machine learning methods of adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and multi-layered perceptron-imperialist competitive algorithm (MLP-ICA) are used to predict time series of infected individuals and mortality rate. Due to the complex nature of the COVID-19 outbreak and its irregularity in different countries, the standard epidemiological models, i.e., susceptible-infected-resistant (SIR)-based models, had been challenged for delivering higher performance in individual nations. In this study the hybrid machine learning model of MLP-ICA and ANFIS are used to predict the COVID-19 outbreak in Hungary. Both machine learning models, as an alternative to epidemiological models, showed potential in predicting COVID-19 outbreak as well as estimating total mortality. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.02.20088427 id = cord-305929-kxiuhu5m author = rugarabamu, s. title = Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19: A quick online cross-sectional survey among Tanzanian residents. date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19; Tanzania summary = title: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19: A quick online cross-sectional survey among Tanzanian residents. In this study, we investigated Tanzanian residents KAP towards COVID-19 during the rapid rise period of the outbreak.This was a cross sectional study that involved sample of online Tanzanian residents who was recruited via authors networks with residents and social media. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that male gender, age-group of 16-29 years and education of secondary or lower were significantly associated with lower knowledge score.Our findings suggest that residents of a relatively high level of socioeconomic status, have had good knowledge, optimistic attitudes, and appropriate practices towards COVID-19 during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.26.20080820 doi: medRxiv preprint investigated the KAP towards COVID-19 among online Tanzania residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.26.20080820 id = cord-307862-a082sghm author = ten Cate, Hugo title = Thrombosis management in times of COVID-19 epidemy; a Dutch perspective date = 2020-04-20 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = At our hospital and many others, the triage of patients suspected from possible COVID-19 infection get a workup including physical examination, routine lab tests and a "blank" computed tomography (CT) scan of the thorax, to exclude the presence of findings suggestive for viral pneumonia. Finally, for all those patients on antithrombotic agents, the risks of bleeding and thrombosis must be weighed even in times of a crisis (certainly with possible drug interactions) and while annual controls of renal function, adherence, assessment of complications and so mostly can be delayed for some time, these checkups should not be abolished altogether, like periodic measurement of blood pressure should not be postponed indefinitely. While in this very intense era of crisis management with its huge impact on all healthcare workers, much attention is correctly directed towards the care for patients with Covid-19 infection, we should find ways to also give attention to the millions of patients at risk of thromboembolism (and bleeding) throughout the world. doi = 10.1186/s12959-020-00220-3 id = cord-302535-rnmftg3j author = van Blokland, I. V. title = Using symptom-based case predictions to identify host genetic factors that contribute to COVID-19 susceptibility date = 2020-08-24 keywords = COVID-19; GWAS; Lifelines summary = The three cohorts with self-reported SARS-CoV-2 reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) test outcomes available (Helix, Lifelines and NTR) were used in an attempt to improve the Menni COVID-19 prediction model. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.21.20177246 doi: medRxiv preprint performed forward and backward stepwise logistic regression in the Lifelines COVID-19 Cohort to construct the model most predictive for a positive test outcome (p-in = 0.10 and p-out = 0.10). Using self-reported symptoms of 56 positive and 586 negative test outcome cases in the Lifelines cohort, we next attempted to improve on the Menni COVID-19 prediction model. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.21.20177246 doi: medRxiv preprint Next, we examined whether previously reported genetic associations with common viral infections share any overlap with the variants identified by our GWAS on COVID-19 susceptibility. The different cut-offs and symptoms that were used by the Generation Scotland, Helix, Lifelines and NTR cohorts when applying the Menni COVID-19 prediction model to the datasets prior to running the GWAS. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.21.20177246 id = cord-350946-o8eohq9h author = van Buuren, Asia title = “COVID-19 as the equalizer”: Evolving discourses of COVID-19 and implications for medical education date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Over time, as more people noticed how COVID-19 highlighted structural inequity, the societal discourse shifted. 12, 13 This shift in discourse from COVID-19 as an equalizer, to more recently, COVID-19 as exacerbating structural inequity, warrants exploration as it has potential to unearth unique vulnerabilities faced by populations in this pandemic. In this work, we will examine: 1) the discourse(s) that have emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic that highlight population-level inequities, and 2) the implications these discourses have for medical education, the learning environment, and the care patients receive from medical trainees. The archive will be analysed for patterns of how COVID-19 has highlighted, reinforced, or dismantled structural inequity at the population level, emphasizing implications for medical education and learners. As the dialogue shifts from COVID-19''s universality to the recognition of the critical impact of structural inequities, a CDA analysis will allow an understanding of the implications for medical learners of normalizing and enhancing teaching surrounding these issues. doi = 10.36834/cmej.70401 id = cord-030998-1u3fme80 author = van Dalen, Hendrik P title = The COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons for Financially Fragile and Aging Societies date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; financial; work summary = The financial fragility of households and the rising proportion of people becoming obese calls for intensified efforts, both by individuals and employers to create financial buffers and keep on investing in health. The financial fragility of households and the rising proportion of people becoming obese calls for intensified efforts, both by individuals and employers to create financial buffers and keep on investing in health. The financial fragility of organizations is a wake-up call that a short-term focus on efficiency can be counterproductive and may overturn the efforts to start working longer. To correct this state of affairs, societies can resort to different measures such as the long-term route of investing in financial literacy (Kaiser & Menkhoff, 2017) , but they can also take a more direct approach, such as by making supplementary pension savings by employers mandatory, or by nudging and informing workers in the direction of making their households more financially stable (Clark, Morrill, & Allen, 2012) . doi = 10.1093/workar/waaa011 id = cord-336163-7xqmuoye author = van Dongen, Christel MP title = Unusually Rapid Development of Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure after COVID-19 Pneumonia date = 2020-06-17 keywords = covid-19 summary = COVID-19 infection is increasingly being associated with systemic and multi-organ involvement, encompassing cytokine release syndrome and thromboembolic, vascular and cardiac events. The patient described experienced unusually rapid development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and right ventricular failure after recent severe COVID-19 pneumonia with cytokine release syndrome, which initially was successfully treated with methylprednisolone and tocilizumab. Patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and concomitant cytokine release syndrome may be particularly at risk for the development of secondary pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure. This case report describes a patient with unusually rapid development of life-threatening pulmonary hypertension (PH) following earlier hospitalisation and successful treatment for severe CRS caused by COVID-19 infection. In view of the association of COVID-19 with coagulopathy and microvascular disease, subsequent potential micro-PE as well as interstitial pulmonary damage, PH is likely to be a frequent complication of severe COVID-19 pneumonia and CRS. COVID-19 is a pulmonary viral infection which can result in severe systemic, multi-organ disease in some patients. doi = 10.12890/2020_001784 id = cord-310507-5h6egve4 author = van Doorn, Amarylle S. title = Systematic review with meta‐analysis: SARS‐CoV‐2 stool testing and the potential for faecal‐oral transmission date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS summary = Since December 2019, the world has been dealing with the outbreak of the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leading to Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) that emerged in Wuhan, China. However, there is a growing body of studies in which SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in stool samples (including anal swabs) from COVID-19 patients. 11, 15, 16 This study aims to (1) critically assess the clinical relevance of testing stool samples and anal swabs and (2) provide a critical overview of the available literature regarding the faecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2. We collected the following data from the eligible original articles: study design, geographic location, study period, number of patients, age, types of tested specimens, number of tested specimens, methods of the performed tests, duration and prevalence of positive test results in different specimens, disease severity, gastrointestinal symptoms, endoscopic results, specific evidence supporting faecal-oral transmission and remarkable patient/population characteristics. doi = 10.1111/apt.16036 id = cord-330120-xd9l948d author = van Dyck, Laura I. title = Combating Heightened Social Isolation of Nursing Home Elders: The Telephone Outreach in the COVID-19 Outbreak Program date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19 summary = To address social isolation in nursing home residents, the Yale School of Medicine Geriatrics Student Interest Group initiated a Telephone Outreach in the COVID-19 Outbreak (TOCO) Program that implements weekly phone calls with student volunteers. Initial reports from recreation directors and student volunteers were positive: elderly residents look forward to weekly phone calls and express gratitude for social connectedness. Initial reports from recreation directors and student volunteers were positive: elderly residents look forward to weekly phone calls and express gratitude for social connectedness. Furthermore, while the program intended to focus on the needs of nursing home residents, weekly friendly phone calls have benefited the social wellbeing of student volunteers as well. As a medical student interest group, can we alleviate social isolation suffered by nursing home residents during the COVID-19 pandemic through weekly phone calls? Social isolation and loneliness in nursing home seniors-a common concern now exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic-is partly relieved by our replicable telephone outreach program doi = 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.05.026 id = cord-315303-cxu5pt5r author = van Gerwen, Maaike title = Risk factors and outcomes of COVID‐19 in New York City; a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-07-24 keywords = covid-19 summary = METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, including 3703 patients with laboratory confirmed COVID‐19, we identified risk factors associated with all‐cause mortality, need for hospitalization and mechanical ventilation. 17 The present study assesses the risk factors associated with the need for hospitalization and mechanical ventilation as well as all-cause mortality of all laboratory confirmed COVID-19 patients, diagnosed across a larger New York City health system in the month of March 2020 and outcomes as of May 13th, 2020 with a minimum follow-up time of six weeks. This is one of the initial studies including a population of the first and largest COVID-19 epicenter in the US with adequate follow-up time to report on risk factors associated with hospitalization, need for mechanical ventilation and mortality. In this large, retrospective cohort of COVID-19 positive patients in New York City, the main risk factors associated with hospitalization, need for mechanical ventilation and death were increasing age and male gender, confirming results of previous studies. doi = 10.1002/jmv.26337 id = cord-319486-zf3ytsph author = van Hylckama Vlieg, Astrid title = FFP2-mondmasker of chirurgisch mondkapje bij COVID-19 date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19 summary = De vraag is dan ook of chirurgische mondkapjes medisch personeel even goed beschermen tegen infectie met COVID-19 als FFP2-mondmaskers. In 2019 werd in JAMA een grote clustergerandomiseerde klinische trial (RCT) gepubliceerd waarin het effect werd vergeleken van chirurgische mondkapjes en FFP2-mondmaskers op de preventie van griep en andere virale luchtweginfecties onder medisch personeel. De auteurs vonden geen verschil in risico tussen beide beschermingsmiddelen voor het optreden van infecties bij medisch personeel. In de meta-analyse van Bartozsko werd ook de conclusie getrokken dat chirurgische mondkapjes niet waren geassocieerd met een hoger risico op infectie dan FFP2-mondmaskers. Daarnaast is de compliantie voor het dragen van FFP2-mondmaskers mogelijk niet gelijk aan die van chirurgische mondkapjes, aangezien deze minder comfortabel zijn. Ook is niet altijd duidelijk of er goede instructies zijn gegeven voor het dragen van een goed sluitend FFP2-mondmasker. Het is onduidelijk of er in deze setting een verschil is tussen FFP2-mondmaskers en chirurgische mondkapjes. doi = 10.1007/s12445-020-0586-9 id = cord-032972-nf5qwcj8 author = van Osch, Dirk title = Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in COVID-19: a case report. Haemodynamic and therapeutic considerations date = 2020-08-27 keywords = Takotsubo; covid-19 summary = The patient was discharged home and follow-up echocardiography after 3 months showed normal contractility of the apical myocardial segments, with normalization of the left ventricular systolic function, as expected in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19 viral pneumonia may lead to both direct and indirect myocardial injury. Seven days after ICU admission, negative T-waves were observed at the monitor and a 12-lead ECG was obtained which showed sinus rhythm with diffuse, new, deeply negative T-waves and a prolonged QTc interval of 505 ms ( (ACE) inhibitors to treat left ventricular dysfunction was postponed. If haemodynamical problems occur in COVID-19 patients, echocardiography is warranted to exclude heart failure secondary to Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, myocarditis or ischaemia. COVID-19 caregivers should be aware of this complication, since regular use of QT-prolonging drugs combined with prolongation of the QTc interval in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy may lead to life-threatening arrhythmias. doi = 10.1093/ehjcr/ytaa271 id = cord-024786-f33eb1nf author = van Rensburg, V title = Current evidence for directed and supportive investigational therapies against COVID-19 date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; SARS summary = doi = 10.7196/ajtccm.2020.v26i2.072 id = cord-300032-511zwrnb author = van Steveninck, Alfred L. title = Diaphragm dysfunction prior to intubation in a patient with Covid-19 pneumonia; assessment by point of care ultrasound and potential implications for patient monitoring date = 2020-11-10 keywords = covid-19; diaphragm summary = title: Diaphragm dysfunction prior to intubation in a patient with Covid-19 pneumonia; assessment by point of care ultrasound and potential implications for patient monitoring Diaphragm dysfunction prior to intubation in a patient with Covid-19 pneumonia; assessment by point of care ultrasound and potential implications for patient monitoring. Recovery of diaphragm contractility was demonstrated within two days of controlled mechanical ventilation when the patient was switched to a pressure support mode. Recovery of diaphragm contractility was demonstrated within two days of controlled mechanical ventilation when the patient was switched to a pressure support mode. An ultrasound examination indicated bilateral diaphragm dysfunction prior to intubation and the start of lung protective mechanical ventilation (figures 2 and 3). The very large thickening fraction measured on day six could indicate an additional effort by the patient after a brief switch from pressure control to pressure support ventilation at low values for dynamic respiratory compliance. doi = 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101284 id = cord-033854-pub3lhiv author = van Zanten, Jan Anton title = Beyond COVID-19: Applying “SDG logics” for resilient transformations date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19; Development; SDG; Sustainable; Tulder summary = The SDG agenda provides three ''logics'' that could help transform towards sustainable societies: (1) a governance logic that sets goals, adopts policies, and tracks progress to steer impacts; (2) a systems (nexus) logic that manages SDG interactions; and (3) a strategic logic that enables (micro-level) companies to develop strategies that impact (macro-level) policy goals. Following complexity/wicked problems theory, we argue that the paradox, and thus a systemic crisis like COVID-19, cannot be resolved, but needs to be navigated along three lines: (1) a governance challenge: how to fill a multitude of global governance gaps in an increasingly volatile and uncertain (VUCA) world to increase the speed with which pandemics can be addressed; (2) a systems challenge: how to take the systemic nature of the pandemic into account without simplifying it too much; and (3) a strategic challenge: how to align countries'' and companies'' strategies to advance resilient and sustainable societies. doi = 10.1057/s42214-020-00076-4 id = cord-313980-jutof78v author = van de Veerdonk, F. L. title = A systems approach to inflammation identifies therapeutic targets in SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-05-24 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ARDS and circulating concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and interferon- inducible protein (IP)-10 are higher in COVID-19 patients on the intensive care unit (ICU) than in those who do not require ICU admission. 23.20110916 doi: medRxiv preprint Whereas from these data an exuberant innate immune response appears to represent the main immune dysregulation in patients with severe COVID-19 infection, so far only a limited number of inflammatory mediators known to be involved in other diseases have been assessed. 23.20110916 doi: medRxiv preprint In addition to the inflammatory factors that are upregulated in COVID-19 patients in the ICU, a number of cytokines were shown to be lower in the severely ill patients. However, unbiased clustering of COVID-19 patients differentiated patients based on disease severity (ICU versus non ICU), rather than identifying different inflammatory clusters ( Figure 2 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.23.20110916 id = cord-323327-08p122lw author = van de Veerdonk, Frank L. title = Blocking IL-1 to prevent respiratory failure in COVID-19 date = 2020-07-18 keywords = COVID-19; MAS; SARS summary = These findings open new avenues for host-directed therapies in patients with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and might in addition to antiviral treatment be enough to curb the currently unacceptably high morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. Although ICU patients have been treated with glucocorticoids, some experts have even argued, based on studies in Middle-Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), that they are likely to do more harm than good [1, 2] . The autoinflammatory loop can exacerbate from increase innate immune response into uncontrolled MAS a spectrum that associates with increasing ferritin levels van de Veerdonk and Netea Critical Care (2020) 24:445 patients in the early phase and reports that high dose intravenous anakinra started in patients outside of the ICU was safe and resulted in clinical benefit in 72% of patients [56] . doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03166-0 id = cord-267486-ipcvepia author = van den Heuvel, F. M. A. title = Cardiac function in relation to myocardial injury in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; Troponin summary = BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported on myocardial injury in patients with coronavirus infectious disease 19 (COVID-19) defined as elevated cardiac biomarkers. Data presented from China and New York reported a substantial number of patients with myocardial injury in COVID-19, however this was mainly based on elevated cardiac troponin levels [1, 2] . There is limited data on the association between myocardial injury and the incidence of left and right ventricular dysfunction potentially caused by COVID-19. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the incidence of left and right ventricular dysfunction in hospitalised patients with COVID-19, and to assess its relation to biomarker analysis. Subgroup analysis showed no relation between elevated Troponin T or NT-proBNP, and patients with ventricular dysfunction (see Tab. 3 and Fig. 1 ). This study provides a unique cross-sectional observation of non-selected COVID-19 patients admitted to the ward, exploring the incidence of left and right ventricular dysfunction in relation to biomarker analyses. doi = 10.1007/s12471-020-01458-2 id = cord-346006-caxx5fbz author = van den Oever, Wendy title = Risicofactoren voor een ernstig beloop van COVID-19 date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; een summary = Dit is het eerste Nederlandse onderzoek naar risicofactoren voor een ernstig beloop van COVID-19. Hogere leeftijd en diabetes mellitus type 2 zijn geassocieerd met een hogere kans op ic-opname en overlijden. [2] [3] [4] [5] In dit onderzoek beschrijven we de kenmerken van de eerste 243 COVID-19-patiënten die in maart 2020 werden gezien op de SEH van het Elkerliek Ziekenhuis. ■ leeftijd en diabetes mellitus type 2 zijn geassocieerd met een hogere kans op ic-opname en/of overlijden. Ook als we BMI zouden hebben meegenomen in de multivariabele analyse, zouden leeftijd (p = 0,001) en diabetes mellitus (p = 0,037) alsnog de enige onafhankelijke voorspellers van overlijden blijven (data niet weergegeven). Onze gegevens wijzen er dus niet op dat een hogere BMI geassocieerd is met een grotere kans op overlijden of ic-opname voor COVID-19-patiënten. Leeftijd en diabetes mellitus type 2 blijken significante voorspellers voor ic-opname en overlijden van COVID-19-patiënten. doi = 10.1007/s12445-020-0859-3 id = cord-342059-y3zlyy1z author = von der Thüsen, Jan H. title = Case report: a fatal combination of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with extensive pulmonary microvascular damage in COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-10-23 keywords = COVID-19; HLH summary = Here we present a case with histopathological evidence for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and extensive concurrent microvascular damage in fatal COVID-19 pneumonia and speculate on the cooccurrence of these serious complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. At autopsy, bilaterally enlarged lungs were seen, with upon microscopy in the lung tissue extensive vascular changes including bilateral and diffuse edema and intra-alveolar fibrinous aggregates with an acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) pattern (Fig. 1a) , related to multiple associated foci of microvascular damage with hyaline thrombi (Fig. 1b and c) . This case demonstrates histopathological evidence of HLH in fatal COVID-19 pneumonia with a concurrent severe microvascular damage pattern in both lungs, with capillary thrombosis and extensive intra-alveolar fibrin exudation with an AFOP pattern. A sudden demise in Fig. 1 Histopathological features of microvascular damage with acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a case of fatal COVID-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1007/s12308-020-00423-7 id = cord-280370-td8b6fap author = Álvarez, Miguel Ángel Lara title = Mortalidad por Covid-19 en pacientes con cáncer en un hospital de Madrid durante las primeras 3 semanas de epidemia date = 2020-05-19 keywords = covid-19 summary = El estudio pretende conocer la mortalidad en nuestro centro por covid-19 en pacientes con cáncer durante las primeras 3 semanas de epidemia. Se han revisado todos los fallecimientos por covid-19 de pacientes ingresados en nuestro centro durante las primeras 3 semanas de epidemia y que presentaban además antecedente de cáncer en los últimos 5 años sin evidencia de enfermedad o cáncer en tratamiento activo. Durante el periodo analizado 36 pacientes con antecedente de cáncer en los últimos 5 años o con cáncer activo han presentado enfermedad covid-19 confirmada por PCR lo que representa el 3,4% de los casos confirmados falleciendo por la infección 15 (41,6% de mortalidad). La incidencia observada de pacientes con antecedente de cáncer en los últimos 5 años o cáncer activo y enfermedad covid-19 en la pequeña muestra que representa nuestro centro es del 3,36% duplicando por tanto la esperable. doi = 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.05.005 id = cord-340616-5vtgd46s author = ÇETİN, Ceren title = Global surveillance, travel, and trade during a pandemic date = 2020-04-21 keywords = Health; covid-19; pandemic summary = National pandemic influenza risk evaluation aims at determining the probability and outcomes of events affecting public health at a global, national, and local level. For an adequate risk assessment and a follow of a probable case, the patients should be provided with disease-preventing messages, health statements should be collected upon entry, and contact information of the passengers should be obtained, which would be much more efficient [18] . The management of ill passengers in the context of present COVID-19 disease pandemic in international airports, harbors, and motorway/road gates should include measures to be implemented according to the priorities and capacities of each country. Crew and ground personnel should be informed on and frequently reminded of measures preventing the spread of COVID-19 including social distancing, hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, environmental cleaning, waste disposal, when and how to wear masks, and avoiding contact with people showing respiratory symptoms. doi = 10.3906/sag-2004-175 id = cord-263763-a8wgvgz2 author = Çelik, Ersin title = Treatment Approach to Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Seen Early After Open Heart Surgery. Case Report date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; PCR summary = Here, we present our approach to a 54-year-old male patient who had coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery diagnosed as high probability coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in early postoperative period. We aimed to present our approach to high probability COVID-19 pneumonia which developed on early postoperative period in our patient after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) operation, which was not reported in the literature before. After consultations applied by chest physicians and infectious disease departments of our hospital, COVID-19 was evaluated as a high probability due to the laboratory tests, radiological findings, and clinical course. Having considered our patient as high risk, without waiting for the RT-PCR result, we started the specific treatment for COVID-19 immediately, by evaluating clinical, laboratory, and radiology findings. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1024 cases doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00377-y id = cord-256157-jbidxfk0 author = Ñamendys-Silva, Silvio A. title = Hospital mortality in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients in Mexico date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Hospital mortality in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients in Mexico A total of 505,751 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 55,293 deaths have been reported in Mexico [2], and 2.5% of these patients have required endotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation [2] . This report describes the sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities associated with mortality in mechanically ventilated adults with COVID-19 in Mexico. A total of 57.6% (n = 6928) of the patients were mechanically ventilated outside of the intensive care units ( Figure S1 ) (supplementary material). As shown in this report, the availability of sufficient numbers of beds with ventilators does not ensure improvement in the prognoses of patients with COVID-19. Beyond the quantity of beds with ventilators, there may also be concerns about the quality of care, as has been suggested by the high mortality rate for intubated COVID-19 patients in Mexico. However, it is useful to present the general overview of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients in Mexico. doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-06256-3 id = cord-342246-tnjtd9n3 author = Özçelik Korkmaz, Müge title = Otolaryngological manifestations of hospitalised patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection date = 2020-10-03 keywords = covid-19; patient; symptom summary = Because of the paucity of diagnostic tests in many European countries, data regarding epidemiological factors and clinical presentation of COVID-19 positive patients are limited; the reported studies were generally carried out by anamnesis and symptom inquiry [10] . In addition to demographic data such as the age and gender of the patients, general data including the concomitant systemic diseases, previous otolaryngologic diseases (perennial/allergic rhinitis, nasal septal deviation, chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps, hearing loss, tinnitus, vestibular disorders), the use of medications, and the length of hospital stay were also recorded. When evaluated according to the clinical severity of COVID-19 infection, there was no statistically significant difference between other findings except nausea/ vomiting, cough and dyspnea which were higher in the moderate group. This present study, it was found that PCR positive COVID 19 patients had different otolaryngological symptoms, especially loss of smell and taste. In our study, the most common otolaryngologic symptoms were the loss of smell and taste, which is important in terms of supporting the literature data on COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s00405-020-06396-8 id = cord-313894-stgx36h5 author = Ürün, Yüksel title = Survey of the Impact of COVID-19 on Oncologists’ Decision Making in Cancer date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; cancer; patient; treatment summary = PURPOSE: To understand readiness measures taken by oncologists to protect patients and health care workers from the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and how their clinical decision making was influenced by the pandemic. In addition, the survey tool included questions regarding attitudes of medical oncologists around patient risk factors (age, performance status, comorbidities), administration of types of antineoplastic therapy (cytotoxic therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy), and use of therapy in differing settings (neoadjuvant, adjuvant v metastatic). Regarding perceptions about the safety of antineoplastic therapy, hormonal treatments and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were considered to be relatively safe, but cytotoxic chemotherapy and immune therapies CONTEXT Key Objective Does COVID-19 influence the decision-making process of oncologists? Likewise, neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and first-line metastatic disease was less affected, but most of the participants stated that they would be more reluctant to recommend second-or third-line therapies in the metastatic setting Relevance During the pandemic, the decision-making process of oncologists is significantly affected. doi = 10.1200/go.20.00300 id = cord-315247-86ibo5gn author = Ćosić, Krešimir title = Artificial intelligence in prediction of mental health disorders induced by the COVID-19 pandemic among health care workers date = 2020-06-17 keywords = covid-19; health; mental; phase summary = The article proposes a methodology for prediction of mental health disorders induced by the pandemic, which includes: Phase 1) objective assessment of the intensity of HCWs'' stressor exposure, based on information retrieved from hospital archives and clinical records; Phase 2) subjective self-report assessment of stress during the COVID-19 pandemic experienced by HCWs and their relevant psychological traits; Phase 3) design and development of appropriate multimodal stimulation paradigms to optimally elicit specific neuro-physiological reactions; Phase 4) objective measurement and computation of relevant neuro-physiological predictor features based on HCWs'' reactions; and Phase 5) statistical and machine learning analysis of highly heterogeneous data sets obtained in previous phases. doi = 10.3325/cmj.2020.61.279